text:
Self-reactive CD4 T cells are incompletely deleted during thymic development, and their peripheral seeding highlights the need for additional safeguards to avert autoimmunity. Here, we show an essential role for the coinhibitory molecule programmed death-1 (PD-1) in silencing the activation of high-affinity autoreactive CD4 T cells. Each wave of self-reactive CD4 T cells that escapes thymic deletion autonomously upregulates PD-1 to maintain self-tolerance. By tracking the progeny derived from individual autoreactive CD4 T cell clones, we demonstrate that self-reactive cells with the greatest autoimmune threat and highest self-antigen affinity express the most PD-1. Reciprocally, PD-1 deprivation unleashes high-affinity self-reactive CD4 T cells in target tissues to exacerbate neuronal inflammation and autoimmune diabetes. Reliance on PD-1 to actively maintain self-tolerance may explain why exploiting this pathway by cancerous cells and invasive microbes efficiently subverts protective immunity, and why autoimmune side effects can develop after PD-1-neutralizing checkpoint therapies.
|Original language||English (US)|
|Number of pages||12|
|State||Published - Nov 8 2016|
Bibliographical noteFunding Information:
We thank Drs. Theresa Alenghat, Hitesh Deshmukh, David Haslam, David Hildeman, Jonathan Katz, and Joseph Qualls for helpful discussions; Dr. Baolin Wu for help with statistical analysis; Linnea Swanson and Nathanael Sahli for technical assistance; and the NIH Tetramer Core Facility (Contract HHSN272201300006C ) for provision of class II MHC tetramers (MOG 35-55 :I-A b , influenza A virus NP 311-325 :I-A b ). This work was supported by NIH Grants F30-DK107199 and T32-GM063483 (T.T.J.), R01-AI106791 (B.T.F.), and R01-AI120202 (S.S.W.); Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Grant 2-2011-662 (to B.T.F.); and March of Dimes Foundation Grant 6-FY15-254 (to S.S.W.). S.S.W. holds a Pathogenesis of Infectious Disease Award ( #1011031 ) from the Burroughs Wellcome Fund .
© 2016 The Author(s)
- T cell activation
- peripheral immune tolerance

domain: medical


text:
One of my hobbies is biking. I am usually making tours with a standard hardtail mountainbike with sliks along the Danube river from Vienna to Tulln and back, which is aproximately 60 kilometers. You may argue that a mountainbike is not the preferred bike for a flat route like this and you are absolutely right! I wished to have a racing bike for that route and this dream has now come true after I ordered that nice bike at CANYON
Looking forward to make my first tour to see the difference.

domain: travel


text:
Beck’s believe in choices, and we work hard to provide
farmers with the best products for every field and operation. In addition to
our elite corn, soybean, and wheat lineups, we offer small grains like alfalfa,
forages, grain sorghum, and cover crops to create additional opportunities for
farmers. You can count on Beck’s to provide complete lineups of products to
match your goals, whether you’re looking for alternative revenue sources,
improved soil health, organic matter, or livestock feed. Explore the opportunities and what we can do
for your operation through small grains.

domain: agronomy


text:
No longer a poor culinary cousin, Brisbane has arrived as a food capital, writes Anthony Dennis.
It's rated the best beach in Australia and the fifth best in the world, but scientists can't explain it.
Some five-star resorts now offer more than mere luxury, writes Andrea Black.
A stay at Sea World can make for a cost-effective family holiday, if you do your homework.
Victoria's Great Ocean Road gets all the fame, but there's a new Aussie ocean drive that's just as spectacular.
It's an Aussie paradise filled with tourists - unless you know the secret highlights.
Can two or three days result in long-term change? Believe it or not, this cynical old journo says, 'yes'.
One of the world's 10 best dive sites is on our doorstep. But it's in trouble.

domain: geography


text:
TAKING YOUR PET TO ENGLAND/SWEDEN/NORWAY
(COUNTRIES THAT PREVIOUSLY REQUIRED BLOOD TESTS)
Dogs and cats
1. Have to be identified by a microchip (ISO-standard)
2. Then be vaccinated against rabies (minimum age 13 weeks) and have a european pet passport. The rabies vaccination is obligatory once a year in Spain.
3. 21 days after the rabies vaccination your pet is free to travel to your destination.
4. Before travelling your pet requires treatment for echinococcus (deworming) 1-5 days before for the UK, and Sweden and Norway 1-10 days. This has to be stamped and signed by the vet in the passport and also a declaration that the animal is fit to travel.
5. Website information: For the UK www.defra.gov.uk
For Sweden and Norway www.jordbruksverket.se
Small animals such as rabbits, pet birds, tropical fish etc may travel freely to England without requiring any documentation or treatment!

domain: pet


text:
L.A. based 3 1/2‘s debut EP, First Recordings, has been hitting all the right notes for me. Blending perfect amounts of rock ‘n roll swagger with growling melodies, they make garage pop that you can feel in your gut. “Green Leaf” is a standout with its rubbery, bassline anchored melody folded into a pounding, drum-crashing rhythm. It is a prime example of why this EP gets stuck in my head for days at a time. If you need just a little more convincing, check out the brooding, psychedelic garage rocker “Branches.”
Download First Recordings by 3 1/2 from their Bandcamp as a free digital download. Also, you should stop by the Kitchen this morning for a special announcement regarding our team-up with a James Beard nominee for the May Pairings Box!

domain: artistic


text:
Statistics from Altmetric.com
If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.
Perspective on the paper by Himmelmann et al (see page 921)
Descriptions of the epidemiology of a disease require a specific definition of what comprises the disease. This assumes particular relevance in relation to cerebral palsy (CP) because it is not a single disease entity and it has a multifactorial aetiology, with considerable variation in presenting symptoms and signs. Early descriptions of CP by Little, Freud and Ostler describe it as a collection of motor disorders dating from the time of birth or early childhood and caused by lesions of the brain.1 Since then there have been several attempts to define the syndrome.2 3 4 5 Not only has a universally acceptable definition of what comprises the complexity of CP proved elusive, but its classification into a several subtypes has also presented problems. Classifications have been made based on the anatomical site of the brain impairment; the clinical symptoms and signs, eg, spastic conditions, dyskinesias or ataxias; the topographical involvement of the extremities, eg, hemiplegia, diplegia, quadriplegia; the degree of muscle tone, eg, isotonic, hypotonic or hypertonic; and the timing of the presumed insult, eg, prenatal, perinatal or postnatal.6 To these problems of definition and classification are added the variation over time of symptoms and signs in a child and the variation between assessing clinicians and interpreting these symptoms and signs. An algorithim applying reliable standardised neurological …
Competing interests None.
Provenance and peer review Commissioned; not externally peer reviewed.


text:
The Lagos State Judicial Panel on Restitution for victims of SARS has again given out cheques to more victims of police brutality.
At the panel’s sitting on Saturday, two victims were awarded the sum of N11 million as compensation.
With the new compensations, the panel has now given out a total sum of N68. 25 million to 12 petitioners.
In the petition of late Rasheed Olanrewaju Kareem, his widow was awarded the sum of N10m for the extra judicial killing.
The brother of the deceased, Olalekan Bankole, who testified on February 16, had said that the deceased was shot in the head by police officers from the Area C Command in Surulere.
The incident was said to have occurred on October 21, 2020 during the #EndSARS protests.
In the petition of Yinka Austin Adebayo, the panel awarded him the sum of N1 million naira as compensation for the unlawful arrest, brutality and torture meted on him by police operatives between September 28 and 30, 2017.

domain: law


text:
Ressemble à carottes.
Early and vigorous roots are long and tapered, averaging 9-11" long and 3/4" in diameter. The skin is black and the flesh is white. Belstar Super has wide upright leaves, and edible yellow flowers the second summer. Avg. 38,700 seeds/lb. Packet: 100 seeds.
Falor is best after several frosts.
A portion of the crops may be left in the garden for spring harvest, as these crops are cold hardy. Apply mulch for winter.
Stores best at 0C and 95% humidity.
Semer: direct 20 mai
Purchased from Johnny's Selected Seeds


text: You wish to go on an active quad bike tour morning - single use - after your breakfast. Then get ready to kick off on a true adventure as you bounce across the Sinai desert on your own quad bike. Leave the City behind you as you head into the desert on this quad bike trip across the desert. Combine adventure with outstanding desert scenery, as you take to the sands on a quad bike, using the sky and the Desert Mountains as your backdrop. After a short practice session to get used to the bike, you will be taken on a guided adventure across the desert. There are plenty of open plains where you can open the throttle and you will also relish negotiating the dunes, valleys, and canyons. There is also plenty of time to stop and take photographs. All this quad biking is thirsty work, so during the trip, you will stop off for a complimentary Egyptian tea at an authentic Bedouin tent and get to know the culture of the desert.


