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From superyachts and mansions to private jets and works of art, mega-rich Russians are being deprived of their expensive playthings, under swingeing sanctions that implicate them in Vladimir Putin's war in Ukraine.
The seizing and freezing of assets is proving the toughest trial yet for the Kremlin-favored "oligarchs," many of whom got rich on the back of the collapse of the Soviet Union.
In Britain, more than 100 oligarchs and their families have been slapped with restrictions. The United States has sanctioned 140 and the European Union more than 30.
UK Transport Secretary Grant Shapps has said the move was designed to hit them where it hurts — denying them "access to their luxury toys."
The British capital has for years been dubbed "Londongrad" after becoming a haven for Russians to keep their money, educate their children and pursue litigation.
"The welcome mat is now being taken away from Russian oligarchs," The Economist wrote.
Even the high-profile Roman Abramovich has been targeted, forcing him to put Chelsea Football Club, which he bought in 2003, up for sale.
But acting against so many in a highly globalised major economy is "totally uncharted territory," said researcher Alex Nice, from the Institute for Government think-tank.
Whenever the war ends, a deep rift between the West and Russia will remain, even if the assets are just frozen, rather than expropriated, he added.
"There doesn't seem to be any prospect that these sanctions will be lifted any time soon," said Nice.
In Moscow, the independent Russian political analyst Konstantin Kalachev said Putin's "special operation" in Ukraine could last "for years" — and even be widened to fulfil his dream of recreating the Russian empire.
If the decision is down to Ukraine, "they will never lift them (sanctions)," he told AFP.
Russia's rich 'in shock'
There's no question that the sanctions have hit home, with the family members of oligarchs, including their glamorous Instagram-loving daughters, speaking out against the war and the subsequent sanctions.
Forbes magazine last month removed 34 Russians from its annual billionaire list citing the "avalanche of sanctions."
"The war is an absolute disaster for them," said Elisabeth Schimpfoessl, a lecturer in sociology at Aston University in Birmingham, central England, and author of a book called "Rich Russians."
Petr Aven, known for his extensive collection of Russian art, told The Financial Times newspaper he was unsure if he was "allowed to have a cleaner or a driver" and faced expulsion from the UK.
His long-term business partner, Mikhail Fridman, told Bloomberg news agency he was "in shock" and also struggling to pay a cleaner.
Many oligarchs have multiple citizenships and are not rushing back to Russia.
The West has been a "base that they can go to at any moment when they fear prosecution in Russia," said Schimpfoessl.
"Oligarchs never bothered developing Russia's rule of law."
The scale of assets targeted is staggering. The UK government estimates that Abramovich alone is worth over US$11 billion.
It has also targeted two of his associates worth up to $12 billion.
Abramovich is rumoured to own half a dozen luxury superyachts, two of which docked in Turkey in March, thereby avoiding sanctions.
EU members have reported freezing nearly US$30 billion in Russian assets, including almost $7 billion in yachts, helicopters, property and works of art.
Washington has said it has sanctioned or blocked boats and aircraft worth over $1 billion.
US President Joe Biden has proposed permanent sanctions, saying oligarchs should not be allowed to enjoy luxuries while Ukrainian children die.
In Fiji last week, police seized a 106-metre yacht called "Amadea" worth some $300 million and linked to Suleiman Kerimov, a reticent billionaire senator, on Washington's request.
Images of impounded yachts and shuttered mansions of Putin cronies prompt Schadenfreude in Russia, too.
"Ordinary Russians like to see 'the rich also cry'," said Kalachev, citing a Mexican soap opera Russians watched in the early 1990s.
What is not clear is whether sanctions affect Moscow's decisions.
They cannot influence Putin, because he meets such business figures "only to tell them things — it's not a dialogue," argued Kalachev.
"The record of using economic coercion to try to force change in foreign policy is not a good one," said Nice.
But sanctions "are undoubtedly going to weaken Russia's capacity to fight," he added.
Could the oligarchs turn on Putin?
Abramovich has been involved in talks aimed at ending the war, with consent of both sides. Other oligarchs have criticised the conflict.
On Instagram the UK-sanctioned entrepreneur and banker Oleg Tinkov slammed "this crazy war" and Russia's "s****y army."
Fridman urged an end to the bloodshed and Oleg Deripaska, sanctioned by the UK, the EU and the US, said continuing fighting was "madness."
But experts questioned the likelihood of them allying against Putin.
"It's hard to see that happening," said Nice.
"It would not be in their interests ever to speak out against Putin prematurely," said Schimpfoessl.
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THE FOOD AND MEDICINAL BENEFITS OF OYSTER MUSHROOM (PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS): A REVIEWHTML Full Text
THE FOOD AND MEDICINAL BENEFITS OF OYSTER MUSHROOM (PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS): A REVIEW
Prasad Kadam, Kavita Yadav *, Abhijit Karanje, Damini Giram, Rutuja Mukadam and Manohar Patil
Department of Pharmacognosy, Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s College of Pharmacy, Thergaon, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
ABSTRACT: The oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) is a culinary mushroom. Mushrooms are considered a potential source of many essential nutrients and therapeutic bioactive compounds. Pleurotus ostreatus is a macro fungus that belongs to the class Basidiomycetes and the family Pleurotaceae, known as the oyster mushroom. It is the most important commercially cultivated mushroom in the world. Mushroom contains rich nutrients such as proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, amino acids, lipids and fibers. It is used as food and medicine. Mushroom contains more bioactive compounds such as peptides, polysaccharides, liposaccharides, glycoprotein, lectin, triterpenoid, fatty acids, essential amino acids and nucleosides. They are used traditionally as a medicine for different diseases. These mushrooms have been reported to be antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, anti- inflammatory, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antihypercholesterolemic, antiatherogenic, anti-hyperglycemic and immunomodulating. This review gives information on the traditional uses, chemical composition and nutritional benefits of oyster mushrooms. These studies reveal that Pleurotus ostreatus is a source of medicinally active compounds with various pharmacological effects. These studies will be helpful to create interest in Pleurotus ostreatus and may be useful in developing a new reaction for further research.
Keywords: Bioactive ingredients, Functional food, Pleurotus ostreatus, Oyster mushroom
INTRODUCTION: The oyster mushroom was firstly described in 1775 by Dutch naturalist Nikolaus Joseph Freiherr von Jacquin (1727-1817). In 1871 German mycologist Paul Kummer transferred the Oyster mushroom to the genus Pleurotus. (A new genus that Kummer himself had defined in 1971), given its currently accepted name Pleurotus Ostreatus. It has long been cultivated in Asia, Japan, and the Chinese 1.
All around the world 2000 species of mushrooms are edible. A small number of species are known to be poisonous. Pleurotus ostreatus is nutritious, edible, and cultivated commercially for its nutritional and medicinal value 2. They are healthy food, low in calories and fat, and rich in carbohydrates, vitamins, protein, chitin, and minerals 3.
It is used as food and medicine. Other oyster mushroom species include Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus Sajor-Caju, Pleurotus cystidiosus, Pleurotus tuber-region, Pleurotus flabellate, Pleurotus pulmonarias, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, Pleurotus Florida, Pleurotus sapidus, Pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus tuberregium are present. The Pleurotus ostreatus is cultivated on different types of lignocellulose materials like sawdust, straw, rice, coffee residue, hull, tea leaves, and cotton waste. These mushrooms have a delicate taste, texture, and unique flavor 4. It is a food supplement not only for its flavor, taste, and nutritive value but also for its medicinal properties. Numerous edible mushrooms have been found, in addition to their nutritional profile, to be medically active in different therapies. The reason is linked to their richness in bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds, polyketides, terpenes, steroids, beta-carotene, and vitamins A and C 5.
Mushrooms are a good source of dietary fibers due to the presence of polysaccharides ((1→ 3) -ꞵ-D-glucans and mannans) and chitin (a straight chain (1→ 4) - ꞵ-linked polymer of N-acetyl-glucosamine) in their cell walls 6. The use of oyster mushrooms in cosmetology and dermatology is another issue. Due to the presence of antioxidants, anti-aging, anti-wrinkle, whitening, and moisturizing components oyster mushroom extracts can be used to produce various cosmetics and cosmeceuticals 7. The Oyster mushroom name originates from the Latin Pleurotus - sideways, oyster- the shape of the cap 8. Pleurotus ostreatus is commonly known as the oyster mushroom, a macro fungus of the phylum Basidiomycota that belongs to the Family Pleurotaceae.
Taxonomical Classification 10:
Morphological Description 11:
|5.6-11.2 diameter, Whitish to grey color, convex, smooth, soft, maturing to a shell shape.|
|2.||Gills||White, broad decurrent gills|
|3.||Spores||Spores are whitish to lilac grey in mass, cylindrical to oblong in shape|
|4.||Stipe||4.7-7.2 cm in length, 1.3-2.2cm in diameter, Cream, and smooth surface|
It is also called ‘dhingri’ or abalone. Mushroom is defined as the fleshy spore-bearing fruiting body of the fungus that could either be epigenous or hypogynous when produced. It can be seen as vulnerable and picked by hand 9.
Chemical Constituents: Phytochemical constituents of the Pleurotus ostreatus include Alkaloids, Saponin, Quinones, Triterpenoid, Phenolic compounds, Steroids, flavonoids, and Tannins 12. Angus Nnamdi Oli et al. observed that the carpophore of the mushroom is also a potential source of lignin and phenol-degrading enzymes. It contains secondary metabolites such as Ergothioneine, carotenoids, and Ascorbic acid. It contains high bioactive polysaccharides, which are functional food. They are a good source of prebiotics and contain short-chain sugars such as galactose, glucose, fructose and N- acetylglucosamine 13. It is composed of different minerals such as Zinc, Potassium, Sodium, Iron, and Calcium 14. It contains volatile oil compounds used as flavoring agents, called 1-octane-3-ol. It is the major contributor. It is a good source of Beta-glucans 15.
