text:
|Publication number||US7057616 B2|
|Application number||US 10/831,264|
|Publication date||Jun 6, 2006|
|Filing date||Apr 23, 2004|
|Priority date||Apr 23, 2004|
|Also published as||US20050237325|
|Publication number||10831264, 831264, US 7057616 B2, US 7057616B2, US-B2-7057616, US7057616 B2, US7057616B2|
|Inventors||DoRon B. Motter, Michael Kallay|
|Original Assignee||Microsoft Corporation|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (5), Non-Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (6), Classifications (6), Legal Events (5)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
The invention relates to computing and in particular to reshaping a curve in computer graphics by minimizing an energy function subject to editing constraints.
Graphic designers want tools that enable them to quickly and easily modify shapes. Within graphic design applications, these shapes are often modeled using curve representations that are defined by a sequence of control points, where the position of each control point has some influence on the shape of the curve. Examples of such shape representations include Bézier curves, B-splines, non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS), and subdivision curves, among others. Graphic design applications typically allow the designer to edit a shape by moving one or more control points until the desired shape is achieved. Because several control points may need to be moved by different amounts in different directions to achieve the desired result, it can be tedious to edit a shape in this manner. Applications often provide a more convenient means of curve editing in which the designer can click on any point on the curve and drag it to a new location—a method often referred to as “direct manipulation,” since the designer deals directly with the curve rather than with its control points. Curve editing methods that support direct manipulation must solve an equation or a series of equations to determine new locations for the curve's control points that will force the curve to pass through the point that the designer specified.
In an ideal world, a designer could click on any point on the curve and “pull” it, and the curve would follow in an intuitive manner. Unfortunately, reality does not always meet expectations. For instance, some applications that permit direct manipulation of open-ended curves display unpredictable results when the designer attempts to drag a point on the curve that is close to one of the curve endpoints. Sometimes a small movement by the designer results in an inordinately large change in the curve. In extreme cases, the edited curve may include unwanted loops, or a change may unexpectedly invert the curve. It would be helpful if graphics applications provided an intuitive, simple, and fast way for a designer to achieve the desired curve without encountering these unpredictable anomalies.
A curve is reshaped by determining new locations for its control points that minimize some measure of the change in the curve (typically, the “energy” of the change), while meeting the specified editing constraints. For example, a designer may indicate an editing constraint by selecting a point anywhere on a curve and moving it to a new location. In response, the unconstrained control points may be moved automatically and simultaneously to optimal new locations. The resulting change in the curve may be aesthetically pleasing and satisfy the editing constraints. This curve editing technique may allow designers to be more productive by providing predictable and intuitive results while manipulating curves directly.
The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments, is better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there is shown in the drawings exemplary constructions of the invention; however, the invention is not limited to the specific methods and instrumentalities disclosed. In the drawings:
A user of a vector drawing tool has several implicit expectations of a click and drag edit, namely:
A curve frequently used as the underlying representation in vector drawing tools is the piecewise cubic Bézier spline. The invention described herein is independent of the underlying curve representation; however, because the piecewise cubic Bézier spline is one of the most commonly used representations, descriptions of the method will be given in terms of this representation. It will be understood that the method may be applied to any curve
A Bézier spline is a mathematical representation of a shape, consisting of a sequence of connected Bézier curves. A Bézier curve is a mathematical construct that requires only a few control points to specify a continuous curve in two- or three-dimensional space. In particular, a cubic Bézier curve is completely defined by four control points: the two endpoints of the curve, and two additional control points. The positions of the two additional control points specify the tangent directions at the beginning and end of the curve, and thus determine the shape of the interior of the curve. Therefore these two points are referred to as “interior” control points.
A piecewise continuous Bézier spline F consists of a sequence of |F| connected degree d Bézier curves Fk(t), each of which is defined by
and for every kε[0, |F|−1), Pk,d=Pk+1,0.
In the case of cubic Bézier splines (d=3), and bi(t)=bi,3(t), and thus curve definition simplifies to:
As shown in
A user who attempts to edit a curve may or may not be familiar with the underlying curve representation. For a user who understands the purpose of control points within his curve, an additional requirement is to preserve the underlying structure of the curve as much as possible. Regardless of the user's understanding, the curve change should be local in order to meet the user's intuitive expectations.
In some embodiments of the invention, a curve is modified in response to a drag gesture by determining the locations of control points such that the curve segment passes through the pointer location. In some embodiments of the invention, the first and last control points (the endpoints) are fixed. For cubic Bézier curves, and other curve representations, the resulting problem is under-constrained: that is, there are more degrees of freedom than there are constraints. In some embodiments of the invention, the remaining degrees of freedom are used to provide a smoother and more intuitive response. In some embodiments of the invention, a minimum-energy curve edit utilizes this extra freedom. That is, the maximization of the smoothness change is used to compute the updated control points. Because the energy of a flexible beam increases as it is being bent further, maximizing smoothness is achieved by minimizing bending energy.
In accordance with some embodiments of the invention, a point on a curve can be selected (e.g., by clicking on the point) and dragged, modifying the location of both the interior control points at the same time, subject to constraints. In some embodiments of the invention, the point selected is between the interior control points and the energy of the change is minimized by solving a constrained optimization problem. In some embodiments of the invention the constraints are that the edited curve as displayed goes through the selected point (the point that is selected by the pointer and pulled) and the edited curve retains its original end points. A goal function is determined and minimized. In some embodiments of the invention, the goal function is an integral (the sum along the curve) of the squared magnitude of the second derivative vector of the change between the original curve and the edited curve. This integral is related to bending energy, hence the term “energy”. Minimizing that energy leads to the smoothest change.
Exemplary Computing Environment
Although not required, the invention can be implemented via an application programming interface (API), for use by a developer, and/or included within the network browsing software which will be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by one or more computers, such as client workstations, servers, or other devices. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures and the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Typically, the functionality of the program modules may be combined or distributed as desired in various embodiments. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention may be practiced with other computer system configurations. Other well known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with the invention include, but are not limited to, personal computers (PCs), automated teller machines, server computers, hand-held or laptop devices, multi-processor systems, microprocessor-based systems, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and the like. The invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network or other data transmission medium. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices.
With reference to
Computer 110 typically includes a variety of computer readable media. Computer readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by computer 110 and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer readable media may comprise computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media includes both volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CDROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by computer 110. Communication media typically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared, and other wireless media. Combinations of any of the above should also be included within the scope of computer readable media.
The system memory 130 includes computer storage media in the form of volatile and/or nonvolatile memory such as read only memory (ROM) 131 and random access memory (RAM) 132. A basic input/output system 133 (BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within computer 110, such as during start-up, is typically stored in ROM 131. RAM 132 typically contains data and/or program modules that are immediately accessible to and/or presently being operated on by processing unit 120. By way of example, and not limitation,
The computer 110 may also include other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media. By way of example only,
The drives and their associated computer storage media discussed above and illustrated in
A monitor 191 or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus 121 via an interface, such as a video interface 190. A graphics interface 182, such as Northbridge, may also be connected to the system bus 121. Northbridge is a chipset that communicates with the CPU, or host processing unit 120, and assumes responsibility for accelerated graphics port (AGP) communications. One or more graphics processing units (GPUs) 184 may communicate with graphics interface 182. In this regard, GPUs 184 generally include on-chip memory storage, such as register storage and GPUs 184 communicate with a video memory 186. GPUs 184, however, are but one example of a coprocessor and thus a variety of coprocessing devices may be included in computer 110. A monitor 191 or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus 121 via an interface, such as a video interface 190, which may in turn communicate with video memory 186. In addition to monitor 191, computers may also include other peripheral output devices such as speakers 197 and printer 196, which may be connected through an output peripheral interface 195.
The computer 110 may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer 180. The remote computer 180 may be a personal computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the computer 110, although only a memory storage device 181 has been illustrated in
When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 110 is connected to the LAN 171 through a network interface or adapter 170. When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 110 typically includes a modem 172 or other means for establishing communications over the WAN 173, such as the Internet. The modem 172, which may be internal or external, may be connected to the system bus 121 via the user input interface 160, or other appropriate mechanism. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer 110, or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. By way of example, and not limitation,
One of ordinary skill in the art can appreciate that a computer 110 or other client device can be deployed as part of a computer network. In this regard, the present invention pertains to any computer system having any number of memory or storage units, and any number of applications and processes occurring across any number of storage units or volumes. The present invention may apply to an environment with server computers and client computers deployed in a network environment, having remote or local storage. The present invention may also apply to a standalone computing device, having programming language functionality, interpretation and execution capabilities.
System and Method for Performing Minimum Energy Curve Editing
In some embodiments of the invention, the edited curve is computed via minimization of a mathematical function, the function being the integral of total curvature of the change. In some embodiments of the invention, the function that is minimized is the integral of the squared second derivative of the vector function representing the change to the curve.
Because there are more degrees of freedom than there are constraints when editing a Bézier curve as described above, the new control point locations may be computed by solving a constrained optimization problem to minimize some “energy” function subject to the editing constraints. In some embodiments of the invention, an appropriate energy function is defined, from which the new control point locations can be determined. Because the constrained optimization problem in some embodiments has a closed-form analytic solution, the resulting algorithm used to compute control point locations is efficient and easy to implement and in addition may produce a pleasing and intuitively correct editing response.
In some embodiments of the invention, the energy of a Bézier curve is calculated in terms of Di, the vector change in each control point, as shown in
The edit change C(t) in some embodiments is constrained by the scope of the problem so that the endpoints do not change. That is, the requirement D0=D3=0, is made, and the effect of the edit is restricted to a single segment 400. To ensure that the curve passes through the desired point, 404, the curve is then further constrained as follows, for a point Fk (s):
Where T represents the new location to which the point V0 is dragged and V is the drag vector.
The corresponding constrained optimization problem can then be solved via Lagrange multipliers. Because the dot product is a sum of products of coordinates, the equations break into separate systems for each coordinate (each with the same coefficients, but with a different right hand side), hence the unknowns Di (D1 and D2 in
It will be noted that the scalar coefficients depend only on the curve parameters, and not on any variable which changes during the course of the edit.
At step 504 values are initialized. The parameter of a point on the Bézier curve which is closest to the location of the mouse click on a display screen is approximated. In some embodiments, the curve is parameterized from 0 (at one endpoint) to 1 (at the other endpoint), so that every point along the curve may be represented by a number between 0 and 1. Each parameter thus corresponds to a point along the curve as displayed. In some embodiments, the curve is reproduced by dividing the curve into a number of sections of straight lines. Thus, the position of each point on the curve can be represented (e.g., on a computer screen) by evaluating the four control points and the parameter. It will be understood that because a curve is theoretically infinitely thin, a point along the curve cannot be exactly selected via a mouse click, so the parameter for a point on a curve that approximates the position of the mouse click is determined. That is, a point on a curve is defined as Fk(s), where s is the parameter of the closest point on the desired segment Fk(t) to the mouse position, or:
s←the parameter of the closest point on the desired segment Fk(t) to the mouse position.
In some embodiments of the invention, V0 is the location of the selected point, that is the coordinates of the point, or:
a1 and a2 are calculated, according to the following formulas, where b1 and b2 and s are defined as described above. a1 and a2 represent the solution of the minimization problem.
The original four control points are copied to preserve a location of the original point on the curve as follows:
Pk thus represents the control point vector for segment k.
At step 506, user input is monitored to determine if the curve editing operation is complete. In some embodiments of the invention, an edit ends when an event such as (but not limited to) MouseButtonUp is raised, although it will be understood that the invention as contemplated is not limited to the use of a particular event or programming technique nor to a particular input device. If the editing process is complete, at step 508 the operation is committed and the edited curve is displayed.
At step 510, as the selected point is dragged during the curve edit operation, control points are computed as follows. During a mouse move, V may be defined as a change in mouse position, that is
V0 may be defined as the initial location of the selected point, T may represent the current location of the mouse pointer so that V represents the change in mouse position. D1 is computed by multiplying V by the constant initialized above, a1 or:
D 1 =a 1 V
D2 is computed by multiplying V by the constant initialized above, a2 or:
D 2 =a 2 V
The new positions of the interior control points (Pk,1 and Pk,2) are computed as follows:
P k,1 =O 1 +D 1
P k,2 =O 2 +D 2
It will be apparent to one of skill in the art that the solution vectors of the minimization problem are multiples of the drag vector V.
It will be appreciated that, with different basis functions b1, the formula
is a general template for a broad class of splines, of which the Bézier spline is only one type. This class includes B-splines, subdivision curves and NURBS, (non-uniform rational B splines). While closed formulae for the integrals may not be as readily available as for the Bézier curve, they may be dynamically computed by solving a linear system of equations.
It will be appreciated that while the embodiment described utilizes a minimization of an integral of a squared second derivative of the change, the invention as contemplated is not so limited. For example, any other suitable function could be minimized, as for example the function representing the true total curvature of the change.
Similarly, the present invention may be applied to editing of surfaces by minimizing some energy function of the change. Surfaces are typically defined by some two-dimensional grid or mesh of control points. It is desirable to allow the user to pull a point on the surface and have that affect multiple control points. While in the curve editing the displacement vectors are computed by minimizing integrals of one variable, with respect to surfaces, integrals of two variables are minimized, (e.g. some function of the partial derivatives).
The various techniques described herein may be implemented in connection with hardware or software or, where appropriate, with a combination of both. Thus, the methods and apparatus of the present invention, or certain aspects or portions thereof, may take the form of program code (i.e., instructions) embodied in tangible media, such as floppy diskettes, CD-ROMs, hard drives, or any other machine-readable storage medium, wherein, when the program code is loaded into and executed by a machine, such as a computer, the machine becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. In the case of program code execution on programmable computers, the computing device will generally include a processor, a storage medium readable by the processor (including volatile and non-volatile memory and/or storage elements), at least one input device, and at least one output device. One or more programs that may utilize the creation and/or implementation of domain-specific programming models aspects of the present invention, e.g., through the use of a data processing API or the like, are preferably implemented in a high level procedural or object oriented programming language to communicate with a computer system. However, the program(s) can be implemented in assembly or machine language, if desired. In any case, the language may be a compiled or interpreted language, and combined with hardware implementations.
While the present invention has been described in connection with the preferred embodiments of the various figures, it is to be understood that other similar embodiments may be used or modifications and additions may be made to the described embodiments for performing the same function of the present invention without deviating therefrom. Therefore, the present invention should not be limited to any single embodiment, but rather should be construed in breadth and scope in accordance with the appended claims.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US5367617 *||Jul 2, 1992||Nov 22, 1994||Microsoft Corporation||System and method of hybrid forward differencing to render Bezier splines|
|US5621872 *||Mar 9, 1992||Apr 15, 1997||Hitachi, Ltd.||Curved surface generating method and apparatus therefor|
|US5636338 *||Jan 29, 1993||Jun 3, 1997||Silicon Graphics, Inc.||Method for designing curved shapes for use by a computer|
|US6208355 *||Apr 7, 1998||Mar 27, 2001||Adobe Systems Incorporated||Sketch-based editing of curves|
|US6727901 *||Aug 7, 2002||Apr 27, 2004||Adobe Systems Incorporated||Curve smoothing without shrinking|
|1||Brunnett, G. et al., "Interpolation with Minimal-Energy Splines", Computer-Aided Design, Feb. 1994, 26(2), 137-144.|
|2||*||Foley et al., "Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice Second Edition in C," Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1996, pp. 491 and 501.|
|3||*||Foley et al., "Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice, Second Edition in C," Addision-Wesley Publishing Company, 1996, pp. 491, 501.|
|4||*||http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral Wikipedia.org definition of Integral.|
|5||Kallay, M., "Constrained Optimization in Surface Design", Modeling in Computer Graphics, 1993, B. Falcidiano and T.L. Kunii(Eds), Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 5 pages.|
|6||Kallay, M., "Plane Curves of Minimal Energy", ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, Sep. 1986, 12(3), 219-222.|
|7||Von Golitschek, M. et al., "Error Bounds for Minimal Energy Bivariate Polynomial Splines", Numer. Math., 2002, 93, 315-331.|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US7896231 *||Dec 8, 2006||Mar 1, 2011||Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.||Method and apparatus for check stack visualization|
|US8520003 *||May 22, 2007||Aug 27, 2013||Raphael L Levien||Method and apparatus for interactive curve generation|
|US8810579||Aug 8, 2013||Aug 19, 2014||Raphael L. Levien||Method and apparatus for interactive curve generation|
|US9230350||Aug 18, 2014||Jan 5, 2016||Raphael L. Levien||Method and apparatus for interactive curve generation|
|US20080005212 *||May 22, 2007||Jan 3, 2008||Levien Raphael L||Method and apparatus for interactive curve generation|
|US20080135609 *||Dec 8, 2006||Jun 12, 2008||Dcosta Ashvil Savio||Method and apparatus for check stack visualization|
|U.S. Classification||345/442, 715/863, 345/441|
|Nov 19, 2004||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: MICROSOFT CORPORATION, WASHINGTON
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:MOTTER, DORON B.;KALLAY, MICHAEL;REEL/FRAME:015393/0558;SIGNING DATES FROM 20040421 TO 20040423
|Nov 4, 2009||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jul 27, 2010||CC||Certificate of correction|
|Nov 26, 2013||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|Dec 9, 2014||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: MICROSOFT TECHNOLOGY LICENSING, LLC, WASHINGTON
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MICROSOFT CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:034541/0477
Effective date: 20141014