MONTICELLO, Ind. (WLFI) - Smoke could be seen billowing above Lake Freeman Thursday night.
Firefighters said the smoke was from a garage fire on Sheridan Road in Monticello.
It started around 9:30 p.m. Firefighters said it was spotted by a neighbor. By the time crews arrived, the garage was engulfed in flames.
Investigators said the garage and its contents, including a pickup truck and a tractor, were total losses. The cottage to the west of the garage was also damaged by the fire.
No one was injured.
Crews from the Monticello, Idaville, and Reynolds Fire Departments responded to the call. The cause remains under investigation.
A Lafayette man charged with multiple bank robberies in Tippecanoe and Clinton Counties pleads guilty to a series of bank robberies in Illinois.
The drop in temperatures brings the potential for health dangers, such as hypothermia and frost bite. The bitter temperatures can pose a threat for children, adults and pets.
As it stands Wednesday, there will be no FEMA aid for tornado survivors in Howard County.


text:
VP SARA LEADS OPENING OF MOBILE E-LEARNING HUB
VICE President and Education Secretary Sara Duterte-Carpio led the opening of the Mobile E-Learning Hub in Lahug, Cebu City.
The learning hub, a customized container van that can be compared to a computer shop on wheels, is a project of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.
Learners in remote areas can gain knowledge about information and communications technology through the hub.
The project was made possible through the collaboration of various government agencies and the private sector, the Department of Education said.
“Isa sa mga isinusulong ng MATATAG Agenda ng Department of Education ang pagpapatibay ng nagkakaisang responsibilidad ng pribado at pampublikong sektor sa larangan ng edukasyon,” the agency said. “Patuloy tayong magtulungan para sa isang Bansang Makabata at Batang Makabansa!”

domain: news


text:
“The Cellar” at Harbor View
March 21, 2019, 4:30-7:30 p.m.
Four exceptional NEW wines from Tri-Vin Imports!
Welcome, Brett Weise
This week’s guest presenter, Brett Weise, from Tri-Vin Imports is well known in central New York’s wine world because of the events, classes and tastings he presents and the incredible values his company imports time and again. As substantial as that is, I particularly appreciate Brett’s product knowledge and the way passes that knowledge on to the customer as each wine is poured.
For this week’s FREE Thursday Cellar Tasting, he brings us four new wines that are highly rated and value priced. Tri-Vin Imports is well known for its portfolio of Portuguese and Spanish producers which “over deliver” time and time again, without “breaking the bank.” Tonight’s lineup includes the NEW 2018 vintage of last year’s favorite dry rosé and three 90-point-rated reds that are splendid with stews, soups or whatever you’re cooking on your grill. And with the weather finally breaking, you know you want to get outdoors and get cooking… ~Cellarmaster Dale
JP Azeitão Rosé of Syrah 2018 Portugal (Peninsula de Setúbal) –
Last year’s vintage of this rich, tasty Rosé made from 85% Syrah and 15% other native varieties was a huge hit with our customers! While most may have tried it initially based on the price, the result was repeat sales week after week all summer long. Why? Because it’s delicious!
“With a pale pink color, JP Azeitão Rosé presents floral aromas of roses and wildflowers. On the palate, the aromatic sensations are intense supplemented with good acidity, producing a wine with a full, fresh finish with brisk minerality. The wine has dark cherry and berry flavors perfect for summer.” ~Winery
Tasting Bar Price: $6.99/bottle; Regular Price: $8.99
Señorío De La Antigua, Mencía Finca Cabanela 2012 (Bierzo, Spain) – 90 points Wine Enthusiast and Wine Spectator – When we tasted this delightful red, we knew we had to bring this wine into The Cellar! Made from Mencia, this outrageously delicious offering is one of the very best wine values we have tasted from Spain in years. It is perfect to grab by the case and for just about any occasion. For many of you, we see this as the bottle you open on a Monday or Tuesday night when you want a glass of something really good and not pricey.
“Ripe blackberry, plum and prune aromas are smoky and generous. A lush but fresh and balanced palate rests comfortably on a bed of firm tannins. Ripe blackberry, blueberry and prune flavors end long and earthy, with chewy tannins and balsamic complexity. Drink through 2022.” WE
“Black cherry, licorice, fresh herb and smoky flavors have focus and energy in this lively red. Bright acidity and light, firm tannins support a polished texture. Balanced. Drink now through 2019…” WS
Tasting Bar Price: $8.99/bottle; Regular Price: $10.99
Vinos de Arganza “Encanto” Mencía 2011 (Bierzo, Spain) – 90 points #36 TOP 100 Best Buys 2015 Wine Enthusiast – As if one Spanish Mencía wasn’t enough, we’ve brought you two for tonight’s tasting! And this one comes complete with a TOP 100 designation to boot!
Once fermented, the wine is aged for four months in a combination of French and American Oak, resulting in a wine showing ripe fruit, spices and aromas.
“This fresh, pure value red cranks out raspberry and boysenberry aromas in front of a crisp, tight palate. Ripe, quick-hitting flavors of red-berry fruits and toasty smoke finish zesty, with a lasting note of pie cherry. *BEST BUY*” WE
Tasting Bar Price: $9.99/bottle; Regular Price: $12.99
Bodegas Olarra Cerro Anon Reserva Rioja 2010 (Rioja, Spain) – 92 points Wine Spectator *Smart Buy*; 89 points Vinous – And to round out the night, we have a terrific Tempranillo based blend from the sensational 2010 vintage, thought by many to be the finest vintage of the past decade. Tempranillo dominates this complex and balanced red. With aromas of dusty dark cherry, blood orange, and cedar, it has great structure, a medium body, soft mouthfeel and a lingering, satisfying finish. Cerro Anon is the oldest label that Bodegas Olarra produces and contains mostly Tempranillo, filled out with Graciano, Garnacha and Mazuelo. Aged for 20 months in oak barrels, the wine is released from the winery ready to drink, though still able to evolve more as it ages in the bottle.
“This plump red delivers harmonious flavors of plum, dried cherry, licorice, dried herb and spice, with light, firm tannins and orange peel acidity. Stays lively and graceful through the spicy finish. Drink now through 2022…” WS
“Opaque ruby. Smoke- and spice-accented blackberry and cherry on the highly perfumed nose and in the mouth. Smooth, sweet Rioja with an attractive blend of richness and energy. The tangy, focused finish features gripping tannins and lingering floral character.” V
Tasting Bar Price: $14.69/bottle; Regular Price: $18.99
Wines subject to change based upon distributor availability. You must be at least 21 years old to attend all Harbor View tasting events and classes. Valid photo ID is required.

domain: hobby


Internet machine (trailer) from Timo on Vimeo.
Turns out the Internet is pretty damn noisy.
A new project from director and designer Timo Arnall puts the viewer at the center of service provider Telefonica’s data centers in Alcalá, Spain. The project, called “Internet Machine," is a six-minute, three-screen film that lets people see and, more importantly, hear the sounds of Internet data being stored, per Gizmodo.
(Story continues below.)
Surrounded on three sides by the large screens, those viewing “Internet Machine” are immersed in the reality of the Internet’s physical moving parts.
While the video's audio may sound soothing, the data centers are anything but.
"Think of the sound from the fan on your computer. Multiply that by 20 times or more. Think what thousands of those all going at once would sound like," a commenter on a Quora thread once wrote of working in a data center, per Slate.
“In this film I wanted to look beyond the childish myth of ‘the cloud’, to investigate what the infrastructures of the internet actually look like,” Arnall writes in a blog post. “It felt important to be able to see and hear the energy that goes into powering these machines, and the associated systems for securing, cooling and maintaining them.”
The project is a part of the Big Bang Data tech exhibition, which opened May 9 and runs through October 26 at the Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona art center in Barcelona.


