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- Inflation may fall to 5.2 pc next fiscal on normal rains, ease in supplies: RBI report
- Navratan SIP on Zee Business: Buy Avanti Feeds Limited Share - Check price target
- Govt to set up 100 5G labs to promote innovation: IT Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw
- Indian Railways' 148 trains fully cancelled; Duronto rescheduled, Humsafar Express diverted - Check IRCTC refund rule
- Further rate hike to hit real estate sector badly, says realtors' body Credai
BSE issues cyber security advisory
Leading stock exchange BSE has asked market entities to take preventive measures to protect their information systems from dreaded cyber attacks, which has impacted companies across the globe.
Recently, a slew of dreaded cyber attacks like WannaCry, Petya and Locky Ransomware have impacted the computer systems worldwide.
"Increased cyber security risk is a direct consequence of the digital world we live in, where computing devices, online networks and technology infrastructure are becoming integral to our daily lives. Modern financial systems also operate and depend heavily on these same networks and infrastructure.
"Financial institutions operate critical payment and settlement systems and maintain sensitive customer information. Given the recent complex attacks on information systems, it has become even more relevant and closer to home that end users, market intermediaries and investors are in tune with the cyber threats," BSE said in a notice.
In order to prevent infection, BSE has advised users and organisations to update their Windows software, check security solutions and ensure they have backup in place.
It also advised users to refrain from clicking on suspicious emails and regularly update the security patches on their PCs. Besides, antivirus updates need to be pushed to all end-users and servers.
"In case of any suspicious activities or have been breached, do not attempt to fix on your own, report the incident as soon as possible to the IT helpline numbers. It is important that you cooperate and provide as much as details to the technician attending to you," the exchange said.
Noting that "malwares/viruses/trojans/worms/ransomware" has brought extortion to a global scale, BSE has abstained users from paying any ransom.
(This article has not been edited by Zeebiz editorial team and is auto-generated from an agency feed.)
Get Latest Business News, Stock Market Updates and Videos; Check your tax outgo through Income Tax Calculator and save money through our Personal Finance coverage. Check Business Breaking News Live on Zee Business Twitter and Facebook. Subscribe on YouTube.

domain: finance


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The Metropolitan Transportation Authority has introduced a new program in hopes of making bus service faster and safer.
Bus drivers and transit advocates joined outside the MTA Headquarters (2 Broadway, New York) to call for all-door boarding.
Brooklyn bus driver James Fuller said he has been assaulted and spat at for asking someone to get off his bus. “We have to divide our attention between a possible assault and driving down the road,” Fuller said.
New Select Bus Service routes have customers pay at a sidewalk kiosk and allow them to enter at any door. Beth Childs takes it from the Upper East Side to Lower Manhattan. She said it has “has cut probably 20 minutes off that trip.”
As the MTA prepares to choose a contractor for so-called mobile ticketing, advocates say ticket readers could be placed at all bus doors.
(Guest article by Ken Kinlock)
Missouri’s bid to land Amazon includes a bold initiative that would connect St. Louis & Kansas City in under 30 minutes.
Economic Development officials are touting a plan that would create “an innovation corridor” that would connect both metropolitan areas with technology being developed by Hyperloop One.
If built, the plan would include a stop in Columbia.
The Hyperloop One concept would connect St. Louis to Kansas City in approximately 24 minutes, and would include a high-speed tube that would transport both passengers and freight.
A feasibility study funded by private money is already underway.
According to officials, Amazon employees would have the option to live and work in different cities throughout the state.
In addition to the state proposal, economic development officials say they will support plans being submitted by St. Louis & Kansas City.
State officials will not publicly disclose incentives, subsidies or tax breaks being offered to Amazon.
Proposals to land Amazon second headquarters are due today.
Amazon officials say the winning bid will mean 5 billion dollars in investment and upwards of 50,000 new jobs.
St. Clair County Board Chairman Mark Kern said, “This is the first time i can remember Missouri and Illinois working in unison on a Mississippi river development project. that is a big first. it’s a visionary proposal.”
Guest article by Ken Kinlock
Over the years we covered the historic “ALPHABET ROUTES”
More recently there has been a lot of activity in creating a “New England Gateway”. Because it involves several railroads, we will call it an “alphabet route”.
Before then, rail freight into and out of New England had been mostly Conrail (now CSX) or Guilford. Another route exists that avoids these carriers.
A test train has run to Johnson City, New York (January 2006). This coal train moved via the New England Gateway Route (P&W-NECR-VRS-D&H-NS)
“P&W” Providence & Worcester Railroad (the Providence and Worcester Railroad has joined the Genesee & Wyoming family of railroads)
“NECR” New England Central Railroad
“VRS” Vermont Rail System
“D&H” Canadian Pacific Railway (was Delaware & Hudson once)
“NS” Norfolk Southern
A coal ship arrived at Providence, Rhode Island and was unloaded to a 50-car train.
The train travels to Worcester, Massachusetts, then to New London, Connecticut on the P&W.
It switches to the NECR for travel, back through Norwich, Connecticut then Palmer, Massachusetts, to Bellows Falls, Vermont.
At Bellows Falls, it is picked up by VRS and heads to Whitehall, Vermont.
From Whitehall, D&H takes it thru Saratoga, Schenectady and Oneonta to Binghampton.
NS carries it the last leg to Johnson City.
The route has varied, the owners have varied; but this is the basic “sketch” of the route.

domain: news


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"ITC Chef 5 Star Kitchen Season 2" is the second season of the show that was telecasted on Star Plus. The show revolves around the concept of food and the art of cooking. The first season soon gained popularity after its initial release and received a good rating, leading to the second season's formation. The first episode of the first season was broadcasted on 22nd May 2020, and the season itself had a total of 12 episodes, followed by the second season. The show comprises talented ITC chefs who showcase their culinary skills on the television in front of the audience.
They show how we can make tasty, mouth-watering dishes that are to be remembered by the taste buds forever. The show focuses on experimenting with food and teaching young people how to improve their cooking skills and what recipes they can try the next time they enter a kitchen to make something. Overall, the audience liked the show for its authentic dishes and easy procedures of making cuisines that would surely make any stomach rumble with happiness at the fragrance of the food.
MORE SERIALS & SHOWS
LATEST MOVIE REVIEWS

domain: food


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Write a 1,200- to 1,500-word executive summary explaining the implementation process of the health care policy your team chose in Week Two.Include the following: •A brief description of the policy •A summary of your literature reviewA justification for the policy
•The implementation process of the policy ◦Identifylegislative committees and explain the role they play in this policymaking process. •How this health care policy affects the com My portion: Intro to Executive Summary and explain how the health care financing policy affects the community.
Click here to order this paper @Superbwriters.com. The Ultimate Custom Paper Writing Service

domain: medical


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Stefan Hessel, a student of CISPA researcher Prof. Sorge, has expressed legal concerns on the children’s doll “My friend Cayla” in his
article (in German)
claiming Cayla should be considered a “concealed transmitting device”, illegal according to the German law. He alerted the German Federal Network Agency (Bundesnetzagentur) issuing a warning and finally forbidding its import, distribution, and even ownership. While Cayla looks like a regular doll, the smart toy can connect to the internet to communicate interactively. If the doll is hacked, hackers can listen and even speak to the child playing with the doll via a bluetooth device inside the toy that lacks any security features. Via its microphone, communication can be transmitted to third-parties, while it is not even obvious when the toy is actually listening and transmitting.
Saarland University has published a Press Release .
List of selected articles/news:


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Webinar 2022: Mushrooms and Gut Health
Dr. Veronica Mak has invited Prof. Kwan Hoi Shan, to share the health benefits of mushrooms in relation to gut microbiome. This webinar will discuss the following: (1) What are mushrooms? (2) Mushrooms cultivation, (3) Mushrooms health benefits, (4) Gut microbiome affects our health, (5) Probiotics and prebiotics, and (6) Mushroom health benefits by gut microbiome modulation.
16 June, 2022
Zoom Meeting Link
The talk will be conducted in Cantonese.


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Tell us a little bit about yourself and your life. Not necessarily music-related!
Hi! I’m a 25 year old Saxophonist from Hertfordshire, currently finishing off my Masters study at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. As well as playing with Nevis Ensemble, I’ve also played with Street Orchestra Live and Wyatt Sinfonia. In my spare time, I’m also a competitive gamer, and a European Regional Champion at the Pokémon Video Game!
How did you first get into music?
I went to an open morning for a secondary school in my area when I was 9 or 10, they had a big band and I fell in love with the Saxophone Soloist, so decided that’s what I wanted to do, and I’ve not wavered from that dream since!
What made you decide that music would be an important part of your life?
I was 18, and I’d auditioned for Conservatoires and been turned down by all the places I auditioned to- I was on a bit of a knife edge and after a couple of months of thinking, I decided that music was important and what I wanted to do, so I went for it (and I got in that time round!)
What has been your musical highlight so far?
Playing to a packed Barbican Hall in London with Garage stars such as DJ Spoony, Kele Le Roc and Elizabeth Troy. You don’t get over 2000 screaming people very easily!
Who are your favourite composers/artists/musicians?
Graham Fitkin, Takahashi Yoshimatsu, Gavin Bryars.
What do you anticipate for the Nevis Ensemble?
I always enjoy playing music, and having fun with a group of likeminded people- here’s to more good times, and good music!