Trump urges Qatar leader to resolve diplomatic crisis with Arab nations
WASHINGTON — President Trump called Qatar’s leader Wednesday to urge him to resolve a diplomatic dispute with Saudi Arabia and other regional powers, a day after the president jumped into the controversy when he criticized Qatar.
“The president offered to help the parties resolve their differences, including through a meeting at the White House if necessary,” the White House said in a statement.
Trump’s own words on Tuesday heightened the dispute when he tweeted that his recent visit to the region prompted Saudi Arabia and four other countries to isolate Qatar, accusing it of funding radical terrorist groups.
“During my recent trip to the Middle East I stated that there can no longer be funding of Radical Ideology,” Trump tweeted. “Leaders pointed to Qatar — look!”
The tweets had raised concerns of a rift between the United States and Qatar, home to a critical U.S. military headquarters that oversees coalition air operations against the Islamic State throughout the Middle East. It also coordinates air support for Afghanistan from the Qatar base.
In his call Wednesday Trump told Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani , Qatar’s leader, that it was important that countries in the region work together “to prevent the financing of terrorist organizations and stop the promotion of extremist ideology,” the White House said.
Saudi Arabia and other countries in the region have long had disputes with Qatar, but the rivalry intensified earlier this week when Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Egypt and the United Arab Emirates said they would cut ties with Qatar, accusing the country of destabilizing the region.


