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WBB Game Day Central: Charleston Southern
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Liberty (6-6, 2-1 Big South) will play the middle contest of its three-game Big South road swing and its first game of 2014 Thursday at Charleston Southern (4-7, 1-2 Big South). Tipoff is slated for 7 p.m. inside the Buc Dome.
The "Starting Five" - Today's Top Storylines
1) Liberty will look to bounce back from its 75-70 loss at High Point on Monday. The Lady Flames have not lost consecutive Big South games in nearly 17 years (Feb. 20 and 22, 1997). That stretch includes 280 games against conference foes. Liberty has won 15 conference titles since its most recent back-to-back Big South setbacks.
2) Thursday's tilt will be the Lady Flames' first game in South Carolina this season. Liberty is 47-4 when playing in the Palmetto State under head coach Carey Green and is 20-4 all-time at the Buc Dome. Liberty went 6-0 in South Carolina in 2012-13, highlighted by three victories in the Big South Women's Basketball Championship.
3) After an 0-4 start to the season, Liberty has won six of its last eight outings. Conversely, Charleston Southern started out 3-2 but has gone 1-5 since then.
4) Liberty will have to be wary of Charleston Southern senior guard DJ Fowler. She leads the nation in steals with 3.9 thefts per outing. With 43 steals, she has more than twice as many as the Lady Flames' leader, Emily Frazier (16).
5) Freshman Mickayla Sanders will look to continue her strong play. She has led the Lady Flames in scoring in back-to-back games, averaging 14.5 ppg against Campbell and High Point. She is the first Lady Flame to make 20 or more three-pointers during a season's first 12 games since Kristal Tharp in 2004-05.
Liberty vs. Charleston Southern At a Glance
Series Record: Liberty leads, 48-6.
Current Streak: Liberty has won five consecutive meetings.
Series Record at CSU: Liberty leads, 20-4.
Current Streak at CSU: Liberty has won two consecutive meetings.
Last Meeting Overall: Liberty 88, CSU 62 (March 2, 2013 at Liberty)
Last Meeting at CSU: Liberty 92, CSU 33 (Jan. 10, 2013)
CSU's Last Series Victory: CSU 54, Liberty 51 (Feb. 28, 2011 at CSU)
CSU's Last Series Victory at Home: Same
Liberty Head Coach: Carey Green
Overall Record (Seasons): 343-116 (15th Season)
Record at Liberty (Seasons): Same
Record vs. Charleston Southern: 31-1
Charleston Southern Head Coach: Fred Applin
Overall Record (Seasons): 25-47 (Fourth Season)
Record at Charleston Southern (Seasons): 12-27 (Second Season)
Record vs. Liberty: 1-3 (1-1 at Hampton, 0-2 at CSU)
Notes and Anecdotes
• Liberty's last visit to the Buc Dome (Jan. 10, 2013) was memorable for Ashley Rininger. She recorded her first career double-double (14 points, 10 rebounds) and rejected a career-high five shots in the Lady Flames' 92-33 win.
• Charleston Southern is looking for a better January after going 1-5 in December. Conversely, Liberty finished December at 4-1.
• Liberty and Charleston Southern have two opponents in common--Radford and Savannah State. The Lady Flames defeated both teams. Meanwhile, CSU was victorious against Radford but lost twice to Savannah State.
• DJ Fowler, a 5-8 senior guard, leads the nation in steals with 3.9 thefts per game. She also tops the Buccaneers in scoring (11.5 ppg), assists (3.4 apg), field goal percentage (.529) and free throw percentage (.765).
• As has been the case in recent years, Charleston Southern relies heavily upon three-point shooting. The Buccaneers attempt 40.7 percent of their shots from beyond the arc. Senior guard Erin Bratcher leads the way with 27 made triples, which ranks second in the Big South.
• Charleston Southern has played well at home this season, going 3-2, but something will have to give as Liberty is 20-4 all-time at the Buc Dome.
Liberty in January
All-Time Record in January: 184-110
Carey Green's Record in January: 100-13
Record This January (Games Remaining): 0-0 (8 games remaining)
Last Five January Records:
2008-09 - 8-0
2009-10 - 8-1
2010-11 - 8-1
2011-12 - 7-1
2012-13 - 6-2
Success in South Carolina
Liberty has played very well in South Carolina during Carey Green's 15 seasons as head coach, going 47-4 in contests played in the Palmetto State.
Thursday's game at Charleston Southern is the Lady Flames' first game in South Carolina this season. Liberty will also play contests at Coastal Carolina (Saturday), Winthrop (Jan. 16) and Presbyterian College (Feb. 13). Additionally, the 2014 Big South Women's Basketball Championship will be played in Conway, S.C.
Shortage of Losing Streaks
Liberty will look to bounce back from a 75-70 loss at High Point on Monday. The Lady Flames have been very good at avoiding conference losing streaks in recent years.
• The Lady Flames have not lost back-to-back Big South games (including regular-season and tournament tilts) since Feb. 20 and 22, 1997 (versus UNCG and Winthrop).
• Since then, Liberty has played 280 games against Big South opponents and captured 15 conference titles.
Among the Nation's Elite
Liberty appears among the nation's leaders in several statistical categories in the most recent NCAA statistical report, which does not include Monday's game at High Point.
• As a team, the Lady Flames rank No. 3 in rebound margin (+16.3) and No. 23 in free throw percentage (.753).
• Individually, Ashley Rininger sits No. 16 nationally in field goal percentage (.605), No. 18 in double-doubles (7) and No. 43 in rebounding (10.1 rpg).
A Look Back at Liberty's 75-70 Loss at High Point
• Liberty cut a 14-point second-half deficit to three, Monday evening at the Millis Center, but High Point hung on for a 75-70 victory.
• The decision snapped a lot of streaks. Prior to Monday, Liberty had won 16 straight games against Big South opponents, 11 straight road games against Big South foes, seven straight road contests at High Point and five consecutive games overall. Additionally, High Point snapped a three-game losing skid and ended a stretch where the visiting team had won six straight times in the head-to-head series between the Lady Flames and Panthers.
• Liberty fell out of a share of the conference lead with its first Big South loss of the year, despite enjoying significant advantages in rebounds (48-30), points in the paint (32-10), second-chance points (19-6) and bench points (29-11). It was the 10th straight game that the Lady Flames won the rebounding battle.
• High Point shot well from three-point range (8-of-21 for 38.1 percent) and the foul line (19-of-24 for 79.2 percent) while converting Liberty's 27 turnovers into 16 points. Backcourt mates Kaylah Keys (19 points) and Lindsay Puckett (17 points) combined for all eight of the Panthers' made triples.
• Mickayla Sanders led the Lady Flames in scoring for the second straight game, tying her career high with 16 points. She scored 10 of her points after halftime and has now scored in double digits in consecutive games for the first time in her young career.
• Catherine Kearney also had a big second half, tossing in 12 of her career-high 14 points after the break. She added a game-high and career-best 13 rebounds for her second career double-double. Nine of the redshirt sophomore's boards came at the offensive end.
• Ashley Rininger was held to single digits in the scoring column for just the second time this year with seven points, but she did grab eight rebounds.
• Liberty set season highs for free throws made (24) and attempted (31), connecting on 77.4 percent of its foul shot opportunities.


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According to Automotive News, sales of cars and light trucks set new records in Mexico in November and year to date as widely available credit and financing options helped automakers and consumers overcome rising interest rates and a weaker peso.
Auto sales jumped 23 percent to 154,616 vehicles last month compared to November 2015, according to the Mexican Automotive Industry Association and the Mexican Automobile Distributors Association.
For the year through November, auto sales rose by 19 percent at 1.4 million compared to the same period last year, the industry groups said late Thursday.
Guillermo Prieto, president of the distributors association, said the rise in interest rates and the slide in the peso against the U.S. dollar has yet to trickle down to consumers.
Auto loans remained at record levels and auto prices were stable, he said. The industry was on pace to sell a record 1.6 million vehicles for the year and on track, barring any shocks to the economy, to hit around 2 million by 2020.
Prieto estimated that sales next year could grow another 6.5 percent, although there are dark clouds on the horizon. They include the election of Donald Trump as president of the U.S. since he has been a sharp critic of the North America Free Trade Agreement that is critical to Mexico’s export-oriented economy.
“Without a doubt, there is uncertainty,” he said.
Trump’s surprise election has pressured the Mexican peso, now near record lows against the U.S. dollar, which has forced the Mexican central bank to hike interest rates to fight inflation as imported goods become more expensive.
About half of the cars sold in Mexico are imported.
by Laurence Iliff
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Boys and girls sing the Mexican National Anthem in Maya language (VIDEO)
Lyrics that give us identity to.

