|Publication number||US3988577 A|
|Application number||US 05/552,338|
|Publication date||Oct 26, 1976|
|Filing date||Feb 24, 1975|
|Priority date||Apr 14, 1972|
|Publication number||05552338, 552338, US 3988577 A, US 3988577A, US-A-3988577, US3988577 A, US3988577A|
|Inventors||Frank Wilhite Leitner, Walter Louis Baker, III, Jeter Olive Barker, Jr., Jorgen Walther Andersen|
|Original Assignee||Automated Energy Systems, Inc.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (24), Classifications (12)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This is a continuation of abandoned application Ser. No. 243,952, filed Apr. 14, 1972.
The present invention relates to apparatus and methods for the control of energy application (usually to a load) and/or monitoring and alarming, all relative to pre-determined energy levels, which may be set. Basically, an energy parameter is applied to a load to maintain a fixed energy level at the load. Most of the circuitry and apparatus is able to handle most energy forms, permitting the use of many various types of parameters of energies. Usually, only the transducer need be changed to handle the different energy systems known to man. The various transducer output signals may be multiplexed for control purposes relative to one or more parameter inputs. Direct period transducers are typified by a pressure sensitive crystal directly delivering an output which includes a time base, i.e., megahertz, wherein the frequency changes as pressure applied to the crystal changes. The indirect period transducers require a sensor plus a period converter. For example, the use of a pressure sensitive strain gauge requires a resistance to period converter because it is the resistance parameter which is varying in accordance with the strain sensed. In either event, a pulse train output is obtained.
Viewed somewhat differently, the present invention comprises a special purpose computer capable of accommodating a great number of variables for control and monitoring purposes relative to predetermined energy levels without recourse to large scale general purpose computers, and wherein the basic circuitry enables the control regardless of the different parameter inputs. For example, energy levels within the contemplation of the present invention may be derived from e.g.:
Color, or derivative thereof
Or any variable which can be measured in terms of a predetermined characteristic, such as an energy level. The present invention may be employed in the measurement field to determine the efficiency of energy applied to a load or to a given use, or it may be applied as an efficiency measure or basis for handling parameters appearing in various formulae, singly or in relation to other parameters of variables.
The invention uses the period of a digital pulse train as a comparison standard by converting same to a time increment and logically counting it off against a set or predetermined energy level for the application of further energy to attain the preset standard or the elimination of the application of further energy if the preset level has been attained. A transducer is provided for each energy system, the purpose of which is to convert a sensed energy level to a digital pulse train for input to the common circuitry of the invention. From this pulse train the period is derived by metering the time interval between two pulses. The metering is achieved by gating a time passed frequency or clock to a counter for the interval of time corresponding to the parameter period. The counter has been previously set to a count increasing to the predetermined energy level and it is downcounted from that level by the instantaneous parameter period in accordance with the clock pulses passed through the gate during the sensed period. If the stored count is greater than the period count, the down counter does not reach zero and the circuitry responsible for the application of energy to the load or elsewhere is programed to maintain full energy application. However, when the parameter or period count exceeds the stored count corresponding to the predetermined energy level, then the command is no longer present, thus no further energy application is made to the load.
The system provides for the application of energy in discrete amounts calculated to be just sufficient to nudge the load toward set point with sampling and logic being achieved during each discrete energy burst to determine if further energy is necessary to reach set point.
A memory is provided to insure that continuous energy application to the load may be had due to the high sampling rate in the event the load is below set point.
Normally, the pickup transducer characteristic is a non-linear function relative to the energy level parameter change. The system incorporates a read only memory as a storehouse point by point for the non-linear characteristic which must be known or predictable. Stated another way, the ROM is used to store, point by point, the predictable non-linear characteristic of the parameter to period transducer. To avoid the use of calibrated sensors a ratio may be stored in the ROM and this is explained by the fact that the point by point stored characteristic is the ratio of the transducer output value (period) at a parameter value relative to the transducer output value (period) at a reference parameter value. A plurality of input signals may be grouped and multiplexed and a plurality of groups may be multiplexed wherein different energy systems are handled by the various groups but preferably the energy system is the same within each group.
Finally, it should be noted that both direct and indirect input or sensing of transducer devices may be employed without change of the basic system. A resistance to period transducer capable of providing the transducer digital pulse train really comprises an analog to digital converter which may include a temperature sensitive resistor connected to control the frequency of an oscillator. Such an indirect converter may readily cope with energy systems for maintaining temperature, pressure or position.
Another example of indirect type analog to digital converters comprises the voltage to period transducer which is useful in connection with systems controlling angular velocity, moisture content and the like wherein a magnetic tachometer or a microwave attenuation device are especially useful.
Examples of a direct analog to digital converter include such devices as photo-tachometer (photo pulse train generator) and the use of direct crystal vibrations. Basically, the direct transducer includes time as the base against which its energy system is defined and thus it may be seen that a crystal when compressed changes its output frequency, vibration or period.
By incorporating multiplexing techniques, a great quantity of stations may be monitored or controlled wherein identical parameters, such as temperature are supervised at all stations and/or additional parameters such as pressure, speed or the like are supervised or monitored at one or more stations. For instance, one of the many stations to be controlled and monitored could be the input to an extruder head where one or many strands of a product could be flowing, such as in the extrusion of plastic fibers where a head may have as many as a hundred extrusion ports, the object being to maintain a constant flow of plastic polymer at a specific temperature.
The temperature can be controlled and/or monitored and it can be assumed that the flow will be maintained properly, provided the known or input pressure is within tolerable limits. In this example, the area of the ports determines the volume that is flowing at the given temperature and pressure. If there is a rupture or a restriction of a port or ports, such that the pressure increases or decreases beyond the allowable limits, and if the sensed temperature is proper, it is sensed that the flow (pressure) is improper and consequently, the product is improper.
In a system of many such extrusion points (heads) in a processing plant these points or stations are usually grouped in banks of 8, 16 or 32 and signals therefrom are multiplexed into a logic controller and/or monitor. It has been found that a read only memory (ROM) may be used for each group of stations for controlling and monitoring temperatures and a second ROM may be used for the same group where pressures are monitored. If, e.g., 16 stations are monitored and controlled, the temperature ROM serves the 16 stations, and a pressure ROM serves the same stations. The control and monitoring system is deemed as having two channels whereby position "one" of channel 1 and position "one"of channel 2 and position "sixteen" of channel 1 and position "sixteen"of channel 2 are scanned simultaneously. If the temperature is below set point, the control portion of the temperature monitoring channel provides an increment of energy to the polymer to increase its temperature. At the same instant of time, in the pressure channel, if the pressure were above or below prescribed alarm set points, an alarm condition is sounded with possible automatic shut-off of the station. Here, it is shown that 16 stations have temperature monitoring and control with an overriding pressure monitoring system.
Another advantage is that, from a practical standpoint, these extrusion ports, over a period of time, will become restricted slowly, and the pressure will rise slowly. When the pressure reaches a point beyond allowable tolerances, i.e., a predetermined allowable condition, the pressure head could be dismantled for cleaning and subsequent reinstallation. Another reason for pressure increase is that a certain number of the ports could become clogged. It is understood that this system could be multiplexed with any number of channels to satisfy any number of stations.
Another similar example is where a process is using steam as the energy source for doing work. When using super heated steam, it is important to know not only the temperatures at the input and outlet ports where work is being accomplished, but also the pressure and the moisture content of the steam. Temperatures and pressures can be handled similar to the examples cited above and moisture can be determined by projecting a microwave signal through the steam and collecting the microwave as an attenuated signal residue which can be sensed by a voltage level and converted to a period of time for further control or monitoring purposes.
The design of thermal energy systems and controls therefor encompasses the following considerations:
1. The thermal capacitance of the system is determined. This is related to the volume of the material and the specific heat of the material times the specific gravity of the material.