domain: hobby


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Brand New, Unread Copy in Perfect Condition. A+ Customer Service! Summary: Looks at what the American Revolution meant to ordinary soldiers who fought in it. Codice inventario libreria
What did the American Revolution mean to the ordinary soldiers who fought in it? Were they inspired by high-minded ideals of liberty and democracy, or were they seeking the material and practical rewards?bounties, land, and political advancement?that victory might bring them? We know much about the philosophical positions expressed by America?s Founding Fathers, but the common people did not necessarily share the Founders? ideas. The Soldiers? Revolution looks to those who took up arms in Pennsylvania to reveal the rich tapestry of local interests that led a nation to war.
Many rank-and-file Revolutionaries left behind records of their experiences?everything from letters and journals to pension applications and loyalist claims. These records bring to light the soldiers? widely ranging ideas and opinions about the war, about themselves, about the enemy, and about the American nation. In Pennsylvania enlisted men defined their communities through various local interests. This general localism was, ironically, one of the few shared popular Revolutionary ideals. Moreover, the experience of military violence was critical in defining broader ideologies of citizenship that contributed to ideas of an emerging American identity?an identity that privileged white men above Indians, African Americans, and women. "Tories," meanwhile, were forced to shed their local perspectives and embrace other ideas in keeping with imperial interests.
The Soldiers? Revolution offers us a rare glimpse into the everyday world of the American Revolution. We see how the common experience of war drew soldiers together as they began the long process of forging an identity for a fledgling nation.
Gregory T. Knouff is Assistant Professor of History at Keene State College in New Hampshire. He has contributed chapters to two Penn State Press books: Beyond Philadelphia: The American Revolution in the Pennsylvania Hinterland (1998) and Friends and Enemies in Penn's Woods (forthcoming).
Condizione libro: New
Descrizione libro Pennsylvania State University Pr, 2003. Hardcover. Condizione libro: Good. Item may show signs of shelf wear. Pages may include limited notes and highlighting. Includes supplemental or companion materials if applicable. Access codes may or may not work. Connecting readers since 1972. Customer service is our top priority. Codice libro della libreria mon0000601087
Descrizione libro Pennsylvania State Univ Pr, 2003. Hardcover. Condizione libro: Used: Good. Codice libro della libreria SONG027102335X
Descrizione libro Penn State University Press. Hardcover. Condizione libro: VERY GOOD. little to no wear, pages are clean. The cover and binding are crisp with next no creases. Codice libro della libreria 2725252545
Descrizione libro Penn State University Press, 2003. Hardcover. Condizione libro: Very Good. Condizione sovraccoperta: Very Good. Bump to top of spine, otherwise text clean and tight; 9.10 X 5.90 X 1 inches; 336 pages. Codice libro della libreria 178922
Descrizione libro Condizione libro: Good. Book Condition: Good. Codice libro della libreria 97802710233594.0
Descrizione libro PENN ST. Condizione libro: New. New Hardcover. 1st Edition Ships same or next day. Expedited shipping takes 2-3 business days; standard shipping takes 4-14 business days. Codice libro della libreria UNT-074-415
Descrizione libro Condizione libro: New. This item is Print on Demand - Depending on your location, this item may ship from the US or UK. Codice libro della libreria POD_9780271023359
Descrizione libro Condizione libro: Very Good. Book Condition: Very Good. Codice libro della libreria 97802710233593.0
Descrizione libro Pennsylvania State Univ Pr, 2003. Hardcover. Condizione libro: New. Codice libro della libreria DADAX027102335X
Descrizione libro The Pa. State Univ. Press, 2004. Hard Cover. Condizione libro: As New. Condizione sovraccoperta: As New. Pennsylvanians in Arms and the forging of early American identity. 312 pp. The volume offers a rare glimpse into the everyday world of the American Revolution and how the common experience of war drew soldiers together. Scarce title. Codice libro della libreria 36621

domain: library


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For Rent €9,000 Per Month - House, Villa
Aphrodite Hills is a coastal resort in Cyprus located in the Pafos district. It is named after the goddess Aphrodite and the resort is only one mile away from Aphrodite’s Rock.
The resort is built on two elevated plateaus divided by a natural ravine. The resort has many features of a Mediterranean town; Greco-Roman architecture is prominent, locally quarried stone is used in buildings and the town square has a market, restaurants, souvenir shops, a chapel, fragrant gardens, splashing fountains and an art gallery. The resort also has a spa, golf course, and leisure facilities. Most of the landscaping vegetation and development in the resort has been planned in advance, and as a result, the resort is spacious and lacks the typical sprawl and density of most villages in Cyprus.

domain: travel


J VINTEN JAZZ
INTRODUCING J VINTEN JAZZ – A SOLO JAZZ PIANIST OR JAZZ DUO OR TRIO AVAILABLE IN LONDON, SURREY AND SUSSEX FOR YOUR EVENT.
J Vinten Jazz spent his early and formative years touring and travelling with seasoned professionals such as George Melly. As pianist with George for over 10 years, he toured extensively, both at home and abroad, and made numerous TV and Radio Performances (Noel’s House Party, This is Your Life). He also performed a month-long Christmas Season at Ronnie Scott’s for ten years.
J Vinten Jazz has been a featured guest on tours in Germany, Switzerland, France and the US, including performances at the Los Angeles Classic Jazz Festival as well as the prestigious Nice Jazz Festival.
With his trio he has held residencies at The Grand Hotel in Brighton, The Meridien in Piccadilly and at the RAC in Epsom. As a performer, he frequently plays in a variety of setting including Concerts, Arts Festivals, Residencies, Cruise Ships, Weddings and Parties and at Chelsea Flower Show, Derby Day, The BAFTA awards and other such prestigious events.
“Thank you so much for your beautiful playing last Saturday; just right for lovely background music to enhance the mood without making conversation difficult. It was much appreciated.”
A TOUCH OF CLASS!
“J Vinten’s keyboard magic made our evening special – a touch of class. He judges the mood of the room and reads the audience perfectly. Working with Jonathan is easy – he makes things happen, allowing me and my guests to enjoy our evening.”
“J Vinten and his trio provided the music for a special party in July. This is the fourth time we have had the pleasure of his relaxed style of music and this time he brought a superb saxophonist. His repertoire is varied and he suits it to the occasion very well, even including special requests. Just need an excuse for another party! (10 / 10).”


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Ripple, the blockchain payments giant based in San Francisco, has revealed in an announcement published on the 4th of May on Tuesday that the former treasurer of the United States of America is going to become a member of the board of Advisors of the company.
Rosa “Rosie” Gumataotao Rios, who has been the former treasurer of the US, is now going to join the board of advisors of the fintech company Ripple. Welcoming Rosa Rios, the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Ripple, Brad Garlinghouse said that she would offer Ripple invaluable perspective, particularly at a time when the company is making efforts for defining the future of cryptocurrency.
She will replace Yoshitaka Kitao, who is the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the Japanese financial conglomerate SBI Holdings. Kitao resigned from Ripple’s board of advisors back in the month of March this year.
When Rios joined the US Treasury Department, she became the 43rd treasurer and served for almost seven years, starting from the year 2009 to the year 2016. She served under the guidance of the former President of the United States, Barack Obama.
On the other hand, the cross-border remittance firm has also announced that the company is hiring Kristina Campbell as its new CFO (Chief Financial Officer). This new hiring will help the company in boosting the shareholders deliver value and growth of the company. Before becoming a member of Ripple, Kristina worked at PayNearMe as the CFO of this payments platform. She will be replacing Ron Will, the former CFO of Ripple.
While talking about these two new members, the CEO of Ripple stated that these two members are becoming a part of the company at a very crucial time when the company is in a legal fight with the US’ independent agency SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission). As he stated:
“These two exceptional leaders join Ripple at a pivotal time for the company[…] We are extremely fortunate to have them on the team as we continue our rapid international growth and to champion for regulatory clarity in the U.S.”


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Bukayo Saka appeared confident about Arsenal’s chances of beating Manchester City at the Etihad on Sunday, March 31.
After booking a place in the UEFA Champions League quarterfinals with a victory against Porto, Arsenal’s next match will be against Premier League title rivals City.
Saka scored a penalty during Arsenal’s shoot-out win against Porto after the round of 16 encounter ended 1-1 on aggregate.
He was full of belief when asked on TNT Sports whether his team could beat the Premier League defending champions, despite just one point separating the two sides at the top of the table.
“Yeah, we can,” Saka said. “We can. Right now, we’re top of the league and we’re into the quarter-finals of the Champions League, and we’re going into the international break.
“So that gives us a lot of momentum, a lot of belief that we can go to the Etihad and get a good result going into these games.”
Arsenal’s victory gave them a place in the UEFA Champions League quarter-finals for the first time since 2010.
City, Real Madrid, Paris Saint-Germain, Bayern Munich and Barcelona are among the other teams to progress, with the draw for the quarter-finals set to take place at 11am UK time on Friday, March 15.
Saka admitted it wasn’t his “best performance personally” but shared his delight at finally getting the chance to play in the Champions League quarterfinals.

domain: game


Warming Airbag Blanket, Set of 3
Keeping patients warm during surgery and recovery has always been a challenge. Electric pads have a risk of overheating, circulating water blankets are easily damaged.
Our new warm air blankets are a safe, economical solution. They are made of a silky polyester fabric with an inlay of nylon water proof material to keep the airflow circulating upward towards just the patient. These blankets are machine washable (hang to dry) therefore much more economical than other air blankets on the market, which are disposable. There is a 5″ di- ameter round opening with a nylon cord to secure the blanket to any of the major brands of warm air convection units.
J1034 – Small
J1034a – Medium
J1034b – Large
Actual Weight: 7 lbs.
Weight reflected in additional information is in reference to dimensional weight for shipping.
|Dimensions||15 × 9.5 × 1.5 in|


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Escaping the Blackness by Norma Jeanne Karlsson (A Cooper Brothers Novel) Review
Breathing one bullet at a time.
Jake Cooper’s life began when he walked into a conference room at Domestic Crime Agency’s headquarters and met the people who would become his parents. He was an adult, just starting out with the clandestine agency, but he was still alone in the world. Jake relished in the unconditional love his newfound family bestowed upon him. That feeling was short lived.
Jake craves the one skill he possesses in life as much as his next breath. Shooting. Behind a scope, with his finger at the ready, Jake can take a lungful of air without hesitation. He left his family in order to breathe. For six years he’s been tracking and eliminating targets for the DCA. He can breathe now, but he’s not living.
He misses her.
Cara Kelly’s life began when she escaped human traffickers and ran into the loving embrace of the Cooper family. The simple act of a young man giving her his hoodie rocked her world. She felt something good for the first time in seventeen years, something pure and untainted. But then Jake walked away from her and his family, leaving Cara with the lingering scent of him constantly chasing her with a hoodie she still can’t bear to let go of.
Six years is long enough to heal and grow. It’s also long enough to be hurt and betrayed. When their worlds collided again, one bullet changing the course of countless lives, Jake and Cara will be forced to escape the blackness of their past, in hopes of a future filled with light.
Published February 14th 2015(first published February 13th 2015)
I fell in love with Jake when he was introduced in the Blackness series. I was beyond excited when I learned that he would have his own story, and the Cooper Brothers spin off begins. When you fall in love with characters such as these, you just never want the story to end.
Escaping the Blackness does not disappoint.
There is so much that is revealed about Jake. His story is revealed and it is beyond the heartache and abuse that anyone should bear.
Jake and Cara have a long road ahead of them in healing, trusting, and loving themselves.
Action, loyalty, twists, and complete surprises are all woven into this incredible story. You can't miss this series if you love the Blackness series.
Get it, embrace it, dive into the world of a family bondness that goes beyond the link of blood.