domain: news


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🎅 Delivery by Christmas 2020 is not guaranteed! 🎄
Safety Posters, artwork, and merchandise to inspire people to be safe on the job, on the road, and at home.
An eye safety poster of a black and white close up of a man's eyes looking intently forward with a safety slogan in blue text below.
Safety Slogan: Protect Your Vision Wear Your PPE

domain: artistic


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Liverpool’s new signing Darwin Nunez is reportedly behind Paris Saint-Germain (PSG) superstar Kylian Mbappe in the list of the five fastest players in last season’s UEFA Champions League season.According to the UEFA Technical Report for the 2021/22 season (p. 35/53), Mbappe was the fastest player in last season’s edition of the Champions League. He recorded a speed of 36.7 km/h against Real Madrid in the second leg of the round-of-16 match between the two teams.
Mbappe scored in that encounter, but a second-half hat-trick from Karim Benzema meant that the match finished 3-1. Madrid went through on aggregate despite losing the first leg 1-0 at the Parc des Princes.More surprisingly, Nunez features just behind the Frenchman in the list, recording a speed of 36.5 km/h while playing for SL Benfica. The 1.87m-tall striker is known for his finishing ability inside the box, but not many would have taken him for a speedster as well.
The Uruguay international joined the Reds earlier this summer in a deal that could reach a club-record €100 million if all add-ons are met. Rafa Silva, Nunez’s former teammate, features in the third spot with a top speed of 36.4 km/h.Bayern Munich’s Alphonso Davies (36.3 km/h) and Real Madrid midfielder Federico Valverde (36.2 km/h) complete the list. Like Nunez, Mbappe too could have left his club this summer, with heavy interest in the France international from Real Madrid.However, he decided to stay put and turned down a move to Los Blancos at the 11th hour by extending his contract at PSG until 2025.
Kylian Mbappe continues his goal-scoring exploits for PSG this season
Kylian Mbappe is nothing short of a goal-machine for PSG. The 23-year-old striker has already contributed 175 goals and 88 assists in 2019 matches for the Ligue 1 giants during his stay in Paris.
He ended the 2020/21 campaign with 27 league goals in 31 games and followed it up by scoring 28 times for his team in 35 league outings last season. Mbappe has continued that goal-scoring under new manager Christophe Galtier as well.
The former AS Monaco striker has four goals in PSG’s opening two Ligue 1 games this season. He was ruled out due to injury in the season-opener against Clermont Foot, which his team won 5-0.
He returned to the starting XI against Montpellier and scored in Les Parisiens’ 5-2 win, before netting a hat-trick in a 7-1 rout of Lille. The game against Les Dogues saw Mbappe score the fastest goal in Ligue 1 history when he scored just eight seconds after kick-off.


The magazine Frattura Scomposta was founded in December of 2004 (bimonthly) with the intention of bringing to light considered emerging artists quality, through a selection which is being implemented by the
The name Frattura Scomposta stems from the fact of wanting to achieve a magazine out from the crowd and away from the "batter" that characterize, in large part, the Italian art movement.
The editors considered it essential that all artists Italians emerging from any source, could have
an instrument through which to make their voices heard. On the occasion of the 54th Biennale Visual Arts, Frattura Scomposta presented the exhibition "The Aliens alienating forms of contemporary" which fortunately had a large following of audience and made headlines when the trade magazines.
Frattura Scomposta currently has added to the magazine electronically in pdf format the same version but fit browsable and searchable online; a daily journal called "Frattura Scomposta Flipboard" that collects
all of the information from the art world Network.
Frattura Scomposta has become partner of the project "Google Cultural Institute" through which is
digitizing and networking all the events that have view involved until now.
ElMadina was founded in 2000 in Alexandria, Egypt. Through trainings, production, and management of cultural spaces, ElMadina has been working on promoting arts and culture and supporting artists and youth initiatives. ElMadina also seeks the creation of a culture market for artists in Alexandria as it is one of the main cultural centers in the Mediterranean. To achieve this, ElMadina works on transforming public spaces and marginalized areas to spaces where people can practice free expression, creating a cohesive social environment characterized by diversity and pluralism.
Doodle Arts is an independent creative culture magazine published quarterly by the Doodle Art Enthusiasts dedicated to doodle art, street art, and modern art movement. Its aim is anchored in inspiring, informing, and influencing its readers as to what it means to be a doodle artist in the modern culture.
Doodle Arts is the world’s leading magazine for artists who believe that doodling is an effective means of overall creativity and individuality. The magazine connects its readers by highlighting the world’s aspiring and emerging creative talents, stories of cutting-edge art projects, insightful interviews from inspirational artists, and fresh features from the underground art scene. It also presents artists not as icons, but as human beings who also go through ordinary people experience.
www.turkishpaintings.com is a window to the world of Turkish art and artists. Founded in 2002 by A. Aydin Baykara, it is the most popular visual art website in Turkey.
Launched in 2010, randian 燃点 | randian-online.com is owned and run by its editors.
We seek to promote independent cultural debate in China and to foster intellectual exchange between China and the rest of the world. This means independent commentary on art, artists, exhibitions and galleries, as well as video, architecture and design.
Published in Chinese and English, we regularly update our readers on artists, events, exhibitions, film, news, opinion, performance, projects, publications and video.
www.randian-online.com is owned by China Art Times Limited (Hong Kong).
Exibart was born in 2000 and immediately it became the unavoidable point of reference for art enthusiasts and experts. During 15 years it has made the web information's history of this field and has become an informative multichannel platform which spreads its contents through the web, mails, videos (Exibart.com/ Exibart.tv), the newspaper (Exibart.onpaper) and smartphones (Exibart.mobile) reaching a varied and large audience of about 300.000 people a month. It is the most efficient and the most widespread tool of information and in-depth analysis of art, architecture, design, fashion, teaching, cultural tourism… with a community of followers that over 10 years has become a cultural generator and a strand of public opinion.
Il Fotografo has made history in professional photography publishing. It keeps its finger firmly on the pulse of the target and expressly caters for the reader’s desires. It is the professional photographer’s magazine of choice, keeping a watchful eye on the latest trends and innovations. Il Fotografo is also full of everything its readers need to know about transforming their hobby into a successful vocation.
Juliet art magazine is an Italian art magazine founded in 1980, dedicated to contemporary art in all its expressions. Juliet Art Magazine is both a bimonthly print magazine directed by Roberto Vidali, and an online magazine with depth articles and interviews of high quality and interest. It also offers a section dedicated to events and contemporary art spaces. Juliet Art Magazine aims to be a reference point for a specialist audience, made up of professionals and experts in the field, and a tool of information to a wider audience. Juliet Art Magazine is on sale in the best Italian libraries and bookshops of major museums, as well as in selected distribution points and contemporary art galleries. You can find the annals of Juliet Art Magazine in some of the most prestigious Italian and foreign archives museums, including MoMA in New York and SFMOMA in San Francisco. Its pages have been signed by famous names such as Piero Gilardi and Luciano Marucci, poets and architects such as Enzo Minarelli and Elena Carlini. In its 35-year history Juliet Art Magazine has organized numerous exhibitions with Italian and foreign artists, which include major international names such as Luigi Ontani, Jan Knap, Piero Gilardi, Mark Kostabi, Claudio Massini, Maurizio Cattelan and Zivko Marušic.
Zoom magazine is the magazine dedicated to fine art photography since 1970 and the most internationally recognized in its field. 112 large format pages, with Italian and English articles realized in collaboration with photographers and authors, feature the best authors in the market of photography, both historical and contemporary, with a special focus on emerging artists. Each hard issue includes a collector print to collect (Ansel Adams, Helmut Newton, Steve McCurry and many others).
Tutti Fotografi is the most widespread magazine dedicated to photography in Italy. Its strong point is the high professional competence in the photography field of the editorial office, founded in 1894. The magazine, 130 pages, every month features articles regarding especially the major innovations in the field of cameras and MTF laboratory tests of camera bodies and lens.
Artere.qc.ca is a mine of information useful for emerging artists in Montreal. You will find funding opportunities, locations for artistic creation and diffusion, job and internship offers, call for artists, information on artistic education as well as guides on the artistic status, management, promotion... Everything at the same address!
Since its foundation in 1999, the ARCHIVE OF DIGITAL ART (former Database of Virtual Art) has grown to be the most important scholarly online archive for digital art. In cooperation with established media artists, researchers and institutions, it has been documenting the rapidly evolving world of digital art and its related fields for more than a decade and contains today a selection of thousands of artworks at the intersection of art, science and technology.
Photographers.it is dedicated to the world of Photography.
It has been one of the first Italian web sites focused on this field, on line since the far 1999, and it is addressed not only to the photographers, but also to the sector's professional partners and passionates.
The present release is a complete ugc platform which allows to upload photographic projects and virtual exhibitions, to publish news and articles, and it gives the opportunity to create a wide network of collaborations.
Sculpture network is Europe’s platform for contemporary sculpture, a non-profit organisation for the support, encouragement and promotion of contemporary sculpture. Adhering to its motto "stand up for sculpture!" it backs interdisciplinary dialogue and exchange among artists, culture organizations, professionals and friends of the arts, throughout Europe.
IslamicArtsMagazine.com is a modern online magazine devoted to Islamic art. By presenting Islamic art to specialists and the general public, the aim is to contribute to a better understanding of Islamic culture. The topics range from traditional to contemporary Islamic art and cover all media.
Encouraging creative expression and the creative industries is an endeavour that is beneficial not only for cultural, but also for social and economic development. It highlights the shared values of countries, peoples, and institutions.
Alhoush.com is the largest award-winning online initiative to promote artists and designers from conflict zones, primarily focused on the MENA region. With over five thousand items on display, alhoush’s principle aim is to empower artist and designers by showcasing their works (online and offline) and allowing the public to purchase them.