2. A heating element is closely coupled from a standpoint of thermal energy transfer to the load to be heated with a wattage capacity such that the heater can accelerate the temperature of the load at a rate of 2° C. per second.
3. The sensor is located in a position relative to the heater and load to simulate and anticipate the temperature of the working surface of the heater and the response is such that it will change its temperature in the thermal system at a rate of 2° C. in 30 milliseconds.
4. When it is known that the desired control temperature of the sensor is below set point, a minimum burst of energy (1/60 of a second (16.6 milliseconds) with a 60Hz power system) is applied to the heating element.
5. A second measurement of temperature is accomplished before the expiration of the energy burst to accomplish continuous power if the sensor remains below set point temperature.
Thus, it can be seen that there is no discernable overshoot or hunting possible. It is to be noted that a 1/60 of a second burst of energy will change the temperature of the thermal system 2° C. divided by 60 or 0.033° C. Although this would not be discernable with averaging analog techniques within 16 milliseconds and certainly not by a human, the effect of the minute burst of energy is recognisable by the logic of the control circuitry. Consequently, the maximum temperature above set point can only be 0.03° C. It is further noticed that the sensor response, i.e., its change in degrees centigrade per second, is 33 times as responsive in time as compared to the temperature response of the thermal system as influenced by the heating element.
An advantage of this system is a very close control band, plus or minus 0.03° C., typical of what is expected from a high resolution control system, without the undesirable undulating effects normally associated with on/off control. To achieve such stability the customary method is to use expensive and bulky proportional control with anticipatory and reset features.
The principles of the invention are also useful in a mechanical energy system where the mechanical inertia is analogous to the thermal capacitance of a thermal system. In other words, a minimum burst of energy will change the inertia of the mechanical system very slightly and yet a second measurement of the momentum would be accomplished while the minimum burst is administered. For instance, a DC motor may be used with an AC power source, a Triac, and a rectifier. The Triac passes one complete cycle of 60 Hz power as a minimum burst to the motor and work. Therefore, the necessity for proportional power for steady state input of energy is unnecessary with resltant substantial savings in dollars and complexity. It is to be noted that the Triac is preferably turned on at zero voltage and is not turned on again until after the complete cycle of power reaches zero, unless a command is issued. The same change in momentum as a result of the 1/60 of a second of energy can be computed and will be discernable to the logic control.
Another important feature of such a control system where power is turned on at zero voltage is that undesirable high frequency noise is eliminated.
Apart from temperature systems, now it has been known that moisture content of certain products has been an important factor; however, extensive use of microwave monitoring, which signals will penetrate most any product other than a metal, is now available by the present invention because heretofore the cost per station or measuring has been prohibitive. The present system time shares the expensive portion of the circuit to make a multipoint monitoring and control porcess system practical.
For example, a known weight of roast beef in a microwave oven usually cooks in proportion to moisture loss. The most succulent roast known to man is one cooked at a very low temperature for a long period of time to maintain the moisture content high such as, for example, a roast placed in an oven turned to warm or 200° with the door left open and cooked all night. By employing the present invention in conjunction with a microwave oven, the magnitude of the microwave cooking power may be monitored and controlled to maintain the high moisture content desirable. This is done by utilizing a constant energy source and detecting the microwave energy emanating from the opposite side of the roast such that the absorbed microwave energy is the energy utilized in the cooking process and the residue or detected energy is monitored relative to a predetermined level of microwave energy to maintain the optimum microwave absorption, based upon a known curve of absorbed microwave energy versus time for a given moisture content for beef or other material even including wood.
With this type control a great number of microwave ovens can be operated at the same time to cook a great number of roasts with the circuitry enabling a single master control station to make comparisons to the same or different desired energy levels, according to the volume of roasts and type of meat being cooked.
As an input, the system requires an analog of the parameter being measured, which is time related to the value of the parameter, such as a crystal, which may be vibrating at a period proportional to pressure applied to it, its temperature or combination of both or possibly vibrating according to some other parameter such as the impinging radiation. This period of time may be used directly or after it is amplified, multiplied or divided. A second analog relative to the parameter may be a resistance change with either positive or negative co-efficient as long as it is predictable according to a linear or non-linear relationship. Such resistance changes are noticeable in measuring torque or force (strain gauge), weight, pressure (bourdon gauge) temperature (platinum or nickel RTD).
A third type sensor gives a voltage change which represents the parameter or change in the parameter according to a linear or non-linear relationship. An example of this is a variable-mu transformer or differential transformer which changes its output voltage according to a pressure or force exerted upon it.
The invention will be better understood from the following detailed description thereof when taken in conjunction with the following drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of one type resistance to period transducer;
FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of a voltage to period transducer;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an indirect period transducer;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a direct period transducer;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a direct angular velocity to period magnetic reluctance sensor.
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a binary set point representing ratio of change of sensor and desired parameter level as a period of time.
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a logic group controller.
FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an electrical energy switch to meter one cycle of AC power from power source to direct current motor.
FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a solid state power amplifier and rectifier.
FIG. 10 is a block diagram of an indirect pressure to voltage period transducer.
FIG. 11 is a block diagram of a direct angular velocity period generated with phototachometer for angular velocity control of DC motor.
FIG. 12 is a block diagram of an eight channel controller/monitor.
FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram for a resistance to period transducer in which the voltage regulator establishes a reference voltage of approximately 13 volts at pin 1. Voltage regulator 301 is an integrated circuit available as National LM305. The resistance sensor 101 controls a current source comprised of amplifier 302 (Motorola MC 1556), transistor 303 (2N4250), and a voltage divider network including variable resistor 304. The current source operates as follows: The voltage divider network, including resistor 304, establishes voltage VI between the reference voltage at pin 1 of regular 301 and pin 3 of amplifier 302. Since the voltage between pin 2 and pin 3 of amplifier 302 has to approach zero, the voltage VI is also present between the reference voltage at pin 1 of regulator 301 and pin 2 of amplifier 302 across the resistance sensor 101. Therefore, the voltage at pin 6 of amplifier 302 causes transistor 303 to maintain a current through the resistance sensor 101 and this maintains zero voltage between pin 2 and pin 3 of amplifier 302. Since the voltage across sensor 101 is constant, the current is proportional to the resistance (I= V1/ R). Thus, the current at the collector of transistor 303 becomes proportional to the sensor resistance of sensor 101. It is this current which charges capacitor 305 until the voltage level across this capacitor triggers unijunction transistor 306.
The charge time of capacitor 305 is T= (C Vt)/I wherein C is the capacitance of capacitor 305, Vt is the firing voltage of unijunction 306 and I is the collector current of transistor 303. From the above equation, the period of the converter is T= (Vt/V1) R which period is proportional to the sensor resistance. The remaining portion of the circuitry of FIG. 1 is standard output circuitry to match the impedance of the line to the controller and/or monitoring location (e.g., FIG. 7).
The output signal from the resistance to period transducer of FIG. 1 appears at terminals 307 and it is produced as a result of capacitor 305 being charged to the firing level of unijunction 306. Unijunction fires to discharge the capacitor which is recharged again under control of the sensor resistor 101 to produce a series of output spikes in the form of digital pulse train wherein the period between the spikes or "ones" is directly related to the resistance. Sensor resistor 101 may be an uncalibrated resistor because of the calibration adjustment of variable resistor 304 which sets the current level to produce a transfer of time at a known condition of the parameter which is causing the uncalibrated resistor 101 to change its value.
Any energy level sensor which gives a resistance change representing the change in the parameter being observed whether linear or non-linear as long as it is predictable serves as a suitable analog input to the resistance to period transducer of FIG. 1.