Ethnobotanical uses: Oyster mushrooms have a great potential to produce value-added backed products. Nutritionally the Pleurotus ostreatus is a source of vitamins B1 (Thiamin) B2 (Riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B9 (folic acid), and ascorbic acid. Pleurotus ostreatus decreases cholesterol levels in experimental animals. It is a rich source of protein, vitamins, carbohydrates, amino acids, minerals, lipids, and fiber. Internal polysaccharides and exopolysaccharides isolated from Pleurotus ostreatus also showed high antioxidant properties 16. Oyster mushroom is used for mycoremediation 17. It is used to produce an instant soup premix and is also used in various vegetables, health drinks, cakes, sausages, and bakery products 18. It is used for making chicken nuggets 19. Pleurotus ostreatus have a great potential to produce health-promoting novel value-added derived products. It is used as a nutraceutical 20. Aqueous extract of Pleurotus ostreatus is also used for fermentation of yogurt 21.
Medicinal uses: Pleurotus ostreatus are used to treat lower and high blood pressure. It is an Immune system supporter, lowering high blood pressure, building strong bones, regulating cholesterol levels, anti-cancer properties, Anti-inflammatory properties, defending against neurodegenerative diseases and protecting the heart against cardiovascular disease 22.
Pharmacological Activities: Pleurotus ostreatus contains several bioactive compounds that exhibit great pharmacological activities like Immunomodulation, Antiplasmodial, Hypo-lipidemic, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anti-atherogenic, Anticancer, Antihyperglycemic, Atherosclerosis, Antihypercholesterolemic, Anti-inflammatory, Antitumor, Antifungal, Antiviral, Anti-diabetic, Inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, Eye health, Inhibition of protein synthesis, a proteolytic enzyme, Antibacterial 23.
Immunomodulation: F.M. Refaie et al. studied the assessment of Immunomodulatory effect and toxicity produced in mice. They isolate hot water polysaccharopeptides from the Oyster mushroom mycelium. The acute toxicity and poly-saccharopeptides were not lethal after 24 h. In mice given intraperitoneally 854 mg/kg or less. Polysaccharopeptides were administered intraperitoneally in mice at doubling doses thrice weekly for five consecutive weeks. Eventually, animal weight is gained by 39.56% and thus mortality rate will be reduced 24.
Anticancer: Anjana Shree K. G. et al. studied the antioxidant and antitumor activity. It was found in the water-soluble polysaccharides (POPS-1) of Pleurotus ostreatus. They chose the two organic extracts of Pleurotus ostreatus obtained using methanol and ethyl acetate solvents. An ethyl acetate extract shows higher total phenolic content than methanol. The antitumor activity was studied by using melanoma cancer cells A375 and estimated by MTT assay. As per research, Pleurotus ostreatus shows higher antitumor activity in ethyl acetate extract than the methanol extract 25.
The Oyster mushroom is used for its high bioactive substances. The mushroom DNA contains an unmethylated CpG pattern with antitumor and immunomodulatory activities. The DNA was isolated from the fruit body Pleurotus ostreatus. The effect of oyster mushroom DNA on natural killer activity was studied in-vitro by using a nonspecific cytotoxicity assay. As per research, the application of Pleurotus ostreatus could be a buildup of natural killer cytotoxic activity and increase mice’s lifespan with solid Ehrlich carcinoma 26.
Different colors of Pleurotus ostreatus show antioxidant and anticancer activities. They prepared the methanolic extract of oyster fungus. The extracts of dark grey and the pink strain showed a better suppressive effect against the expansion of human colon cancer cell HT-29 life span rates 39.9% and 40.7% than the yellow strain, and the yellow strain showed the three times highest radical scavenging activity than the dark grey strain 27.
Antiplasmodial Activity: N-Hexane extract of the mushroom treats malarial infections and thus shows antiplasmodial activity. This study infers the cytotoxic properties and antiplasmodial activity of the Pleurotus ostreatus n-Hexane extract. Cytotoxic and antiplasmodial assays were done in-vitro by using the mammalian HeLa cell lines. A growth inhibition assay was done by using Plasmodium falciparum. As per research, the oyster mushroom species suggested in the diet are useful for the prevention of malaria infection 28.
Antihypercholesterolemic and Antioxidant Activity: Ramalingam Anandhi et al. studied the Antihypercholesterolemic and antioxidant effects of an extract of the Pleurotus ostreatus. They chose the male albino rats of the Wistar strain for this study. They prepared the ethanolic extract of Pleurotus ostreatus. In rats, one intraperitoneal injection of triton WR- 1339 (300 mg/kg body weight) was induced to supply hypercholesterolemia. This increased low-density lipoprotein, glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, blood serum levels of lipid profile, and low-density lipoprotein. Then for 7 days gave the Chrysin which is a major constituent of mushroom extract orally to the hypercholesterolemic rats. This resulted in a decrease in the lipid profile, level of glucose, and hepatic marker enzyme and an increase in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant factors. The Chrysin treated hypercholesterolemic rats. As shown, Chrysin is the major component of Pleurotus ostreatus for the protection of hypercholesterolemia and hepatic marker enzyme levels 29.
Anti-inflammatory activity: Pleurotus ostreatus show Anti-inflammatory activity. For this study, Wister rats are used. The anti-inflammatory activity was studied by using the suspension of freeze-dried powder of Oyster mushroom, and Acetone extract of Pleurotus ostreatus. The anti-inflammatory activity was studied by using in-vitro and in-vivo assays. They found at the dose of suspension of freeze-dried and powder of Pleurotus ostreatus shows long-lasting activity at both early and late phases of carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. The acetone extracts of Pleurotus ostreatus show the most inhibition of edema. As per research, the edible mushroom shows an anti-inflammatory effect, therefore it is suggested as a functional diet during inflammatory conditions 30.
Atherosclerosis: Mohamad Hamdi Zainal Abidin et al. Studied the therapeutic properties of Pleurotus ostreatus for atherosclerosis. This review reported the advantages of Pleurotus species for treating and preventing atherosclerosis. It is used to reduce hypertension, oxidative stress, and hypercholesterolemia. They have studied the comparison between 10 different types of Pleurotus species. It is used directly in food or mycelium or extracts from fruiting bodies. As per the study, the Pleurotus ostreatus is more potent to cure atherosclerosis due to the presence of a large amount of anti-atherosclerotic compounds such as lovastatin, Chrysin, and ergothioneine 31.
Antihyperglycemic: Pleurotus ostreatus shows Antihyperglycemic action and its effect on DNA damage, chromosome aberrations and sperm abnormalities in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. For this study, 5 groups of male albino rats are selected. The primary group included normal animals (control), the second group was diabetic (hyperglycemia), and the third, fourth, and fifth groups included hyperglycemic animals. They are orally treated with Amaryl, high mushroom, and low mushroom extracts for 30 days. The mushroom treatment is compared with the Amaryl standard treatment. After 30 days increase in blood sugar level, genetic changes, and sperm abnormalities in hyperglycemic animals compared to normal animals. The treated hyperglycemic animals with Amaryl had a decrease in blood sugar level and sperm abnormalities. Then DNA fragmentation was decreased in mushroom groups as compared to the Amaryl groups. The diabetic animals are treated with mushroom extracts and decreased sperm abnormalities and chromosome aberration than Amaryl. As per research, the treatment of a high level of the mushroom extract is better than the treatment of a low level of mushroom extract for the reduction of genetic abnormalities, blood sugar levels, and sperm abnormalities in hyperglycemic rats. The treatment with Pleurotus ostreatus extracts reduces the high glucose level in hyperglycemic rats than the Amaryl treatment. Hence, the mushroom extracts are more efficient for decreasing sperm abnormalities and genetic alteration in diabetic conditions 32.
Antiatherogenic Activity: Sergey I. Piskov et al. studied the effect of various pre-treatment conditions on the antiatherogenic potential of freeze-dried oyster mushrooms. They studied the antiatherogenic properties under the content of lovastatin, catalase, antioxidant, thrombolytic, and anti-inflammatory properties. They found that the above-mentioned properties show different effects on the pre-treatment freeze-dried products. As per the research in this article, lovastatin obtained from the raw material was ground to pieces with a size of > o.5 cm, UV disinfection, blanched, treated with hot air and cryostabilization with a 1.5 pectin solution. The catalase activity of the product does not depend on the degree of grinding, UV disinfection, blanching, and cryostabilization.
The antioxidant properties' critical conditions include lactoperoxidase inhibition and absorption, ozonation, and cryoprotection with a 1.5 % lactose and sucrose solution. The anti-inflammatory activity was best preserved after UV disinfection and cryoprotection with a 10% lactose solution. Thrombolytic properties were obtained when the mushrooms were ozonated and cryoprotected using a 5% sorbitol solution. As per the research, the Pleurotus ostreatus is a valuable functional product for antiatherogenic properties 33.
Antimicrobial Activity: Mustafa N. Owaid et al. studied the antimicrobial activity of the mycelia of oyster mushrooms. They chose the four species of oyster mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus (white and gray strain), Pleurotus salmoneostramineus (pink strain), and Pleurotus cornucopiae (bright yellow strain). This research is an in-vitro study of anti-bacterial activity and anti-yeast effects of Pleurotus species. As per research, the liquid filtrate of Pleurotus salmoneostramineus shows high antimicrobial activity than other filtrates among Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Mycelia of Pleurotus cornucopiae inhibits colonies of the yeast Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 and bacterium Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 by 29.19% and 5.21%. E. Coli ATCC 25922 is sensitive to the mycelia of Pleurotus salmoneostramineus 34.
Hypolipidemic Activity: Nuhu Alam et al. studied the hypolipidemic activity of Pleurotus ostreatus in hypercholesterolemic rats. They have performed research on female rats. They fed a diet containing a 5% powder of Pleurotus ostreatus fruiting bodies to hypercholesterolemic rats. After a mushroom diet, they show reduced triglyceride, plasma total cholesterol, lipid, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein and phospholipid ratios of 52.75, 30.18, 34.15, 59.62, 50% and 23, 89.
It reduces the weight of hypercholesterolemic rats. It has no adverse effect on bilirubin, albumin, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, potassium, sodium, calcium, inorganic phosphate, magnesium, enzyme profile, and chloride. Feeding mushrooms increased the cholesterol and total lipid in feces.