US 3233848 A
Abstract available in
Claims available in
Description (OCR text may contain errors)
Feb. 8, 1966 J- F. BYRNE 3,233,848
INVENTOR. J5 7272175 zn'ne,
Feb. 8, 1966 J. F. BYRNE GUIDANCE SYSTEM WITH A FREE FALLING MASS 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed Sept. 17, 1959 FIG. 2
1N VENTOR. JZizwFyrne,
Feb. 8, 1966 J. F. BYRNE GUIDANCE SYSTEM WITH A FREE FALLING MASS Filed Sept 17, 1959 SI I ENGINE 8 BRAKE CONTROL CANARD UP DOWN CONTROL CANARD RIGHT LEFT CONTROL DAMPING GYROS AND ACCELEROMETER 4 Sheets-Sheet 5 8| INTEGRATOR COMMAND GUIDANCE RECEIVER INTEGRATOR --0 INTEGRATOR BISTABLE CIRCUIT BISTABLE CIRCUIT BISTABLE CIRCUIT CAGER FUSE BOOSTER RELEASE 5e FORE AFT SENSOR UP- DOWN SENSOR RIGHT LEFT SENSOR SYNC.
SOURCE DRIVE PULSE MOTOR FIG. 5
POSITION OF SENSOR E C G N T W ELD DAE MASS AVERAGE VOLTAGE PHOTOCELL PULSES SYNCHRONIZING PULSES BISTABLE CIRCUIT OUTPUT VOLTAGE INVENTOR.
JEJhn/JT' w ne,
Feb. 8, 1966 J. F. BYRNE 3,233,843
GUIDANCE SYSTEM WITH A FREE FALLING MASS Filed Sept. 17, 1959 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 MISSILE RECEIVER AND REFLECTING ANTENNA FIXED ELEVATION ANGLE FIG. 7
66,000 FEET 4250 FEET RANGE NAUTICAL MILES 86' 86" 8 INVENTOR.
BYw/iw a United tes This invention relates generally to guided missile systems and more particularly to a system for guiding an airborne missile which is contained within the missile itself.
Missiles have been developed for delivering a war head which is guided so that the war head reaches a desired point. It has been proposed to direct missiles over ballistic trajectories by providing the initial movement with the desired accuracy such that the missile will reach a calculated point. However when missiles travel through the atmosphere the disturbing effects of the atmosphere may cause the missile to vary from the path which would normally be provided by the initial velocity. Accordingly missiles which travel over relatively short ranges, and which therefore travel through the atmosphere, are subject to being diverted by atmospheric disturbances which greatly reduce the accuracy and make the missile unsuitable for the desired use.
Although missiles have been provided wherein the flight is controlled throughout its course by radio, due to the use of electromagnetic counter measures (jamming), such systems may be interfered with and rendered inaccurate. Self-contained inertial guidance systems which have been available to provide guidance all the way to the target have been extremely complex and quite expensive. This has rendered such guidance systems impractical for 'many applications.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to .provide a simple and improved inertial guidance system for missiles.
Another object is to provide a method of guiding a missile so that the missile will follow its true vacuum trajectory and the effect of disturbances produced by the atmosphere are removed.
A further object of the invention is to provide a guidance system for missiles wherein a simple self-contained control system provides complete control of the missile so that it follows a true vacuum trajectory.
A feature of the invention is the provision of an inertial guidance system including a mass which is shielded from atmospheric forces so that it follows the true vacuum ballistic trajectory, and sensors controlled by the mass to guide the missile so that it follows the same path as the mass.
- Anotherfeature of the invention is the provision of a method for guiding a missile wherein a mass is shielded within the airframe of the missile and the missile is started on its desired trajectory, with the mass then being freed and any change in position of the missile with respect to the mass being detected, and the course and speed of the missile being altered to eliminate such changes in the relative position of the missile and the reference mass.
A further feature of the invention is the provision of a missile which is initially guided by a radio command system into a desired trajectory, with the missile having aerodynamic control and thrust control for holding the missile on course under control of damping gyros and accelerometers, wherein a reference mass in the missile is freed when the radio command is released and its position is sensed to further operate the aerodynamic and thrust controls of the missile so that the missile follows the same trajectory as the mass, and any changes in path ate; :iii
3,233,848 Patented Feb. 8, 1966 resulting from atmospheric disturbances are counteracted.
Still another feature of the invention is the provision of a guided missile including drag brakes for controlling the missile velocity, with the brakes having a normal mean position and being moved to either increase or decrease the braking effect, and the missile having driving means controlled by the position of the brakes to drive the missile so that the brakes may return to the mean position. Alternatively, the driving means and brakes may be simultaneously controlled, or adequate control may be provided in certain applications by adjustment of only the brakes or the driving means.
The invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 illustrates a missile in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic drawing showing the guidance concept of the invention;
FIGS. 3 and 4 show the device for sensing the position of the reference mass;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating the control pro vided by the sensing device;
FiG. 6 includes curves which illustrate the operation of the guidance control system;
FIG. 7 illustrates the initial guidance of the missile by the system of the inventionrand FIG. 8 illustrates the overall guidance of the system.
In practicing the invention there is provided a self propelled elongated missile for operation over intermediate ranges. The missile includes a nose with aerodynamic control means such as canard control surfaces and actuating means therefor. Thrust control is provided by engines mounted adjacent the rear end of the missile and drag brakes. The engines may be of the ram jet type, with rocket type boosters being provided for the initial acceleration. A War head may be carried at an intermediate section of the missile. A radio receiver is provided at the rear of the rocket for command control of the initial movement thereof. Damping gyros and accelerometers are provided for operating the engine and brakes, and also the canard control surfaces to hold the rocket on its desired course. The main lifting surfaces are located at the'rear end of the missile body in a cruciform arrangement. a
For providing more precise control to return the missile to course when its trajectory is disturbed by atmospheric conditions, a guidance system is provided which includes a reference mass and means for sensing the position thereof. The reference mass is caged during the initial movement of the rocket while it is under radio control. When the rocket reaches a predetermined velocity the mass is freed and the radio control is discontinued. Sensing devices operate when the missile moves with respect to the mass to guide the missile and hold the same at a predetermined position with respect to the mass. The sensing system includes a sensing device responsive to the longitudinal position to control the engine and brakes, and devices responsive to the right-left and up-down positions to control the right-left and up-down canard control surfaces in the nose of the missile. The missile is therefore adjusted for position in every direction to hold the same in the desired position with respect to the reference mass.
Referring now to the drawings, in FIG. 1 there is shown an airframe, indicated generally at 10, and having a nose 11. Extending from the nose are right-left canard control surfaces 12 and 13, and up-down canard control surfaces 14 and 15. An auto pilot system 16 is provided in the nose including an actuator 17 for the right-left control surfaces 12 and 13 and an actuator 18 for the up-down control surfaces 14 and 15. Back of the nose 11 is a space 28 which may contain the war head. At the rear of the missile is a command radio receiver 21 with an antenna 22.
Ram jet engines 25 and 26 are provided on the tips of one set of the cruciform lifting surfaces at the rear of the missile, with a fuel control valve 27 controlling the flow of fuel to burner rings 23 in the engines. Fuel from the tank 28 is applied through a fuel pressure system 2 4 to the control valve 27. Drag brakes 29 are also provided having symmetrically positioned adjustable portions extending from the airframe at the rear to further control the movement of the missile. Booster rockets 34) may be provided for generating the desired momentum to establish the initial velocity of the missile. These may be dropped at a predetermined time by a release mechanism 58 (FIG. under control of the command receiver. In the forward part of the missile damping gyros and accelerometers 31 may be provided which will aid in controlling the fuel supply to the engines, the brakes, and the canard control surfaces to hold the missile on its desired course. For more precise control of the missile, a guidance system in accordance with the invention is provided which is indicated generally at 32. Electrical power to operate the missile is derived from a turbine'driven hot-gas electrical generator 19.
The basic guidance system of the invention illustrated in FIG. 2, which is a schematic diagram showing the rocket as shown more specifically in FIG. 1. Within the airframe 16 there is provided a closed chamber 35. A reference mass 36 is contained in the chamber and is initially held or caged in a central position therein. The missile is started on its course under the control of the command radio system, and after the desired initial velocity is reached the mass 36 is freed and the radio control is discontinued. The missile movement in flight depends upon the thrust of the engine, the missile aerodynamics, the force of gravity and the drag of the atmosphere together with the eifect of atmospheric disturbances. The thrust is illustrated by the arrows it? and the drag by the arrow 41. The force of gravity is illustrated by the arrow 42 and the effect of atmospheric disturbance is indicated by the arrow 43. The reference mass 36 however is influenced only by its initial velocity and the force of gravity which is indicated by the arrow 44.
The mass 36 obtains its initial velocity as it is held with the missile when the missile starts on its course. However when the mass is freed, because it is shielded from atmospheric forces, it is subject only to its initial velocity and the force of gravity. Accordingly the movement of the mass can be very accurately controlled by control of its initial velocity, since the force of gravity remains essentially constant. Therefore, the missile can be accurately held on course by controlling the movement of the missile so that it follows the movement of the reference mass.
When the reference mass moves ahead of the center position as shown by the increment AX shown in FIG. 2, it is necessary to increase the thrust of the engine, or reduce the drag of the brakes, so that the missile will accelerate faster than the mass and the initial relative position of the missile and mass are re-established within small tolerances. Likewise when the missile is below the mass as shown by the increment AZ, the missile must be caused to rise so that the normal relative position of the missile to the mass is again provided.
Reference is now made to FIGS. 3 and 4 which illustrate a sensor for the reference mass which may be utilized in the system of the invention. In these figures the reference mass 36 may be a self-luminous ball such as a transparent hollow sphere having its inner surface coated with a phosphorous layer and filled with a radio active material. The radiation from the radio active material excites the phosphorous coating causing the ball to emit light radiation isotropically. The cavity 35 is a cubic box each side of which may be of the order of to times the diameter of the ball 36. Along three orthogonal edges of the box 35 are light bat'ile plates 5%, 51 and 52. The bafile plates are perpendicular to the edges along which they are placed so that light from the ball is isolated to small regions along the three edges to define the position of the reference mass with respect to the box.
During the radio controlled movement of the missile the ball 36 is caged or held between arms 55 and 56. These arms are spring biased to open positions, shown in dotted lines, and are held together to retain the ball 36 therebetween by a fuse link 57. The fuse link 57 may be destroyed by applying a pulse of current therethrough under control of the command receiver so that the arms 55 and 56 swing back to free the ball 36. The ball is held by the arms in a central position Within the box 35 so that when it is released it is in the desired initial position.
For sensing the position of the ball 36 an optical scanning system is used including three scanning devices 60, 61 and 62 individually associated with the light baffle plates 5%, 51 and 52. Each of the sensors includes an opaque cylindrical tube having a transparent spiral slot 65 therein. Inside each tube and directly opposite the baffle plate is a photo-sensitive strip 64 such as a selenium photovoltaic cell. As the scanner rotates the spiral slit 615 exposes a different portion of the strip 64- to the baffle plates. VVhe-n the portion of the photo-sensitive strip adjacent the region of the bathe plate which is illuminated is exposed by the slot, a pulse of voltage will he produced by the photo-sensitive element. The relation of this pulse to the time when the ends of the strip are exposed will indicate the position of the sphere along one edge of the box. The cylindrical tubes of the three sensors 60, 61 and 62 may be rotated by a single motor 66, with the three tubes being interconnected by gearing 67. The positions of the ball along the three orthogonal edges is therefore simultaneously sensed.
The operation of the sensor and the provision of control voltage thereby is illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6. FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing the sensors 69, 61 and 62 operated by the drive motor 66. A source of a synchronizing pulse is required and this may be provided by a pickup coil within one of the cylindrical tubes and a mass on the tube which passes the coil at the time the slot exposes one end of the photosensitive strip. This is represented in FIG. 5 by the box 70. Pulses from the source '76 will therefore indicate when the first ends of photo-sensitive strips are exposed to set up the initial time from which the time of the pulses produced by the sensors may be measured The same pulse from the source '79 is applied to three bistable circuits 71, '72 and '73 to hold these circuits in one state to produce an output voltage. The sensors 60, 61 and s2 are individually coupled to the bistable circuit '73, '71 and 72 respectively. When a pulse from a sensor is applied to a bistable circuit, the circuit is changed to its second state to cut oil the output voltage.
This operation is illustrated by FIG. 6 wherein the upper section A represents the scanning of any one of the sensors, with the slanted solid lines 75 showing the individual scans. The dotted line 76 indicates the position of the reference mass, and the figure illustrates movement of the mass as the point where the mass is exposed by the scan differs in the successive scans. Section B of FIG. 6 shows the pulses produced by the photosensitive strip, and these are produced when the scan exposes the light from the mass to the photo-sensitive elements, which occur when the scans 75 cross the dotted line '76 (Section A). Section C shows the synchronizing pulses produced by the source which occur at the initiation of the scan and have a constant repetition rate.
Section D of FIG. 6 shows the output produced by each bistable circuit in response to the synchronizing pulses and the pulses from the sensors; It will be obvious that the duration of the pulse increases as the mass moves as shown by the four scans illustrated. The sec ond scan shows the mass at the normal or central position and the pulse has a duty cycle of one-half. In the first scan the pulse is shorter and in the third and fourth scans the pulse is longer.
As shown in the block diagram of FIG. 5 the pulses produced by the bistable circuits 71, 72 and 73 are applied to integrators 77, 78 and 79 respectively. Each of these produces a direct current control voltage which is a measure of the duration of the pulses. The output of the integrator is illustrated by the dotted line 80 of section D of FIG. 6, with the average voltage increasing with the pulse width. This direct current control voltage may be used to control a servo system to position an element which controls the missile so that the voltage'is held at an average value. This is shown in FIG. 5 wherein the output of integrator 77, which is a control voltage from the fore-aft sensor 61 controls the engine and brake of the missile designated 81. Actually this will control the engines and/or the brake 29 as required to increase or decrease the velocity of the missile.
As shown in FIG. 1 the drag brakes 29 may have portions 29a positioned symmetrically and extending outwardly from the airframe to produce drag. The extending portions may have a normal or means position and may then be withdrawn to reduce the braking effect or further extended to increase the brake effect. The engines may be controlled from the position of the brakes to provide the required thrust so that the brakes can return to the normal or mean position. The brakes may have sufiicient range to provide the required control in a particular application so that control of the engines is not necessary. Alternatively, the engines may be controlled with the brakes, or may provide the full control of the missile velocity. Control by the drag brakes has the advantage of very rapid response.
The output of the intergrator 78 is a control signal from the up-down sensor 62 and this controls the updown canard actuator 17 which controls the surfaces 14 and 15. Similarly the output of integrator 79 is applied to the actuator 18 for the right-left canard control surfaces 12 and 13.
FIG. 5 also shows the coupling of the command guidance receiver 21 to the engine and brake controls and the canard surface controls. for guiding the missile and providing the initial velocity thereof under radio control. This figure further shows the coupling of the damping gyros and accelerometers 31 to the engine and brake controls and to the canard controls. The command receiver 21 may also control the booster release 58 and caging fuse 57 to free the reference mass when it is desired that the guidance system take over control of the missile.
FIG, 7 shows the launching of a missile in accordance with the invention. A launcher 84 is provided which may direct the missile at an angle of the order of 45. A ground radar 85 tracks the missile during the radio control portion of its travel, and may be of the type having a wide angle beam for missile capture and a narrow angle beam for missile control. The initial travel is produced by operation of the booster rockets which may fire for a period of time of from one to three seconds depending upon the range desired. This moves the missile to the point 86 and during this time radio control is transmitted to the missile to correct its direction error. When the missile reaches the point 86 the ram jet engines are ignited and the booster rockets are released. For the next period of movement, the missile velocity is determined by Doppler radar and is controlled by control of the ram jet engines and the brakes so that the missile travels at the desired velocity. The direction of travel is still under the control of the command radio system.
When the missile reaches the point 87 the reference mass is freed and the remainder of the flight is controlled by the guidance system. Radio control is terminated at this time and the missile is held on its desired trajectory by the damping gyros and accelerometers, with the precise position being maintained through operation of the sensors which track the reference mass. FIG. 8 illustrates the use of the guidance system for controlling a missile used at various ranges from three to forty miles. These limits are merely representative and systems in accordance with the invention can be used for other ranges. As previously stated, the original movement by the booster rockets may have a time duration of from one to three seconds depending upon the overall range. In FIG. 8, point 86' represents the end of the boost period for a minimum range and point 86" represents the end of the period for a maximum range. The next period during which the missile is driven by the ram jet engines under control of the radio control system is illustrated in FIG. 8 for maximum range as ending at the point 87, as in FIG. 7. The remainder of the flight is under control of the guidance system with the reference mass being uncaged at the point 87. The full trajectory of the missile is shown in FIG. 8.
Although the guidance system has been disclosed for use with a ground to ground surface missile, it will be apparent that the guidance system could be used in missiles operated in other manners. For example, the guidance system could be used in a missile launched from an aircraft, with the inital velocity being imparted by the aircraft. The guidance system would then take over the cause the missile to follow its desired trajectory after it is freed from the craft. The reference mass and sensing devices can control the flight of the missile so that it follows an undisturbed path in the presence of atmospheric disturbances when launched from an aircraft or other vehicle in the same manner as initially launched by use of booster rockets,
The sensing device used in the guidance system may be of various types other than the optical device disclosed. For example the mass may be conducting and its position sensed in an electrostatic system. Alternatively a magnetic mass may be used, the position of which can be detected by magnetic pickup coils. It may be desired to evacuate the chamber 35 containing the mass so that there is no friction on the mass. However this will generally not be necessary as the movement of the mass in the chamber will be slow.
The use of canard control surfaces for aerodynamic control, and ram jet engines and drag brakes for thrust control are merely representative of known apparatus which can be used. The use of ram jet engines is advantageous as the cost is less than for other solid fuel engines which are require in certain missiles.
1. In a guidance system for a missile adapted to be slaved to a free falling reference mass having a ballistic trajectory, said mass being released in a closed cavity within said missile as a predetermined velocity is achieved by the missile, an optical scanning system for sensing the relative position of said mass in said cavity, including means for rendering said mass luminous, first, second and third light sensing means positioned along three orthogonal axes of said cavity, first, second and third series of baffle plates positioned between said light sensing means and said luminated reference mass, said baffle plates extending normal to said axes and disposed to allow exposure of discrete portions of said light sensing rr 1 eans to said luminated reference mass as same is displaced along each said axis, and scanner means to sequentially cause said discrete portions of said light sensing means to be exposed to said luminated reference mass to thereby obtain information as to the position of said mass along said three orthogonal axes.
2. The optical scanning system of claim 1 wherein said scanner means includes an opaque cylindrical tube having a transparent spiral slot therein surrounding each said light sensing means, and means to simultaneously rotate said cylindrical tubes to therby allow periodic scanning of the position of said mass along said three orthogonal axes.
3. The optical scanning system of claim 2 wherein means are provided on at least one said cylindrical tube to provide a synchronizing signal for each cycle of said scanner means.
4. In a guidance system for a missile adapted to be slaved to a free falling reference mass having a ballistic trajectory, said mass being released in a closed cavity within said missile as a predetermined velocity is achieved by said missile, the control system including in combination, means for rendering said mass luminous, an optical scanning system providing first, second and third output signals indicative of the relative position of said luminated mass in said cavity along three orthogonal axes, first, second and third bistable circuits each having first and second inputs and an output, circuit means coupled to said first input for initially maintaining said bistable circuits in a first state, means coupling said output signals of said first, second and third scanning means to said second input of separate ones of said first,
second and third bistable circuits to change the state thereof in response to the position of said luminated reference mass along said three orthogonal axes, and an integrating network coupled to said output of each said bistable circuit means, thereby providing three time average signals indicative of the position of said luminated reference mass along said three orthogonal axes.
5. The control system of claim 4 wherein said circuit means for initially maintaining said bistable circuits in a first state provides synchronization for successive scanning cycles of said optical scanning system.
Reierences Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,532,616 4/1929 Winkley 244-14 1,818,708 8/1931 Hammond 24414 1,851,774 3/1932 Rogus 33205.5 2,718,610 9/1955 Krawinkel 264l 2,916,279 12/1959 Stanton 264l 2,932,467 4/1960 Scorgie 24414 3,073,550 1/1963 Young 24414 BENJAMIN A. BORCHELT, Primary Examiner.
CHESTER L. JUSTUS, SAMUEL FEINBERG,