It is to be noted that any change in the uncalibrated resistor will produce the same change in period of any other non-calibrated resistance of a number of resistance to period transducers such that all have a change in period directly related to the change in energy level being observed. For example, if the resistor 101 is measuring the temperature of an energy system the uncalibrated resistance value will produce the correct current to the charging network at a certain temperature level (0° or 25° C) by adjusting variable resistor 304 to give a period output at 307 equal to a reference standard, i.e., variable resistor 304 is adjusted with resistance 101 at 0° C. to give 100 microseconds period at output 307. Therefore ##EQU1## wherein R1T is the resistance value of R1 at a temperature other than zero and RNT is the resistance value of resistance N at the same temperature other than zero and wherein R1o and RNo are the resistance values of R1 and RN at 0° C. Therefore, it is concluded that the absolute value of the resistor R1 is not important in observing the parameter change of the energy system being observed. Regardless of the energy system affecting the value of sensor resistor 101, the resistance to period transducer circuitry is calibrated in similar fashion by adjusting variable resistor 304 to give a predetermined period of time at output 307 at a known energy level as related by the system's pressure, speed, temperature, etc.
The FIG. 1 circuitry provides a direct relationship between resistance of sensor 101 and the period of the pulse train 307: i.e., if the resistance increases, the period increases. Hence, a change in resistance of sensor 101 will cause a change in period of the output digital pulse train of terminals 307.
Many sensors in use today give an output voltage or an output current which will produce a voltage in conjunction with a precision resistor, proportional to the parameter change. To simplify the conversion to period of time proportional to the energy level change, the circuitry of FIG. 2 is used.
Referring to FIG. 2, voltage regulator 321 (National LM309H) establishes a reference voltage of 5 volts at pin 2 of 321. This reference voltage is connected to an operational current source, formed by amplifier 322. This connection is at the top of voltage divider 324 and fixed resistor 334. The input voltage V, that varies as a function of parameter change is applied across voltage divider 324. A variable resistor is used to apply a fraction of the input voltage V between pin 2 of regulator 321 and pin 3 of amplifier 322. To keep the voltage between pin 2 and pin 3 of amplifier 322 at zero, pin 6 of 322 causes transistor 323 to conduct until the voltage at pin 2 of 322 equals the voltage of pin 3 of 322. This forms a constant current at the collector of 323 that is proportional to the input voltage. This current flows through resistor 335 forming voltage VI that is applied to pin 2 of comparator 325. The constant current I = K(V/R1) where K is fraction of input voltage, V is input voltage, and R1 is resistor 334. Then V1 = IR2, where R2 is resistor 335. Therefore, V1 = K(V/R 1) R2 = KV(R2/ R1), showing that voltage V1 is proportional to input voltage V.
Operational amplifier 326 (National LM101) is used as an integrator in which the charge time is given by: T=2 (CV1)/I (C is capacitance of capacitor 327, I is input current given by I= E/R (E is fraction of reference voltage determined by voltage divider consisting of resistors 328 and 329, R is input resistor 330.) The output of amplifier 326 is sent to comparator 325 pin 3 for comparison to Voltage V1 from resistor 335.
The two field effect switches 331 and 332 determine whether the output of amplifier 326 is increasing or decreasing.
To begin, assume switch 332 grounds one side of input resistor 330. This causes a linearly increasing output from amplifier 326 at pin 6. This output is sent to comparator 325 for comparison to voltage V1 from resistor 335. When the two are equal, comparator 325 causes the field effect switches to apply 5 volts to one side of input resistor 330 and simultaneously shunts the constant current from transistor 323 to ground by diode switching. This causes the voltage across resistor 335 to go to zero. When one side of input resistor 330 is connected to 5 volts by field effect switch 331, the output of amplifier 326 becomes a linearly decreasing signal that is compared to the voltage at resistor 1 which is at zero. When the output of 326 reaches zero, the cycle repeats itself.
Therefore the waveform at pin 6 of amplifier 326 is a ramp, i.e. a signal that increases linearly from zero until it equals V1, then it becomes a linearly decreasing until it equals zero. The output of comparator 325 changes states each time the output from amplifier changes slope. Therefore the output of comparator 325 is a square wave with a period proportional to parameter change and is sent to output transistor 333.
The period of the oscillator would be T= 2(C V1)/1, where C is capacitor 327, V1 is voltage across resistor 335, and I is current through input resistor 330. Substituting V1 = (KV) (R2/R1) the results are T = V (2KCR2)/(IR1). This shows that the period is proportional to the input voltage V.
The circuitry of FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 are an indirect resistance to period transducer because the element of time is inserted by the circuitry to arrive at the period for use in the remaining position of the system.
On the other hand, energy systems which are measured in terms of time already include this element and it need not necessarily be inserted by circuitry such as that of FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. For example, light is measured in wave lengths related to time: speed or angular velocity is measured in relation to time, whereas pressure for example, does not include the element of time. Radiant energy is usually measured in time and thus when heat is being radiated from a source, the period indicates the temperature of the source and in such fashion a direct transducer is employed in lieu of the circuitry of FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. The simplest form of a direct parameter to period device is a crystal which produces a frequency that changes in accordance with the pressure applied to the crystal. The output electrical signal includes the element of time without requiring its insertion by any timing circuit and the period of such a crystal may be used identically as the output pulse train appearing at terminals 307 of FIG. 1. The circuitry of FIG. 1 is shown in connection with the system of FIG. 7 with resistor 101 being identified as sensor 1 in the upper left hand corner and the remaining circuitry is illustrated by the box 102 designated as the period converter 1 so that terminals 307 feed the period signal to multiplexer 103.
FIG. 3 illustrates in block form an indirect period transducer employing a strain gauge transducer 515 with the resistance of the strain gauge being shown at 515'. The resistance of the strain gauge, of course, varies in accordance with the pressure or force applied thereto. The resistive to period converter block 516 may be identical to the circuitry of FIG. 1 and its purpose is to produce an output signal with a period related to the magnitude of resistance exhibited by the strain gauge 515. This signal is applied to the period measuring logic 503, the purpose of which is to generate a gating signal having a time duration corresponding to the period so that a corresponding number of high frequency clock pulses can count down a stored predetermined digital number representing the desired pressure value. The residual number in the counter is indicative of the actual pressure as related to the desired pressure.
In FIG. 4 there is shown a block illustration of a direct period transducer wherein pressure sensitive crystal 513 provides an output signal to amplifier and/or frequency converter 514 which amplifies the signal and/or converts it to a different frequency for application to the period measuring logic 503 just described.
No resistive to period converter circuitry such as box 516 of FIG. 3 or the circuit of FIG. 1 is necessary because the crystal inherently induces the time element in the output signal of 514. The amplifier and/or frequency converter 514 may act as a translator to increase or decrease the frequency so that it is in the correct frequency band. Therefore, the period of 514 would be within the range of the system time constants.
FIG. 5 shows a different type direct period transducer and may be identified as a variable reluctance magnetic tachometer. Each time a tooth of gear 493 passes the magnetic speed transducer 492, an output pulse is applied to amplifier 494. Therefore, if the gear 493 is rotating a digital pulse train at the output of amplifier 494 has a period that is directly proportional to angular velocity, which is the parameter being controlled. Here, also, time is a factor in speed or angular velocity and need not be inserted by additional transducer circuitry.
Referring to FIG. 7, we have generally described the unknown period input to multiplexer 103 of the group control (FIG. 7).