text:
Time to learn “Możesz głosować” and “Galite bolsuoti” !
2. april 2019
Jan Brøgger (Twitter: @janbrogger) is leader of Årstad Høyre. Vasan Singaravel is deputy leader of Årstad Høyre. Both are candidates for Bergen city council in 2019. Translated by the author from the Norwegian original in Bergens Tidende, April 2nd 2019.
BT criticizes the right-wing parties on March 23rd for not having any immigrants in a secure places for the city council election. The truth is more complex than just a simple count.The main problem is that immigrants do not participate, and partly do not trust the Norwegian political system. We must all do something about this.
Immigrants are less engaged in Norwegian politics, both in elections and as elected representatives. The turnout is only 29% for foreign nationals, and still 40% for immigrants with Norwegian citizenship. We have high confidence in the political system, but we must work to bring in the immigrants.
Trusting the system takes many years. Historical numbers show that political participation takes about a generation for immigrants. We should therefore be happy for all Vietnamese, Tamils and others who are now participating. But can we wait for a generation?
The main problem in the parties we know of is few active immigrants. We have taken this seriously in Bergen Høyre, and since 2015 we have had a international voter outreach committee. Politicians have many interests. Ours is international voter outreach. We are teaching Bergen Høyre to say "Galite bolsuoti" and "Możesz głosować". It's Lithuanian and Polish for "You can vote". The largest group of immigrants in Bergen are EEA immigrants since 2004. Thousands of these are entitled to vote in Bergen in 2019, but do not know it. If you want a stronger political Norway, inform your Polish or Lithuanian neighbor that he can vote!
The nomination processes are complicated. Direct quotas of immigrants in nominations would be harmful. The ordering on the election list is not the only thing that matters. Do people know that personal votes (crosses) on the list are crucial to who gets into the city council? It appears that people are not using the power that they have. Only 2-3% of Bergen Høyre’s voters give a personal vote (cross) to the typical candidate. If you want to send a signal, use your voting power with a cross.
People are complicated - immigrants are just one of the many labels we can use. For example, we are proud of our "Polish" candidate Dr Grzegorz Gradek in 46th place, but he gets a little annoyed by our Norwegian label approach. Let people define themselves! We appreciate that BT focuses on important underrepresented groups in political Norway. But this requires a willingness to look at the causes, not only the results.

domain: sociology


Current Watches and Warnings
Idaho, Lost River/Pashimeroi
Winter Weather Advisory
Statement as of 5:43 AM MDT on September 05, 2015
Expires 11:00 AM EDT on September 06, 2015
... Winter Weather Advisory remains in effect from noon today to
9 am MDT Sunday...
* timing... noon today through 9am Sunday.
* Locations impacted... Galena Summit and Sawtooth National Forest
areas above 7000 feet.
* Impacts... 1 to 4 inches of slushy snow with locally higher
amounts on peaks will make for cold and wet conditions for those
planning outdoor activities. In addition... look for reduced
visibility and some slushy conditions on roads at pass
level... particularly at night.
A Winter Weather Advisory means that periods of snow... sleet... or
freezing rain will cause travel difficulties. Be prepared for
slippery roads and limited visibilities... and use caution while
Statement as of 1:30 AM MDT on September 05, 2015
... Record daily maximum rainfall set at Stanley ID...
a record rainfall of 0.84 inches was set at Stanley ID yesterday.
This breaks the old record of 0.1 set in 1997.
... Record daily maximum rainfall set at Challis ID...
a record rainfall of 0.47 inches was set at Challis ID yesterday.
This breaks the old record of 0.35 set in 1940.
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text:
Blush Rose Gold Invitations
Make a statement at your next event with our Simulated Rose Gold Glitter invites!
Everything you see is customizable and we don't print till you give us the green light!
Pictured: Invitations were printed our Luxurious 107lb Pearl White Metallic Cardstock with a Rose Gold Metallic Envelope. (upgraded options)
The price includes:
♥ Setup, print, cut and standard envelopes. Upgrades available at checkout!
♥ Unlimited Proofing
♥ Envelopes - Your choice of color (Standard White - No charge)
♥ Size 5x7
♥ Double Sided printing

domain: design


text:
PHOTOS: Terror As Bandits Break Walls To Abduct Residents In Kaduna Community
Residents of Unguwan Gimbiya in the Sabon Tasha area of Kaduna State on Thursday narrated their horror as bandits attacked their community and kidnapped many people.
Among the victims kidnapped in the attack that began at 11 p.m. on Wednesday were a landlord and his tenants.
According to a resident, the bandits announced their arrival in the community by shooting sporadically into the air to scare the residents.
Read Also: Bandits abduct ‘many’ residents in Kaduna
“The bandits broke walls to gain access to houses. They Kidnapped tenants and house owners,” Eunice Kasu, a resident of the area, told Premium Times.
“The whole community is in total disarray now. We are all afraid and tired. Three days after the kidnapping of Bethel Baptist Secondary School students, we witnessed another big kidnapping.”
Other residents narrated similar ordeals.
On Thursday, residents of the area held a protest march, calling on the state government to provide security to the people of the area.
See Pictures below:


Door locks are the first line of defense for family safety protection. The design of door locks needs to be more humanized and caring!
1.Door Handle magnet design
Humanized small-angle opening design, you only need to gently press the handle, and the door can be easily opened at about 20°, which saves effort and worry, and is convenient for pregnant women, children, the elderly, and people with limited mobility.
The thoughtful patented round key can be inserted into the keyhole at any angle of 360°, and the door can be easily opened by a newly upgraded rotation of up to 180°; a unique fluorescent lock ring is specially added to guide you in the dark, so that you can quickly open the door even in the dark Insert the key to open the door more quickly.
2. Good user experience
Thoughtful anti-pinch door card, door handle anti-collision sleeve design, high-density and high-elasticity EVA material, effectively prevent accidental injuries such as hand pinching, scratches, impacts on the body, etc. Even the simple action of opening the door will have a rare feeling sense of security. In addition, anti-accidental anti-locking safety design – when the bolt is locked and the door is suddenly closed by external force, the bolt will be automatically unlocked, effectively preventing strong winds and children from accidentally locking the door. With it, even if a child locks himself inside the door for fun, an adult can open the door outside, and there is no need to worry about the child being trapped in an accident and cannot be rescued, which effectively guarantees the safety of every family member. Safety.
3. Silver ion antibacterial coating, super high antibacterial ability
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Post time: Dec-08-2022