domain: artistic


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Journal of Phycology (awaiting editor´s decision after revision)
First record of Nannochloropsis limnetica (Eustigmatophyceae) in the autotrophic picoplankton from Lake Baikal
S. Fietz, W. Bleiß, D. Hepperle, H. Koppitz, L. Krienitz, and A. Nicklisch
Three new strains of eukaryotic picoplankton, isolated from Lake Baikal, were identified as Nannochloropsis limnetica Krienitz, Hepperle, Stich & Weiler. To date, N. limnetica had only been detected in small German and North American inland water bodies. On determination of the 18S rDNA sequence, the three new strains were found to be identical to each other as well as to the type strain KR 1998/3 (GenBank Acc. No. AF251496). RAPD-PCR revealed that the genotypes were different, although the Baikalian eustigmatophycean strains were more similar to each other compared to the type strain KR 1998/3 from Germany. Ecophysiological differences were also evident between the new strains from Lake Baikal and the type strain from growth rate determinations. The morphological characteristics were similar to that of a previous description of the species. However, while the cells of Eustigmatophyceae usually propagate by autosporulation, in these newly detected species germination of single daughter cells from thick-walled cells were observed for the first time. Based on pigment analysis, the occurrence of Eustigmatophyceae in Lake Baikal was estimated. Eustigmatophyceae were established to be a common member of the phytoplankton community of this large oligotrophic Siberian lake and occurred throughout the year, even under the ice cover during winter. Moreover, they peaked during early summer and in the South Basin. Hence, the widely accepted opinion that Chlorophyceae solely comprise the eukaryotic picoplankton should be changed and consider the Eustigmatophyceae.
The widespread occurrence of eukaryotic, autotrophic picoplankton in Lake Baikal was previously established using light and epifluorescence microscopy (Boraas et al. 1991, Nagata et al. 1994, Belykh and Sorokovikova 2003, Fietz and Nicklisch 2004). However, to date, identification of Baikalian eukaryotic picoplanktonic species is still very rare (Belykh et al. 2000) and the Chlorophyceae were suggested to dominate the eukaryotic picoplankton of Lake Baikal (Nagata et al. 1994, Semenova and Kuznedelov 1998, Belykh et al. 2000). A chlorophycean strain from Lake Baikal was identified as Choricystis minor (Skuja) Fott by 18S rDNA sequencing. (Belykh et al. 2000). Moreover, due to a high violaxanthin content and a very low Chla/violaxanthin ratio in Lake Baikal, one would expect Eustigmatophyceae to be present in the phytoplankton (Fietz and Nicklisch 2004), although none have as yet been described (Kozhova 1987, Bondarenko 1995, Kozhova and Izmest’eva 1998).
Eustigmatophycean picoplankters exhibit a simple morphology, but they have unique ultrastructural features and photosynthetic pigments (Andersen et al. 1998, Krienitz et al. 2000). To accurately determine the composition of eukaryotic picoplankton communities, Hooks et al. (1988) suggested that microscopic observations should generally be complemented by HPLC-aided pigment analysis. Eustigmatophyceae are well known from marine systems (Volkman et al. 1993, Gladu et al. 1995, Andersen et al. 1998, Lubián and Montero 1998, and others), but only a few studies have been carried out in freshwater (Krienitz et al. 2000, Phillips and Fawley 2000, Fawley et al. 2004). However, Krienitz et al. (2000) described a new species, Nannochloropsis limnetica Krienitz, Hepperle, Stich and Weiler, from a hypertrophic freshwater pond, which was also found in a polytrophic lake in Germany.
Here, we characterize three new eustigmatophycean strains isolated from Lake Baikal in regard to their morphology, growth rates, pigment composition, fluorescence and absorption characteristics. Genetic similarities of these strains were established by RAPD-PCR and nuclear encoded 18S rDNA sequence analyses. Finally, we estimated the regional and seasonal occurrence of eustigmatophycean picoplankton in Lake Baikal from pigment data.
Sampling. Water samples were collected in the main basins of Lake Baikal (South, Centre and North) and in the Selenga Delta during cruises within the framework of the CONTINENT project in July 2001, March 2002, July 2002 and July 2003 (EVK2-CT-2000-0057). Water samples were collected from 0.5 m, 5 m, 10-20 m, 20-30 m and/or 45-85 m water depths at all three sites and on all aforementioned dates. Samples were also collected biweekly by members of the Scientific Research Institute of Biology, State University Irkutsk from May 2002 to June 2003 at 5 m depth, 2.8 km offshore from Bolshy Koti near the western shore of the South Basin.
Isolation of algae. Diluted subsamples (containing 50 particles with chlorophyll fluorescence per 50 µL) from water samples taken in March and July 2002 were streaked on 0.8 % agar plates containing mineral nutrient solution complemented with vitamins. Agar Noble (Difco Lab., Detroit, Michigan, USA) was rinsed twice with supra pure water. Then, a 4 % agar solution was prepared in supra pure water, autoclaved and combined with either MIIIKS or M99F nutrient solution at a ratio of 1:5. Both solutions are modifications of M III (Nicklisch 1992) and contained 0.5 mmol·L-1 CaSO4, 0.5 mmol·L-1 CaCl2, 0.25 mmol·L-1 MgSO4, 0.1 mmol·L-1 KCl, 0.75 mmol·L-1 HCl, 2 mmol·L-1 NaHCO3 as well as a trace element solution (Nicklisch 1999) added at a dilution of 1:1000. Additionally, MIIIKS contained 0.4 mmol·L-1 Na2SiO3, 0.5 mmol·L-1 NaNO3, 0.05 mmol·L-1 KH2PO4, 0.01 mmol·L-1 FeCl3 and 0.02 mmol·L-1 Na2EDTA, whereas M99F contained 0.3 mmol·L-1 Na2SiO3, 0.2 mmol·L-1 NaNO3, 0.01 mmol·L-1 KH2PO4, 0.002 mmol·L-1 FeCl3 and 0.004 mmol·L-1 Na2EDTA. In equilibrium with air, the pH was 8.3 ± 0.2. Finally, the vitamins cobalamin (1 µg·L-1), biotin (1 µg·L-1) and thiamine (100 µg·L-1) were added to both solutions.
Twenty-five phytoplankton strains were isolated and stored in the culture collection of the Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany. Strains were grown under saturating nutrient (i.e. in the aforementioned solutions) and light conditions at 15° C in semi-continuous cultures (cf. Nicklisch 1992). From those strains, the three eustigmatophycean ones will be discussed here in detail: (1) strain baik03 was isolated in March 2002 from a sample collected in the South basin (104.41 °E, 51.76 °N); (2) strain baik43 from a sample collected in July 2002 in the North basin (109.00 °E, 54.08 °N); and (3) strain baik85 from a sample collected in July 2002 in the South Basin.
Light and electron microscopy. Living and formaldehyde-fixed (0.5 %) samples of cultures were investigated under a Jenalumar Contrast light microscope (Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany) by means of bright field illumination, epifluorescence and differential interference contrast. Staining was performed with DAPI (4’,6-diamidino-2-phenyl-indol, Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) and Fluorescent Brightener 28 (Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO, USA). The Fluorescent Brightener, also named Calcofluor White (M2R powder from Polysciences or Blankophor BA from Bayer), is used as whitening agent and selectively binds to cellulose and chitin.
For transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ca. 1 mL cell suspensions were concentrated by centrifugation (10 min, 600 x g, laboratory centrifuge 203, Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) in 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes. Pellets were resuspended and fixed in freshly prepared primary fixative containing 2.5 % glutaraldehyde, 2.0 % paraformaldehyde and 3 mM CaCl2 in 0.1 M Na-cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4 for 2 h at room temperature. The samples were centrifuged and the pellets were mixed with a small volume of melted 2.5 % agarose (Carl Roth GmbH & Co., Karlsruhe, Germany) in 0.1 M Na-cacodylate buffer and immediately chilled on ice. The solidified agarose was cut into ca. 1 mm3 blocks. These were rinsed three times for 20 min each with 4° C cold 0.1 M Na-cacodylate buffer, and subsequently fixed in Karnovsky's mixture of 1 % osmium tetroxide and 1.5% potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) in double distilled water for 2 h (Karnovsky 1971). The samples were then rinsed in cold Na-cacodylate buffer solution, post-stained with 1 % uranyl acetate in 0.05 M sodium maleate buffer solution, pH 5.2 for 1 h at 4° C, dehydrated in a graded ethanol series, infiltrated, and finally embedded in Spurr's epoxy resin and polymerized for 24 h at 70° C (Spurr 1969). Ultrathin sections were cut with a diamond knife using an Ultracut S microtome (Leica, Vienna, Austria). The sections were sampled on uncoated 300 mesh grids and post-stained with uranyl acetate and Reynold's lead citrate. They were viewed in a Zeiss EM 900 electron microscope (Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany).
Growth rates. Cultures were grown in 500 mL Erlenmeyer flasks filled with 100 mL suspension and sealed with aluminium foil caps and mixed by circular shaking (60 ± 10 rpm) in a thermostat-controlled water bath (± 0.5° C). Illumination was supplied from the bottom by “cool white” fluorescent tubes on a 12/12 hours light/dark cycle and with a scalar irradiance of 100 ± 5 µmol quanta·m-2·s-1. M99F medium with or without vitamins was used as nutrient solution.
Determination of growth rates was performed in semi-continuous cultures according to the turbidostat-principle (Nicklisch 1992). First, the cultures were acclimated to the preselected conditions of temperature and light for three generation times. Biomass was measured and the culture was diluted to a constant starting concentration every two to three days. Specific growth rates were calculated from dilution rates during several weeks (Nicklisch 1999). The reported specific growth rate (µ) is the natural logarithm of biomass increase (start biomass / end biomass) normalized to time (day-1).
Before the dilutions, the absorbance was determined with a photometer (type1101M, Eppendorf Inc., Hamburg, Germany) at 436 nm in a cuvette of 5 cm path-length as an optical measure of biomass concentration. Furthermore, the fluorescence signs Fo and Fm (Krause and Weis 1991) were determined with a pulse amplitude modulated fluorometer (Xenon-PAM, Heinz Walz GmbH, Effeltrich, Germany) as measures of the physiological state. By maintaining the maximum biomass below 100 µg·L-1 Chla during cultivation, self-shading and nutrient limitation could be excluded.
Pigment composition. 30 – 50 mL of algal cultures were filtered through 25 mm Whatman GF/F-filters. The filters were frozen at – 80° C and then freeze-dried. Pigments were extracted with dimethylformamide by vibration shaking at a frequency of 2000 min-1 for 1.5 h with a supplement of glass beads (0.75 – 1 mm). The extract was centrifuged for 20 min at 2500 g in a cooled centrifuge at 4° C (Biofuge Fresco, Heraeus Instruments, Hanau, Germany). The separation, identification and quantification of pigments were carried out according to Woitke et al. (1994) with a Waters HPLC system (Waters, Millford, MA, USA) as described previously by Fietz and Nicklisch (2004).