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Cal State Document
The CALFED Bay-Delta Program is a collaborative effort among 23 state and federal agencies (CALFED Agencies) to improve water supplies in California and the health of the San Francisco Bay-Sacramento/San Joaquin River Delta watershed.
CalFed Bay-Delta Program, "Annual Report 2000" (2000). California Agencies. 281.

domain: geography


Having routine air conditioning service done at least yearly can help lengthen the life of your air conditioner and keep it operating at top efficiency. Before we get to the hottest days of the Huffman summer, have the professionals at Air Houston Mechanical LLC perform your routine air conditioning service.
Particular tasks should always be completed during a accurate air conditioning service appointment. From energy.gov, your technician should always:
- Check for the accurate amount of refrigerant, and if required, examine for refrigerant leaks using a leak detector.
- If a refrigerant evacuation is required, retrieve any refrigerant that must be cleared from the system, rather than illicitly discharging it to the air.
- Look for correct airflow throughout the system.
- Confirm the right electric control sequence to guarantee proper sequence of operation.
- Review electric terminals, clean and stiffen connections.
- Look for the precision of the thermostat.
When it comes to DIY air conditioning service, replacing or cleaning your air filters routinely is on the top of the list. That’s because nothing else that straightforward can help make sure that your air conditioner continues to operate at peak efficiency. Besides when the air filter is cleaned or swapped out during your routine air conditioning service appointment, you should examine it regularly. We suggest looking at it monthly or according to the manufacturer’s suggestion. How often it actually demands cleaning or replacement will depend on individual factors in your home, like how much dust gets into your home and whether or not you have pets.
If it’s time for your routine air conditioner service or if you have questions about air filters or another component of air conditioner maintenance, call Air Houston Mechanical LLC today at 832-777-1521.


It’s a Sin will dominate
It feels as though a lifetime has passed since Russell T Davies’ Aids drama aired, but it does fall within the 2022 eligibility window. Without doubt the best series of last year, I expect it to sweep the board. My fingers are crossed for Olly Alexander, whose portrayal of party boy Ritchie Tozer was at once joyful yet heartbreaking.
Limited series is the category to watch
Once again, the best entrants this year will be in the Limited Series category (shows that won’t be coming back for a second season). It’s a Sin will be nominated here but will probably face competition from BBC prison drama Time, divorce slow-burn A Very British Scandal and experimental true-crime love story Landscapers.
The acting categories will be hard won
The television of 2021 would be nothing without its fantastic performances, and it is harder than ever to choose a stand-out actor. Suranne Jones is very likely to get a nod for her turn as Amy Silva in Vigil, as is Sean Bean for Time.
As for the comedy categories, I hope Sophie Willan and Siobhan Finneran will be recognised for their hilarious roles in Alma’s Not Normal, and that Starstruck’s Rose Matafeo also gets a look in. No doubt someone from Line of Duty will be included, too (that last season was comical, by accident).
Crime drama still rules the airwaves
When it comes to drama series, crime seems to be the only thing on offer. Vigil and Line of Duty are obvious choices, alongside Bloodlands, Dalgliesh and Stephen, ITV’s retelling of the investigation into the murder of Stephen Lawrence. While each show is a perfectly acceptable way to while away a midweek evening, they all start to blend into one another eventually. Perhaps it’s time for TV commissioners to start broadening their horizons.
Best international show might not go to the US
Perhaps it’s down to the UK’s Covid-19 filming restrictions in 2020, but the best TV of the past year was mostly imported from overseas. There was Mare of Easttown, Succession, The Underground Railroad, Dopesick, Station Eleven, Yellowjackets, Only Murders in the Building… the list goes on.
But there’s every chance that a non-American show will win for the first time since 2012, when Danish thriller Borgen won. I am, of course, talking about Netflix’s most popular series ever made, Squid Game, which hails from South Korea.
It’s time for Drag Race UK to get a Bafta
There was not one, but two series of the British version of RuPaul’s Drag Race in 2021 and, while the reality series isn’t to everyone’s taste, its perseverance alone deserves an award.
The second series, which aired in January last year, broke the internet with the release of the catchiest song on TV, “Bing Bang Bong” – Bimini Bon Boulash’s vegan-friendly verse from the song is already nominated for Virgin’s Must See Moment award. The original, US Drag Race has 34 Emmys; it’s time to decorate our version.
For British TV, linear beats streaming
Perhaps it’s because The Crown and Bridgerton took a break for 2021, but this year’s Baftas look poised to be a celebration of traditional, linear television. Coupled with the return of BBC Three to the airwaves, it seems as though streaming doesn’t quite rule the roost on these shores just yet.
The Bafta nominations will be announced on Wednesday 30 March


