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The objective was to test GEographic Object-based Image Analysis (GEOBIA) techniques for delineating neighborhoods of Accra, Ghana using QuickBird multispectral imagery. Two approaches to aggregating census enumeration areas (EAs) based on image-derived measures of vegetation objects were tested: (1) merging adjacent EAs according to vegetation measures and (2) image segmentation. Both approaches exploit readily available functions within commercial GEOBIA software. Image-derived neighborhood maps were compared to a reference map derived by spatial clustering of slum index values (from census data), to provide a relative assessment of potential map utility. A size-constrained iterative segmentation approach to aggregation was more successful than standard image segmentation or feature merge techniques. The segmentation approaches account for size and shape characteristics, enabling more realistic neighborhood boundaries to be delineated. The percentage of vegetation patches within each EA yielded more realistic delineation of potential neighborhoods than mean vegetation patch size per EA.
Neighborhood is a term that is common in both academic and lay vernaculars, but it may have many different meanings or usages (Sampson et al., 2002; Talen, 1999, Warren, 1978). Normally, a neighborhood is considered to be a spatial unit within a city or urban area. But in reality, neighborhoods are social constructs and there are no precise definitions or delineations for them in physical space. Here we define neighborhoods to be a spatial unit within which urban residents share common social-cultural behaviors and identities. Overall, our interest in delineating neighborhoods is two-fold. First, we are interested in the manner in which neighborhood dwellers share information about health practices and outcomes, and are similarly exposed to environmental factors that may influence the health of an individual living within the neighborhood. Second, we are interested in delineating spatial units at the neighborhood scale for which disparate socio-economic, health, and environmental data can be optimally summarized to support spatial statistical analyses. The emphasis here is on the second objective.
Recent studies suggest that intra-city variations in poverty and health in developing countries, such as most of Africa, may be greater than differences between urban and rural populations (Montgomery and Hewett, 2005; Weeks et al., 2006). Accra, Ghana is an excellent city to study neighborhood effects on health and poverty because of its disparate socio-economic and health conditions, and because relatively recent and rich census and women’s health data sets are available (Weeks et al., 2006; Weeks et al., 2007). As is generally the case for these types of urban data sets, the census and health data are summarized and reported by spatial units that vary in size and shape. This leads to the modifiable areal unit problem or ecological fallacy (Oppenshaw, 1983), when attempts to draw statistical inferences from and between these data sets are compromised or biased by the irregular reporting units. Thus, delineating neighborhoods in Accra may be a useful means for deriving analytical units for subsequent statistical analyses, and enable an evaluation of possible neighborhood effects on health practice and outcomes.
A means for delineating neighborhoods is through a regionalization process applied to geo-spatial data that are recorded at finer spatial scales than potential neighborhoods and that have attributes that are relatively homogenous within neighborhoods. By a potential neighborhood, we are referring to a spatial urban unit that is delineated through a regionalization process, which may or may not conform to an actual neighborhood in terms of its residents sharing common behaviors and identities. For instance, potential neighborhoods could be delineated through spatial aggregation of socio-economic measures from census data that are recorded for census reporting units. In Accra, the finest level of census reporting unit is called an Enumeration Area (EA). EA-level census data can be aggregated to a coarser level to delineate potential neighborhoods. However, census data are expensive to capture and organize, are not available for most cities in developing countries, and can become rapidly out of date, such as is the case for Accra. Also, if census data were to be aggregated to form analytical units for subsequent statistical analysis, a less biased approach to delineating these analytical units would be to use an alternative source of data for regionalization.
Remote sensing provides a primary source of geo-spatial data for regionalization (Tian et al., 2005) and/or delineation of potential neighborhoods. Remotely sensed images have been used for regionalization purposes in the field of hydrology (Boulet et al., 2000; Brunner et al, 2004), but apparently, in a very limited manner for intra-urban studies or delineating neighborhoods per se (Zhou 2006). However, several previous studies have evaluated urban socio-economic conditions using high spatial resolution satellite image data (Bjorgo, 2000; Giada et al., 2003; Stow et al., 2007). For remotely sensed images to be useful for urban regionalization and neighborhood delineation, some physical environmental and/or urban infrastructural characteristics of neighborhoods must be identifiable and unique (Rashed, in press). The urban vegetation-impervious-soil (V-I-S) model of Ridd (1995) provides a potentially useful remote sensing approach to deriving geo-spatial measures that may be used for regionalization purposes. By combining the V-I-S model with GEographic Object-based Image Analysis (GEOBIA; Casilla and Hay, 2008), proportions, sizes, and shapes of basic urban materials and structures may provide the link between the biophysical urban landscape and neighborhoods (Stow et al., 2007).
Accra is a city of around two million people that has grown rapidly in the last decade (Ghana Statistical Services, 2002). While a majority of Accra’s inhabitants are poor and live in low socio-economic status (SES) neighborhoods, most of the slums of Accra consist of formal, high density housing settlements, and few informal slums or camps exist currently. In many cases moderate to high SES neighborhoods are juxtaposed with slums, and tend to be located at higher elevations where in-flooding from tropical rains is less common. While size of house structures and properties tend to indicate differences in SES of residential areas (e.g., larger houses and properties indicate higher SES), structures in slum areas often consist of large networks (e.g., compounds) of connected or closely separated single story dwellings that can appear on high spatial resolution imagery to be large buildings.
The most striking and revealing difference between residential areas of varying SES is the relative abundance of vegetation cover. High SES areas have a high proportion of landscape vegetation cover while low SES areas have little (Lo and Faber, 1997). Thus, the proportion or size of vegetation objects may be effective criterion for delineating Accra neighborhoods. The greatest potential confusion occurs between High SES residential areas and institutional land use such as the national government building complexes, that both contain large amounts of landscape vegetation. Another complication is that land use is often “mixed use”, such that buildings may be used both for residential and commercial purposes.
The objective of this study was to test approaches to delineating neighborhoods of Accra based on high spatial resolution multispectral image data from the QuickBird satellite system and GEOBIA. Specifically, we evaluate two parsimonious approaches to regionalizing EAs by using quantitative measures of vegetation objects as the aggregation metrics and constraining the aggregation/segmentation process using EA boundary data. Both approaches exploit readily available functions within the commercial GEOBIA software called Definiens (Version 5); one by merging EAs according to similarity of vegetation objects and the other by image segmentation.
We test the two parsimonious approaches to delineating neighborhood units based on QuickBird satellite image data and GEOBIA. EAs were used as the basic spatial unit of analysis and were aggregated in an attempt to form neighborhood units, based on similarity in vegetation patch proportions or mean patch size derived from GEOBIA. Digitized EA boundaries were initially georeferenced only approximately, so the georeferenced QuickBird image was used as a base for fine-tuning the georeferencing of the EA boundaries and ensuring high registration precision between the two data sets. Two approaches to spatial aggregation were tested: (1) polygon merging and (2) image segmentation. Image-derived neighborhood maps were compared with the reference map derived using the slum index (Weeks et al., 2007) and a spatial data aggregation procedure (Duque, 2007a) described below, to provide a relative assessment of potential map utility. A flow chart portraying the data processing and analysis steps is shown in Figure 1.
A cloud-free QuickBird satellite multispectral with a 2.4 m nominal ground sampling distance (GSD) captured on 12 April 2002 was utilized. The full image covers an 18 km (E-W) × 13 km (N-S) area, which is approximately 80% of the Accra Metropolitan Area (AMA). For this study we used a 6 km (E-W) × 5 km (N-S) subset of the QuickBird image (shown in Figure 2) that contained most of the neighborhood and land use types found within Accra. The imagery had been georeferenced to the Universal Transverse Mercator map projection by DigitalGlobe at the Standard processing level (CE90 = 23 m; RMSE = 14 m). Ocean and inland waters were masked prior to image analyses.
A map that had been generated through GIS and spatial aggregation modeling of census data was utilized as reference data for a relative assessment of the utility of image-derived neighborhood maps. Figure 2 contains a map of EA boundaries and the reference map is displayed in Figure 4f. The reference map was based on a slum index that was calculated for each EA by summing five census variables for each housing unit based on UN-Habitat (2006) definitions of slums as representing place that have one or more of the following characteristics: (1) no running water inside the house, (2) no toilet connected to sewer system, (3) three or more persons per room, (4) roof of non-durable material, and (5) insecure tenure (e.g., squatting) (Weeks et al., 2007). Each housing unit was scaled from 0 to 5, where zero indicates no slum characteristics and five indicates all slum characteristics. The average score for housing units in an EA is the slum index for that EA.
The EA-level map of slum index was subjected to a polygon spatial aggregation procedure called the Max-P-Region (Duque et al., 2007a), to produce 277 “analytical regions.” In this method, the problem of aggregation of spatial data is conceptualized as a special case of clustering in which the geographical contiguity between the elements to be grouped are considered. This particular case of clustering methods is usually known as contiguity-constrained clustering or simply the regionalization problem (Duque et al., 2007b). Each EA is compared to its neighbors to see if the neighbors are more like the “kernel” EA than would be expected by chance alone. If so, the neighbor is attached to the kernel EA, and then this new agglomerated EA is compared with neighbors. The process is iterative, working toward a stable solution in which all agglomerations (analytical regions) represent the maximum homogeneity within neighborhoods, and the maximum heterogeneity between neighborhoods.
Of particular importance is that the method is multivariate, taking into account several different variables at a time and thus, it is an improvement on an earlier agglomeration method using similar data. In this instance, each of the five slum characteristics of the housing units in an EA was evaluated against the values for neighboring EAs in order to make a decision about agglomerating one EA with another. A series of random permutations was run to confirm that the results were significantly different from results that could be obtained by chance alone.
A bottom-up, hierarchical segmentation strategy with two levels of image objects (Stow et al., 2007) was implemented for the image-based derivation of potential neighborhoods. Definiens uses a region-based local mutual segmentation routine, a type of region growing approach, to generate image objects (Baatz et al., 2000; Benz et al., 2004; Yu et al., 2006). We controlled segmentation by both scale (size of segment) and shape (compactness and smoothness characteristics of segments) parameters in an interactive, trial-and-error fashion.
The first and finest segmentation (Level 1) consisted of potential V-I-S patches, where our primary interest was to delineate vegetation patch objects. Image inputs (i.e., spectral features) for the Level 1 segmentation were the four QuickBird multi-spectral wavebands, NIR, red, green, blue (in order of input) (Stow et al., 2007). Level 1 segmentation was optimized based on visual inspection of training objects (e.g., trees and buildings) on segmentation products generated iteratively by altering segmentation parameters. We used a supervised classification of V-I-S classes based on a standard nearest neighbor (a.k.a. minimum distance to mean) classifier. Input features were selected using a statistical separability measure embedded in the Definiens routine known as Feature Space Optimization. The selected “optimal” features are listed and described in Table 1.
Vegetation objects from the Level 1 segmentation and classification were used to derive vegetation metrics at the EA level. Values for the proportion of vegetation patches and mean size of vegetation patches were derived for each EA and are depicted in Figure 3.
The second segmentation was at a coarser level (i.e., larger objects) at which EAs were grouped in an attempt to form neighborhood units. For Level 2 segmentation, feature inputs were either vegetation patch fraction or vegetation patch size features. To allow segmentation of the Level 1 summary results directly, it was necessary export the Level 1 objects into an ArcGIS shapefile (*.shp), convert them to a raster layer, and import them back into Definiens as if they were a spectral layer. To constrain the Level 2 segmentation, the EA boundary file was imported in vector format and was an input to the segmentation routine as a thematic layer (along with the vegetation patch features). A large scale parameter was used to generate objects that were only limited in size by the EA boundaries. This ensured that aggregated segments conformed to EA boundaries and that resultant segmentation products directly represented maps depicting potential neighborhood boundaries.
To limit the generation of unrealistically large neighborhood objects, a size-constrained iterative segmentation procedure was also tested. After initial segmentation using a scale factor of 15 (Shape = 0.3, Compactness = 1.0), objects smaller than an empirically defined threshold (200,000 m2) were allowed to aggregate further in subsequent segmentations. The scale factor was increased sequentially from 100 to 1000 in increments of 100.
A simpler and more direct approach to aggregating EAs was also tested using the Merge function of Definiens software. This function employs topological and feature similarity criteria to group adjacent image segments. The topological criterion is simply that only objects sharing a common boundary can be merged and the spectral criterion is a simple linear distance measure for input features. In this case, the features were vegetation patch proportion and mean patch size for each EA. As with the selection of segmentation parameters, the merge distance factor was optimized through interactive modification according to visual examination of aggregated EA boundaries. The objective was to minimize the number of newly formed neighborhood objects, while avoiding elongated or low compactness objects.
Spatial correspondence of the five image-derived neighborhood maps was compared with the reference map that had been derived from the spatially aggregated slum index (census-based) data. This provided a relative assessment of the potential utility of the image-derived maps for representing actual neighborhoods in Accra, given that there is no absolute definition or delineation of neighborhoods at this time. We assessed spatial correspondence by comparing summary statistics and through spatial correspondence overlay analysis. Summary statistics included number, mean size, and range of sizes of neighborhood units. Spatial correspondence analysis was challenging to perform since the image-derived and reference maps represent polygons that delineate possible neighborhoods, but have no attributes or labels associated with them. With the census-derived map as the reference, the mean number of image-derived neighborhood polygons contained within each reference map polygons was tabulated by determining centroids for image-derived polygon and counting centroids contained within each reference polygon. A smaller average number of contained centroids indicates greater correspondence with the reference map, since the image-derived maps tended to represent a greater number of neighborhood polygons (i.e., fewer EAs were aggregated).
The five image-derived maps representing potential neighborhood boundaries are shown relative to the reference map in Figure 4f. It is apparent in Figure 4 that more neighborhoods are portrayed on the image-derived maps than the reference map, except for the map derived by size-constrained iterative segmentation. Stated differently, fewer EA aggregations resulted from the merging or segmentation of the QuickBird generated vegetation patch objects than for the aggregation of the Slum Index. The map generated from the size-constrained iterative segmentation procedure applied to QuickBird-estimated vegetation proportions is visually most similar to the reference map. This is the case because the procedure aggregated more EAs than those used to generate the other image-based maps. In general, maps derived using segmentation were more similar to the reference map than those generated with the merge approach, and maps based on vegetation proportion inputs were more similar to the reference map than those based vegetation size feature inputs.
The size-constrained iterative segmentation map and the reference map appear to represent similar size units that have different shape configurations, but neither map appears to better represent actual neighborhoods. The size-constrained iterative segmentation approach better identified EAs that mostly consisted of government and other institutional land use from residential areas, whereas the slum index map tended to group these units with EAs composed of high SES residential areas. Low SES neighborhoods seem to be more fragmented on all maps than our ground reconnaissance suggests is realistic, as a consequence of incomplete aggregation of numerous small EAs in these densely populated areas. The shape representation criteria of the image segmentation approach to aggregation yielded neighborhood units that have more smoothly varying boundaries than those depicted on the reference map or the spectral merge products.
Table 2 lists summary statistics and Table 3 spatial correspondence analysis results from the comparison of the five image-derived maps of neighborhood units with the reference map. Both tables substantiate the findings from the visual analysis of map products. The map based on size-constrained iterative segmentation of vegetation proportions was more similar to the reference map in terms of the number and size of potential neighborhoods, while the other four image-derived maps depicted many more, smaller units. Spatial correspondence analysis results show that the map derived with size-constrained iterative segmentation was similar in terms of number and size of units, and on average, 1.1 image-derived units were contained within a reference map unit, which implies a high level of agreement. However, the only exact, one-toone matches were larger EAs that had not been aggregated.
Our evaluation of approaches to delineating neighborhoods of a large city in a developing country is a unique application of GEOBIA. In fact, few attempts at delineating neighborhoods based on remotely sensed imagery (Zhou, 2006) and none pertaining to intra-urban regionalization studies are evident in the remote sensing literature. Such an application is particularly challenging given the vagueness associated with the meaning and definitions of neighborhoods and therefore, the difficulty in assessing the validity and utility of image-derived maps of neighborhoods. Even the map evaluation phase of this study required development of novel methods for comparing maps of neighborhood boundaries.
We tested two approaches to aggregating census units (EAs) to form potential neighborhoods, based on commercial GEOBIA software. An EA-constrained image segmentation approach to aggregation was more successful than a simple polygon merge technique that was based solely on the similarity of image-derived features between contiguous EAs. The segmentation approach is capable of accounting for size and shape characteristics, which enables more realistic neighborhood boundaries to be delineated. Further refinement of the EA-constrained segmentation procedure was required to achieve a reasonable map of neighborhood boundaries that more closely approximated a reference map. The refinement entailed constraining or limiting the size of EAs that were aggregated through segmentation, and sequentially increasing the size constraint in an iterative fashion. The reference map was derived from census data by calculating a slum index and then spatially aggregating EAs using spatial clustering routine.
While many image-derived feature inputs were explored initially, two vegetation features based on patch-level segmentation of urban objects showed the most promise and were tested. The percentage of vegetation patches within each EA was a better discriminant for delineating potential neighborhoods than mean vegetation patch size per EA. Vegetation proportions within residential neighborhoods tend to be greater for higher SES residential areas and can be readily estimated and mapped using QuickBird or other visible/NIR optical image data.
This study is a first step towards semi-automated, image-based delineation of urban neighborhoods based on high spatial resolution image data. While it is appropriate to start with a parsimonious approach that is based on aggregation of EAs, particularly when the primary available reference data were derived in a similar manner, the ultimate objective is to delineate neighborhoods from the pixel up, based on GEOBIA techniques. Until such objectives are realized, visual image interpretation of high spatial resolution imagery provides an immediately available and likely successful means for delineating neighborhoods, particularly when conducted by interpreters who are generally familiar with the neighborhoods of a city. As neighborhood definitions become more specific and train/test data are available through field surveys and resident interviews, the ability to more automatically delineate neighborhoods will likely be realized.
This research was funded partially by grant number R01_HD054906-01 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (John Weeks, principal investigator). Field support in Accra was provided by Raphael Arku of the University of Ghana, and Ryan Engstrom, David Rain, Christianna Ludlow and Sarah Antos of George Washington University.
Douglas A. Stow, Department of Geography, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-4493.
Christopher D. Lippitt, Department of Geography, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-4493.
John R. Weeks, Department of Geography, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-4493.


