|Publication number||US7020114 B2|
|Application number||US 10/071,728|
|Publication date||28 Mar 2006|
|Filing date||8 Feb 2002|
|Priority date||5 Dec 1990|
|Also published as||US5506864, US5663956, US5974039, US6396824, US6917601, US6925071, US7099292, US20020118660, US20020122399, US20020126638, US20020126639, US20070002934|
|Publication number||071728, 10071728, US 7020114 B2, US 7020114B2, US-B2-7020114, US7020114 B2, US7020114B2|
|Inventors||Donald L. Schilling|
|Original Assignee||Interdigital Technology Corporation|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (107), Non-Patent Citations (15), Referenced by (5), Classifications (56), Legal Events (5)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This patent is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/395,626, filed on Sep. 14, 1999, now Pat. 6,396,824, which is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/871,479, filed on Jun. 9, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,974,039, issued Oct. 26, 1999, which is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/628,012, filed on Apr. 4, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,663,956, issued Sep. 2, 1997, which is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/311,773, filed Sep. 23, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,506,864, issued Apr. 9, 1996, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/178,016, filed Feb. 23, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,365,544, issued Nov. 15, 1994, which was a file wrapper continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/006,851, filed Jan. 21, 1993, now abandoned, which was a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/622,235, filed Dec. 5, 1990, now U.S. Pat. No.5,351,269, issued Sep. 27, 1994, and of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/626,109, filed Dec. 14, 1990, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,228,056, issued Jul. 13, 1993.
This invention relates to spread-spectrum communications and more particularly to a system and method for locating within a cell, a remote unit communicating synchronously with a spread-spectrum-communications signal using a reference carrier signal supplied on a spread-spectrum channel by the transmitter.
At a receiver, a spread-spectrum demodulator 54 despreads the received spread-spectrum signal, and the message data are recovered by synchronous data demodulator 60 as received data. The synchronous data demodulator 60 uses a reference signal for synchronously demodulating the despread spread-spectrum signal. The square-law device 55, bandpass filter 56 and frequency divider 57 are well known in the art for generating a reference signal from a received modulated data signal. A Costas Loop or other reference signal generating circuit is adequate for this purpose.
In a fading channel, such as the ionosphere or any channel containing multipath, or more generally, any channel in which the received signal's amplitude fluctuates with time, synchronous demodulation is not practical since the phase of the incoming signal typically is not the same as the phase of the reference. In such cases differential phase shift keying (DPSK) is employed. With DPSK the received signal is delayed by one symbol and multiplied by the undelayed signal. If the resulting phase is less than ±90° a 0-bit is declared, otherwise a 1-bit is declared. Such a system is complex and suffers degradation of about 6 dB at error rates of 10−2.
The prior art does not provide a system and method for synchronously communicating, using spread-spectrum modulation, with a base station and in combination locating a remote unit within the cell of a base station.
A spread spectrum communication system produces a reference signal. A plurality of message signals are produced. Each message signal has message data. The reference signal and the plurality of message signals are combined as a combined spread spectrum signal. The combined spread spectrum signal is received. The reference signal is detected within the received combined spread spectrum signal. The message data of the plurality of message signals is recovered using the reference signal.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate preferred embodiments of the invention, and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention.
Reference is now made in detail to the present preferred embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals indicate like elements throughout the several views.
The spread-spectrum communications and geolocation system and method of the present invention is an extension of an invention disclosed in a U.S. patent application entitled, SYNCHRONOUS-SPREAD-SPECTRUM COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM AND METHOD, by Donald L. Schilling, having U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/626,109 and filing date of Dec. 14, 1990, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 5,228,056. For completeness of disclosure, the following discussion includes the disclosure in the original patent application, and subsequently goes into a discussion for geolocation.
The spread spectrum signals of the present invention are designed to be “transparent” to other users, i.e., spread spectrum signals are designed to provide negligible interference to the communication of other existing users. The presence of a spread spectrum signal is difficult to determine. This characteristic is known as low probability of interception (LPI) and low probability of detection (LPD). The LPI and LPD features of spread spectrum allow transmission between users of a spread spectrum CDMA communications system without the existing users of the mobile cellular system experiencing significant interference. The present invention makes use of LPI and LPD with respect to predetermined channels in the mobile cellular system or in the fixed-service microwave system. By having the power level of each spread spectrum signal below the predetermined level, then the total power from all spread spectrum used within a cell does not interfere with mobile users in a mobile cellular system, or with microwave users in the fixed-service microwave system.
Spread spectrum is also “jam” or interference resistant. A spread spectrum receiver spreads the spectrum of the interfering signal. This reduces the interference from the interfering signal so that it does not noticeably degrade performance of the spread spectrum system. This feature of interference reduction 10 makes spread spectrum useful for commercial communications, i.e., the spread spectrum waveforms can be overlaid on top of existing narrowband signals.
The present invention employs direct sequence spread spectrum, which uses a phase modulation technique. Direct sequence spread spectrum takes the power that is to be transmitted and spreads it over a very wide bandwidth so that the power per unit bandwidth (watts/hertz) is minimized. When this is accomplished, the transmitted spread spectrum power received by a mobile cellular user or a microwave user, having a relatively narrow bandwidth, is only a small fraction of the actual transmitted power.