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What’s a federal employee discount? How do I get it?
If you work for a government organization, you might qualify for a federal employee discount on your auto insurance policy. Auto insurance for federal employees typically costs around $151 per month or $1,812 annually. Currently, you can buy federal employee discount auto insurance from four national companies. As a result, drivers save 9% on average with affordable federal employee discount auto insurance rates.
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- Four national auto insurance companies offer a federal employee discount to customers
- Drivers save an average of 9% on their annual premiums with this discount
- The average cost of insurance for federal employees is $151 per month or $1,812 per year
If you work for the government, you could earn a federal employee discount on your auto policy from four national providers.
Keep reading to discover how to compare auto insurance quotes and discount lists to determine if the federal employee discount is right for you.
After learning where to buy federal employee discount auto insurance, remember to enter your ZIP code into our free tool above to compare rates from the best providers in your area.
What auto insurance companies offer a federal employee discount to drivers?
Auto insurance for federal employees costs $151 per month or $1,812 annually on average.
Fortunately, civilian federal government employees are eligible to earn a discount from four national auto insurance companies.
Drivers typically save, on average, 9% with this discount through their insurance provider.
Take a look at the complete list below to verify if you already use a federal employee discount auto insurance company:
- Farmers Auto Insurance Company
- GEICO Auto Insurance Company – 8%
- Liberty Mutual Auto Insurance Company – 10%
- MetLife Auto Insurance Company
Local agencies near you may also offer this savings opportunity to customers.
When you work for the government, your occupation impacts your auto insurance rates by potentially earning you a discount.
But factors such as your age, driving record, and your coverage needs will also influence your total costs.
Therefore, to find your cheapest auto insurance company, compare quotes online from multiple providers.
Compare over 200 auto insurance companies at once!
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What is a federal employee discount?
A federal employee discount is a way to entice government workers to use specific insurance providers.
Government employees are also viewed as being responsible, and therefore, lower-risk to insure.
According to the U.S. Office of Personnel Management (OPM), 1,869,986 federal employees work across the country.
Who is considered a government employee? Politicians, civil servants, armed forces, police officers, and members of specific organizations are typically eligible.
If you’re a member of certain groups or organizations through your workplace, you’ll also qualify.
To earn this discount, provide proof of your employment to your insurer. You’ll then get a slight rate reduction on your annual premiums.
Be aware that eligibility rules and savings amounts vary by provider.
In some cases, you must be an active employee. Other companies, like GEICO, apply the rate reduction to both active and retired employees.
Government employee discounts are very common. Besides auto insurance, federal employees can also receive lower prices on:
- Clothing and retail
- Travel, hotels, and rental cars
- Cellphone service plans
- Vision, dental, and health plans
- Insurance and banking
- Recreational indoor and outdoor activities
- Sports, movies, and entertainment
Fortunately, there are other ways federal workers can save on their auto insurance policies.
For example, you can earn other auto insurance discounts for bundling your policies, being a safe driver, or being a low-mileage driver.
You might also consider a pay-per-mile or usage-based insurance program.
Federal Employee Discount: The Bottom Line
Auto insurance with a federal employee discount is typically 9% cheaper than average.
Therefore, government employees should ask their providers about a potential discount, primarily if you use one of the companies listed above.
Be sure to also compare quotes from other insurers to find your best possible prices.
Now that you’ve learned about affordable federal employee discount auto insurance rates, secure your cheapest quotes from the top companies near you by entering your ZIP code into our free tool below.