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Chicago Fire Dept. Tests ZigBee-based RFID System
Commanders want to track rescuers' actual position within burning buildings.
Oct 11, 2006—The Chicago Fire Department is testing a wireless system that will pinpoint the location of firefighters in burning buildings. At the University of California, Berkeley, researchers developed the system in response to a request by the fire department following the events of Sept. 11, 2001, when rescue workers in the Twin Towers using incompatible two-way radios were unable to communicate with each other
Developed by the school's mechanical engineering department, together with the Center for Information Technology in the Interests of Society (CITRIS), the Fire Information and Rescue Equipment (FIRE) system provides firefighters and command chiefs details about rescue workers' positions in a building. The two-way radios that most fire departments use have limitations in this respect, as they require firefighters to themselves provide status reports on their locations.
Moteiv's Tmote Sky wireless sensing platform and sensors, as well as its Boomerang software, which enables wireless sensor devices to register and report changes in the environment to firefighters. The sensors, which use two AA batteries, can be installed in smoke detectors, on ceilings, or in door jams throughout a commercial building, says Paul Wright, chief scientist for CITRIS, a public-private partnership that creates information technology solutions for social, environmental and health-care problems.
The sensors use active 2.4 GHz RFID tags with a read range up to 100 feet. As part of its pilot program, the Chicago Fire Department has installed these sensors throughout one of its facilities. The FIRE system is also installed in some UC Berkeley buildings and is being examined by several other cities, Wright says.
The in-building sensors send out an RF signal every two seconds, scanning for firefighters whose air tanks are equipped with wireless sensors that both receive and send transmissions to and from the building sensors installed. The sensor in each firefighter's air tank includes a unique number; as a firefighter passes an in-building sensor, the air tank sensors communicate its ID number to in-building sensor, establishing the firefighter's location. This position information is sent via a wireless ZigBee network to chiefs' or incident commanders' tablet PCs. The PCs will have access to AutoCAD drawings, provided by the city, of buildings in which the sensors have been installed, and firefighters' locations will appear on the screen as dots. Knowing the location of the firefighters helps commanders make tactical decisions, such as when to have firefighters evacuate.
The in-building sensors also can be equipped to measure smoke levels and temperature, alerting firefighters about conditions around them. There can be dozens of sensors in the building transmitting to a firefighter's corresponding sensor at any time, says Andrew Redfern, a wireless sensor networks research engineer at UC Berkeley.
UC Berkeley student Joel Wilson has developed a system known as FireEye, which includes a head-mounted display screen attached to the nose guard inside the helmet of a firefighter. The FireEye displays an interactive floor plan map featuring the firefighter's current location, or that of other company members, on a postage stamp-sized LCD screen positioned below the right eye of the fire fighter.
"This technology provides a breakthrough for safety, efficiency, and effectiveness of first responders," says Joe Polastre, chief executive officer for Moteiv. The system pilot is funded by the Chicago Fire Department as well as by Ford Motor Co., a CITRIS associate corporate member. Early prototypes of the FireEye were built at the Ford Rapid Prototyping Lab, a 2,000-square-foot design studio within the UC Berkeley's mechanical engineering department.
The Chicago Fire Department and UC Berkeley hope to have the system installed in Chicago, but when that would happen is still unknown. In the meantime they will continue to test the technology to obtain proof the FIRE system works effectively. The city will have to decide the logistics of obtaining all commercial building floor plans and mandating that commercial buildings have FIRE sensors installed.
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Time for Dentures? Here’s What To Expect
Dentures are an affordable restorative option for those who are missing most or all of their teeth. We also offer dental implants and other treatments as well. Come in for a consultation so the Corvallis Dental Group team can help you find the best solution for your missing teeth.