Fluorescence and absorption characteristics. Fluorescence of dark-adapted cells (Fo-value) was measured with a Phyto-PAM (Phytoplankton Analyzer, Heinz Walz GmbH, Effeltrich, Germany) using a diode array emitting light at four different wavelengths (470, 535, 620 and 650 nm). In vivo absorption spectra were measured with a spectrophotometer (UV-2101 PC, Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan) equipped with an integrating sphere from 400 to 750 nm.
Genetic analyses. RAPDs: About 1 mg freeze-dried (vacuum evaporator Christ, Osterode, Germany, at –20° C) algae were homogenized for 3 min in liquid nitrogen at a frequency of 1500 min-1 (swing–mill MM 2000, Retsch, Haan, Germany). Total DNA was extracted using the CTAB method described by Rogers and Bendich (1985). After adding 600 µL of pre-warmed (60° C) 2 x CTAB buffer and vortexing, the solution was incubated at 60° C for 30 min, then 1 volume chloroform / isoamylalcohol (24:1) was added, and the sample centrifuged at 10000 rpm for 10 min at room temperature. The upper phase was removed and the DNA was precipitated with cold isopropanol. After 10 min centrifuging at 10000 rpm at 4° C and washing with 70 % ethanol the pellet was resuspended in distilled water.
RAPD-PCR was carried out as described by Koppitz et al. (1999) in 50 µL volumes containing approximately 25 ng genomic DNA, 1 x Taq DNA polymerase buffer (Boehringer Mannheim GmbH, Mannheim, Germany), 3 mM magnesium acetate, 0.2 mM each of dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP (Boehringer Mannheim GmbH, Mannheim, Germany), 20 ng primer ([GACA]4 or M13: 5’-GAGGGTGGCGGTTCT) and 2.5 units of Taq DNA polymerase (Boehringer Mannheim GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). PCR amplifications were performed in a MJ Research-Multicycler PTC 200 for 40 cycles of 20 s denaturation at 93° C, 60 s annealing at 50° C and 20 s extension at 72° C, and a final extension step at 72° C for 6 min. Amplification products were separated in 1.4 % agarose gels using 1 x TAE buffer and detected by staining with ethidium bromide.
For data evaluation, band positions on the gels were determined visually and the fingerprint pattern were transformed into a binary character matrix with 1 for presence or 0 for absence of a band at a particular position in a lane. Genetic similarity (GS) was estimated according to Nei and Li (1979) as GS = 2nxy / (nx+ny) in which nx and ny are the total numbers of bands in the lanes of the sample x and y, respectively, and nxy is the number of bands shared by the two samples.
Sequencing: Genomic DNA was extracted from small algal pellets derived from liquid cultures using DynaBeads (Deutsche Dynal GmbH, Hamburg, Germany) following the manufacturer's protocol for plant species. The genomic 18S rDNA - ITS 1 - 5.8S rDNA - ITS 2 region was amplified in 25 µL PCR reactions using primers 18S-PCR-5'F (5'-CCgAATTCgTCgACAACCTggTTgATCCTgCCAgT-3', Hepperle unpubl.) and ITS-PCR-3'R (5'-CCCggggggATCCATATgCTTAAgTTC AgCgggT -3', Coleman et al. 1994) and puReTaq™ Ready-to-Go™PCR Beads (Amersham Biosciences, Freiburg, Germany) in a standard PCR protocol. At least two PCR reactions were pooled and DNA purified on GFX columns (Amersham Biosciences, Freiburg, Germany). Before sequencing on an ABI3100 prism sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Darmstadt, Germany), about 40 ng purified PCR product, 2 µL 0.8 pmol·µL sequencing primer, and Big Dye Terminator™ Version 3.1 (Applied Biosystems, Darmstadt, Germany) were cycle-sequenced in final volumes of 10 µL using a standard cycle sequencing protocol.
Sequencing reactions were purified by ethanol precipitation using a final concentration of 66 % EtOH, rinsed in 70 % EtOH and air-dried. The pellet was resuspended in 20 µL HiDi-formamid™ (Applied Biosystems, Darmstadt, Germany) and run on a 50 cm capillary using standard settings. Partial sequences were assembled and subjected to proof-reading using SeqAssem© Version 01/2004 (Hepperle 2004a).
The obtained 18S rRNA gene sequences were compared with the Nannochloropsis limnetica 18S rDNA sequence (GenBank Acc. no. AF251496, Krienitz et al. 2000) using Align Version 01/2004 (Hepperle 2004b).
Occurrence in Lake Baikal. The determination of total phytoplankton and autotrophic picoplankton biomass was described in Fietz and Nicklisch (2004). Total nano- and microphytoplankton were counted according to the settling technique (Utermöhl 1958). Samples for cyanobacterial and eukaryotic autotrophic picoplankton (50 mL) were fixed with formaldehyde (0.7 % final concentration) and filtered through black Nuclepore© polycarbonate filters (0.2 µm pore size). The filters were placed on a microscope slide, briefly dried and covered with a drop of fluorescence-free immersion oil and a coverslip. Nano- and microphytoplankton were enumerated using a light microscope and autotrophic picoplankton were counted using an epifluorescence microscope. Eukaryotic autotrophic picoplankton fluoresced deep red (>665 nm) when excited with blue or green light. Phycobilin-containing procaryotic autotrophic picoplankton were identified by their light-red autofluorescence (<665 nm) when excited with green light. Cell counts were converted to biovolume according to their size and geometric form.
|Figure 1. Light microscopic pictures (interference contrast) of new strains of Nannochloropsis and a chlorophycean picoplankton strain (baik90) isolated from Lake Baikal. (a) baik03 with giant cells, (b) baik85, (c) baik90. Scale bar, 10 µm.|
Based on the pigment data set (n=89) of water samples collected in Lake Baikal in July 2001, Chla/marker pigment ratios were calculated by multiple linear regressions as described by Fietz and Nicklisch (2004). The ratios were checked by the CHEMTAX matrix factorisation program. These Chla/marker pigment ratios allow us to calculate the contribution of the distinct chemotaxonomic groups to the total Chla, and thereby to estimate the phytoplankton composition of the standing crop. The final regression equation was: total Chla = 2.43·Fuco+2.52·Chlb+ 1.11·Zea*+5.57·Viola*, where Fuco (fucoxanthin) was the marker pigment of Bacillariophyceae and Chrysophyceae, Chlb was the marker pigment of the Chlorophyceae, Zea* was the marker pigment of cyanobacterial picoplankton, and Viola* was the marker pigment of Eustigmatophyceae. Zea* included only the cyanobacterial part of zeaxanthin, which was at least 94 % of the total zeaxanthin. Chlorophyceae might also contain low amounts of zeaxanthin (5.3 % of lutein, Nicklisch and Woitke 1999). Therefore, the calculated proportion of zeaxanthin attributed to the Chlorophyceae was subtracted from the total zeaxanthin of each sample. Similarly, the eustigmatophycean part of violaxanthin (Viola*) was calculated as the difference between the total violaxanthin and the chlorophycean part. The chlorophycean part of violaxanthin was estimated as being 15 % of Chlb (Nicklisch and Woitke 1999).
|Figure 2. Epifluorescent microscopic pictures of (a) autofluorescence of chloroplasts, (b) DAPI-staining and (c) staining with Fluorescent Brightner 28 (Calcofluor White) – two cells show a stained cell wall and the others the red autofluorescence of chloroplasts. Scale bar, 10 µm|
|Figure 3. Ultrastructure of the Nannochloropsis strains isolated from Lake Baikal. (a) TEM images of strain baik03, (b) strain baik03 with the chloroplast endoplasmatic reticulum connected to the nuclear envelope (arrow), (c) strain baik43 with a lamellate vesicle, (d) a cell with lipid droplets. Abbreviations: C – chloroplast, G – Golgi body, LV – lamellate vesicle, L –lipid droplets, M – mitochondrium, N – nucleus, PG – plastoglobulus, PY – pyrenoid-like bodies , cm – cell membrane, cw – cell wall, cwp – cell wall papilla. Scale bar, 1 µm.|
|Figure 4. Strain baik43 cells with badly fixed thick cell walls (a and b) and with a germinating (assumed resting) cell (c). Abbreviations: B – bacteria cell. Scale bar, 1 µm|
Morphology and ultrastructure.The eustigmatophycean cells in exponential growing cultures were spherical to oval with diameters of 1.5 – 6 µm (Fig. 1, a and b). Using autofluorescence and DAPIstaining, the cells were determined to contain 1 to 8 chloroplasts and 1 to 8 nuclei with numbers of nuclei correlating to cell volume (Fig. 2, a and b). Larger cells with a diameter of up to 10 µm were found, although seldom, which contained many chloroplasts and nuclei (Fig. 1a). In contrast to the chlorophycean picoplankter (baik90, Fig. 1c) small refractive, rod-like bodies were frequently visible in the eustigmatophycean cells (Fig. 1, a and b). All typical morphological characteristics of Nannochloropsis were found in the TEM preparations of the eustigmatophycean strains isolated from Lake Baikal: chloroplasts with up to four thylakoid double layers (Fig 3a), plastoglobuli (Fig. 3b), a chloroplast endoplasmatic reticulum connected to the nucleus envelope (Fig. 3b), lamellate vesicles and Golgi bodies (Fig. 3c), pyrenoid-like structures (Fig. 3a), lipid droplets (Fig. 3d) and cell wall papilla (Fig. 3a). A cell membrane was also well visible along with a cell wall of variable thickness (Fig. 3a). Additionally, filament-like structures were found on the outside of cell wall (Fig. 3, a and e).
Some cells were not stainable with DAPI after formaldehyde fixation, indicating a less permeable cell wall. Less permeable cell walls were also observed in TEM preparations in which the fine structures were badly preserved in some cells, indicating insufficient fixing (Fig. 4, a and b). These small cells with thick, less permeable walls were considered as resting stages, because single cells – instead of several autospores – germinated from them (Fig. 4c). The special characteristics of the cell wall of these cells was also demonstrated with the fluorochrome Fluorescence Brightener 28, which selectively binds to cellulose. Although cellulose is unique to the cell walls of Chlorophyta and Dinophyta, some cells (assumed resting stages) of our cultures were also stained by this fluorochrome (Fig. 2c). Additionally, some cell walls of chlorophycean picoplankton cultures (baik90), which should contain cellulose, were not stained by this fluorochrome. Taken together, it was therefore impossible to distinguish cells of chlorophycean from eustigmatophycean picoplankton using this staining technique.
|Figure 5. Specific growth rates of the new strains of Nannochloropsis limnetica at 10 and 15° in comparison to the reference strain KR 1998/3 and a chloro-phycean picoplankter (baik90). C.I.: confi-dence interval|