In a fixed-service microwave system, byway of example, if a spread spectrum signal having a power of 10 milliwatts is spread over a fixed-service microwave bandwidth of 10 MHz and a microwave user employs a communication system having a channel bandwidth of only 2 MHz, then the effective interfering power due to one spread spectrum signal, in the narrow band communication system, is reduced by the factor of 10 MHz/2 MHz. For fifty concurrent users of spread spectrum, the power of the interfering signal due to spread spectrum is increased by fifty.
The feature of spread spectrum that results in interference reduction is that the spread spectrum receiver actually spreads the received energy of any interferer over the same wide bandwidth, 10 MHz in the present example, while compressing the bandwidth of the desired received signal to its original bandwidth. For example, if the original bandwidth of the desires message data is only 30 kHz, then the power of the interfering signal produced at a base station is reduced by 10 MHz/30 kHz.
Direct sequence spread spectrum achieves a spreading of the spectrum by modulating the original signal with a very wideband signal relative to the data bandwidth. This wideband signal is chosen to have two possible amplitudes, +1 and −1, and these amplitudes are switched, in a “pseudo-random” manner, periodically. Thus, at each equally spaced time interval, a decision is made as to whether the wideband modulating signal should be +1 or −1. If a coin were tossed to make such a decision, the resulting sequence would be truly random. However, in such a case, the receiver would not know the sequence a priori and could not properly receive the transmission. Instead, a chip-code generator generates electronically an approximately random sequence, called a pseudo-random sequence, which is known a priori to the transmitter and receiver.
Code Division Multiple Access
Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a direct sequence spread spectrum system in which a number, at least two, of spread-spectrum signals communicate simultaneously, each operating over the same frequency band. In a CDMA system, each user is given a distinct chip code. This chip code identifies the user. For example, if a first user has a first chip code, g1 (t), and a second user has a second chip code, g2 (t), etc., then a receiver, desiring to listen to the first user, receives at its antenna all of the energy sent by all of the users. However, after despreading the first user's signal, the receiver outputs all the energy of the first user but only a small fraction of the energies sent by the second, third, etc., users.
CDMA is interference limited. That is, the number of users that can use the same spectrum and still have acceptable performance is determined by the total interference power that all of the users, taken as a whole, generate in the receiver. Unless one takes great care in power control, those CDMA transmitters which are close to the receiver cause overwhelming interference. This effect is known as the “near-far” problem. In a mobile environment the near-far problem could be the dominant effect. Controlling the power of each individual mobile remote user is possible so that the received power from each mobile remote user is the same. This technique is called “adaptive power control”. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,093,840, having issue date of Mar. 3, 1992, entitled, ADAPTIVE POWER CONTROL FOR A SPREAD SPECTRUM SYSTEM AND METHOD, by Donald L. Schilling, which is incorporated herein by reference.
The spread spectrum communications system of the present invention is a code division multiple access (CDMA) system. Spread spectrum CDMA can significantly increase the use of spectrum. With CDMA, each user in a cell uses the same frequency band. However, each CDMA signal has a separate pseudo random code which enables a receiver to distinguish a desired signal from the remaining signals. Remote users in adjacent cells use the same frequency band and the same bandwidth, and therefore “interfere” with one another. A received signal may appear somewhat noisier as the number of users'signals received by a PCN base station increases.
Each unwanted user's signal generates some interfering power whose magnitude depends on the processing gain. Remote users in adjacent cells increase the expected interfering energy compared to remote users within a particular cell by about 50%, assuming that the remote users are uniformly distributed throughout the adjacent cells. Since the interference increase factor is not severe, frequency reuse is not employed.
Each spread spectrum cell can use a full 10 MHz band for transmission and a full 10 MHz band for reception. Hence, using a chip rate of five million chips per second and a coding data rate of 4800 bps results in approximately a processing gain of 1000 chips per bit. It is well known to those skilled in the art: that the maximum number of CDMA remote users that can concurrently use a frequency band is approximately equal to the processing gain.
Synchronous Spread Spectrum Communications
As illustratively shown in
At the receiver the generic-spread-spectrum-processing means is embodied as the receiver-generic-chip-code generator 121, the generic mixer 123 and the generic-bandpass filter 125. The generic mixer 123 is coupled between the receiver-generic-chip-code generator 121 and the generic-bandpass filter 125. The message-spread-spectrum-processing means is embodied as a receiver-message-chip-code generator 122, a message mixer 124 and, a message-bandpass filter 126. The message mixer 124 is coupled between the receiver-message-chip-code generator 122 and the message-bandpass filter 126. A power splitter 115 is coupled between the communications channel 110, and the generic mixer 123 and the message mixer 124.
The acquisition and tracking means is embodied as an acquisition and tracking circuit 131. The acquisition and tracking circuit 131 is coupled to an output of the generic-bandpass filter 125, and to the receiver-generic-chip-code generator 121. The receiver-message-chip-code generator 122 preferably is coupled to the receiver-generic-chip-code generator 121.
The detection means is embodied as a detector 139. The detector 139 is coupled to the message-bandpass filter 126 and the generic-bandpass filter 125. The detector 139 may be a nonsynchronous detector such as an envelope detector or square-law detector. Alternatively, the detector 139 may be a synchronous detector, which uses a recovered-carrier signal from the generic-bandpass filter 125.