domain: economics


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YOU GUYS HAVE NO IDEA HOW MUCH I LOVE FARALDA AND BJORN. I was experimenting with the grass stamp tool as you can see (I know it is frowned upon, but I couldn't help it!!!!!!!!! All together this took about 40 minutes I think? Mainly because I took the cheap way out with masks and the grass stamp brush.
Background done in Photoshop, 4 layers, 15 minutes
Characters done in sai,15 layers,30 minutes
EDIT: I added harsher shadows, thanks to some help from

domain: design


So, as it turns out, back in June 2014, California’s labor market finally recovered all of the jobs lost during the Great Recession, according to a report by Next 10.
Next 10, if you've never heard of them, employs research from leading experts on state issues and creates a portfolio of educational materials. They just got around to finalizing the crunching of the data, along with Beacon Economics, which is one of California’s leading economic research and consulting firms.
One of the nation’s hardest hit locations in the wake of the housing collapse is California. Low-wage job growth in California ranked third in the nation, which post-recession period favored over middle-wage, ranked 11th in the nation, and high-wage job growth.
However, California continues to contain a significant amount of jobs in middle-wage and high-wage industries as well. In fact, California leads the nation in both middle-wage and high-wage job creation during the post-recession recovery.
California's current housing market suffers from a shortage of supply and the lingering effects of the housing crash and the Great Recession, according to the report.
“California has an employment boom with a housing problem,” said Christopher Thornberg, co-author of the reports and founding partner of Beacon Economics. “The state continues to offer great employment opportunities for all kinds of workers. But housing affordability and supply represent a major problem. If we want to attract and keep low- and middle-income families in California, we need to address it.”
Historically low homeownership rates declined throughout California, as many residents remain unqualified for mortgage loans. Those with recent foreclosures on record find it especially hard.
In fact, California ranked 49th in terms of homeownership in 2014, as only 53.8% of homes were owner-occupied. Some of this can be contributed to the high housing costs relative to the average income.
Housing remains overcrowded as the proportion of renter-occupied housing units with more than one person per bedroom grew from 12.7% in 2007 to 13.2% in 2014.
California experienced a negative net domestic migration of 625,000 from 2007 to 2014. In other words, 625,000 more people moved out of California to other states than moved into California from other states, according to the report.
On the other side, California was a net importer of residents from 15 states and the District of Columbia from 2007 to 2014.
Despite the fact that Californians 25 years of age and over that do not posses four-year college degrees accounted for over 469,800 out-migrants, it remains the top state attracting international migrants, many of which are low-income earners and those that have obtained a bachelor’s degree.


Are there or are there no insects in the canteen in the "Nikola Karev" dormitory in Ohrid? AHV is waiting for details to act
Students from the "Nikola Karev" dormitory in Ohrid find bugs in the food in the student canteen for the third week in a row. Some of the students reported the case to the Food and Veterinary Agency (AHV) and the State Sanitary and Health Inspectorate (SSI). They say that they are not satisfied with the hygiene in the home.
To the news agency "Meta" photos of insects in restaurant food were sent. The director of the home confirmed that he saw the photos, but he is not sure of their reliability, and the AHV said that they received a request for an inspection, but it was not specified what exactly was reported so that the Agency could act.
"The kitchen is open and running, and we've been finding bugs in the food for three weeks now."
"There was an insect in my portion and I reported it, but the director told us that the problem was with us, that we carry the insects through our clothes. There were also worms in the bread and we reported it, but they did not take any action. The kitchen staff told us that they found cockroaches, that they cleaned and that they put some kind of glue that was poisonous." some of the students who reported the case to Meta testify.
"I can say that anyone can take a photo, today with advanced technology everything is possible. They also came to me with such a photo, I cannot confirm that it is true, but at the same moment I responded to the Center for Public Health, they came from their side, we carried out disinfection, disinsection and deratization in the kitchen of the restaurant. Since that moment, there have been no complaints so far," claims director Kucinoski.
According to him, students in the dormitory were prohibited from taking food from the canteen to their rooms, alluding that the insects in the food may have entered from somewhere other than the kitchen.
"I can't say for sure that it is credible. It (the insect) can be placed, if it fell from above, it does not mean that it came from the kitchen. When a student takes the food upstairs, I can't guarantee that something like that can't happen. I gave a strict order to my colleagues - the biggest problem is that the students take their meals to their rooms, I forbade them to do so, food from the restaurant is not allowed to be taken into the room, and they did the same all the time, every day", says the director of the Ohrid student center home.
The Agency confirms that they received a complaint regarding the "Nikola Karev" student dormitory with a request to carry out an inspection control, but the petitioner did not specify what the allegations were so that the Agency could act.
"On 23.03.2023/XNUMX/XNUMX, a petition was sent to the Food and Veterinary Agency (AFV) by a natural person without defined allegations, with the initiative to conduct an inspection control. Because of this, the Department for Consumer Protection at the AHV asked the petitioner to specify the allegations and indicate who is the entity for which the implementation of inspection control is initiated. Until this moment, the AHV has not received any supplement to the complaint so that the Agency can act in accordance with the legal competences", the Food and Veterinary Agency told Meta.mk.
In addition to housing students studying at state universities, this House also functions as a tourist operator that accommodates foreign students who pay economic prices for their stay.
SOURCE: "Meta" news agency


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BATTLE MASSES DESTROY THE ROOM ADVANTAGES. Many small decorative details make it impossible to focus on the features of the interior or architectural features of the room. But if the task is to distract attention from the old decoration or furniture, then an extensive collection of decor can help.
CARPET ON THE CARPET. One large carpet in a room may look a bit old-fashioned. But such a non-standard decor method as placing several small rugs on it will enliven the atmosphere. We recommend paying attention to models with large patterns or embroidery.
HARMONY OF CLOSE FLOWERS. The simplest but really working method to create a harmonious color scheme in the room is to combine close colors. For example, several shades of green. To the interior does not look monotonous, add a few prints to it.
INTERIOR AND DECOR - FOR RESIDENTS OF THE HOUSE, NOT FOR THE DECORATOR. If home improvement is done by professionals, it is important that at the end of the work the owners do not have the feeling that they are in someone else's home. Therefore, the owner’s desires are a priority, and the decorator’s task is to find an acceptable and aesthetic form for them.
UNFairly FORGOTTEN CEILINGS. A non-standard step that can radically transform the space - increased attention to the design of the ceiling. Most often they forget about it. For example, a black ceiling instead of the usual white will make the room exclusive.
BEIGE IS NOT SO BAD AS ACCEPTED TO THINK. In recent years, in professional circles of decorators and designers it is generally accepted that the interior in a beige palette is a relic of the past. But such a categorical approach to the choice of colors is not justified. Cream, ivory or cappuccino, ecru, powdery ... There are a lot of shades of beige, and by combining them together you can create a truly impressive design.
DO NOT BE AFRAID OF ERRORS. Without bold experiments, not a single outstanding interior was created. Better to make a mistake and fix it, than miss the opportunity to achieve impressive results in the decoration.


