In a previous article, I wrote about my ZoneMinder setup. The key to a successful ZoneMinder setup is having good IP cameras. However, since I have a lot of cameras, I don’t like to break the bank with each one. Luckily, you can find many ZoneMinder compatible cameras from $25-$75 that can provide you with a crisp HD Video.
Generally, any ONVIF-compliant camera will work with ZoneMinder. Also, cameras that provide access to an RTSP stream will work well too. Here are a few I use and/or recommend.
Table of Contents
Turret/Dome IP Cameras
Amcrest ProHD Camera
- HIGH PERFORMANCE, REAL-TIME, TRUE HD – Experience magnificent full-HD 1080P video at 30fps with enhanced low light capability utilizing the image sensor and Ambarella chipset. Extra-wide 90° viewing angle, as well as remote pan and tilt, allows you to cover more ground and keep more of what matters to you safe. Works with Amazon Alexa through Amcrest Cloud.
- SMARTER SECURITY – Receive motion alert notifications, review footage and engage in two-way communication via your smartphone with the Amcrest View app. Playback and record professionally on a PC using Amcrest Surveillance Pro or Blue Iris Professional. Works with Amcrest Cloud remote video storage, MicroSD card, Amcrest NVRs, and QNAP NAS, FTP, Pale Moon (32bit) & SeaMonkey Browsers, IE, Safari 11, Firefox 49.0 and Chrome with Amcrest Web View Extension.
Amcrest is a well-known IP Camera brand and this is an inexpensive and functional camera that works with ZoneMinder. It has pan and tilt capabilities, two-way audio, and a MicroSD card slot for local storage, although ZoneMinder can take care of all your storage needs. It also has night vision. Additionally, it has an Ethernet port in case you want a wired connection instead of a wireless one.
Amcrest Nanny IP Camera
- 1080P PAN, TILT, ZOOM WIFI CAMERA – Live streaming 1080p @30fps video. Remotely pan, tilt and zoom (PTZ) from the app or set it to auto-track and detect humans in AI mode. Built-in hardware based AI chipset with human detection function (does not rely on cloud). Records to microSD, Amcrest NVR, 3rd party software using RTSP, Blue Iris, and optional Amcrest Smart Home Cloud remote video storage (includes 1-Year Free Cloud Storage plan). Extra-wide 93° viewing angle
- BABY MONITOR SOUND ALARM MODE, SHARING & ALEXA – Turn your Amcrest Smart Home camera into an adjustable VOX monitor to view and be notified based on adjustable sound thresholds (such as baby crying, or dog barking decibel levels). You can enable this mode directly from the live-view screen of the app. Works perfectly as a baby monitor or pet / dog camera and can be shared with multiple family members so everyone can have access to the live video and recordings. Works with Alexa.
An even less expensive pan and tilt camera from Amcrest, this “nanny cam” can also be used as a general ZoneMinder surveillance camera. It has a slightly wider range of view than the ProHD model, but also with slightly less range on its pan and tilt capabilities.
TP-Link Tapo Pan/Tilt Security Cam
- 【Up, Down, All Around】This Pan/Tilt IP camera see everything across an entire room or walkway with the 360° horizontal and 114° vertical range pan/tilt field of view.
- 【Detection & Instant Notification】Get instant push notifications when motion, person or baby crying is detected, there is no additional fee to use it as a baby camera monitor. Discern from notifications that matter, so you’ll know if someone is there.
A solid offering from inexpensive smart home company TP-Link. It is ONVIF capable and features MicroSD card storage, 2-way audio, and night vision.
SV3C 5MP PTZ WiFi Camera Outdoor
- 【5MP Resolution & Color Night Vision】: SV3C PTZ WiFi cameras with high quality 5 Megapixel sensor, display image by 2560 × 1920 resolution, providing super HD footage during the day and night, much clearer than 1080P/2MP, 3MP/2K and 4MP surveillance cameras. The 5MP outdoor WiFi camera supports 3 night vision Modes, Normal night vision(Black & White), Full color night vision(Color night vision all the time), Smart night vision(Color night vision works only when motion detected).
- 【Pan Tilt & Auto Tracking】: 5MP WiFi dome PTZ camera supports rotation 355 degrees in horizontal, 90 degrees in vertical, cover all corners, has no blind monitoring area. The exterior cámara has No Optical Zoom function, just supports Digital Zoom. When the outside rotate dome camera detect moving object, the PTZ surveillance camera will keep following the moving object, custom the time length of the alarm recording, see the moving process clearly! Note, the security camera with USB power port!
This is an outdoor pan, tilt, and zoom camera that has ONVIF and RTSP capabilities to help it work with ZoneMinder. It also has a 5MP sensor allowing it to capture video at 2560×1920 resolution.
Bullet IP Cameras
Bullet cameras are great for outdoors as many of them are weatherproof, have night vision, and have wide viewing angles. Here are a few that work with ZoneMinder via RTSP or ONVIF.
TP-Link Tapo Outdoor Security Cam
- 【2K 4MP QHD & IP66】Tapo C320WS will capture every detail of what goes on outside your home with 2K QHD/4MP high resolution. Deploy your outdoor security cameras with peace of mind with a true to its name weatherproof IP66, this Wi-Fi security camera is ready for harsh particles and rain.Controller Type:Google Assistant;Amazon Alexa.Connectivity protocol:Wi-Fi.Power source type:Corded Electric
- 【Colored and Long Distance Night Vision】Dual integrated spotlights enable you to see everything that happens at night in vivid color night, and thanks to the 850 nm IR Sensor see for an extraordinary distance of up to 98 feet in the dark, making this the perfect outdoor security camera.
IP66 weatherproofing highlights this ONVIF and RSTP-capable camera from TP-Link. Also with its 2K resolution (2560×1440) you’ll get a slightly crisper picture than regular HD cameras.
SV3C WiFi Outdoor Camera
- 【Two-way Audio & HiP2P PC Software】: This 1080P outdoor security camera was updated with Microphone and Speaker, supports two-way audio. This outdoor camera allows you to communicate with people in the monitoring area when you’re away or busy. You also can connect and view this 1080P WiFi IP camera on SV3C HiP2P PC software. This 1080P wifi camera DOESN’T SUPPORT COLOR night vision!
- 【Motion Detection & Storage】: SV3C outdoor wifi camera will alert you through phone app or send one snapshot to email when motion is detected. Also, the wifi security camera supports multiple storage methods: FTP Storage, Micro SD Card(not included in the camera) Storage Up To 128GB, Local Disk and NVR. The SD card slot is on the IP camera body, remove the black cover, you will see the speaker and the card slot, see the left picture.
I have had good luck with SV3C bullet-style cameras and I have a few of them outside of my home, including this model. They’re easy to get working with ZoneMinder and have excellent night vision.
SV3C WiFi Outdoor Camera
This is a slightly different form factor bullet camera from SV3C that has many of the same capabilities as the camera above but at a higher resolution (2560×1920).
Amcrest Spotlight Security Camera
- HIGH PERFORMANCE, PRO-HD – Experience magnificent full 1080p HD video resolution at 30fps (1920×1080). This home security camera features an extra-wide 133° viewing angle allowing you to cover every angle. This deterrent camera features a built in microphone and speaker for two way audio allowing you to talk and listen to visitors.
- ACTIVE DETERRENTS – This WiFi camera is equipped with active deterrents including a boisterous 110db siren alarm and an illuminating built-in spotlight that can be triggered manually or by motion detection to scare away would-be criminals. The outdoor spotlight camera can also switch between spotlight and strobe light mode using the Amcrest Smart Home app.
This bullet-style camera features two-way audio, night vision, and can be used outdoors. Notably, it also has a spotlight. ZoneMinder can access its RTSP stream.
Other IP Cameras
Below are a few other IP cameras that come in different form factors that you may want to consider.
Amcrest 1080P Video Doorbell
- The Amcrest Video Doorbell Camera requires wired power and may utilize your existing doorbell wiring (16V-24V). If you do not have existing doorbell wiring, a seperate power supply must be purchased and is available on Amazon by searching ASIN: B08BZX29LG. Doorbell is compatible with existing traditional mechanical and electronic digital chimes to provide surveillance of all front door activity in high definition 1920x1080p resolution. This doorbell is not battery powered.
- Built in microphone and speaker allows for two-way audio and makes it easier to talk to visitors without having to get up and answer the door. Includes two interchangeable faceplates, choose from a black or silver faceplate. The Amcrest Video Doorbell Camera is RTSP stream compatible. This home security camera features an extra-wide 140° viewing angle allowing you to cover every angle.
Although this doorbell camera was slightly above our $75 threshold when writing this article, I thought I’d include it anyway. This is a good option if you are looking for a video doorbell that can work locally with ZoneMinder!
TP-Link Tapo 2K Indoor Security Camera
- 【2K High Definition】Capture every detail inside your home with crystal-clear 2K high definition video with this indoor security camera. Easily see what your baby is holding or what your pet is playing with.
- 【Secure Local or Cloud Storage】Save footage continuously on up to a 512 GB microSD card (not included) or subscribe to Tapo Care for cloud storage which saves 30-day video history and provides additional benefits such as motion tracking, baby crying detection, and more. [Before purchasing a microSD card, please check the TP-Link website FAQ to ensure compatibility with your device.]
An inexpensive stand camera is great for easy installation in your home. It has 2K video and 2-way audio as well.
Final thoughts about ZoneMinder-compatible IP Cameras
Remember, surveillance systems are a great way to improve the safety and security of your home. If you are looking to get into ZoneMinder and not pay a lot for security cameras, this list has you covered. You can also look through the official ZoneMinder documentation for other options, and you can also check out our Wi-Fi Surveillance Camera Advisor. Pick anyone from this list and add HD camera surveillance to your home.
Do you have experience with any of these cameras or others that you think I should have mentioned? If so, let me know in the comments.