The synchronous means includes bit means, a lowpass filter 128 and electronic switch 130. The bit means is embodied as a bit synchronizer 129. The lowpass filter 128 and electronic switch 130 are coupled to the bit synchronizer 129. The bit synchronizer 129, as shown in
The transmitter-generic-chip-code generator 101 generates a generic-chip-code signal, g0 (t), and the transmitter-message-chip-code generator 102 generates a message-chip-code signal, g1 (t). Synchronous timing of the message data, d1 (t), and the message-chip-code signal, in
The modulator 107, as part of the transmitter, modulates the combined generic-chip-code signal and spread-spectrum-processed signal by a carrier signal, cos ωo t, at a carrier frequency, fo. The modulated generic-chip-code signal and spread-spectrum processed signal are transmitted over the communications channel 110 as a code division multiple access (CDMA) signal, xc (t). Thus, the CDMA signal includes the generic-chip-code signal and the spread-spectrum-processed signal as if they were each modulated separately, and synchronously, on separate carrier signals having the same carrier frequency, fo, and transmitted over the communications channel.
At a receiver, the generic-spread-spectrum-processing means recovers the carrier signal, cos ωo t, from the CDMA signal, xc (t), and the message-spread-spectrum-processing means despreads the CDMA signal, xc (t), as a modulated-data signal, d1 (t). More particularly, referring to
The acquisition and tracking circuit 131 acquires and tracks the recovered-carrier signal from an output of the generic-bandpass filter 125. The replica of the generic-chip-code signal from the receiver-generic-chip-code generator 121 is synchronized to the recovered-carrier signal via acquisition and tracking circuit 131.
The receiver-message-chip-code generator 122 generates a replica of the message-chip-code signal, g1 (t). The replica of the message-chip-code signal, g1 (t), is synchronized to the replica of the generic-chip-code signal, g0 (t), from the receiver-generic-chip-code generator 121. Thus, the receiver-message-chip-code generator 122, via synchronization to the receiver-generic-chip-code generator 121, has the same synchronization as the transmitter-message-chip-code generator 102 via synchronization to the transmitter-generic-chip-code generator 101. Accordingly, the spread-spectrum communications channel having the generic-chip-code signal provides coherent spread-spectrum demodulation of the spread-spectrum channels with data.
The message mixer 124 uses the replica of the message-chip-code signal for despreading the CDMA signal from the power splitter 115, to generate a modulated-data signal, d1 (t) cos ωo t. The modulated-data signal effectively is the message data modulated by the carrier signal. The message-bandpass filter 126 filters the modulated-data signal at the carrier frequency, or equivalently at an intermediate frequency (IF). Down converters, which convert the modulated-data signal to an IF, optionally may be used without altering the cooperative functions or teachings of the present invention.
The detector 139 demodulates the modulated-data signal as a detected signal. The detected signal is filtered through lowpass filter 128, sampled by electronic switch 130 and outputted as received data, d1 (t). The received data, without errors, are identical to the message data. The lowpass filter 128 and electronic switch 130 operate in an “integrate and dump” function, respectively, under the control of the bit synchronizer 129.
The bit synchronizer 129 controls the integrating and dumping of lowpass filter 128 and electronic switch 130. The bit synchronizer 129 preferably derives synchronization using the replica of the generic-chip-code signal from the receiver-generic-chip-code generator 121 as illustrated in
In a preferred embodiment, the bit synchronizer 129 receive the replica of the generic-chip-code signal, g0 (t), from the receiver-generic-chip-code generator 121. The replica of the generic-chip-code signal, by way of example, may include a chip codeword having 8250 chips. Assuming that there are eleven bits per chip codeword, then there are 750 chips per bit of data. Since the replica of the generic-chip-code signal provides information to the bit synchronizer 129 as to where the chip codeword begins, the bit synchronizer 129 thereby knows the timing of the corresponding bits for synchronization.
The present invention further may include transmitting as the CDMA signal, a plurality of spread-spectrum-processed signals for handling a plurality of message data. In this case the invention includes a plurality of message means and a plurality of spreading means. Referring to
The transmitter-generic-chip-code generator 101 is coupled to the plurality of transmitter-message-chip-code generators and the source for the plurality of message data, d1 (t), d2 (t), . . . dN (t). The generic-chip-code signal g0 (t), in a preferred embodiment, provides synchronous timing for the plurality of message-chip-code signals g1 (t), g2 (t), . . . , gN (t), and the plurality of message data d1 (t), d2 (t), . . . , dN (t).
The combiner 105 combines the generic-chip-code signal and the plurality of spread-spectrum-processed signals, by linearly adding the generic-chip-code signal with the plurality of spread-spectrum-processed signals. The combined signal typically is a multilevel signal, which has the instantaneous voltage levels of the generic-chip-code signal and the plurality of spread-spectrum-processed signals.
The modulator 107, as part of the transmitter, modulates the combined generic-chip-code signal and the plurality of spread-spectrum-processed signals by a carrier signal, cos ωo t, at a carrier frequency, fo. The modulated generic-chip-code signal and the plurality of spread-spectrum processed signals are transmitted over the communications channel 110 as a CDMA signal, xc (t). The CDMA signal, xc (t) has the form:
Thus, the CDMA signal includes the generic-chip-code signal and the plurality of spread-spectrum-processed signals as if they were each modulated separately, and synchronously, on separate carrier signals with the same carrier frequency, fo, and transmitted over the communications channel.