ACTIVE AND PASSIVE OSMOTIC ADJUSTMENT IN OLIVE TREE LEAVES DURING DROUGHT STRESS
AbstractWe evaluated the osmotic adjustment capacity of two-year-old olive trees (Olea europaea L.) grown in pots in a greenhouse during a period of drought stress. Total osmotic adjustment increased with increasing severity of drought stress. Trees in the high stress treatment showed a total osmotic adjustment of 2.1 MPa and 2.8 MPa for the cultivars ‘Meski’ and ’Koroneiki’, respectively, 30 days after imposing drought stress. Osmotic adjustment allowed the leaves to reach total water potentials of -4.3 and -6.0 MPa for ‘Meski’ and ‘Koroneiki’, respectively. Osmotic adjustment (OA) in olive trees was associated with active (AOA) and passive (POA) osmotic regulation mechanisms. Using a regression analysis with some of the key osmoregulatory compounds (i.e. proline, soluble sugars and potassium), we found that ‘Koroneiki’ tends to adopt a passive strategy (POA) to tolerate progressive drought stress (confirmed by a reduction in leaf water content), while ‘Meski’ used an active strategy (AOA) and was able to maintain its leaf water content.
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How to Cite
Boussadia, O., Bchir, A., Steppe, K., Van Labeke, M.-C., Lemeur, R., & Braham, M. (2013). ACTIVE AND PASSIVE OSMOTIC ADJUSTMENT IN OLIVE TREE LEAVES DURING DROUGHT STRESS. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 9(24). https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2013.v9n24p%p


text:
Ankara Esenboga Airport is located 28 km away from Ankara City Center. This airport is operating since 1955. It is named after the war lord from the army of Timur who settled the troops in this area during the Battle of Ankara. Ankara Airport is serving about 6 million passengers every year. It is rewarded as the best airport in Europe in 2009 by ACI.
Istanbul: 465 km
Cappadocia: 302 km
Pamukkale: 510 km
Izmir: 625 km
Ephesus: 679 km
Fethiye: 656 km
Ankara, historically known as Angora is the capitol of Turkish Republic and the second largest city in Turkey. The city is located in the center of Anatolia, it is at the crossroads. The history of city goes back to bronze age with Hatti civilization. Later the city live under the rule of several different civilizations. Phrygians, and later by the Lydians, Persians, Macedonians, Galatians, Romans, Byzantines, Seljuks, and Ottomans ruled Ankara through the history. Modern Ankara is a center of trade and politics. Also it is famous with long haired Angora Goat, a uniwue breead of cat called Ankara Cat and Angora rabbits and famous muscat grapes.
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From Ankara Esenboga Airport To
|Ankara City Center||€ 55,00||€ 70,00||€ 90,00|
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|Nevsehir||€ 250,00||€ 280,00||€ 325,00|
|Kayseri||€ 240,00||€ 275,00||€ 315,00|
|Konya||€ 225,00||€ 270,00||€ 310,00|

domain: travel


Date: Thursday, December 8, 2022
Time: 6:o0 pm – 9:30 pm
Location: The Taglyan Complex, Hollywood (Directions)
Tickets: Eventbrite Registration
We can’t wait to see you all back in person at this year’s 18th Annual Green Gala!
Join this special end-of-year ceremony where our local green building community comes together to dine, mingle, and celebrate this year’s achievements! This evening of Hollywood glitz and glam at the festive Taglyan Complex in Hollywood will honor this year of reconnecting and resurgence.
This is USGBC-LA’s largest and most important annual fundraising event, supporting its 10 sustainability initiatives, including the Native Plant Landscaper and Wildfire Risk Reduction programs. Your attendance and contribution at this year’s Green Gala will directly fund our mission to continue to make Southern California a more sustainable region for all while we celebrate LA’s leading green buildings – and you’ll get a chance to win beautiful centerpieces provided by FormLA Landscaping.
It’s your night to be a star! Old Hollywood glam attire is recommended, but not required.
More details coming soon. Stay tuned!