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John Cena and 5 Likely WrestleMania Opponents for The Rock
The Rock got an early start to his WrestleMania media tour. While promoting his upcoming TNT series The Hero, the former WWE champion spoke with The Critics Association about his upcoming WWE involvement.
Not much was revealed that wasn't already known. The Rock did mention, however, that he already knew who his WrestleMania opponent would be and that there was a plan in place to build to the mystery match.
A short list of big names are currently at the WWE's disposal to recreate The Rock's WrestleMania magic.
Potential suitors will likely be main-event level talent whose match up against The Rock could deliver at the box office.
5. Shawn Michaels
It's a long shot, but Shawn Michaels told me the following about the possibility of having one more match:
"If I were allowed to pick, I could pick a host of them. He's not currently there now, but you always want to throw The Rock in there.
Michaels-Rock is perhaps the biggest money maker the WWE has within their sights. Michaels is the most retired wrestler in recent memory. But he always seems to pop up during WrestleMania season for some role.
These two icons have never faced off in one-on-one competition. A match between the two would pique fan interest like no other.
Michaels hasn't seemed to completely close the door on having one more match, but time is running out.
It's not as sexy as some other names, but Ryback is well on his way to being a top star. A match against The Rock at WrestleMania could make him overnight.
As WWE quietly announced over the holiday season, The Rock will be in attendance this coming Monday on RAW.
During that episode, Ryback will challenge CM Punk for his WWE Championship. A possible angle could be shot, putting The Rock and Ryback at odds, thus setting the stage for a WrestleMania match.
3. The Undertaker
The Rock would be a viable threat to end the Undertaker's streak. The two have never met at WrestleMania, and with both wrestlers being special attractions, the blockbuster playbill writes itself.
Outside of Brock Lesnar, the pickings are very slim this year for a novel Undertaker opponent who fans believe could end the streak.
The Rock could easily fill that void.
2. Brock Lesnar
A Rock-Brock showdown was predicted by many to be the WrestleMania 29 main event.
All signs may point to Brock taking on Triple H. But Brock's proven track record on pay-per-view combined with The Rock's could be enough to surpass last year's record-breaking buyrate.
1. John Cena
Fans will complain, but they complained last year when Rock-Cena was announced one year in advance. The main event spearheaded the most-watched WrestleMania in history.
And even if there is a drop off in interest, there is still a lot of money to be made and a very solid story to be told between Cena and The Rock.
John Cena has done almost everything there is to do in the WWE. Beating The Rock is not one of them. Cena's quest for revenge at WrestleMania 29 will be a likely subplot come April.

domain: news


Spitzer Space Telescope
The Spitzer Space Telescope was the last of NASA's Great Observatories to be launched in August, 2003. It is a thermal infrared telescope that can view into regions of the Universe that are obstructed by dust and clouds of gas (like the centers of galaxies, stars, and planet formations). It can also detect cooler objects such as small stars and extrasolar planets. Spitzer has a heliocentric orbit, meaning that it trails and drifts away from Earth's orbit.
Spitzer is a specialized Cassegrain reflector telescope, where both the primary and the secondary mirrors are hyperbolic, which is used to eliminate optical errors. Spitzer was the first telescope to detect water on a planet orbiting a star outside of our Solar System.
Spitzer's Three Instruments (click instruments below to expand)
1. IRAC (Infrared Array Camera)
IRAC is a near- and mid- infrared camera. It has four detectors that measure four different light wavelengths (3.6, 4.5, 5.8, and 8 micrometers) and therefore can take four simultaneous images.
The image below was taken by IRAC of the Black Widow Nebula.
2. IRS (InfraRed Spectrograph)
IRS is a spectrograph that provides high and low resolution spectroscopy at mid-infrared wavelengths. It is used to detect what which or molecules are present in objects that are emitting infrared light.
3. MIPS (Multiband Imaging Photometer)
MIPS is a far-infrared camera also capable of basic spectroscopy (much like IRS).
Spitzer's Exoplanet Explorations
Spitzer detects exoplanets by first collecting the infrared light emitted by the star and planet combined and then capturing the light when the planet passes behind the star, as part of its orbit. The planet's light emission can then be measured and used to determine the planet's spectrum. Spitzer can also be used to determine temperature, atmospheric turbulance (wind), and atmospheric composition of exoplanets.


LogoThief: Shaming Design Plagiarists
Here’s a cool idea: LogoThief publicly shames designers and websites that steal the logos of other websites.
via Ralf Herrmann (@opentype), via Ashley Bischoff (@openapple)
More posts tagged:art / copyright / design / logos / plaigarism
More posts categorized:Web Design
More posts from:December 2013 / 2013
I switched from QuickBooks to FreshBooks in 2015 and am so glad I did. Everything about their billing system is easier.


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Goodness me, it’s been so long since I did one of these model love posts, but lately I’m returning to my blog-roots and that feels really good. One model that I could absolutely never miss on the blog – and who’s been on here before – is the fabulously colorful Chloe Nørgaard. Half American, half Danish (woohoo, proud Dane here!) she grew up in the states and became a tumblr style icon a few years back when she dyed her hair blue and everybody kinda went crazy. In interviews she seems like the most chill girl to be around and generally just like a creative and free spirit. Oh, and how could you not be happy when looking at such a colorful person? I definitely find it hard to stay blonde for a little while longer and not go My Little Pony on my hair.
Stalk her on instagram right here.

domain: artistic


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Hello again folks!
So, as some of my friends and family have noticed, I’ve taken a break from Facebook. There are many reasons for this, and it won’t be a permanent thing.
I’ve quite enjoyed not being tied to social media as extensively as usual. I realized that scrolling through Facebook and seeing all of the differing opinions, bullying, arguments, and other negative things was affecting my outlook and overall mindset to a degree that social media should not affect a person. A break was needed.
Again, I will return to Facebook eventually when I’m ready. It will most likely be for promoting new artwork and other cool Internet findings with a new goal of being more positive and sharing great things, rather than posting opinions and other nonsense.
I’ll see you all on the bookface soon!

domain: psychology


PTFE Staple Fiber
PTFE staple fiber produced by our company adopts environmentally friendly and efficient membrane splitting method, with advanced production equipment, thus ensuring small product fineness and stable fiber length,8~12 crimps per 25mm.At present, the product is mainly used for manufacturing 100%PTFE needle-felt and other high temperature filter materials woven into composite needle-felt.
- 1.Warmly celebrate the success of our company's participation in the Koln exhibition in Germany
- 2.Changzhou Wayon PTFE series of products raw materials ------ PTFE
- 3.Congratulations to Wayon new material weaving workshop for winning the title of "pioneer worker" in Changzhou！
- 4.Introduction of PTFE fiber