The present invention includes receiving a CDMA signal which has a plurality of spread-spectrum-processed signals. The receiver further includes a plurality of message-spread-spectrum processing means, a plurality of detection means and a plurality of synchronous means. The plurality of message-spread-spectrum-processing means, as shown in
The plurality of detection means may be embodied as a plurality of synchronous detectors which is shown as first synchronous detector 127, second synchronous detector 177 through Nth synchronous detector 187. Each of the plurality of synchronous detectors are coupled to one of the plurality message-bandpass filters.
The plurality of synchronous means may include a bit synchronizer 129, a plurality of lowpass filters and a plurality of electronic switches. The plurality of lowpass filters is shown as first lowpass filter 128, second lowpass filter 178, through Nth lowpass filter 188. The plurality of electronic switches is shown as first electronic switch 130, second electronic switch 180 through Nth electronic switch 190. Each of the plurality of synchronous detectors is coupled to an output of the generic-bandpass filter 125. The recovered-carrier signal from the generic-bandpass filter 125 serves as the reference signal for synchronously demodulating each of the plurality of message-data signals by the plurality of synchronous detectors, as a plurality of received data, d1 (t), d2 (t), . . . , dN (t).
The detection means alternatively may be embodied as a plurality of nonsynchronous detectors, such as envelope detectors 139, 189, 199, as shown in
The bit synchronizer 129 derives timing from the replica of the generic-chip-code signal, g0 (t), and controls the timing of the integrating and dumping functions of the plurality lowpass filters and the plurality of electronic switches.
With the use of the invention as embodied in
The present invention also includes a method for synchronously demodulating a CDMA signal. Message data are input to the spreading means. Referring to
At a receiver, the method includes recovering 413 the carrier signal from the CDMA signal and despreading 415 the CDMA signal as a modulated-data signal. The recovered-carrier signal is used to synchronize the step of despreading the CDMA signal and to optionally synchronously demodulate 417 and output 419 the modulated-data signal as received data.
In use of system as set forth in
At the receiver, as shown in
The received data are integrated and dumped by lowpass filter 128 and electronic switch 130, under control of the bit synchronizer 129. The bit synchronizer 129 preferably uses the replica of the generic-chip-code signal for synchronizing the integrate and dump functions.
Spread Spectrum Geolocation
A spread spectrum code division multiple access (CDMA) communications and geolocation system and method for use over a communications channel is provided comprising at least one base station and a plurality of remote units. The remote units may be mobile or in a fixed, stationary location. Message data are communicated between the base stations and the remote units. Message data include, but are not limited to, digitized voice, computer data, facsimile data, video data, etc. The base station communicates base-message data to the plurality of remote units. A remote unit communicates remote-message data to the base station. Base-message data are defined herein to be message data originating from a base station, and remote-message data are defined herein to be message data originating from a remote unit. The following discussion is of a preferred embodiment with the range between the base station and remote unit being determined at the base station. The roles of the base station and remote unit can be interchanged, as an equivalent to those skilled in the art, with the range being determined at the remote unit.
In the exemplary arrangement shown in
The base-spreading means spread-spectrum processes the base-message data, d1 (t). The base-spreading means is embodied as a base-spread-spectrum modulator. The base-spread-spectrum in modulator is shown as a message-chip-code generator 502 and an EXCLUSIVE-OR gate 503. The EXCLUSIVE-OR gate 503 is coupled to the message-chip-code generator 502. The message-chip-code generator 502 uses a chip codeword for generating a chip-code sequence for spread-spectrum processing base-message data, d1 (t). The chip-code sequence from message-chip-code generator 502 is spread-spectrum processed by modulo addition by EXCLUSIVE-OR gate 503. Many equivalent circuits can be used for the base-spread-spectrum modulator, including but not limited to, product devices for multiplying the chip-code sequence by the base-message data, matched filters and surface acoustic wave devices which have an impulse response matched to the chip-code sequence, as is well known to those skilled in the art.
The base-generic means generates a base-generic-chip-code signal. The term “generic” is used as a prefix to indicate that the generic-chip-code signal is an unmodulated, or low data rate, direct-sequence spread-spectrum signal, which can serve as a pilot channel. The pilot channel allows a user to acquire timing, and provides a phase reference for coherent demodulation. The base-generic means is embodied as a base-generic-chip-code generator 501. The base-generic-chip-code generator 501 generates a base-generic-chip-code signal, using a chip codeword commonly shared with all remote units communicating with the base station. The message-chip-code generator 502 is coupled to the base-generic-chip-code generator 501, for deriving common timing. Alternatively, a common clock can be used for providing the timing signal to the message-chip-code generator 502 and the base-generic-chip-code generator 501.
