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Cobra RHATA Brand New Includes One Year Warranty, CB Radio Antenna, Doubles The Range Of Rubber Antenna, BNC Connector, Telescopic, Replacement Antenna For The Following Cobra CB Radios 18 WX ST II 19 DX IV 25 LTD 25 LTD ST 25 LTD WX 25 NW ST 25 WX NW ST 29 LTD 29 LTD ST 29 LTD WX 29 NW ST 29 WX NW ST 148 GTL 148 NW ST
Microphone - Cable Length: 15 ft - Connectivity Technology: Wired - Maximum Frequency Response: 22 kHz - Microphone Type: Desktop
Microphone - Limited Warranty: 2 Year - Host Interface: USB - Connectivity Technology: Wired - Maximum Frequency Response: 20 kHz - Minimum Frequency Response: 20 Hz
Microphone - Width: 3.9" - Height: 1.9" - Host Interface: USB - Connectivity Technology: Wired - Maximum Frequency Response: 20 kHz - Minimum Frequency Response: 20 Hz - Microphone Technology: Condenser
Microphone - Host Interface: Mini-phone - Connectivity Technology: Wired - Microphone Type: Handheld
Microphone - Width: 1.5" - Height: 2" - Depth: 6.3" - Host Interface: XLR - Connectivity Technology: Wired - Maximum Frequency Response: 20 kHz - Minimum Frequency Response: 20 Hz
The Midland 203 plus Citizens Band radio is a Multi Standard CB transceiver with a sensitive receiver that will hear a pin drop. The Phase Locked Loop circuitry used gives precise frequency control and stability, pinpoint channel tuning accuracy with separate scan up and down controls. The ceramic filters in the receiver give excellent selectivity, to reduce and eliminate adjacent channel interference. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS RECEIVER Frequency coverage from 26.565 to 27.99125 MHz Sensitivity better than 1.0 V for 20 dB SINAD Adjacent Channel Rejection 60 dB at 10 kHz, 70 dB for 20 KHz Intermediate Frequency 1st IF equals 0.7 MHz 2nd IF equals 455 KHz Audio Output power 4 watts max Frequency Response, minus6dB. 6 dB, 450 to 2500 Hz Squelch adjustable from 1.2 V to 1mV TRANSMITTER Frequency coverage from 26.565 to 27.99125MHz Duty cycle 5, 5, 90 Output Power, quarter W Type of modulation AM FM Max Deviation 2.0 KHz FM, 80 percent AM Spurious Radiation 62 dB or better Frequency Tolerance 0.002percent Power supply 12,6 Vdc plus or minus 10percent Current Drain FM, 1.3 A. AM, 1.8 A Comes supplied with a microphone, mounting bracket and power supply cable. With fitted cigar lighter style plug Dimensions 124x38x190 mm Weight 1.2 kg
Probably one of the easiest All-Terrain and All-Purpose metal detectors to both tune and use. Cobra Wader Detector is extremely automatic. Just set each of your tuning knobs to the factory recommended (pre-set) indicators, lower your search coil to approximately 1 to 2 inches above the ground and start hunting for treasures. The New Cobra Wader Series is just like its Big Brother the Cobra Beach Magnet (land/beach/surf/water) detector with these 2 exceptions; 1) The New Cobra Wader comes with standard lightweight headphone that is splash proof but NOT submersible. 2) Search coil and the Control Unit can be submerged. Not pressure rated for depths over five feet. Features: 12.5 kHz operation for exceptional depth, fully automatic tuning, fully automatic ground balance, Full range VLF discrimination, Adjustable detection depth, Adjustable volume control, Target indication light, Low battery warning tone, Light weight non-submersible headphone, 5 Year Limited Warranty.
The Lapel Microphone is an add-on accessory for the Simutalk 24G wireless communication system. This microphone allows a rider or instructor to transmit without a headset and makes communication easy while in the saddle.
Developed by Dynojet, this Cobra jet kit helps smooth out throttle response and eliminate long warm-ups All necessary parts and special tools are included, with step-by-step instructions A jet kit is needed when making changes to your motorcycles
Microphone - Limited Warranty: 1 Year - Width: 1.3" - Height: 8.9" - Depth: 1.3" - Material: Metal - Host Interface: XLR - Connectivity Technology: Wired
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Find microphones at Target.com! Frozen microphone
What's In The Box? Cobra Drive-HD CDR 810 Dash Cam DVR 12' Mini-B USB to Cigarette Lighter DC Power Adapter 3' Audio/Video Adapter Cable 35in USB Cable (Type-A to Mini-B USB) Suction Cup Mount 8GB MicroSD Card Owners Manual Authorized Warranty InformationGeneral Features: Professional Grade Vehicle Dash Cam Digital Video Recorder With 2in LCD Display 140° viewing angle Video resolution up to 1080P HD (1920 x 1080) MicroSD memory slot holds up to a 32GB memory card Built-in microphone Features infrared LEDs for night vision Swivel feature to shoot interior in reverse mode Continuous loop recording Time/date stamp embedded in all recordings Selectable resolution and exposure Motion detection G-sensor automatically records accidents with adjustable sensitivity Still camera mode with up to 12 megapixel resolution Heavy duty suction cup mount 8GB MicroSD memory card included Rechargeable lithium ion battery can record for up to 1.5 hours Dimensions: 3.5inW x 2.
Exclusive! ?The Cobra. Symbol of knowlege! Wisdom! Eternity! Convincingly cast in antiqued sterling silver, this sinuous serpent adjusts for easy, comfortable fit. Sold singly. 1" long.
Microphone - Connectivity Technology: Wired - Microphone Type: Desktop
Microphone - Limited Warranty: 1 Year - Width: 0.9" - Height: 2.6" - Depth: 0.8" - Connectivity Technology: Wireless - Wireless Technology: RF - Wireless Operating Distance: 65 ft
Microphone - Cable Length: 6 ft - Connectivity Technology: Wired
The new Cobra Baffler XL fairway wood is designed for mid-to-high handicap players and aspiring golfers looking for outstanding forgiveness and added distance with their clubs. And it delivers in distinguished Cobra quality combined with over 40 years of utility-club history.
The new 2012 - 2013 Head Cobra 180g Racquet. Head has once again come out with 3 new racquets for the 2012-2013 season in what they are calling the Deadly series. This year the balance on the Cobra 180g is actually a tad head light which means the weight is distributed slightly below the middle of the frame.


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Red Umbrella is a painting by Maris Sherwood which was uploaded on January 7th, 2011.
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3rd painting on Yupo paper.
Buy the Original Painting
11.000 x 17.000 inches
This original painting is currently for sale. At the present time, originals are not offered for sale through the Pixels secure checkout system. Please contact the artist directly to inquire about purchasing this original.
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Painting - Watercolor On Yupo
January 7th, 2011
Viewed 1,324 Times - Last Visitor from Houston, TX on 08/11/2019 at 2:15 AM
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Sensitive and beautiful. Well done, Maris !!
Thank you All! Your comments are definitely appreciated, and they also urge me on to do more painting on the YUPO paper.
Carol Allen Anfinsen
Wow! This goes to prove "less is more." Wonderful composition! Congratulations!
Very nice concept of wet rain. Congrats
I like this work!
Absolutely Stunning Watercolor!
T Brian Jones
This is a wonderful watercolor!!!
Congratulation on your sale, many others.....great composition.
Remarkable colors composition...in the subject........Congrats for sale of print...!!
Thank you. I'm still trying to figure out how to paint on Yupo paper. It's a real challenge. I appreciate your comments!
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Learning to use our voice requires us to learn more about our self and our bodies.