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- I. Introduction to Song Structure
- II. The Importance of Song Structure in Music Composition
- III. Key Elements of Song Structure
- IV. Verse: Definition and Role in a Song
- V. Chorus: Definition and Significance in a Song
- VI. Bridge: Purpose and Function within a Song
- VII. Pre-Chorus: Adding Tension and Building Anticipation
- VIII. Outro: Wrapping Up the Song Effectively
- IX. Understanding the Relationship Between Lyrics and Song Structure
I. Introduction to Song Structure
When it comes to creating a captivating song, understanding the structure is key. Song structure refers to the arrangement of different sections within a song, such as verses, choruses, bridges, and more. Each section serves a specific purpose and contributes to the overall flow and impact of the song.
1. Verses: The verse is typically the main storytelling element in a song. It sets up the narrative or theme of the song and provides important details or emotions that captivate listeners. Verses often have similar melodies but different lyrics each time they are repeated throughout the song.
2. Chorus: The chorus is arguably one of the most memorable parts of any song. It usually contains catchy lyrics and a melodic hook that repeats multiple times throughout the track. The chorus serves as a unifying element that ties everything together and leaves a lasting impression on listeners.
3. Bridge: The bridge acts as a contrast to both verses and choruses by introducing new melodies or lyrics that provide relief from repetition while adding depth to the composition. It often serves as an emotional climax or transition point in songs.
4. Pre-Chorus: Not all songs have pre-choruses, but when included, they serve as connectors between verses and choruses by building anticipation for what’s coming next in terms of melody or lyrical content.
- Song Structure Example:
|Verse 1||Main storytelling element with unique lyrics each time it repeats|
|Chorus||Catchy and memorable section with repeated lyrics and melodic hook|
|Verse 2||Continuation of the story or theme with new lyrics|
|Pre-Chorus||Builds anticipation for the upcoming chorus|
|Chorus||Repeats to reinforce the main message of the song|
II. The Importance of Song Structure in Music Composition
Song structure is a fundamental aspect of music composition that plays a crucial role in creating engaging and memorable songs. It refers to the organization and arrangement of various sections within a song, such as verses, choruses, bridges, and more. Understanding the importance of song structure can greatly enhance your ability to create impactful music that resonates with listeners.
1. Creating Flow and Cohesion
One of the primary reasons why song structure is important is because it helps create flow and cohesion within a piece of music. By organizing different sections in a logical sequence, you can guide the listener through the song smoothly without any abrupt transitions or disjointed elements.
A well-structured song allows for natural progression from one section to another, creating a sense of unity and coherence. This flow keeps listeners engaged and makes it easier for them to follow along with the musical journey you’ve created.
2. Building Tension and Release
Song structure also plays a vital role in building tension and release throughout a composition. Different sections within a song can have varying levels of intensity, dynamics, or melodic complexity.
For example, verses often serve as an introduction or setup for what’s to come next by establishing certain musical motifs or lyrical themes. Choruses typically provide an explosive release by introducing catchy melodies or powerful hooks that leave a lasting impact on listeners.
Bridges are often used as transitional elements that add contrast or surprise to keep the listener engaged before returning to familiar territory like another verse or chorus.
3. Enhancing Emotional Impact
The way you structure your songs can greatly influence their emotional impact on listeners. By strategically placing different sections throughout your composition, you can evoke specific emotions or create a particular atmosphere.
For example, starting a song with a soft and intimate verse followed by an explosive chorus can create a powerful emotional contrast that resonates with listeners. Similarly, using a bridge section to introduce unexpected chord progressions or key changes can add tension and intrigue to your music.
4. Facilitating Memorability
Song structure also plays a crucial role in making your music memorable. By following established song structures that listeners are familiar with, you can tap into their expectations and make it easier for them to remember your songs.
For instance, many popular songs follow the verse-chorus-verse-chorus-bridge-chorus structure. This repetition of familiar sections helps solidify the melodies and lyrics in the listener’s mind, making it more likely for them to remember and sing along to your music.
5. Allowing for Creativity
While adhering to established song structures is beneficial for creating engaging music, it’s also important to note that these structures are not set in stone. Songwriters have the freedom to experiment with different variations or even create entirely new structures that suit their artistic vision.
The key is understanding the underlying principles of song structure and how different sections interact with each other. By having this knowledge as a foundation, you can then explore creative ways of arranging sections within your compositions while still maintaining coherence and impact.
III. Key Elements of Song Structure
Song structure is the framework that holds a song together and guides the listener through its various sections. Understanding the key elements of song structure is essential for songwriters and music enthusiasts alike. In this section, we will explore the main components that make up a typical song structure.
The verse is one of the most common sections in a song and serves as the storytelling element. It usually contains multiple lines of lyrics that convey a specific message or tell a story. The verse sets up the narrative and provides context for the chorus.
Within each verse, there may be variations in melody, rhythm, or instrumentation to keep it interesting while maintaining consistency with other verses in terms of theme or mood.
The chorus is often considered the centerpiece of a song as it typically contains its most memorable hook or melody. It serves as a recurring section that brings together all other parts of the song.
The chorus usually has lyrics that are repeated throughout each occurrence to create familiarity and catchiness for listeners to sing along with. Musically, it often features more dynamic instrumentation and vocal harmonies compared to other sections.
The bridge provides contrast within a song by introducing new melodies, lyrics, or chord progressions not found in previous sections like verses or choruses.
This section acts as an interlude between two repetitions of either verses or choruses and offers relief from their repetition by offering something fresh musically and lyrically.
A pre-chorus (also known as lift) bridges between verse(s)and chorus.
It prepares listeners for what’s coming next by building anticipation and tension before the release of the chorus. It often features a different melody or chord progression from both the verse and chorus, acting as a musical transition.
The outro is the final section of a song that signals its conclusion. It can be an extension of any previous section or contain new elements altogether.
The outro may gradually fade out, end abruptly, or feature a climactic finale to leave a lasting impression on listeners.
A pre-verse (also known as intro) sets up the mood and atmosphere for the song before launching into the first verse.
It serves as an introduction to capture listeners’ attention and prepare them for what’s to come in terms of lyrics, melody, and overall vibe.
A post-chorus is an optional section that follows each occurrence of a chorus in some songs.
It provides additional repetition or variation after the main chorus to further emphasize its catchiness or reinforce its message.
8. Instrumental Break
An instrumental break is a section where vocals take a backseat, allowing instruments to shine.
It offers musicians an opportunity to showcase their skills through solos or improvisation while providing listeners with something different from verses and choruses.
Song structure can vary greatly depending on genre, artist preference, and creative experimentation. Some songs may have additional sections like pre-verses or post-choruses while others may omit certain elements altogether.
To create engaging music that resonates with audiences, songwriters often play around with these key elements by adding variations within each section while maintaining cohesion throughout the entire composition.
IV. Verse: Definition and Role in a Song
In the world of music, songs are composed of various sections that come together to create a cohesive piece. One of the most important sections is the verse. In this section, we will explore the definition and role of a verse in a song.
What is a Verse?
A verse can be defined as a section within a song that tells a story or conveys specific information. It typically consists of multiple lines or stanzas and serves as the main body of the song’s lyrics. The verse often sets up the narrative or theme of the song and provides context for subsequent sections.
The Role of Verses in Songs
Verses play several crucial roles in shaping the structure and flow of a song:
- Storytelling: Verses allow artists to tell stories, express emotions, or convey messages through their lyrics. They provide an opportunity for depth and development within the song.
- Building Momentum: Each verse builds upon previous ones, gradually increasing tension and anticipation throughout the song.
- Variation: Verses often feature different melodies, rhythms, or chord progressions compared to other sections like choruses or bridges. This variation adds interest and keeps listeners engaged.
- Lyrical Development: Artists can use verses to develop lyrical themes by introducing new ideas or expanding on existing ones with each subsequent verse.
The Structure of Verses
Verses can vary in length depending on artistic preference but typically consist of four to eight lines per stanza. The number of stanzas within each verse may also differ, with some songs featuring multiple stanzas while others have just one.
Additionally, verses often follow a consistent rhyme scheme or meter to maintain a sense of rhythm and cohesion within the song. This can help create a memorable and catchy melody for listeners to follow along with.
Examples of Verses in Popular Songs
To illustrate the role and structure of verses in songs, let’s take a look at some examples from popular music:
|“Shape of You”||Ed Sheeran||“The club isn’t the best place to find a lover
I’m going out on my own, gonna drink ’til I drown
In the crowd, making love to somebody
And I’m singing like”
|“Someone Like You”||Adele|
V. Chorus: Definition and Significance in a Song
In the realm of music, the chorus holds a significant role as one of the most recognizable and memorable parts of a song. It serves as a central component that ties together various sections, creating cohesion and reinforcing the overall message or theme of the composition.
The Definition of a Chorus
Before delving into its significance, it is essential to understand what exactly constitutes a chorus within a song. In simple terms, the chorus can be defined as a section that is repeated throughout the composition with both lyrical and melodic consistency.
Typically, it features catchy lyrics accompanied by an infectious melody that aims to engage listeners and leave an indelible impression on their minds. The repetition of this section helps solidify its presence in the minds of listeners while providing them with something familiar to latch onto.
The Significance of Choruses in Songs
Choruses play several vital roles in enhancing songs and making them more impactful for both artists and audiences alike:
- Catchy Hook: One primary function of choruses is to serve as catchy hooks that grab listeners’ attention right from the start. These memorable sections often contain key phrases or lines that encapsulate the essence or core message of the song.
- Sing-Along Factor: A well-crafted chorus has immense sing-along potential. Its repetitive nature makes it easier for listeners to remember lyrics and melodies, encouraging active participation during live performances or when listening alone.
- Emotional Impact: Choruses often evoke strong emotions due to their repetitive structure combined with powerful lyrics and melodies. They provide moments where listeners can fully immerse themselves in the song’s emotional journey, creating a deeper connection with the music.
- Structural Stability: Choruses act as anchors within a song’s structure, providing stability and familiarity amidst changing verses and bridges. They serve as reference points that guide listeners through the composition, ensuring coherence and preventing disorientation.
- Memorability: A well-crafted chorus has the potential to become an earworm—a melody or phrase that sticks in one’s mind long after hearing it. This memorability factor contributes to a song’s success by increasing its chances of being remembered and shared by listeners.
VI. Bridge: Purpose and Function within a Song
The bridge is an essential component of song structure that adds depth, contrast, and progression to a musical composition. It serves as a connecting element between the verse and chorus sections, providing a refreshing change in melody, lyrics, or both.
1. Creating Contrast
The primary purpose of the bridge is to create contrast within the song. It offers a departure from the familiar melodies and lyrics of the verse and chorus sections, introducing new elements that capture the listener’s attention.
By deviating from established patterns, the bridge injects excitement into the composition while maintaining cohesion with its surrounding sections.
2. Transitioning Between Sections
In addition to providing contrast, bridges also serve as transitional segments between different parts of a song. They help smooth out any abrupt changes in melody or mood by acting as a musical “bridge” between two distinct sections.
This transition can be achieved through various techniques such as modulation (changing key), altered chord progressions, or even rhythmic shifts.
3. Lyrically Expanding on Themes
The bridge often presents an opportunity for lyricists to expand on themes introduced in previous sections of the song. It allows for deeper exploration of emotions or ideas that may not have been fully developed in earlier verses or choruses.
This expansion can provide additional context or perspective to enhance listeners’ understanding and emotional connection with the music.
4. Adding Musical Complexity
Bridges frequently introduce new musical elements not present in other parts of the song. This could include instrumental solos, intricate harmonies, unexpected chord progressions, or unique rhythms.
By adding complexity to these sections, songwriters can elevate the overall musical experience and keep listeners engaged throughout the composition.
5. Building Anticipation
The bridge often serves as a buildup to the final chorus or outro of a song. It creates anticipation and tension by deviating from established patterns, leading listeners to eagerly anticipate the return of familiar melodies or lyrics.
This strategic use of contrast and release helps maintain interest and excitement, leaving a lasting impression on the audience.
6. Enhancing Structural Balance
In terms of overall song structure, bridges contribute to achieving balance between verses and choruses. They prevent monotony by breaking up repetitive patterns, ensuring that each section stands out while maintaining cohesiveness within the composition.
A well-crafted bridge can provide a sense of completeness to a song, making it feel more dynamic and satisfying for both musicians and listeners alike.
- Create contrast within the song
- Smoothly transition between sections
- Expand on themes lyrically
- Add musical complexity through new elements
- Build anticipation for subsequent sections
- Enhance structural balance in overall song composition
|– Creating Contrast|
|– Transitioning Between Sections|
|– Lyrically Expanding on Themes|
|– Adding Musical Complexity|
|– Building Anticipation|
|– Enhancing Structural Balance|
VII. Pre-Chorus: Adding Tension and Building Anticipation
The pre-chorus is a crucial section in song structure that serves to build anticipation and create tension before the chorus hits. It acts as a bridge between the verse and chorus, preparing the listener for the climactic moment of the song.
1. Purpose of the Pre-Chorus
The pre-chorus serves several purposes in a song:
- Transition: It helps transition smoothly from the verse to the chorus.
- Tension building: It creates tension and anticipation by introducing new melodic or lyrical elements.
- Variation: It adds variety to the overall structure of the song, breaking up repetitive patterns.
2. Musical Elements in Pre-Choruses
A well-crafted pre-chorus typically includes specific musical elements that contribute to its effectiveness:
|Catchy and memorable melodies that differ from both verse and chorus melodies.|
|Rhythmic variations such as syncopation or faster tempo compared to verses, creating energy leading into choruses.||Lyrical content may introduce new themes or expand on ideas presented in verses, adding depth to storytelling.||Dynamics are often increased during pre-choruses through louder instrumentation or more intense vocal delivery, enhancing the emotional impact.|
3. Examples of Effective Pre-Choruses
Let’s take a look at some examples of songs with impactful pre-choruses:
- Song: “Rolling in the Deep” by Adele
The pre-chorus in this song builds tension through Adele’s powerful vocals and an ascending melodic line that leads to the explosive chorus.
- Song: “Blank Space” by Taylor Swift
In this song, the pre-chorus features a rhythmic variation with a faster tempo and lyrical content that intensifies the narrative before entering into the catchy chorus.
- Song: “Hey Jude” by The Beatles
The pre-chorus in this iconic song introduces new melodic elements and gradually increases dynamics, creating anticipation for the famous sing-along chorus.
4. Tips for Writing Pre-Choruses
To create an effective pre-chorus, consider these tips:
- Build tension: Use musical techniques like rising melodies or increased dynamics to create anticipation leading into the chorus.
- Variation: Make sure there is enough contrast between verses and pre-choruses to keep listeners engaged. Experiment with different chord progressions, rhythms, or vocal delivery styles.
- Lyrical focus: Use lyrics in the pre-chorus to expand on ideas presented in verses or introduce new themes that will be further explored in the chorus.
- Catchy hooks: Craft memorable melodies or lyrical phrases that stick with listeners even after hearing them just once. These hooks can help make the pre-chorus stand out.
- Connect to the chorus: Ensure a seamless transition from the pre-chorus to the chorus by establishing a musical or lyrical link that ties them together.
The pre-chorus is an essential component of songwriting that adds depth and excitement to your music. By effectively building tension and anticipation, it sets the stage for a powerful chorus that will leave a lasting impact on listeners.
VIII. Outro: Wrapping Up the Song Effectively
The outro is the final section of a song that brings it to a satisfying conclusion. It serves as the closing statement, leaving a lasting impression on the listener. In this section, we will explore different techniques and strategies for creating an effective outro.
1. Build anticipation
One way to create an impactful outro is by building anticipation throughout the song. This can be achieved by gradually adding layers of instrumentation or increasing the intensity of the vocals as you approach the end. By doing so, you create a sense of climax that sets up a powerful outro.
2. Experiment with dynamics
Dynamics play a crucial role in shaping the overall feel of your song’s outro. Consider incorporating changes in volume and intensity to add interest and keep listeners engaged until the very end. You can achieve this by gradually reducing volume or introducing softer elements before building back up for a grand finale.
3. Emphasize key lyrics or melodies
An effective way to make your outro memorable is by emphasizing key lyrics or melodies that have already been established earlier in the song. This creates familiarity and allows listeners to connect with those particular elements on a deeper level, leaving them with something catchy to remember.
4. Experiment with chord progressions
Your choice of chord progressions can greatly impact how your outro feels and resonates with listeners emotionally. Consider experimenting with different progressions that evoke specific moods or emotions you want to convey in this final section of your song.
5. Add instrumental solos
Instrumental solos are another excellent way to add flair and excitement to your song’s outro while showcasing individual musicians’ skills within the band. Whether it’s a guitar solo, keyboard solo, or even a drum fill, these moments can elevate the energy and leave a lasting impression on your audience.
6. Gradual fade-out
A classic technique for concluding a song is to gradually fade out the music until it dissipates completely. This technique works well for songs that have an ethereal or dreamy quality and can create a sense of closure without abruptly ending the track.
7. Experiment with unexpected elements
If you want to make your outro stand out, consider adding unexpected elements that catch listeners off guard in a positive way. This could be incorporating unique instrumentation, vocal effects, or even unconventional time signatures to create an intriguing and memorable outro.
8. Consider transition possibilities
The outro of one song often serves as a transition into the next track on an album or during live performances. Keep this in mind when crafting your outro and think about how it can seamlessly flow into the beginning of another song to maintain continuity and keep listeners engaged.
IX. Understanding the Relationship Between Lyrics and Song Structure
In the world of music, lyrics play a crucial role in conveying emotions, telling stories, and connecting with listeners on a deeper level. However, lyrics alone are not enough to create a memorable song. The structure of a song is equally important in shaping its overall impact and effectiveness.
The Importance of Song Structure
Song structure refers to the organization and arrangement of different sections within a song. It provides a framework that guides the listener through various musical elements such as verses, choruses, bridges, pre-choruses, and more. A well-structured song captivates the audience by creating anticipation, building tension, and delivering satisfying resolutions.
Understanding how lyrics fit into this structure is essential for songwriters who want to craft compelling songs that resonate with their audience.
The Role of Lyrics in Different Song Sections
Verses: Verses serve as storytelling platforms where lyricists can develop characters or narratives. They provide context and set up the emotional journey that unfolds throughout the song. In verses, lyrics often delve into specific details or paint vivid imagery to engage listeners’ imaginations.
Choruses: Choruses are typically the most memorable parts of a song due to their repetitive nature and catchy melodies. Lyrically speaking, choruses often contain key themes or messages that summarize the essence of the entire composition. They aim to leave a lasting impression on listeners while providing an opportunity for sing-alongs.
Bridges: Bridges act as transitional sections between verses and choruses or other parts of a song like pre-chorus or outro. Lyrically speaking,
bridges offer contrast by introducing new perspectives or emotions not found in the rest of the song. They can provide a fresh angle or resolve any lingering questions.
Creating Cohesion Between Lyrics and Song Structure
To ensure that lyrics seamlessly integrate with the song structure, it’s important to consider several factors:
- Theme Consistency: Maintain consistency in themes and emotions throughout different sections of the song. This helps create a cohesive narrative that resonates with listeners.
- Melodic Phrasing: Adapt lyrics to fit within melodic phrasing, emphasizing certain words or syllables to enhance their impact. This ensures that lyrics flow smoothly and naturally alongside the music.
- Rhyme Scheme: Employ consistent rhyme schemes within sections or vary them strategically to add interest and maintain listener engagement.
- Song Dynamics: Consider how lyrics can contribute to building dynamics within a song, such as using softer, introspective verses followed by powerful choruses for maximum impact.
Incorporating these elements thoughtfully will help create a harmonious relationship between lyrics and song structure, resulting in a memorable musical experience for both artists and listeners alike.
Briana Sampson is an enthusiastic, passionate music lover, with a degree in Music from the University of Southern California. She has been a great fan of musical genres, from classic rock to jazz. She is known for her singing talent and her beautiful compositions. Briana has been actively involved in the music community for over 5 years, providing leadership and creative advice to numerous groups while performing in a variety of musical projects. She is also well-versed in musical terminology and technology, constantly striving to stay ahead of the curve. Briana is a creative thinker who has a strong interest in the promotion of the use of music in more creative ways both in the home and in the workplace. She is always eager to learn, explore, and develop new musical projects.