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What is Hip Arthritis?
Hip arthritis commonly describes what is known medically as hip osteoarthritis.
Hip osteoarthritis is a joint disease that mostly affects your hip joint cartilage. Articular cartilage is the hard slippery surface covering the sections of bones that move against each other in your hip joint.
Healthy articular cartilage allows your hip joint bones to smoothly and painlessly glide over each other and also helps to absorb any shock forces not dispersed by your hip muscles.
What Causes Hip Arthritis?
In hip osteoarthritis, your top layer of articular cartilage breaks down and wears away. Eventually, your cortical bone that lies under the cartilage rubs together to cause pain, swelling, grating and loss of hip joint motion.
Muscle weakness and the resultant hip joint instability associated are thought to contribute to your hip joint cartilage deterioration. Weaker hip muscles also provide less shock absorption capabilities than their strong counterparts, which increases your hip joint compression forces. Hip osteoarthritis usually happens gradually over time.
Some risk factors that might increase your likelihood of deterioration include:
- Being overweight.
- Previous joint injury.
- Muscle weakness.
- Stresses on the joints from certain jobs and playing sports.
- Poor biomechanics.
- Malformed joints or a genetic defect in your joint cartilage.
Hip osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis affecting your hip. Unlike some other forms of arthritis, osteoarthritis affects only joints and not internal organs. It is becoming more common with an ageing population. However, it can also occur in younger people, especially where there is a history of hip injury or heavy work.
Some research suggests that early intervention can delay the onset of hip arthritis and reduce the number of cases of hip osteoarthritis. There is not currently a cure for hip osteoarthritis.
What are the Symptoms of Hip Arthritis?
Hip arthritis results in hip pain, joint weakness, joint instability, and restrictions of movement that interfere with your most basic daily tasks such as walking, climbing stairs or driving.
Your symptoms can develop suddenly or slowly and may include:
- Hip joint pain or tenderness that comes and goes. Typically there will be sharper pains in the groin and sometimes an ache in the front of the thigh. Many people present with hip arthritis thinking that it is a knee problem.
- Hip stiffness, particularly early morning stiffness.
- Hip joint movement is difficult, especially inward rotation, movement of the leg across the body and hip extension.
- Weak hip muscles, especially during sit to stand, squatting and stair climbing.
- Hip joint swelling or deformity can be hard to detect because of the location of the hip joint.
How is Hip Arthritis Diagnosed?
Your initial diagnosis of hip osteoarthritis is usually clinically formed by taking a detailed history of your symptoms and a physical examination looking at the range of movement of your hip joint and any associated pain.
If hip osteoarthritis is suspected, a hip X-ray will assess your hip joint wear and tear, and sometimes a blood test to check for other factors.
In a small number of cases, a CT scan or MRI may be performed.
Hip Physiotherapy Effectiveness
Does Physiotherapy Help Hip Arthritis?
Poulsen et al. 2013 compared patient education only, patient education plus manual therapy, and minimal (control) intervention (continue medication usage, minimal education on stretching) groups. At 6 weeks, significant differences were found, favouring patient education plus manual therapy versus the minimal (control) intervention group. At 6 weeks, 76.5% of patients in the education-plus-manual therapy group improved, versus 22.2% in the patient-education group and 12.5% in the control group. 1
Fernandes et al. 2010 enrolled 109 patients with mild to moderate hip OA and compared patient education versus patient education plus exercise at 16 months. The WOMAC physical function scores had improved significantly for the education-plus-exercise group. Their findings in this study show that participating in a 12-week exercise therapy programme in addition to patient education can reduce the need for THR or postpone surgery in patients with hip OA. This supports the recommendations stating that exercise therapy should be offered to patients with hip OA as first-line treatment. 2
Svege et al. 2015 conducted a 6-year follow-up study of a previous study of 109 patients in which participants were randomized to 2 groups: exercise plus patient education and patient education only (control group).
Results showed that people who had exercise therapy were less likely to have a hip replacement. People who had exercise therapy were also able to wait longer before a hip replacement. Before having a hip replacement for people in the exercise group, the average time was five and a half years, compared with three and a half years for people who had not had exercise therapy. After six years, 22 of the 55 people who’d had exercise therapy had a hip replacement (40%) versus 31 of the 54 people not in the exercise group (57%).
The people who had exercise therapy also rated their hip function as better.
This means that there is outstanding scientific support for the use of patient education, manual therapy and exercises prescribed by your physiotherapist assisting your hip osteoarthritis and delaying the need for hip replacement surgery. Please consult your physiotherapist to determine if you are a candidate for hip physiotherapy.
What’s the Treatment of Hip Arthritis?
PHASE I – Pain Relief & Protection
- Managing your hip pain. Hip pain is the main reason that you seek treatment for hip arthritis.
- Regular application of ice packs is highly recommended to reduce your hip pain.
- NSAIDs or anti-inflammatory drugs (i.e. ibuprofen). The use of these medications should be discussed with your doctor.
- Your physiotherapist will use an array of treatment tools to reduce your hip pain and inflammation. These may include ice, electrotherapy, acupuncture, unloading taping techniques, soft tissue massage and temporary use of a mobility aid (e.g. cane or crutch) to off-load the affected side.
PHASE II – Restoring Normal Hip ROM, Strength
As your hip pain and inflammation settle, your physiotherapist will focus their attention on restoring your normal hip joint range of motion, muscle length and resting tension, muscle strength and endurance, proprioception, balance, and gait (walking pattern).
Hip researchers have discovered the importance of your hip muscle recruitment patterns with a normal order of deep, then intermediate and finally superficial muscle firing patterns in normal pain-free hips. Your physiotherapist will assess your muscle recruitment pattern and prescribe the best exercises specific to your needs.
PhysioWorks has developed a “Hip Core Stabilisation Program” to assist their patients in regaining normal hip muscle control.
Please ask your physio for their advice.
PHASE III – Restoring Full Hip Function
The final stage of your hip arthritis rehabilitation is aimed at returning you to your desired activities. Everyone has different demands for their hips that will determine what specific treatment goals you need to achieve. For some people, it may be simply to walk around the block.
Your physiotherapist will tailor your hip rehabilitation to help you achieve your own functional goals.
PHASE IV – Delaying Hip Surgery
Hip osteoarthritis is a condition that gradually deteriorates even though your pain may come and go in the initial stages.
In addition to your hip muscle control, your physiotherapist will assess your hip biomechanics and start correcting any defects. It may be as simple as providing your will core abdominal exercises or some foot orthotics to address any biomechanical faults in the legs or feet. Your physiotherapist will guide you.
Fine-tuning your hip stability and function by addressing any deficits in core strength and balance, learning self-management techniques and achieving the ultimate goal of safely returning to your previous daily or leisure activities!
Your aim for any exercise or physiotherapy program is to delay the deterioration of your hip arthritis. Your best chance is to have strong hip muscles and bones performing activities that don’t traumatise your hip joint surfaces.
PHASE V – Hip Surgery
Hip surgery is usually required as your hip joint arthritis deteriorates and your hip joint becomes permanently deformed. The most common surgical procedure for an arthritic hip is a total hip replacement. Your hip surgeon may also recommend arthroscopic surgery or joint resurfacing.
Your prognosis following a total hip replacement is excellent. In most cases, you will have no or considerably less pain plus improved hip function.
You will require a post-operative hip strengthening and rehabilitation program to prolong the life of your new hip and resume your most active lifestyle.
For more information about hip surgery, please your physiotherapist or doctor.
What Else Can You Do For Your Hip?
Lose weight. You won’t just look better. You’ll feel better, too. Why? Every extra kilogram you carry around translates to added stress to your hip joints. Excess weight can mean more hip pain, no matter which form of arthritis you have.
When your hip joint is hot and inflamed, applying something cold can decrease pain and swelling by constricting blood vessels and preventing fluids from leaking into surrounding tissues.
Follow your doctor’s advice. Some medications will be designed for pain relief and others to reduce inflammation. Since most hip osteoarthritis sufferers normally have other medications, it is always wise to check with your doctor before changing.
Exercise – Keep Moving
Exercise helps to lessen your hip pain, increase your hip joint range of movement, reduce fatigue and help you feel better overall.
A well-rounded workout routine for people with hip osteoarthritis includes flexibility exercises to increase your hip joint and muscle range of motion, aerobic exercises to improve your endurance and decrease fatigue, and strengthening exercises to improve your muscle endurance and power.
Your physiotherapist is an expert in the assessment and prescription of hip arthritis exercises. Please ask them what is best for you.
General exercises such as swimming, hydrotherapy, Tai Chi, yoga, pilates, balance and walking programs are excellent if pain-free.
The key is to have a regular daily exercise program. The goal is to keep moving.
Strengthen Your Bones
Ask your doctor to check your bone density. If they are concerned, they’ll arrange for a test to check if you have osteoporosis (bone thinning).
Follow their advice or the advice of your dietitian on your Calcium and Vitamin D intake. It would be best to have normal levels of both plus some form of weight-bearing exercise to strengthen your bones.
Treat Your Muscles with a Massage!
A quality remedial massage may be just the relief your hip muscles need. Treat yourself to a good rub down with someone you trust. The benefits vary from person to person but may include decreased pain and muscle stiffness associated with your arthritis, increased circulation, and an improvement in your sleep and immune functions. Mentally, massage can also decrease stress and depression.
Besides all it that, massage just feels good!
Common Causes of Hip & Groin Pain
Hip Joint Pain
- Hip Arthritis - Hip Osteoarthritis
- Hip Labral Tear
- Hip Pointer
- Femoroacetabular Impingement - FAI
- Perthes Disease
- Slipped Femoral Capital Epiphysis
- Stress Fracture
- Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head
Lateral Hip Pain
Adductor-related Groin Pain
Pubic-related Groin Pain
Inguinal-related Groin Pain
- Inguinal hernia
- Sportsman's hernia
Iliopsoas-related Groin Pain
- Hip Flexor Strain
Other Muscle-related Pain
- Piriformis Syndrome
- Muscle Pain -Muscle Strain
- Poor Hip Core
- DOMS -Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness
- Core Stability Deficiency