The base-combiner means combines the base-generic-chip-code signal with the spread-spectrum-processed-base-message data, to generate a base-CDMA signal. The base-combiner means is embodied as a base combiner 505. The base combiner 505 is coupled to the base-generic-chip-code generator 501 and the EXCLUSIVE-OR gate 503. The base combiner 505 linearly adds the base-generic-chip-code signal with the spread-spectrum-processed-base-message data from EXCLUSIVE-OR gate 503. The resulting signal at the output of the base combiner 505 is a code division multiple access (CDMA) signal, denoted herein as the base-CDMA signal. Selected variations of nonlinear combining also may be used, so long as the resulting base-CDMA signal can have its channels detected at a spread-spectrum receiver.
The base-transmitter means transmits the base-CDMA signal from the base station to a remote unit. The base-transmitter means is embodied as a signal source 508 and product device 507. The product device 507 is coupled between the base combiner 505 and the signal source 508. The signal source 508 generates a first carrier signal at a first carrier frequency f1. The base-CDMA signal, from the output of the base combiner 505, is multiplied by the first carrier signal by product device 507. Other transmitting devices are well known in the art for putting a desired signal at a selected carrier frequency.
The base antenna 509 is coupled through an isolator 513 to the base-transmitter means. The base antenna 509 radiates the base-CDMA signal at the first carrier frequency.
As illustratively shown in
The remote-detection means is coupled to the remote antenna 511. The remote-detection means detects the base-generic-chip-code signal embedded in the base-CDMA signal. Using the detected-base-generic-chip-code signal, the remote-detection means recovers the base-message data communicated from the base station. A remote unit can retransmit the detected-base-generic-chip-code signal, or optionally, can have remote-generic means generate a different remote-generic-chip-code signal.
If the base-generic-chip-code signal is to be combined as part of the remote-CDMA signal, then generic-chip-code generator 546 is not required, since the base-generic-chip-code signal is available at the output of the generic-chip-code generator 539. If a remote-generic-chip-code signal, which is different from the base-generic-chip-code signal, is to be used, then the generic-chip-code generator 546 can be used for generating the remote-generic-chip-code signal. In the latter case, the remote-generic-chip-code signal is clocked or synchronized with the detected base-generic-chip-code signal. For purposes of discussion, the remote-generic-chip-code signal is considered to be sent from the remote unit to the base station, with the understanding that the remote-generic-chip-code signal can be identical to, or one and the same as, the detected base-generic-chip-code signal.
The remote-spreading means spread-spectrum processes remote-message data. The remote-spreading means is embodied as a remote-spread-spectrum modulator. The remote-spread-spectrum modulator is shown as a message-chip-code generator 548 and an EXCLUSIVE-OR gate 547. The EXCLUSIVE-OR gate 547 is coupled to the message-chip-code generator 548. The message-chip-code generator 548 uses a chip codeword for generating a chip-code sequence for spread-spectrum processing remote-message data, d2 (t). The chip-code sequence from message-chip-code generator 548 is spread-spectrum processed by modulo addition by EXCLUSIVE-OR gate 547. Many equivalent circuits can be used for the remote-spreading means, including but not limited to, product devices for multiplying the chip-code sequence by the base-message data, matched filters and surface acoustic wave devices, as is well known to those skilled in the art.
The remote-generic-chip-code signal and the spread-spectrum-processed-remote-message data are combined by the remote-combiner means, as a remote-CDMA signal. The remote-combiner means is embodied as a remote-combiner 549. The remote combiner 549 is coupled to the EXCLUSIVE-OR gate 547, and the remote-generic-chip-code generator 546, or alternatively to the generic-chip-code generator 539. The remote combiner 549 linearly adds the remote-generic-chip-code signal with the spread-spectrum-processed-remote-message data from EXCLUSIVE-OR gate 547. The resulting signal at the output of the remote combiner 549 is a code division multiple access (CDMA) signal, denoted herein as the remote-CDMA signal. Selected variations of nonlinear combining also may be used, so long as the resulting remote-CDMA signal can have its channels detected at a spread-spectrum receiver.
The remote unit also includes the remote-transmitter means for transmitting the remote-CDMA signal from the remote unit to the base station. The remote-transmitter means is embodied as a signal source 551 and product device 550. The product device 550 is coupled between the remote combiner 549 and the signal source 551. The signal source 551 generates a carrier signal at a second carrier frequency f2. The remote-CDMA signal, from the output of the remote combiner 549, is multiplied by the second carrier signal by product device 550. Other transmitting devices are well known in the art for putting a desired signal at a selected carrier frequency. The second carrier frequency may be the same as, or different from, the first carrier frequency.
The remote antenna 511 is coupled through an isolator 534 to the remote-transmitter means. The remote antenna 511 radiates the remote-CDMA signal at the second carrier frequency.
Each of the base stations further includes base-detection means and range means. The base-detection means is coupled to the base antenna 509 through isolator 513 and power splitter 515. The base detection means detects the remote-generic-chip-code signal embedded in the remote-CDMA signal. The base-detection means, as illustrated in
Using the detected-remote-generic-chip-code signal and the base-generic-chip-code signal, the range means determines a range delay between the remote unit and the base station. The range means is embodied as a range delay device 530, which can compare the timing between the base-generic-chip-code signal from the generic-chip-code generator 501, with the detected remote-generic-chip-code signal from the generic-chip-code generator 521.