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If you’re not sure what the purpose of a radiator is, it’s hard to tell when to have your BMW 528i radiator serviced. Nonetheless, you need to know the signs of radiator malfunction. As part of your car’s cooling system, your radiator helps keep engine temperature regulated. So, what happens when the radiator isn’t working quite like it should? You guessed it – your engine overheats, and it may even break down completely.
Keeping up with regular radiator maintenance in your 2000 BMW 528i is crucial to keep your engine in the best possible shape for years to come. BMW recommends that you replace coolant (also called antifreeze) at certain intervals, but it’s also wise to keep an eye out for signs of a failing radiator. You might be driving around (or about to be stranded) with a failing radiator if you notice leaking coolant, overheating, or an illuminated low coolant dashboard light. When you experience one or more of these issues, head to your local Firestone Complete Auto Care for a Courtesy Check.
What’s included in a radiator repair service? When you come to Firestone Complete Auto Care, we’ll begin your radiator repair with an in-depth inspection of the cooling system in your BMW 528i. We then do a machine-powered radiator exchange, replenish flushed chemicals, sealants, and lubricants, and then pressure check for leaks.
If your radiator is acting up, odds are good that your water pump needs to be checked for proper function, too. Of all the parts in your 2000 BMW 528i engine, the water pump is one that you'll want to have repaired or replaced as soon as you discover a problem with it. This vital part keeps coolant moving through the engine, hoses, and radiator. Without it, your engine won't maintain its optimal temperature. Our trained technicians can inspect your car’s radiator hoses and pumps to ensure everything is operating as it should. From the heater core to the radiator cap, your 2000 BMW 528i is in good hands at Firestone Complete Auto Care. We stand behind our work with our Triple Promise: Fixed Right, Priced Right, Right on Time.
Take care of your 2000 BMW 528i radiator and it will last. Check out our top questions and answers about BMW radiators below, and visit your nearest Firestone Complete Auto Care at the first sign of an overheating engine.
Don’t let the heat of the moment – or of your engine – get to your head. Schedule a radiator repair or service for your 2000 BMW 528i today.