The Pleurotus ostreatus increased alpha-lipoprotein but reduced plasma beta and pre-beta- lipoprotein because plasma lipoprotein fraction, separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. As research, they suggested the 5% Pleurotus ostreatus provided health benefits to the lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic rats 35.
Murlidhar S. Talkad et al., 2015 studied the establishment of enzyme inhibitory activities of lovastatin isolated from Pleurotus ostreatus. They report the presence of statins in fruiting bodies and fermentation processes from Oyster fungus. For this study, lovastatin was extracted from Pleurotus ostreatus. It shows anti-oxidant activity when compared with standard quercetin. As per research, the Pleurotus ostreatus have a great antioxidant and enzyme inhibition for Acid Phosphatase, Alpha-Amylase, and membrane stability studies, hence as a health promoter and environmental restoration is gaining more importance 36.
Nutritional Benefits of Oyster Mushroom:
Proximate Composition: Igile, G.O et al. described the oyster mushroom is grown on rubber sawdust in Calabar Nigeria for proximate composition and they found Oyster mushroom fruit body is rich in final harvest as compared to the first harvest such as carbohydrates (45.82 mg/100g), Protein (22.45 mg/100mg), Fiber (11.65 mg/100), Fat (4.77 mg/100g), Moisture (11.96 mg/100g), Energy (316.01 mg/100g) 2. G. M. Icon et al. described the Moisture (78.28 g/100, Ash (16.68 g/100), Crude protein (28.40 g/100), Fat (12.46 g/100), Crude fiber (19.55 g/100), Carbohydrate (52.74 g/100) are present in Pleurotus ostreatus 9.
Protein and Amino Acid: Pleurotus ostreatus are a good source of protein. Different kinds of proteins digestible and non-digestible were analyzed in caps and stipes of Pleurotus ostreatus in different phases of development. According to the average diameter of the cap. The crude and digestible protein content of caps was highest in the second phase. In the remaining phases, crude protein was lower 37. The protein content of Pleurotus ostreatus is also significantly affected by the method of drying, as oven-dried Pleurotus ostreatus recorded a less protein content (24.99%) than open sun-dried mushrooms (27.14%) 38. The Pleurotus ostreatus consists of essential and non-essential amino acids and the richest amino acids are Glutamic acid (53.3), arginine (27.6), aspartic acid (31.4), alanine (28.6), leucine (25.7), threonine (17.1), cysteine (3.8), glycine (17.1), histidine (12.4), isoleucine (16.2), lysine (22.9), methionine (3.8), phenylalanine (15.2), proline (15.2), serine (18.1), tyrosine (13.3), and valine (21.0) 16.
Mineral Elements: Igile, G.O et al. studied the Pleurotus ostreatus grown on rubberwood sawdust in Calabar Nigeria. They found various mineral elements and variations in the first and final harvest. It contains different minerals such as Iron (49.65 mg/100g), phosphorus (977 mg/100g), sodium (14.33 mg/100g), calcium (34.29 mg/100g), potassium (1172.14 mg/100g), Magnesium (14.66 mg/100g), copper (0.67 mg/100g), zinc (3.65 mg/100g), manganese (1.61 mg/100g), selenium (6.11 mg/100g), chloride (19.61) 2.
Vitamins: G.M. Ikon et al. determine the vitamin constituent from Pleurotus ostreatus. It is collected from Nigeria. They found the six different vitamins, including total and Soluble vitamin C (82.46), vitamin A was the main constituent (295.72), whereas Thiamin (10.1), Riboflavin (10.43), Niacin (10.12) 9. Igile, G.O et al. describe the vitamin composition of Pleurotus ostreatus. It is grown on rubberwood sawdust in Calabar. They found different vitamins are present such as vitamin A (84.75), vitamin C (28.92), vitamin D (2.86), vitamin B1 (1.89), vitamin B2 (2.26), vitamin B6 (1.81), Niacin (26.83), Folic acid (0.44), Pantothenic acid (92.31) 2. G.M. Ikon et al. studied the different functional properties present in oyster mushrooms. The properties such as water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, and bulk density. emulsion capacity, Foaming capacity 9.
Lipids: The main fatty acid present in oyster mushrooms is linoleic acid 39.
Carbohydrates: The carbohydrate contents of Pleurotus ostreatus are significantly affected by the method used to dry them: oven-dried Pleurotus ostreatus recorded a higher carbohydrate value (43.64%) than open sun-dried mushrooms (39.99%) 40.
CONCLUSION: Pleurotus ostreatus may provide significant functional food as well as medicine due to its high nutritional value. Pleurotus ostreatus is widely used for nourishment, and medicinal benefits and is specially used as an antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, antibacterial, antidiabetic, cardiovascular diseases, antihypertensive, antihypercholesterolemic, glycoprotein. Therefore, it should be created awareness amongst the consumer regarding the proper utilization of this golden drug for the future. In the last decade, the Pleurotus ostreatus has been used as a source of treatment and in diet food supplements. Most of the explorations have shown that nutraceutical therapy is an encouraging source of new therapeutics against many life-threatening diseases. Whereas bioactive molecules isolated from Pleurotus ostreatus may represent an important advance for their characterization as a source of drugs, more clinical data are needed to determine the medicinal benefits of Pleurotus ostreatus. This review article will be useful for academic purposes as it contains detailed information on pharmacological activities and the nutritional benefits of Pleurotus ostreatus.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Authors are grateful to Marathwada Mitra Mandal's College of Pharmacy, Thergaon, Pune - 411033, for providing the necessary facilities to carry out the study.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
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- Sjaloom E. Sakul, Djalal Rosyidi, Lilik Eka Radiation and Purwadi: The effect of different starter cultures on the fermentation of yogurt added with aqueous extract of white oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). Journal Ilmu Dan Teknologi Hasil Ternak 2020; 15(1): 46-51.
- Mowsumi FR and Choudhury MBK: Oyster Mushroom: Biochemical and Medicinal Prospects. Bangladesh J Med Biochem 2010; 3(1): 23-28.
- Girma Waktola and Tasisa Temesgen: Pharmacological activities of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). Novel Research in Microbiology Journal 2020; 4(2): 688-695.
- Refaie FM, Esmat AY, Daba AS and Taha SM: Characterization of polysaccharopeptides from Pleurotus ostreatus mycelium: assessment of toxicity and immunomodulation in-vivo. Micologia Aplicada International 2009; 21(2): 67-75.
- Anjana Shree KG, Balamurugan TSB, Manivasagan V and Ramesh Babu NG: Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Antitumor activity of edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences 2016; 3(9): 170-177
- Shlyakhovenko V, Kosak V and Olishevsky S: Application of DNA from mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus for cancer biotherapy. A pilot study. Experimental Oncology 2006; 28(2): 132-135.
- Jeong-Han Kim, Sun-Jung Kim, Hae-Ryong Park, Jong-in chol, Ki-chang Nam, suk-Ju Kim and Seung Cheol lee: The different antioxidant and anticancer activities depend on the color of the oyster mushroom. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 2009; 3(12): 1016-1020.
- Ozadheoghene Afieroho, Olautayo Adedokun, Xavier Siwe Noundou, Michelle Isaacs, Henrich C. Hoppe, Rui WM. Krause and Kio A. Abo: Antiplasmodial activity of the n- Hexane Extract from Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. Ex. Fr) P. Kumm. Turk J Pharm Sci 2019; 16(1): 37-42.
- Ramalingam Anandhi, Thangaraj Annadurai, Thirugnanasambandhar S. Anita, Kalifulla najmunnaisha, Vasanthi Nachiappan, Philip A, Thomas, Pitchairaj Geraldine: Antihypercholesterolemic and antioxidative effects of extracts of the oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, and its major constituent, chrysin, in Triton-WR-induced hypercholesterolemic rats. Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry 2013; 69: 313-323.
- Banukie WJAN, Jayasuriya, Shiroma M. Handunnetti, Chandani A. Wanigatunge, Gita H. Fernando, D. Thusitha zu. Abeytunga and Sugandhika Suresh T: Anti-inflammatory Activity of Pleurotus ostreatus, A culinary Medicinal Mushroom, in Wistar rats. Hindawi Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020; 1-9.
- Mohamad Hamdi Zainal Abidin, Noorlidah Abdullah & Nurhayati Zainal Abidin: Therapeutic properties of Pleurotus ostreatus species (oyster mushrooms) for atherosclerosis. International Journal of Food Properties 2017; 20(6): 1251-1261.
- Inas S. Ghaly, Ekram S. Ahmed, Hoda F. Booles, Ibrahim M. Farag and Somaia A. Nada: Evaluation of Antihyperglycemic Action of Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) and its effect on DNA damage, Chromosome Aberrations and Sperm Abnormalities in Streptozotocin-Induced diabetic rats. Global Veterinaria 2011; 7(6): 532-544.
- Sergey I. Piskov, Lyudmila D. Timchenko, Igor V. Rzhepakovsky, Setlana S. Avanesyan, Nadezhda I. Bondareva, Marina N. Sizonenko and David A. Areshidze: Effect of pre- treatment conditions on the antiatherogenic potential of freeze-dried oyster mushrooms. Foods and Raw Materials 2019; 7(2): 375-386.
- Mustafa N. Owaid, Sajid Salem S. Al-Saeedi and Na Idham Abed Ali Al-Assaffii: Antimicrobial activity of Mycelia of Oyster mushroom Species (Pleurotus species) and their Liquid Filtrates (in-vitro). Journal of Medical and Bioengineering 2015; 4(5): 376- 380.
- Nuhu Alam, Ki Nam Yoon, Tae Soo Lee and U Youn Lee: Hypolipidemic activities of dietary Pleurotus ostreatus in Hypercholesterolemic rats. Mycobiology 2011; 39(1): 45- 50.
- Muralidhar S. Talkad, Rajat K. Das, Preetham Bhattacharjee, Sagnik Ghosh and Undre Prasad Shivajirao: Establishment of enzyme inhibitory activities of lovastatin, isolated from Pleurotus ostreatus. International Journal of Applied Science and Biotechnology 2015; 3(3): 408-416.
- Abigail González, Mario Cruz, Carolina Losoya, Clarisse Nobre, Araceli Loredo, Rosa Rodríguez, Juan Contreras, and Ruth Belmares: Edible mushrooms as a novel protein source for functional foods. Food Funct 2020; 11: 7400–7414.
- Kumela D. Tolera and Solomon Abera: Nutritional Quality of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) as Affected by Pre-treatments and Drying methods. Food Sci Nutr 2017; 1–8.
- Ram Naraian and Bharti Dixit: Nutritional Value of Three Different Oyster Mushrooms Grown on Cattail Weed Substrate. Arch Biotechnol Biomed 2017; 1: 061– 066.
- Kumela D and Tolera Solomon Abera: Nutritional quality of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus Ostreatus) as affected by osmotic pretreatments and drying methods. Food Sci Nutr 2017; 5: 989-996.
How to cite this article:
Kadam P, Yadav K, Karanje A, Giram D, Mukadam R and Patil M: The food and medicinal benefits of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus): a review. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2023; 14(2): 883-90. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.14(2).883-90.
All © 2023 are reserved by International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
Prasad Kadam, Kavita Yadav *, Abhijit Karanje, Damini Giram, Rutuja Mukadam and Manohar Patil
Department of Pharmacognosy, Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s College of Pharmacy, Thergaon, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
09 June 2022
19 October 2022
18 November 2022
01 February 2023