Before explaining the logic of the group control it is desirable to explain how the digital set point information is developed and introduced to the logic network. Referring to FIG. 6, the desired parameter set points are selected with thumb wheel indicating switches. There an be as many set points as there are positions in the group control, that is, four set points for four position; 16 set points for 16 positions, etc. These set points, which in this system are representative binary-coded-decimal numbers, are multiplexed by the set point multiplexer 123. Multiplexer 123, which is sequenced by the binary counter position select 129 which is also sequencing multiplexer 103, introduces the proper set point to BCD to binary converter 124. The binary information representing the set point goes directly to the alarm circuitry which is to be explained later and to read only memory circuitry 125. The output of the read only memory circuitry serves as the set point information for logic comparison to the unknown period 102. During each sampling period the output of memory 125 is applied to the group controller 110 or any number of group controllers or channels.
FIG. 7 is a group control wherein a plurality of sensors may sample a plurality of energy levels and share the same circuitry for processing the data from each pick up point to provide control of the energy applied to each load, read out information relative to the energy level of each load and alarm information for safety reasons.
First, the set point parameter level is predetermined by the operators (or it may come from a computer) and is registered in set point switches 122, 122' and 122" as explained in connection with FIG. 6. The set point parameter is an address for the read only memory 125 of FIG. 6, which is storing the parameter information in incremental or point by point fashion, hence the set point parameter addresses the read only memory (memory) to locate a binary number corresponding to a ratio of the value of the sensor 101 at the set point parameter level to the value of the sensor 101 at the reference point. This number presents the desired period of digital pulse train developed by converter 102 as explained in FIGS. 1 and 2. Hence, the binary signal on line 126 sets the binary down counter 106 in response to a load command signal on lead 127 from logic circuit 104. Once the down counter 106 is loaded, a signal from one of the converters 102, 102', etc., may be applied via the multiplexer 103 to the logic circuit 104 to develop a pulse extending over a time interval the same as the period of the converter 102. Such a pulse is shown pictured as 130 in the logic block 104. This pulse is applied over lead 131 to AND gate 105 to open this gate for an amount of time corresponding to the signal period; i.e., the duration of the pulse 130. During this duration, gate 105 passes a quantity of pulses on lead 141 from the 10 MHZ time base 132 of FIG. 12. If this quantity of pulses are insufficient to count down counter to zero, a no-borrow signal is produced on output lead 143. The significance of the no-borrow signal is that more energy is needed to increase the signal period thereby increasing the number of clock pulses passing gate 105 to become at least equal to the count stored in counter 106 representative of the period of a non-existant pulse train which would be developed by sensing a parameter equal to the set point. The no-borrow signal is applied to monostable multivibrator 135 to the inhibit input thereof which will trigger as the result of the output from monostable multivibrator 134 after it times out.
The no-borrow signal does not inhibit multivibrator 135 so a command is sent by it to demultiplexer 107 which is controlled by the binary synchronization signal 139. This energy command is applied to one of, e.g. 16 memories 136, 136', etc., to signal the corresponding zero crossing solid state switch 108 to apply one cycle of power to energy element 109. The cycle of power may be expressed as the minimum discreet quantity of energy controlled by the present system. Switch 108 turns on only when the line voltage crosses zero, thereby eliminating high frequency noise, and of course, insuring that the standard full discreet quantity of metered energy will be applied.
Thus, each 16 position control channel (FIG. 7), by a time sharing technique, has its own logic circuitry to determine if the 16 parameters (usually energy levels) are below or above the desired set point level. The ROM number is loaded into the down counter 106 at the beginning of the scan period before the second "one" from the transducer being observes or interrogated occurs. It is this number which is counted down by the 10 MHZ time base pulses during the period between the second and third "one" of the transducer.
On the other hand, once the set point energy level has been attained, the period of the signal will equal or exceed the amount of time allotted for the set point value and hence completely count down the set point count stored in counter 106. In this event a borrow signal appears on lead 132 and fails to influence the remaining circuitry to call for more energy to element 109.
It is interesting to note that the system may run a secondary or load requiring additional heat or additional cold (air conditioning) and hence the terminology used to acquire the borrow or no borrow signal may be reversed if cold air is called for.
The element, 109 of FIG. 7 is a stationary resistive or inductive load. It is a heating element, a solenoid, the stationary portion of an Eddy current clutch or brake, or it is a single phase A-C motor.
Many mechanical energy systems are rotating and powered by direct current motors. The circuitry of FIG. 8 and FIG. 9 are used to apply a predetermined energy burst to a direct current motor.
In FIG. 8 the zero crossing switch output on line 159 is rectified by conventional solid state bridge rectifier 495 and is applied to the armature of direct current motor 165.
When it is desired to pulse existing proportioning circuitry or where further amplification of the power on line 159 is desirable, the conventional thyristor power amplifier circuitry of FIG. 9 is employed. The 230 volt A-C power is applied to a bridge 160 which contains two diodes and two thyristors. If a logical decision is made to apply power to motor 165', a signal is present in line 144'. Switch 489' applies one cycle of A-C voltage over line 159' to the primary winding of transformer 161. The two secondary windings of transformer 161 turn on the two thyristors in bridge 160 when they are alternately forward biased, thus applying one full cycle of Direct Current power to the armature of motor 165'.
If it is desired to accurately control fluid pressure, the arrangement of FIG. 10 is used. The pressure is compared by Variable Mu Pressue Transducer 500 to a reference pressure. An A-C carrier is applied to the primary winding of 500. The output A-C voltage of transducer 500, which increases with an increase in input pressure, is applied to amplifier 501. This output A-C voltage is rectified and filtered by rectifier and filter 517, and the resulting Direct Current voltage is applied to voltage to period converter 502. Period measuring logic 503 generates a pulse with a width that is the same as the time between two pulses at the output of converter 502.
The desired pressure is selected on thumbwheel switch 511 which applies a binary coded number to down counter 506. The pulse from logic 503 opens gate 505 for a time that is equal to the period of the output of converter 502, and allows a burst of high frequency pulses from time base 504 to count counter 506 down from the number preset by switch 511. If counter 506 does not count to zero, then the actual pressure is less than the desired pressure and a no-borrow signal is applied to memory 508. Memory 508 applies a signal to zero crossing switch 509, which applies one cycle of rectified A-C voltage to the direct current pump motor 510. Bridge rectifier 490 rectifies an A-C input voltage and applies a rectified voltage to switch 509.
Therefore, switch 509 applies power to pump motor 510 until the pressure is at the desired level. At this time the signal from logic 503 allows the time base 504 to count counter 506 to zero through gate 505. The block circuitry of FIG. 10 may be the same as already detailed herein.
FIG. 11 shows an arrangement for controlling angular velocity. Light from light emitting diode 481 travels through slots in slotted disc 480 and strikes phototransistor 482. This generates a pulse train at the collector of transistor 482 with a frequency proportional to angular velocity that is applied to period measuring logic 483. Logic 483 applies load signal to counter 506 which loads the binary coded decimal number from thumbwheel switch 507 into counter 506. The desired angular velocity is selected on thumbwheel 507. Logic 483 also generates a pulse with a width the same as the time between pulses of the output of transistor 482. This pulse from logic 483 opens and gate 487 and allows high frequency pulses from time base 486 to count counter 506 down. If counter 506 reaches zero, a borrow signal is applied to memory 508 which causes zero crossing switch 509 to apply one cycle of rectified power to Direct Current motor 491. Rectifier 490 supplied Direct Current power to switch 509. Power is applied in this fashion until counter 506 does not count to zero. This indicates that the period of the pulse train at the collector of transistor 482 is the same as desired, indicating proper or set angulara velocity.
FIG. 12 is a complete system for control, monitoring, and alarm in accordance with the present invention. The set point switches 122, 122', and 122", the set point multiplexer 123, the converter 124, and the Read Only Memory 125 have been previously described and are shown in FIG. 6. Group Controls 1101, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1106, 1107, and 1108 also have been discussed previously and are shown in FIG. 7.