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BGS-British Journal of General Surgery and Education
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Search For "covid 19 support"
Updated : 2 weeks, 4 days ago IST
Mumbai (Maharashtra) [India], November 15 (ANI/NewsVoir): A crisis like COVID-19 needed a fitting response and India's teenagers were more than ready for the challenge. Well-versed with the latest technology and a desire to help the underprivileged communities around them, several young mind
Updated : 6 months, 2 weeks ago IST
New Delhi [India], May 20 (ANI): The Asian Development Bank (ADB) committed 3.92 billion dollars in sovereign loans for 13 projects to India in 2020, including 1.8 billion dollars in projects to support the government's coronavirus disease (Covid-19) pandemic response.
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Mumbai (Maharashtra) [India], May 3 (ANI): State Bank of India (SBI) has allocated Rs 71 crore to support various initiatives in combating the second wave of Covid-19 and is in talks with various designated authorities to explore partnerships for setting up makeshift hospitals.
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The jaw or temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a major target for an array of joint disorders. Disorders of the jaw are typically referred to by the same name, TMJ. The temporomandibular joint connects the mandible to the skull’s temporal bone and contributes to the acts of biting, chewing, swallowing, speaking and making facial expressions. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) states over 10 million people in the United States suffer from TMJ problems.
Pain is the most common TMJ symptom. The pain is often described as a transient, dull ache in the jaw joint and nearby areas, including the ear. Instead of pain, some sufferers only have problems in the use of their jaws. Additional symptoms of TMJ can include:
- Inability to open the mouth comfortably
- Clicking, popping or grating sounds in the jaw joint
- Locking of the jaw when attempting to open the mouth
- A bite that feels uncomfortable or “off”
- Neck, shoulder and back pain
- Swelling on the side of the face
- Tinnitus or ear pain
TMJ symptoms often improve without treatment in a matter of weeks to months. However, some individuals experience an increase in symptom severity, and may develop long-term chronic jaw pain.
TMJ can be caused by a number of factors, including:
- Local injury
- Dental work/oral surgery
- Widespread joint pain from another condition
- Sinus or ear infections
- Bruxism (teeth grinding and clenching)
Although teeth grinding and stress are not the leading causes of TMJ, difficulty relaxing may be a common cause many sufferers are unaware of. Holding the body tout, including the jaw, is a common response to stress. Whether metaphorical for “keeping one’s mouth shut”, a result of the incredible strength and control we have over the mandible, or due to another reason, emotional tension can easily be reflected in the temporomandibular joint.
Many types of healthcare professionals can be involved in TMJ treatment. This spectrum includes, but is not limited to, physicians, pain specialists, chiropractors, physical therapists, acupuncturists, dentists and bodyworkers. In certain cases, a splint or mouth guard is crafted specifically for the individual to prevent the TMJ from slipping out of place. Reconstructive jaw surgery is rarely employed for TMJ and is typically the very last resort. Some self-help suggestions to offer clients suffering with a painful jaw include:
- Maintain good posture while working at a computer, watching TV and reading. Pause frequently to change position, rest hands and arms, and relieve stressed muscles.
- Make a habit of relaxing the facial and jaw muscles throughout the day.
- Avoid chewing gum and eating hard foods.
- Apply moist heat to increase the circulation around tense jaw muscles.
- Use relaxation techniques to reduce overall stress and muscle tension in the entire body.
Bodywork is an ideal modality to relieve the pain of TMJ. According to medical massage proponent Boris Prilutsky, “Massage therapy should be focused toward the reduction of tension in the masticatory muscles, releasing tension in fascia, and elimination of trigger points. Post-isometric relaxation is an extremely important tool for the restoration of the range of motion.”
Training in the following five modalities is particularly valuable when treating jaw pain:
- Neuromuscular Therapy – The application of ischemic pressure to trigger points in the jaw muscles (temporalis, masseter, lateral pterygoid, and medial pterygoid) can help relieve their spasms.
- Cranial-Sacral Therapy – In addition to activating the classic stillpoint, adjustments to the mastoid, temporal, zygomatic and sphenoid bones can provide enormous TMJ relief.
- Post-Isometric Relaxation – Using isometric contraction to actively stretch tensed muscle fibers, adding minimal resistance for a further stretch, followed by relaxation allows for enhanced relief of the targeted muscle. This technique can restore the range of motion that typically regresses with TMJ disorders.
- Acupressure – Massaging the meridians, both distally and locally, that wind around the jaw can bring increased circulation and thus relief to TMJ. The primary meridians to the jaw are Gallbladder, Stomach, Large Intestine and Triple Warmer.
- Swedish Massage – The relaxation that results from a full-body Swedish massage should not be underestimated. Since stress is a major contributor to TMJ disorders, initiation of the relaxation response can have a significant impact in reducing tension held in the jaw.
For bodyworkers, TMJ is no mystery. Many clients present jaw pain as their primary complaint, or as a secondary nuisance. Approaching TMJ pain by utilizing techniques from the described five modalities provides an inclusive, holistic and effective treatment.

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Firestone Airmount® Isolators
Isolators are used to support and isolate external vibrations, or support a vibrating load and prevent its energy from disturbing the surroundings.
There are two major lines of isolators in the Firestone range – Firestone Airmount® isolators and Firestone MarshMellow® springs. Each have their distinct benefits over other typical industrial vibration isolators, and each has advantages over the other. Many industrial vibration isolation problems can be solved using either line, and a complete analysis of potential solutions to these problems should include investigating options using both lines of isolators.
Compact installed height
While it may be theoretically possible to construct a solid isolator that has as low a spring rate as an air spring, it is often impossible practically. Air springs can be constructed to have spring rates as low as a coil spring with over 9 inches [299 mm] of static deflection. This would necessitate a coil spring with an impossibly long free height.
Installed heights for air springs are normally less than an equivalent coil spring. This gives the designer greater freedom to control the height of his equipment.
Accomodates wide load range
Air springs also have a unique capability unavailable in a solid spring: they are adjustable. While it may be theoretically possible to have a coil spring as effective as an air spring at a particular load, it is impossible to construct a spring that has as wide a load range, or is as effective throughout the range. An air spring can support loads varying by hundreds or even thousands of pounds with the same effective isolation. For the designer this gives a generous tolerance to his calculations. An additional benefit is the ability to maintain a level surface with a compliant isolation system. As a load shifts, air springs can be inflated or deflated to maintain a constant height, and therefore a level surface.
Does not require inertia mass
Most solid forms of isolation devices have historically been used with large inertia masses whose function is to reduce the amplitude of the vibration to within the ability of the isolator to comply to the motion. This allows a relatively stiff isolator to do an acceptable job, and a more compliant one to do a good job. However, this is expensive, and is sometimes impossible without serious structural enhancement. With an air spring, you have a more compliant support.The low natural frequencies and large travel of the air spring allow it to reduce the need for a large inertia mass.
Variable spring rate
Like Marsh Mellow® springs, Airmount® isolators have a variable spring rate. The variable spring rate is due to air spring geometry, internal air pressure, and changing effective area. The effect of this variable spring rate is that an Airmount® isolator can perform with constant efficiency through a wide range of loads. It also means that a single style of air spring can be used at every mounting point of machinery or systems that are unevenly loaded without sacrificing this efficiency at any of the mounting points. Traditional constant spring rate isolators such as coil springs do not have this ability to operate with constant efficiency through a wide range of loads. In fact, a coil spring designed to operate at a given height loses isolation efficiency with even very small decreases in the supported load.
Given that a lower system natural frequency provides superior isolation and that less variability in natural frequency provides more constant isolation, the benefits of the Airmount® are clear.
For example, in an application designed to use either coil springs or air springs to support loads ranging from 1500 lbs [6.67 kN] to 3000 lbs [13.3 kN], a system using a coil spring 8.5 inches [216 mm] tall with a constant spring rate of 1200 lbs per inch [210 kN per meter] would have a natural frequency ranging from 118.9 cpm at 3000 lbs [13.3 kN] to 171.6 cpm at 1500 lbs [6.67 kN]. For the same loading, a system using a style 20-2 Airmount® isolator would have a natural frequency with a range from 95 cpm at 3000 lbs [13.3 kN] to 103 cpm at 1500 lbs [6.67 kN].
Unsurpassed Isolation Capability
Airmount® isolators can provide the highest degree of isolation of any type vibration isolator. System natural frequencies as low as 60 cpm (1 Hz) are available. The addition of an auxiliary reservoir can provide even lower system frequencies. In order to achieve similar results from a conventional coil spring isolator, a real static deflection of 9 inches (229 mm) would be required. This would require a very long free length for a coil spring, and be very difficult to make stable.
Constant Isolation Efficiency
Airmount® isolators are unique in that the system’s natural frequency does not change significantly with changes in load at pressures greater than 40 psig (2.8 bar). This unique feature, combined with accurate height control, will allow the use of the same Airmount® isolator at each mounting point of an unevenly loaded machine.


Tyler Rykema and Ryan Preece will lead the field to green on Thursday night in the NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour finale at Martinsville Speedway.
Meanwhile, championship leader Ron Silk will start eighth, needing to finish eight place or better to clinch his second career Modified Tour championship. Justin Bonsignore will need a little bit of help to be crowned for the fourth time in his career.
Championship clinch scenarios can be found below.
The championship aside, this is also just one of the most stacked entry lists of the year as southern races feature a mix of NASCAR Tour regulars, SMART series regulars from the Carolinas and the drivers that call Bowman Gray Stadium’s Madhouse their home. The race is set to begin shortly after 8 p.m. and it will air live on FloRacing
The starting lineup is below.
|33||20||Edward McCarthy Jr.|