domain: biology


text: Delayed and Reversed Aging Researcher Robert Cosgrove, Jr., Ph.D., M.D., a biomedical engineer, notes that technologies altering brainwave patterns have great potential for promoting optimal cerebral performance … (and) long-term use may delay aging and deterioration of the brain traditionally associated with aging.” NASA has been using EEG biofeedback for years to increase its pilots' ability to concentrate. Researchers Drs E. Green and K.S. Ozawkie report that, “theta feedback can be used for becoming aware of subconscious and superconscious aspects of mind in the same way that vipassana, a form of Buddhist meditation, is used. Vipassana is a meditation method in which the 'witness', or 'observer' aspect of mind develops. When mindfulness is achieved, the 'I' of a person is capable of watching what is happening in body, emotions, and mind without reacting. Experimentally, theta feedback and vipassana lead to states of 'mindfulness' that are so much alike that theta training might, without exaggeration, be called 'instrumental vipassana’.” Dr. Elmer Green, prominent biofeedback pioneer, reports: increased learning ability, creativity, mental clarity, intelligence, and intuition... and positive changes in mental and emotional health. "With the creation of new neural pathways, more choices are available. Herein lies the theoretical explanation for the amazing personality changes researchers have reported in subjects using technology to change brainwave patterns.” “There's a revolution going on. The present era in neuro-science is comparable to the time when Louis Pasteur first found out that germs cause disease." Candice Pert, Neuroscientist Increased Relaxation Dr. Margaret Patterson has shown that certain frequencies in the brain dramatically speed up production of a variety of neurotransmitters. A 10 Hz (alpha) signal boosts the production and turnover rate of serotonin, a chemical messenger that increases relaxation and eases pain, and catecholamines, vital for memory and learning, respond at around 4 Hz (theta). Physical Vitality Vincent Giampapa, M.D. of Longevity Institute International and vice president of the American Society of Anti-Aging Medicine, reveals that placing a listener in the alpha, theta, and delta brain wave patterns dramatically affect production of three important hormones related to both increased longevity and physical well-being: Cortisol, DHEA, and melatonin. Cortisol is the major age-accelerating hormone within the brain. It also interferes with learning and memory and is, in general, bad news for your health and your well-being.DHEA levels are a key determinant of physiological age and resistance to disease. When DHEA levels are low, you're more susceptible to aging and disease; when they're high, the body is at its peak -- vibrant, healthy, and able to combat disease effectively. Improved Mental Capability A study by Dr Siegfried Othmer, international leader in the field of neurofeedback and brainwave training, led him to conclude that brainwave training has exceptional effects on intelligence. On average, individuals experienced a 23% increase in IQ. Individuals that began brainwave training with IQ levels that were less than 100 have been shown to enjoy IQ gains of 33 points on average, in addition to significant improvements in reading comprehension, memory related tasks and logic handling abilities. A year later, a follow up with those involved in the study found major improvements in self concept, creativity and concentration. A study by Thomas Budzynski, Ph.D found that college students who used brainwave training technology drastically out performed those that did not in both academic tasks and by GPA. An M.D. associated with Dr. Siegfried Othmer used brainwave training to treat a boy with an IQ of 70 who was labeled as mildly retarded. A year later this boy was retested and the improvements were startling; he scored 60% higher with an IQ of 112. This specific case is consistent with a myriad of similar cases that have been documented with children with sub 90 IQ scores. Dr. Siegfried Othmer says that “brainwave training clearly facilitates the organization of mental functioning." Speech-Language pathologist Dr. Suzanne Evans Morris says, "Theta brainwaves are associated with greater access to internal and external knowledge and intuition in problem solving (it also) encourages hemispheric synchronization, and reduces mind chatter.” A 2003 study at Imperial College in London supports the notion that brainwave training improves cognition. Neuroscientists Tobias Egner and John H. Gruzelier recruited test subjects at the Royal College of Music, London's elite school for promising young musicians. Some of the subjects learned, via feedback on a computer screen, how to control the slow waves in the alpha and theta ranges. After neurofeedback, the musicians' abilities had grown enormously, according to expert evaluators.

domain: psychology


text:
The longer Sonja was left alone, the more her nerves wore on her, and the more the anger that seems to have taken permanent residence within the pit of her belly grew. She had practiced walking in this confining attire so that she hoped that she would not look too much the fool, not for Borghast's benefit only for her own.
Feeling confident that she would not trip over her skirts unduly, Sonja then took to practicing sitting in the skirts. It didn't look too hard to do, however the first few tries she sat and the fabric pulled too tauntly over her shoulders and bussom and had to squirm indelicately to loosen. After those tries she found the best way, that she figures, to sit without sitting on too much of the train.
Standing once more, the urge to yank the silver decorations from her body getting rather large now, Sonja moves from her room to the other, simply from boredom. It is now that she sees the cooled mead, now thick as it cooled, and the pastries. Sweet confection is not something that one who hides most of her life gets to enjoy, and Sonja can not resist the temptation of popping one of the smaller bits of sweetness into her mouth, idly wondering why it seems every time she turns around in here there is more food.

domain: literature


text:
Who doesn’t want a gay, psycho, assassin as a best friend?!
- Cesare Borgia, probably on Micheletto
Cesare, away from the oppressively hostile atmosphere of Urbino, was back in the reassuring surroundings of his camp at Fermignano, where he spent the cool early mornings hunting with leopards in the hills. On the 7th he had a fall from his horse while hunting, and such was his reputation for deviousness that the Venetian ambassador believed it be a deliberate ruse to excuse himself from going to the King to justify himself. But the fall was not serious enough to have prevented him riding to Louis had he wanted to; he continued to hunt ‘incognito, among a host of his servants dressed in livery, his face wrapped in gauze’. He had no intention of making a humiliating crawl to the French King under the delighted eyes of his enemies, nor indeed of meeting Louis until circumstances had turned in his favour.
- Cesare Borgia: His Life and Times, Sarah Bradford (x)
In which Cesare is a sneaky bastard. (via pulpypan)

domain: history


ZERO TO THREE is a partner of Generations United in the Grandfamilies & Kinship Support Network, the first-ever national technical assistance center on grandfamilies and kinship families.
The Grandfamilies & Kinship Support Network exists, free of charge, to offer a new way for government agencies and nonprofit organizations in states, tribes, and territories to collaborate and work across jurisdictional and systemic boundaries – all to improve supports and services for grandfamilies and kinship families now and into the future.
To learn more about this partnership, please visit: GKSNetwork.org.
The Network’s project deliverables are supported by the Administration for Community Living (ACL), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) as part of a financial assistance award totaling $9,950,000 with 95 percent funded by ACL/HHS and $523,684 and 5 percent funded by non-government sources. The contents are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of, nor an endorsement, by ACL/HHS, or the U.S. Government.


Lost Pete & Dud tapes unearthed
Not Only... But Also episodes found
Fan Graham Webb discovered the audio recordings of the BBC series on old reel-to-reel tapes in his Kent home.
He bootlegged the audio of the shows from the TV when they aired between 1965 and 1970. He boxed them up and kept them in his attic – unlike the corporation, which wiped the original footage to reuse the expensive tape and save on storage space.
Their recovery means that some form of recording now exists for every episode of the series. The 11 newly discovered episodes are said to be of ‘generally good quality’ with plans for them to be released commercially.
Dick Fiddy of the British Film Institute says the tapes are an ‘amazing find’.
He said: ‘A lot of the comedy is quite verbal. You’re not losing a tremendous amount.’
Mr Webb, 63, told specialist website WipedNews that he kept quiet about the recordings because he ‘thought it was illegal, recording stuff off the BBC’.
Here is Radio 4’s PM programme – and others – talking about the find, including some of the previously lost footage.
Posted: 2 Nov 2010


PALMDALE – Thirty years ago, on July 17, 1989, an oddly-shaped and dark-colored new plane took to the sky for the first time at the legendary Plant 42 in Palmdale. That plane, the B-2 Spirit stealth bomber, went on to join the U.S. Air Force’s fleet and has been a staple of the nation’s global air power dominance ever since.
The B-2’s manufacturer, Northrop Grumman, hosted an event Aug. 20 at Plant 42 to mark the B-2’s 30th anniversary of its first flight. Hundreds of employees, local leaders and military guests were on hand, including Maj. Gen. James Dawkins, 8th Air Force and Joint-Global Strike Operations commander.
“Operation Allied Force kicked off in 1999, when the B-2 took to the sky that spring,” Dawkins said. “The B-2 was tasked to strike Serbian integrated air defense systems, military air fields, command and control nodes, munitions storage facilities and other high value targets in the country.”
The air strikes in that conflict saw the B-2 in its first combat operations. The B-2’s success and its advanced technology continued on to Operation Enduring Freedom, Dawkins said.
“The B-2s were the first to respond to the 9/11 terrorist attacks, their targets were Taliban controlled air fields, surface-to-air missile systems and al-Qaida terrorist training camps,” he said.
Dawkins flew the “Spirit of Pennsylvania” B-2 into combat, and took the time to thank those at the event who were responsible for making his mission a success.
“Again the B-2 showed its combat capability…each of these conflicts demonstrated the reality of the lethal force of the munitions the B-2 carried,” he said “It is important to note that in between of these combat operations, the Air Force and Northrop Grumman team were hard at work at improving both the lethality of the weapons system, and, just as important, it’s sustainability and maintainability.”
Following the B-2’s maiden flight in 1989, the B-2 eventually made its way to Edwards Air Force Base where it underwent initial developmental testing. Edwards AFB continues to be part of the B-2’s testing of operational systems capabilities improvements.
Sustainment modifications today remain an important aspect of the B-2 program, and the Air Force continues to team with Northrop Grumman to ensure it remains mission capable and ready, Dawkins said.
“All of this is because of the sacrifice of the great men and women here and the ones that came before them to ensure that we’re able to defend our nation, this is especially important today,” he said. “It’s critical, the capability this airplane brings and this team brings to the fight to ensure the defense of our nation; the B-2 continues to be ready to be called on to fight on night one.”
Janis Pamiljans, Northrop Grumman President of Aerospace Systems, worked on the B-2 more than 30 years ago as flight test engineer. He said the celebration held a personal place for him because of the bonds that he formed working on the program and the human element it took for the Spirit to fly.
“I look at the crowd and it is the people who really brought this capability,” Pamiljans said. “We put it in front of the Warfighter, and the Warfighter did what they needed to do.”