Growth rates. The specific growth rates of the new isolated strains from Lake Baikal were 0.3 – 0.7 d-1 at 10° or 15° C under conditions of nutrient and light saturation (Fig. 5). However, the Baikal strains (including the chlorophycean one) had these high rates only when the nutrient solution was supplemented with vitamins, whereas the strain KR1998/3 exhibited no difference in growth whether vitamins were supplied or not. At 15° C the strain KR1998/3 grew with a significantly higher rate than all Baikal strains (Fig. 5). The differences among the Baikalian eustigmatophycean strains as well as between the Baikalian eustigmatophycean strains and the chlorophycean one were not significant at 15° C (Fig. 5). The coefficient of variation was relatively high for the strain baik43 (25 % in contrast to 8-20 % for all other strains and growing temperatures). On the one hand, this was caused by variable amounts of assumed resting stages, with Fluorescence Brightener 28; on the other hand, the growth rate determination was also influenced by a variable tendency to form small aggregates, which influenced the optical biomass measurement.
At 10° C the strain baik03 had the highest growth rate compared to the other Baikalian eustigmatopyhcean strains and the chlorophycean picoplankter (baik90) (Fig. 5). The difference between baik03 and KR 1998/3 was not significant (Fig. 5). The changing growth abilities at both different applied temperatures (10° and 15° C) were well reflected by the Q10 (Fig. 5), which was calculated based on a linear extrapolation of growth rates to a difference of 10° C. The Q10 was very high for KR 1998/3, the German strain, and very low for the Baikalian baik03, which was isolated from the water under the ice in March.
Pigment composition. The pigment composition clearly demonstrated that the eustigmatopyhcean strains differed greatly from the other phytoplankton groups (Table 1). Eustigmatophyceae lack chlorophylls other than Chla and were therefore clearly distinguishable from Bacillariophyceae and Chlorophyceae. Also, Eustigmatophyceae were characterized by a very high violaxanthin content (Table 1), a pigment that is often related only to the Chlorophyceae. The vaucheriaxanthin content, including vaucheriaxanthin-like (esterified) pigments, was much lower than that of violaxanthin in Eustigmatophyceae (Table 1). Vaucheriaxanthin is characteristic for Eustigmatophyceae but occur also in Xanthophyceae (Table 1). However, Eustigmatophyceae were also easily distinguishable from Xanthophyceae by the high Chla/violaxanthin ratio and absence of diadinoxanthin in Eustigmatophyceae (Table 1).
Fluorescence and absorption spectra: Fluorescence (Fig. 6, a and b) and absorption (Fig. 6, c and d) characteristics confirmed that the eustigmatophycean photosynthetic system differed from that of Chlorophyceae and Bacillariophyceae. However, both characteristics were similar for Eustigmatophyceae and Xanthophyceae. The fluorescence excitation of the Eustigmatophyceae is characterized by its maximum at 470 nm (Fig. 6a). The fluorescence at 535 nm was also high and decreased strongly towards 620 nm and 650 nm (Fig. 6a). The shape of the absorption cross-section was similar to that of the Chlorophyceae but differed in the region around 475 nm and 630 nm (Fig. 6c). Hence, Eustigmatophyceae can be distinguished from other phytoplankton groups, such as Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and also cyanobacteria (including phycobilin containing picoplankton), by use of fluorescence probes or spectral measurements.
|Figure 6. Fluorescence and in vivo absorption cross section of different strains isolated from Lake Baikal; (A) Fluorescence of Bacillariophyceae (strains baik03, baik43 and baik85) and Chlorophyceae, (B) Fluorescence of Eustigmatophyceae and Xanthophyceae. (C) Absorption of (strains baik03, baik43 and baik85) Bacillariophyceae and Chlorophyceae, (D) Absorption of Eustigmatophyceae and Xanthophyceae. Results are means for 5 to 20 samples taken at different times during culturing.|
Genetic analyses. RAPD-PCR determined that the eustigmatophycean strains (baik03, baik43, baik85) from Lake Baikal differed among one another and from the reference strain Nannochloropsis limnetica (German strain KR 1998/3) as well as from a macrophyte sample (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.) from NE Germany (Fig. 7). The genetic similarities among the three new eustigmatophycean strains were about 55 % (Table 2), but a lower similarity of about 35 % was found between these Baikal strains and the German KR 1998/3strain (Table 2).
The determined 18S rDNA - ITS1 - 5.8S rDNA - ITS2 sequences for the three eustigmatophycean strains from Lake Baikal were identical to each other as well as to the 18S rDNA of the type strain Nannochloropsis limnetica (GenBank Acc. no. AF251496, Krienitz et al. 2000). Phylogenetic analyses were therefore not performed as resulting phylogenetic tree reconstructions from 18S rDNA data would be identical to those published by Krienitz et al. (2000). No comparable analysis of the ITS1 and ITS2 sequences with other Eustigmatophyceae was possible as no ITS sequences are currently deposited in GenBank.
Occurrence. The contribution of eukaryotic picoplankton biomass, which included Eustigmatophyceae, to the total phytoplankton, was highest in the South compared to the Centre, North and Selenga Delta (Table 3). Eustigmatophyceae also had significantly higher contribution to total Chla in samples taken from the South (15 %) compared to the North and Selenga Delta (9-10 %; Table 3). The contribution of eukaryotic picoplankton to total biomass or of Eustigmatophyceae to total Chla did not show significant differences in connection with depth within the upper 30 m (Table 3). At several sites, deep Chla maxima (45-85 m) were detected with a fluorescence probe. At those depths, the contribution of Eustigmatophyceae to the total Chla was very low (<5 %, Table 3).
These regional and vertical differences relate to the summer communities only, since samples were collected in July 2001, July 2002 and July 2003. From May 2002 to April 2003, weekly samples were taken 2.8 km offshore from Bolshye Koti, located at the western shore of the South basin. Here, the contribution of the Eustigmatophyceae to the total Chla was highest in summer (14 % from mid-July to August) and much lower in all other seasons (Table 3). The percentage contri-bution of eukaryotic picoplankton, studied as spot checks, appeared also to be highest from mid-July to August (Table 3). However, even under the ice, Eustigmatophyceae were present and contributed about 3 % to the total biomass and 2.5 % to the total Chla (Table 3). Nevertheless, considering the regional and seasonal data, the occurrence of the Eustigmatophyceae (here, its contribution to total Chla) was weakly, but significantly correlated to the temperature (r = 0.276, P < 0.01, n = 214, Spearman-Rho correlation).
|Figure 7. PCR fingerprints of Nanochloropsis strains, primed with (GACA). Lane1 and 7: 1 kb DNA-ladder, lane 2-4 from the left to the right: strains baik03, baik43 and baik85, lane5: KR1998/3, lane 6: Phragmites australis.|
The determined 18S rDNA sequences were identical for all three Baikalian eustigmatophycean strains as well as to the previously published Nannochloropsis limnetica sequence (Krienitz et al. 2002). Therefore, we conclude that the Baikalian eustigmatophycean strains belong to the species Nannochloropsis limnetica Krienitz et al. (2001). However, the PCR clearly showed that the genotypes of these strains were not identical either among the strains isolated from Lake Baikal or between these strains and the German strain KR 1998/3. Nevertheless, the genotypes of the Baikalian eustigmatophycean strains were more similar to each other than to the reference strain KR 1998/3.
Interestingly, Nannochloropsis limnetica was identified in a hypertrophic pond and a polytrophic lake in Germany (Krienitz et al. 2000), in different lakes of North America (Fawley and Fawley 2004, Fawley et al. 2004) and in the oligotrophic to mesotrophic regions of Lake Baikal. However, analyses of the genotypic and ecophysiological differences between the strains established that distinct ecotypes exist. ´Ecotypes´ describe genetically determined differences between populations within a species that reflect local matches between the organisms and their environments (Turesson (1922) in Begon, Harper and Townsend 1996).
Fawley and Fawley (2004) and Fawley et al. (2004) detected seven different genotypes of Nannochloropsis in lakes of Arrowwood National Wildlife Refuge, North Dakota and Itasca State Park, Minnesota; one of them possessed 18S rDNA and rbcL sequences identical to those of N. limnetica from Europe and the other belong to new taxa. The new types varied in both 18S rDNA and rbcL sequences and some morphological characters that distinguish them from N. limnetica. No type could be further differentiated by the rbcL sequence alone. These findings support the phenomenon that even though eukaryotic picoplankton exhibit a uniformed coccoid morphology, i.e. ‘green balls’, an extraordinarily high genetic diversity is hidden both in marine (Potter et al. 1997) and in freshwater (Krienitz et al. 1999) ecosystems. One explanation for this, is an adaptative advantage of the coccoid morphology in the ecosystem (Potter et al. 1997).
The ecophysiological difference between the genotypes of N. limnetica was demonstrated by different (1) growth rates, (2) Q10 values and (3) vitamin demand. The growth rate at 15° C, for example, was significantly highest for the German strain KR 1998/3 which also did not require vitamins. The Q10 was also highest for KR 1998/3, whereas it was lowest for the strain baik03. The unusual low Q10 of baik03, which was isolated from below the ice in March, could mean that its temperature optimum is between 10° and 15° C. This is nearing that of Synechocystis limnetica Popovskaya, a widespread cyanobacterial picoplankter in Lake Baikal, which was determined to be 8° C (Richardson et al. 2000).
The existence of distinct ecotypes may explain the occurrence of the same Eustigmatophyceae species (Nannochloropsis limnetica) in all seasons and regions including the cold waters in the North basin and under the ice (Table 3). Nevertheless, the most important development occurred in the warmer South basin and during the early summer. This is in contrast to observations in North America where Nannochloropsis are more common during cold water periods (Fawley and Fawley 2004, Fawley et al. 2004).