The present invention may include further the steps of spread-spectrum processing the base-message data; generating a base-generic-chip-code signal; combining the base-generic-chip-code signal with the spread-spectrum-processed-base-message data, thereby generating a base-CDMA signal; transmitting the base-CDMA signal from the base station to the remote unit; detecting the base-generic-chip-code signal embedded in the base-CDMA signal; recovering, using the detected-base-generic-chip-code signal, the base-message data; spread-spectrum processing remote-message data; generating, using the detected-generic-chip-code signal and the spread-spectrum-processed-remote data, a remote-CDMA signal; transmitting the remote-CDMA signal from the remote unit to the base station; detecting the remote-generic-chip-code signal embedded in the remote-CDMA signal; recovering, using the detected-remote-generic-chip-code signal, the remote-message data; and determining, using the detected-remote-generic-chip-code signal and the base-generic-chip-code signal, a range delay between the remote unit and the base station.
In use, the base station spread-spectrum processes the base-message data with a message-chip-code signal, and combines the spread-spectrum-processed-base-message data with a base-generic-chip-code signal. The combined signal is a base-CDMA signal which is transmitted over a communications channel to at least one remote unit.
The remote unit receives the base-CDMA signal, detects the base-generic-chip-code signal embedded in the base-CDMA signal, and uses the detected-base-generic-chip-code signal to recover the base-message data embedded in the base-CDMA signal.
The detected base-generic-chip-code signal is relayed as a remote-generic-chip-code signal, or is used to set the timing for a different remote-generic-chip-code signal, which is sent from the remote unit to the base station. The remote unit spread-spectrum processes the remote-message data with a remote-chip-code signal, and combines the spread-spectrum-processed-remote-message data with the remote-generic-chip-code signal as a remote-CDMA signal. The remote-CDMA signal is sent over the communications channel to the base station.
At the base station, the remote-generic-chip-code signal is detected from the remote-CDMA signal, and the detected remote-generic-chip-code signal is used to detect the remote-message data embedded in the remote-CDMA signal. Additionally, the detected remote-generic-chip-code signal is compared with the base-generic-chip-code signal in a range-delay circuit, to determine the range of the remote unit from the base station. Effectively, the range between the remote unit and the base station is a function of the timing between sending a sequence of the chip codeword which generated the base-generic-chip-code signal, and receiving the sequence generated by the chip codeword which generated the remote-generic-chip-code signal.
The concept of using a radio frequency (RF) signal to determine range is well known in the art. The RF signal is subject to a fixed rate of propagation, 3×108 meters/sec. The RF signal leaves a transmitter some time before it reaches a receiver. A particular sequence of the base-generic-chip-code signal and remote-generic-chip-code signal are used as a mark in time. The difference in time of the sequence of the base-generic-chip-code signal as seen at the receiver of the remote unit, from that present at the transmitter of the base station, is related directly to distance between the base station and remote unit. Similarly, the difference in time of the sequence of the remote-generic-chip-code signal as seen at the receiver of the base station from that present at the transmitter of the remote unit, is related directly to distance between the remote unit and base station.
The use of the base-generic-chip-code signal and the remote-generic-chip-code signal is a common type of echo range measurement method that is used in radar systems. Many radar systems simply employ a pulse of RF energy and then wait for a return of a portion of the energy due to the pulse being reflected from objects. The radar marks time from the instant of pulse transmission until its return. The time required for the pulse to return is a function of the two-way range to the object. The range is easily determined from the signal propagation speed.
The spread-spectrum signals of the present invention are subject to the same distance/time relationship. The spread-spectrum signal of the present invention has an advantage in that its phase is easily resolvable. The basic resolution of a sequence of a base-chip-code signal or a remote-chip-code signal is one code chip. Thus, the higher the chip rate, the better the measurement capability. Thus, at a chip rate of 10 Mchips/sec, a basic range resolution is 10−7 seconds, or 30 meters.
Additional delays may be encountered in the circuitry of the remote unit. These delays can be compensated at the base station, when determining the distance between the base station and the remote unit.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications can be made to the synchronous spread-spectrum communications system and method of the instant invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention, and it is intended that the present invention cover modifications and variations of the synchronous spread-spectrum communications system and method provided they come in the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
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|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US7751465 *||23 Sep 2005||6 Jul 2010||Interdigital Technology Corporation||Cancellation of pilot and traffic signals|
|US8369385||25 Jun 2010||5 Feb 2013||Interdigital Technology Corporation||Cancellation of pilot and traffic signals|
|US8594157||22 Jan 2013||26 Nov 2013||Interdigital Technology Corporation||Cancellation of pilot and traffic signals|
|US20060034218 *||23 Sep 2005||16 Feb 2006||Interdigital Technology Corporation||Cancellation of pilot and traffic signals|
|US20100260238 *||25 Jun 2010||14 Oct 2010||Interdigital Technology Corporation||Cancellation of pilot and traffic signals|
|U.S. Classification||370/335, 375/E01.023, 375/149, 375/E01.021, 375/145, 375/E01.002, 370/342|
|International Classification||H04B1/707, H04J13/00, H04B1/71, H04W88/02, H04W4/12, H04B7/216, H04W64/00, H04W4/18, H04W88/08, H04B7/26, G01S13/82, H04B7/185, H04B7/005, G01S5/00, H04W52/34, G01S19/11, G01S5/14|
|Cooperative Classification||G01S13/82, H04W52/343, H04W4/18, H04W64/006, H04B2201/709709, H04W88/02, G01S5/14, H04B7/2628, H04B2201/70701, H04B7/216, H04B7/2631, G01S5/0036, H04B1/7102, H04W88/08, H04B1/71, H04J13/00, H04W52/346, H04B1/707, H04W4/12, H04W64/00, H04B7/18547|
|European Classification||H04B1/71, H04B1/71T, H04B1/707, G01S5/00R1B, H04J13/00, G01S5/14, H04B7/26S4, G01S13/82, H04B7/216, H04W52/34L, H04W52/34N|
|26 Dec 2006||CC||Certificate of correction|
|26 Aug 2009||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|8 Nov 2013||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|28 Mar 2014||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|
|20 May 2014||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 20140328


text:
I’m getting a feeling of deja screwed.