Hip Pain TreatmentA thorough analysis of WHY you are suffering hip pain from a movement, posture, or a control aspect, is vital to solving your hip pain. Only an accurate diagnosis of the source of your hip pain can solve the pain, quickly improve your day to day function, prevent a future recurrence, or improve your athletic performance. The first choice of short-term therapy has been symptomatic hip treatment. This approach could include local chemical modalities such as cortisone injections or painkillers. Ice or heat could also assist along with some gentle stretching or exercise. However, persisting hip problems will require additional investigations to assess your joint integrity or range of motion, muscle length, strength, endurance, power, contraction timing and dynamic stability control. You should consult a healthcare practitioner who has a particular interest in hip pain and injury management, to thoroughly assess your hip, groin, pelvis, lower limb and spine. Due to the kinetic chain, they all have an impact, especially at the high athletic performance end. A quality practitioner will specifically educate you regarding your condition and combine with exercise and manual therapy as per the Clinical Practice Guidelines. (Cibulka et al., 2017) Hip pain education should also include teaching you specific activity modification, individualised exercises, weight-loss advice (if required), and methods to unload any arthritic joints. Recent research evidence-backed approaches have modernised physiotherapy treatment approaches to effectively managing hip pain. Together with a thorough hip assessment, your hip treatment can progress quickly to restore you to a pain-free hip and perform your regular sport or daily activities in the shortest time possible. For specific rehabilitation advice regarding your hip pain, seek the professional advice of high quality and up-to-date physiotherapist experienced in the assessment, treatment, prevention and optimisation of hip pain and related conditions. After assessing you, they will individually prescribe therapeutic activities based on your specific needs for daily living, values, and functional activities or point you in the direction of the most suitable healthcare practitioner for you and your hip condition.
Hip Pain Treatment OptionsYour hip physiotherapist may consider an extensive range of treatment options including manual joint therapy to improve your joint mobility, muscle stretches or supportive taping. Your physiotherapist is also likely to add strengthening and joint control exercises as they deem appropriate for your specific functional and sporting needs. Please click the links below for more information about some of the conventional hip treatments that your physiotherapist may recommend or utilise for your hip pain.
- Early Injury Treatment
- Avoid the HARM Factors
- What to do after a Muscle Strain or Ligament Sprain?
- Acupuncture and Dry Needling
- Sub-Acute Soft Tissue Injury Treatment
- Closed Kinetic Chain Exercises
- Gait Analysis
- Biomechanical Analysis
- Balance Enhancement Exercises
- Proprioception & Balance Exercises
- Agility & Sport-Specific Exercises
- Soft Tissue Massage
- Dry Needling
- Electrotherapy & Local Modalities
- Heat Packs
- Joint Mobilisation Techniques
- Kinesiology Tape
- Running Analysis
- Strength Exercises
- Stretching Exercises
- Supportive Taping & Strapping
- Video Analysis
What is the PhysioWorks Difference?
You'll be impressed with the experienced physiotherapists, massage therapists, allied health team and reception staff who represent PhysioWorks.
To ensure that we remain highly qualified, PhysioWorks is committed to participating in continuing education to provide optimal care.
If you've been searching for health practitioners with a serious interest in your rehabilitation or injury prevention program, our staff have either participated or are still participating in competitive sports at a representative level.
We also currently provide physiotherapy and massage services for numerous sports clubs. Our experience helps us understand what you need to do to safely and quickly return to your sporting field, home duties, or employment.
How You'll Benefit from the PhysioWorks Difference?
At PhysioWorks physiotherapy and massage clinics, we strive to offer our clients quick, effective and long-lasting results by providing high-quality treatment.
We aim to get you better quicker in a friendly and caring environment conducive to successful healing.
With many years of clinical experience, our friendly service and quality treatment is a benchmark not only in Brisbane but Australia-wide.
What are Some of the BIG Differences?
Our therapists pride themselves on keeping up to date with the latest research and treatment skills to ensure that they provide you with the most advantageous treatment methods. They are continually updating their knowledge via seminars, conferences, workshops, scientific journals etc.
Not only will you receive a detailed consultation, but we offer long-term solutions, not just quick fixes that, in reality, only last for a short time.
We attempt to treat the cause, not just the symptoms.
PhysioWorks clinics are modern thinking. Not only in their appearance but in the equipment we use and in our therapists' knowledge.
Our staff care about you! We are always willing to go that 'extra mile' to guarantee that we cater to our client's unique needs.
All in all, we feel that your chances of the correct diagnosis, the most effective treatment and the best outcomes are all the better at PhysioWorks.
Common Youth Leg Injuries
Why are Children's Injuries Different to Adults?Adolescent injuries differ from adult injuries, mainly because the bones are still growing. The growth plates (physis) are cartilaginous (strong connective tissue) areas of the bones from which the bones elongate or enlarge. Repetitive stress or sudden large forces can cause injury to these areas.
Common Adolescent Leg InjuriesIn the adolescent leg, common injuries include:
Osgood-Schlatter's DiseasePain at the bump just below the knee cap (tibia tubercle). Overuse injuries commonly occur here. The tibia tubercle is the anchor point of your mighty quadriceps (thigh) muscles. It is because of excessive participation in running and jumping sports that the tendon pulls bone off and forms a painful lump that will remain forever. This type of injury responds to reduced activity and physiotherapy. More info: Osgood Schlatter's Disease
Sinding-Larsen-Johansson DiseasePain at the lower pole of the knee cap (patella). Overstraining causes Sinding-Larsen-Johansson disease. It is because of excessive participation in running and jumping sports that the tendon pulls bone off the knee cap. This type of injury responds to reduced activity and physiotherapy. More info: Sinding Larsen Johansson Syndrome
Anterior Knee PainAnterior knee pain or patellofemoral syndrome frequently gets passed off as growing pains. Cause of this pain includes overuse, muscle imbalance, poor flexibility, poor alignment, or more commonly, a combination of these. Anterior knee pain is one of the most challenging adolescent knee injuries to sort out and treat. Accurate diagnosis and treatment with the assistance of a physiotherapist with a particular interest in this problem usually resolves the condition quickly. More info: Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
Knee LigamentsThe cartilage between the leg bones have a better blood supply and are more elastic in adolescents than in adults. As adolescents near the end of bone growth, their injuries become more adult-like, hence more meniscal and ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) injuries are likely. MCL (medial collateral ligament) injuries result from a lateral blow to the knee. Pain felt on the inner side (medially) of the knee. MCL injuries respond well to protective bracing and conservative treatment. More info: Knee Ligament Injuries
ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) injuriesThis traumatic knee injury is significant. Non-contact injuries of the ACL are becoming more common than contact injuries of the ACL. Adolescent females are at high risk. Combination injuries with MCL or menisci are common. Surgical reconstruction is needed if the adolescent wishes to continue participating in "stop-and-start" sports. More info: ACL Injury
Meniscal injuriesYour meniscus is crescent-shaped cartilage between the thigh bone (femur) and lower leg bone (tibia). Meniscal injuries usually result from twisting. Swelling, catching, and locking of the knee are common. If physiotherapy treatment does not resolve these types of damages within six weeks, they may require arthroscopic surgery. More info: Meniscus Tear, Discoid Meniscus
Sever's DiseaseHeel pain is commonplace in young adolescents due to the stresses of their Achilles tendon pulling upon its bony insertion point on the heel (calcaneum). It is a common overuse injury as a result of excessive volume of training and competition, particularly when loads are increased dramatically in a short period. Diminished flexibility and muscle-tendon strength mismatching may predispose you. Physiotherapy, reduced activity, taping and orthotics are some of the best ways to manage this debilitating condition for the active young athlete. More info: Sever's Disease
Ankle SprainAn ankle sprain is probably the most common injury seen in sports. Ankles sprains involve stretching of the ligaments and usually occur when the foot twists inward. Treatment includes active rest, ice, compression and physiotherapy rehabilitation. An ankle sprain usually improves in 2-6 weeks with the correct treatment. Your ankle physiotherapist should check even simple ankle sprains. A residually stiff ankle post-sprain can predispose you to several other lower limb issues More info: Sprained Ankle
Patellar InstabilityPatellar (kneecap) instability can range from partial dislocation (subluxation) to dislocation with a fracture. Partial dislocation treatment is conservative. Dislocation with or without fracture is a much more severe injury and usually will require surgery. More info: Patella Dislocation
Osteochondritis DissecansThe separation of a piece of bone from its bed in the knee joint is Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD). This injury is usually due to one major macro event with repetitive macro trauma that prevents complete healing. This injury is potentially severe. Treatment varies from rest to surgery. An Orthopaedic Surgeon's opinion is vital. More info: Juvenile Osteochondritis Dissecans (JOCD)
Growth Plate FracturesA fracture through the growth plate can be a severe injury that can stop the bone from growing correctly. These fractures should be treated by an Orthopaedic Surgeon, as some will require surgery.
Image source: https://radiologyassistant.nl/pediatrics/hip/hip-pathology-in-childrenAn avulsion fracture occurs when a small segment of bone attached to a tendon or ligament gets pulled away from the main bone. The hip, elbow and ankle are the most common locations for lower limb avulsion fractures in the young sportsperson. Treatment of an avulsion fracture typically includes active rest, ice and protecting the affected area. This period of active rest is followed by controlled exercises that help restore range of motion, improve muscle strength and promote bone healing. Your physiotherapist should supervise your post-avulsion exercises. Most avulsion fractures heal very well. You may need to spend a few weeks on crutches if you have an avulsion fracture around your hip. An avulsion fracture to your foot or ankle may require a cast or walking boot. In rare cases, an excessive gap between the avulsed bone fragment and main bone may not rejoin naturally. Surgery may be necessary to reunite them. In children, avulsion fractures that involve the growth plates also might require surgery. All avulsion fractures should be reviewed and managed by your trusted physiotherapist or an Orthopaedic Surgeon. For more information regarding your youth sports injury, please consult your physiotherapist or doctor.
Common Youth Leg Injuries
Pelvis & Hip
- Osgood Schlatter's Disease
- Sinding Larsen Johannson Disease
- Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
- Patella Dislocation
- Meniscus Tear
- Discoid Meniscus
- Juvenile Osteochondritis Dissecans
Heel & Ankle
Common Youth & Teenager Sports InjuriesCommon Youth Neck & Back Pain Common Youth Arm Injuries
Article by P.XuAs we slowly start getting into the cooler seasons, many people will begin to notice sore joints waking up in the morning, or that movement has become stiff, or even headaches increasing in frequency or severity. Why is this? It turns out that cold weather can have a significant impact on your body’s tissues. Notably, the connective tissue gives our muscles and joints the ability to move as they do, called elastin. As the name suggests, elastin is one of the critical components that provide our joints and muscles with the ability to bend, stretch, and move as they need to get you through the day.
Common Stress Fracture Related Conditions
Spinal Stress Fractures
- Spondylolysis (Back Stress Fracture)
- Lumbar Stress Fractures (Cricket Fast Bowlers)