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We love staying at Day's Inn Altus. Wonderful stay, love the pool and breakfast is so good. Our granddaughter exclaimed, "Best vacation ever!"More
- Free Wifi
- Free Parking
We love staying at Day's Inn Altus. Wonderful stay, love the pool and breakfast is so good. Our granddaughter exclaimed, "Best vacation ever!"MoreShow less
Thank you for your survey. I have read it to my team.
The shower had low volume of water. Took a long time to rinse my long hair.
The BIG door on the bathroom, got in the way at times.
The Vent and light in the bathroom both on same switch, wasn't good. We like to close door to bathroom and leave light on, for minimal light while sleeping. The vent ran all night long. Would be nice if they were separate.
Thank you for taking the time for our survey. We appreciate the feedback and I will make sure and let our team read it. I will also make sure we get in the room you stayed in and check the issues. Please come back any time.
When I checked in @ 3pm it seem fairly empty but filled up latter . I t was very quite. Staff very friendly. The bed was super comfortable ! Had other plans for breakfast but the breakfast room seem to have plenty of room and offer a variety of breakfast items. Location of hotel was convenient to many places from retail to restaurants. I have friends in Altus and will be returning so Days Inn will be the place I will stay again.
Thank you for taking the time to do our survey. I will make sure our team gets to read your comments. We look forward to seeing you again in the future.
Had someone book me a room. Needed 3 beds and was told there would be space. Arrived very tired and desk lady had no idea what we needed or anything about it. Their was only one king bed and a pullout. So they gave us another bed in a different room. The pullout couch had no pillows or blankets so had to share bed with my 2 teens. Large cricket in bathroom. Swimming pool small, cloudy, freezing. Hot tub not warm enough.
I apologize for the misunderstanding about your room. I will make sure to talk to speak with my team. I have also had my team check the pool and hot tub and the room you stayed in.
Stayed two nights for family reunion, woke up with headaches due to the smell of dirt in the air conditioner and the carpet.
I am very sorry about your recent stay with us. We have gone into your room and shampooed carpets and also took AC unit out for cleaning.

domain: travel


I listened to reports by the Associated Press this morning concerning the takeover of Swat by Taliban militant fighters. At first I was concerned that somehow, in a devious conspiracy theory this division of the umbrella organization Al-Qaeda had control over the elite tactical units in the American police system called by the same name. It soon came to my attention the Pakistani government would allow the Taliban's version of Sharia law in the Malakand region of Swat, an administrative district in the North-West Frontier Province. In return, Malulana Fazlullah's followers, members of TNSM militant Islamist faction, agreed to observe a ceasefire negotiated by Sufi Muhammad, Malulana's father in law. Gerald from Internet Anthropologist addresses this situation in his article New State: Taliban Swat. I further posted a comment on Gerald's site regarding this very serious international issue. Gerald notes that at Fazlullah's insistence he
"has successfully organized a campaign opposing polio vaccinations and has forced the closure girls' schools throughout the region."It is important to remember that in counterinsurgency strategy,
"the side that prevails in an insurgency does so in part by creating an air of inevitability among the populace about its ultimate victory." (James Holmes)By "winning hearts and minds" depends on a genuine presence among the people. No where is this more evident than the failures of Vietnam and Korea, where insurgency and asymmetric warfare were consuming to the point of attrition. The dominance of the Taliban in the strategic Swat valley is not only a major setback for Obama's administration, as
"it hopes to mount a united front against militants,"but a setback in international law, as it conflicts with state sovereignty over a defined territory. U.S. Special Envoy Richard C. Holbrooke said that he
"Is very concerned about Pakistan and stability."As he should be. On Tuesday, President Obama announced plans to boost U.S. military presence in Afghanistan by 50%, marking a change in the theater of the "War on Terror." Lawmakers and strategists alike conclude that Afghanistan will be the dominating factor in U.S. military affairs for the term of the Obama Administration. It seems that Obama's call for bipartisanism, cohabitation, united fronts, and peace, was challenged with the same issues that President Bush had to deal with...now just a different front.