text:
Becoming an annual traditional event of the Foundation “Hope”, the charity dinner this time brought together more than 80 guests, among whom were recognizable faces of the business elite of our city, permanent friends of the Foundation, as well as specially invited guests: actor, television Director, TV presenter – Sergey Druzhko and Director, TV presenter, actor, honored artist of the Russian Federation – Mikhail Borisov.
According to tradition, the evening was opened by the President of the Fund – Nadezhda Abela, telling the guests about the work done, the amount of assistance for 3 years of the Fund’s existence (more than 8 million rubles) and projects for the future. The main purpose of the Gala dinner was to raise funds for an adapted, rehabilitative Playground for the state educational INSTITUTION “Tver school No. 2”, in which 142 children are trained, more than 90 % of students are disabled children (with down syndrome and other hereditary anomalies, autism spectrum disorders, disorders of the musculoskeletal system, epilepsy, etc.).
Guests gathered under the beautiful saxophone music performed by Maxim Polyakov. Incomparable presenters Andrei Yakovlev and Alexey Markov opened the program with a performance of the show ballet “Fantasia”. Then students of the world Champions in ballroom dancing Oksana Vasilyeva and Arsen Agamalyan – a pair of Maxim Kirsa and angelina Sekerzhitskaya-performed a magnificent dance of love. The inimitable singer Natalia Plinsky and Anna finally struck guests a gorgeous rendition of the popular hits! And at the end of the evening, before taking out a sweet surprise, the guests were expected by the performance of artists of the original genre Sergei and Angelica Klyuev, the artists immersed all those present in the atmosphere of magic and childhood!
In one breath, the auction was held, in which guests competed for luxury lots provided by the partners of the Fund, a ticket to the Maldives and a specially written for the evening painting by Yana Chursina “left” for fabulous sums for charity auctions of the Fund. It should be noted and favorite drawing of gifts from friends of the Fund, this time there were more than 50, all lottery tickets were sold out in 15 minutes.
The Foundation thanks the partners for their help in the organization. At the dinner it was possible to collect 752 500 rubles. In the near future, the Playground for students of Tver school No. 2 will be paid for, and installed as soon as weather conditions allow!
Link to the site: http://www.karavantver.ru/news/26545

domain: entertainment


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TREASURY, POSTAL SERVICE, AND GENERAL
FISCAL YEAR 1985
SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE
COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS
SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE TREASURY, POSTAL SERVICE, AND GENERAL
EDWARD R. ROYBAL, California, Chairman
CLARENCE E. MILLER, Ohio
ELDON RUDD, Arizona
HAROLD ROGERS, Kentucky
AUBREY A. GUNNELS and C. WILLIAM SMITH, Staff Assistants
DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
Printed for the use of the Committee on Appropriations
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1984
COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS
JAMIE L. WHITTEN, Mississippi, Chairman EDWARD P. BOLAND, Massachusetts
SILVIO O. CONTE, Massachusetts WILLIAM H. NATCHER, Kentucky
JOSEPH M. McDADE, Pennsylvania NEAL SMITH, Iowa
JACK EDWARDS, Alabama JOSEPH P. ADDABBO, New York
JOHN T. MYERS, Indiana CLARENCE D. LONG, Maryland
J. KENNETH ROBINSON, Virginia SIDNEY R. YATES, Illinois
CLARENCE E. MILLER, Ohio DAVID R. OBEY, Wisconsin
LAWRENCE COUGHLIN, Pennsylvania EDWARD R. ROYBAL, California
C. W. BILL YOUNG, Florida LOUIS STOKES, Ohio
JACK F. KEMP, New York TOM BEVILL, Alabama
RALPH REGULA, Ohio BILL CHAPPELL, JR., Florida
GEORGE M. O'BRIEN, Illinois BILL ALEXANDER, Arkansas
VIRGINIA SMITH, Nebraska JOHN P. MURTHA, Pennsylvania
ELDON RUDD, Arizona BOB TRAXLER, Michigan
CARL D. PURSELL, Michigan JOSEPH D. EARLY, Massachusetts
MICKEY EDWARDS, Oklahoma CHARLES WILSON, Texas
BOB LIVINGSTON, Louisiana LINDY (MRS. HALE) BOGGS, Louisiana BILL GREEN, New York NORMAN D. DICKS, Washington
TOM LOEFFLER, Texas MATTHEW F. McHUGH, New York
JERRY LEWIS, California WILLIAM LEHMAN, Florida
JOHN EDWARD PORTER, Illinois JACK HIGHTOWER, Texas
HAROLD ROGERS, Kentucky
KEITH F. MAINLAND, Clerk and Staff Director
TREASURY, POSTAL SERVICE, AND GENERAL GOVERNMENT APPROPRIATIONS FOR FISCAL YEAR 1985
WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 22, 1984.
DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
UNITED STATES MINT
DONNA POPE, DIRECTOR OF THE MINT
Mr. ROYBAL. The committee will now hear from the Bureau of the Mint with regard to their budgetary request for 1985.
First of all, Mrs. Ortega, we would like to welcome you. This is your first appearance before this committee. I want to assure you this is a very friendly committee, and we will do everything we possibly can to cooperate with you, and wish you continued success in the position that you now hold.
Ms. ORTEGA. Mr. Chairman, I do have a brief statement to make, and then Bob Leuver and then Donna Pope has a statement.
Mr. ROYBAL. Will you please proceed.
Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, it is a pleasure to testify on the fiscal year 1985 budgets of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and the U.S. Mint. I am proud of the accomplishments of these two Bureaus and believe they will continue to meet in an outstanding fashion their responsibilities of producing our Nation's currency and coinage.
I am accompanied by Directors Robert J. Leuver and Donna Pope, who will testify on their budgets in more detail.
BUREAU OF ENGRAVING AND PRINTING As you are aware, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing is the world's largest security manufacturing establishment. It produces U.S. currency, postage stamps, and various other security documents. The Bureau is not requesting an appropriation for fiscal year 1985, as its operations are financed by means of a revolving fund.
In fiscal year 1983, the Bureau delivered 4.6 billion currency notes and 35.6 billion postage stamps. The deliveries of currency notes represented the highest annual volume in Bureau history. This increased production was achieved despite a reduction in fulltime equivalent positions. The high volume currency requirement will continue in the upcoming years due to the Federal Reserve's effort to upgrade the quality of money in circulation.
The Bureau has met increasing currency demand without increases in personnel because of enhanced productivity and strong management. As you are probably aware, the Bureau was selected as the winner of the 1982 Productivity Awards Program, which was jointly sponsored by the Printing Industries of America and Roberts and Porter, Inc. I am confident that BEP will continue to build on their excellent record of productivity.
Besides enhanced productivity to meet increased demands for currency in the future, the Bureau is involved in an extensive technological improvement program. This program will convert the Bureau from a labor-intensive operation to a modernized capital-intensive facility. The technological changes will alter dramatically the required skill mix of employees over the next 10 years. The Bureau has instituted an employee relations program to assist employees whose jobs will be affected by these changes.
Counterfeiting has been, and will continue to be, of paramount concern to Treasury and BEP. We are continually monitoring the threat of counterfeiting. In fact, Secretary Regan has established an interagency committee, of which I am the chairperson, to determine the threat of counterfeiting of U.S. currency by modern reprographic equipment. Based upon our study, we will recommend to the Secretary the appropriate response to meet the threat. This committee has been offered a briefing of our study to date.
The improvement of the internal security of BEP is also one of our highest priorities. Since the highly publicized theft in the late 1970s, we have taken numerous steps to improve security. The Bureau is also developing automated product and accounting systems to increase security and accountability in our production proc
The U.S. Mint's salaries and expenses appropriation request for fiscal year 1985 is $47.758 million and 1,078 average positions. This is a reduction from the fiscal year 1984 continuing resolution of $1,242,000 and 57 average positions. This request will allow the Mint to produce 19.1 billion coins. Combined with a 1-billion-coin inventory drawdown, this production will satisfy the Federal Reserve's projected requirements of 20.1 billion coins. The Mint has been able to meet a high demand for coins without increases in personnel through streamlined operations and sound management.
Streamlined operations include the reorganization of Mint Headquarters, consolidation of the San Francisco Old Mint and the San Francisco Assay Office, the discontinuation of the Philadelphia Mint strip operations, and the development of additional private sector suppliers of coinage strip. The conversion to a zinc penny has resulted in substantial savings due to the lower cost of zinc metal. Further, one-cent coin production is no longer subject to the volatile changes in copper prices.
We are all proud of the Mint's numismatic efforts. Through aggressive marketing, the George Washington commemorative halfdollar program has been a resounding success. We are confident that the Olympic coin program will be as successful. In fact, as of today, we have already delivered about $32 million in surcharges to the U.S. Olympic Committee and the Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee. This is the most money ever generated by the sale of Olympic coins by any country.
The Mint is planning ahead to continue their outstanding record of meeting coinage demand in a cost-effective manner. The 7-day workweek experiment, conducted in fiscal year 1983, will help to ensure that increased coinage demand will not necessitate as great an increase in permanent personnel, as has previously been the case. The Mint plans to update its long-range ADP plan and develop a new ADP system. In conjunction with this effort, the Mint will fully automate its customer order processing system. Finally, the Mint will improve and expand the Denver Mint to allow for more efficient use and increased production capacity.
Mr. Chairman, in closing, I would like to thank you and your committee for your continued support, and I look forward to working with you to build upon our achievements.
Mr. RoYBAL. Thank you. The Chair recognizes Mrs. Pope.
I am pleased to present for your consideration the 1985 appropriation request for operations of the U.S. Mint. With me today is Mr. Joe Wagner, my Assistant Director for Budget and Finance, and also Mr. Gene Essner is somewhere here, who is my relatively new Deputy Director.
I do have a longer formal statement submitted for the record. And I will verbalize a briefer one.
Mr. ROYBAL. Without objection, that will appear in the record at this point. Please proceed.
Ms. POPE. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Before outlining our request, I want to tell you that we have changed our name. At my request, Secretary Regan, approved the title United States Mint instead of the Bureau of the Mint. I felt that "Bureau" was a confusing word to the public. Our numismatic products have been identified as United States Mint products for several years. The term "Bureau" really did not identify us. For instance, there is the British Royal Mint, the Royal Canadian Mint, the Swiss Federal Mint. There is only one mint in the United States, so why not call us that? I am very pleased we are now officially the United States Mint.
FISCAL YEAR 1985 BUDGET REQUEST Our request is for $47,758,000 and 1,078 average positions for salaries and expenses. I would like to reemphasize that our budget request reflects a decrease of approximately $1.2 million and 57 aver