The total system operation is now described. During each scan period, the binary set point from Memory 125 is applied to the Group Controls 1101, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1106, 1107 and 1108 on line 126. The binary synchronization signal from counter 129 is also applied to the Group Controls, as previously described, for scanning the 16 positions controlled by each Group Control. The pulse generated by logic 104 and applied to line 131 of FIG. 7 is also applied to multiplexer 111 of FIG. 12 on lines 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, and 1318 during each scan period. Multiplexer 111 is also controlled by binary counter 129, therefore, multiplexer 111 samples a pulse that is equal to the period of one of up to 128 converters 102 of FIG. 7 during each scan period. In other words, each multiplexer 103 of FIG. 7 is scanning 16 converters 102 of FIG. 7 and the resultant output pulse is on line 131 of FIG. 7. This pulse is on lines 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, and 1318 of FIG. 12. Then multiplexer 111 of FIG. 12 is scanning 128 converters.
The sequence of events that occur during one scan period is now explained. The pulse of multiplexer 111 is applied to AND gate 112 of FIG. 12 which allows high frequency pulses from time base 132 to pass during the length of the pulse. Counter 113, which was previously reset to zero by memory scan logic 128, receives the burst of high frequency pulses from gate 112 and counts to a binary number that is equivalent to the width of the pulse from multiplexer 111. The binary number stored in counter 113 is applied to memory 114 as an address. Memory 114 is necessary if the energy level transducer is non-linear. At the addressed location in memory 114 is a binary number corresponding to the energy level of the variable being controlled and or monitored. The output of memory 114 is used for two purposes, alarm and display. The binary number of memory 114 is applied to subtractor 116 and adder 115 which subtract and add a predetermined alarm band number. The outputs of 115 and 116 are applied to comparators 117 and 118 for comparison to the binary number representing the desired energy level from converter 124. If the number from memory 114 is out of predetermined tolerance levels, an alarm signal is sent from comparator 117 and 118.
The binary number representation of energy level from memory 114 is also sent to buffer 119 to be displayed if the desired position is being scanned. The position number to be displayed is selected on thumbwheel switch 139 and the binary coded decimal output from 130 is loaded into down counter 501 when the binary counter position select 129 scans zero position, as determined by zero detector 500. When counter 129 counts to and is scanning the position selected by switch 130, counter 501 has counted down to zero since both counter 129 and counter 501 are counted by the same pulse train from divider 133. When counter 501 counts to zero, a borrow pulse is sent out and this pulse is applied to binary-to-binary-coded-decimal converter 120 to initiate conversion. The binary number in buffer 119 is converted to a binary coded decimal equivalent by converter 120 and this number is applied to display 121 for readout.
The high frequency pulse train is divided by divider 133 and the output from 133 is used as a timing pulse throughout the system.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US3265873 *||Oct 10, 1961||Aug 9, 1966||George K Mckenzie||System for monitoring and control of material in a continuing process|
|US3479493 *||Jan 17, 1966||Nov 18, 1969||Ibm||Digital controller with automatic balance and manually adjusted operating point|
|US3584291 *||Jul 30, 1969||Jun 8, 1971||Powers Regulator Co||Proportional electric heat control system|
|US3586830 *||Nov 29, 1968||Jun 22, 1971||Coltron Ind||Logical control for discretely metering energy to thermal systems incorporating apparatus and methods for simulating time related temperatures|
|US3644897 *||Jan 15, 1970||Feb 22, 1972||Robertshaw Controls Co||Automatic control point adjustment system and method|
|US3798424 *||Aug 20, 1971||Mar 19, 1974||Foxboro Co||Industrial control system utilizing high speed digital computer|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US4131786 *||Sep 8, 1976||Dec 26, 1978||James Cooper||Remotely controllable electric oven|
|US4172555 *||May 22, 1978||Oct 30, 1979||Levine Michael R||Adaptive electronic thermostat|
|US4190756 *||Jan 26, 1978||Feb 26, 1980||Amana Refrigeration, Inc.||Digitally programmed microwave cooker|
|US4220840 *||May 19, 1978||Sep 2, 1980||Robertshaw Controls Company||Pulsing probe for microwave oven|
|US4255639 *||Apr 29, 1977||Mar 10, 1981||Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha||Microwave oven with a programmable digital control circuit|
|US4276468 *||Jul 20, 1978||Jun 30, 1981||Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.||Electric home appliances|
|US4296409 *||Mar 12, 1979||Oct 20, 1981||Dickey-John Corporation||Combine performance monitor|
|US4335847 *||May 27, 1980||Jun 22, 1982||Levine Michael R||Electronic thermostat with repetitive operation cycle|
|US4356962 *||Nov 14, 1980||Nov 2, 1982||Levine Michael R||Thermostat with adaptive operating cycle|
|US4376298 *||Aug 6, 1980||Mar 8, 1983||Dickey-John Corporation||Combine data center|
|US4771392 *||Mar 31, 1980||Sep 13, 1988||Edmund F. Bard||Programmable time varying control system and method|
|US4812963 *||Mar 31, 1987||Mar 14, 1989||Food Automation-Service Techniques, Inc.||Plural cooking computer communication system|
|US4825047 *||May 7, 1987||Apr 25, 1989||Thermafoil Products Inc.||Temperature-responsive controller for waterbed mattress heaters|
|US4967382 *||Jan 9, 1987||Oct 30, 1990||Hall Burness C||Programmable time varying control system and method|
|US5051562 *||Feb 8, 1990||Sep 24, 1991||Hollister, Inc.||Temperature controlled fluid circulating system|
|US5128517 *||Feb 14, 1991||Jul 7, 1992||Hollister, Incorporated||Temperature controlled fluid ciruclating system|
|US5347476 *||Nov 25, 1992||Sep 13, 1994||Mcbean Sr Ronald V||Instrumentation system with multiple sensor modules|
|US5365462 *||Oct 4, 1993||Nov 15, 1994||Mcbean Sr Ronald V||Instrumentation system with multiple sensor modules providing calibration date information|
|US5375073 *||Oct 5, 1993||Dec 20, 1994||Mcbean; Ronald V.||Instrumentation system with multiple sensor modules providing accuracy code information|
|US5377128 *||Oct 5, 1993||Dec 27, 1994||Mcbean; Ronald V.||Self-calibrating instrumentation system with multiple sensor modules|
|US5948012 *||Sep 16, 1997||Sep 7, 1999||Cincinnati Sub-Zero Products, Inc.||Cold therapy device|
|US6163017 *||Mar 26, 1999||Dec 19, 2000||Whirlpool Corporation||Device for the high-precision control of a physical quantity such as the temperature or humidity in a household electrical appliance|
|DE3029097A1 *||Jul 31, 1980||Feb 12, 1981||Nippon Denso Co||Regelungsverfahren und -vorrichtung fuer klimaanlagen|
|DE3029148A1 *||Jul 31, 1980||Feb 5, 1981||Nippon Denso Co||Regelungsverfahren und -vorrichtung fuer klimaanlagen|
|U.S. Classification||700/9, 340/540, 700/80, 219/506, 377/2, 700/68, 700/296, 340/517|
|International Classification||G05B15/02, H02P7/292|


10:32am | May 30, 2014
Eileen Gordon Chiarello – On a Mission to Raise Barns, Among Other Things
When dreams turn into reality, and reality is the catalyst for change, we must a raise a glass. A toast to my wife Eileen who had the vision to start a movement of change: http://www.barnraiser.us
Barnraiser : a social and funding community for the sustainable food / farming movement. For those of us who want sustainable food to be the standard, Barnraiser is a place to meet the innovators who are making this happen, share their stories with others, and fund their projects toward success. When we all get involved in small, frequent ways it adds up to big things. From healthy food businesses to community-based gardens and kitchens, school lunch programs and young farmers, organic land and heirloom crops, there are thousands of people working hard to move us to the tipping point. By supporting the innovators, we create a sustainable food future for our families.