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Active holiday in Etne
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The path up along Langfoss was originally the old mountain road from the Eljarvik farm to Langfoss støl (mountain farm), located on the plateau above...
Rullestad Active offers guided walks from the camp ground along the old Postal Route to the glacial potholes in the Rullestad gorge.
An exciting tractor safari brings you to a place you would never think it was possible to live. Enjoy mountain farm life with goats and the people who...
Hiking tour up along the steep mountain track with a fantastic view from the summit.
High difficulty degree. Guiding and enterance in the small house...
Experience the Cultural Heritage of Åkrafjorden - a fjord landscape inaccessible by road. An exiting boat trip and tractor safari brings you to a...
Along mountain farm tracks with guide. Rest and open fire at the lakeside.
Medium difficulty degree.
Duration: 4 hrs
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The hiking trip follows the old Post Road that dates from the 1800s and sneaks along the riverside down through Rullestadjuvet Gorge. The walk begins...
Glacial potholes are round caves in the mountain made by water, ice and stones i the last iceage. In the steep mountain walls at Rullestadjuvet you...
Seen from the boat, the landscape is like a string of pearls with the cascading Langfoss Waterfall the most impressive of them all. With its 612-metre...
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Wayward Book Characters
Someone asked me if the ending to Dreamwalk meant that Chloe and Shane would end up together. I had to tell the truth—I wasn’t sure.
How could I not be sure when I’m the one that invented them? A lot of writers will tell you: characters are a lot like kids. Just because they’re yours and you’ve ‘raised’ them doesn’t mean you can always predict their choices. Book characters tend to come alive and develop their own agendas, and even the author isn’t always exactly sure how or why this happens. Maybe it’s the obstacles that the author puts in their way that affects them in unexpected ways? Perhaps it’s something seemingly innocuous that a secondary character says or does that changes, even just slightly, your protagonist and how they deal with their circumstances?
I wasn’t even sure Chloe and Shane would ever meet again, until I got to know Shane a bit better by putting him through all his struggles and seeing how he really reacted when the chips were down. He’s a bit of a flake, but he’s a loyal guy. He doesn’t make strong connections easily, but when he does, they’re solid. That’s when I realized that he’s exactly the kind of person who would bide his time and make sure that he’d be there at the right time.
I’ve had to argue with other characters in other books as well. One ultimately didn’t get written at all because the two main characters decided that they really didn’t want to go through all that angst. There was supposed to be drama and tumult. They were supposed to face cruel realities about themselves. They were supposed to tear each other apart—emotionally—and dissolve: older, wiser and much more humble. Instead, they decided to run away together to Austria and open a bookshop. In the face of that kind steadfast calm and determination, an author can only do so much.
I’ve had characters turn out to be far too unpleasant to work with and have had to fire them. When you decide to create strong, proactive characters, that’s sometimes the price you have to pay. Sometimes they turn out to be people you just don’t want to work with. Even odder is when you find that you really like one of your bad guys. It really throws the plot when you suddenly feel compelled to give them redemption.
Do Shane and Chloe end up together? They’re more mature, more settled in their careers and hopefully both more clear-headed. It’s anyone’s guess if it’ll be happy ever after or there will be a rain of broken crockery as soon as the honeymoon is over. Their chances are as good as anyone’s, and I think I’ve done my job in making sure they at least got that chance. But they’re on their own, now.
Perhaps I’m just not tough enough on them, but I’ve talked to other writers who’ve had the same problem with their characters. Setting off in odd directions. Going completely OOC with little provocation. Drawing strange conclusions from life lessons.
After the death of her mother, eighteen year old Chloe Hawthorn is haunted by terrifying nighttime hallucinations. Determined to take control of her dreams, she uses them to find Shane Anderson, a charming and troubled musician whose online videos have been holding her in thrall. She finds him in the Dreamtime, sweating out heroin detox in a run-down rehab center.
Chloe sets out to find Shane in the waking world and discovers her dreams have been taking her into the past. Horrified, Chloe realizes Shane doesn't survive his addictions. In order to save him, Chloe must master her Australian mother's legacy — the secret of walking the Dreaming through time. But what price will Chloe pay for this Dreamwalk and will she save Shane only to lose him forever?

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Bear Arena 34 Specifications
Below are the specs for the Bear Arena 34 compound bow. This compound bow was modified by the Bear design team over years. Scroll down to find Bear Arena 34 specs for all modifications.
2 versions (2016-2015), specs were changed
all versions (2016 - 2015)
|2016||6.5 "||34.5 "||26.5-31 "||50-70 lbs||340 fps||4.0 lbs||75%|
|2015||6.5 "||34.5 "||26.5-31 "||40-70 lbs||340 fps||4.0 lbs||75%|
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Press release: The San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency advises San Francisco residents and visitors of the following event-related traffic and service impacts from Friday, Jan. 18, through Thursday, Jan. 24.
More information can be found at www.sfmta.com or by calling 311.
For real-time updates during the week and special events, follow us on www.twitter.com/sfmta_muni.
Holiday Muni schedule and parking enforcement:
On Jan. 21, the Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Day holiday, Muni will operate on a Saturday schedule.
Parking meters and seven-day street sweeping will be enforced citywide on the holiday. Commuter tow away, residential parking permits and Monday-Friday daytime street sweeping will not be enforced.
Meters on Port of San Francisco property, including the Embarcadero and Fisherman’s Wharf, are enforced seven days per week, except Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day and New Year’s Day.
Sunday meter operation:
Parking meters are now operating on Sundays from noon to 6 p.m. throughout the city, except at Fisherman’s Wharf and the Port of San Francisco. Meters at Fisherman’s Wharf will continue to operate from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. seven days a week. Meters in the Port of San Francisco jurisdiction (along the waterfront and some side streets) will continue to operate from 7 a.m. to 11 p.m. seven days a week. All meters citywide, including the Wharf and the Port, will have at least four-hour time limits on Sunday. For more details, please visit Sunday Parking Meters FAQ on our web page.
Athletic Association event:
On Jan. 18-19, the San Francisco Gaelic Athletic Association event will take place at the San Francisco Gaelic Fields on Treasure Island and require the closure of Avenue “H” between California Avenue and 3rd Street from 3 p.m. Friday to 7 p.m. Saturday.
The 108 Treasure Island Muni route will be affected.
MLK march and celebration:
On Jan. 21 at 11 a.m., the MLK March will start at 4th and King streets and proceed east on Channel Street, north on 3rd Street and west on Howard Street to Yerba Buena Gardens. The march is expected to conclude at approximately noon.
The MLK Celebration will be held at Yerba Buena Center for the Arts from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.
The Caltrain Freedom Train will arrive at the 4th Street and King Street Station at 10:55 a.m.
T Third Line will provide special service from Bayshore Boulevard and Sunnydale Avenue to 4th and Berry streets to coordinate with the arrival of Caltrain Freedom Train.
Muni bus shuttles will be standing by to transport those Caltrain “Freedom Train” riders who are unable to participate in the MLK March between 9 a.m. and 1 p.m. Participants may take the 30 Stockton or 45 Union-Stockton bus routes south on 5th Street for post-event service back to Caltrain after 1 p.m.
Regular bus fare applies.
Street closure for opening of SF Jazz Center:
On Jan. 21, the official opening of the SF Jazz Center will take place between 11:30 a.m. and 6:30 p.m. For event details, please visit www.sfjazz.org/grandopening.
Fell Street between Franklin and Gough streets will be closed on Monday from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. for the event.
Fell Street between Franklin and Gough streets will also be closed from 7 p.m. Jan. 22 through 6 a.m. Jan. 24 to facilitate the center’s gala fundraising event. The closure of westbound Fell Street will continue until 8 a.m.
There will be no impact on Muni bus service, but traffic in the event area will be heavy during the event time.