LAS VEGAS, NV – JANUARY 12: Laura McKeeman, Miss Florida, competes in the swimsuit competition during the 2013 Miss America Pageant at PH Live at Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino on January 12, 2013 in Las Vegas, Nevada. (Photo by David Becker/Getty Images)
Very emotional times.
Greg Hardy was arrested for cocaine possession in Texas Sunday night.
A wonderful tribute.
Gregg Popovich respects those protesting the national anthem.
You get a ring! You get a ring!


Lawmakers are pushing the Army to adopt more commercial products for its intelligence-sharing platform. Can DCGS-A shake its reputation of being beholden to an unwieldy acquisition system that favors incumbent contractors?
Col. Robert Collins is the program manager for the Distributed Common Ground System-Army.
Defense policy bills in the House and Senate are trying to get the Army to incorporate more commercial-off-the-shelf components into a controversial intelligence-sharing platform, the Distributed Common Ground System-Army.
While the manager of the program, Col. Robert Collins, says the majority of products already deployed through DCGS are commercial-off-the-shelf, critics say the system is still beholden to an unwieldy acquisition system that favors incumbent contractors.
The multibillion-dollar DCGS-A program has long been plagued by delays and criticism of its utility. In August 2012, about four months before DCGS-A was approved for full deployment, the Army Test and Evaluation Command deemed the system effective only "with significant limitations, not suitable and not survivable." According to an Associated Press report, special operations units have voiced a strong preference for a different system made by Palantir, but Pentagon officials have resisted such requests and pushed DCGS-A.
The controversy is not going away. The Government Accountability Office earlier this month denied Palantir's protest challenging the terms of an Army request for proposals for the second iteration of the program (DCGS-A 2). Palantir had argued that the Army had "failed to implement the statutory and regulatory preference for the acquisition of commercial items, resulting in a solicitation that unduly restricts competition," as GAO put it.
Palantir is considering suing the Army over the DCGS-A 2 solicitation, according to a Politico report. The Army has said it expects to award a $206 million contract for DCGS-A 2 later this year.
Collins would not comment on whether there is a possible lawsuit coming, and instead expressed confidence in the RFP the Army released in December. A Palantir spokesperson declined to comment.
The House version of the fiscal 2017 National Defense Authorization Act addresses the DCGS-A build-or-buy controversy by requiring the Army to cease in-house development of any DCGS-A 2 component for which there is commercial software capable of meeting 80 percent of requirements. The Obama administration has objected to that provision, arguing that it "mandates a commercial solution without regard for price, ability to support a modular open system architecture, or cost associated with proprietary software maintenance."
The Senate bill, meanwhile, would require the Army to field an intelligence system based on commercial technology that "is substantially easier for personnel in tactical units to use than" the current version of DCGS-A.
DCGS-A's critics wonder what has to happen to shake up the program.
"I don't know anything about [the possible Palantir lawsuit], but I do know that the Army appears to be doubling down on the same process that led to failure in the first iteration of DCGS-A and it's not obvious to me why they are so reluctant to try a different approach," retired Lt. Gen. Michael Flynn, former director of the Defense Intelligence Agency, told FCW.
The Army is "sticking to the same campaign plan that practically forces units to use a capability that might work in a nice clean headquarters environment but has proved practically useless on the difficult battlefields we are operating on," he added.
Collins has argued that DCGS-A provides soldiers with robust datasets through multiple types of intelligence tools.
Capitol Hill's most acerbic critic of DCGS-A has been Rep. Duncan Hunter (R-Calif.), a young veteran of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.
When it comes to buying commercial for DCGS-A, "we have every expectation that the Army is going to try to walk back what Congress imposes," Joe Kasper, Hunter's chief of staff, told FCW. Kasper said Hunter wanted Palantir to "stand by their product" because the congressman believes in the software's effectiveness.
Hunter does not object to the concept of DCGS as an intelligence-sharing platform, said Kasper, who praised the Marine Corps for doing a better job than the Army of incorporating commercial technologies into its version of the platform.
Kasper expressed confidence the reconciliation of the House and Senate defense bills would produce strong language encouraging commercial products in DCGS-A.
NEXT STORY: CitizenScience.gov: Not your grandfather's GSA


Steve Cochran Full Show 01.31.16: You’re fired!
Judd Hirsch and Jermaine Fowler from Superior Donuts, set in Chicago, joined us in-studio. Judd is the most vibrant 80 plus year-old we’ve ever met! He says the secret to his youth is running in place. Dean Richards checks in with a little entertainment and Pat Brady weighed in on Trump’s latest moves. We talked about our past favorite Super Bowl commercials and met an awesome Kid of the Week.


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When I was in my late teens, I ended up in the hospital for over a month with lungs that kept collapsing. The glare of the fluorescent lights and the constant beeping and thrumming of the various machines invaded my consciousness, and seeing the great outdoors again after a month of sterility was overwhelming – equal parts glorious and alarming.
Barely able to stand after a month of laying down, one of my first obsessions became tending my small container garden. I’d totter out, deadhead a few annuals, then sit back down to catch my breath. Plunging my hands into the damp soil, smelling the fresh duskiness of leaf mold and the soft sweetness of my violas – the world came alive again with brilliant colors, textures and smells.
Can you imagine losing one of your senses and experiencing gardens and the world forever differently? I wonder what it must be like to be blind in a world of flowers… Do scents leap from the blooms and leaves and mulch with greater feeling and significance?
What must it be like to be in a nursing home – with the brisk efficiency of the nurses and the acrid smells of infirmity? How amazing would it feel for residents to get to go outside and focus on the rough crumbles of the soil and the bumbling goofiness of the bees for even a little while, as they plant or weed or just sit?
Gardening is an act of hope. It’s a statement of our faith that life goes on, with or without us, and that our actions in it have meaning, however small. And that statement of faith, hope, and optimism can be incredibly restorative, not only to those who are weak or ill or experience their senses differently, but also to those of us who work inside all day and need that grounding reconnection to things that feel real and sane.
Tomorrow’s Garden Designers Roundtable topic is Therapy and Healing in the Garden. I hope you’ll join us for some diverse takes on a topic very close to my heart.
Till then, check out this article on Creating an Enabled Garden that I published in 2008. It’s got some gift ideas for helping people stay active in the garden as well as some guidelines for creating a garden that will be easy to access and work in, even for those with limited mobility or gripping power.


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Added Aug 29, 2010
London, United K...
So I’d been seeing all these open-back dresses all summer, the one that stood out the most was one from Urban Outfitters. I thought it would be great fun to have an open back dress, and I needed a project for this fabric. The problem was that I only had less than a meter of it! Instead I decided to make it a playsuit, which worked out perfectly.
I’ve wanted a playsuit all summer, something I can run around in without fear of exposing my undies :)
I used a pattern for the shorts, but extended it to make them high waisted. This is the first time I’ve ever made a pair of shorts! I think it turned out quire well. Also my first time making pleats, I’m such a beginner!
It has a zip in the back, and snaps on the top and it’s fully lined :)
I also posted about it on my blog :)
1 meter polka dotted fabric, leftover linen for lining
Fashion & Trends
While Sewing Their Own Halloween Costume (in GIFs!)
Member Project of the Week
Rwest1014's created this gorgeous skirt to wear Halloween after Halloween.
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Get your copy of BurdaStyle Modern Sewing: Wardrobe Essentials today!
Meg's Magazine Mash Up 2014
See the pattern that Meg chose to Mash Up next and how you can sew along (she chose one on sale)!
Meet the colorful personality behind Whip-Stitch.com, 4 kids, and the Flat Patternmaking course!
You must allow our "request for permission" request to login to Burdastyle with Facebook.

domain: artistic


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Februdairy – over and out!
Friday, 28 February, 2020
Tomorrow (29 February) is the final day of Februdairy 2020 and what a success it has been. Throughout the month the Ulster Farmers’ Union (UFU) shared content on its social media platforms highlighting the health benefits of drinking milk and how dairy production benefits the environment, not to mention the vast extent of the care and effort that goes into producing milk. Consumers don’t have to worry about how local milk is produced or what it contains because our farmers uphold world-leading production standards.
To give consumers a real taster of what is involved in milk production, five of our members, Jessica Pollock, Andrew and Margaret Little, John Oliver and David Irwin, took to social media to showcase what a day in the life of a dairy farmer is like. From rising long before the sun to begin milking, feeding their livestock, vet visits, looking after the environment to minding calves, every day is a busy one for our dairy farmers who are dedicated and passionate about producing quality milk that families all across the country can enjoy.
We wold like to thank everyone who supported Februdairy by liking, sharing and commenting on our content. Plans are already underway for next year’s event as we hope to build on the success of 2020.