Please click here for Edible magazine’s recent issue about Good Food Activists.
Bottega turned five this past February. Over those nearly 2,000 days of breaking bread with people from all over not just the United States, but around the world, I’m going …
Sustainability to me starts with understanding the life-cycle from origin to end and every touch point in between. I recently had a few folks from my team (both Bottega and …
Sophia Loren grew up in abject poverty. Her father abandoned the family, her mother was overwhelmed with life, and her grandmother somehow saved them by managing to create masterful meals …


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Homeless charities should be subject to "performance targets" to justify their annual State funding of more than €116 million, Housing Agency chairman Conor Skehan has said.
Mr Skehan, who will finish his six-year role with the agency in the New Year, said it was time to “scotch the lie” that homelessness could be ended, but to give individual housing charities specific tasks and targets to achieve each year.
Some 75 homeless charities operating nationally are in receipt of State funding of more than €116 million; 23 operate in Dublin alone, with 900 full-time employees.
“There is duplication between them all,” Mr Skehan said. “They need targets. There needs to be agreement that if there is this amount of money being spent, we expect to have a certain result come back for that expenditure.”
Asking individual charities to deal with different aspects of the homeless problem, such as rough sleeping, emergency accommodation, food provision, or health services – and assigning them goals to achieve in their particular area of specialism – would be a more effective way of dealing with the problem, he said.
Mr Skehan recently drew criticism from charities for saying that homelessness was "normal" and homeless numbers in Ireland were low by international standards.
“There will always be a night when someone ends up that way [sleeping rough] so instead of allowing ourselves be beaten up by this unattainable goal of ending homelessness, let’s decide what is a normal level of homelessness we will deal with, and not measure ourselves by numbers but by the performance – that is to say, the speed with which somebody who is a rough sleeper is identified, categorised and assigned a case officer,” he said.
“We could deal with that. We accept there will always be a homeless person, but our target is the speed and efficiency with which we deal with that person.”
Achieving these performance targets and assigning responsibility for dealing with different aspects of the homelessness problem would not be helped by the misidentification of different types of homelessness, said Mr Skehan.
“People conflate words like ‘rough sleeping’ and ‘homeless people’, and conflate ‘beggars’ and ‘rough sleepers’.”
When a rough sleeper dies, they will be described as a “homeless person”, he said, even if they had a place to live, but were sleeping rough because of other issues, such as mental health problems or addiction. Many rough sleepers may only sleep outside for “one or two nights in their lives” or may periodically drift into homelessness because of these issues, he said.
“Then we’ve a huge population of beggars in the city who are not rough sleepers, but every single beggar has a placard in front of them saying ‘homeless – please help’. They’ve learned that works.”
Separately, he says, there are people in emergency accommodation who may or may not have ever slept rough, but for a variety or reasons have left their previous home.
“What makes me cross is watching the wilful conflation of those different things by people who for their own various reasons want to make the crisis appear to be, if not worse, certainly different than it actually it is.”
Francis Doherty, head of communications with the Peter McVerry Trust, said the Dublin Region Homeless Executive does track its performance.
“There are sectoral key performance indicators. Our performance is tracked in relation to providing key workers and support plans for people. We have no problem with benchmarking – you have to be accountable if you are in receipt of State funding.”
However, he said none of the trust’s adult homeless services were 100 per cent State-funded.
“If we relied solely on State funding our services wouldn’t be to a standard we would be happy with, so we are topping up every service.”

domain: sociology


text:
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domain: artistic


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Ideltis™ – BASF Hybrid Wheat
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domain: food


text:
DENMARK - AP Pension's chief investment officer Jan Samsø has left the pension fund
and will be replaced in September by Claus Christjansen, according to a spokesman for the occupational pensions provider.
Samsø left AP Pension at the end of April, moving to Fionia Bank which is based in Odense. He and his family had already moved from Copenhagen to the region, and this was why he chose to switch jobs, said Hans Dam, communications manager for the pension fund.
Though the fund was very happy with the work conducted by Samsø, the management said is also pleased about their new appointment.
"We think we have found a very good replacement - a person who can deal with future challenges," said Dam.
Christjansen currently works for Sampension, where AP Pension's CIO Søren Dal Thomsen used to be head of investments. He will take up his new post at AP Pension in September.
AP Pension had DKK28.3bn (€3.8bn) in assets at year-end 2006.

domain: economics


Before the COVID-19 pandemic hit, 22-year-old Mahutin Paul was planning to travel in March to San Antonio, Texas, for the National Society of Black Engineers’ annual convention. Paul—a mechanical engineering student at City College—is hunting for a summer internship, and also hoping to line up a full-time job for when he graduates in December.
But those plans have been complicated by the pandemic. Many summer internships have been cancelled or delayed, and like most big events, the job convention was postponed because of the coronavirus outbreak. It was replaced instead with a virtual career fair which Paul attended Thursday, logging into an online event platform that allowed participants to visit the “booths” of different employers for a chance to chat remotely with job recruiters there.
“It was interesting. A little confusing,” he says. “Not the same as, let me go up to you in person, say ‘Hey,’ shake your hand. None of that.”
With all but essential businesses still under lockdown, the city’s job market has been upended by COVID-19: New York lost more than a million jobs last month, pain that’s likely to continue for some time, with experts fearing the unemployment rate could climb as high as 27 percent as a result of the pandemic. Those who are actively looking for work face a new reality: While certain industries continue to hire in numbers, those positions available tend to be public-facing roles — meaning job seekers must weigh their need for a paycheck against the health risks posed by such work.
“For someone who is young and healthy and willing to be careful, maybe it’s not that problematic,” says Ruth Milkman, a distinguished professor and sociologist of labor at CUNY’s Graduate Center. But the decision may be tougher for others, like those with underlying health conditions. “I think you will see some people who are really just desperate for income take a chance and do that kind of thing.”
Experts say it’s crucial government leaders start moving now to offset some of these job losses — by doing things like expanding internet access for city residents, strengthening paid sick leave policies and investing in job training programs — so the workforce will be prepared when the economy does eventually restart.
“One thing the city can do is make sure it’s keeping its workforce strong and whole, so when the job market is flooded … there will be a structure to respond to it,” says Irene Branche, chief development officer for The HOPE Program, a nonprofit that aids job seekers. With so many people “home and idle,” she says, “let’s invest in training right now.”
“Like a bomb”
The Henry Street Settlement on the Lower East Side works with about 1,000 job-seekers each year. In addition to those who were already looking for work before the pandemic hit, they’re now seeing an influx of participants who’ve become unemployed because of the crisis, according to Lisa Tomanelli, director of employment services there.
“We had a pool of people still searching for jobs when the shelter-at-home order hit, and then we had a pool of people that lost their jobs,” she says.
Since the crisis started, more than 1.4 million New Yorkers have filed for unemployment, according to the state. Many of the jobs that have disappeared under quarantine were in customer-facing areas like retail, restaurants, food service or hospitality — industries largely served by low-wage workers of color, experts say.
“Low-income New Yorkers, who are generally people of color, and young adults, are the hardest hit,” says Sharon Sewell-Fairman, executive director of the Workforce Professionals Training Institute, which trains and consults workforce nonprofits.
The jobs lost during this pandemic are also different from what we’ve seen in prior economic downturns, including the Great Depression and the 2008 recession. In the past, industries like construction and manufacturing were typically the first to see major job losses, while service industry positions were usually “the last to feel it,” according to Milkman.
“This time, it was like a bomb hitting them — that was just it,” she says. “I don’t think there’s any historical precedent for that.”