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Dallas County and Parkland are launching COVID-19 vaccination locations in southern Dallas to address the disparity of vaccination sites in communities that lack clinics and pharmacies. The county’s location at Fair Park began vaccinating residents on Monday.
Still, these so-called “mega sites” might not be the only answer to vaccinating some of the city’s most vulnerable residents. The Catalyst Community Foundation and Catalyst Health Network want to partner with community centers and churches to fill the large vaccination centers’ gaps, bringing smaller locations closer to more residents in a setting they trust. Catalyst is a network of independent primary care physicians who aim to manage patient health through data, care management, and advocacy.
Much of southern Dallas doesn’t have a Kroger, Walmart, CVS, or other pharmacies. As those sites begin to receive doses for the general public, the already dire health disparities will only increase. To address the issue, Parkland is operating vaccination sites at Ellis Davis Field House near Redbird and Dallas College Eastfield Campus in Mesquite. Dallas County Health and Human Services began operating a mega site at Fair Park on Monday morning, vaccinating members of the public who qualify as 1A or 1B per the state’s definition. (Basically, healthcare workers and members of the public who are 65 or older or have a chronic condition that makes them more vulnerable to contracting the virus. The Dallas Morning News reported this morning that folks who are 75 or older are being prioritized.)
Still, the vaccine remains limited and providers are using state guidance to determine the residents who are most vulnerable to contracting the virus.
“Parkland will be notifying its vulnerable patients. There is not an avenue at this time for Parkland patients to proactively schedule an appointment. Parkland is not currently vaccinating the general public and does not plan to do so next week,” read a statement last week from Parkland.
Between distrust in the medical industry and transportation hurdles, a few concentrated vaccination stations may still not reach many people who need it most. The Texas Tribune found that Dallas County has 140 approved distribution locations. Of those, just 10 are located in majority Black Census tracts while 37 are in majority Hispanic.
The Catalyst Community Foundation launched during the pandemic to address health disparities in vulnerable communities. The nonprofit partnered with churches and community centers to help provide access to primary care doctors in neighborhoods that don’t have them. Dallas County’s ratio of population to primary care physicians’ ranks 18th among Texas counties. In North Texas, demand is expected to outpace supply by 2030. According to Children’s Health’s Community Health Needs Assessment, “The shortage of primary care physicians is expected to grow by 90 percent, which indicates continued challenges for Dallas County in terms of access to primary care services.”
Catalyst is hoping to address this shortage by leveraging relationships that are ingrained in these communities. Having buy-in from someone familiar to the residents was a must. If a pastor of a church or a recreation center director encourages their parishioners and neighbors to get vaccinated, they are more likely to trust the service, says Dr. Chris Crow, the founder of Catalyst Health. The foundation is now looking at leveraging those relationships to provide vaccinations to the general public where it previously operated COVID-19 testing sites, as supply allows. This summer and fall, Catalyst tested at St. Lukes Community United Methodist Church, Hamilton Park UMC, DC3 in Desoto, Friendship West Baptist Church, Cochran Chapel UMC, and at the Glendale shopping center in conjuncture with nonprofit For Oak Cliff.
Vaccine distribution is off to a slow start in southern Dallas, five weeks since the first doses arrived here. The Bluitt-Flowers Clinic in East Oak Cliff only received 200 doses of the vaccine from the state this week, while Parkland’s Hatcher Station Health Clinic in South Dallas received only 100 doses. Portions of southern and West Dallas have received a few hundred doses here and there—last week’s allotment included 100 to Clinicas Mi Doctor in Oak Cliff, 100 to MD Family Clinic in southeast Dallas, another 100 to Heavenly Hands clinic in southern Dallas, for instance—but the majority is landing with the county health authority, the Parkland system, and UT Southwestern Medical Center.
Gov. Greg Abbott has said the state’s priority is supplying providers that have the resources to vaccinate thousands of residents each week, which means most will be found in the Medical District and at the centralized mega centers.
Crow says the organization is preparing for the coming weeks, when smaller providers are more likely to receive more doses. He hasn’t identified exact locations, but they will be mostly south of I-30 in medical deserts and vulnerable neighborhoods. It will likely be a mix of two to three churches and two to three community centers, for a total of five sites. When the organization was testing in these neighborhoods, the testing site would rotate through five locations every week.
The vaccine distribution will most likely function the same way, rotating to reach the greatest number of residents. There won’t need to be many infrastructure changes to shift from testing to vaccines, as the Moderna version doesn’t require ultra-cold storage like the Pfizer version does. The same mix of Catalyst caregivers and neighborhood volunteers that ran the testing centers can also vaccinate these communities.
In many ways, giving the vaccine is a simpler operation, because staff won’t have to deal with any specimens to maintain their purity while the samples are tested. Catalyst ran PCR tests, which meant getting results in and communicating those to the patients, which won’t need to happen now. Crow says they will start as soon as they have enough vaccine to distribute, which he says has been a moving target.
“It is all a function of getting enough of the vaccine,” Crow says. “It could be next week, or could be when Biden takes charge. As soon as we get them, we will get started.”
Some of the skepticism stems from systemic racism in the United States, including the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. For 40 years, the federal government allowed syphilis to ravage the bodies of poor, Black sharecroppers in rural Alabama. Doctors with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention withheld treatment so they could study the disease’s effects on the body. Public health officials say they are running up against that distrust in deploying the vaccine. A Pew Research Center survey from December found that only 42 percent of Black adults said they would definitely or probably get the COVID-19 vaccine, compared with 61 percent of Whites.
“There’s a massive desert down there that doesn’t have a pharmacy, doesn’t have a Walmart, and has massive transportation issues, as well as economic hurdles,” Crow says. “We have learned about the depth of the health disparities in certain areas, and it doesn’t matter that there’s going to be a vaccination site at the Cotton Bowl. For many unhealthy, poor, Black neighborhoods, they’re just not going to get there. And if they could, they wouldn’t trust it.”
If these areas have low vaccination rates, the entire population will be vulnerable. There will always be groups that are unable to get the vaccine because of age or medical condition. Providers will have to be creative about connecting with distrustful or hard-to-reach communities. Leaning on established community relationships may be one answer.
“Trust is another big piece that the barrier, and that that is why our strategy includes working with trusted partners in those communities,” Crow says. “Because those communities have churches and community centers that support them, they have trust in those places. If our goal is to have herd immunity, we’re going to have to have to make sure that we’re not just looking out for ourselves. We have to make sure that everyone is getting it, and everyone includes all those people as well.”


Dimensions:2' x 3'7"
|Material Details: 100% Polypropylene||Construction: Machine Made|
|Technique: Flat Woven||Primary Pattern: Floral And Plants|
|Primary Color: Natural / Blue||Material: Synthetic|
|Water Resistant: Yes||Mildew Resistant: Yes|
|Fade Resistant: Yes||Recycled Content: 0%|
|Outdoor Use: Yes||Product Care: Just sweep, vacuum, or rinse off with a garden hose|
|Country of Manufacture: Turkey|
Questions & Answers
Safavieh Courtyard Outdoor Rug
Henry from Boynton Beach, FL– Verified Buyer
Great product and price.. Like the unique pattern of the rug.
Bea from dover plains– Verified Buyer
Love the colors and design! Just what a expected!!!


text:
Meschenmoser, Sebastian. 2009. WAITING FOR WINTER. Tulsa, OK: Kane/Miller. ISBN 9781935279044 [Suggested Grade Levels K- 2]
Squirrel is waiting for winter. He knows that it will be accompanied by snow – something white, wet, cold, and soft. Squirrel doesn’t want to miss this arrival; he does anything he can to stay awake and to break the boredom of waiting. His shenanigans wake Hedgehog, who also becomes interested in seeing winter come and in discovering this thing called “snow.” Bear, too, is awakened and joins the search for the very first snowflake. Youngsters will laugh as they see the animal trio mistake other items for snow (toothbrushes are white and wet and cold) before finally discovering the real thing!
At first glance, the illustrations seem to set the tone for a soft, airy, romantic story. By page five, however, the humorous facial expressions and squirrel’s raggedy appearance convey to the reader that fun is in store. Likewise, the large font provides just the right contrast to the color-sparse sketches, and facilitates a fun read-aloud. When real snow finally arrives, the double-page spreads become wordless and more colorful, allowing the reader to watch silently as the three forest friends frolic and finally hibernate in a winter wonderland.
A lesson about classifying objects stems easily from this story. Present children with a list or pictures of inanimate objects that share common traits. Classify the objects by color, temperature, and texture. Children might think of other objects that the animals could have mistaken for snow, sparking an idea for their own illustration of things “snowing” down to earth.
These books also feature animals waiting for seasons:
Fleming, Denise. TIME TO SLEEP. ISBN 9780805037623
Henkes, Kevin. OLD BEAR. ISBN 9780061552052
Wilson, Karma. BEAR SNORES ON. ISBN 9781599614878
By Rebecca S. McKee