What’s that, you ask?
It’s the sensation you’ve been in the same situation before – and your options stink just as badly.
That’s my reaction to a plan by state Del. Chris Stolle to place a transportation referendum in front of Hampton Roads voters. The proposal resembles a 2002 initiative that residents here defeated 62-38 percent; folks in Northern Virginia shot down a similar effort that year.
I give Stolle credit for trying, although the bill he’s sponsoring at the General Assembly is far from perfect.
The Virginia Beach legislator, with the backing of many colleagues in the regional delegation, has proposed raising the sales tax here by 1 cent on the dollar. Officials would earmark the money for transportation in Hampton Roads.
“We know that there’s not enough money in the (state’s) capital fund or the maintenance fund to do all the projects in Hampton Roads,” Stolle told me. “We can’t afford to wait any longer.”
Everyone acknowledges, however, that the cash raised by a regional increase, as much as $195 million each year, would be minuscule compared with the massive needs. The cost of three of the region’s largest unfunded projects – widening Interstate 64 on the Peninsula and in South Hampton Roads, and building a third harbor crossing – has been estimated at more than $10 billion.
Relatively speaking, we’d get scoopfuls of sand when we need miles and miles of concrete. We’d also let the state wash its hands of one of its primary responsibilities.
Stolle contends his bill eliminates some of the defects that doomed the 2002 referendum. He said, for example, his proposal ensures the money would be used locally.
The shortage of transportation dollars has forced several regions – particularly Hampton Roads and Northern Virginia – to scramble. Other parts of the state aren’t being asked to share the pain with residents of Virginia’s economic-generating communities.
But here’s the bigger problem: Gov. Bob McDonnell and Assembly leaders don’t have a comprehensive funding strategy for transportation. Everything is piecemeal, without raising enough money to ease congestion and shore up crumbling roads and bridges.
Refusing to increase the state’s gas tax – stuck at 17.5 cents a gallon since 1987, and with about half of its original purchasing power because of inflation – is not a plan.
Offering, as McDonnell has done, to direct more revenue from the sales tax to transportation – but away from other core services – is not a plan.
Depending more and more on tolls and public-private partnerships – in which taxpayers ultimately get short shrift – is not a plan.
We need leaders who are unafraid to face the challenge and tell the truth – taxes have to go up, and everyone has to pay.
That’s where you come in.
If you believe the state isn’t doing enough, contact your legislators and other state leaders.
They include McDonnell at 804-786-2211 or www.governor.virginia.gov/aboutthegovernor/contactgovernor.cfm
House Speaker William Howell is at 804-698-1028 or email@example.com
Senate Majority Leader Tommy Norment is at 804-698-7503 or firstname.lastname@example.org
Senate Minority Leader Richard Saslaw is at 804-698-7535 or email@example.com
They work for you.
Demand that they do better.
Roger Chesley, 757-446-2329, firstname.lastname@example.org, pilotonline.com/chesley, www.facebook.com/RogerChesley

domain: politics


text:
MOSCOW, January 25 (RIA Novosti) – Tajik migrants working in Russia sent $3.8 billion in remittances back home in 2012, up 31 percent year-on-year and equal to 47 percent of the country’s GDP, Tajikistan’s Finance Ministry said on Friday.
Tajikistan's Finance Minister Safarali Najmiddinov said remittances sent to Tajikistan by migrant workers are projected to increase further still amid a positive economic outlook for Russia.
“We are concerned that the negative factors of the financial and economic crisis will affect the economy of the countries we cooperate with. However, GDP growth in the countries where our migrants work is 3.4 percent. This factor will allow our migrant workers to increase the cashflow to the country,” Najmiddinov said.
According to Tajikistan’s National Bank, remittances to Tajikistan from workers abroad amounted to $2.9 billion in 2011, a 33 percent increase year-on-year, Tajikistan’s Howar news Agency reported.
According to its Migration Service, 800,000 citizens from Tajikistan, the poorest of the former Soviet republics, are currently working in Russia. More than half of Tajikistan's families live on migrants’ remittances.
In mid-2011, the average monthly salary in Tajikistan topped $100 for the first time in the country’s modern history.

domain: news


text:
Hi, I’m Lexi. I am at MCCC to finally finish earning my associate degree that I started over 10 years ago.
However after joining the Agora my second semester back I fell in love with writing for the very first time.
This semester I was given the position of Features Editor. I am so excited to be an assistant editor for Agora this semester and to work with my fellow editors and staff.