It could be a while before those types of jobs re-emerge in any significant way, she adds: Some city businesses are already closing for good, and many more may not survive the lockdown. Even when non-essential services do open back up, people are unlikely to start shopping or spending as they did pre-pandemic: Fears of infection could keep them out of restaurants, from hiring a housekeeper or nanny, taking a trip or staying at a hotel. Social distancing rules will also force most in-person businesses to serve fewer customers at a time than before.
“It’s going to be pretty bleak,” Milkman says. “I think people are going to be nervous for quite a while.”
Demand for risky jobs
Even as some industries’ have shed jobs completely, others are seeing increased demand for workers because of the pandemic. Hospitals and mortuaries are hiring, and while the city’s Workforce 1 job placement centers are physically closed during lockdown, they’re still open remotely and are currently looking to fill nearly 3,000 job positions across the city, according to a spokeswoman for the city’s Small Business Services.
Most of those jobs are with employers providing essential services, such as grocery stores, delivery services, pharmacies, and healthcare providers. Some essential employers are even encountering a recent scarcity of candidates who are qualified and willing to work, particularly in fields like security and at some grocery stores, according to Tondalaya London of the Brooklyn Chamber of Commerce.
Entirely new positions are also being created as a result of the pandemic: The city’s Taxi and Limousine Commission, for instance, is hiring out-of-work cab and for-hire vehicles drivers to deliver food to those in need. But it’s not clear how long-term those types of positions will last, or if they’ll dry up once the crisis abates. Last month, when city Health + Hospitals announced it was hiring 500 non-medical workers to assist in COVID-19 relief efforts, Mayor de Blasio noted those jobs are temporary, potentially ending after 90 days.
Many of these available positions also require interaction with the public, meaning they’re not a safe option for everyone, particularly those who have other health issues or who live with family members who do.
“It’s a matter of how comfortable people are, or what their health issues are,” in being able to take such work, says Branche of The HOPE program.
Since March, Henry Street Settlement has been able to find positions for 25 of its clients, according to director Tomanelli. All of that work has been in “front line, essential jobs” — at a bank, at a supermarket, cleaning rooms — which has Henry Street staff engaging in a new type of job prep they hadn’t encountered pre-pandemic.
“It’s coaching them on what they can use as PPE [Personal Protective Equipment]. Get out your winter gloves. Do you have a winter scarf? Do you have a bandana?” Tomanelli says. They’re training clients on how to conduct Zoom interviews, and helping those who don’t have it access things like wifi and computers. They’re also advising job-seekers to first try finding work in their immediate neighborhoods, so they won’t have to risk taking public transit during the outbreak.
“We’re all sort of trying to adapt to this new world,” she says. “Our clients have needs and want to work, and need to work.”
In March, CUNY’s City College hosted a virtual career fair for its job-seeking students — an event that was supposed to take place in-person, but was moved online after the pandemic hit. Rhea Faniel, an senior associate director at the school’s Career and Professional Development Institute, says 40 employers took part in the virtual event, which saw about 400 attendees (about half of what normal attendance has been at past live fairs, she says).
While she hasn’t had any students report losing a full-time job or getting an offer rescinded because of the pandemic, many have seen summer internship opportunities dry up. “Employers are cancelling them altogether or they’re saying, ‘Hey, we’re going to push out and postpone until the fall,” or even until next summer, Faniel says.
That’s the situation Paul, the engineering student slated to graduate in December, has found himself in. While he’s yet to find an internship for this summer, he remains optimistic, taking advantage of things like the recent virtual career fair and keeping in touch with Faniel about other potential opportunities.
“I’m also looking for full-time opportunities, but they usually want you to have some experience,” he says. It’s a dilemma many new graduates face each year — just more complicated under a pandemic.
“I’m just in a weird limbo, employment-wise,” Paul says. “I feel like the crisis didn’t cause the problem, but more so amplifies it by a lot.”
Faniel says she’s encouraging student job seekers to use this time to take advantage of free online skills-training programs, like Grow with Google and LinkedIn Learning, or by asking their school’s career service centers for help with things like networking, refining their resumes, interview prep and building their brand.
In spite of the lockdown, some employers continue to hire: Faniel’s staff has seen recent job opportunities in programming, software engineering, database management and technology, as well as for education jobs in anticipation of schools starting back up in the fall. They’ve also seen job postings for big-name corporations like CVS, Walgreens, Walmart and Amazon warehouses — gigs that may not be every students’ dream job, but that could offer a path to new skillsets or potential promotions.
“Some of these stores also have management training programs. There might be an opportunity for you to move up and move into a professional position,” Faniel says she tells students. “Take this time to build on your skills.”
Time for training
With so much of the city out of work and an ongoing recession looming, advocates say now is the time for the government to better invest in workforce development and job training programs so workers will be better equipped when the economy does restart.
Many of the customer-facing jobs impacted by the current pandemic were already at risk of being lost in the coming decades, as things like self-checkout and other automated technology replaces some human workers — a trend that will likely become more common under social distancing.
“COVID-19 has accelerated the thought of automation,” explains Sewell-Fairman, making it even more important for the government to now invest in “skilling, reskilling and up-skilling,” its labor force in response to the changing market.
That means, at a minimum, investing in more digital literacy programs to boost the computer skills of both job seekers and job trainers, and ensuring residents across the city have access to a personal computer and wifi.
“COVID-19 is really, really increasing the awareness of the digital divide,” Sewell-Fairman says.
The city should also be looking to boost more programs that offer “soft skills” training to workers, like communication and critical-thinking. She and other advocates say lawmakers can do this by better funding workforce development nonprofits and job placement programs, as well as grants for businesses that are willing to offer on-the-job training.
Such training will also be important in New York’s COVID-19 relief efforts, as demand increases for workers to perform tasks like testing and tracking the virus: Just last week, Gov. Andrew Cuomo the state will be hiring up to 17,000 “contact tracers” as part of its coronavirus battle plan, while the city is hiring another 1,000 such workers.
“All of that requires reskilling and upskilling of the workforce,” Sewell-Fairman says.


In the past week, six more deaths have been added to the total number of COVID-19 related deaths in Woodbury County since the start of the Pandemic, for 254 in all. Statewide there have been 7,166 deaths.
After several weeks of falling positivity rates, the 14-day test positivity rate is up about 1% to a level of almost 12%.
Hospitalizations are up as well. There are 37 hospitalizations with almost half battling COVID-19 only in Sioux City. Last week there were 32.
The number of people 18 years and older vaccinated in Woodbury County is almost 64% about 4 percentage points off the state average of just over 68%.
Local health officials say the vaccine is still the best tool to prevent serious infections.
State public health officials say about 7-thousand Iowa kids ages 5 to 11 got their first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine as of Monday. Pfizer’s pediatric dose of the vaccine was approved last week, making more than 280-thousand Iowa kids eligible to be vaccinated against the novel coronavirus.
A coalition of ten states, including all three Siouxland States, filed a lawsuit challenging a new rule by President Joe Biden's administration requiring millions of health care workers to be vaccinated against COVID-19.
The suit filed Wednesday in Missouri federal court follows similar ones filed by Republican-led states against Biden's vaccine requirements for federal contractors and businesses with more than 100 employees.
Joining the lawsuit were the attorneys general of Alaska, Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Dakota, South Dakota and Wyoming.
The State of Iowa has five state-run health care facilities that receive Medicare and Medicaid funding, including one in Cherokee in northwest Iowa.
Hospitals are fuller than at any point in the pandemic in Omaha amid a surge in COVID-19 cases that has health officials raising alarms. Nebraska had the nation’s fifth-highest percentage increase in COVID cases last week, part of a surge of infections occurring in the upper Great Plains.
With local hospitals brimming, cases rising and flu season coming, the Douglas County Health Director made an urgent appeal to people to get vaccinated, wear masks indoors, socially distance, and be aware and cautious in settings where there may be a lot of unvaccinated people.