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Dog Health and Healthy Dog Food
The food you feed your dog is very critical for your pet’s health. It is an easy thing to skimp on because most people believe all dog foods are the same, but it is essential for your dog’s health that you select the best dog food for him.
Most people go to the local grocery market and pick up the cheapest bag of dog food on the shelf not even bothering to read the ingredients, because if they read the ingredients of some of the low-cost dog foods they would see that they are loaded with tons of cancer-causing preservatives as well as fillers that when digested by dogs, will expand at least 3 times its size and is the major cause of deadly bloat & torsion in dogs.
If you have ever seen a dog get bloat (stomach swells up) and have their stomach torsion (twist) you would never feed your dog-cheap dog food ever again.
Healthy Dog Food Is Not Really More Expensive
When I bred and showed German Shepherds, I experimented with different dog foods to see which was the best dog food for them. You would be amazed the difference a quality dog food can mean to a dog's health. It was great when dog show fans would come over and ask how I got my dog's coat so shiny and how fantastic my dogs looked.
Another thing I have learned is you don’t necessarily save money feeding your dogs cheap store brand dog food. When you feed your pet hight-quality dog food, you don’t have to feed them as much because they digest or utilize more of what they eat.
With cheap dog foods, you will notice your dog's stools are quite large which tells you that they didn’t utilize much of what they ate. But, with high quality, healthy dog foods, their stools a quite small and compact meaning uses more of what they eat plus the food is much healthier for them.
So you see, you are not really saving that much feeding your dog cheap dog food and if you consider the money you will save on vet bills by feeding your pet healthy dog food you will come out ahead in the long run.
Dog Health – What Precautions Can You Take?
If you are concerned about your dog’s health and want to know the best way to keep your dog healthy, your best bet would be to consider a preventive medicine program for him.
A good preventive medicine program allows you to prevent any future disease’s or illnesses from harming your dog and it can also help to cut down on the high cost of veterinary expenses.
The plan is to give your dog a health exam once a week at home and schedule an annual visit with your veterinarian so your dog can get a thorough exam. An annual dog health exam at your vet’s office is worth every penny.
Regular Exams Help to Prevent Serious Problems
A thorough dog health exam at your veterinarian’s office will consist of more than just giving your dog his vaccinations. Your vet should check to see if the internal organs of your dog feel healthy by performing a series of palpitations on your furry friend. This will also give your vet an opportunity to check for lumps that may or may not be cancerous.
Your dog’s annual visit will also allow your vet to check to see if your dog’s eyes and ears are in pristine condition as well as listen to his heart, as some breeds are genetically predisposed to heart conditions.
A yearly dog health exam is especially important as your dog advances in age. As with people, finding a health problem early in your dog can prevent it from becoming a more serious problem.
Annual canine vaccinations and booster shots are essential for preventing illnesses and disease’s from seriously affecting your dog.
Annual vaccinations and booster shots can help to prevent your dog from acquiring dangerous diseases like distemper, rabies, leptospirosis, parvovirus, parainfluenza as well as coronavirus, kennel cough, and viral hepatitis.
Another vaccine, you should ask your veterinarian about giving to your dog is one of the debilitating and sometimes lethal Lyme diseases. Lyme disease is on the rise and more times than not is misdiagnosed. A vaccination would be very beneficial for your dog.
Dog Health Exams at Home
Here is an easy dog health exam you can perform at home with your dog:
1) Examine your dog's skin to see if it has a healthy gray-white appearance. If you find that his skin is either pink or red, it could mean he has an inflammation problem.
2) Check your dog’s fur for dandruff. A large amount of dandruff in his fur is a sign of an unhealthy condition for your dog.
3) Brush your dog's hair with your fingers and then check the smell on your fingers. If your fingers smell rancid or have a fishy smell to them this is an indication that your dog has a health problem.
4) During your dog’s health exam, examine the inside of his eyelids and watch for signs of any irritation or redness.
5) Look inside of his ears to check for irritation, redness and/or wax deposits. Smell the inside your dog's ears, checking for foul odors. A telltale sign of an advanced ear infection is if your dog shakes his head frequently.
6) During the dog health exam, look into your dog's mouth and check to see if there is a red line along the roots of his teeth. Also, examine all of his teeth and see if any of them have turned brown and also smell his breath to see if it has a very foul odor to it which can be an indication of a health problem.
7) You have probably heard this next dog health tip a thousand times, but it is very important. Do not allow your dog to overeat and become overweight because obesity is the major cause dog health problems and it can also shorten his lifespan significantly.
Please remember to give your dog a weekly dog health exam at home and an annual exam at the veterinarian's office in order to keep your dog in pristine health and at the top of his game. Dog food and dog treats are the #1 cause of poor dog health. If your dog begins to act lethargic and ill, check for dog food recalls and call your vet.

domain: pet


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The Bosnian-born model on her new name, new agency team and telling the truth
The model had the operation earlier this year
Jean Paul Gaultier describes Andrej Pejic as "beautiful and incredible"
The androgynous beauty considers his first big-screen role
Andrej Pejic gets his own dedicated song
Andrej Pejic is the first male model to front a women’s lingerie campaign
How the most beautiful boy in the world gets ready for the catwalk
The world's most beautiful boy on the world's most beautiful women
Why androgynous model Andrej Pejic wore a skirt to meet the monarch
Femiman model Andrej Pejic is set to meet The Queen
Andrej Pejic on everyone thinking he's a girl
Andrej Pejic talks about his model competition
Andrej Pejic reveals he'd have a sex change for Victoria's Secret

domain: celebrity


Turkmen, Romanian presidents negotiate on energy
Turkmenistan, Ashgabat, July 22 / Trend , G.Hasanov/
Turkmen and Romanian Presidents Gurbanguly Berdymuhamedov and Traian Basescu today in Ashgabat have held talks on cooperation in energy, said the official Turkmen sources.
The parties expressed unification in their position concerning the issue of ensuring international energy security through diversification of energy supplies to markets. The parties mentioned necessity to unite efforts of all interested sides: producer-countries, consumer-countries and transit-countries.
Romania is directly interested in gaining direct access to the Turkmen gas. Romanian Transgaz is member of the Nabucco pipeline project, along with the Austrian OMV, Hungarian MOL, Bulgarian Bulgargaz, Turkish Botas and German RWE.
EU hopes through Nabucco to diversify its sources of natural gas via access to the Caspian region's energy supplies, especially via Azerbaijan and Central Asian States.
Berdymuhamedov has recently said that Turkmenistan is ready to deliver natural gas on its border to any buyers, including the Nabucco project.
The Romanian side expressed its readiness to participate in the development, transportation of hydrocarbon resources of Turkmenistan, supplying the country with equipment and construction of power plants.


Gmail Go is now available to download in Play Store for all Android smartphone users- Technology News, DD FreedishNews
FP TrendingOct 09, 2020 15:52:52 IST
Google has made Gmail Go available for all users, irrespective of the smartphone they use. The Go variant of Gmail is currently free to be downloaded from the Google Play Store. Gmail Go was launched in 2018 as a means of attracting the lower-end smartphones users or those who have limited data plans. The app takes up less space and uses less data while working. Gmail Go was also aimed at supporting devices with Android Go OS, which was launched around the same time.
Gmail Go was launched after Google had already introduced the Go versions of YouTube, Gboard and Google Assistant apps. Other than phones with Android Go as the operating system, the Gmail Go app originally supported Android 8.0 Oreo OS as well. But now it is available to be downloaded by almost all high-end models.
If you compare the listings of the Go version with the regular version of Gmail, you will find that the statistics are nearly the same. There is a banner at the bottom of the Gmail Go app that says ‘Go’, otherwise the icon is identical.
Once the app is installed, users will be able to create multiple accounts, filter their mails into various divisions and archive an email by swiping left just like in the regular version of the app. However, the Go app has not been integrated with Google Meet as of yet. So Gmail Go users would not be able to join in on a meeting from Gmail.
As the integration is a relatively new update, it is expected that Go users will also see Meet in Gmail soon, given Google is marching ahead on its Google Workspace plan that brings Gmail, Meet, Docs, and Drive together.
#Gmail #download #Play #Store #Android #smartphone #users #Technology #News #DD FreedishNews