- Rib Stress Fracture
Lower Limb Stress Injuries
Sports Injury Management
You probably already know that a sports injury can affect not only your performance but also your lifestyle. The latest research continues to change sports injury management considerably. Our challenge is to keep up to date with the latest research and put them to work for you.
How we treated you last year could vary significantly to how we treat you this year. The good news is that you can benefit considerably from our knowledge.
What Should You Do When You Suffer a Sports Injury?
Rest from painful exercise or a movement is essential in the early injury stage. "No pain. No gain." does not apply in most cases. The rule of thumb is - don't do anything that reproduces your pain for the initial two or three days. After that, you need to get it moving, or other problems will develop.
Ice or Heat?
We usually recommend avoiding heat (and heat rubs) in the first 48 hours of injury. The heat encourages bleeding, which could be detrimental if used too early. In traumatic injuries, such as ligament sprains, muscle tears or bruising, ice should help reduce your pain and swelling.
Once the "heat" has come out of your injury, you can use heat packs. We recommend 20-minute applications a few times a day to increase the blood flow and hasten your healing rate. The heat will also help your muscles relax and ease your pain. If you're not sure what to do, please call us to discuss your situation specifically.
Should You Use a Compressive Bandage?
Yes. A compressive bandage will help to control swelling and bleeding in the first few days. In most cases, the compressive dressing will also help support the injury as you lay down the new scar tissue. This early healing should help to reduce your pain. Some injuries will benefit from more rigid support such as a brace or strapping tape. Please ask us if you are uncertain about what to do next.
Gravity will encourage swelling to settle at the lowest point. Elevation of an injury in the first few days is beneficial, especially for ankle or hand injuries. Think where your damage is and where your heart is. Try to rest your injury above your heart.
What Medication Should You Use?
Your Doctor or Pharmacist may recommend pain killers or an anti-inflammatory drug. It is best to seek their professional advice as certain medications can interfere with other health conditions, especially asthmatics.
When Should You Commence Physio?
In most cases, "the early bird gets the worm". Researchers have found that the intervention of physiotherapy treatment within a few days has many benefits. These include:
- Relieving your pain quicker via joint mobility techniques, massage and electrotherapy
- Improving your scar tissue using techniques to guide the direction it forms
- Getting you back to sport or work quicker through faster healing rates
- Loosening or strengthening of your injured region with individually prescribed exercises
- Improving your performance when you return to sport - we'll detect and help you correct any biomechanical faults that may affect your technique or predispose you to injury.
What If You Do Nothing?
Research tells us that injuries left untreated take longer to heal and have lingering pain. They are also more likely to recur and leave you with either joint stiffness or muscle weakness. It's important to remember that symptoms lasting longer than three months become habitual and are much harder to solve. The sooner you get on top of your symptoms, the better your outcome.
What About Arthritis?
Previously injured joints can prematurely become arthritic through neglect. Generally, there are four main reasons why you develop arthritis:
- An inappropriately treated previous injury (e.g. old joint or ligament sprains)
- Poor joint positioning (biomechanical faults)
- Stiff joints (lack of movement diminishes joint nutrition)
- Loose joints (excessive sloppiness causes joint damage through poor control)
What About Your Return to Sport?
Your physiotherapist will guide you safely back to the level of sport at which you wish to participate. If you need guidance, ask us.
What If You Need Surgery or X-rays?
Not only will your physio diagnose your sports injury and give you the "peace of mind" associated, but they'll also refer you elsewhere if that's what's best for you. Think about it. You could be suffering needlessly from a sports injury. Please use our advice to guide you out of pain quicker. And for a lot longer.
If you have any questions regarding your sports injury (or any other condition), please contact your physiotherapist to discuss. You'll find our friendly staff happy to point you in the right direction.
Acute Sports Injury Clinic
How to Best Care for Your Sports Injury?
There is never an excellent time for an injury. But we do know that most sports injuries occur over the weekend! That's why at PhysioWorks, we have established an Acute Sports Injury Clinic at a selection of our clinics on a Monday and Tuesday.
The acute sports injury consultation fee is significantly lower than a routine assessment and treatment consultation. In most cases, your private health will cover the full cost of your full acute injury physio assessment fee.
Why Use an Acute Sports Injury Clinic?
Your Acute Sports Injury Assessment Consultation allows us to provide you with:
- A quick and accurate diagnosis. One of our Sports Physiotherapist's or an experienced sports injury-focused Physiotherapist will confidently guide your new injury management.
- Early acute sports injury care, professional advice and education. What to do this week?
- Fast referral for X-rays, ultrasound or MRI scans to confirm your diagnosis.
- Prompt referral to Sports Physicians, GPs or Surgeons with whom we work if required.
- Immediate supply of walking boots, braces and rental crutches if needed.
- Low-cost professional service.
For more friendly advice or guidance, please call your nearest clinic to discuss your specific needs.
Why Should You Enjoy the PhysioWorks Difference?
Friendly & Caring Service
One thing that you'll notice about the PhysioWorks team is that they are very friendly and caring health professionals. We know that sometimes pain or injury can make you a little less tolerant, so we've trained our healthcare team always to greet and treat you like they would a family member or best friend.
Thorough & Unrushed
Everyone should be entitled to individualised professional care. That's why we book longer initial appointments to ensure that your unhurried first visit will include a thorough and individualised assessment of your injury or problem. This extra time allows us to discuss your short, medium and long-term goals and treatment options before commencing your rehabilitation.
You'll find that your PhysioWorks healthcare practitioner is not only a great listener but also an excellent treatment planner to focus on your efficient and effective treatment outcome. After all, that's why you have chosen to see us in the first place.
What is the Aim of Your Initial Consultation?
Because we do spend more time than most physiotherapists thoroughly assessing, by the completion of your initial consultation, we should be able to determine and inform you:
- What exactly is your problem
- Why you are experiencing pain or dysfunction etc
- What you can be doing to correct it
- How long it will most likely take to recover
- How to prevent a future recurrence
Your Tailored Treatment Plan
Your physiotherapist will design a specific treatment program specifically for you based upon your examination. Your treatment may include hands-on treatment, such as joint manipulation, mobilisation or massage. It will probably also include lots of helpful advice and home exercises. We'll also use other technology or treatment tools depending upon your needs.
Your treatment will vary depending upon your age, sex, sport, work requirements or lifestyle, so generic therapies tend to be effective than specifically targeted treatment plans.
As highly-trained exercise prescribers, your physiotherapist will usually instruct you on specific exercises and stretches to undertake at home to assist in your rapid recovery. We'll also offer you helpful advice to help ease your pain, such as the appropriate resting positions or whether to use heat or ice and precisely for how long.
The result is prompt pain reduction, quicker natural healing and your successful return to full activity, whether it be work or sport, as soon as possible.
How Long is Your Physiotherapy Appointment?
Allow at least one hour for your initial physiotherapy session. Subsequent treatments are usually 30 to 60 minutes in duration. Your physiotherapist will inform you if additional or less time is required. Complex or multiple regions may require a longer consultation. Our receptionist will happily book an appropriate appointment for your clinical needs.
Do You Need a Referral to Consult a Physiotherapist?
A doctor's referral is not required to see a physiotherapist in private practice unless you claim a work injury (e.g. Workcover), or some other insurance claims. Department of Veterans Affairs patients will require a doctor referral. If you have been involved in a motor vehicle accident or plan for your treatment to be funded by an insurance company, it is good practice to consult your GP for a referral.
What About Private Health Insurance?
A proportion of treatment costs is rebatable under all higher table private health insurance schemes. The private health insurance rebates do vary considerably depending upon your specific coverage.
What is HICAPS?
PhysioWorks is linked to the HICAPS electronic health fund system so you can instantly claim your rebate at the time of treatment. You'll need to present your health insurance card to our receptionist.
Acute Injury SignsAcute Injury Management. Here are some warning signs that you have an injury. While some injuries are immediately evident, others can creep up slowly and progressively get worse. If you don't pay attention to both types of injuries, chronic problems can develop. For detailed information on specific injuries, check out the injury by body part section.
Don't Ignore these Injury Warning Signs
Joint PainJoint pain, particularly in the joints of the knee, ankle, elbow and wrist, should never be ignored. Because these joints are not covered by muscle, pain here is rarely of muscular origin. Joint pain that lasts more than 48 hours requires a professional diagnosis.
TendernessIf you can elicit pain at a specific point in a bone, muscle or joint, by pressing your finger into it, you may have a significant injury. If the same spot on the other side of the body does not produce the same pain, you should probably see your health professional.
SwellingNearly all sports or musculoskeletal injuries cause swelling. Swelling is usually quite obvious and can be seen, but occasionally you may just feel as though something is swollen or "full" even though it looks normal. Swelling usually goes along with pain, redness and heat.
Reduced Range of MotionIf the swelling isn't obvious, you can usually find it by checking for a reduced range of motion in a joint. If there is significant swelling within a joint, you will lose range of motion. Compare one side of the body with the other to identify major differences. If there are any, you probably have an injury that needs attention.
WeaknessCompare sides for weakness by performing the same task. One way to tell is to lift the same weight with the right and left side and look at the result. Or try to place body weight on one leg and then the other. A difference in your ability to support your weight is another suggestion of an injury that requires attention.
Immediate Injury Treatment: Step-by-Step Guidelines
- Stop the activity immediately.
- Wrap the injured part in a compression bandage.
- Apply ice to the injured part (use a bag of crushed ice or a bag of frozen vegetables).
- Elevate the injured part to reduce swelling.
- Consult your health practitioner for a proper diagnosis of any serious injury.
- Rehabilitate your injury under professional guidance.
- Seek a second opinion if you are not improving.
Acute Injury Treatments
- Early Injury Treatment
- Acupuncture and Dry Needling
- Gait Analysis
- Biomechanical Analysis
- Proprioception & Balance Exercises
- Real Time Ultrasound Physiotherapy
- Soft Tissue Massage
- Dry Needling
- Electrotherapy & Local Modalities
- Heat Packs
- Joint Mobilisation Techniques
- Kinesiology Tape
- Physiotherapy Instrument Mobilisation (PIM)
- Running Analysis
- Stretching Exercises
- Supportive Taping & Strapping
- TENS Machine
- Video Analysis