text:
Mass measurements of very neutron-deficient Mo and Tc isotopes and their impact on process nucleosynthesis
The masses of ten proton-rich nuclides, including the =+1 nuclides Mo and Tc, were measured with the Penning trap mass spectrometer SHIPTRAP. Compared to the Atomic Mass Evaluation 2003 a systematic shift of the mass surface by up to 1.6 MeV is observed causing significant abundance changes of the ashes of astrophysical X-ray bursts. Surprisingly low separation energies for neutron-deficient Mo and Tc are found, making the formation of a ZrNb cycle in the process possible. Such a cycle would impose an upper temperature limit for the synthesis of elements beyond Nb in the process.
pacs:21.10.Dr, 07.75.+h, 26.30.Ca, 27.50.+e
Present address: ]Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
Present address: ]Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
Present address: ]LANL, Physics Division, P-23, MS-H803, Los Alamos 87545, USA
Present address: ]Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 85748 Garching, Germany
The astrophysical rapid proton capture process ( process) Wal81 () is a reaction sequence involving very neutron-deficient nuclides near the proton drip line, possibly up to mass number 100. It is thought to cause astronomically observed X-ray bursts by repeated thermonuclear explosions in a thin, proton-rich fuel layer on the surface of a mass accreting neutron star. The nuclear energy generation in a burst and the composition of the burst ashes need to be reliably predicted to understand the properties of bursts and their impact on the structure of the neutron star crust, which is related to neutron star cooling Gup07 (). The process may also produce the neutron-deficient Mo and Ru isotopes, whose origin cannot be understood in the framework of standard nucleosynthesis Arn03 (). Although it is not obvious that in X-ray bursts sufficient amounts of material escape the neutron star surface to contribute to galactic nucleosynthesis and though large process contributions may not be allowed by observed abundance patterns in meteorites Dau03 (), such ejection is possible in principle Wei06 (). Rapid proton captures on proton-rich nuclei are also an essential part of the process occurring in the deepest, still ejected layers of core-collapse supernovae Fro06 (); Pru06 (), where interactions with neutrinos come into play as well. The process, however, depends sensitively on the astrophysical conditions and on the explosion mechanism. Therefore the reaction path is not uniquely defined, though calculations indicate that it can reach neutron-deficient isotopes in the Mo, Ru region and beyond. The contribution of these processes to the origin of neutron-deficient isotopes in nature remains an open question. Improving the nuclear physics input is an important step to reliably calculate the isotopic production for a given astrophysical model.
Nuclear masses strongly affect rapid proton capture processes Cle03 (); Sch06a () as the low proton separation energies () encountered near the proton drip line determine where photodisintegration halts the sequence of proton captures and requires a decay, or a (n,p) reaction in case of the process, for the process to proceed. While much progress has been made in recent years with precision mass measurements of proton-rich nuclides using Penning traps, see e.g. Kankainen_2006 (); Weber_2008 (); Kan08 (); Fal08 (); Breitenfeldt09 () and references therein, the masses of crucial nuclides for model calculations beyond 78 have not been measured yet. Thus, one has to rely on the extrapolations of the Atomic Mass Evaluation 2003 (AME03) AME2003 () and on mass models. In this letter direct high-precision mass measurements of nuclides on the process path are presented.
At the velocity filter SHIP Hofmann_2000 () super-heavy elements as well as nuclides close to the proton drip line are produced in fusion-evaporation reactions. For mass measurements, the exotic nuclides are transferred to the Penning trap mass spectrometer SHIPTRAP Block_2007 (). As will be demonstrated in this work, the combination of SHIPTRAP with the high beam intensities and superb separation capabilities of SHIP provides a unique reach for highly accurate mass measurements of extremely proton-rich nuclides. The products delivered by SHIP are stopped in a helium-filled gas cell and extracted into an RF quadrupole. There, the ions are cooled and transferred in bunches to the Penning trap system. In the first Penning trap isobaric separation is carried out by mass-selective buffer-gas cooling, and in the second trap accurate mass measurements are performed using the time-of-flight ion-cyclotron-resonance technique Graeff_1980 ().
In the present experiment fusion-evaporation products in the element range from Rb to Tc were produced with a Ar primary beam of particles/second at energies of 5.0 and 5.9 MeV/u reacting with a Fe target with an areal weight of 0.45 mg/cm, which has been enriched to 99%. The helium pressure in the gas cell was varied between 50 and 60 mbar. The mass measurements were performed using excitation times between 0.1 and 2.4 s. Mostly an excitation time of 1.2 s was used, which corresponds to a mass resolving power (FWHM) in excess of 10. The masses of ten nuclides Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Mo and Tc were measured with accuracies ranging from to using Rb as reference mass. Details of the experiment and the data analysis procedure will be the subject of a forthcoming publication.
The results of the mass measurements are given in table 1. The masses of Rb and Sr were measured and found to be in agreement with the AME03. The more exotic nuclides, however, show a significant shift of the mass surface towards less bound nuclides as compared to the AME03 and thus follow the trend observed for Nb, Tc, Ru and Rh nuclides in previous experiments at SHIPTRAP and JYFLTRAP Kankainen_2006 (); Weber_2008 (). The masses of Mo and Tc were measured for the first time and mass excesses are found to differ from the AME03 extrapolations by 1600 keV and 1400 keV, respectively, well outside of the 300 keV extrapolation uncertainty given in AME03. Moreover, for Mo, which had only been indirectly measured before AME2003 (), the shift in the mass excess values exceeds the previously given experimental uncertainties by several standard deviations. The masses of Zr and Nb also deviate from previous measurements listed in AME03 but agree with the values obtained at JYFLTRAP Kankainen_2006 ().
|Mass excess (keV)||Proton separation energy (keV)|
|Nuclide||Frequency ratio||this work||AME03||Difference||AMEup||AMEup||AME03||Difference|
|Rb||0.95297789(11)||-75373.1(8.6)111The ground and isomeric states were not resolved. It is assumed that the isomeric state was populated, since it is favored by the reaction mechanism.||-75369(6)||-4(10)||-75370.2(4.9)|
In order to investigate the influence of the new mass values on astrophysical models, a consistent mass surface is required without artificial steps in the separation energies as would occur if only individual mass values were replaced. For this reason, the new experimental mass data were added to the Atomic Mass Evaluation together with further recent experimental work Kankainen_2006 (); Weber_2008 (); Kan08 (); Fal08 (). Taking into account the entire set of experimental masses in this region, adjusted mass values were obtained following the procedure employed in Wapstra_2003 (). For the nuclides measured in this work these values are given in table 1 column 6. Additionally, a consistent mass surface requires updated mass extrapolations due to the large mass shifts found. Thus, a new local extrapolation in the region =80-95 was performed using the method and programs of Wapstra_2003 (). Together with the new set of evaluated experimental data and the previously reported AME03 extrapolated mass values for 80 and 95 these data form an updated mass data set, which is labeled ”AMEup” in this Letter.
Even though the masses generally are shifted in the same direction, the AMEup table does also show changes in the separation energies compared to AME03. In particular, the for Tc determined in this work experimentally for the first time is 868(6) keV, about 1000 keV lower than the previous extrapolated value of 1860(530) keV. Generally, one observes lower for the updated mass surface and a more linear trend (Fig. 1).
To explore the impact of the new masses on the process in X-ray bursts, reaction network calculations using an X-ray burst model Schatz_2001 () were carried out. This single-zone model reproduces nucleosynthesis and energy generation reasonably well when compared to multi-zone burst models but its computational speed allows one to explore nuclear physics dependencies in detail. The baseline calculation uses the nuclear masses of the AME03 and calculated Coulomb mass shifts Brown_2002 () for nuclides beyond =. The results are compared to network calculations based on the AMEup, combined with the same Coulomb mass shifts.
The resulting final abundances show large differences between AME03 and AMEup in the region of =86-96. The largest change is found for =86 where the abundance increases by a factor of 20 (Fig. 2) due to the unexpected decrease in of Tc. The lower of Tc changes the (,p) and (p,) rates such that the decay branch for nuclides with mass number A=86 is strengthened. This change by a factor of 20 is by far the largest observed for abundances produced in process network calculations since the AME 2003 evaluation. It demonstrates that nuclear physics uncertainties can be larger than estimated and can introduce large uncertainties in nucleosynthesis model calculations. Also the final abundance of =94 increases by a factor of two. For mass numbers between 86 and 94 the final abundances decrease. While the higher =94 production is a step in the right direction, a much higher abundance would be required for =94 to be co-produced sufficiently to explain the solar abundance of Mo (Fig. 2). The change in =94 production is due to the reduction of the of Ag (from 1040 keV to 790 keV), which is a result of the new mass extrapolation for Ag.
The results also demonstrate for the first time the existence of a pronounced island of very low -separation energies () for neutron-deficient Mo isotopes, starting with Mo for which our measurement now provides an experimental value (Fig. 3). A similar situation is found for the Tc isotopes with our new value for Tc. This opens up the possibility for the formation of a ZrNb cycle induced by large Mo(,) or Nb(p,) reaction rates. The existence of such a cycle had been discussed before Schatz_1998 () based on the low around Mo predicted by the Finite Range Droplet mass Model (FRDM) Moeller_1995 (). However, the FRDM is known to underpredict severely in other isotopic chains, and the extrapolations provided by AME03 did not show such an effect. It was therefore concluded that the existence of a ZrNb cycle is an artifact of the FRDM. Because of the new measurements this view has to be revised.
The existence of a ZrNb cycle in the process is an important question. For a given value of Mo the cycle will form at a sufficiently high temperature, effectively providing an upper temperature limit for any process along the proton drip line to produce nuclei beyond A84, including the light p-nuclei in the A92-98 mass region. In order to explore whether our new results move this temperature limit into an interesting range, calculations in the Zr-Mo region were performed using a small test network with an initial Zr abundance. The degree of cycling was determined as a function of temperature and density. As a measure of the degree of cycling, the fraction of nuclei that end up in the =40 isotonic chain via Mo(,) or Nb(p,) and are not escaping the cycle via decay into =43 isotones were used. In order to explore the sensitivity of the results to nuclear masses additional mass data sets AME03x and AMEupx were created. Compared to AME03 and AMEup, a few masses of AME03x and AMEupx are changed by one standard deviation to the most favorable conditions for a cycle (low and low for Mo) to form. For each set of masses all forward and reverse reaction rates were recalculated using the statistical model code NON-SMOKER version v5.8.1w Rauscher_2010 (). Compared to AME03, calculations with AMEup, AME03x, and AMEupx increase the Nb(p,) reaction rate by factors of 40, , and at 1.7 GK, respectively, while leaving the Nb(p,) reaction rate largely unchanged. Nevertheless, even for AMEupx, the Nb(p,) reaction rate is still three orders of magnitude larger than Nb(p,). Regardless of the masses, a cycle can therefore only form when Nb(p,) is suppressed by a large inverse Mo(,p) reaction, or when Mo(,) becomes significant. Only for AMEupx one finds a significant for realistic temperatures up to 2 GK (Fig. 4). For higher temperatures, the radiation pressure in X-ray bursts would lead to expansion and cooling, and heavy nuclei such as Mo would tend to be destroyed by photodisintegration. Both Mo(,) and Nb(p,) play a comparable role for the degree of cycling and the result does not depend significantly on density. While for high density more material is pushed past Nb, reducing the role of Nb(p,), Mo(,) turns out to be sufficiently fast to compensate, keeping the total largely unchanged. A density range from 10 to g/cm was explored.
Despite the significant cycling found for AMEupx masses at high temperatures, calculations with the full X-ray burst model, which reaches peak temperatures of 2 GK, show that a cycle does not occur. The reason is that at the required high temperatures the reaction sequence already stops at Ni. Temperatures that allow processing beyond Ni are only reached during burst cooling and are lower than required to form a ZrNb cycle. The formation is nevertheless a possibility in an environment where the temperature is rising slowly enough to enable the process to proceed past Ni before reaching high temperatures. Another possibility would be an process with seed nuclei beyond Ni.
In summary, the masses of ten proton-rich nuclides were measured, among them for the first time the nuclides Mo and Tc. These are the heaviest =+1 nuclides measured so far, extending the previous measurements at other facilities. Thus this work marks a milestone towards high-precision mass measurements of the heavy = nuclides, e.g. Zr and Mo. The results show a shift of the mass surface towards less bound nuclei. The of Tc was experimentally determined for the first time and leads to large changes in the final abundance of =86 produced in the process. The abundance of =94, which is the progenitor for production of Mo, was found to be sensitive to the of Ag. First evidence is found of the existence of an island of low in the Mo region which is traversed by the process. This results in a revised, much lower prediction of the value of Mo. Within uncertainties this opens up the possibility for the existence of a ZrNb cycle, which would impose an upper temperature limit for the process to synthesize nuclei beyond A84. In order to quantify this temperature limit and to explore to which degree such a cycle poses a limitation to current models of the process precise mass measurements of Zr, Nb and Mo are required. Both the low of Tc and the low in the Mo region show that nuclear physics uncertainties in process calculations can be surprisingly large and that experiments are needed to put astrophysical models on a solid foundation.
Acknowledgements.This work was supported by the Helmholtz Association and GSI (VH-NG-033), BMBF (06GI185I, 06ML236I, 06GF9103I), Max-Planck Society and Swiss NSF 200020-122287. HS is supported by NSF grants PHY0822648 (JINA) and PHY0606007.
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- (9) H. Schatz, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 251, 293 (2006).
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domain: chemistry