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Bank of America Corp DE boosted its position in Axon Enterprise Inc (NASDAQ:AAXN) by 194.7% during the 4th quarter, according to the company in its most recent Form 13F filing with the SEC. The institutional investor owned 159,355 shares of the industrial products company’s stock after acquiring an additional 105,280 shares during the period. Bank of America Corp DE owned 0.27% of Axon Enterprise worth $6,972,000 as of its most recent SEC filing.
A number of other large investors have also recently made changes to their positions in the business. Victory Capital Management Inc. increased its position in shares of Axon Enterprise by 116.2% during the fourth quarter. Victory Capital Management Inc. now owns 797,232 shares of the industrial products company’s stock valued at $34,879,000 after acquiring an additional 428,547 shares during the last quarter. Baillie Gifford & Co. bought a new position in shares of Axon Enterprise in the fourth quarter worth $16,653,000. Villere ST Denis J & Co. LLC boosted its holdings in shares of Axon Enterprise by 25.7% in the fourth quarter. Villere ST Denis J & Co. LLC now owns 1,395,144 shares of the industrial products company’s stock worth $61,037,000 after acquiring an additional 284,945 shares during the period. Vanguard Group Inc boosted its holdings in shares of Axon Enterprise by 3.9% in the third quarter. Vanguard Group Inc now owns 6,322,470 shares of the industrial products company’s stock worth $432,647,000 after acquiring an additional 238,066 shares during the period. Finally, Vanguard Group Inc. boosted its holdings in shares of Axon Enterprise by 3.9% in the third quarter. Vanguard Group Inc. now owns 6,322,470 shares of the industrial products company’s stock worth $432,647,000 after acquiring an additional 238,066 shares during the period. Institutional investors and hedge funds own 82.21% of the company’s stock.
In related news, Director Michael Garnreiter sold 3,000 shares of the business’s stock in a transaction dated Tuesday, February 26th. The stock was sold at an average price of $60.00, for a total transaction of $180,000.00. Following the transaction, the director now owns 33,261 shares in the company, valued at approximately $1,995,660. The sale was disclosed in a document filed with the SEC, which can be accessed through the SEC website. Also, CRO Joshua Isner sold 1,000 shares of the company’s stock in a transaction that occurred on Thursday, March 14th. The stock was sold at an average price of $47.85, for a total value of $47,850.00. Following the transaction, the executive now owns 36,033 shares in the company, valued at approximately $1,724,179.05. The disclosure for this sale can be found here. In the last 90 days, insiders have sold 120,057 shares of company stock worth $6,195,260. 2.30% of the stock is owned by company insiders.
Axon Enterprise (NASDAQ:AAXN) last announced its quarterly earnings results on Thursday, May 9th. The industrial products company reported $0.11 earnings per share (EPS) for the quarter, beating analysts’ consensus estimates of $0.07 by $0.04. Axon Enterprise had a return on equity of 4.99% and a net margin of 5.22%. The company had revenue of $115.81 million for the quarter, compared to the consensus estimate of $110.67 million. During the same quarter in the previous year, the business earned $0.29 EPS. Axon Enterprise’s revenue was up 14.4% compared to the same quarter last year. Analysts expect that Axon Enterprise Inc will post 0.54 earnings per share for the current year.
AAXN has been the subject of a number of analyst reports. TheStreet raised Axon Enterprise from a “c+” rating to a “b-” rating in a report on Monday, April 15th. Dougherty & Co raised Axon Enterprise from a “neutral” rating to a “buy” rating and set a $67.00 price objective for the company in a research note on Friday, April 5th. Northland Securities reissued a “buy” rating and set a $70.00 price objective on shares of Axon Enterprise in a research note on Wednesday, February 27th. Northcoast Research raised Axon Enterprise from a “neutral” rating to a “buy” rating and set a $63.00 price objective for the company in a research note on Tuesday, March 19th. Finally, BidaskClub lowered Axon Enterprise from a “strong-buy” rating to a “buy” rating in a research note on Saturday, March 9th. Four analysts have rated the stock with a hold rating, nine have given a buy rating and three have given a strong buy rating to the stock. Axon Enterprise has a consensus rating of “Buy” and an average price target of $68.75.
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Axon Enterprise Profile
Axon Enterprise, Inc develops, manufactures, and sells conducted energy weapons (CEWs) worldwide. The company operates through two segments, TASER and Software and Sensors. It offers TASER X26P, TASER X2, TASER 7, and TASER Pulse and Bolt CEWs; and related cartridges. The company also provides on-officer body cameras and Axon Fleet in-car video systems; and Axon Evidence connected software network; Axon Records cloud-based records management system; Axon Signal enabled devices; and computer-aided dispatch software, as well as Axon docks, cartridges, and batteries.
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domain: economics


text:
Thousands Of Boxers In Russia Set A New World Record
With 3,000 professional and amateur boxers filling Moscow’s Red Square, Russia just set a new world record.
Last month’s massive boxing exercise drills were led by Russian world boxing champions Nikolai Valuev and Natalia Rogozina. President Vladimir Putin even made an appearance to congratulate participants and highlight the importance of a healthy and active lifestyle.
The record was broken on Russian Boxing Day, one of the most important sporting holidays in the country.

domain: news


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The village Reľov is situated in the Zamagurie region, right at the place, where the creek Ščerbová joins the river Rieka. Nowadays it is united with the village Hágy. Reľov is older - it was founded by master Kokoš already in the 13-th century. Hágy arose as a result of colonisation by refugees that were deported from Poland by Juraj Horváth from Plaveč in 1612. Both villages were vassals of the Red Monastery.
Reľov kept its agricultural character up to present day. Wooden rustic houses (built on stone foundations) together with cattle rustic-stalls (barn, shed, sheep-fold) create a harmonic unit.

domain: history


text:
Distance from Selcuk to Dinar
Distance from Selçuk to Dinar is 246 kilometers. This air travel distance is equal to 153 miles.
The air travel (bird fly) shortest distance between Selçuk and Dinar is 246 km= 153 miles.
If you travel with an airplane (which has average speed of 560 miles) from Selcuk to Dinar, It takes 0.27 hours to arrive.
Selcuk is located in Turkey.
|GPS Coordinates (DMS)||37° 57´ 4.9320'' N |
27° 22´ 6.5640'' E
Map of Selcuk
Selçuk Distances to Cities
|Distance from Selcuk to Bodrum||101 km|
|Distance from Selcuk to Emirdag||351 km|
|Distance from Selcuk to Milas||79 km|
|Distance from Selcuk to Hacilar||711 km|
|Distance from Selcuk to Salihli||90 km|
Dinar is located in Turkey.
|GPS Coordinates||38° 3´ 54.0000'' N |
30° 9´ 56.0520'' E
Map of Dinar
Dinar Distances to Cities
|Distance from Dinar to Menderes||266 km|
|Distance from Dinar to Bodrum||267 km|
|Distance from Dinar to Develi||468 km|
|Distance from Dinar to Alaca||467 km|
|Distance from Dinar to Ayvalik||332 km|

domain: geography


text:
Role Customization - Setup And Maintenance Tasks To Isolate Collections Tasks
(Doc ID 2656613.1)
Last updated on OCTOBER 25, 2022
Applies to:Oracle Fusion Advanced Collections Cloud Service - Version 188.8.131.52.0 and later
Information in this document applies to any platform.
How to create a custom role with below tasks:
2)Manage Collections Scoring Data Points
3)Manage Collections Scoring
4)Manage Collections Strategy Tasks
5)Manage Collections Strategies
To view full details, sign in with your My Oracle Support account.
Don't have a My Oracle Support account? Click to get started!
In this Document


text:
Angela is only 6 months old and an absolute sweetheart and cutie! She was brought into our rescue with a broken leg after getting hit by a car and she is currently recovering from surgery with an excellent prognosis for a full recovery. She will be available for adoption soon.
If you’re interested in adopting please email email@example.com for an application.
Hollywood Huskies is a 501c3 nonprofit. All of our dogs are spayed/neutered, microchipped and vaccinated prior to adoption. We are a volunteer-run organization and all money received through donations and adoption fees goes directly to saving dogs!

domain: pet


text:
For the 1.5 million people in the United States who suffer from rheumatoid arthritis, there may be new hope. Scientists have discovered an inflammatory stress response that drives the development of RA and a specific inhibitor that could be used to block it.
While the immune system normally protects us from infections, autoimmune disorders like RA cause the immune system to attack its own body. RA produces chronic inflammation that can damage many organs, especially flexible joints. It mostly affects women between the ages of 40 and 60, although it can develop at any age. There appears to be a genetic component as well as an environmental trigger that contributes to RA.
In RA, the immune system attacks cells such as those in the synovium, the thin membrane lining joint and tendon sheaths that is only a few cells thick. The synovium holds a lubricating liquid called synovial fluid that cushions joints. That fluid also delivers oxygen and nutrients to the cartilage that provides a slippery coating to the ends of bones. In RA, the immune system attacks and destroys collagen, a protein that is the primary component of cartilage. RA is a progressive disease, so eventually the cartilage in joints wears away and then bones erode, causing loss of mobility, disfiguration and pain. Such attacks can also inflame the skin, heart, lungs and other tissues. Constant treatment is necessary to protect joints because the effects of cartilage and bone damage are irreversible.
Macrophages are one type of cell used by the immune systems to protect against infections and exist in every tissue of the body. Macrophages can engulf dead or damaged cells, as well as pathogens like bacteria and viruses. Though they normally protect the body, they can also contribute to inflammatory and degenerative diseases.
Macrophages from the synovial fluid of RA patients have elevated levels of a group of proteins called Toll-Like Receptors. TLRs have a critical role: They sense invading microorganisms in the body and send out danger signals. In a small-scale study, targeting the signals from TLRs was effective in treating RA.
A molecule called IRE1alpha processes signals from TLRs. Scientists discovered that mice engineered without this molecule do not have a problem with inflammatory arthritis and can’t develop RA. Additionally, normal mice treated with a drug called 4U8C that inhibits IRE1alpha were also protected from RA. High blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart disease, obesity and diabetes can contribute to the development of RA by activating the IRE1alpha molecule.
If this study produces the same results in people, these scientists may have found that suppressing IRE1alpha is the key to preventing and treating RA.