domain: library


text:
They Call Me Mom
Being a parent is hard. When you first become a parent they hand you this little tiny fragile body, and you think about not hurting them, about feeding them properly and sleeping schedules, about monitoring diaper changes, about talking to the pediatrician about all of your questions while not appearing to be as clueless as you really are and occasionally you check to make sure they haven’t stopped breathing in the middle of the night. It’s hard. You find yourself saying things like, “I wish they would sleep through the night.” “I wish that diapers actually held the contents they were intended to hold.”, “I wish bottles were self-cleaning.” and my favorite… “I wish they could just tell me what’s wrong!”
Eventually they sleep through the night (and occasionally the following day), the diapers never really work (but the cloth ones make great dusting rags), bottles can be put in the dishwasher (although I’m more interested in bottles that require a corkscrew), and my favorite…now they tell me what’s wrong. Now, I know that I am very blessed that my girls talk to me about everything. They talk to me about boys, love, the pros and cons of vegetarianism, school, dreams, fears, feelings of inadequacy, exercise, diet, struggles, their judgment and assessment of my life, spiritual searching, family, their hurt, the concept of packaging Lucky Charms in a bigger box…they now tell me what’s wrong. Sometimes, it’s exhausting.
When they were babies, I was physically exhausted all the time, but nothing compares to the emotional exhaustion of teenagers. I hear a constant ticking of a clock in my head. My time is limited to make them independent and strong. Tick, tock, tick, tock. Can they function in the adult world? Tick, tock, tick, tock. Can they remember to put gas in their cars when they are close to empty? Tick tock, tick tock. Can they juggle their schedules without me reminding them of their “to do” list? Tick tock, tick tock. I’m running out of time and there is still so much to be taught.
I can’t fix everything for my girls. Sometimes they are going to hurt and be hurt. Sometimes they are going to have to be uncomfortable and feel awkward. Sometimes they are going to make bad decisions and have to deal with the consequences. Sometimes, they are going to fall flat on their faces. I’m resigned to the fact that I can’t possibly prepare them for every scenario that they will encounter in their lives, but one thing I can do is prepare them with perseverance and coping skills. So it’s awkward and uncomfortable…go anyway. So he broke your heart…get out of bed anyway. So you are over run with emotional moments…go to bed and start over tomorrow. So someone made fun of you…hold your head up. So someone made fun of you…kill them with kindness.
It’s still hard. As I enter the home stretch of hands on every day, in my house parenting, my agenda is simple. Dream, pray, persevere, love, smile, aspire, thrive.

domain: psychology


text:
Frazier, Joe, 1944-2011Alternative names
Joseph William Frazier (b. Jan. 12, 1944, Beaufort, S.C.–d. Nov. 7, 2011, Philadelphia, Pa.), also known as Smokin' Joe, and also known as Joe Frazier, was an American professional boxer, Olympic gold medalist and Undisputed World Heavyweight Champion, whose professional career lasted from 1965 to 1976, with a one-fight comeback in 1981.
From the description of Frazier, Joe, 1944-2011 (U.S. National Archives and Records Administration). naId: 10569965

domain: history


text:
The unique aromatic composition of floral essential oils for erotic massage and luxurious body skin care. Suitable for him and her. Forget about your worries and enjoy love, surrounded by the most incredible aromas from nature! Sweet almond and grape seed oils nourish the skin while the luxurious organic ylang-ylang, neroli, rose, jasmine, frangipani and vanilla aromas lift you up above the daily routine and inspire for love. A Cocktail of Passion is a luxurious and exclusive gift for yourself and your loved one!
How to use: using circular motions, massage a small amount of the oil on damp body skin. Avoid contact with eyes. Avoid contact with intimate areas. For external use only.
The recipe was created by Giedre Velickiene, clinician, aromatherapist and loving mother. Made in the fragrant aromáma laboratory in Lithuania. Every single bottle is touched by our beautiful Goddesses’ hands.

domain: health


News & Resources
Tips to Access Funding from Congressional Earmarks
Following the reinstatement of congressional earmarks, Americans for the Arts is hosting a webinar on August 4 (3 p.m. EDT) that explains how to advocate for member-directed spending for local communities. These funds traditionally benefit arts and culture institutions, and members of Congress have already proposed over $200 million in member-directed spending this year. Visit AftA to register for the webinar and learn how to advocate for your home district’s arts programs.


text:
St. Therese: The Little Flower
1. Devotional Design: Our Wooden Plaque is a reverent tribute to St. Therese, featuring her inspiring prayer etched into the wood, offering comfort and solace.
2. Red Acrylic Flower: The addition of a red acrylic flower on the plaque represents the profound love and devotion that St. Therese had for her faith and humanity.
3. Natural Colored Wood Frame: The plaque is elegantly framed in a natural-colored wood frame, accentuating its timeless charm and adding a touch of rustic elegance.
4. Handcrafted with Precision: Each plaque is meticulously handcrafted with attention to detail, ensuring a high-quality and meaningful piece of art.
5. Versatile Display: With its framed design, our Wooden Plaque can be displayed on walls, shelves, or as part of a prayer corner, creating a sacred and serene atmosphere.
6. Thoughtful Gift: This plaque serves as a thoughtful and cherished gift for those who find solace in the devotion of St. Therese, providing a source of inspiration and faith.
7. Spiritual Home Decor: Embrace the loving spirit of St. Therese in your home with this Wooden Plaque, allowing her prayer and the red acrylic flower to radiate a sense of love and devotion.
Honor the wisdom and love of St. Therese with our Wooden Plaque. Click "Add to Cart" now and invite her guiding presence into your home, creating a space of serenity and spiritual reflection. Share this meaningful plaque as a heartfelt gift with someone dear, allowing St. Therese's prayer and the red acrylic flower to blossom in their hearts.

domain: design


Boston Symphony Orchestra: Andris Nelsons’ Inaugural Concert
The start of BSO Music Director Andris Nelsons’ tenure with the orchestra features two of the conductor’s close colleagues.
Twilight: Los Angeles
Anna Deavere Smith performs "Twilight: Los Angeles, 1992."
Annie Lennox: Nostalgia Live in Concert
Annie Lennox performs songs from her 2014 "Nostalgia" album.
Mark Morris Dance Group: L'Allegro Il Penseroso ed il Moderato
Mark Morris' "L'Allegro, il Penseroso ed il Moderato."
La Dolce Vita: The Music of Italian Cinema
Revel in a romantic concert of lush music from classic Italian movies.
American Voices With Renée Fleming
An overview of the American Voices festival.
The Metropolitan Opera's production of La Fanciulla del West, commemorating the 100th anniversary of the opera's 1910 world premiere at the Met, will air April 24 at 12 p.m. ET on PBS (check local listings). Deborah Voigt sings the role of Minnie, with Marcello Giordani as Dick Johnson (the disguised bandit Ramerrez) and Lucio Gallo as the villainous sheriff Jack Rance.
Subscribe to WGBH Arts & Drama Emails


text:
Believing in Pluto's planet status is a legitimate scientific position. Only four percent of the IAU voted on this, and most are not planetary scientists. Their decision was immediately opposed in a formal petition by hundreds of professional astronomers led by Dr. Alan Stern, Principal Investigator of NASA’s New Horizons mission to Pluto. Stern and like-minded scientists favor a broader planet definition that includes any non-self-luminous spheroidal body in orbit around a star. The spherical part is important because objects become spherical when they attain a state known as hydrostatic equilibrium, meaning they are large enough for their own gravity to pull them into a round shape. This is a characteristic of planets and not of shapeless asteroids and Kuiper Belt Objects. Pluto meets this criterion and is therefore a planet. Under this definition, our solar system has 13 planets and counting: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Ceres, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris.
Tucson Weekly |
7225 Mona Lisa Rd. Ste. 125, Tucson AZ 85741 |
(520) 797-4384 |
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text:
The University of Central Arkansas Board of Trustees on Friday gave head football coach Clint Conque a two-year contract extension and a $5,000 raise.
Tom Courtway, UCA president said, the $5,000 will come entirely from private funds. “The state portion of that ($106,000 per year) remains the same,” he said.
He currently makes $133,000 a year, $27,000 of that in private funds. His new contract will have $33,000 from private funds.
The two-year extension runs Conque’s contract through 2015.
Conque has been UCA’s coach since 2000 and led the Bears last year to their first NCAA FCS playoff experience. UCA, which finished 9-4, made the second round of the playoffs before losing to Montana.