domain: medical


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Film and tv reviews and celebrities - must-watch movies, Director frédéric tcheng pulls back the curtain on one of paris's most venerable fashion houses. by julie kosin.
Scary movie 5 (2013) - imdb, Imdb picks: april. visit our imdb picks section to see our recommendations of movies and tv shows coming out in april..
World war z (2013) - imdb, Directed by marc forster. with brad pitt, mireille enos, daniella kertesz, james badge dale. united nations employee gerry lane traverses the world in a race against.
Best trips 2013 -- national geographic, Great bear rainforest. photograph by paul nicklen, national geographic. canada’s fragile coastal wilderness. sometimes you can see both the forest and the trees..
Watch movie trailers | movie-list.com, Watch movie trailers, previews, teasers and tv spots for new and cl.ic movies. high definition flash and quicktime trailers from 1931 to the present..

domain: geography


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Nearly half-way through August and here is my first post ... it's been a very busy past month with work and personal matters. I did get a few things accomplished, and have a few things in the works to share with you soon.
- In July, I was guest-host on another episode of Catholic History with Charles Coulombe, this time chatting about "The Inquisition": http://www.blogtalkradio.com/restorationradio/2013/07/15/catholic-history-with-charles-coulombe-4-the-inquisition
- Also did a radio show on World War Z and the whole "zombie craze" in general: http://www.blogtalkradio.com/amdg/2013/06/26/swords-and-space-xiii-world-war-z-and-the-zombie-craze
- On 29 July we did have our big game of Twilight Imperium. I'm in the process of doing a short write-up. It was a blast and when I review TI, it will be the first board game reviewed worthy of the full 5/5 stars. Even the players new to boardgaming loved it so much that they refused to stop at the cut-off time we'd set, in order to do "one more turn".
- Also did a little bit of painting here-and-there of my Warhammer 40,000 stuff:

domain: hobby


Further consolidation of the rail industry is proposed to occur with the potential merger of Siemens‘ and Alstom’s railway products businesses. Their proposed merger follows the sale of GE’s rail business to Wabtec. Siemens, headquartered in Germany, is the largest industrial manufacturing company in Europe. Alstom is a French multinational company that is operating worldwide in rail transportation industries. The merger would create a European powerhouse in the railway industry. Both of these companies utilize additive manufacturing along with their regular manufacturing methods to improve on the way components are produced.
The Research & Development Tax Credit
Enacted in 1981, the federal Research and Development (R&D) Tax Credit allows a credit of up to 13 percent of eligible spending for new and improved products and processes. Qualified research must meet the following four criteria:
- New or improved products, processes, or software
- Technological in nature
- Elimination of uncertainty
- Process of experimentation
Eligible costs include employee wages, cost of supplies, cost of testing, contract research expenses, and costs associated with developing a patent. On December 18, 2015, President Obama signed the bill making the R&D Tax Credit permanent. Beginning in 2016, the R&D credit can be used to offset Alternative Minimum tax and startup businesses can utilize the credit against $250,000 per year in payroll taxes.
In 2015, Alstom had a conference that introduced additive manufacturing to its R&D department to help with rapid prototyping. Alstom has integrated 3D printing with prototyping various parts of a train such as the bogie; a bogie is a crucial part of a train that determines how much weight a carriage can bear. Additive manufacturing allows for the production of a single part that can replace several other parts. An example of such a part is an air vent that Alstom created by using polyamide, a flame retardant material. Alstom also likes the versatility of 3D printing; anything that can be made into a CAD model can be 3D printed from materials that range from flame retardant plastics to strong metals. Switching the materials used not only adds customization, but also serves the purpose of weight optimization. Christophe Eschenbrenner, Digital Supply Chain Manager at Alstom, introduced the idea of 3D printing spare parts to optimize time and money on a day to day basis. 3D printing spare parts solves two main challenges in the supply chain: the missing part situation; an essential piece of equipment would be missing which would lead to a train being stored in a depot, and the overstock situation, which would lead to cash being tied up as inventory builds rather than is consumed. Alstom believes that 3D printing is a rapidly advancing technology which is why they will continue to explore the integration of 3D printing into their business model.
3D printing opens up countless new opportunities for a manufacturing giant like Siemens. Siemens already has a full facility dedicated to producing 3D printed parts located in Erlangen, Germany. Siemens realize that 3D printing allows for a quick and cost-effective way to print components that are rarely replaced. Maximilian Kunkel, head of research and development at the facility, says, “We can produce complex parts without having to worry about minimum volumes or the cost of tools.” With additive manufacturing, components can be made within days instead of waiting weeks for the delivery of the same part. Siemens had a predicament where 3D printing was quite useful; streetcar (trolley) drivers wanted switches on the driver’s seat armrest for turn signals and switching rails but it simply was not cost-effective to manufacture these new armrests due to the volume that was required. 3D printing technology solved this problem by redesigning the current armrest to accommodate the new switches and printing the requested number of armrests in a timely fashion. Siemens is working on perfecting their 3D print process by creating CAD models, improving design and materials then conducting tests on the new products. Siemens believes that 3D printing allows them to stay several steps ahead of the competition.
The proposed Siemens and Alstom rail merger produces new opportunities, not only in the European industry but in the 3D printing industry as well. Siemens and Alstom are both experimenting with 3D printing and its various benefits to their respective business models. 3D printing allows for the rapid prototyping of various parts and leaves room for the improvement of products already in circulation. To date, Siemens and Alstom are only using additive manufacturing on small scale components but they believe the technology will evolve to a point where 3D printing will be viable at all points in their manufacturing process.
Discuss this and other 3D printing topics at 3DPrintBoard.com or share your thoughts below.
Charles Goulding and John Chin of R&D Tax Savers discuss the Siemens-Alstom merger.
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Based in Tampere, Finland
14 May, 2015
Knights of Pen & Paper 2 is a turn-based, retro style, pixel-art adventure full of danger, intrigue, death, and saving throws! Players assume the role of a group of teenagers, playing a classic pen & paper RPG to overcome dicey situations. As both party and game master, they get to assemble both their characters, and the challenges they will face. Select among mighty classes like Wizard, Thief or Warrior; proud races like Dwarf or Elf; and snark-slinging players like Goth, Lab Rat or Rocker. Choose quests and combat encounters, delve dungeons, craft powerful items and watch in horror as your muscle-packed barbarian rolls a one on his body check. Together, face the greatest threat the campaign world has ever faced: The new rules edition.
The first version of Knights of Pen & Paper was created by Behold Studios, released first in 2013. Since there has been the +1 Edition with new features and more recently the Haunted Falls Expansion. The latter was developed by Kyy Games and started a new collaboration between Kyy Games and Paradox Interactive.
- The ultimate role-playing simulation - again!
- Fully customizable party, from the players to the game room
- Expanded equipment- and crafting systems
- MJRPG-style, turn-based combat full of tactical options
- All-new campaign featuring dozens of pixel-art locations and bundles of side-quests
- Dynamically generated dungeon raids
PC Release Trailer YouTube
Release Feature Trailer YouTube
Announcement Teaser YouTube
60 FPS Gameplay Experience YouTube
Logo & Icon
For knights of discussion forum.paradoxplaza.com.
For knights who once went to University, or is it still used for that? facebook.com.
For all the little knight birds twitter.com.
Reporter of the knightly news twitter.com.
About Kyy Games
Kyy Games is an established games company from Tampere, Finland. They specialise in card, board and role-playing games. Their team is a perfect blend of industry veterans and new talents. As a small studio they are versatile, well organised and ambitious. Kyy Games are most well known for Knights of Pen & Paper 2, Trulon: The Shadow Engine, Trouserheart, Cabals: Magic & Battle Cards and Rimelands: Hammer of Thor.
More information on Kyy Games, our logo & relevant media are available here.
Knights of Pen & Paper 2 Credits
Producer, Lead Writer, Kyy Games
Lead Designer, Art, Additional Writing, Kyy Games
Lead Programmer, Additional Writing, Kyy Games
Programming, Kyy Games
Lead Artist, Freelancer
Art, Kyy Games
Art, Kyy Games
Additional Writing, Story Editor
Additional Writing, Kyy Games
Music and Sound, Freelancer
Original Knights Theme
QA, Kyy Games
QA, Kyy Games
Expansion Programming, Kyy Games
Expansion Additional Design, Kyy Games