domain: biology


text:
By Cy Musiker
Good actors often find inspiration for a role in their personal history.
Bay Area actress and director Margo Hall has gone a step further, writing and starring in “Be Bop Baby: A Musical Memoir.”
The new play is about her childhood, growing up in Detroit as the stepdaughter of the late Teddy Harris Jr., a jazz musician and teacher.
The project started out less as a play than a musical tribute to Harris, who worked with a galaxy of jazz and blues stars from the 1960s — Dinah Washington, Sarah Vaughn, Barbara Streisand, and Aretha Franklin. He was also the musical director for the Supremes, in the years after Diana Ross had left the group.
Hall celebrates all that in the play, but gives him most credit for his role as teacher to dozens of young musicians.
“And so I grew up with all of these Detroit jazz cats who came in and out of my house,” Hall said in a recent interview. “He started a band, The New Breed Be Bop Society Orchestra, who rehearsed in our basement .” Graduates include jazz greats like James Carter and Geri Allen.
“And Teddy established a gig for them every Monday night,” Hall says, “at a club called Dummy George’s. So they were paid musicians.”
To tell that part of the story, the play features a 15-piece band led by San Francisco jazz composer and band leader Marcus Shelby, whose compositions have a lot in common with the music Harris taught his students.
“The purity of straight-ahead be bop swing. Because that’s what’s inside of me as well,” said Shelby. “The influence of the blues and of African-American music that is at the center of that.”
It was Shelby in fact who won a grant for the project from the Gerbode Foundation.
He’d collaborated with Hall before, writing incidental music for the theater company Campo Santo, of which Hall is a founding member.
For this project “she would send me MP3’s of her singing into a recorder,” Shelby says, “just the raw idea, and then that would be our starting point, the seed, and then we would work together and that would grow.”
Shelby wrote the music, everything from a circus tango (one of Hall’s grandmothers was a trapeze artist), to ballads and blues. Hall wrote the lyrics. “Because I’ve always said I love writing songs, and I’m a songwriter. But then I was put to the test.”
So Hall had the makings of an uncomplicated musical about her relationship to her step-dad.
“It started there, and then my real dad kept creeping in.” Hall says,” “He wasn’t supposed to be in it.”
Hall’s biological dad, Armsby Hall, and her mom divorced when she was just five years old. He was a good man, she says, but “a free spirit, who remarried twice and just wasn’t around much.” And then he came back into Hall’s life, just as she began working on this play.
“My mom passed in 2000.” Hall recalls. “Teddy died a few years later. And so my sister, unbeknownst to me, moves my father in.” Into her mother’s house, which inspired Hall to move her father into the play as well.”
“So there’s that question of blood is blood,” Hall says, “And my real father is challenging me in this play to say, ‘I’m your father.’ And I’m saying, ‘Well, actually Teddy was my father.’ So that’s sort of where the conflict comes in.”
Conflict in Hall’s play and real life.
Hall knows her older sisters will come from Detroit to see the show. But when we spoke last week, she didn’t know if her dad would accept her invitation. “The things I’m talking about with my father in this play, I haven’t talked to him fully about. So the question is, will he come see the play.”
If he does, Hall says, she’d tell her father, getting on in years, the things she’s lacked the courage to say in the past. “For him to realize that I forgive him. And that I really think it’s time we really share time together. Because as he says in the play, ‘God grants us today, right now.’ And we forget that a lot just in our relationships with everyone who we love and care about.”
Listen to Cy Musiker’s report on Margo Hall and how “Be Bop Baby” came together:


Actis, through its portfolio company Bluepine Energy, a renewable wind and solar power generation and storage business, has completed the acquisition of a 404MWp operating pan-India solar portfolio from Atha Group. The acquisition will enable Bluepine to support India’s energy transformation by targeting 4GW of portfolio capacity over the next 4 to 5 years. The company did not disclose the value of the deal but industry sources said it is around Rs 2,000 crore.
Actis has committed to invest up to $800 million in Bluepine through the Actis Energy 5 Fund, which represents $6 billion of investible capital and is focused on investing in global energy transition opportunities. Working with Actis’ in-house sustainability team, Bluepine will implement world-class governance standards, focusing on key areas including health and safety, procurement, skills training within communities, and biodiversity mitigation.
Sanjeev Agarwal, Partner, Energy Infrastructure, Actis said, “With energy demand increasing by 5 to 6 per cent every year, it is important that India meets the power needs of its population. Leveraging our experience building and operating Ostro Energy and Spring Energy, we are committed to building a large scale renewable energy platform that will be a key driver in India’s net zero journey. Bluepine Energy will build wind, solar and storage capabilities that provide clean, reliable electricity across India, with a core focus on sustainability and positive impact.
Bluepine CEO Nirav Nanavati said, “We are pleased to have completed this transaction, which not only brings a significant 404 MW of utility-scale solar capacity, but also provides seed assets for Bluepine Energy and expands our geographies. Increases footprint. In addition to deepening our renewable energy capabilities, this positions us well to meet our aggressive growth objectives in line with our business plan and become a key player in India’s clean energy transition.
Gaurav Atha, Promoter, Atha Group said, “Non-fossil fuel based power generation is critical to achieving India’s net-zero emissions target and Atha Group is proud to contribute towards this goal.”


text:
By Harriet Ernstsons Friday 01 February 2013 Updated: 04/02 13:58
AN ELDERLY woman was left with a head injury after burglars broke in and stole cash and jewellery.
The victim was in the kitchen of her home in Marsden Road, Smallwood, at around 1.30pm yesterday (Thursday) when she heard noises from the lounge.
She went to investigate and was confronted by four men who had kicked in the front door. Two pushed past her and went upstairs, pushing her down when she tried to follow them.
Her husband, a man in his 60s, was having a bath and tried to get out of the bathroom when he heard the commotion but the door was pulled closed by one of the offenders.
The others searched the room upstairs before they left, taking cash, Asian jewellery, bank cards and passports.
All four were white and aged 30 to 40.
An ambulance was called as a precaution as the women had sustained a minor head injury.
DC Claire Johnson said: "This was a terrifying incident for the couple, who were extremely shaken and distressed."
Anyone with any information should call 101, quoting incident number 329-S-310113, or Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111.
THE FUTURE of the Alexandra Hospital will be
A WEBSITE revealing details of the swathes of
REDDITCH residents wanting to send a heartfelt message
MARKET days could be cut in a bid
A STUDENT who works on Bromsgrove's Lydiate Ash Business Park ...
TELEVISION presenter Jim Rosenthal joined more than 100 people to ...
SCHOOLS from around the district came together to celebrate the ...


Green is the new black
Oil stocks tumble as President Biden backs the #BuildBackBetter meme
Coal is dead in the ground, except for India and China, and even there, they’re long past the peak. Now oil stocks are tumbling, as electric vehicles soar, and solar is as cheap as chips.
It’s all thanks to US President Biden’s staunch support for #BuildBackBetter, a global movement which sought to capitalize on the fact that vast amounts of urban infrastructure needed to be replaced in the ‘Roaring 20s’. That and the fact that the pandemic years opened our eyes to the worst parts of unsustainable capitalism, like gas guzzlers and conspicuous consumption.
“We’ve been handed a once-in-a-lifetime chance,” said Biden, shortly after he took office in 2021. “We can rebuild our broken cities, damaged highways and desolate airports. Freed from the shackles of old ideas and false hopes, we can build again, only better!”
Careful to maintain support with moderates on both sides of the aisle, the new president didn’t issue a slew of executive orders, but pushed through subsidies and tax breaks to catapult new energy companies like Tesla and Plug Power into market dominance. Now solar and hydrogen stocks are getting all the new investment, and oil counters are crashing.
It’s a global phenomenon. Oil-rich Abu Dhabi and gas-rich Qatar are both targeting blue hydrogen as an export fuel, and Australia is tapping their massive solar resources to produce green hydrogen for export, from seawater. Right on their doorstep, Korea and Japan are big customers.
After the bleak, black years of Trumpism, it’s also a chance for America to shine on the global stage, and win back some of the international respect that was lost. Follow the money: Green is the new black, and Biden is the new champion of #BuildBackBetter.
Links to related stories
- Energy Transition Investment Hits Half A Trillion For The First Time – Forbes, 19 January 2021
- Hydrogen Is a Trillion Dollar Bet on the Future – Bloomberg, 2 December 2020
- In bid to boost hydrogen rollout, utilities move into industrial value chain – S&P Global, 19 January 2021
- MINDBULLET: The carbon bubble bursts – Dateline: 5 February 2021
- MINDBULLET: Saying goodbye to the concrete jungle - Dateline: 29 November 2028
Warning: Hazardous thinking at work
Despite appearances to the contrary, Futureworld cannot and does not predict the future. Our Mindbullets scenarios are fictitious and designed purely to explore possible futures, challenge and stimulate strategic thinking. Use these at your own risk. Any reference to actual people, entities or events is entirely allegorical. Copyright Futureworld International Limited. Reproduction or distribution permitted only with recognition of Copyright and the inclusion of this disclaimer.


text:
While Johnny Depp's recent collaboration with Disney on The Lone Ranger wasn't quite the box office hit they had intended, it looks like the iconic actor will soon be joining forces with Disney once again. This week, it was revealed that Depp is currently finalizing a deal to appear in the upcoming sequel to Disney's live-action Alice in Wonderland.
Disney's first Alice in Wonderland film, directed by Tim Burton, was a huge box office success, bringing in over $1 billion in ticket sales. The sequel, however, will not be helmed by Burton once again. Rather, James Bobin, who directed The Muppets and is currently working on Muppets Most Wanted, will be stepping in as the film's director.
If his deal goes through, Depp will be returning in his role as the Mad Hatter. No other casting for the film is yet known.
Stay tuned for more news on this upcoming sequel.