text:
MR CAVENDISH, I PRESUME by Julia Quinn
Read: Aug 30- Sept 1
Category: Favorite Author
MR. CAVENDISH, I PRESUME is the sequel to THE LOST DUKE OF WYNDHAM however, the latter is the story from Jack's POV and this book is from Thomas' POV.
Lady Amelia Willoughby has been engaged to the Duke of Wyndham, Thomas Cavendish since she was in the cradle. Just when things between are about to come to fruition, and they begin to take an interest in each other, along comes a long lost cousin who can supplant Thomas as the Duke.
The story evolves showing how this change in situation effects the Thomas Amelia and their relationship. The outcome is not different than in The Lost Duke of Wyndham, but there is a resolution that a reader of that book is not aware until after reading this one.
It was interesting to see the effects of the situation from both sides, however, as much as I adore Ms. Quinn's writing, this one fell a bit flat. The Heroine here (Lady Amelia) is very 2 dimensional and Thomas seems lonely and unable to become his own person until the ducal robes are removed. I think that this story would have been much better if all POV were hatched out in one book instead of rehashing in this one. Thomas and Amelia's story deserved better .

domain: library


Transport and Environment Convener Councillor Lesley Macinnes comments on the publication of the 20-year strategy, which envisions a sustainable, inclusive, safe and accessible transport system.
The strategy, which was published by Transport Scotland on Wednesday (5 February), aims to reduce inequalities and take climate action while helping deliver inclusive economic growth and improving health and wellbeing.
Councillor Macinnes highlights the strategy's alignment with the City of Edinburgh Council's City Mobility Plan, a ten-year vision for delivering sustainable. accessible and affordable transport in the Capital, which is currently under consultation.
She said: “We welcome this Scottish Government strategy, which fits well with our own draft City Mobility Plan that we’re currently consulting on with Edinburgh residents. It’s vital that strategies for transport and placemaking at a local and a national level prioritise tackling climate change, improving sustainability and promoting active travel and public transport over travel by private car so that we can safeguard the health and wellbeing of our people and our places. Making changes to how we travel is sometimes difficult but can deliver real change to our health, as individuals and as a society.”
Find out more about the National Transport Strategy on Transport Scotland's website.
A major, eight-week consultation on Edinburgh's City Mobility Plan is currently underway. Take part and find out more about a series of drop-in events where you can meet the project team on the Council website.