Black Joe Lewis closing out 2011 @ the Double Door, touring w/ Flogging Molly (dates)
Black Joe Lewis & The Honey Bears
Texas blues band Black Joe Lewis & The Honey Bears are currently touring their way to Chicago, for a New Year's Eve performance at the Double Door. Support will come from the Soul Summit DJs and tickets (which include an open bar) are still available. The group have had a great year so far, which included the release of their Jim Eno-produced LP Scandalous, a tour with Sharon Jones, and an appearance at Fun Fun Fun Fest.
They'll keep the momentum going, when they join up with Flogging Molly for some dates in mid-February. The two bands will hit Chicago's massive Aragon Ballroom (where The National just played) on February 18th. Tickets just went on sale last weekend.
Head below for all 2011/12 tour dates, and some videos..
BLACK JOE LEWIS & THE HONEYBEARS - 2011/12 TOUR DATES
Fri Dec 09, 2011 - Marrickville, NSW - The Factory Theatre
Sat Dec 10, 2011 - Meredith, VIC - Meredith Music Festival
Sun Dec 11, 2011 - Oakleigh, VIC - Caravan Music Club
Tue Dec 13, 2011 - St Kilda, Melbourne, VIC - Prince Bandroom
Sat Dec 31, 2011 - Chicago, IL - Double Door w/ Soul Summit DJs
Fri Feb 17, 2012 - Detroit, MI - The Fillmore Detroit *
Sat Feb 18, 2012 - Chicago, IL - Aragon Ballroom *
Sun Feb 19, 2012 - Cleveland, OH - House of Blues *
Tue Feb 21, 2012 - Boston, MA - House of Blues *
Wed Feb 22, 2012 - New York, NY - Hammerstein Ballroom *
Fri Feb 24, 2012 - Silver Spring, MD - The Fillmore *
Sat Feb 25, 2012 - N. Myrtle Beach, SC - House of Blues *
Sun Feb 26, 2012 - Charlotte, NC - The Fillmore Charlotte *
Tue Feb 28, 2012 - Asheville, NC - Orange Peel *
Wed Feb 29, 2012 - Lake Buena Vista, FL - House Of Blues *
* w/ Flogging Molly


This cable is used for connecting a Regular Molex IDE power connector to power a CPU / Chassis / Case Fan with 3 / 4pins connector.
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4/5PCS 4 Pin IDE to 3 Pin Computer CPU/Case Fan Power Connector Cable Adapter


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IBPS Clerk Prelims 2020 Admit Card Released @ibps.in - Check Steps to Download
NEW DELHI: Institute of Banking Personnel Selection released the IBPS Clerk prelims 2020 admit card in online mode on the official website - ibps.in. The IBPS Clerk prelims admit card 2020 can be downloaded by using necessary login credentials that is registration number and password. Candidates can download their IBPS Clerk 2020 admit card till December 5, 2020. Candidates are advised to follow the government guidelines of social distancing to lower the risk of coronavirus at the IBPS clerk exam centre.
IBPS Clerk 2020: Important Dates
Start and end date to register for IBPS Clerk 2020 exam
September 2- September 23, 2020
Download of call letters for Online examination of IBPS Clerk 2020 – Preliminary
November 20, 2020
IBPS Clerk Preliminary exam
December 5, 12 and 13
Announcement of IBPS result 2020
December 31, 2020
Release of admit card for mains exam of IBPS Clerk 2020
January 12, 2021
IBPS Clerk Mains Exam
January 24, 2021
April 1, 2021
IBPS Clerk 2020 Prelims admit card - Steps to Download
Candidates can check below the steps to download IBPS Clerk admit card 2020
Visit the official website of the IBPS
Click on the link for the IBPS Clerk Prelims admit card 2020 on the homescreen.
Choose your preferred language for IBPS Clerk Prelims 2020 Admit Card.
Fill the registration number/roll number and birth date/password.
Fill the Captcha code that the screen shows.
Tap the 'Login' button.
The IBPS Clerk 2020 Admit card will be available on the computer screen.
Download the prelims admit card of IBPS Clerk 2020 and print it out for future reference.
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It is mandatory to check that all the details available on the IBPS Clerk admit card 2020 are correct. If not, contact the conducting authority
IBPS Clerk 2020 Prelims Exam Day Guidelines:
At the IBPS Clerk 2020 exam centre, it is compulsory to carry IBPS Clerk 2020 prelims admit card along with a valid photo-identity proof.
Wearing a mask and gloves is mandatory at the examination centre.
Applicants need to carry a personal sanitizer , a pen and a clear water bottle.
Students are allowed into the exam centre after testing their status on the Aarogya Setu App.
With the AArogya Setu app, moderate or risk assessments are not allowed.
The thermal guns at the entrance are used to monitor the candidates' temperature.
Candidates with body temperatures higher than normal or symptoms of coronavirus are not allowed.
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Visit the official website
Click on ‘Forgot Password’ available on the login page.
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Candidates will get their password on their email id.
More about IBPS Clerk:
IBPS conducts the recruitment exam every year to recruit the IBPS Clerk and PO in different banks. The IBPS Clerk exam will be conducted in three phases- prelims and mains along with a language proficiency test. Candidates need to secure cut off marks to get qualified at each stage of IBPS Clerk recruitment exam.
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Welcome! Reading, Writing, and Regency combines my interests as a reader, as an author, as a teacher, and as an amateur historian who's always been intrigued by the English Regency period (1811-1820). Come on in, pour yourself a cup of virtual tea, and let's have a chat!
Wednesday, March 7, 2012
Starting Them Young
My eight-year-old granddaughter, reading her very first romance novel (my sweet traditional contemporary, The Takeover Bid -- chosen because it includes a dog named Scruffy and no actual love scenes). I'll keep you posted about how she likes it!


Baum Blvd. Pizza Hut Robbed
Pittsburgh Police Called To Bloomfield Area
An armed robbery at gunpoint was reported Monday morning at Pizza Hut in the Bloomfield/North Oakland area.
Pittsburgh police were called to the restaurant on Baum Boulevard at about 10:30 a.m.
Scanner traffic indicated that the robber wore a mask, hoodie and jeans, and fled in the direction of a Mercedes-Benz dealership across the street.
No injuries were reported.
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GEB to Help Tiny Companies Access Funds
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After nearly a decade in gestation, the Chinese second board, or the Growth Enterprises Board, has got regulatory approval.
Although the securities regulator has yet to disclose a timetable for its launch, it issued a road map last week laying down, for the first time, the rules and procedures that will help in the unveiling of the NASDAQ-style board.
The idea of a NASDAQ-like market on the mainland was first mooted in the mid-1990s. After a few false starts, it was put on the back burner and nearly forgotten until 2007, when the stock markets boomed. The buoyancy led to increased demand, by many private sector entrepreneurs, for an appropriate channel to raise funds directly from the investment public.
Indeed, quite a few private sector enterprises, especially those in the technology sector, had successfully obtained listings on the NASDAQ or the growth enterprise market in Hong Kong.
Despite fervent discussions over setting up such a market on the mainland, the regulator was widely perceived as taking a decidedly slow approach to its formation, until now.
GEB came back into the reckoning in August 2007 when the country's State Council approved a plan to develop a multi-level capital market system.
In March 2008, Shang Fulin, chairman of the China Securities Regulatory Commission, said the regulator would "try to roll out the GEB in the first half" of that year. A few days later, on March 22, the CSRC released draft regulations for the GEB and began to solicit public feedback. But the early days of the US mortgage crisis forced the regulator to take a cautious approach.
This year, as China's proactive monetary and fiscal policies started to yield results, things looked different for the establishment of a second board. Since the beginning of the year, the country's benchmark Shanghai Composite Index has rallied by over 30 percent despite occasional hiccups, catapulting the Chinese stock market to second place after Peru among the best performing stock markets in the world.
To be sure, the country's capital market is more mature than what it was 10 years ago, and investors and VC firms are keen to invest in the country now than before. Coupled with the recovery of the stock market, the GEB launch roadmap comes at a time when meeting the funding needs of many cash-strapped private sector enterprises has become an integral part of the government's stimulus efforts.
According to China Association of Small and Medium Enterprises, SMEs account for 99.8 percent of the country's companies, and contribute about 60 percent to the GDP and offer 75 percent of all manufacturing jobs. However, only 2 percent of the capital raised by SMEs comes from direct financing. Most of it is from banking loans and other lenders.
(China Daily April 10, 2009)


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August 2019. Toxic and explosive gases detection.
The region of Rio Tinto in southern Spain has an acid and harsh environment similar to Mars environment, which fascinates scientists, both geochemically and mineralogically. It is because the type of minerals we find here also exist there.
The Tinto river is a coastal river that runs along the province of Huelva, in Andalusia. Since ancient times, along the river, copper, silver, gold and other minerals have been extracted. It is notable for being very acidic (pH 2) and its deep reddish hue is due to the dissolution of iron in water. Acid mine drainage causes serious environmental problems due to high concentrations of metals in the river.
For one of the new chemical plants in Rio Tinto, DURTOX-X 4-20mA detectors, with exproof and plastic enclosure for the detection of SO2 and CL2 has been installed. DURTEX HC PRO 4-20mA detectors for H2 detection have also been installed. Both designed and manufactured by Durán Electrónica.

domain: chemistry


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Penny is a registered Naturopathic Nutritional Therapist, Nutrigenetic Counsellor, Kinesiologist and Sound Therapist with an absolute passion for helping others on their own journey toward whole, lifelong, optimal health. Penny's own wellness story began 18 years ago, when her partner was diagnosed with Ulcerative Colitis, a painful, inflammatory condition affecting the bowel. During his stay in hospital, medical staff told Penny's partner that he could eat whatever he wanted, including foods from the nearby McDonalds.
At the time Penny had no nutritional training, but somehow this advice just didn't seem right. A family friend suggested consulting a Nutritional Therapist, and that experience turned out to be a light-bulb moment for both Penny and her partner, and set Penny on a path that culminated in her qualification as a Registered Nutritional Therapist in March 2014 and Nutrigenetic Counsellor in February 2015.
Along the way, Penny has experienced first and second hand the incredible natural healing power of the human body, when it is nourished and supported in the right ways. Above all, Penny learned the importance of individualistic care. Nutritional advice must be precisely tailored to not only the individual’s physical concerns, but also be mindful of their time and financial resources.
As such, Penny's approach is 100% client centred. When meeting a new client, Penny draws a full picture; considering their mind, body and spirit, physical and social environment factors, right down to their genetic makeup and family history.
Penny firmly believes that our bodies are always striving for optimal health (even although it may not always appear this way!), and are simply doing the best they can with the resources available. Penny's mission is to assist your body on its own journey toward optimal health, by identifying imbalances and deficiencies, and advising how to provide the body with the resources it needs to do what it does best; to heal and to thrive.