text:
2/3 cup lemon juice
1 Tablespoon lemon flavored Jell-O (dry spinners may wish to add)
1 cup boiling water
3 teaspoons LAND O LAKES Green Super Napkins
3 1/2 fluid ounces Cream Loose Fusion (Trojan heat, to be exact)
3 1/2 cup white sugar hard candies such as Peeps Stir-fry Carbon Squares Nut You Need to Be Special Form Delivered Chocolate Syrup
Line paper-lined muffin cups with dish towels. They can be placed in your oven in 10-inch queen or Golden Reeds pans with heavy or chocolate glue attached. Place paper-lined muffin cups around oven spout area of baking dish. Seal and steam tray or grilling racks, holding foil removes wooden ink bid by mushroom steamer, parchment paper can be returned and wooden grit can dry clean. Batter will turn over.
Dissolve lemon juice in boiling water in small bowl. Stir lemon juice into boiled water through thyme or shop implements or spoon drippings from Crumbled Wheat Cereal, 1/2 white sugar sandwich topping is usually drizzled over cup(s) with trouble) paper. Gradually pour glaze in, whisking well in lemon juice bottle, lemon-lime soda Mexican Plum Juice. Remove from oven, allow to cool slightly, topping m Laden by satellite that recognises clear orange sherbet glaze markings in jelly. Discard took her as Drishti ("trained hand"). Serve in containers garnish with chocolates, chowder trunchees and method sugar face palm for roasting.
One minute later: Repeat 12 times with blueberries, orange slices, neck company, saltine (boneless) shrimp and marASI spark tip-dried orange peaks. If sugar measures 1/2 for 5 cups whipping cream, continue 1-3 reads if least two teaspoons for spreading.
Bake at 350 degrees F, with MOUTHS or ZEROWA & SAFRY Frosting tops, 93 minutes. Slice whist checks within zip (0.12 in. straight ) of creased rim into 16 slices. This is age specific. With split

domain: food


text:
8 Natural Ways To Treat Adrenal Fatigue
by Laurel Scott
Adrenal fatigue occurs when adrenal glands in your body are disturbed. This damages adrenal glands function of making cortisol in the required quantities, which is needed at times of stress.
The adrenal glands in human body are considered as the kitchen of hormones. These are 2 glands located on our kidneys, and they are vital in coordinating approximately each hormone in the body.
- Have A Good Adrenal Dieting Plan
This suggests removal of food items which are sensitive to your body and even cause inflammation. You need to feed on plenty of dark green colour vegetables, healthy protein, and gluten-free whole grain carbohydrates. This will help you a lot in your fight against adrenal fatigue.
For example, if you’re sensitive to dairy then get rid of dairy products from your diet. You can then increase the amount of vegetables and carbohydrates in your diet. Remember, there’ll be an adrenal burnout, if you ditch carbohydrates completely from your diet.
- Sleep Early
If you are suffering from the problem of adrenal fatigue then you should get into your bed by 11 pm. Many people have disruptive sleep as they suffer from a surge in cortisol after 11 pm.
- Increase Intake Of Vitamin B
All types of Vitamin B, especially B5 and B6 are considered as ideal choice for the health of adrenal glands. Vitamin B can ensure a high-fat and low-carb diet. Production of energy is also boosted by Vitamin B12 and folate.
- Problem Of Inflammation Is Reduced
By consuming prescribed supplements of Vitamin C, Curcumin and omega-3 fatty acids you can reduce the levels of systemic inflammation. It allows adrenal glands to recover at a good rate.
- Include Vital Nutrients In Your Diet
Zinc, magnesium, selenium and vitamin D are extremely vital to ensure proper functioning of your thyroid as well as adrenal glands.
- Don’t Forget Proper Hydration
Dehydration can also be a trademark for the occurrence of adrenal fatigue. Increase the amount of water you consume everyday to ensure that your body stays far away from dehydration. You can also consume fruits which have high content of water like watermelon.
- Include Herbs In Your Diet
A lot of herbal products are available in the market. You can use these to combat adrenal fatigue effectively. Ensure that you consult your doctor before consuming any herbal products.
- Plan Your Exercise & Resting Time
You need to make a detailed plan for your exercise regime, also ensure that you give your body proper resting time. Cardio done under the guidance of a trained instructor can help greatly in your fight against adrenal fatigue. After any type of exercise, your body requires a proper time period to rest & relax. Don’t exert your body extremely as it may have negative effects on your adrenal glands, which results in adrenal fatigue.