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Heading all the way back to the 1940s and closing in present day, we’re going to tell you more and more 16 scientific studies that presented culture a fresh perspective on gender, dating, and connections.
1. Intimate attitude in Human Male: 46per cent of males Have intimately Reacted to Both Genders
We start our listing with the one and only Alfred Kinsey, an American biologist, professor of entomology and zoology, and sexologist just who founded the Institute for Gender study at Indiana University.
He’s most well-known for composing the Kinsey Reports, combined with Paul Gebhard and Wardell Pomeroy, who were additionally US sexologists. Initial quantity had been published in 1948, therefore was labeled as “Sexual attitude from inside the Human Male,” which got an even more scientific approach than had past sex investigation.
The scientists interviewed over 5,000 males and collected information over a 15-year duration. This quantity was also if the Kinsey Scale was released. The scale measures an individual’s balance of heterosexuality and homosexuality from 0 (completely heterosexual) to 6 (completely homosexual). In addition, the quality X was handed to people with “no socio-sexual associates or reactions.”
Some of the most significant takeaways with this learn feature that 46percent of males had “reacted” intimately to men and sexi asian women at some stage in their unique person resides, 37% had had at least one homosexual experience, and 10per cent had been solely homosexual for at least three years amongst the centuries of 16 and 55.
“men cannot express two discrete populations, heterosexual and homosexual. The entire world isn’t becoming divided in to sheep and goats,” Kinsey typed for the report. “really a simple of taxonomy that nature hardly ever addresses discrete categoriesâ¦ the living world is actually a continuum in every single one of the aspects.”
2. Sexual Behavior inside Human Female: 7percent of solitary Females Have Sexually Reacted to Both Genders
In 1953, Kinsey while the team, including Clyde E. Martin this time, observed right up “Sexual attitude during the human beings Male” with “Sexual conduct inside the Human Female.”
They myself interviewed 6,000 women â as well as analyzed how frequently the women participated in certain types of intimate tasks and looked at just how age, socioeconomic standing, and faith impact sexual behavior.
Some of the most important results they came to comprise that 7% of single females and 4percent of formerly married ladies received a 3 about Kinsey scale â meaning they certainly were in regards to equal with respect to heterosexual and homosexual experience/response. On top of that, 2per cent to 6% of females many years 20 to 35 were pretty much entirely homesexual in experience/response.
Kinsey and his guy sexologists happened to be among the first individuals prove that sex is actually liquid, and now numerous people use this phrase to describe on their own.
3. From Front Porch to Backseat: Dating Went From community Acts in personal places to Going Steady
As you’ll be able to most likely tell by the name, “From front-porch to Back Seat: Courtship in Twentieth Century The united states” explores different matchmaking traditions the united states has seen during the last a number of many years. Compiled by American historian Beth Bailey and released in 1989, the ebook begins inside the 1920s â when men would “contact” upon a lady he was interested in. They would usually sit-in the parlour of her parents’ residence having beverage with a chaperone nearby.
When cars became more available in the 1930s as well as the desire for having chaperones waned â singles began matchmaking in general public a lot more. They valued obtaining as many times in a week while they could and “cultivating a graphic of appeal.”
Given that United States registered The Second World War, singles focused much more about discovering people to “go constant” with and ultimately wed â as a majority of men between 18 and 26 had been being written to the armed forces. Bailey stated this “system supplied a measure of safety.”
With people marrying younger, in addition, it suggested that they had to start dating and finding your way through marriage earlier in the day. For some, and also this meant playing sexual activities because heading regular union was kind of a “mini matrimony.”
“Specialists informed parents to aid their children become datable, caution that a later part of the beginning might doom their own marriage customers. Thirteen-year-olds whom couldn’t yet time happened to be called âlate daters’; magazines suggested conventional sit-down birthday meals and dances for 10-year-old young men in addition to their dates. A 1961 study found that 40per cent for the fifth-graders in a single middle-class Pennsylvania area were currently matchmaking,” the book reads.
This model of matchmaking persisted up until the intimate revolution when “many young adults rejected the artificialities of internet dating, insisting it was primary to reach know each other as people.”
Bailey wrapped upwards by claiming, “ever since the very early 1970s, no completely principal national system of courtship features appeared, and existing programs aren’t nearly very obvious inside their events and objectives as had been the old techniques of matchmaking. Not necessarily knowing âthe rules’ is without question more challenging than adopting the clear program from the conventional date, but those critics who will be nostalgic for all the classic times should first comprehend the challenging history of the go out.”
4. Pew analysis Center: Half of People in america proclaim They Approve of using the internet Dating
Now we are going to leap toward â90s whenever perhaps the most significant improvement in matchmaking taken place. Needless to say, we’re referring to internet dating.
Before formal programs like Match.com founded, there are online private adverts, but online dating sites streamlined the method.
Like the majority of situations, online dating sites gotten some feedback to start with, but given that websites improved their particular matching programs and added more helpful attributes, more people signed up with.
As more people joined up with, the significantly less taboo internet dating became.
By 2005, nearly half of Us citizens (44per cent) agreed using the statement that “online dating is an excellent option to meet individuals.” Only 29per cent of Us americans believed “people who utilize online dating sites are desperate.” By 2015, those figures had flipped to 59percent and 23per cent, respectively.
5. MIT Media lab: Like brings Like
Many motion pictures and research indicates that opposites attract, but one study in 2005 dispelled that misconception â specifically in terms of online dating. In the report “Homophily in online dating sites: When can you Like some body Like your self?” MIT news lab scientists Andrew T. Fiore and Judith S. Donah discovered a correlation between parallels and attraction/relationship satisfaction. Especially, the parallels incorporated class, attitudes, prices, and look.
Fiore and Donah studied significantly more than 221,000 members of a dating site over an eight-month duration, and effects revealed that “users decided on sameness more often” and “were somewhat very likely to answer an initiation from a more comparable various other.”
6. OkCupid: Black girls & Asian Men usually have the Most Difficult energy on line Dating
Some of the most extremely important internet dating study was available in 2009 from OkCupid â which unearthed that black colored women and Asian guys have actually a very hard time from the dating site compared to those of different races and men and women.
Co-Founder Christian Rudder examined an incredible number of OkCupid connections and members’ racial and gender preferences. He previously all of them rate possible times with all the QuickMatch function on a scale of just one to 5, or they might miss out the person.
In the long run, black women and Asian men met with the worst score. For example, Latina women ranked Asian guys as 16percent much less attractive versus typical man â and white males rated black females as 18% less appealing than the ordinary woman.
Rudder carried on this research on a yearly basis until 2014, looking at a maximum of 25 million people. Eventually, the guy learned that ideas of race and gender hadn’t changed that much. Black ladies and Asian men nevertheless appeared as if the least attractive to OkCupid users.
7. University of Madison-Wisconsin: the majority of on the web Daters rest About Appearance
In 2011, the fresh new York days performed a roundup of researches that analyzed exactly how honest everyone is in internet dating. Within one study carried out by teachers through the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Cornell, and Michigan county college â the results revealed that 81per cent of online daters lay regarding their peak, fat, and age within their profile.
Professors Catalina L. Toma, Jeffrey T. Hancock, and Nicole B. Ellison mentioned these tend to be tiny lies, nonetheless’re however is. Typically, ladies would shave off about 8.5 lbs on their profile and make use of photos being about per year and a half old. On the other hand, males shaven down about 2 pounds, curved up their particular peak by half an inch, and made use of images that have been about 6 months outdated.
“Daters rest to meet the expectations of whatever think their audience is,” Toma stated.
8. University of Chicago: Couples Exactly who Meet using the internet Express A lot more Marital Satisfaction
By 2012, a large number of adult dating sites and programs existed, and many of them had their particular coordinating formulas. Many online dating programs also started publishing statements and their very own research showing that internet dating is actually more advanced than offline matchmaking.
Particularly, that internet dating platforms have the ability to facilitate a lot more marriages (e.g., compared to being put up by a pal) in addition to marriages which are more satisfying and go longer. The college of Chicago performed its study called “Marital happiness and Breakups vary Across Online and Offline appointment spots” and found this could be the scenario.
Out of more than 19,100 individuals who had been hitched between 2005 and 2012, researchers found 7.6percent of these just who came across off-line broke up (e.g., divided or divorced) in contrast to 6% of those exactly who found using the internet. In addition, people who met offline reported a mean rating of 5.48 marital satisfaction, while those people that met using the internet reported a mean rating of 5.64.
Researchers said that some of “the reason why may include the strong reasons of online daters, the availability of advance testing, while the sheer number of options online.”
9. United states mental Association: The Rise with the Hookup Culture
With online dating sites making it easier in order to satisfy individuals, along with relationship prices decreasing, psychologists, researchers, and various other professionals started seeing that younger singles had been carrying out less internet dating and a lot more hooking up. Shortly this turned into named “the Hookup lifestyle.”
Specifically, a 2013 article posted from the United states Psychological Association examined this behavior more closely. Researchers explained hookups as “brief uncommitted sexual encounters between people who are maybe not intimate associates or dating one another” and looked into the results of taking part in uncommitted sexual intercourse.
Findings declare that media and enjoyment play a major part â with guides, movies, shows, and songs influencing what folks think about gender (e.g., who has it, when they have it, how they have it, etc.) more and more. Many teenagers indicated which they had been enthusiastic about romantic relationships, nonetheless it appeared these were making use of hookups as a placeholder until that took place. Additionally they didn’t seem too concerned about contracting an STD and often had higher thoughts of despair and loneliness.
“By meaning, intimate hookups supply the appeal of gender without strings attached,” the content checks out. “Despite their increasing personal acceptability, however, creating analysis suggests that sexual hookups may keep even more strings affixed than numerous members might first believe.”
10. Match: earlier Singles value Sex as much as more youthful Singles
Speaking of intercourse, in 2013, Fit introduced some compelling scientific reserach in third annual Singles in the us study, additionally the subject we want to give attention to is adult singles and sex. There is a myth that claims men and women frequently stop attempting to make love after they reach a specific get older, but complement found this getting incorrect.
When asked “What would get you to more content?” 30% of respondents 70+ and 25per cent of respondents within 60s responded “more intercourse.” For participants inside their 20s and 30s, those numbers had been 28per cent and 27per cent, respectively.
11. Gallup: Millennials tend to be Marrying Later Than Older Generations
News that out of cash around 2014 that individuals can’t seem to prevent speaking about even today usually millennials (those born between 1980 and 2000) are delaying matrimony.
According to a 2014 Gallup poll, just one in 4 millennials were hitched â despite the fact that 86per cent stated they sooner or later want to be.
Whenever Generation Xers, baby boomers, and traditionalists had been how old they are, 36%, 48%, and 65percent had been married, correspondingly.
The standards behind this trend could possibly be more millennials are living in multi-adult households than have past years, are choosing home-based partnerships/living with somebody before relationship, are focusing on their unique career, or are making an effort to improve their finances, among other explanations.
12. PRI: Singles Outnumber committed People
Another interesting fact that has been reported in 2014 was actually that 50.2percent of American adults happened to be single. In 1950, just 22percent of United states grownups had been single.
Some professionals attribute this to not only culture switching (e.g., marriage getting much less essential), but additionally that singles have actually books go out prospects it can easily end up being difficult to narrow down “usually the one.”
“i actually do consider there is a small amount of that paradox-of-choice issue,” mentioned Eric Klinenberg, a sociology professor at nyc University. “you may have many choices it’s easy to find the flaws with every one and difficult to simply pick some person along with their own defects â since everyone have all of them â and just persist.”
13. PubMed: Post-Sex Affection improves Sexual and Relationship Satisfaction
In 2014, Amy Muise, Elaine Giang, and Emily A. Impett carried out two scientific studies observe how passion after sex shapes exactly how happy lovers tend to be with all the gender in addition to their connection, as a whole.
With this investigation, post-sex affection included caressing, cuddling, or speaking, among some other acts.
In general, the results happened to be regular for men and women â “the duration of post-sex passion had been connected with larger intimate fulfillment and, in turn, greater commitment pleasure.”
But researchers performed find “the association between the time of post-sex love and commitment fulfillment was actually more powerful for women than for guysâ¦ and women, yet not men, thought a lot more intimately happy whenever their own spouse reported high quality post-sex affection.”
14. Community for character and Social Psychology: “Unclean Appearance” a high Dating Dealbreaker
Prior for this 2015 learn, most mate preference study had focused on what individuals wanted in an enchanting spouse, not what they failed to wish. So Peter Jonason, Justin Garcia, Gregory Webster, Norman Li, and Helen Fisher attempt to reverse the dining tables â and additionally they found the very best two attributes that people start thinking about a dealbreaker were a sloppy look and inactivity.
“men and women weighed dealbreakers a lot more negatively than they weighed dealmakers positively; this effect had been more powerful for women (vs. guys) and folks in loyal connections,” in line with the learn.
15. Rhode Island Department of Health: adult dating sites Linked to Rise in STDs
Dating applications being linked to laziness and pickiness, but in 2015, they were also linked to STDs. In 2015, the Rhode isle division of Health stated internet dating programs could be to some extent to be culpable for their state’s rise in STDs. From 2013 to 2014, cases of syphilis grew by 79%, HIV by 33percent, and gonorrhea by 30%.
But this is not the first occasion someone says this about matchmaking apps. In 2013, a York college research unearthed that Craigslist was accountable for a 16per cent boost in HIV cases from 1999 to 2008. In 2012, Christchurch Sexual wellness Clinic in brand-new Zealand stated that Grindr was actually of over fifty percent of most syphilis situations.
16. eHarmony: 20percent of relations start Online
eHarmony released an infographic in 2016 which had countless informative information.
However, the standout statistic was actually possibly the undeniable fact that one in 5 interactions now begin on the internet.
It’s a huge step for online dating sites â specially because it had been shared that only 9percent of females and 2percent of men have obtained interactions start out with someone they found at a club or nightclub.
But folks are nonetheless primarily satisfying their unique future partners through friends (63percent).
We are able to just Imagine exactly what upcoming analysis Holds
Kinsey, Rudder, as well as others important scientists for the studies above have actually offered society with a lot of information regarding matchmaking. Yes, it is fascinating, but it’s also useful. Dating sites/apps, colleges, businesses, and folks, in general, are able to use these conclusions to better their unique physical lives plus the schedules of these consumers.
Even there’s a great deal data getting obtained about who’s internet dating, the way they date, exactly why they date, the reason why they don’t date, etc. We expect we’ve had gotten much more compelling scientific reserach coming our method.