The morphological characteristics of the new strains of Nannochloropsis limnetica correspond to former descriptions concerning form, size of cells and inclusions of refractive bodies (Krienitz et al. 2000). Additionally, giant cells with diameters of up to 10 µm were found in exponential growing cultures (Fig. 1a) as well as cells with thick cell walls (Fig. 4, a and b), which were stainable with Calcofluor White (Fig. 2c), but badly stainable with DAPI and badly preserved by fixation for electron microscopy. They were considered as resting stages since the germination of single cells were observed and a higher number of such cells was found during depressed growth. The ultrastructural analyses identified lamellate vesicles in the cytoplasma (Fig. 3c) and that the chloroplast endoplasmatic reticulum was connected to the nuclear envelope (Fig. 3b); both are common characteristics in all eustigmatophycean species (Santos and Leedale 1995, Krienitz et al. 2000, Suda et al. 2002). The chloroplasts contained up to four stacked thylakoids and plastoglobuli (Fig. 3) as described by Krienitz et al. (2000), and pyrenoid-like structures and cell wall papilla (Fig. 3a) were also found as reported for Nannochloropsis oceanica by Suda et al. (2002). The interpretation of the pyrenoid-like structure in our material is difficult because this structure is located outside of the chloroplast and exhibits similarities to some of the ‘electron-dense bodies’ found in N. granulata Karlson & Potter (Karlson et al. 1996). We identified filament-like structures on the outside of the cell wall (Fig. 3, a and e) that, to our knowledge, have never been previously described. Their function is not yet defined. They could be involved in the formation of cell aggregates as observed in our cultures or could serve for moving of cells out of its old envelopes (Fig. 4c). Assumed resting stages and germination of single daughter cells were observed for the first time in Nannochloropsis as well as generally for the Eustigmatophyceae. These stages are comparable with the aplanospores of the closely related Xanthophyceae (Ettl 1978) and the germination stages of the green alga Marvania geminata Hindák (Hindák 1976, Sluiman and Reymond 1987).
Although distinction between chlorophycean and eustigmatophycean picoplankton using the epifluorescence microscope is not possible, more sophisticated measurements which profit from differences in absorption and fluorescence spectra can determine this (Fig. 5). Additionally, due to exceptional high violaxanthin/Chla ratio and the occurrence of vaucheriaxanthin and its esters, pigment analysis also allows eustigmatophycean and chlorophycean cells to be distinguished from each other.
However, besides the Eustigmatophyceae, also Chlorophyceae, Xanthophyceae (Table 2) and a few Chrysophyceae (Mackay et al. 1996) contain violaxanthin, and Xanthophyceae also contain vaucheriaxanthin. Software algorithms, as used in the CHEMTAX matrix factorization, can also help to discriminate between chemotaxonomic groups, which contain the same marker pigment in different amounts (Mackey et al. 1996), but detailed knowledge of the phytoplankton composition and its pigmentation is essential (Fietz and Nicklisch 2004). In this study, we did not identify violaxanthin-containing Chrysophyceae, and thus, these violaxanthin-containing Chrysophyceae species might be of lesser importance in Lake Baikal. Additionally, Xanthophyceae were not detected in earlier microscopic analyses (Fietz and Nicklisch 2004). However, they are known to occur in Lake Baikal, but only in sors (locally “lagoon”) and river mouths (Kozhova 1987, Kozhova and Izmest’eva 1998). Thus, the estimation of the Eustigmatophyceae occurrence, which is based on the violaxanthin/Chla ratio, seems reasonable.
The most common prokaryotic autotrophic picoplankters in Lake Baikal belong to Synechocystis limnetica (Popovskaya 2000) and Synechococcus spp. (Belykh and Sorokovikova 2003), and the most common eukaryotic picoplanktersbelong to Choricystis minor (Belykh et al. 2000). Although abundant in marine systems (Andersen et al. 1998), Nannochloropsis has only been rarely found in freshwater systems (Krienitz et al. 2000); however, this could be because identification might need a combination of microscopic, HPLC-aided and preferably molecular analyses (Fawley et al. 2004). The wide range of habituation of picoplankton was already demonstrated for the chlorophyte Choricystis minor, which is common in Lake Baikal and also found in different German inland waters along a nutrient gradient from oligotrophic to hypertrophic state (Hepperle and Krienitz 2001). However, now, it is evident that eustigmatophycean picoplankton may also be commonly found in freshwaters.
The marine Nannochloropsis is grown as a food source because of its high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (Sukenik et al. 1993). The German type strain (Krienitz et al. 2000) as well as the Baikalian strains (unpublished data) of the freshwater Nannochloropsis limnetica are also rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (about 25 % of total fatty acids). Nevertheless, the content of eicosapentaenoic acid was much lower for Baikalian strain baik03 (1.6 %, unpublished data) than in the German type strain (24 %, Krienitz et al. 2000); however, it was similarly high as reported for marine strains (Sukenik et al. 1993). In contrast to the German type strain (Krienitz et al. 2000, Wacker et al. 2002), docosahexaenoic acid was found in the Baikalian strain baik03 in similar high amounts as eicosapentaenoic acid (1.3 %, unpublished data). Nannochloropsis limnetica is therefore very important for the food-web quality and should be included in the phytoplankton community surveys of Lake Baikal
Thanks are due to members of the Scientific Research Institute of Biology, State University Irkutsk as well as of the Limnological Institute of Irkutsk, Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences for their help on cruises and seasonal monitoring. We acknowledge H. Oberhänsli for the organisation and permanent support of the CONTINENT project. We also thank M. Wirth for the preliminary determination of fatty acid composition.
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Boraas, M. E, Bolgrien, D. W. & Holen, D.A. 1991. Determination of Eubacterial and Cyanobacterial Size and Number in Lake Baikal Using Epifluorescence. Int. Rev. ges. Hydrobiol. 76:537-44.
Coleman, A. W., Suarez, A. & Goff, L. 1994. Molecular delineation of species and syngens in Volvocacean green algae (Chlorophyta). J. Phycol. 30:80-90.
Ettl, H. 1978. Xanthophyceae, 1. Teil. In Ettl, H., Gerloff, J. & Heynig, H. [Eds.] Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa 3. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, 530 pp.
Fawley, M. W., Fawley, K. P., Bailey, C., Fakhr, M., Hoffman, M., Dimmer, S. & Johnson, J. 2004. The microalgae of Itasca State Park, Minnesota, lakes. http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/ instruct/fawley/coccoids/Itasca/itascadata.htm.
Fawley, K.P. & Fawley, M.W. 2004. Diversity and ecology of freshwater Nannochloropsis (Eustigmatophyceae). Abstract N° 29, 58th Annual Meeting of The Phycological Society of America, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA. (http://www.psaalgae.org/ meeting/ PSA2004Program-all.pdf).
Fietz, S. & Nicklisch, A. 2004. An HPLC analysis of the summer phytoplankton assemblage in Lake Baikal. Freshwater Biol. 49:332-45.
Gladu, P. K., Patterson, G. W., Wikfors, G. H. & Smith, B.C. 1995. Sterol, fatty-acid, and pigment characteristics of Utex-2341, a marine Eustigmatophyte identified previously as Chlorella minutissima (Chlorophyceae). J. Phycol. 31:774-77.
Hepperle, D. (2004a) SeqAssem - Analysis and contig assembly of sequences, distributed by the author (http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~dhepper/).
Hepperle, D. (2004b) Align - Manual sequence alignment editor for PCs, distributed by the author (http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~dhepper/).
Hepperle, D. & Krienitz, L. 2001. Systematics and ecology of chlorophyte picoplankton in German inland waters along a nutrient gradient. Internat. Rev. Hydrobiol. 86:269-84.
Hindák, F. 1976. Marvania geminata gen. nov. et sp. nov., a new green alga. Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. 49 (Algol. Stud. 16) :261-70.
Hooks, C. E., Keller, M. D. & Guillard, R. R. L. 1988. Coccoid eukaryotic marine ultraplankters with four different pigment signatures. J. Phycol. 24:571-80.
Karnovsky M. J. 1971. Use of ferrocyanide-reduced osmium tetroxide in electron microscopy Proceed. 14 Ann. Meet. Am. Soc. Cell Biol. 146.
Karlson, B., Potter, D., Kuylenstierna, M. & Andersen, R.A. 1996. Ultrastructure, pigment composition, and 18S rRNA gene sequence for Nannochloropsis granulata sp. nov. (Monodopsidaceae, Eustigmatophyceae), a marine ultraplankter isolated from the Skagerrak, northeast Atlantic Ocean. Phycologia 35:253-60.
Koppitz, H. 1999. Analysis of genetic diversity among selected populations of Phragmites australis world-wide. Aquat. Bot. 64, 209-21.
Kozhova, O. M. 1987. Phytoplankton of Lake Baikal: Structural and functional characteristics. Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih. Ergebn. Limnol. 25:19-37.
Kozhova, O. M. & Izmest’eva, L. R. 1998. Lake Baikal: Evolution and Biodiversity. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 477 pp.
Krause, G. H. & Weis, E. 1991 Chrorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis: The basics. An. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 42:313-49.
Krienitz, L., Takeda, H. & Hepperle, D. 1999. Ultrastructure, cell wall composition, and phylogenetic position of Pseudodictyosphaerium jurisii (Chlorococcales, Chlorophyta) including a comparison with other picoplanktonic green algae. Phycologia 38:100-07.
Krienitz, L., Hepperle, D., Stich, H.-B. & Weiler, W. 2000. Nannochloropsis limnetica (Eustigmatophyceae), a new species of picoplankton from freshwater. Phycologia 39:219-27.
Lubián, L. M. & Montero, O. 1998. Excess light-induced violaxanthin cycle activity in Nannochloropsis gaditana (Eustigmatophyceae): effects of exposure time and temperature. Phycologia 37:16-23.
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Mai, J.C. & Coleman, A.W. 1997. The internal transcribed spacer 2 exhibits a common secondary structure in green algae and flowering plants. J. Mol. Evol. 44:258-71.
Manhart, J.R., Fryxell, G.A., Villac, C. & Segura, L.Y. 1995. Pseudonitzschia pungens and P. multiseries (Bacillariophyceae): Nuclear ribosomal DNAs and species differences. J. Phycol. 31:421-27
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Nicklisch, A. 1999. Competition between the cyanobacterium Limnothrix redekei and some spring species of diatoms under P-limitation. Intern. Rev. Hydrobiol. 84:233-41.
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Schlötterer, C., Hauser,M.-T., von Haseler, A. & Tautz, D. 1994. Comparative evolutionary analysis of rDNA ITS regions in Drosophila. Mol. Biol. Evol. 11:513-22.
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Suda, S., Atsumi, M. & Miyashita, H. 2002. Taxonomic characterization of a marine Nannochloropsis species, N. oceanica sp. Nov. (Eustigmatophyceae). Phycologia 41:273–79.
Sukenik, A., Zmora, O. & Carmely, Y. 1993. Biochemical quality of marine unicellular algae with special emphasis on lipid composition. II. Nannochloropsis sp. Aquaculture 117:313-26.
Utermöhl, H. 1958. Zur Vervollkommnung der quantitativen Phytoplankton-Methodik. Mitt. Int. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limn. 5:567-96.
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der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin