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In case you’ve missed any of them, here’s a rundown of the past week’s articles:
The Offence of Dangerous Driving Occasioning Grievous Bodily Harm in NSW
The Offence of Serious Animal Cruelty in New South Wales
Sydney Lawyer Struck Off for Stealing from Mother’s Estate
NSW Police Officer Charged With Possessing Child Abuse Material
Criminologists Call for Divestment in Police and Prisons to End First Nations Injustice
Queensland to Force Priests to Report Child Sexual Abuse
Restore the Right to Protest: An Interview With Democracy Is Essential’s Vinil Kumar
Berejiklian Short-Sighted on Uranium: An Interview With Uranium Free NSW’s Natalie Wasley
Premier Berejiklian is considering lifting a ban on uranium mining despite the highly toxic mineral being unprofitable.
Dutton Is Turfing Vulnerable Refugees Out Onto the Street Mid-Pandemic
Morrison and Murdoch Scrambled to Hide the Climate Cause of the Bushfires
The Burnt Country Report reveals how our PM and the Murdoch press collaborated to mislead the public about the underlying causes of our bushfires.
The Offences of Procuring and Grooming Children for Sexual Activity in NSW
Australia Looks the Other Way, as Assange Is Hung Out to Dry
Our government is ignoring the fact that Australian citizen and multi award-winning journalist Julian Assange is being crucified for exposing the truth about atrocities committed by the United States.
When Can Police Arrest a Person Without a Warrant in NSW?
Rugby league player Curtis Scott had all charges against him dismissed, after being tasered, capsicum sprayed and handcuffed for sleeping under a tree.
Challenge Everything: An Interview With Extinction Rebellion’s Blue Sandford
“The scientific consensus is completely clear – if we don’t change now, we might not survive.”
COVID Lockdown: Victorian Premier May Have Lied About Curfew Advice
If you are going to court for a criminal or traffic case, call us anytime on (02) 9261 8881 to arrange a free first conference with an experienced criminal lawyer at Parramatta, the Sydney CBD, Liverpool, Penrith, Bankstown, Chatswood, Wollongong or Newcastle.


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I am so excited to welcome my first guest to the blog today. Dr. Ivy Colbert from Empower Physical Therapy in San Diego is on Steph’s Fitculture to talk about the pelvic floor and the importance of strengthening, lengthening, and relaxing the pelvic floor muscles.
Most people don’t realize the significance of the pelvic floor and that lower back, tail bone and nagging hip flexor pain is likely the result of pelvic floor dysfunction. Many women chalk up their symptoms to childbirth and aging and find it “taboo” to talk about.
As an entrepreneur in the fitness industry, I have met countless women that have pelvic floor issues accompanied by lower back, tailbone, and hip flexor pain. Inevitably I talk about my experience with pelvic floor therapy; come to find out, very few realize the correlation between a weak pelvic floor and their pain and symptoms.
While some of the material covered here might feel awkward discussing, I felt compelled to share what I have learned to build awareness around the fact that there is a solution. This is relevant information for all ages because taking care of your pelvic floor at an early age sets you up for an easier pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum and life beyond your child-bearing years. Pelvic floor health isn’t exclusive to women either; men suffering from weak pelvic muscles also experience lower back and hip pain, as well as sexual dysfunction.
The pelvic floor muscles are an integral part of your daily function. They support all the organs in your pelvis…bladder, urethra, rectum, anus, prostate, uterus, cervix, vagina, and your intestines. These muscles hold up a lot of things and help to stabilize your hips and torso; especially when you are walking, running, sitting, or standing. Pelvic floor muscles also help support your sexual health including sensation, arousal, and orgasm. Having pain during intercourse can also be a sign of pelvic floor dysfunction.
While most people assume that pelvic floor issues arise from pregnancy and childbirth, it might be surprising to learn that there are other things that can wreak havoc on your pelvic floor like abdominal surgery, repeated heavy lifting and daily habits surrounding elimination. Endometriosis and irritable bowel syndrome can also play a role in pelvic floor dysfunction.
While having four vaginal deliveries certainly played a role in my pelvic floor issues, the fact that I had multiple hernia surgeries and a diastasis recti repair compounded my weaknesses. I personally got to the point where the pain in my lower back and hips were limiting my activities and affecting my daily life. Despite my fitness routine and healthy lifestyle, I felt so weak and fatigued due to the stiffness and heaviness I felt in my lower back and pelvis. After countless trips to the chiropractor, acupuncturist, and massage therapist, I thought maybe I had cancer or some sort of tumor and was dying. I know this is dramatic, but I went there..if I take such good care of myself and feel this shitty it must be something BAD. Thankfully it was just my pelvic floor muscles.
Over the past six weeks, Dr. Ivy has worked on decreasing the tension in my abdomen (due to scar tissue from abdominal surgeries) and pelvic floor so that I can engage and activate those muscles better. Also, we’re working on diaphragmatic mobility through hands on work and breathing. Since the diaphragm, pelvic floor, and abdomen are all connected, they need to be able to work together to be coordinated and strong when you need them to be.. like when you walk, jump, run, laugh, sneeze, lift etc. I’ll let Dr. Ivy take it from here! If you are in the San Diego area, I highly recommend checking her out Empower Physical Therapy. Life changing.
Introducing Dr. Ivy
Thank you so much, Steph! It’s a pleasure to be featured on your blog to talk about Pelvic Floor Physical Therapy.
Steph did an amazing job of introducing the topic of pelvic floor physical therapy and her own experience with it. As she mentioned, these issues can be a bit embarrassing to talk about, but it’s important to bring awareness to that fact that pelvic floor physical therapy can help! As a pelvic floor therapist, it isn’t uncommon for me to hear that pelvic floor therapy was someone’s “last resort”. Often times my clients have been to countless specialists before coming to pelvic floor physical therapy and discovering it was exactly what they needed.
What is the Pelvic Floor?
The pelvic floor is a network of muscles that sit at the base of our pelvis. Everyone has a pelvic floor. Sadly, it is often something that is overlooked or ignored even though it’s such an important part of our daily function. We need our pelvic floor to be able to hold pee, poop, and gas in and to be able to let it out voluntarily. We need these muscles to support important organs like our bladder, uterus, and rectum. We need these muscles to be able to work with our core and diaphragm to support the healthy function of our spine and hips. We also need these muscles for sexual function and to be able to orgasm.
What is Pelvic Floor Therapy?
The biggest misconception about pelvic floor therapy is that all we do is teach you how to Kegel. This could not be further from the truth. In fact, in some cases Kegels could do more harm than good! As pelvic floor therapists, we look at someone’s body as a whole and how the pelvic floor interacts and functions with the rest of the body. Instead of just looking at the pelvic floor or another part of the body in isolation, we must treat “each gear in the system” to truly address the issue at hand. Thus, not only are we looking at the pelvic floor– we are assessing and treating your posture, your alignment, your foot and ankle mobility, your hip and core strength, your breathing and diaphragm function etc. We also ask about your eating and sleeping habits, stress level, activity level and lifestyle habits. Pelvic floor therapy is very holistic by nature.
What Do You Do During a Pelvic Floor Exam?
Now that you know more about pelvic floor physical therapy, let’s get into the nitty gritty of exactly what we do during a pelvic floor evaluation. First, we’ll take an in-depth history and talk about any of the concerns you are currently having. Next, we’ll assess the way you walk, the way you squat, your posture and your balance. We may look at your lumbar and hip range of motion, so we might ask you to do a few movements. Then we’ll have you lay on the table and look at your alignment, flexibility, range of motion and test your strength. We’ll look at your abdomen to assess any scar tissue if you’ve had any previous abdominal surgeries. We’ll look at your ribs and your diaphragm/breathing function. Finally, we’ll do an internal pelvic exam.
A pelvic floor exam by a pelvic floor therapist is entirely different from a pelvic exam by a gynecologist. As pelvic floor therapists, we evaluate the strength, relaxation, coordination, and tension of your pelvic floor muscles. This involves one gloved finger with lube inserted into the vaginal canal without the use of a speculum. In order to truly understand the muscular function of the pelvic floor, it is necessary to have this intravaginal exam. However, if someone is uncomfortable with having an exam, there are still other ways we can help them.
How Do I Know I Need to See a Pelvic Floor Therapist?
Pelvic floor therapy can benefit most women at any stage of life. If you’re pregnant, we can help you prepare your pelvic floor for an easier labor and delivery and set you up for a better postpartum recovery. If you’ve recently given birth, therapy can help you recover faster and return to sex and exercise. For clients entering menopause, there are inevitable hormonal changes that occur that can affect pelvic floor muscular function and we can help navigate any issues that may arise. Often times when clients come to us with persistent pelvic pain, low back pain, or hip pain; the pelvic floor muscles are the culprit. If you are having difficulty having an orgasm, have pain or urinary leakage during sex or difficulty with initial penetration– pelvic floor therapy can help resolve that as well. Pelvic floor therapy can also help if you experience urinary leakage when you lift, cough, sneeze or laugh; and can also help if you constantly feel the urgency to urinate. If you struggle with constipation and painful pooping, it’s likely that your pelvic floor muscles are a contributing factor, and we can help you experience easier bowel movements.
These are the main reasons that clients come to see us, but if you aren’t struggling with any of these issues and still want to learn how to take better care of your pelvic floor, here are some simple lifestyle tips to keep in mind:
Pelvic Floor Tips:
Most of us are dehydrated and constipated. We don’t drink enough water throughout the day and instead drink teas, coffees, sodas, and juices. Not only do some of these act like a diuretic and dehydrate us more, they can cause the pH of our bladder to be more acidic, irritate our bladder lining, and increase our urgency and frequency; causing us to make bathroom trips when it isn’t absolutely necessary. This doesn’t mean you have to give up your morning coffee; just increase water intake so it exceeds the amount of other beverages you are drinking.
2: Avoid the “JIC” Pee
“JIC” stands for Just In Case. This means, try not to go to the bathroom just in case you won’t be by another bathroom or just in case you’re afraid you might experience leakage with a “full” bladder. Every time you urinate without really needing to go or before the urge is present, you are creating a signal to your brain to empty your bladder before it reaches its capacity.
3: Sit Your Butt Down
And I mean, fully sit down. No hovering your bottom over the toilet or power peeing! When you hover over the toilet, your quads, glutes, and adductors activate– which makes it harder for your pelvic floor to RELAX.
We need our bladder and pelvic floor to work in harmony. When we pee, our bladder contracts and our pelvic floor needs to fully relax in order to relax the urethral sphincter to let the pee out. If you were to contract your pelvic floor during this process, it’s going to be much harder to fully empty your bladder and potentially lead to some urinary retention.
4: Avoid Power Peeing
I know many of us are in a hurry and will “power pee” to empty the bladder faster. But please, try not to push your pee out with force! When you push the pee out, you are straining; causing an excessive pressure downwards on your pelvic floor muscles and organs that may lead to a worsening of any prolapse or hemorrhoids. So, sit down, relax, and allow yourself to breathe. It’s called a REST-room for a reason.
5: The Magic Number of 8
When you count the seconds of your urine stream, how long did it last? 8-15 seconds? or 3-5 seconds? If your urine stream lasted less than 8 seconds, then your bladder probably didn’t really have to empty. Healthy bladders empty for a count of at least 8 seconds. Also, count the number of times you went to the bathroom in a day. Healthy bladders take less than 8 bathroom trips a day. If you consistently have a urine stream that only lasts for a couple seconds and make frequent bathroom trips every hour, this is a sign that you need to see a pelvic floor therapist.
6: Unclench Your Butt and Pelvic Floor
So many of us hold tension in our bodies due to underlying stress or trauma. We unknowingly clench our glutes and pelvic floor muscles throughout the day as a protective response or due to being in a state of fight or flight. This can cause tightness and tension in our pelvic floor muscles (imagine curling your bicep tight all day– that would definitely cause some soreness!). This tension in our pelvic floor can inhibit our strength– making our pelvic floor muscles tight, weak, and uncoordinated. We often equate tightness to strength…however, when a muscle is too tight and is unable to relax, it becomes dysfunctional!
By practicing these lifestyle habits, we can prevent certain pelvic floor issues from happening! Just small changes throughout your day can make a huge impact. Because the pelvic floor is such an integral part of our daily function, it’s important to understand how to take care of it and to reach out to a pelvic floor therapist when experiencing related issues. Spreading this awareness about the pelvic floor and its importance can potentially change someone’s life that might not have otherwise known about pelvic floor physical therapy!
It was an honor and a pleasure being able to share more about what we do as pelvic floor physical therapists. Thank you so much for having me on the blog! For anyone located in San Diego and in search of a pelvic floor therapist, please come by our clinic at Empower Physical Therapy! We’d love to have you.
Learn more about Dr. Ivy and Empower Physical Therapy – https://www.empowerphysicaltherapy.net/about