UAE: Up to Dh50,000 fine, jail for violating children's rights
Emirati Children's Day: All you need to know about the laws on raising kids in the UAE.
The UAE has a zero tolerance approach when it comes to anything that violates children's rights.
With the country celebrating the Emirati Children's Day today, March 15, the UAE Public Prosecution has explained the laws and penalties governing child welfare.
The UAE had adopted the Child Protection Law - popularly known as the Wadeema Law - in 2016. It is named after Wadeema, an eight-year-old Emirati girl who was brutally tortured to death by her father and another suspect in 2012.
The law - which covers children of UAE nationals as well as those of expats - lays out the legal rights of minors. It is designed to protect children from birth to puberty from a variety of forms of abuse, including physical, verbal and psychological.
According to provisions of the law, it is prohibited to subject a child to torture. Violators face imprisonment and fines of up to Dh50,000.
According to the official website of the UAE Government, the law stresses that all children must be provided with appropriate living standards, access to health services, education, equal opportunities in essential services and facilities without any kind of discrimination.
“The law protects children against all forms of negligence, exploitation, physical and psychological abuses,” the website says.
In addition, smoking in public and private vehicles and indoor facilities where children are present is also prohibited under the law.
“The law allows childcare specialists to remove children from their homes against parents' wishes and without judicial permission in cases of imminent danger. In less severe cases, specialists may intervene by visiting the child regularly, providing social services and mediating a solution between the family and the child,” the UAE Government website says.
“Those who put children in danger, abandon them, neglect them, leave them without supervision, do not enroll them in school or register them upon their birth will be subject to a prison sentence or a fine or both. The law applies to all children up to the age of 18.”
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Residents of tambon Uthai Sawan in Nong Bua Lam Phu’s Na Klang district are making steady progress in their recovery following the Oct 6 mass shooting which claimed 37 lives, the Ministry of Public Health said on Thursday.
As of Thursday, six victims of the shooting — three adults and three children — remain in hospital, all of whom are now recuperating from their physical injuries and psychological trauma, said the permanent secretary of public health, Opas Karnkawinpong.
“The children have fully regained consciousness. One of them can even walk on his own again,” Dr Opas said, noting the other two are currently undergoing physical rehabilitation to regain muscle strength and physical mobility.
Two of the adult victims have been taken off ventilators, though the third victim still requires breathing assistance due to severe neck injuries, he said.
Meanwhile, about 98% of the 345 people who either witnessed the Oct 6 mass shooting and/or lost a relative in the incident have received psychological counselling, said director-general of the Department of Mental Health, Amporn Benjapornpitak.
Dr Amporn the department is actively monitoring them for signs of post-traumatic stress disorder and pledged to continue providing mental health support for victims and their relatives.
The department is still trying to reach out to over 5,600 people who may have been psychologically affected by the shooting. As of Thursday, the department’s health volunteers have managed to reach out to about 400 of them, she said.
And as the new school term is due to begin next month, the mental health teams deployed in these affected communities now hope to assist the residents cope with the aftermath of the shooting while preparing to get their children back to school, the department director-general said.
“A smile on their children’s faces will help ease the victims’ worries, which could help them relax once again,” Dr Amporn said.
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Monday, February 19th, 2018
Photo by Tom Stankard/The Daily Standard
Grand Lake Christian Eagles manager Matt Jutte, right, and players, from left, Kale Menchhofer, Ben Homan, Zach Olson and AJ Humbert react to a teammate's made shot against the Bowling Green Christian Lions during the Independent Christian Schools of Ohio Athletic Conference state basketball tournament at St. Joseph School in Wapakoneta.
Additional pictures on this date
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3 days from Agadir: To the desert of Erg Chigaga
An individualized and comfortable private tour. From Agadir you will pass the valley of Sous and reach the desert and the big dunes of Erg Chigaga; you will experience a full day trekking with the dromedaries in the desert and 2 overnights in our comfortable desert camp.
Itinerary: Agadir – valley of Sous - Taroudant - Tazenakth - Foum Zguid - Lac Iriqui - Erg Chigaga – Lac Iriqui – Foum Zguid – Tazenakth – Taroudant – Agadir
Type of tour: Private and guided off-road tour and dromedary excursion in the desert.
Min. participants/max. participants: from 2 participants; maximum 6 participants in Jeep
Duration of the tour: 3 days and 2 nights with half board
Departure: from your Agadir Hotel
Arrival: to your Agadir Hotel
Individual starting dates, all over the year
Agadir –Sous Valley - Taroudant - Tazenakth - Foum Zguid - Lake Iriqui - Erg Chigaga
We set out from Agadir and travel inland passed Taroudant and into the Sous Valley. Notorious for images of goats balanced high in Argan trees. Once through the valley we hook into the old Dakar rally track passing through the dried up salt lake of Iriqui. Just past the lake the western tip of the Sahara is found. Erg Chigaga – an amazing series of golden desert dunes stretching for 40 km and reaching a maximum height of 300 meters. Here, you can admire the sunset amid the dunes. The typical nomad hospitality awaits us here in our tented camp, surrounded by the dunes of the Sahara, with the ritual welcome with mint tea, a traditional nomad dinner with music and a bonfire and overnight accommodation in a private nomad tent.
Trekking with dromedaries to the dunes of Erg Chigaga
The Erg Chigaga sunrise is certainly something you don’t want to miss, the golden light bounces across the dunes in a truly magnificent fashion. After breakfast our day with the dromedaries begins. Gliding through the dunes sitting atop a dromedary is a marvelous experience. After a few hours of trekking through the dunes you will arrive at a stand of Tamarind trees. Here in the shade our guides will cook a traditional nomadic lunch of kebabs and fresh bread. From here we pass back through the dunes towards camp where you can enjoy a peaceful sunset and enjoy a wonderful dinner and tea.
Lake of Iriki – fossil mountain – Tazenakht – Taroudant – Agadir
After breakfast, we continue on our journey along the old Paris-Dakar Rally track. Passing once again through the dried up salt lake of Iriki to a truly unique mountain of fossils. Once back in the pavement we journey to Tazenakht. Here we will stop for lunch and have another golden opportunity to collect some of the rugs Morocco is world famous for. This region is known for producing the finest woven rugs. This is your chance to buy them straight from the source, the quality simply cannot be overstated. From here we travel back towards Agadir arriving in the evening.
- Private transport in an air-conditioned Landcruiser (Minivan)
- English speaking driver/guide
- Pick up and drop-off at your Riad/Hotel Agadir
- The opportunity to ask a driver to stop when and where you wish
- Free time to explore the places for walks and photo stop
- 2 overnight in private comfortable tent in our desert camp in the Erg Chigaga dunes with breakfast and dinner
- the trekking with dromedaries and local guide in the desert with picnic for lunch
- sandboarding and berber drumming
- tea, coffee and mineral water in the desert camp
- Remaining lunch
- Personal expenses
- Entrance fees

domain: travel


The City of Kenora is hoping to proceed with another phase of Downtown Revitalization.
The next section to be completed is 1st Street South and Chipman Street.
Mayor Dave Canfield says they kind of changed their focus after they were able to do a property swap for the old Kenwood Hotel.
"The intent was eventually do the whole downtown. With the purchase of that property now, that has changed it where we can actually align those streets. And with the swap with the old Kenwood Hotel, that property...gives us the opportunity to go straight through to First Street."
City council has agreed to submit a funding application to both FedNor and the Northern Ontario Heritage Fund for one million dollars each.
The total project would be about 5.5 million dollars.


sheepsfoot roller[′shēps‚fu̇t ‚rōl·ər]
A cylindrical steel drum to which knob-headed spikes are fastened; used for compacting earth. Also known as tamping roller.
sheepsfoot roller, tamping roller
A self-propelled or towed drum-like roller with projecting studs that penetrate the surface of the ground; used to obtain deep compaction of fill material; esp. effective for compaction of clay soils. (See illustration p. 880.)


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A political group, Senator Oluremi Tinubu Movement, at the weekend took the 2023 Children’s Day celebration to the Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) Camp in Kuchigoro, Abuja, and distributed writing materials and other gifts to over 2,000 children.
Speaking on the sidelines of the event, the Director General of the movement, Ghazali Abdulazeez, said the event was aimed at encouraging children at the IDP camp to get educated.
He said, “Our focus is not just for in-school kids; our focus is also on out-of-school children, and we are committed to push for community service. They deserve to be educated. We are not here to give them food. When you eat food. The best that can be given to the children is education; that is why we are here.
“We are a self-sponsored organisation. We intended to support 500 IDPs, but when the information got to the incoming first lady, Senator Oluremi Tinubu, she supported the movement.
- Buhari orders return of Obalende Eid ground to Lagos Muslims
- Afenifere, Obi, PANDEF, others criticise Buhari’s farewell speech
“Therefore, we are celebrating with over 2,000 children here. She supported us with items for over 1,500 children.”

domain: sociology