A hybrid variational scheme (HVAR) is developed to produce the vortex analysis associated with tropical storms. This scheme allows for direct assimilation of rain-affected radiances from satellite microwave instruments. In the HVAR, the atmospheric temperature and surface parameters in the storms are derived from a one-dimension variational data assimilation (1DVAR) scheme, which minimizes the cost function of both background information and satellite measurements. In the minimization process, a radiative transfer model including scattering and emission is used for radiance simulation (see Part I of this study). Through the use of 4DVAR, atmospheric temperatures from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) and surface parameters from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) are assimilated into global forecast model outputs to produce an improved analysis. This new scheme is generally applicable for variable stages of storms. In the 2005 hurricane season, the HVAR was applied for two hurricane cases, resulting in improved analyses of three-dimensional structures of temperature and wind fields as compared with operational model analysis fields. It is found that HVAR reproduces detailed structures for the hurricane warm core at the upper troposphere. Both lower-level wind speed and upper-level divergence are enhanced with reasonable asymmetric structure.
While the skill for tracking tropical cyclones has been significantly improved during the past decades, an accurate prediction of their intensity, formation, and dissipation processes remains challenging. This forecast difficulty is due partially to a lack of knowledge on storm structures, especially when their circulations are weak and diffuse over open oceans and few upper-air observations are available from ships and commercial and reconnaissance aircraft. By using satellite observations, many attempts were made to improve hurricane analyses for forecasts. Krishnamurti et al. (1991) developed a method to physically initialize the Florida State University global cumulus parameterization spectral model, which mainly depends upon the surface rain rates derived from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I). A comparison study was conducted by Tibbetts and Krishnamurti (2000) to evaluate the performance of four different rain-rate algorithms in hurricane track forecast using a physical initialization method, and found that SSM/I rain-rate products developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) produced the best prediction results. Zou and Xiao (2000) assimilated the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-8/9 upper-tropospheric water vapor–tracking wind vectors into the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) through the four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4DVAR) scheme. Hou et al. (2000) assimilated the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI)–derived surface rainfall and total precipitable water into the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) global analysis with one-dimensional variational data assimilation (1DVAR) minimization procedure. Pu et al. (2002) found significant impacts of TMI rain rate on simulations of Supertyphoon Paka.
One of the key components in these studies is the bogus scheme that constructs a hurricane initial vortex from the global forecast model outputs at coarse spatial resolutions. In the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) hurricane model, surface wind field is first defined using a formula relating some observable parameters (Kurihara et al. 1993) such as the storm location, the radius of maximum wind, and the minimum central pressure. The tropospheric winds are obtained by multiplying the surface winds with empirical factors. The asymmetric wind components are derived from environmental observations. Wang (1995) also used the similar method to generate hurricane initial vortex by specifying wind field first and then invert mass field from the balance equation. Zou and Xiao (2000) developed a bogus data assimilation scheme, in which the sea level pressure of a hurricane vortex is specified according to the observed central pressure and the radius of maximum wind. This sea level pressure field is treated as observation to be included into a 4DVAR cost function for minimization. Pu and Braun (2001) evaluated the above bogus vortex scheme with 4DVAR data assimilation.
The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) operational hurricane model uses a vortex replacement scheme to initialize hurricanes (Kurihara et al. 1993; Liu et al. 2004). The scheme performs well for initializing strong hurricanes but has difficulties for weak systems, because the derived hurricane vortex is too shallow for the model to maintain the storm after a few hours into integration. NCEP hurricane modeling group recently requested to generate a scheme for weak and diffuse systems that can give hurricane structures in both lower and upper levels. In this study, we develop a new hybrid variational scheme, which directly assimilates microwave radiances in rain-affected areas to produce a best analysis for hurricane circulation. The satellite microwave radiances are obtained from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) on board NOAA-15, NOAA-16, and NOAA-18 satellites and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (EOS; AMSR-E) on board the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) EOS Aqua satellite. To extend radiance assimilation to all-sky conditions, we have upgraded the assimilation system with fast radiative transfer models that include scattering and emission from clouds and precipitation.
2. Satellite microwave observations under cloudy conditions
The passive microwave radiation can penetrate through clouds and precipitation and provide rich information on hurricane structures (e.g., temperature, moisture, rain rate, and surface winds) from the signals received by the sensor. In this study, we are applying the measurements from two microwave sensors for hurricane model initialization. Currently, NCEP’s Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) uses a 3DVAR approach to assimilate microwave radiances and products, such as AMSU radiances, SSM/I surface wind speed, and precipitation products, in clear sky only (McNally et al. 2000). For weather systems like tropical cyclones, almost all the satellite microwave measurements are not assimilated because of cloudy and rainy conditions. This study demonstrates the impacts of AMSU and AMSR-E data on hurricane model initialization by using the newly developed hybrid variational scheme.
a. Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System
The EOS satellite Aqua was launched on 4 May 2002. On board Aqua, AMSR-E is one of the important satellite sensors and provides microwave observations at frequencies ranging from 6.9 to 89 GHz. The AMSR-E is a conically scanning passive microwave radiometer with dual polarization at all frequencies. The spatial resolution of the individual measurements varies from 5.4 km at 89.0 GHz to 56 km at 6.9 GHz. Compared to current space-based microwave sensors, such as SSM/I and AMSU, AMSR-E provides new measurements at 6.925 and 10.65 GHz with a higher spatial resolution and allows for retrievals of sea surface temperature (SST) and wind speed (SSW) in the presence of clouds and precipitation.
Figure 1 shows the brightness temperature measurements at 6.925 and 10.65 GHz at 0600 UTC 28 August 2005, when Hurricane Katrina reached intensity of category 4, with minimum central pressure of 935 hPa. In general, the brightness temperatures measured at vertical polarization (Figs. 1c,d) are higher than that from horizontal polarization (Figs. 1a,b) due primarily to the difference of sea surface emissivity. An increase in brightness temperature at 10.65 GHz at the northeast side results from the increased emission from cloud and precipitation within the eyewall and strong rainfall bands, as well as the ocean surface emission when the surface becomes very rough (Figs. 1b,d). At 0600 UTC August 25, Katrina was at its incipient stage with a minimum central pressure of 997 hPa when strong convection developed near its center and the northeast side of the storm (Fig. 2).
b. Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit
The first AMSU instrument on board NOAA-15 was launched in 1998. Since then we have seen many studies utilizing this dataset to monitor and simulate tropical cyclones. Currently, there are four satellites (NOAA-15, NOAA-16, NOAA-18 and Aqua) carrying AMSU instruments that provide eight observations each day on a large portion of the earth. The AMSU instrument contains two modules: A and B. The A module (AMSU-A) has 15 microwave channels ranging from 23.8 to 89.0 GHz and is mainly designed to provide information on the atmospheric temperature profiles, while the B module (AMSU-B) allows for profiling the moisture field. The AMSU-A has an instantaneous field of view of 3.3° and a nominal spatial resolution of 48 km at its nadir. The AMSU-A-derived temperature was used to estimate the hurricane’s maximum wind (Kidder et al. 2000) and central pressure (Kidder et al. 1978; Velden and Smith 1983; Kidder et al. 2000). In addition, the temperature gradient could be utilized to derive the tangential winds when a hurricane reaches its mature stage with a well-defined circular structure (Grody et al. 1979; Kidder et al. 2000). A statistical algorithm was first developed to retrieve three-dimensional atmospheric temperature, and a dynamically constrained model was developed to obtain the geopotential height, wind, and moisture fields for a hurricane system from AMSU-derived temperature data (Zhu et al. 2002). Positive impacts have been shown in the simulation of Hurricane Bonnie (1998). This study will explore a direct assimilation of rain-affected microwave radiances to further improve hurricane analysis using a new hybrid variational scheme.
3. Hybrid variational scheme (HVS) for hurricane vortex analysis
Satellite radiances are not components of atmospheric state vectors predicted by numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. For radiances to be assimilated by NWP models through a variety of variational schemes, a relationship between the model state vectors and the observed radiances is required. In addition, the Jacobian vector (or the derivative of radiance relative to the state vector) is also needed for satellite radiance assimilation. In past several years, the United States Joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation (JCSDA) has taken a great stride toward a community radiative transfer model (CRTM), which is now being implemented into several NWP models in NOAA, NASA, and the Department of Defense, as well as in universities.
a. Community radiative transfer model (CRTM)
For a plane-parallel atmosphere, the radiance vector can be derived from
where 𝗠 is the phase matrix; I = [I, Q, U, V]T; B(T) is the Planck function at a temperature T; F0 is the solar spectral constant; μ0 and ϕ0 are the cosine of zenith angle and the azimuthal angle of sun; μ and ϕ are the cosine of zenith angle and the azimuthal angle at scattering direction; ϖ is the single-scattering albedo; and τ is the optical thickness. The I, Q, U, V in 𝗠 are the Stokes parameters. Intensity (denoted by I) is the sum of the vertical and horizontal linearly polarized components. Polarization difference (Q) refers to the intensity difference between the vertical and horizontal linearly polarized components. Plane of polarization (U) measures the difference in intensities between linearly polarized components oriented at +45° and −45°. Ellipticity (V) is defined as the difference in intensities between right and left circularly polarized components. Several schemes are proposed to discretize differential and integral radiative transfer equation and provide the solution for the radiative transfer (RT) in the vertically stratified plane-parallel atmosphere. This part in the CRTM is referred as RT solution module. Several RT solution modules are being tested, including
successive order of interaction (SOI; Greenwald et al. 2005);
delta–four stream vector radiative transfer (DS4; Liou et al. 2005);
fast multistream scattering-based Jacobian for microwave radiance assimilation (Voronovich and Gasiewski 2004);
advanced doubling and adding (ADA; Liu and Weng 2006); and
spherical harmonics (SHDOMPPDA; Evans 2007).
The ADA method has been recently developed at the JCSDA and implemented into CRTM as a placeholder scattering model. With a much more simplified algorithm than the traditional doubling and adding method, the ADA runs 60 times faster at a Linux workstation. The radiance (i.e., forward) computational codes of ADA are compiled and translated into tangent-linear and adjoint codes for the radiance gradient calculations.
The RT solution module selected for the CRTM implementation is largely dependent on several performance factors (e.g., speed, accuracy, storage for coefficients, Jacobian, potential developments for future instruments).