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Anemia - B12 deficiency
Anemia is a condition in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells. Red blood cells provide oxygen to body tissues. There are many types of anemia.
Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia is a low red blood cell count due to a lack of vitamin B12.
Your body needs vitamin B12 to make red blood cells. In order to provide vitamin B12 to your cells:
- You must eat plenty of foods that contain vitamin B12, such as meat, poultry, shellfish, eggs, and dairy products.
- Your body must absorb enough vitamin B12. A special protein, called intrinsic factor, helps your body do this. This protein is released by cells in the stomach.
A lack of vitamin B12 may be due to dietary factors, including:
- Eating a poorly planned vegetarian diet
- Poor diet in infants
- Poor nutrition during pregnancy
Certain health conditions can make it difficult for your body to absorb enough vitamin B12. They include:
- Chronic alcoholism
- Crohn disease, celiac disease, infection with the fish tapeworm, or other problems that make it difficult for your body to digest foods
- Pernicious anemia, a type of vitamin B12 anemia that occurs when your body destroys cells that make intrinsic factor
- Surgeries that remove certain parts of your stomach or small intestine, such as some weight-loss surgeries
- Taking antacids and other heartburn medicines for a long period of time
You may not have symptoms. Symptoms may be mild.
Symptoms can include:
If you have low vitamin B12 level for a long time, you can have nerve damage. Symptoms of nerve damage include:
- Confusion or change in mental status (dementia) in severe cases
- Loss of balance
- Numbness and tingling of hands and feet
Exams and Tests
The doctor or nurse will perform a physical exam. This may reveal problems with your reflexes.
Tests that may be done include:
- Complete blood count (CBC)
- Reticulocyte count
- LDH level
- Vitamin B12 level
Other procedures that may be done include:
- Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) to examine the stomach
- Enteroscopy to examine the small intestine
- Bone marrow biopsy if the diagnosis is not clear
Treatment depends on the cause of B12 deficiency anemia.
The goal of treatment is to increase your vitamin B12 level.
- Treatment may include a shot of vitamin B12 once a month. Persons with a severely low level of B12 may need more shots in the beginning. You may need shots every month for the rest of your life.
- Some patients may also need to take vitamin B12 supplements by mouth. For some people, high-dose vitamin B12 tablets taken by mouth work well, and shots are not needed.
Treatment may no longer be needed after Crohn disease, celiac disease, or alcoholism is properly treated.
Your doctor or nurse will also recommend eating a well-balanced diet.
Patients often do well with treatment.
Long-term vitamin B12 deficiency can cause nerve damage. This may be permanent if you do not start treatment within 6 months of when your symptoms begin.
A woman with a low B12 level may have a false positive Pap smear. This is because vitamin B12 deficiency affects the way certain cells (epithelial cells) in the cervix look.
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Call your health care provider if you have any of the symptoms of anemia.
You can prevent anemia caused by a lack of vitamin B12 by following a well-balanced diet.
Shots of vitamin B12 can prevent anemia after surgeries known to cause vitamin B12 deficiency.
Early diagnosis and prompt treatment can reduce or prevent complications related to a low vitamin B12 level.
Antony AC. Megaloblastic anemias. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ Jr, Silberstein LE, et al., eds. Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice. 6th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Saunders; 2012:chap 37.
Reviewed By:Todd Gersten, MD, Hematology/Oncology, Florida Cancer Specialists & Research Institute, Wellington, FL. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency
or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional
should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911
for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they
do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997-A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.
The Agency for Health Care Administration (Agency) and this website do not claim the information on, or referred to by, this site is error free. This site may include links to websites of other government agencies or private groups. Our Agency and this website do not control such sites and are not responsible for their content. Reference to or links to any other group, product, service, or information does not mean our Agency or this website approves of that group, product, service, or information.
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domain: biology


Punching different products requires different properties of materials (material, material width or material thickness change) and different molds, so press changing is a very important and often frequent process.
Many stamping and processing enterprises have insufficient experience. After changing the mold for the press, there is a phenomenon that the NC feeder is not feeding properly. The employees are not familiar with the operation, and often cannot check if there is a problem there. It’s just that the stamping is still good, how come the NC feeder has a problem?”. In fact, after the die change, the NC feeder is not allowed to feed, basically it is not a problem with the Jin Zhide NC feeder, but after the die change, there is no correct debugging or material problems.
2-in-1 servo feeder production line
When you encounter this problem, you can solve the problem by following the following items:
1. After the press is changed, the feeding height of the NC feeder is not re-adjusted or adjusted incorrectly, resulting in inaccurate feeding. Different molds have different lower mold heights. At this time, the feed height of Jinzhide NC feeder should be re-adjusted according to the height of the newly used mold lower mold, so that the feeding height of the NC feeder and the height of the mold lower mold are the same. In order to make the feeding accurate and smooth.
Adjustment Note: It is most appropriate to adjust the plane height of the discharge plate of the Jinzhide NC feeder to the lower plane of the die, instead of adjusting the material level after feeding, and adjusting the feeding height of the NC feeder. Afterwards, it is necessary to pay attention to locking the mounting plate fixing screws to avoid the feeding accuracy due to looseness.
NC servo feeder use
2. After the press is changed, the NC feeder's relaxation angle (time) is not re-adjusted or adjusted incorrectly, resulting in inaccurate feeding. Different die stamping processes are different, and the time for the die guide pins to enter the material hole position will be different. Therefore, the relaxation angle (time) of the Jinzhide NC feeder must be adjusted.
Adjustment focus: Jin Zhide pneumatic NC feeder relaxation angle adjustment is to adjust the angle of the punching cam to relax, after the mold guide pin enters the material hole position to relax, when the mold rises, the guide pin is in front of the material guide hole before the NC feed The clamping material of the machine is used to adjust the relaxation angle time; the Jinzhide mechanical NC feeder adopts mechanical rod relaxation. The principle of relaxation adjustment is to adjust the relaxation rod. When the mold guide pin is just inserted into the material guide hole Start to relax.
NC servo feeder adjustment
3. After the press is changed, the NC feeder is deflected, and the pressing force of the press spring is not adjusted properly or the left and right are not the same. The material thickness is improperly adjusted, resulting in inaccurate feeding. After checking one by one, it can be solved.
After the press is changed, there are problems in the properties of the materials used. The materials are curved, the thickness of the material is different, the burrs are serious, or the thickness exceeds the applicable range of the machine. The Jinzhide mechanical NC feeder is not allowed to feed, and the replacement meets the standard. The material can be solved.
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text:
Google Street View Halıcıoğlu, İstanbul
Google Maps Street View of Halıcıoğlu, Beyoğlu, İstanbul, Turkey.
Find where is Halıcıoğlu located. Zoom in and zoom out the satellite map. Search for street addresses and locations. Find latitude,longitude and elevation for each position of the Google Street View Marker. Get accommodation in Halıcıoğlu or nearby Halıcıoğlu


Planning for innovative urban mobility in Jersey City
Learn about New Jersey's new tech-enabled microtransit program and how this new kind of mobility option facilitates equity and access.
AVs and the City of Tomorrow: Automating public transit
Via joins Partners for Automated Vehicle Education (PAVE) and other industry experts for a conversation on autonomous public transit.
The city that brought microtransit to rural America
Rodger Lentz, Chief Planning and Development Officer for Wilson, North Carolina, reveals why a small city 40 miles east of Raleigh is investing in the future of transportation.
We're grateful to have you in our community.


Sar USA SAR9BL10 SAR9 9mm Luger 4.40" 10+1 Black Black Oxide Steel Black Interchangeable Backstrap Grip
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This SAR9 pistol features 4.5" hammer-forged barrel, 3-dot sights, interchangeable backstraps and panels, black oxide slide, and has a 10-round magazine capacity.
No reviews have been written for this product.


text:
It’s required a little time for me to take in all the meaning of Saturday’s march for life by hundreds of young people and adults. The turnout all over the country was nothing short of astounding, a nationwide demand for an end to the “do nothing” approach to gun control in America. It was a demonstration by the kids who have been the targets of shooters telling us they are tired of the status quo, of bending to the will of the NRA and its lackeys in Congress, and they aren’t going to take it any more.
To which we can add only “amen.”
We know — because poll after poll tells us — that a great majority of Americans want sanity in our gun laws. They want an end to the efforts by opponents over the years to foster a deadly gun culture in this country, a culture that has led to the targeted murder of thousands of people, many of them school students.
More people die from gunshots than car accidents. And of course cars don’t kill people, people do. Just like guns don’t kill people, people do. well that is just the bullshit that’s no longer serviceable. We regulate automobiles in many ways – it’s way past time to do the same with guns.
And no, no one is seriously proposing to take people’s guns away. What the country is demanding is more background checks, an end to assault weapons sales. and increased efforts to locate and treat unstable people who have easy access to weapons.
And while we’re at it, let’s have Congress repeal laws that make it impossible to pursue lawsuits against gun sellers and manufacturers. No other industries have such absurd protections. They exist only because the NRA pushed its toadies in the Congress to enact those self-serving measures.
We have a lot of bad people in this country, a lot of people whose behavior has led to the deaths of many others. But let’s be honest about this: the actions of the NRA and their do-nothing jackals in Congress bear responsibility, too. They cannot be allowed to continue.
That’s what the young people in the march are telling us. It’s time to restore responsibility to our gun control laws, to make them meaningful, and to ensure that students can go to classes without the fear — the prospect? — of being murdered in their schools. The time is here. Heed the voices of the young and the caring. They are our heroes.


text:
In this work, we have performed neutron irradiation and sub-sequent hardness measurements on a series of tungsten grades to screen the irradiation-induced hardness as a function of irradiation temperature reaching up to 1200 ◦C. The selected irradiation temperatures were chosen by performing temperature analysis of the expected irradiation temperature on tungsten monoblock during the steady state operation in ITER, where 1200 ◦C corresponds to the surface temperature at 10 MW/m2 flux density expected during normal operational conditions. The applied neutron fluence and flux (using BR2 material test reactor, up to 1 dpa) is representative of ITER irradiation conditions except the neutron spectrum. However, the measures were taken to reduce the thermal neutron flux to limit the transmutation closer to the fusion conditions. The irradiation-induced hardness measured in single crystal after irradiation at 600–800 ◦C agrees very well with the earlier data reported after HFIR irradiation experiments. The new irradiation data obtained in the temperature range 900–1200 ◦C show that even at one third melting point the neutron exposure raises the hardness by 40% to 70%, depending on the selected grade. Screening measurements by transmission electron microscopy, applied to clarify the origin of the hardening at 1200 ◦C, have proven the presence of the dislocation loops and high density of voids. The presence of those defects should imply the reduction of thermal conductivity, fracture toughness as well as alteration of hydrogen isotope permeation and trapping.
|Number of pages
|International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials
|Published - 1 Feb 2021

domain: literature


text:
Tallest residential tower in Givataiym upon completion.
The tower replaces the unused Hadar Cinema building.
The plot was purchased for $6 million.
The Urban Building Plan (UDP) originally permitted a mixed-use tower of 35 apartments, 1,645 square meters of commercial space and 800 square meters of offices. The UDP was changed due to low demand for office space.
Do you need more information about this building and its related companies?