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When people visit Southern Arizona in the summer, they often wonder just how it can be that people could live in this heat year-round. The question is often answered with a colloquial desert saying: It’s a dry heat.
Yes, it is indeed a dry heat here in Tucson and Southern Arizona. We get just enough rainfall to keep our deserts packed with greenery, and not much more. Having a moderate amount of rain keeps the humidity way, way down in the desert. That means that even though the temps may go over 100°, you will be far more comfortable in a desert climate than in a humid one, where a 100° day can feel like 120° with relative humidity.
Still, 100° is a 100°, and even those who are native to Arizona look high and low for relief from the heat.
So, how exactly is it that we suntanned Southern Arizonans manage to stay cool during the summer months without staying indoors with our air conditioners running full-blast around the clock?
When temps outdoors make it too difficult to enjoy the high-sun hours of the day, you quickly find that the answer to the problem is a simple one. Tucson and the rest of Southern Arizona know how to beat the summer heat because we have mastered the art of getting out and about at night.
Meet Me at Maynard’s
Meet Me at Maynard’s, a year-round nightly event, is just as popular in July and August as it is at any other time of year. The free weekly social run/walk begins at the famous Hotel Congress in downtown Tucson at 5:15, and travels a four-mile route through the beautiful and historic downtown area. The run/walk is non-competitive, and commences at 7pm, just in time to take advantage of some killer drink and dinner specials.
Hundreds of people gather with their running clothes on, strollers, dogs, best friends, and colleagues to traverse the streets and check out the bustling and always eventful downtown restaurants and bars and grab a few hours of fresh air when the sun goes down.
Summer Safari Nights at Reid Park Zoo
We’ve all been to the zoo, but have you ever taken a nighttime stroll through one of the coolest zoos around with a glass of wine in your hand while listening to a band perform? If you haven’t, you need to check out Reid Park Zoo’s Summer Safari Nights.
What could be dreamier than packing up a blanket and picnicking amongst your favorite wild beasts? Just like us humans, many animals prefer to kick it indoors during the long summer days and come out and play at night.
The zoo has plenty of keepers on hand to answer your questions as you wander through the zoo at your leisure and see exactly what those animals get up to at night.
Summer Safari Nights are great for the whole family, and children of all ages can experience the zoo like never before. It is definitely not to be missed!
Broadway in Tucson
Don’t have the time to jet on over to New York City to catch your favorite Broadway shows? No worries—they come to us here in Southern Arizona!
UA Presents and Broadway in Tucson have teamed up to bring Southern Arizona bigger-than-life theatrical productions from touring Broadway shows that many have only dreamed of seeing in their lifetime.
Broadway super shows like Phantom of the Opera, The Book of Mormon, Annie, Riverdance, and Chicago are just a few of the shows which have come through University of Arizona’s Centennial Hall just this last year, and there are many more to come!
Since you will already be walking around the picturesque and sprawling University of Arizona campus, why not stop in at one of the dozens of shops in and around the UA campus and end (or begin) the night with dinner, drinks, or a frozen yogurt.
Tucson and Southern Arizona are never shy on activities that allow visitors and residents alike to beat the heat in style and get to know the magic of the desert under the stars.
Not a nighttime person? Don’t worry, there’s plenty of ways to beat the summer heat during the day too. Breakers Water Park, tubing down the Salt River, touring Colossal Cave (which remains a remarkably perfect 70° year-round), brunch under the misters at Ghini’s French Caffe, or grab a fruity mimosa with breakfast at Prep and Pastry are just some of the ways natives cool off.
Whatever way you want to beat the heat, Tucson and Southern Arizona have got you covered.

domain: geography


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According to data compiled from CryptoSlam, the monthly trading volume of non-fungible tokens (NFT) plunged to 16-month lows even as market participants emphasized that the digital collectibles are not dead.
Per CryptoSlam data, the NFT sales volume dropped to around $550 million until the end of September. So far in October, the sales number is still below the $190 million mark, although almost half of the month has passed.
At the moment, NFT sales volume looks similar to that of May and June 2021, according to CryptoSlam data. Similarly, the price of the average sales is down to roughly $81, which was just below the $500 mark this time last year.
According to the data, most NFT sales happened at the start of 2022. Data shows that the total amount of sales in January is over $4.7 billion with more than 1.07 million unique buyers and 860,000 unique sellers.
Is this the end for NFTs?
Many NFTs lost part or most of their value in the past 10 months. For example, Logan Paul — known for having physical and digital collectibles — purchased an NFT for $623,000, which is now worth only $10.
Logan Paul paid $623,000 for this NFT that's now worth $10 ......— Wall Street Silver (@WallStreetSilv) September 28, 2022
Draw your own conclusions ... pic.twitter.com/VCbLVRwpt0
On the other hand, analysts Gautam Chhugani and Manas Agrawal believe that “NFTs are not dead.” Pointing out to the stable 360,000 OpenSea monthly active users and Bored Ape Yacht Club (BAYC) floor price staying at around $100,000, the analysts believe that digital collectibles could be used to “sell digital goods for real-life experiences.”
Furthermore, Uniswap Labs just raised $165 million in its Series B funding round led by Polychain Capital and a16z crypto. As U.Today reported on Thursday, Uniswap Labs will develop an NFT marketplace and aggregator.

domain: news


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Harrogate author's London Tube poster fame
Commuters on the London Tube are being treated to a poster for an exciting new crime novel - by a Harrogate author.
Amanda Taylor, who specialises in historical crime stories, travelled down to the city herself to see the poster unveiled advertising her new novel, Aram, a murder mystery set in 18th century Knaresborough.The poster for the book is being displayed at 50 sites on the London Tube.Literary success has come late to Amanda, in her sixties, who now lives in the middle of a grouse moornear Thruscross Reservoir in the Dales to the west of Harrogate.She is a former long distance swimmer. Her current success follows more than 20 years of trying.She began by self-publishing and first dreamed of being a novelist as a young girl.Amanda said: “My father was a crime reporter when I was a little girl. Perhaps that’s why I started writing mystery stories aged seven. Later I wrote historical articles for Yorkshire magazines as a freelancer. All the while I was thinking of being an author.
“I knew I needed an agent if I was to have any hopes of being a novelist but it took years to get one. “Eventually I did manage it 15 years ago but she couldn’t sell the book. Just getting an agent kept me going. I thought maybe I will get the break but I didn’t.” Amanda will also be appearing on BBC Radio York shortly.

domain: artistic