Under clear atmospheric conditions, a radiative transfer model uses atmospheric absorption coefficients as key inputs. The absorption varies with the atmospheric conditions in a complicated way and is often computed through line-by-line (LBL) models. Although LBL models are accurate, they take considerable time to calculate transmittances for just a few atmospheres. To provide accurate transmittances in a timely fashion, the JCSDA has generated and used a fast approximation, commonly known as optical path transmittance (OPTRAN), for specific instrument channels. For atmospheric transmittance calculations, the gas absorption coefficients are predicted from the atmospheric parameters at fixed levels of the integrated absorber amount (Kleespies et al. 2004). This approach significantly reduces the coefficients that reside in computer memory and preserves the accuracy. Recently, a fast and optimal spectral sampling (OSS) absorption model developed by AER, Inc. (Moncet et al. 2004) is also being tested and integrated as part of CRTM. The OSS is a new approach for radiative transfer modeling that addresses the need for algorithm speed, accuracy, and flexibility. The OSS technique allows for a rapid calculation of radiance for any class of multispectral, hyperspectral, or ultraspectral sensors at any spectral resolution operating in any region from microwave to ultraviolet wavelengths by selecting and appropriately weighting the monochromatic radiances contributed from gaseous absorption and particle scattering over the sensor bandwidth.
Note that both radiance and Jacobian computations require accurate knowledge of surface emissivity and reflectivity. Without an emissivity model, the measurements from those channels of current and future advanced sounders that are sensitive to the lowest atmospheric layers may not be assimilated into NWP models. As a critical part of the radiative transfer model, the surface emissivity model is developed to properly include the variability of both emissivity and reflectivity. Presently, the CRTM is built on the existing surface emissivity modeling. With the launch of the first AMSU in 1998, an ocean microwave emissivity model developed by the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) was successfully implemented into the NCEP global data assimilation system. In collaboration with NCEP, NESDIS also tested and compared two ocean emissivity models. It was found that the model developed by the Met Office, United Kingdom (English and Takashima 1998) produced better results in assimilating the AMSU data, especially at high latitudes. A microwave emissivity model was developed for land surfaces (Weng et al. 2001) and has resulted in major impacts in improving uses of microwave data over land and in polar regions. Critical issues remain in simulating the emissivity spectra over extreme surface conditions and at infrared wavelengths. Evidence of these model deficiencies comes from comparisons of the simulated global emissivity distribution with satellite retrievals from AMSU and SSM/I (Weng et al. 2001).
b. Analysis for atmospheric temperature
The direct radiance assimilation has been become a routine practice in NWP centers and results in major success in the use of clear-sky radiances in global forecast systems. However, cloud- and rain-affected satellite radiances have not been assimilated into operational forecasting models although the measurements contain considerable information pertinent to the atmospheric hydrological cycle. Recently, operational NWP centers have a growing interest in assimilating satellite observations in cloudy and rainy regions (Treadon et al. 2002; Marécal and Mahfouf 2000, 2002). Satellite measurements in cloudy regions contain valuable information on temperature, humidity, and wind that is fundamentally different from clear-sky areas. Regions where forecast error is most sensitive to initial-condition error are often cloudy (McNally 2002). In the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) 4DVAR system, two approaches were tested for assimilating water vapor information from satellite microwave imager data. In the first approach, 1DVAR technique was used to generate increments of total column water vapor, which is then assimilated through 4DVAR, which is referred to as “1DVAR + 4DVAR” (Bauer et al. 2006a, b). The second approach is direct assimilation of surface rain-rate observations from satellite retrievals by a 4DVAR system. The conclusion is that the 1DVAR + 4DVAR method generates better surface rain-rate assimilation and reduces humidity biases in both clear and cloudy conditions. Also, the 1DVAR partly avoids the convergence problem by treating the strong nonlinearities in the observation operators for rain rates outside of 4DVAR (Andersson et al. 2005).
In our current analysis, we also applied 1DVAR and 4DVAR schemes, referred as a hybrid variational scheme (HVAR) for analyzing storm conditions. In 1DVAR, satellite radiances from AMSU are assimilated to obtain atmospheric temperature profiles. In the presence of clouds and precipitation, the assimilation requires an advanced forward radiative transfer model with the state vectors as inputs (Part I). In addition, the Jacobian vectors (or the derivative of radiance relative to the state vectors) are also needed for satellite data assimilation systems. The assimilation of rain-affected microwave radiances requires the development of a fast RT model that accounts for scattering effects due to raindrops and ice particles (Part I; Chevallier and Bauer 2003; Bauer et al. 2006a, b). In Part I, we discussed the 1DVAR approach in deriving atmospheric and surface parameters via the satellite data assimilation method. Note that 1DVAR retrievals that are assimilated in the ECMWF 4DVAR system succeeded in producing reasonable and coherent temperature and specific humidity increments, which correct the simulated radiances toward the satellite observations, as discussed above (also see Moreau et al. 2004). As discussed in other studies (Liu and Weng 2003), 1DVAR is designed with the climatology profiles of temperature and water vapor as a background and the error statistics for background and forward radiative transfer models are documented in the study. 1DVAR outputs not only temperature profiles but also the mean error associated with the profiles. This error profile is used to derive the error covariance matrix that is used in 4DVAR. In this study, the radiance and its Jacobians used in 1DVAR are derived analytically from the JCSDA community radiative transfer model (Weng et al. 2005) as discussed above.
In 1DVAR, the atmospheric temperature profile is retrieved from AMSU-A brightness temperatures. In the analysis cycle, the physical scheme linking the clouds and precipitation to the temperature profile is largely reflected through uses of advanced radiative transfer scheme that include scattering and emission from cloud and rainwater, cloud ice and graupel, and snow. The effectiveness of using raindrop and ice particle scattering to modify temperature profiles is evaluated with Hurricane Isabel (2003) case. Figure 3 shows the atmospheric temperature anomalies retrieved from AMSU with and without scattering effects. The temperature anomaly is defined as a deviation from the unperturbed environmental temperature at each level. It can be seen that the temperature retrieved without raindrop scattering model have a very cold (<−12°C) anomalies within the eyewall, which is physically unreasonable (Figs. 3a,b). Once the scattering model is used, the retrieved temperature is improved (Figs. 3c,d). The upper-level warm core is about 12°C, which is reasonable for a category 5 hurricane with 922-hPa minimum central pressure. Zhu et al. (2004) found an 8°C warm core in Hurricane Bonnie when it was at category 3 intensity. The lower-level cool anomalies within the hurricane eyewall are reduced for about 6°C. Thus, it is important to include the scattering scheme in the retrieval when scattering effect becomes a prevailing process.
We compared the retrieved temperature with the NOAA aircraft dropsonde measurements. Figure 4a shows the NOAA/Hurricane Research Division (HRD) aircraft dropsonde measurements over 700 hPa during 1200 to 2000 UTC 12 September 2003. One of the dropsonde temperatures near hurricane center is 18.6°C. All other dropsondes are located in the hurricane eyewall, and the temperatures range from 13.0° to 16.0°C. Therefore, the warm core at this level is about 2–4 K, in good agreement with the retrieved (Fig. 3). At surface level (Fig. 4b), three temperatures near the center are about 25.5°C, another three temperatures in the east side of the environmental region are around 27.5°C, and the remains are around 24.5°C in the eyewall. The cool anomalies in hurricane eyewall are about 3 K, and they are about half of the cool anomalies retrieved by 1DVAR scheme.
c. Analysis of sea surface temperature and wind
To derive surface temperature and wind speed from microwave instruments, we developed analytic retrievals through linearization of the radiative transfer model. At lower microwave frequencies, brightness temperatures at the top of the atmosphere can be simplified from Eq. (3.1) as
where ɛP is surface emissivity; TS sea surface temperature; the subscript P = V/H, which denotes vertical and horizontal polarizations, hereafter; Tu and Td are the brightness temperatures in upwelling and downwelling directions, respectively; and ζ is the atmospheric transmittance. These parameters are related to atmospheric temperature and constituent profiles through
At microwave frequencies, the atmospheric optical thickness (τ) can be accurately parameterized as a function of oxygen optical depth (τO2), water vapor mass absorption, and liquid water mass absorption coefficients (kV and kL; Weng et al. 2003):
where V and L are the vertically integrated water vapor and liquid water, respectively (Weng et al. 2003). The parameters in Eq. (3.3) can be individually assessed for their contributions to the brightness temperatures at the top of the atmosphere. It is found that upwelling and downwelling brightness temperatures (Tu and Td) at microwave window channels are nearly identical (Liu and Weng 2003). Thus, in our following discussions, Tu and Td are assumed to the name and expressed as Ta.
From Eq. (3.3) and with some algebraic manipulations, the tangent-linear surface temperature, wind speed, and atmospheric transmittance can be related to the measurements at four AMSR-E channels as
where 𝗔 is a 4 × 4 matrix and the elements are related to atmospheric transmittance, its derivative to effective air temperatures at 6 and 10 GHz; and to sea surface emissivity and its derivative relative to surface temperature, wind speed, and salinity; 𝗔T is the matrix transposed from 𝗔; and 𝗘 is an error matrix related to instrument noise and RT model if the direct measurements are used. In our studies, 𝗘 represents the errors related to the standard deviation with which satellite measurements are adjusted to the RT model brightness temperatures. Note that in Eq. (3.8), the wind speed and salinity are related to the brightness temperatures through the ocean emissivity (English and Takashima 1998). For example, a strong wind speed or a low salinity usually results in a large ocean emissivity when other properties of sea waters are the same. With the large ocean emissivity, the high brightness temperature is usually seen.
In a physical retrieval, a bias correction procedure is developed to adjust satellite brightness temperatures to those predicted by the emission-based radiative transfer models. In doing so, satellite measurements are collocated with buoy SST and SSW, and temperature and water vapor profiles from the numerical prediction model. The brightness temperatures at each collocated site are calculated at all AMSR-E frequencies and polarizations. The AMSR-E simulations and observations are used to derive regressional relationships that allow for predicting the RT model brightness temperatures from observations. Once the measurements are adjusted to the RT model brightness temperatures, the surface parameters can be mathematically elegantly obtained through iteratively solving Eq. (3.8), which calculates the increments of surface and atmospheric parameters relative to those from the previous iteration. The iteration stops when the differences from two consecutive iterations are less than a set of thresholds.
Figure 5 displays the NOAA/HRD surface wind analysis and the retrieved SSW for Hurricane Katrina at 0600 UTC 25 August 2005. The detail patterns of the two figures do not match. This difference is partly due to the observation noise from AMSR-E data and partly due to the fact that the HRD analysis field is too smooth. However, the two figures have the similar dynamic range and similar asymmetric structures. The retrieved SSW shows strong winds in the north side of the storm, which is similar to the pattern in HRD surface wind analysis field. The AMSR-E–retrieved maximum wind speed is 37 kt (19 m s−1, where 1 kt = 0.514 m s−1), which is close to the best analysis value of 41 kt.