domain: economics


text:
Welcome to Sleep Wellness Daily News Site!
Sleep is an important aspect of our daily lives, our goal therefore is to bring you up to date information about different types of sleep disorders, treatment choices, and products that positively impact the lives of those experiencing difficulties falling or staying asleep.
We hope you find this information useful.
The editorial team
Senior Editor, Audrey Boudou

domain: medical


text:
Help for Alzheimer’s Caregivers
Presbyterian Manor hosting free session with lunch: "I Can’t Do This Anymore"
Caring for a loved one with Alzheimer's disease or another form of dementia is a difficult and daunting task. It's important for the caregiver to seek help when it's needed to provide the best possible care to a loved one.
Cindy S. Miller, dementia care specialist with the Alzheimer's Association, will be at Emporia Presbyterian Manor February 21 to discuss the risks of not adding care support. She will share options for care and community resources available. She also will provide a framework for deciding it's time to get more help.
Learn about the different stages of the disease process as well as the different types of care available.
Lunch will be provided for attendees, so be sure to RSVP to reserve your spot by calling Crystal Stock at 620-343-2613 or emailing firstname.lastname@example.org.
“I Can't Do This Anymore” is part of Emporia Presbyterian Manor’s Just Ask series, a free, ongoing lifelong learning program featuring information from local and regional experts on topics of interest to older adults and their families.
Use our event page on Facebook to invite your friends and help us spread the word.


Controversial Haines City compost plant hopes to resume operations
HAINES CITY — Residents living near the controversial composting facility on East Park Road have had some peace over the past several weeks, but the facility’s restart could come soon.
Even before it opened, the facility operated by BCR NuTerra has been a topic of controversy. Since it opened, many nearby residents and businesses have complained about fading health and a reduced quality of life.
Operations at the facility have been suspended since February. Representatives for the company say they are working to be a good neighbor and are trying to make things right. They are making changes they hope will win back confidence from the city and nearby residents and allow composting to begin again.


text:
Bois noir is the most widespread phytoplasma grapevine disease in Europe. It is associated with ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’, but molecular interactions between the causal pathogen and its host plant are not well understood. In this work, we combined the analysis of high-throughput RNA-Seq and sRNA-Seq data with interaction network analysis for finding new cross-talks among pathways involved in infection of grapevine cv. Zweigelt with ‘Ca. P. solani’ in early and late growing seasons. While the early growing season was very dynamic at the transcriptional level in asymptomatic grapevines, the regulation at the level of small RNAs was more pronounced later in the season when symptoms developed in infected grapevines. Most differentially expressed small RNAs were associated with biotic stress. Our study also exposes the less-studied role of hormones in disease development and shows that hormonal balance was already perturbed before symptoms development in infected grapevines. Analysis at the level of communities of genes and mRNA-microRNA interaction networks revealed several new genes (e.g., expansins and cryptdin) that have not been associated with phytoplasma pathogenicity previously. These novel actors may present a new reference framework for research and diagnostics of phytoplasma diseases of grapevine.
‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas) is the pathogenic bacterium that causes the disease Huanglongbing (HLB) in citrus and some model plants, such as Nicotiana benthamiana. After infection, CLas releases a set of effectors to modulate host responses. One of these critical effectors is Sec-delivered effector 1 (SDE1), which induces chlorosis and cell death in N. benthamiana. In this study, we revealed the DEAD-box RNA helicase (DDX3) interacts with SDE1. Gene silencing study revealed that knockdown of the NbDDX3 gene triggers leaf chlorosis, mimicking the primary symptom of CLas infection in N. benthamiana. The interactions between SDE1 and NbDDX3 were localized in the cell membrane. Overexpression of SDE1 resulted in suppression of NbDDX3 gene expression in N. benthamiana, which suggests a critical role of SDE1 in modulating NbDDX3 expression. Furthermore, we verified the interaction of SDE1 with citrus DDX3 (CsDDX3), and demonstrated that the expression of the CsDDX3 gene was significantly reduced in HLB-affected yellowing and mottled leaves of citrus. Thus, we provide molecular evidence that the downregulation of the host DDX3 gene is a crucial mechanism of leaf chlorosis in HLB-affected plants. The identification of CsDDX3 as a critical target of SDE1 and its association with HLB symptom development indicates that the DDX3 gene is an important target for gene editing, to interrupt the interaction between DDX3 and SDE1, and therefore interfere host susceptibility.
Huanglongbing (HLB) is a devastating citrus disease that has caused massive economic losses to the citrus industry worldwide. The disease is endemic in most citrus-producing areas of southern China, especially in the sweet orange orchards where soil acidification has intensified. In this work, we used lime as soil pH amendment to optimize soil pH and enhance the endurance capacity of citrus against Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). The results showed that regulation of soil acidity is effective to reduce the occurrence of new infections and mitigate disease severity in the presence of HLB disease. We also studied the associated molecular mechanism and found that acid soil improvement can (i) increase the root metabolic activity and up-regulate the expression of ion transporter-related genes in HLB-infected roots, (ii) alleviate the physiological disorders of sieve tube blockage of HLB-infected leaves, (iii) strengthen the citrus immune response by increasing the expression of genes involved in SAR and activating the salicylic acid signal pathway, (iv) up-regulate 55 proteins related to stress/defence response and secondary metabolism. This study contributes to a better understanding of the correlation between environment factors and HLB disease outbreaks and also suggests that acid soil improvement is of potential value for the management of HLB disease in southern China.
‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas) is one of the causal agents of citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), a bacterial disease of citrus trees that greatly reduces fruit yield and quality. CLas strains produce an array of currently uncharacterized Sec-dependent secretory proteins. In this study, the conserved chromosomally encoded protein CLIBASIA_03875 was identified as a novel Sec-dependent secreted protein. We show that CLIBASIA_03875 contains a putative Sec- secretion signal peptide (SP), a 29 amino acid residue located at the N-terminus, with a mature protein (m3875) of 22 amino acids found to localize in multiple subcellular components of the leaf epidermal cells of Nicotiana benthamiana. When overexpressed via a Potato virus X (PVX)-based expression vector in N. benthamiana, m3875 suppressed programmed cell death (PCD) and the H2O2 accumulation triggered by the pro-apoptotic mouse protein BAX and the Phytophthora infestans elicitin INF1. Overexpression also resulted in a phenotype of dwarfing, leaf deformation and mosaics, suggesting that m3875 has roles in plant immune response, growth, and development. Substitution mutagenesis of the charged amino acid (D7, R9, R11, and K22) with alanine within m3875 did not recover the phenotypes for PCD and normal growth. In addition, the transiently overexpressed m3875 regulated the transcriptional levels of N. benthamiana orthologs of CNGCs (cyclic nucleotide-gated channels), BI-1 (Bax-inhibitor 1), and WRKY33 that are involved in plant defense mechanisms. To our knowledge, m3875 is the first PCD suppressor identified from CLas. Studying the function of this protein provides insight as to how CLas attenuates the host immune responses to proliferate and cause Huanglongbing disease in citrus plants.
Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening, is the most destructive disease of citrus worldwide. HLB is associated with the non-culturable bacterium, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CaLas) in the United States. The virulence mechanism of CaLas is largely unknown, partly because of the lack of a mutant library. In this study, Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) were used for large-scale screening of the virulence factors of CaLas. Agroinfiltration of 60 putative virulence factors in N. benthamiana led to the identification of four candidates that caused severe symptoms in N. benthamiana, such as growth inhibition and cell death. CLIBASIA_05150 and CLIBASIA_04065C (C-terminal of CLIBASIA_04065) could cause cell death in the infiltrated leaves at five days post infiltration. Two low-molecular-weight candidates, CLIBASIA_00470 and CLIBASIA_04025, could inhibit plant growth. By converting start codon to stop codon or frameshifting, the four genes lost their harmful effects to N. benthamiana. It indicated that the four virulence factors functioned at the protein level rather than at the RNA level. The subcellular localization of the four candidates was determined by confocal laser scanning microscope. CLIBASIA_05150 located in the Golgi apparatus; CLIBASIA_04065 located in the mitochondrion; CLIBASIA_00470 and CLIBASIA_04025 distributed in cells as free GFP. The host proteins interacting with the four virulence factors were identified by yeast two-hybrid. The host proteins interacting with CLIBASIA_00470 and CLIBASIA_04025 were overlapping. Based on the phenotypes, the subcellular localization and the host proteins identified by yeast two-hybrid, CLIBASIA_00470 and CLIBASIA_04025, functioned redundantly. The hypothesis of CaLas virulence was proposed. CaLas affects citrus development and suppresses citrus disease resistance, comprehensively, in a complicated manner. Ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation might play a vital role in CaLas virulence. Deep characterization of the interactions between the identified virulence factors and their prey will shed light on HLB. Eventually, it will help in developing HLB-resistant citrus and save the endangered citrus industry worldwide.

domain: agronomy