domain: food


Botswana says it is investigating a staggeringly high number of elephant carcasses — 275 — found in the popular Okavango Delta area of the southern African nation in recent weeks.
The Department of Wildlife and National Parks said it is mobilizing human personnel and aircraft to better understand the “mysterious deaths.” Samples have been collected for analysis at labs in South Africa, Zimbabwe and Canada and anthrax has been ruled out as the cause.
“We have no reason to dispute the numbers reported and we are continuing to verify reports,” Lucas Taolo, the department’s acting director, told The Associated Press.
He said local communities are being advised not to tamper with the dead elephant’s tusks. Poaching remains a threat in the country but also has been ruled out as the cause of the deaths.
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This is “one of the biggest disasters to impact elephants this century, and right in the middle of one of Africa’s top tourism destinations,” the director of conservation group National Park Rescue, Mark Hiley, said in an email.
“Elephants began dying in huge numbers in early May and the government would normally respond within days to an event of this scale. Yet here we are, months later, with no testing completed and with no more information than we had at the start.”
He said COVID-19 is an unlikely candidate but for now nothing, including poison, can be ruled out.
U.S. & World
News from around the country and around the globe
Botswana has the world’s highest population of elephants with more than 156,000 counted in a 2013 aerial survey in the country’s north.
Former wildlife minister Tshekedi Khama, brother of former president Ian Khama, has blamed poaching in the Okavango Delta on President Mokgweetsi Masisi’s decision to disarm the wildlife department’s anti-poaching unit in 2018.
Soon after that decision, conservation group Elephants Without Borders reported 87 elephants found stripped of their tusks in the area.
In a separate statement on Thursday, Botswana's government also announced “an alarming surge of rhinoceros poaching in the Okavango Delta” in recent days.


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Check out these Homemade Gifts images:
Handmade by Little Hands
Image by Chiot’s Run
Handmade gifts I received from my nieces & nephews (ages 3-10). They really got into the handmade/homemade spirit for Christmas this year.
Each of the oldest nieces & nephew decorated a terracotta pot for me. Most likely my sister found these pots at a garage sale and kids painted them for me. They will certainly look fabulous this summer on my back porch filled with a few succulents. I might seal them with some sealer to make sure the paint doesn’t come off or wear away.
They also made me a batch of paint swirl ornaments. My sister said even the three year old picked out which colors of paint she wanted in the ornaments my sister helped her make.
Gift Wrap; Custom Card
Image by kellyhogaboom
Will wrap any of my hats-for-sale: Zombie Puss, Wolfstalker, For Frith’s Sake!, or Hot Fuzz. Please contact me via email if you’d like something in particular on your custom card. Otherwise, the card will read, "A Gift For You", and include a sketch of the item inside.
My Homemade Wedding Crafts
Image by Salicia
A mosaic of my homemade crafts for my daughter’s wedding. Crafts included "Wedding Wreath", Order of Service", Wedding Bookmark favours", "Candle Favours", "Tea Light Favours", "Tears of Joy Favours", "Wedding Gift Tag/Label. I hope you enjoy the pretty Colour Theme, it was a joy to be asked to be the Wedding Planner for my beautiful daughter and her handsome fiance a memory I will treasure forever. I HOPE I DID YOU PROUD GUYS" XX I also hope my Colour Theme will give many future bride some inspiration. Happy Wedding Planning

domain: hobby


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Young designer who has great desire to work :)
You can contact me directly through 1-to-1 for your project.
Member since: November 20, 2015
"She did a good Job! "
"Claudia instantly captured the spirit and feel of our brand like no one else! She went further adding mockups with her design so we could visualise and frame our thinking around it, in a way we had never thought about it ourselves, and it really sold th..."
"Very good she listen to what was said and did everything I asked her to do. "


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Gambian talented Afro-pop artist, Jizzle dishes out another amazing record tagged, ‘Te Amo.’
The song was released after his 6-track project ‘Scorpion’ which dominated the mainstream of Gambia.
Meanwhile, the the new track ‘Te Amo’ is currently sitting at the No. 1 spot of Apple music in Gambia.
Listen and Download Below:-
No one has commented yet. Be the first!


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"Our brother asked us to be his best men for his wedding. We knew the hardest thing would be doing a traditional best man’s speech, because we would cry too much. So instead, we made a music video - a plea not to leave us! Which he did, regardless." Presenting We Are Brothers by Baddy Paris and Rufus Starlight in the tradition they know best, 80s glam rock.
Not all portrait photography studios are equal. "Total frickin' awesomeness from Olan Mills, Sears and other fine portrait studios."
The Mullet - Bollywood Style!! Ah, the mullet. Absolut Films tells of the birth of this maligned sartorial trend in "Mulit", a tongue-in-cheek branded content piece with '70s Bollywood flair. Both a :60 trailer and feature, "Mulit" is a musical love story about a man, a woman and an unfinished haircut that transcends class structures, fashion trends and predilections for bad hair. Without such roots, phrases like the 'short-long', 'hockey hair' and 'work in front, party in back' would be meaningless and '80s rock would still be searching for a signature style.
Oh Mullet! As if the mullet was restricted to just rednecks from Virginia or something...the mullet is worldwide baby.
This will definitely hurt you.


Matilde Davoli’s stunningly unconventional LP ‘Home’ is out
Matilde Davoli’s stunningly unconventional LP Home has been released via Loyal To Your Dreams. The producer and sound artist has already piqued the interest of a myriad of tastemaker publications (COMPLEX, PopMatters, Wonderland, The Line Of Best Fit, XLR8R, Rolling Stone Italy, Billboard Italy, Son Of Marketing, and CelebMix) through her previous single releases, but now looks set to wow audiences with the release of Home in its entirety.
A melting pot of styles, sounds and genres, what’s impressive on Home is how Davoli manages to borrow from the liveliness of house music, the wistful sensibility of indie, and the cinematic atmosphere of classical music without sacrificing any of these styles’ appeal. It is obvious that Davoli has an ear for dramatic soundscapes, and these brooding tracks are compelling both as singles and when they become a coherent whole.
“Home has been a process of emotional and musical discovery, I wanted to create a mix of atmospheric jazz, pop and electronic, experiment with song structure and with my limits. I don’t like being tied to a specific music genre, which means trouble when someone asks me what I do. It’s many homes in one”, she says.


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Home Tags Pregnant and Parenting Students Access to Education Act
Tag: Pregnant and Parenting Students Access to Education Act
The number-one factor fueling high school dropouts across the country is pregnancy and parenthood, a problem Colorado Congressman Jared Polis hopes to address by reintroducing his Pregnant and Parenting Students Access to Education Act. He pitched for the bill Thursday at Denver's Florence Crittenton High School
, a unique facility that provides the kind of "wraparound services" like daycare and counseling that make it possible for young parents to stay in school. Polis says that if the country is going to address the serious social and economic problems that come of dropouts, then providing support for parenting students is the best way to begin. The bill comes with a $100 million price tag, however, which almost certainly guarantees it will never make it through the deficit-focused program-slashing 112th Congress.


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The rash of tough pro-vaccine bills that infected state legislatures after the Disneyland measles outbreak has largely faded, and based on the uproar in California, it’s not hard to see why.
The state capitol has been flooded off and on for months with parental-choice advocates drawing thousands for protests against Senate Bill 277, which would eliminate personal belief or religious exemptions and require all children without a medical exemption to be vaccinated before entering public school.
And the outcry has only grown louder as the bill nears passage, spreading beyond the issue of vaccination safety and morphing into a full-blown revolt against government intrusion into civil liberties.
At a rally Tuesday in Sacramento that drew a crowd of more than 1,000, Republican assembly member Shannon Grove told the sign-waving crowd that California state legislators “have forgotten who they work for.”
“There is no public health crisis here that warrants this law. These politicians don’t want you to think for yourself,” said Ms. Grove to enthusiastic cheers. “They think they are better parents than you are and they are annoyed that you are clogging up their hallways. They are annoyed that you are demanding to be left alone. They are annoyed that you are not compliant.”
Even so, Democrats on the Assembly Health Committee approved the measure Tuesday on a 12-6 party-line vote, placing the measure on a glide path to the Democrat-controlled Assembly and the desk of Democratic Gov. Jerry Brown.
“I’m someone who has a strong civil liberties streak in me, but I do think at end of the day government has a role to play when one’s actions, even founded upon sincerely felt beliefs, start to impact other people,” said Democratic state Sen. Ben Allen, one of the bill’s sponsors, in testimony before the committee.
He tried to reach out to the opposition by saying, “It’s obviously been a difficult conversation for everybody,” adding that he would support an amendment to expand the medical exemption.
“I continue to have profound respect for the folks who participate in this debate and with a great deal of sincere care and love for their children,” Mr. Allen said. “At end of the day, it’s our role as legislators to look out broadly for the public-health needs of the state.”
Those who packed the hearing room and spilled into the hall were warned against cheering or booing, but some opponents hissed. One woman was removed from the room during the hearing after she began shouting about her son “on the floor, seizing,” the Sacramento Bee reported.
Under the bill, California would join Mississippi and West Virginia as the only states without a personal-belief or religious exemption for childhood vaccines.
Republican assembly member Jim Patterson said in a statement after the committee vote that he has no problem with vaccinations, but he does have a problem with big government.
“While I am not personally or religiously opposed to vaccinations, I am opposed to the unnecessary and punitive dictates of government,” Mr. Patterson said. “After doing my own research, I’m confident that this bill is an example of a government overreach and in light of high and ever-growing volunteer vaccination rates in California, is simply not needed.”
“Forcing parents to choose between their personal or religious beliefs and sending their child to school is excessive,” he said. “These kids are not dangerous and don’t deserve to be isolated and segregated by S.B. 277. There are better solutions.”
Democratic state Sen. Richard Pan, a pediatrician and the bill’s other sponsor, argued that most Californians are behind the bill, citing a Public Policy Institute of California poll showing that two-thirds of those surveyed support requiring children to be fully vaccinated before entering school.
“This majority will not be silent,” Mr. Pan told the Assembly committee. “When more people are hospitalized or die or preventable contagious diseases, they will hold us accountable for denying the science of vaccinations if we refuse to act.”
The bill’s foes counter that only 2.5 percent of children who enrolled in kindergarten in 2014 did so under the state’s personal-belief exemption. Many of those children had already had some vaccines and planned to receive the rest under a modified schedule.
“This bill is not about measles or pertussis,” said Barbara Loe Fisher, co-founder and president of the National Vaccine Information Center, in her testimony. “It is about taking power away from mothers and fathers to make medical risk decisions for their minor children and handing it over to doctors to implement a one-size-fits-all policy with no personal accountability for the children who become casualties of that policy.”
“It punishes parents with good reason to conclude their children are already vaccine injured or vulnerable to vaccine harm but cannot find a doctor to acknowledge that and write a medical vaccine exemption,” Ms. Fisher said.
Dr. Dean Blumberg, a pediatrician testifying on behalf of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the California Medical Association, said that even though the statewide opt-out rate is relatively low, the problem is that parents who exempt their children from vaccinations do so in population clusters.
The result is that in some areas of California, often the most liberal regions, the number of children entering public schools without vaccines is as high as 50 percent.
“This leaves pockets of children susceptible to preventable diseases and resulting disease exposure leads to sustained transmission,” Dr. Blumberg said. “The consequences are disease among those who choose not to be vaccinated but also those who are vaccinated because remember, vaccines don’t work 100 percent of the time.”
He compared S.B. 277 to laws requiring seat belts and car seats for children.
“Parental rights are important but not all rights are equal,” Dr. Blumberg said. “The right to individual and public health afforded by requiring vaccines for school attendance trumps a parent’s right to make a choice that is not backed by scientific evidence.”
In her neighborhood in Napa, California, Hannah Henry of Vaccinate California said that the vaccination rate at her local elementary school has dropped from 71 percent in 2007 to 49 percent in 2015.
Those who still refuse to vaccinate fully their children before kindergarten would have the option to home-school.
“People have a right to ignore science,” Ms. Henry said, “but that choice has consequences.”
Most state legislatures considering tougher vaccination bills, including Oregon and Washington, ended up seeing those measures die. Last month, Vermont removed the philosophical exemption from its vaccine law but kept its medical and religious exemptions.
The Centers for Disease Control reported 173 cases of measles as of May 29, 125 of those from the Disneyland outbreak in December. None of those who contracted the disease died, but Mr. Allen said that 400 people die each day worldwide from measles.
Mr. Brown has said he will “strongly consider” the S.B. 277 if it reaches his desk, and Jack Pitney, government professor at Claremont McKenna College, said it’s unlikely the opposition will sway him.
“The opponents of the bill are vocal but they probably won’t have much impact on the governor,” Mr. Pitney said. “Many of the opponents come from the right side of the spectrum. But California is a deep-blue state where conservatives have little practical influence.”
“In his long career, he has seen every kind of protest over every kind of issue,” Mr. Pitney said. “The opponents of this bill have no leverage over him.”