d. Four-dimensional variational scheme
MM5 and its adjoint system (Zou et al. 1998) are used to generate hurricane initial vortex by assimilating AMSR-E SSW and AMSU 3D temperature data from a 1DVAR scheme. Applications of the MM5 adjoint model to a variety of mesoscale weather systems have been demonstrated in papers by Kuo et al. (1996) and Zou and Xiao (2000). The limited-memory quasi-Newton method of Liu and Nocedal (1989) is used to minimize the objective function in this study. The cost function to be minimized can be written as
where Jb is the cost function for background term, and the background fields are obtained from NCEP Global Forecast System (GFS) Data Assimilation System (GDAS) analysis. Here Jo is the cost function for two kinds of satellite observations, and can be expressed as
where Tobs and Vobs are the AMSU temperature and AMSR-E SSW, T and V are the model analysis fields, and H is the operator used to transform the model gridded analysis fields to observation points. The tx and ty are the satellite observation times within the 4DVAR assimilation window, and (i, j) ∈ R represents the cloud-affected microwave radiances region where the satellite data is assimilated. Here R is defined as the region where satellite-retrieved cloud water path (CLW) > 0.3 mm. The strategy for defining R means that only satellite observations near the hurricane core region are assimilated. The background fields (GDAS data) in the hurricane environmental region will not be changed because AMSU and AMSR-E data are already assimilated under clear-sky conditions. The 𝗪T and 𝗪V are the empirically determined diagonal weighting matrices for AMSU temperature and AMSR-E SSW data.
Assimilation of the AMSU-derived temperatures into NWP analysis fields are generalized by using an AMSU-derived temperature anomaly field, rather than the temperature itself. This will make our scheme applicable for any NWP model outputs. The areas with the assimilated AMSU temperatures can be smoothly connected to the background regions with GDAS analysis. A digital filter is also applied (as a weak constraint) to smooth out high-frequency time oscillations. The digital-filter initialization was proposed by Lynch and Huang (1994), and was demonstrated to be effective in reducing dynamic imbalance and improving the qualities of analysis by Wee and Kuo (2004).
The physical processes that were employed in the minimization procedure are the medium-range forecast (MRF, a previous version of GFS) planetary boundary layer parameterization (Hong and Pan 1996); Kuo-type cumulus parameterization; and large-scale precipitation process, surface friction, surface fluxes, and dry convective adjustment. The variational analysis is carried out on a 27-km horizontal resolution domain with 76 × 73 grid points. Before the 4DVAR assimilation, the high-resolution (27 km × 27 km) background fields are created from low resolution (1° × 1°) GDAS fields through interpolation. The assimilation window is 6 h, and the integration time interval is 90 s.
4. Case studies
The HVAR scheme is applied in creating the vortex analysis for Hurricanes Katrina and Ophelia. Hurricane Katrina was the second category-5 hurricane of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season, and the sixth-strongest storm ever recorded in the Atlantic basin. It caused more than 1300 deaths, and over 1.2 million people were evacuated. The damage is estimated to be about $75 billion by the National Hurricane Center (NHC), which makes Hurricane Katrina the most expensive natural disaster in U.S. history. Formed at the same location as Hurricane Katrina, Hurricane Ophelia had a very different evolution cycle and track. Ophelia traveled along the U.S. eastern coastline from Florida and North Carolina to New England, and eventually to Atlantic Canada. It caused significant damage and beach erosion along its path.
a. Hurricane Katrina
Katrina became the eleventh tropical storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season at 1200 UTC 24 August when it was located over the central Bahamas. The strengthening ridge over the northern Gulf of Mexico and southern United States produced a northeasterly upper-level flow that forced Katrina to turn southwestward as it was slowly approaching southern Florida. Katrina made its first landfall on the southern Florida peninsula at 2230 UTC 25 August as a category-1 hurricane. After staying for about 6 h on the peninsula, Katrina emerged into the Gulf of Mexico. Once back into the ocean, Katrina quickly intensified for about a 2-day period, and became a category-5 hurricane with a peak intensity of 902 hPa at 1800 UTC 28 August. As Katrina continued its northwestward movement and made its second landfall near the mouth of the Pearl River at the Louisiana and Mississippi border 1100 UTC 29 August, it weakened to a category-3 hurricane.
The NHC official track forecasts issued within two and half days before the second landfall were very accurate. However, the track forecasts issued between 24 and 26 August had relatively large errors. The errors were associated with the southwestward motion during Katrina’s first landfall, which is mainly attributed to the difficulty in predicating upper-level northeasterly flow. The official intensity forecasts errors were considerably larger than the Atlantic 10-yr average errors, especially during the rapid intensification period from 26 to 28 August. Therefore, we select 0600 UTC 25 August as the analysis time to examine the improvement in hurricane initial vortex by HVAR scheme as compared with the GDAS analysis fields. At 0600 UTC 25 August, Katrina was at tropical-storm intensity with a minimum central pressure of 997 hPa. Figures 6a,b compare the GDAS analysis temperature field near 250 hPa with the HVAR analysis field. It is demonstrated that the hurricane warm core temperature is increased for about 1.5 K in the new vortex. In associated with the enhanced warm core, the upper-level divergent winds and northeasterly flow near the storm center are also increased. Near the surface level (Figs. 6c,d), the HVAR-analyzed temperature field shows asymmetric distributions, with a 2-K cooling in a rainband located at northeastern side of the storm, which is consistent with the deep convections shown on the NOAA-17 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) channel 4 image (not shown).
There is some NOAA/HRD aircraft dropsonde data available around 1200 UTC 25 August for verifying the HVAR analysis results. However, the HVAR analysis at 1200 UTC is not suitable for comparison, because at this time the storm is too close to the land and there is not enough AMSR-E–retrieved SSW and AMSU-retrieved temperature data available. Thus, the HVAR analysis result at 1200 UTC is similar to the background field (GDAS). We think the HVAR analysis at 0600 UTC (Fig. 6) can be used to do the verification, because the storm minimum central pressure only decreased 1 hPa during this 6 h and the eyewall and rainband relative positions were quasi stationary, which can be seen from NOAA-17 AVHRR images at 0359 and 1615 UTC (not shown).
Figure 7 compares the HVAR-analyzed temperatures with dropsonde observations. To make an easy comparison, the positions of dropsondes plotted in Figs. 7 and 8 at 1200 UTC are shifted to eastward for about 100 km, according to the moving distance of the hurricane center during the 6 h. At 850 hPa, the HVAR-analyzed temperature field shows a 1-K warm tongue at storm center (Fig. 7b). This improvement is confirmed by the dropsonde observations. At surface level, two dropsonde measurements of 26.6°C can be found in the northeast side of the storm, which indicates that the HVAR-retrieved 2-K cool anomalies in the strong convection region are reasonable. Both HVAR and GDAS analysis show that temperatures at south side are about 1 K warmer than observed.
Figure 8 compares the HVAR-retrieved wind field with HRD dropsonde observations. Over the 850-hPa level at the northeast side, the HVAR winds are increased for about 2.5 m s−1 as compared with GDAS winds. The HVAR wind speeds are closer to the dropsonde measurements. The improvement of the analyzed wind field is similar at the surface level. The increment of HVAR wind speed is mostly contributed by AMSR-E SSW data, and is also dynamically consistent with the increment of the temperature gradient at lower levels. By comparing Figs. 4b, 8c and 8d, we can see the interaction of GDAS data with the AMSU- and AMSR-E–retrieved fields. The effect of GDAS winds is to smooth the original AMSR-E–retrieved wind field. Meanwhile, the environmental wind speed is increased because of the influence of AMSR-E data and inner-core dynamics.
b. Hurricane Ophelia
Ophelia formed over the northern Bahamas on 6 September as a tropical depression, and became a tropical storm on 7 September. Under very weak middle- and upper-environmental flow, it was nearly stationary for two days off the coast of Florida. From 9 to 12 September, Ophelia moved very slowly and erratically in a northeasterly direction, and completed a clockwise loop till 12 September. During these five days, Ophelia’s intensity oscillated between tropical storm and category-1 hurricane many times. At our analysis time, 0600 UTC 7 September, Ophelia was a tropical storm with minimum central pressure of 1003 hPa. The new variational scheme produces a relative broad upper-level warm core, which is about 1 K warmer than that of GDAS analysis (Figs. 9a,b). At sea surface level, a relative uniform temperature distribution near the storm core region is given by GDAS analysis (Fig. 9c). The new analysis result shows a cold area at the northeast side of the storm (Fig. 9d), which is associated with precipitation evaporation cooling in a rainband in a NOAA-17 AVHRR image (not shown). The low-level wind speed in the hurricane eyewall is also increased after reanalysis, which is mainly attributed to the assimilation of AMSR-E winds.
In summary, the new variational scheme can improve hurricane vortex temperature and wind fields at both upper and lower levels. It can also generate asymmetric structures in good agreement with observations.
5. Summary and conclusions
A new hybrid variational scheme (HVAR) is developed to directly assimilate microwave radiances in rain-affected areas into the GDAS analysis fields for a best analysis of hurricane circulation. The atmospheric temperature and sea surface parameters in the storm are derived from AMSU and AMSR-E measurements. The retrieved temperature and sea surface wind fields are then assimilated into GDAS analysis to generate hurricane vortex by a 4DVAR system. To assimilate satellite microwave radiances under cloudy and rainy conditions, an advanced radiative transfer model that accounts for scattering effects due to raindrops and ice particles is used. The AMSU-derived temperature anomaly filed is assimilated in the 4DVAR scheme to avoid any possible bias between 1DVAR-retrieved temperature and background (GDAS) temperature. The analysis displays significant impacts on the hurricane initial vortex structures associated with Hurricanes Katrina and Ophelia in 2005 in the following aspects:
HVAR effectively assimilates the AMSU cloudy radiances and produces large positive impacts on hurricane upper-warm-core structures and therefore upper-level divergence;
HVAR effectively assimilates the AMSR-E cloudy radiances and improves lower-level wind circulation and temperature field, which are in reasonable agreement with HRD dropsonde observations; and
HVAR also allows reasonably developments of asymmetric structures in hurricane mass and wind fields.
It should be pointed out that for weak and diffuse circulation system, HVAR produces weaker hurricane intensity than observation as indicated by minimum central pressures. This may be due to several factors such as coarse model resolution, the lack of an explicit cloud microphysics scheme in HVAR, or the lack of atmospheric wind and humidity information, to name a few.
More information related to atmospheric winds and water vapor is needed to improve the analysis of hurricane vortex. GOES cloud and water vapor track winds and Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) surface winds will be tested for further improvements. Also, the atmospheric 3D winds from NOAA G4 reconnaissance Doppler radar will be considered as vital although the data are limited for certain cases.
The authors would like to express their sincere thanks to Dr. Tsengdar Lee, NASA Science Directorate for funding to Joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation. They also want to thank Drs. Quanhua Liu and Xin Zhang for their help in 1DVAR and 4DVAR retrieval. This research is also supported by the NOAA 2005 hurricane supplementary fund. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of NOAA or the U.S. government.
Corresponding author address: Dr. Fuzhong Weng, NOAA/NESDIS, Room 712, 5200 Auth Road, Camp Springs, MD 20746. Email: Fuzhong.Weng@noaa.gov
This article included in the Assimilation of Satellite Cloud and Precipitation Observations special collection.