domain: literature


text:
CEO turnover nationwide reached its lowest level of the year in July, a report from outplacement firm Challenger, Gray & Christmas Inc. says.
Last month, 83 CEOs left their positions, marking the lowest number of departures since December. July’s figure is down 16.2 percent from 99 departures in June and down 20.2 percent from the 104 CEO exits in July 2011.
The only Texas company on the list is from Houston. ZaZa Energy Corp. (Nasdaq: ZAZA) on July 30 said its former CEO Craig McKenzie resigned to pursue other opportunities, and the company named its executive director and president, Todd Brooks, as its new CEO.
Nationwide, the most CEO turnovers in July occurred in the health care sector, followed by the government and nonprofit sector.
While resignation continues to be the most oft-cited reason for departure, retirement is second, with many retirees staying with the company as a board member or other C-level executive, Challenger, Gray & Christmas said.

domain: economics


text:
Since the news of Priyanka Chopra and Nick Jonas’s relationship came out, everyone was so surprised about the age gap. However, it was a talk of the town mainly because Nick is over ten years younger than Priyanka. Below are five of many Bollywood couples, where the husbands are younger than their wives.
Kunal Khemu and Soha Ali Khan
Not many people know that Kunal is five years younger than Soha. They’re one of the few couples who moved in together in 2013, before getting married. Kunal proposed to Soha in Paris, 2014 and got married on 25 January, 2015. They were blessed with a baby girl on 29 September, 2017. The couple did a movie together in 2009, called 99, where their love story started.
Abhishek Bachchan and Aishwarya Rai
One of the most loved and power couple of Bollywood Abishek and Aishwarya, also have age gap between them. Abishek is two years younger than his wife Aishwarya. They got married on 20 April, 2007. The couple worked together in movies, including Dhai Akshar Prem Ke (2000), Kuch Naa Kaho (2003), Dhoom 2 (2006), Guru (2007), and Raavan (2010).
Raj Kundra and Shilpa Shetty
This good looking couple tied the knot on 22 November, 2009. Shilpa is three months older than her husband Raj. The couple have a son, who was born in May 2012.
Karan Singh Grover and Bipasha Basu
This monkey wedding was defiantly the talk of the town. Film and TV industry got together to celebrate Karan and Bipasha’s wedding. The couple got married on 30 April, 2016. Karan is four years younger than Bipasha. The couple did a horror movie together in 2015, called Alone.
Dhanush and Aishwarya
The southern superstar, Dhanush married Aishwarya on 18 November, 2004. Dhanush is two years younger than his wife, who is the daughter of Rajinikanth.

domain: celebrity


text:
Geo Location Information for 220.127.116.11 IP Address. The IP Address 18.104.22.168 is located at 40.2139 latitude and -111.634 longitude in United States. Friendly Location for the IP Address is Utah, Provo, United States
The Best of private charter jet companies in Toronto, Flight path provides luxury air travel personalized to your needs. Visit flyflightpath.ca today!


text:
Mass Effect Shepard costume cosplay (Serrice Council armor) is made out of 0.8 – 5.0 mm gauge latex and latex foam. Helmet, armor on shoulders, collar, shoes and gloves are also all made out of latex. The base of rifle N7 Valkyrie made by http://www.volpinprops.com/ . Suit has phosphorescent particles inside latex. I don’t plan to make copies for clients.
12.11.2014 | No Comments

domain: design


By Siri Hustvedt, novelist, essayist and poet.
|© Marion Ettlinger.|
Steve Jobs is an icon of late capitalism. A parallel, equal feminine icon is impossible. No matter how sleek her products, the hypothetical Stephanie Jobs could not and would not occupy the same place in our culture as her brother. It is not that there are no female entrepreneurs or CEO’s, no brilliant women who can package a product as well as any man, but rather, that Jobs is the projection of an idea that remains hyper-masculine, a rags to riches American myth for our era. Along with beautifully designed computers and phones, Jobs sold himself as tech hero, master of a new revolutionary culture of connectivity that is still coded as male not female.
«Jobs is the projection of an idea that remains hyper-masculine, a rags to riches American
myth for our era»
It is fascinating that Jobs chose Walter Isaacson as his biographer, a man who had previously written best-selling books about Benjamin Franklin and Albert Einstein. Franklin, Einstein, and Jobs have little in common except their iconic “genius” status, which is, of course, the point. Simone de Beauvoir’s reiterated statement in The Second Sex that woman is Other to man, that women are not accorded universal status, or, in other words, Everywoman is radically different from Everyman, remains true. Men are not trapped inside their sex. Women are. It is this inescapable “femininity” that makes the woman “genius” an anomaly, a riddled, contorted, or suppressed being in history. Consider this: The person credited with creating the first computer program was Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace (1815-1852), daughter of the poet and Anne Isabelle Milbanke. Although there is no question about her contribution, she is not a historical icon.
«It is this inescapable “femininity” that makes the woman “genius” an anomaly, a riddled, contorted, or suppressed being in history»
If we do not examine and articulate the reasons for our hero worship, we will continue to be duped by unconscious biases against women. Apparently, Isaacson’s biography uncovers a ruthless, unpleasant narcissist. As Sue Halpern noted in The New York Review of Books, the biography proves that “it is possible to write a hagiography even while exposing the worst in a person.” Could a grasping, manipulative, ambitious, high-achieving woman gain the same stature as cultural saint? At this juncture in history, it seems to me that the answer is a resounding no.


Problems with DAAL Testing Code in Getting Started Documentation
In the getting started documentation for the academic version there is the following beginning of the example C++ file:
using namespace daal;
using namespace daal::algorithms;
using namespace daal::data_management;
In visual studio, this will not compile without adding the following:
using namespace daal::services;
It would beneficial to update the documentation to help people who might be having problems.


The 12-gauge pump-action shotgun is ubiquitous in the defensive market and in police cruisers. FN’s version, the FN P-12, is a weapon you can rely on for home defense or patrol use. We do some shotgun training with the P-12 to see how it performs.
No Ordinary 12 Gauge
The FN name is associated with military-grade firearms. You may think of FN as a rifle and pistol manufacturer. The P-12 shotgun is a recent addition to FN’s lineup and completes the defensive firearm collection that you might want if you stay with the FN brand.
Many people think of a 12-gauge pump shotgun as a boring, entry-level firearm. Not so the FN P-12, which comes with a fiber-optic front sight and flip-up rear sight, which is part of the base of the cantilevered rear sight that is designed as a rail so you can mount the optic of your choice. It comes with a modified choke tube, so you can put whatever choke tube you want on it. The variable choke makes the gun more useful in various roles.
Capacity is five 2¾-inch or four three-inch shells.
Like many FN firearms, the FN P-12 is aggressively textured, which is good for both defensive use and hunting.
We do some up-close firearms training with the FN P-12 using birdshot. It has very light recoil with birdshot and cycles smoothly. Moving back to 45 yards, we put some slugs in it, use the fiber-optic front sight, and see how well it shoots the slugs without changing the barrel or the choke. This is one of the things you should be interested in when looking at the FN P-12 shotgun.
At 45 yards, we first shoot some 00 buckshot and the pattern opens up quite a bit. As a responsible firearms owner, you may prefer using slugs at distance.


text:
UK Liberal Democrats (LibDems) leader Sir Edward Davey declared a ‘turning point’ as the party made hundreds of gains of Council seats in the local elections held in parts of England, Wales and Scotland on Thursday 5 May.
The LibDems ended the night winning more than 700 seats across the country, gaining some 200 seats and regaining control of many local councils across the country including in seats where the sitting MP is a Conservative and the party will be targeting in the next Parliamentary elections.
"What began as a tremor in Chesham and Amersham, and an earthquake in North Shropshire, is now an almighty shockwave that will bring the Conservative Government tumbling down,” he said, referring to the by-election victories of recent years where a Liberal Democrat candidate overturned a large Conservative majority to win the seat. "It is the movement of millions of people saying loud and clear: ‘We have had enough’,” he added.
“Yesterday’s results were a historic moment. I'm incredibly proud of all our new councillors, and of the tireless efforts of our members, supporters, candidates, and campaigners who went above and beyond to make it happen. Thank you,” he concluded.
One highlight for the party was regaining control of Somerset Council, and doing so unseating a Conservative Councillor who was head of a unit that the Conservative Party’s set up to defeat the LibDems.
Meanwhile, the Conservatives lost over 500 seats and control of 11 Councils, and Labour continued to make gains within London where elections were held in every borough.
In case you missed it, something happened yesterday. pic.twitter.com/Rwx08XklzS— Liberal Democrats (@LibDems) May 7, 2022
Liberal Democrats are winning and we're ready to beat Conservative MPs at the next General Election. 🔶⏫ pic.twitter.com/26RcUauSdF— Liberal Democrats (@LibDems) May 9, 2022
Liberal Democrats have shown we can beat Conservatives.— Liberal Democrats (@LibDems) May 8, 2022
At the next General Election we can defeat Conservative MPs and throw the Conservatives out of Downing Street.@EdwardJDavey #Raworth pic.twitter.com/AhoKpjGM2P
Photo credit: Mike Ross