(photo credit: JPOST STAFF)
China supports the Myanmar government's efforts to protect domestic stability and approach to resolving the Rohingya issue, Premier Li Keqiang told the country's leader Aung San Suu Kyi, after US Vice President Mike Pence offered a strong rebuke.
Pence on Wednesday voiced Washington's strongest condemnation yet of Myanmar's treatment of Rohingya Muslims, telling Suu Kyi that "persecution" by her country's army was "without excuse."Meeting Suu Kyi on the sidelines of a Southeast Asian summit in Singapore, Li said China attaches great importance to its ties with Myanmar and would build on their tradition of friendship, China's Foreign Ministry said late on Thursday.
"The Chinese side supports Myanmar's efforts in maintaining its domestic stability, and supports Myanmar and Bangladesh appropriately resolving the Rakhine state issue via dialog and consultation," the ministry cited Li as saying.
China is "willing to provide the relevant parties with necessary support in this regard," he added, without elaborating.
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For the first time Kate Middleton seemed nervous.
Through the engagement, the wedding, she seemed totally relaxed and in control.
However, being a first time mum is tough and being a first time mum in front of the world’s media is an experience I cannot fathom with my little brain.
Her hair was nicely blow-dried with makeup on in a lovely custom-made Jenny Packham dress so definitely royal on that front as most ‘normal’ new mothers coming out of hospital struggle to include having a shower in their discharge plan.
Despite all this, apart from her being happy to show off her new-mum-belly, the thing that made her seem really normal – like most new mums – was watching her holding her child on those steps. She was smiling but she held on to him nervously as the world’s media snapped away.
Bringing Gem home was one of my most overwhelming and vulnerable experiences and I remember biting ❤Throb’s head off because I got home to find he’d washed her clothes that he’d taken from the hospital the day before in the same load with his clothes. It was an emotional time with feelings of inadequacy and I wanted it all to be perfect, which didn’t involve our daughter’s first clothes being washed with her parent’s clothes.
That has all subsequently changed and perfection is lower down on my to-do list (❤Throb might disagree with this). However, I was able to develop and grow as a new mother in our corner of North London and not on CNN or BBC news with 24 hour coverage.
I wish them every success and I hope they can enjoy the birth of their son in peace without the intensity of the world watching their every move.
Gem on arrival home from the hospital.


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domain: finance


This section explains the requirement to use the Bold BI server on Microsoft Azure portal.
Need the Microsoft Azure subscription. If you don’t have already, you can use the free trial on this website.
Bold BI Enterprise Edition. Please check the license and download the build by following the steps on this help link.
Microsoft Remote Desktop installed on your computer. You have to use Remote Desktop to sign in to the VM which has Bold BI Server installed. Remote Desktop is pre-installed on Windows-based operating systems.
NOTE: If you use a Mac, you can install Remote Desktop as a client from the link. If you’re connecting from a Linux operating system, you can use rdesktop to connect to your Azure VM running Microsoft Windows. For more information, see How to connect and log on to an Azure virtual machine running Windows at the Microsoft Azure website.


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On any given work day, you may have wanted to utter the phrase, “I quit!” In fact, a poll by CNBC revealed that a third of us have considered quitting our job in just the last three months. That same poll revealed one of the biggest reasons people want to change jobs – they feel undervalued. And while some feel undervalued when it comes to their pay, the majority say it’s more a matter of not feeling appreciated by their boss or workplace.
Even people who said they haven’t considered quitting their job, say lack of recognition and validation by their bosses is a problem at their job. To feel appreciated and valued is very human and something everyone desires. And while our personal (or professional) well-being should never be contingent on what another person can do for us, it is still nice and good to feel others care about you.
One big takeaway for all of us is that we may not be able to control whether or not your boss shows appreciation to you, we all can make it a point to affirm and validate others – even beyond the workplace.
Photo Credit: Getty Images/Deagreez

domain: sociology


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As Beyonce sets out on her Mrs. Carter Tour, the R&B diva has decided to change her look.
Yesterday Beyonce posted on her Facebook a photo promoting the tour, which displayed the singer’s new hairstyle. Four different poses display Beyonce with new platinum blonde hair.
Popular VideoThe average American throws away 82lbs of clothes:
Beyonce’s tour starts April 15 and she will be making stops in London, Paris and the U.S.

domain: celebrity


Bashundhara beat Brothers, Abahani edge past Rahmatganj
Click here to read full article from source
Dhaka, Jan. 24 -- Reigning champions Bashundhara Kings beat Brothers Union Club by a solitary goal in their third match of the Bangladesh Premier League (BPL) Football at Shaheed Dhirendranath Datta Stadium in Cumilla on Saturday.
Bashundhara Kings secured nine points from three matches, while Brothers Union Club failed to earn any point playing as many matches.
The first half was locked 0-0.
Bashundhara's Brazilian recruit Robinho scored the match-decider in the 64th minute of the match.
Brothers Union Club got some chances after the breather but they failed to convert those. Earlier, Bashundhara Kings defeated Uttar Baridhara Club by two goals to nil in their opening match of the BPL Football and edged past Bangladesh Police by 2-1 ...
To read the full article or to get the complete feed from this publication, please Contact Us


Florida State hiring Willie Taggart was excellent news for new Florida coach Dan Mullen.
Because it means Jimbo Fisher is gone.
Taggart, 41, might become a star. I believe he will, despite a 47-50 career coaching record. Still, Mullen’s first week on the job in Gainesville was marked by tremendous fortune with the news coming out of Tallahassee that Fisher was leaving for Texas A&M.
Fisher was 7-1 vs. Florida, winning the last five meetings. He won a national title with the Seminoles. He produced a Heisman-winning, top-overall pick in quarterback Jameis Winston. He groomed two other first-round quarterbacks at FSU in E.J. Manuel and Christian Ponder. And Fisher was an elite recruiter for FSU. His last four classes were ranked sixth, third, third and fourth nationally.
Sure, Fisher now is in the SEC at Texas A&M, but he’ll be a non-factor for UF unless the teams meet for the SEC title. The Gators don’t play the Aggies again until 2022. That would be Year Five for Mullen and Fisher.
Fisher has been building relationships with top Florida prospects in the classes of 2018 and ’19 for years. He could boast that he owned the Gators. Mullen would’ve been at an incredible disadvantage. That disappears as most of those prospects likely won’t be heading to College Station with Fisher.
Mullen has had an eight-day head start on Taggart. In the coaching world, that’s about 160 hours. Several of Mullen’s assistants also have been working for UF for a week. That time should be vital with the early signing period approaching on December 20.
As of Wednesday morning, the Gators have the nation’s 14th-best class; the Seminoles are 30th. Taggart will gain ground, but Mullen should be able to bring in a comparable class. It’s highly unlikely that would’ve occurred with Fisher still at the helm.
Fisher has star power. Taggart does not. He’s coached at Western Kentucky and USF. When he landed a Power Five job, it was at Oregon and that lasted for a year with the Ducks making no national noise at 7-5.
Coaching three schools in three years is something Taggart will have to answer to on the recruiting trail as well. That’s a lot of players Taggart signed and then left behind. Prospects might understand, but their parents might not.
Mullen’s not a star, either, but he’s more recognizable than Taggart. Mullen did guide Mississippi State to a No. 1 ranking for five weeks in 2014 and eight consecutive bowl appearances. He coached star quarterbacks in Alex Smith, Chris Leak, Tim Tebow, Dak Prescott and Nick Fitzgerald.
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