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One of the most highly anticipated superhero movies of the year, “The Batman,” is finally hitting the big screen. It’s the umpteenth take on the revered comic book character, this time with Robert Pattinson as the caped crusader — so is it worth watching?
Well, Chronicle movie critic Mick LaSalle didn’t like it, calling the film “mostly just a collection of bad ideas,” while fellow critic G. Allen Johnson actually enjoyed all 175 minutes of it.
The story, co-written and directed by Matt Reeves (“Cloverfield,” “War for the Planet of the Apes”), has Batman trying to to track down the Riddler, who is committing a series of high-profile murders. In addition to Pattinson, it also stars Zoë Kravitz as a standout Catwoman, Paul Dano with a terrifyingly topical spin on the Riddler and an unrecognizable Colin Farrell as the Penguin.
“The Batman” is the first stand-alone Batman film since Christopher Nolan wrapped up his trilogy with Christian Bale as the masked vigilante in “The Dark Knight Rises” (2012). It’s also the first since Ben Affleck donned the cape in “Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice” (2016) and “Justice League” (2017).
Pattinson’s debut as the broody crime fighter was delayed twice from an initial June 2021 release date due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In advance of the film’s release on Friday, March 4, the Chronicle critics got together to talk about what seems likely to become the biggest blockbuster of the year so far.
Johnson: Hey, what’s this I hear about you hating “The Batman”? I loved it.
I will say, though, if you insist on the character of Batman being a hero, this isn’t the movie for you.
LaSalle: All right, this is going to be fun, because we usually agree, and I know you to be a very astute guy. Also, I don’t think it’s a critic’s job to talk people out of what they like, but the reverse.
So first of all, what you just said about people insisting on Batman being a hero — that’s not me. The movie insists on him being the protagonist. He can be heroic or horrible, like the Joker in “Joker,” but he’s got to be activated. He’s got to have something to do, some goal, something to sustain him — and us — for three hours of watching the guy. So what has me really curious is what maintained your interest in the movie?
Johnson: What interested me is that at the beginning of the film, Batman’s legend was greater than the man himself. He had this working relationship with Commissioner Gordon (played by Jeffrey Wright). They had the bat signal, which was kind of like his version of shock-and-awe, striking terror into the hearts of criminals. He had done his advance PR beautifully. But what did he actually do? Basically, he cleaned up low-level criminals. So he’s rich (as Bruce Wayne), he has all of the hardware, and yet it is only when Catwoman and Riddler come along that he has to up his game. It’s like the Catwoman and Riddler gave him more solid direction.
But do you think Robert Pattinson was miscast? Or did he just need a better director? How do you compare him to Affleck, the last guy to play Batman?
While very much beholden to Nolan’s grounded trilogy, Matt Reeves pulls from several comic and cinematic influences to give #TheBatman a flavor all its own. Robert Pattinson more than earns the cowl, and he’s surrounded by a top-notch ensemble I look forward to seeing more of. pic.twitter.com/LxY0yopViB
— Zaki Hasan (@zakiscorner) February 28, 2022
LaSalle: Not miscast just misdirected. This is what sometimes happens when the screenwriter also directs. Reeves concocts a situation in which Batman feels trapped — like he can’t make a move, can’t do any good. And then Reeves directs Pattinson to play the entrapment, rather than play what any director would tell a trapped person to do, which is to play a frantic attempt to get out of the trap.
But Pattinson could have been good. Affleck, no, because his essence — this is a strength for him in certain roles — reads as morally weak and shallow.
Johnson: I’ve never read Batman comics, but like many of us I grew up on Adam West in the 1960s TV series “Batman” and felt Michael Keaton defined the role for modern audiences in his two films with Tim Burton. You can throw out the Val Kilmer and George Clooney films, which tried to pull the series back to the camp of the TV series. The Nolan-Bale trilogy I thought was top-notch.
Absolutely no spoilers for #TheBatman but I'd like to say this:
I never thought I'd see so many thematic elements pulled straight from the pages of some of my all-time favorite stories. As an avid comic Batman fan, I am as happy as can be. pic.twitter.com/j34CV2624q
— 🦇BatNick 🦇 (@BatNick) March 2, 2022
How do you feel “The Batman” fits into the movie canon? For one thing, I thought it was interesting that in this film, Batman was more of a detective than an action hero.
LaSalle: I like your hierarchy. Keaton and Bale at the top, and Affleck, Clooney and Kilmer on the bottom.
Pattinson is an attempt in the tradition of Keaton and Bale, but it’s a bad attempt — it confuses humorlessness for seriousness.
Now here’s a question for you: Didn’t the movie feel really pre-pandemic to you? To me it felt like it was about everything everybody was thinking about three years ago that they’re not thinking now.
Johnson: Yeah, it totally did. I know these things take years to make, and this film was delayed by the pandemic, so I’m not sure what they could have done.
I will say that I’m feeling more pessimistic about human potential after the way we couldn’t all pull together during the first stages of the pandemic, although I don’t feel the type of nihilism that “The Batman” exudes.
In a sense, I think Reeves is in his own dark world, and I’m here for it. I loved the “Planet of the Apes” trilogy (he did the last two). I felt he was trying for something original and epic for “The Batman,” and I was really glad to see something like this on the heels of “Spider-Man: No Way Home.” Spidey was a lot of fun, and it was great to see all three actors who played the character together, but it was a pretty sloppy and infantile film. I think Marvel movies are merely becoming formulaic, self-reflexive exercises meant to offend no one and take no risks.
“The Batman” is not that.
Do you at least agree that Reeves and company were swinging for the fences, even if it was a big swing and a miss?
LaSalle: Yes, but the wrong fence. Well made, but made wrong.
Also they assume that anything that evokes Batman is automatically important, like they just uncovered another synoptic Gospel, and so it’s all bloated beyond itself.
This is what I’ll say about #TheBatman no spoilers!
This movie is the closest anyone will ever get to making a live action modernized take on Batman:The animated series.
This is the definitive Batman in my opinion. To me this movie is the best depiction of any CB character ever. pic.twitter.com/r1wOWf2Nty
— Connor (The Batman’s burner account 🦇) (@SoapBoxGames) March 2, 2022
But I expect that, coming out of this pandemic period and now maybe heading into a new cold war, a lot of the self-hating, fashionable dystopian pessimism that seemed so wise three years ago is going to fade. It’s easy to act like life isn’t worth living when nothing is actively trying to kill you, whether it’s a virus or whatever. That’s why I think that very soon everything pre-pandemic, whether it’s fashions in clothing or fashions in ideas, is going to seem really naive. To me, this movie was that.
Johnson: OK, we agree to disagree about “The Batman.” Clearly you couldn’t recognize a future classic. (laughs)
Just wondering: You also hated “Venom 2.” Which movie is worse?
Lasalle: Nothing’s worse than “Venom.” I was in pain watching that. “The Batman” isn’t contemptible, just something I didn’t like for specific reasons.
Johnson: Well for me, this was a dark, disturbing, original vision with a compelling cast. I’d like to see where Reeves/Pattinson go from here.
But let’s part on a note of harmony. I, like you, thought Michael Giacchino’s music score was brilliant. It’s one of the only big-budget movie scores I’ve heard that features the piano as its main instrument. It was the best part of the movie.
Johnson: See you again in the dark!
“The Batman” (R) in theaters Friday, March 4.