domain: finance


PWM stands for (Pulse Width Modulation) and it is the communication system that modulates the changed duty ratio of the pulse wave. It does not change the voltage magnitude and the cycle but only the width of the high level (ON) of the pulse is changed.
By changing the duty ratio (the ratio of high-level of the pulse within 1 cycle), the transmission signal is changed.
PWM features superb controllability and high efficiency. It is used for DC motor control, control valve, pump, hydraulic, and the inverter circuit.
PWM output sensor features resistance to voltage noise and the variation of the ground potential. The PWM signal is able to be read by the timer or counter board of the microcomputer easily. Moreover, since PWM output sensor resists external noise compared to the voltage output sensor, it is suitable for a long-distance communication* up to a length of about 10m. *Long-distance communication: see “4-20mA Current Output Sensor“
Our PWM Output Sensors
Our PWM output sensors have been used successfully in the lever angle sensor of the joystick and so on.
Output resolution of PWM sensor is 12-bit and we can provide it with your required PWM frequency between 100 to 1000Hz.


text:
The MLB will feature 12 games on Monday, July 25, and all but one matchup will be a part of the main DFS slate on DraftKings. One of the top games of the night will be a contest between the Atlanta Braves against the Philadelphia Phillies as Atlanta continues to chase the New York Mets in the National League East.
Below is a preview of the night’s top pitchers and hitters along with a couple of value plays to consider before submitting your DFS lineup.
Max Fried, ATL vs. PHI ($10,500) — The Braves starter has been tremendous in 2022 heading into start No. 20 with a 2.64 ERA and 10-3 record. Fried faced the Phillies once this season and allowed 2 runs over 6 innings with 5 strikeouts in May.
Tony Gonsolin, LAD vs. WAS ($10,200) — The Los Angeles Dodgers starting pitcher will get a matchup with the fourth-worst offense in terms of runs per game (3.8). Gonsolin has an 11-0 record in 2022 with a 2.02 ERA and allowed 5 runs over 5 innings with 6 K’s in his most recent start prior to the All-Star Game against the St. Louis Cardinals.
Yordan Alvarez, HOU vs. OAK ($6,300) — The Houston Astros outfielder leads the league with a .668 slugging percentage and will enter Monday’s matchup with the Oakland Athletics with 28 home runs and 65 RBIs with a .307 batting average. Alvarez missed yesterday’s game with a hand injury, so take a look at injury updates prior to setting your lineup.
Freddie Freeman, LAD vs. WAS ($6,200) — The Dodgers first baseman has been strong out of the break with a hit in all four games back, including 2 home runs in the weekend series with the San Francisco Giants. Freeman leads the team with a .325 batting average, on-base percentage (.402) and slugging percentage (.545).
Glenn Otto, TEX vs. SEA ($6,500) — The Texas Rangers starter could have some value in this spot against a Seattle Mariners lineup that ranks No. 24 in batting average (.235). Otto will enter with a 5.40 ERA, so it will be important to get deep into this matchup, and the Mariners strike out 8.6 times per game.
Andres Gimenez, CLE vs. BOS ($4,200) — The Cleveland Guardians second baseman should be in position for a solid performance at the plate on Monday night. He has multiple hits in three of four games out of the All-Star Break, increasing his batting average to .304 with 11 home runs and 45 RBIs. Giminez will get a matchup with Boston Red Sox starter Nick Pivetta, who allowed 20 runs over 13.1 innings over his last three starts.

domain: hobby


text:
From: Love-Letters of Margaret Fuller, 1845-1846
Published: 1903 New York
You come not, dear friend. The day was full of golden sunlight, and kind words and deeds as well, for the thought of you stood at the end, but you come not. My head has ached ever since you were here, and needed you to take away its pain-but you come not.
You said once, I was too sensitive and that such little disappointments would affect me. It is indeed the absence of the light, but would never affect me any other way, where I am sure of love as I am of yours; but that absence is sad.
The shadows and damps of evening settle down upon me as they do upon the earth, for where is the torch that was to cheer the in-door retirement!
You come not—and now I realize, that soon will be the time, when evening will come always, but you will come no more.
We shall meet in soul, but the living eye of love, that is in itself almost a soul, that will beam no more.
O Heaven, O God, or by whatsoever name I may appeal; surely, surely—O All-causing, Thou must be the All-sustaining, All-fulfilling too. I, from Thee sprung, do not feel force to bear so much as one of these deep impulses in vain! Nor is it enough that the heavenly magic of its touch throws open all the treasure-chambers of the universe, if these enchanted doors must close again.
My little rose-tree casts its shadow on the paper. They bade me cut it down to make it blossom, and so have I done, though with a reluctant hand. So is it on this earth. But not so will it always be. The soul protests against it, and sometime, somewhere claims its own in full.
Wilt thou search out such mysteries in the solitude of the cave? Wilt thou prepare for men an image fair and grand enough of hope? Give that to men at large, but to me send some little talisman, that may be worn next the secret heart. And let it have a diamond point, that may pierce when any throb swells too far to keep time with the divine frame of things. We would not, however, stifle one natural note, only tune all sweet.
My head aches still and I must lean it on the paper as I write, so the writing goes all amiss. Ah! I really needed you to-night and you could not come—yet you are not away from me; are you? I long to hear whether the most wearisome part of your winding up is not now over. May morning, after thinking it was unfit to send the flowers, I changed my mind, for it seemed perhaps they might not be uncongenial in the evening after the fret and dust of the day were over. —Farewell.
All Sub-Works of Love-Letters of Margaret Fuller, 1845-1846:
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// Priority policy issues and interventions
The first document "Regional Agricultural Policy" (RAP) articulates policy issues and formalises priority areas for policy intervention. It states the following:
- The Southern African region has globally remained food insecure with stunted agricultural growth
- The region has become less resilient to environmental factors particularly climate change and variability
- Agricultural sector has over the years become less attractive to investment
- Agricultural development has a strong potential to serve as an engine of economic growth and an instrument for poverty reduction and improved food security
- To achieve full agricultural potential, SADC member states need to engage and invest more in the agriculture sector within the context of regional economic integration.
The document examines the form of the RAP and its implications; an operationalisation mechanism and its implications while a final section is entitled "Towards the Regional CAADP Compact". Support for formulating RAP was provided by FAO, the French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs, the World Bank, USAID, DFID and other partners.
// Working papers on food security in SADC
The second document contains five working papers commissioned in support of the policy process, which examine key aspects of food security in SADC.
The papers are aimed to:
- Strengthen the rationale of relevant policy issues, including by identifying potential gaps from the earlier process (e.g., on climate change)
- Identify possible interventions (broad terms), including by taking into consideration existing formal commitments made by SADC (e.g., protocols) and current interventions
- Prioritise the policy issues and proposed interventions.
// Southern African Development Community
Consisting of 15 member states, SADC aims to promote sustainable and equitable economic growth and socio-economic development through efficient productive systems, deeper co-operation and integration, good governance, and durable peace and security, so that the region emerges as a competitive and effective player in international relations and the world economy.
RAP__Priority Policy Issues and Interventions
TMSA Daily News