I do not know for sure yet if or what I want to pursue as a career after graduating.
I love kids and have always had a passion to work with them in some capacity. However, joining the Agora has made me consider some sort of future in writing, too.
Four years ago, my husband and I became primary caretakers of my now four and six year old niece and nephew, and they are my world and inspiration.
I love reading with them and listening to the ridiculously creative stories they come up with themselves.
The capacity for knowledge and the nonstop energy that kids have never ceases to amaze me!
I also love arts in most every form but most significantly photography. I got my first small digital camera in middle school and fell in love.
When I was in high school, my parents got me a Nikon DSLR. I took pictures of everything and became the family photographer.
In the last decade since, I have practiced immensely, invested in an even better camera, and started my own small photography business.
I love viewing the world from behind my lens and capturing moments of time.
If I am not behind my camera or chasing my littles you will probably find me dancing and singing around my house or binge watching Marvel movies with my husband.
I never could have anticipated being a part of the Agora but I am very excited to be here and look forward to all the experiences coming my way.

domain: artistic


text:
Video social the official AMG from the helicopter, the one that brings the two pilots owners (one of the reserves with the greatest of ease) Mercedes F1 on the track, at Hockenheim for the German GP 2019.
The view from the top of the path where it will compete, it does not seem to interest them very much the two of the winning team. Certainly not emozionarli, especially Hamilton, since they are addicted to their Smartphones before the landing.
At Monza, a little more than a month, if they do as usual the two could get with the wheels, off the road, driving in the first person. Lewis, in particular, manages to stand out, positively, with the bike at times, very powerful and Italian. By the time many are also available with a car from the Italian race at Monza. But when it will happen (and it seems it will happen), the relaxation of the mobile phone in the hand if I forget, the sample lacking only the Ferrari to be complete.

domain: hobby


In TNT’s upcoming undercover-espionage thriller Legends, Sean Bean plays Martin Odum, a deep-cover operative who’s uniquely adept at adopting new identities. Perhaps predictably, there are an awful lot of people who want to kill him—and that’s the least of his problems. The show debuts on August 13, but EW is excited to share an exclusive new trailer for the series, which hints at the show’s twisty serialized arc, plus a look at Legends co-stars Ali Larter, Tina Majorino, Steve Harris, and Morris Chestnut. Yes, Sean Bean says, “Move, and I’ll blow your teeth out.” No, he’s not joking.
Posted July 18 2014 — 1:30 PM EDT
- Is 'The Flash' doing Flashpoint in season 3?
- Fozzie Bear reveals who he gets mistaken for on '@Midnight'
- Kate McKinnon impersonated Ellen and Hillary to their faces
- 'The Real Housewives of New Jersey' season 7 trailer debuts
- Hillary Clinton plays 'Who'd You Rather?' on possible VP picks
- Paul McCartney: Kanye West is 'a monster' who 'inspires me'
- Hillary Clinton assesses Donald Trump's thoughts on women


Replacement Cable for 2Pin Connector Headphones (120cm)(4.4mm Balance)
8-core high-purity Monocrystalline Silver-Plated copper wires with the Silver Arc is the cable made of braided Litz wires , 49 cores per strand ,
8 strands in a total of 392 cores . Each Litz wire is insulated from each other , ensuring better audio transmission performance under the naturally - occurring yet adverse " skin " and " proximity " effects . What this means for actual listening is improved bass , hauntingly realistic vocals , as well as obviously promoted sound quality .


text:
- 1995 Report on Labor Party Advocates Meeting to the Workers Unity Network Summer 1995
- 1998 Black Workers for Justice
- 1998 Organize the South in the Context of Globalization
- 2001 Twenty Years of Black Workers for Justice (2001)
- 2002 Black Workers for Justice, Twenty Years of Struggle
- 2005 Civil Rights and the black liberation movement
- 2005 Hurricane Katrina-The Black Nations 911!
- 2006 Hurricane Katrina: The Black Nation’s 9/11! (2006)
- 2006 Raleigh City Workers Exercise Power and Build Their Union!
- 2006 Black and Brown Unity-An Alliance for Justice and Human Rights
- 2006 Fightback News
- 2012 What is our charge as Southern workers?
- 2014 A Solidarity City must become a zone of working
- 2015 The Days Of Grace are Days Of Rage
The US Imperialist State and the Black Nation

domain: sociology


text:
Adapted from Gourmet. As is often the case I subbed butter for shortening.
2 cups AP flour
¼ cup almond meal
1 teaspoon cinnamon
¾ teaspoon ginger
½ teaspoon allspice
½ teaspoon cloves
½ teaspoon salt
2 sticks butter, at room temperature
1 cup brown sugar
1 large egg
½ cup molasses (not blackstrap)
¼ cup turbinado or sugar, in a small bowl.
Preheat oven to 375. Whisk together first seven ingredients in medium bowl.
In an electric mixer with paddle attachment, cream together butter and brown sugar until fluffy. Add egg and molasses and beat until well combined. Mix in flour mixture.
Using a small ice cream scoop, roll heaping tablespoonfuls of dough into balls, dip in sugar, and place, sugared side up, 2” apart on ungreased cookie sheets.
Bake about 10 minutes, until undersides are brown. Cool on wire racks.
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