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View Lecture 2_ Steam.ppt from AA 1Power Plant Engineering Lecture 2 Steam Power Plant 1 Steam/Thermal Power Station • A generating station which converts heat energy of coal combustion into Economizer The economizer is a feed water heater & extracts a part of heat from the flue gases for this purpose. The feed water is fed to the economizer before supplying to the boiler.
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Thermal Power Plant A generating station which converts heat energy of coal combustion into electrical energy is known as a steam power station. Steam is produced in the boiler by utilizing the heat of coal combustion. The steam is then expanded in the steam
22 Power Plant Engineering Objectives After studying this unit, you should be able to know steam generator, steam turbine, and describe cooling towers and condensers. 2.2 BASIC CONSIDERATION IN THE ANALYSIS OF POWER CYCLES Actual Cycle
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Cate Rams senior Geoffrey Acheampong hit a long range strike that won’t soon be forgotten. The strike from midfield came against Malibu last week. Cate won 5-2 on the day, we assume because Acheampong’s goal counted for three.
Very good dog crashes track meet to show off her incredible 100-yard dash time
"Lol I can’t believe I got beat by a dog"
Girls HS basketball team that had racial slur directed at them wins state championship
The Norman Tigers received a standing ovation in their title game.


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rwl1211 got their new logo design by running a design contest:
Create a winning logo design for Flaming Pizza
Check out rwl1211's Logo design contest…
We sell custom made pizzas to our customers. Any idea with a type of flame underneath the word "Pizza" (similar to the Amazon happy face/arrow logo going up). I am also open to any ideas or suggestions the designer has.
Logo types to explore
$299 Bronze package
Every design category has flexible pricing for all budgets. Logo design starts at €269.
Full copyright with production-ready files for digital and/or print.
It all began with a design brief.
A quick, interactive guide helped them understand their design style and captured exactly what they needed in their logo design.
Designers across the globe delivered design magic.
rwl1211 collaborated with designers to refine their ideas
When design entries come in, you can rate them so designers know what you’re looking for in your logo design.
99designs has great collaboration tools so you can pinpoint and capture your ideas
And then… they selected a winner!
Along the way, they met lots of talented designers…
We think contests are a super fun way to get design.
Recently completed contests:
we are a restaurant who sell POKE BOWL
Burmese Fusion Restaurant
We are a mobile food trailer that cooks cajun style boiled crawfish and shrimp
Logo for Tex-Mex restaurant w/a slant toward natural, organic, sustainable, healthy, and rock & roll
We're Tex-Mex style restaurant that features healthy, fast, casual dining, with a rock & roll slant. Our audience will b
We are gonna be like a artisan smoke house restaurant from old town texas , something very commercial , clean with high


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If you’ve read Exile by Kevin Emerson, our May Book of the Month, but just can’t get enough rock ‘n’ roll in your reading – then you’re in luck. Because today’s post is all about featuring more YA books that ROCK!
Take a Bow by Elizabeth Eulberg
From the fantastic author of The Lonely Hearts Club and Prom & Prejudice comes a story of all the drama and comedy of four friends who grow into themselves at a performing arts high school.
Emme, Sophie, Ethan, and Carter are seniors at a performing arts school, getting ready for their Senior Showcase recital, where the pressure is on to appeal to colleges, dance academies, and professionals in show business. For Sophie, a singer, it’s been great to be friends with Emme, who composes songs for her, and to date Carter, soap opera heartthrob who gets plenty of press coverage. Emme and Ethan have been in a band together through all four years of school, but wonder if they could be more than just friends and bandmates. Carter has been acting since he was a baby, and isn’t sure how to admit that he’d rather paint than perform. The Senior Showcase is going to make or break each of the four, in a funny, touching, spectacular finale that only Elizabeth Eulberg could perform.
Wise Young Fool by Sean Beaudoin
Teen rocker Ritchie Sudden is pretty sure his life has just jumped the shark. Except he hates being called a teen, his band doesn’t play rock, and “jumping the shark” is yet another dumb cliché. Part of Ritchie wants to drop everything and walk away. Especially the part that’s serving ninety days in a juvenile detention center.
Telling the story of the year leading up to his arrest, Ritchie grabs readers by the throat before (politely) inviting them along for the (max-speed) ride. A battle of the bands looms. Dad split about five minutes before Mom’s girlfriend moved in. There’s the matter of trying to score with the dangerously hot Ravenna Woods while avoiding the dangerously huge Spence Proffer–not to mention just trying to forget what his sister, Beth, said the week before she died.
This latest offering from acclaimed author Sean Beaudoin is alternately raw, razor-sharp, and genuinely hilarious.
Nick & Norah’s Infinite Playlist by Rachel Cohn & David Levithan
It all starts when Nick asks Norah to be his girlfriend for five minutes. He only needs five minutes to avoid his ex-girlfriend, who’s just walked in to his band’s show. With a new guy. And then, with one kiss, Nick and Norah are off on an adventure set against the backdrop of New York City—and smack in the middle of all the joy, anxiety, confusion, and excitement of a first date.
This he said/she said romance told by YA stars Rachel Cohn and David Levithan is a sexy, funny roller coaster of a story about one date over one very long night, with two teenagers, both recovering from broken hearts, who are just trying to figure out who they want to be—and where the next great band is playing.
Told in alternating chapters, teeming with music references, humor, angst, and endearing side characters, this is a love story you’ll wish were your very own. Working together for the first time, Rachel Cohn and David Levithan have combined forces to create a book that is sure to grab readers of all ages and never let them go.
When privileged 17-year-old Jasmine gets kicked out of her house, she takes what is left of her savings and flees to Santa Cruz to pursue her dream of becoming a musician. Jasmine finds the ideal room in an oceanfront house, but she needs to convince the three guys living there that she’s the perfect roommate and lead guitarist for their band, C-Side. Too bad she has major stage fright and the cute bassist doesn’t think a spoiled girl from over the hill can hack it. . .
In this fresh new novel by critically acclaimed author Tara Kelly, Jasmine finds out what happens when her life gets Amplified.
The Disenchantments by Nina LaCour
Colby and Bev have a long-standing pact: graduate, hit the road with Bev’s band, and then spend the year wandering around Europe. But moments after the tour kicks off, Bev makes a shocking announcement: she’s abandoning their plans – and Colby – to start college in the fall.
But the show must go on and The Disenchantments weave through the Pacific Northwest, playing in small towns and dingy venues, while roadie- Colby struggles to deal with Bev’s already-growing distance and the most important question of all: what’s next?
Morris Award–finalist Nina LaCour draws together the beauty and influences of music and art to brilliantly capture a group of friends on the brink of the rest of their lives.
Told in a voice that’s honest, urgent, and hilarious, Struts & Frets will resonate not only with teenage musicians but with anyone who ever sat up all night listening to a favorite album, wondering if they’d ever find their place in the world.
Music is in Sammy’s blood. His grandfather was a jazz musician, and Sammy’s indie rock band could be huge one day—if they don’t self-destruct first. Winning the upcoming Battle of the Bands would justify all the band’s compromises and reassure Sammy that his life’s dream could become a reality. But practices are hard to schedule when Sammy’s grandfather is sick and getting worse, his mother is too busy to help either of them, and his best friend may want to be his girlfriend.
When everything in Sammy’s life seems to be headed for major catastrophe, will his music be enough to keep him together?
Adios, Nirvana by Conrad Wesselhoeft
Since the death of his brother, Jonathan’s been losing his grip on reality. Last year’s Best Young Poet and gifted guitarist is now Taft High School’s resident tortured artist, when he bothers to show up. He’s on track to repeat eleventh grade, but his English teacher, his principal, and his crew of Thicks (who refuse to be seniors without him) won’t sit back and let him fail.
Leo Caraway—high school senior, president of the Young Republicans club, 4.0 GPA, future Harvard student—had his entire future perfectly planned out. That was, until the X factor. As in Marion X. McMurphy, aka King Maggot, the lead singer of Purge, the most popular, most destructive band punk rock has ever seen. He’s also Leo’s biological father.When Leo discovers that his real father is a punk rock legend, he is disgusted. Not only is Leo not a punk rock fan, but he believes the X factor (the Maggot blood that is running through his veins) is a dangerous time bomb just waiting to explode. And sure enough it does—Leo stubbornly defends the unlikeliest of people, thereby getting himself falsely accused of cheating on a test.
Because of the blemish on his record, the once star pupil finds his scholarship to Harvard taken away. So he hatches the crazy plan of going on tour with King Maggot for Purge’s summer revival tour, all the while secretly hoping to convince Maggot to pay for his tuition. But life on the road is even crazier than Leo ever bargained for, and before the summer is out, he will finally discover the surprising truth about his dad, his friends, and most important, himself.
Fat Kid Rules the World by K.L. Going
Troy Billings is seventeen, 296 pounds, friendless, utterly miserable, and about to step off a New York subway platform in front of an oncoming train. Until he meets Curt MacCrae, an emaciated, semi-homeless, high school dropout guitar genius, the stuff of which Lower East Side punk rock legends are made. Never mind that Troy’s dad thinks Curt’s a drug addict and Troy’s brother thinks Troy’s the biggest (literally) loser in Manhattan. Soon, Curt has recruited Troy as his new drummer, even though Troy can’t play the drums. Together, Curt and Troy will change the world of punk, and Troy’s own life, forever.
Rock Star Superstar by Blake Nelson
Music is Pete’s life. He’s happiest when playing his Fender P-Bass. He doesn’t care about prestige or getting girls; it’s the quality of the music that matters. Then he meets the Carlisle brothers. They can’t sing and they can barely play, but somehow they have a following. Pete can’t resist, and he joins The Tiny Masters of Today.
When the band gets a chance at real stardom, Pete wonders if he’s ready. He knows the music should come first… but who knew selling out could be so much fun?
For the comments: What other rock ‘n’ roll YA books would you add to this list?

domain: literature