text:
Tokyo is a great big city, there is so much to see and do across the sprawling neon lit metropolis that you can get spoilt for choice. Below is a list of some of the more interesting and popular places to visit.
1 - Harajuku
Most visitors to Tokyo come to the Harajuku area. It was within a couple of stops of Shibuya station on the JR line, so an easy visit for us. There are two main attractions in the area, the renowned Meiji Shrine and the locals that get dressed up.
Sunday is a peak day for tourists, as this is when you have the best chance to see a ‘Harakuju Girl’, a local donned up in a unique style of costume that has become synonymous with the area. It is also a popular day to visit Meiji Shrine and you will likely see a wedding ceremony or two.
The Meiji Shrine is a short walk through a nice park area from Harakuju. It is a special place visited by many people each year and host to weddings, particularly on weekends.
2 - Ueno
Getting to Ueno on the JR loop is straight forward, takes around half an hour from Shibuya. There is a large park area that is of interest to tourists a short walk from the station. It contains many different museums, shrines and an interesting little zoo that has two Panda Bears.
Ueno Zoo only costs 600 yen, which is pretty good value to see a panda. There are other interesting exhibits as well.
Ueno Park is also a prime viewing spot for cherry blossoms, which can be seen late March to early April.
3 - Asakusa
We noticed one day near the end of our stay that a lot of young people were walking around in traditional Kimono’s. It turned out that it was the national Coming of Age day, when all citizens that had turned 20 in the previous year were now considered adults.
We visited the Asakusa area on that day. Asakusa is a popular tourist destination, with the Senso-ji temple a major attraction. The outer gate of the temple with its large chochin lantern is a familiar landmark, and the walk to the shrine, surrounded by souvenir and interesting food stalls, is extremely popular
Asakusa Souvenir Markets
2 - Shinkinju
Shinjuku is the heart of Tokyo, and it beats loudly and brightly. The original neon jungle teems with people on a quiet night, and overflows with restaurants, shopping complexes and 100 yen shops.
Kubukicho is a famous red light district in Shinjuku. It’s an interesting place, but care needs to be taken, more that you don’t get ‘over taxed’, more than anything else. It’s a vibrant area but expect to be accosted by the local Nigerian contingent, who will recommend you visit their respective establishments.
Kabukicho Red Light District
1 - Tokyo Bay
Tokyo Bay is an interesting and unique place, and well worth a visit. Getting there is also fun, as the main access is via a completely automated driverless train with rubber wheels that travels across the magnificent Rainbow Bridge.
The line to Tokyo Bay is called Yurikamome. We took the JR Loop to Shimbashi, which is the first station on the line to the bay. It is a separately owned system to the metro and Jr lines, so a different ticket is needed. A one day pass on the line is 820 yen, which is worth it if you plan to do more than a simple return trip.
There is a bit to see and do in the area, mostly centred on the large shopping malls, but there are some sights to see outside as well, including the giant Gundam robot and replica statue of liberty. If possible, plan to be there after dark when the skyline really lights up, showing an amazing view of the Rainbow Bridge.
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domain: travel


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domain: artistic


text:
For anyone who has watched the last few years of cat-and-mouse games on the dark web's black markets, the pattern is familiar: A contraband bazaar like the Silk Road attracts thousands of drug dealers and their customers, along with intense scrutiny from police and three-letter agencies. Authorities hunt down its administrators, and tear the site offline in a dramatic takedown—only to find that its buyers and sellers have simply migrated to the next dark-web market on their list.
So when Dutch police got onto the trail of the popular dark-web marketplace Hansa in the fall of 2016, they decided on a different approach: Not a mere takedown, but a takeover.
In interviews with WIRED, ahead of a talk they plan to give at Kaspersky Security Analyst Summit Thursday, two Netherlands National High Tech Crime Unit officers detailed their 10-month investigation into Hansa, once the largest dark-web market in Europe. At its height, Hansa's 3,600 dealers offered more than 24,000 drug product listings, from cocaine to MDMA to heroin, as well as a smaller trade in fraud tools and counterfeit documents. In their probe into that free-trade zone, which would come to be known as Operation Bayonet, the Dutch investigators not only identified the two alleged administrators of Hansa's black market operation in Germany, but went so far as to hijack the two arrested men's accounts to take full control of the site itself.
The NHTCU officers explained how, in the undercover work that followed, they surveilled Hansa's buyers and sellers, discreetly altered the site's code to grab more identifying information of those users, and even tricked dozens of Hansa's anonymous sellers into opening a beacon file on their computers that revealed their locations. The fallout of that law enforcement coup, the officers claim, has been one of the most successful blows against the dark web in its short history: millions of dollars worth of confiscated bitcoins, more than a dozen arrests and counting of the site's top drug dealers, and a vast database of Hansa user information that authorities say should haunt anyone who bought or sold on the site during its last month online.
"When a dark market is taken down, everyone goes to the next one. It's a whack-a-mole effect," says Marinus Boekelo, one of the NHTCU investigators who worked on the Hansa operation. By secretly seizing control of Hansa rather than merely unplugging it from the internet, Boekelo says he and his Dutch police colleagues aimed not only to uncover more about Hansa's unsuspecting users, but to deal a psychological blow to the broader dark-web drug trade. "We thought maybe we could really damage the trust in this whole system," he says.
While the Hansa takeover at times involved the close cooperation of American and German law enforcement, neither the US Department of Justice nor the German Federal Criminal Police Office responded to WIRED's requests for comment, leaving some elements of the NHTCU's account without independent confirmation. What follows is the Dutch police's own, candid description of their experience digging into—and ultimately running—one of the world's top online narcotics trafficking operations.
Despite its dramatic turns, the Hansa investigation started in a traditional fashion: with a tip. A security company's researchers believed they had found a Hansa server in the Netherlands data center of a web-hosting firm. (Security firm BitDefender has claimed some involvement in the Hansa operation. But the NHTCU declined to reveal the name of the security company or the web-hosting firm, along with several other details they say they're keeping under wraps to protect methods and sources. Even the names of the two German men charged with running Hansa remain secret, since German law protects the names of prosecuted individuals until their trial.)
As Boekelo tells it, the security firm had somehow found Hansa's development server, a version of the site where it tested new features before deploying them in the live version that handled its formidable load of thousands of visits from drug shoppers every day. While the live Hansa site was protected by Tor, the development server had somehow been exposed online, where the security firm discovered it and recorded its IP address.


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domain: entertainment


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New Price Indication Ordinance on 28 May 2022
Changes to the German Price Indication Ordinance (Preisangabenverordnung, PAngV) took effect on 28 May 2022. Businesses that advertise prices or quote them in offers must therefore pay particular attention to the following, or risk receiving warning letters from competitors or business associations with a standing to sue, or even face fines:
Note: The regulations only apply to business-to-customer (B2C) and not business-to-business (B2B) sales.
1. Price reductions
New in section 11 Price Indication Ordinance: When advertising goods with a price reduction, the lowest overall price applied in the last 30 days must be indicated as reference. This is to prevent comparison with unrealistic, short-term prices.
- Example 1: A dress first costs EUR 100, then EUR 150 for two weeks, and then EUR 75 after that. The lowest price 30 days prior to the reduction is therefore EUR 100. Only this price may be used for comparison.
- Example 2: A dress first costs EUR 100, then EUR 150 for eight weeks (i.e. more than 30 days), and then EUR 75 after that. Relevant reference price: EUR 150.
Exception: If prices are gradually reduced, without interruptions, the lowest price during the 30 days before the application of the first price reduction can be used as a reference. Example: A dress first costs EUR 100, then EUR 90, then EUR 70 and then (four weeks after the first price reduction) EUR 50. The seller can use its prior price of EUR 100 for comparison.
However, there are also still some open questions, including: Do separate sales campaigns qualify as a price reduction “without interruptions”? Example: price reductions applied during a Black Friday campaign and then during a Cyber Week or other sale.
Section 11 only covers goods, not services or digital products. It only applies if reference is made to an prior price, i.e. not if only the new price is mentioned. It does not apply to references to an RRP, to general statements such as “sale”, to offers such as “buy 1, get one 1 free” or “buy 3 pay for 2” etc., nor to perishable goods or individual price reductions.
2. Bottle deposit
In the case of bottle deposits, the deposit must still be indicated next to the final price. It is still not certain, however, whether this will hold up before the European Court of Justice. Proceedings are already pending there after the Federal Court of Justice referred this question to the ECJ.
3. Basic price
For pre-packaged goods, in particular, the basic price must still be indicated in an “unambiguous, easily identifiable and clearly legible” manner. The relevant units of measurement are 1 kilogram, 1 litre, 1 cubic metre, 1 metre or 1 square metre. Smaller units (100 gr/100 ml) are only allowed for loose goods (e.g. fruit); in the case of customer self-service, the basic price by weight may also be indicated. “Easily identifiable” means identifiable at a glance and therefore rules out the use of hover or mouseover action or separate links. However, it is no longer necessary for the basic price to be indicated “in close proximity” to the final price.
Gleiss Lutz comments
The German Price Indication Ordinance (PAngV) remained unchanged for a long time, while fundamental framework conditions have changed, especially at European level. The innovation – triggered by the EU’s Omnibus Directive – takes this into account to some extent. However, a number of questions remain unanswered, in particular regarding the regulation’s compatibility with EU law.
The above points only concern what we consider to be the major new developments. In addition, the PAngV contains many other requirements (such as the obligation to truth and clarity in pricing, to indicate final prices, etc.) that still need to be met. The German Unfair Competition Act (Gesetz gegen den unlauteren Wettbewerb, UWG) also imposes price advertising requirements, all of which cannot be presented here.
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domain: law


text:
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