domain: politics


text:
Renewable hydrogen offers substantial benefits for industrial decarbonization by providing a clean and sustainable energy source that reduces carbon emissions, combats climate change, and enables industries to contribute to a greener future.
Why choose renewable and green hydrogen?
Reduce your CO2 emissions
Green hydrogen offers a viable solution as a clean and sustainable energy source that effectively reduces CO2 emissions and facilitates the transition to a low-carbon economy.
Control your costs
Choosing green hydrogen empowers businesses to effectively control energy costs and costs tied to CO2 emissions, adhere to environmental regulations, and contribute to a sustainable future.
Build a sustainable production and supply chain
By using green hydrogen, you become and remain attractive to your markets, employees, partners and financers, by meeting their request to work with climate-conscious counterparts.
The industrial uses of hydrogen
The use of green hydrogen is a way to decarbonise the industrial sector.
Hydrogen as a feedstock
From ammonia production to hydrogen peroxide, green hydrogen serves as a key component in the synthesis of essential chemicals.
Its versatility in this role significantly enhances the sustainability and efficiency of industrial practices.
Hydrogen as a heat source
Replacing fossil fuels, hydrogen represents a cleaner and more sustainable heat source for industries. Due to its high calorific value and specific combustion properties, hydrogen enables clean and efficient combustion performance.
As our hydrogen production generates a high quantity of oxygen as a by-product, it allows for oxy-combustion to further improve combustion efficiency.
Hydrogen in processes
The use of green hydrogen as a material in industrial processes, such as electronics, controlled atmosphere, and reduction of iron ore (DRI), offers diverse advantages.
This is due to the unique chemical and physical properties of green hydrogen, making it a compelling choice for enhancing these processes.
Our hydrogen supply solutions
We deliver high-capacity hydrogen containers of up to 1 ton to your site, providing maximum convenience.
Lhyfe supports you in the transition to green and renewable hydrogen
Technical feasibility study
Partner for integrating hydrogen in your process
Assistance in identifying funding and grants
Related content you might be interested in
Published the 27/07/2022
Industry decarbonization: the importance of renewable hydrogen
Although there has been much talk recently about hydrogen vehicles – as they offer a real solution for carbon-free mobility – hydrogen has nonetheless been used in industry for decades, such as to fuel furnaces, in chemical processes and refining, and even to launch rockets into space.
Lhyfe and Schaeffler enter cooperation agreement to build industrial green hydrogen plant in Germany
The plan is to build and operate an electrolysis plant on Schaeffler’s factory premises in Herzogenaurach, Franconia with a capacity of up to 15 megawatts.
Do you want to realize your project with Lhyfe?
Contact François, our industry expert. He will accompany you in your preliminary study.

domain: chemistry


text:
I alighted the train at Imakju Station. My intended destination lay a short walk away. This short walk lead me through a peaceful suburb. I felt odd. As if my movement was not the same, or the world I had been inhabiting for 25 years had suddenly changed. I sometimes experience moments of peace. Most of them early morning or post coital. This Fukuoka suburb had brought me to a concord with my surroundings. I drifted into a state much like hypnagogia. A sudden feeling of the preternatural. Worlds’ melded and the air slipped silently over the grey walls of the modest grey houses I passed as I walked along the neat roads. The same breeze revisiting to rustle the leaves in the elegant gardens nurtured by each house. Each courtyard microcosm interacting effortlessly with it’s milieu. The deep green pine trees sprawled into the light greys of the walls, collaborating, creating a deep and pervasive sense of intimacy. All things together, in their place. All ready to change. All ready to stay the same.
I wandered along these clean streets until I became aware of a pine forest. As I walked towards the entrance I noticed a temple behind me. I payed my respects, turned back around and continued walking. This sense of immense unreality only grew as I wandered on into hallowed ground. I increasingly began to feels as if I was being watched. Looking around to make sure I was not about to meet my demise, I saw them. Large crows in the trees. Fluttering between branches. Undoubtedly tracking my movement along the path.
One of the most ancient figures in Japanese mythology are the Tengu, Crow Tengu being the first kind. They are mischievous protectors of the Dharma. Thought to be able to shape-shift as well as invade peoples dreams.
Their gaze made felt as if they were in an alliance with the evergreens. Keeping a watchful eye on intruders. A breeze was rustling the needles, gesturing, nudging me in the same direction that the crows were leaping. I eventually came to a large gate with bells along the top. They swung in the breeze. Both wishing me farewell and broadcasting my departure to the gods so that they could descend the trees unseen.
A sandy beach lay between the pine trees and the ocean. The crows making their way up and down the perimeter. Their discordant calls, capricious interludes between the bleeding harmonies of land and sea. I sat for sometime on the point at which the vines succumbed to the sand. I can still hear everything. I can still feel the presence of the fisherman who sat nearby. His rod propped up beside him, the line reeled in and yet to be recast.

domain: geography


The Indonesian government has announced that it has removed five collective leave days from this year’s holiday schedule.
The move was taken following the spikes that had been seen in COVID-19 cases after long public holidays in 2020.
The decision was made following a meeting with the heads of several ministries today, headed by Coordinating Human Development and Culture Minister Muhadjir Effendy.
“Previously, there were seven collective leave days [in 2021]. After careful review, the collective leave days schedule has been shortened from seven days to just two days,” Muhadjir said.
Of the initially announced days, only Wednesday, May 12th and Friday December 24th survive.
Late last year, the government cut the collective leave days for the Christmas and New Year holidays.


text:
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Why do the Japanese people make origami?
Origami means the art of making a shape by folding the paper. Ori means folding while Kami means Paper. This art leaves a flat square sheet of paper in a form of defined art piece through folding and sculpting techniques. Origami, though originated in Japan, was loved and adopted all over the world.
How Do They Do It?
This paper art is done just by folding paper in various shapes and sizes, according to the structure to be made. They do these origamis only by folding paper while cutting and glueing are not at all allowed. Of all the shapes of Origamis, the Origami Crane is the most popular one which almost all the Japanese people do.
When Did It Start?
Though it is said that the origin of this art is in Japan, there exists some ambiguity as the mentioning of paper folding art which was burnt during traditional funerals was there in China’s Sung dynasty which existed during 905-1125 CE. This art was first mentioned in a poem by Ihara Saikaku in 1680 describing the traditional butterfly designs made during Shinto weddings in Japan. The Edo period or Tokugawa period which is between 1603 and 1868 was the time when this traditional art form of making origamis was so popular.
Why Do They Do?
Origami is the most recreational art of Japanese for centuries. They made it as a part of their culture to foster the creativity among youngsters. Origami is served as an elegant yet amusing activity of Japanese done during their leisure times. When a 12-year old girl Sadako Sasaki got bedridden and suffered from Leukemia which was the result of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, she decided to make 1000 Origami cranes and spread the message of peace around the world.
Though she could make only 644, her friends and relatives completed her aim and this incident created ripples in their society. Her statue at Hiroshima peace park and the making of Origami have tangled the hearts of Japanese people creating deep respect towards this art of Origami making it a symbol of life and peace.
- Why do people get angry frequently?
- Why do people donate for social causes?
- Why do people mostly wear black while mourning?
- Why do many people like to dance a lot?
- Why do people consider law as a honorable career?
- Why do people often get heart attacks in bathrooms?
- Why do people get a hunch back in old age?
- Why do people in Indian film industry, i.e. Bollywood not make movies of the same quality as 'Inception'?
- Why do people drug and how can they control this addiction?
- Why do people always advise you to cry after a tragedy?
- Why do the people of Britain believe in the superstition that Friday, the 13th is unlucky?
- Why do Indian people love street food in spite of having good restaurants?
- Why do people buy Kindle, even though it is a single functional device?
- Why people prefer smartphones to laptops nowadays?
- Why do babies cry? What can make a baby cry?


text:
Publisher: by Terry Brooks (July 12, 2009)
Amazon Rank: 15165751
Format: PDF Text TXT ebook
I can't wait to read what happens next. Last to Die (2003)4. this is the first book to a series and you have a set of twins Max and Mal (Malcolm) King Are having dreams of the same woman and they want to find her for she could be their Fated as told by Zeus . Download book Morgawr (Voyage Of The Jerle Shannara Series #3) By Terry Brooks Pdf. In two volumes, these remarkable poems present a wonderful companion through the long heritage of the English Language and its poets. Ezra, a successful merchant, is the son of a Jewish father and Chinese mother and displays a healthy respect for Chinese customs. Not even Clancy did that. I just hope it is a precursor to more complete English translations and audio/video materials. Having 'spirits' trying to stop a car with tampered brake lines. I like how the main character has a small talent, but really is a regular joe who needs to get by. One of these days I'm going to make a big project from this book.
reviews: This is the concluding volume of The Voyage of the Jerle Shannara trilogy by Terry Brooks. It is a riveting conclusion to the series and actually puts events into motion that set up the next trilogy of the Shannara series. Morgawr picks right up wher...
Instead, the book focuses on what happens after and how the characters handle the aftermath. This moving testimony explores the ways in which each of us can bring Godinto our everyday lives, and touches on such deeply personal and spiritualissues as integrity, adversity, the fear of failure, lust, materialism, pride, debt-free living and burnout.
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Number Of Youngsters With Tooth Decay Drops
24 October 2017, 13:45 | Updated: 24 October 2017, 13:57
More than three-quarters of Primary 7 children had no obvious decay in their permanent teeth in 2017 as child oral health continues to improve, new figures show.
The National Dental Inspection Programme statistics showed that 77% of the youngsters had no obvious decay, a steady improvement from 53% in 2005.
Children in Orkney had the best teeth, with 90.4% showing no obvious decay, while those in Greater Glasgow and Clyde had the worst (73.1%).
The figures also showed a link between deprivation and poor dental health.
Only 65.6% of P7 children in the most deprived areas had no obvious decay experience compared with 86.5% in the least deprived areas.
The figures, published by Information Services Division Scotland - the statistical division of the NHS - showed the average number of P7 children's teeth affected by obvious decay experience in 2017 was 0.49.
This is less than half of the average number of teeth affected in 2005 when it was 1.29.
Health Secretary Shona Robison said: "These welcome statistics show a further improvement in the oral health of children. More than three quarters (77%) of Primary 7 children now have no tooth decay, that's up from 59% a decade ago.
"This demonstrates that our programmes such as Childsmile are making a significant difference, which is why we have expanded Childsmile across Scotland and continue to work to deliver further improvements."
The Detailed Inspection was carried out between November 2016 and June 2017 and involved 14,596 children across Scotland, 26.6% of the estimated P7 population.
The average age of the children examined - both girls and boys - was 11.5 years.