A former employee of Morningside University is facing child pornography charges in Virginia, after an extensive investigation.
Forty-eight-year old Shiran Nathaniel, was arrested in Sioux City over the weekend on a warrant from Stafford County, Virginia according to CBS 14/Fox 44.
Nathaniel is facing several charges, including possession of child pornography.
The Stafford County Sheriff's Office in Virginia says an investigation started after the father of a 13-year-old girl contacted authorities with concerns about an online relationship his daughter had formed.
Investigators say Nathaniel groomed the girl online, getting her to send him sexually explicit photos and videos and to recruit other underage girls, through social media, to do the same.
The Stafford County Sheriff says a search conducted last month in Sioux City revealed Nathaniel had used his home and work computers for this purpose, with authorities seizing several computers and hard drives that were found to contain child porn.
Nathaniel is currently being held in the Woodbury Co. Jail, awaiting extradition to Virginia.
Morningside University sent a news release to Siouxland Public Media on November 1st saying effective immediately Nathanial no longer worked for the school.
The controversy surrounding a historic cemetery in Woodbury County is over with both sides
The mayor of Sergeant Bluff announced Tuesday afternoon the Woodbury Township Cemetery will stay put.
Brickworks had wanted to move all 1,200 gravesites from the cemetery founded in 1854.
The mayor says a new graveyard will be added northwest of the current site.
Brickworks says when exploring a potential relocation, the company found extra costs associated with moving the cemetery.
They would have to involve the state archaeologist in the moving process, for an increase of $2.5 million.
Brickworks plans to donate the land for the new cemetery to the city of Sergeant Bluff. The mayor says the new cemetery should be finished in two to three years.
The Catholic Diocese in Lincoln has declared a day of fasting for its priests in response to a report that identified hundreds of cases of church sex abuse in Nebraska since the 1930s. A message sent to Lincoln-area parishioners says Bishop James Conley proclaimed Friday as a day of fasting and abstinence “in reparation for offenses” highlighted in the report by the Nebraska Attorney General’s office. The message says priests were also to offer “three Masses for the healing of victims.” Attorney General Doug Peterson released the report last week, expressing frustration that no accused offenders in the church would face charges because the statute of limitations has passed in the vast majority of cases.
South Dakota lawmakers weighing impeachment of the state’s attorney general will start their investigation by hiring legal counsel to guide their probe. The House’s investigative committee met for the first time as they delve into Attorney General Jason Ravnsborg’s conduct surrounding a fatal car crash last year. The House’s investigation is expected to take months as they look into the crash investigation. During their first meeting, lawmakers reviewed state law on impeachment. But they held off on any further action until they could hire an attorney.
Republican Rep. Mariannette Miller-Meeks says she will seek reelection in a new Iowa congressional district next year, avoiding a head-to-head run against Democratic Rep. Cindy Axne.
The two congresswomen were drawn into the same district through the once-a-decade redistricting process. The new electoral maps drawn up by the Republican-led Legislature and approved by the Republican governor moved Miller-Meeks’ home county of Wapello into the 3rd District and it renumbered her previous 2nd District as the 1st District. Miller-Meeks did not commit to moving into the new district, saying her physical location is less important than who she is serving.
Iowa now has more Latino and Hispanic elected officials now than ever before. That’s according to the Latino Political Network.
Officials says after last Tuesday’s elections, 13 new Latino leaders were elected into office. That brings the total estimated number of Latino and Hispanic elected officials to 27.


text:
Canadians have created a new law that will enable individuals suffering from mental health issues to benefit from assisted death, which takes effect in March.
Many people think of this change as being modern, but it has caused a lot of heated debates in the country bringing out the very deep divisions among Canadians.
Canada’s current legal framework on assisted dying only grants it for those with terminal or chronic diseases.
However, the forthcoming legislation shall provide an opportunity for mentally ill individuals to seek assisted death thereby joining the few countries with this kind of provision.
This adjustment has received varied responses among citizens. Critics assert that this shows failure on the part of Canada’s public health system to attend properly to psychiatric health care, an area famous for being underfunded and overburdened.
Jason French is one such advocate of assisted dying expansion who resides in Toronto and deals with severe depression.
Still, he refused to disclose his age due to societal shame about his condition and yet he talked about his struggle saying that he had twice tried commit suicide.
“From the beginning, I just wanted to get better,” French stated. “I’m resistant to all these treatments unfortunately, and at the end of the day, I can’t do this anymore. I cannot live my life like this again.”
Nonetheless, healthcare experts like Dr Maher John who is a psychologist dealing with complex patients, said they were worried that desperate patients might opt for euthanasia rather than seek long term solutions.
“I am trying to keep them alive,” Dr Maher emphasized. “What does it mean for us as physicians – healers – givers of hope – what does it mean that we should be offering death? What does that look like?”
The government is simply referring back to a 2019 Quebec court ruling which according to them necessitates law extensions.
On their part however, some members from Conservative Party think different by accusing them for practicing a “culture of death”.
Some want the government to spend resources on mental health rather than increasing access to euthanasia as seen from the left of the political spectrum.
The implementation of assisted death for mentally ill people is still a topic of uncertainty and debate as its scheduled date gets closer.
In addition, the parliament has delayed enacting it in past instances out of fears that it might be properly enforced with potential for more delays.
Mental health care workers have expressed concerns about clinical guidelines that were issued in March because they lacked support and direction.
This was confirmed in quotes by Lisa Marr, a former paramedic diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder, who said she anxiously waits for the law to change.
“None of the medicines I take are really keeping me together,” Marr admitted while telling about her bipolar disorder, depression as well as skin-picking disorder.
She looks forward to the decision this March having made multiple attempts on her life but always having survived.
Assisted dying laws journey in Canada began in 2015 after Supreme Court de-criminalized practice for terminally ill individuals or those with physical disabilities or chronic incurable conditions.
Last year, approximately 13,200 Canadians underwent assisted deaths compared to 31% increase of previous year. Of these, 3.5 percent equating to 463 people had other non-terminal medical conditions.
To be qualified, patients have to go through a rigorous process, including evaluation from two different doctors, waiting for 90 days and determining the “irremediable” nature of their condition.
Some psychiatrists and healthcare practitioners are worried about their ability to tell if patients who want to die with assistance might get better with time.
Those in support argue that it is discriminatory to deny the mentally ill the right to choose death in certain circumstances.
As Canada moves towards legislation authorizing medically assisted dying, opinion remains sharply divided over its merits, leaving the nation at an intersection of compassion, ethics and health policy.


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Irving Petlin (December 17, 1934 – September 1, 2018) was an American artist and painter. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. Petlin was known for his mastery of the pastel medium and collaborations with other artists. He was a member of the Chicago Imagists.
References[change | change source]
- Palmer, Michael. Active Boundaries: Selected Essays and Talks. New York: New Directions Publishing, 2008. p. 164
- "Irving Petlin: A retrospective". Absolutearts.com. 2010-01-29. Retrieved 2014-06-02.
- "Irving Petlin, Artist Who Recorded Injustice, Dies at 83". The New York Times. September 7, 2018.
Other websites[change | change source]
- "Irving Petlin: The Committed Brushstroke by Peter Selz.
- Irving Petlin, Este Mundo by Carrie Moyer at The Brooklyn Rail
- from Nomadics Blog: 3 Irving Petlin Shows in New York poet Pierre Joris provides links and commentary on his blog to the 3 major Petlin shows that occurred in New York City in early 2010
- Press: Three essays on Petlin link provides access to free PDF online versions of seminal Petlin retrospectives by Edward Fry (from the Wiesswald exhibition catalogue), Paul Cummings ("The Precincts of Light"), and Michael Palmer ("A Bonfire in the Starry Night")
- The Unbearable Yet Obligatory, And other shows of modern and contemporary works


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