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Eating inadequate amounts of fruits and vegetables is associated with diminished health, and most Americans fall short of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's recommendation to eat at least 2 servings of fruit and 3 servings of vegetables each day. This study assessed behaviors associated with fruit and vegetable consumption in adults.
A cross-sectional, random-digit–dialed telephone survey of 4,784 adults living in Marion County (Indianapolis), Indiana, measured demographic characteristics, personal health data, food consumption, food label use, and other eating habits. Multivariate logistic regressions were used to assess the association between selected dietary behaviors and fruit and vegetable consumption, controlling for demographic characteristics.
Behaviors associated with adequate versus inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables were frequent snacking on healthy foods (odds ratio [OR], 2.54), eating meals at home (OR, 2.09), using nutrition labels when making purchases (OR, 1.52), and using "heart healthy" symbols and other food information labels when ordering from restaurants (OR, 1.41). Frequent red meat consumption was negatively associated with adequate consumption of fruits and vegetables (OR, 0.64).
Healthful snacking, food label use, and eating meals prepared at home may improve dietary quality. Our measure of adequacy may also be useful in future studies assessing dietary behavior and diet composition.
Despite the significant health benefits associated with eating healthily, diet is extremely difficult to change, with the majority of people who intend to eat more healthily failing to do so. Recent evidence has suggested that the ability to turn intentions into actions may be related to individual differences in one facet of executive control – cognitive inhibition (i.e. the ability to inhibit irrelevant information and suppress prepotent responses). The present study investigates the role of this and other executive processes (inhibition, task switching, planning and cognitive flexibility) in the translation of dietary intentions into action. In addition, as the literature suggests that weak executive control may be associated with hyper-responsivity to cues to action, the role of executive processes in susceptibility to environmental food cues and responses to If-Then plans designed to cue intended behaviour are investigated.
Future intentions about consumption of fruits and vegetables and snack foods will be measured in a sample of young adults. Actual consumption of the target foods will be recorded with computerised diaries over a subsequent 3-day period. Performance on a battery of established executive control tasks (Go-NoGo, Tower task, Verbal Fluency task and Trail-Making) will be used to predict the discrepancy between intended and actual dietary behaviour. In addition, executive control scores will be used to predict reported susceptibility to environmental food cues and benefit derived from the use of 'If-Then plans' designed to cue intended behaviour.
Our findings will add to understanding about the role of executive control in translating intentions into actions and may demonstrate potential for future public health interventions. If participants with weak executive control are found to be less likely to eat as they intend than those with strong executive control, then interventions that reduce the load on these executive processes may increase chances of successful intention-behaviour translation. If those with weak executive control are found to be more responsive to cues to action they may also benefit more from the use of If-Then plans designed to cue intended behaviour.
Eating a diet high in fruits and vegetables as part of an overall healthful diet can help lower chronic disease risk and aid in weight management. Increasing the percentage of Americans who consume enough fruits and vegetables every day is part of the Healthy People 2010 objectives for the nation. Assessing trends in consumption of these foods is important for tracking public health initiatives to meet this goal and for planning future objectives.
We assessed total and sex-specific changes in daily consumption of fruits and vegetables among 1,227,969 adults in the 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia who participated in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System from 1994 through 2005. To estimate changes in consumption according to dietary recommendations that were in place during the years examined, we used geometric mean and the percentage of people eating fruits or vegetables or both five or more times per day. Estimates were standardized for sex, age, and race/ethnicity and analyzed by multivariate regression.
From 1994 through 2005, the geometric mean frequency of consumption of fruits and vegetables declined slightly (standardized change: men and women, −0.22 times/day; men, −0.26 times/day; women, −0.17 times/day). The proportion of men and women eating fruits or vegetables or both five or more times per day was virtually unchanged (men, 20.6% vs 20.3%; women, 28.4% vs 29.6%); however, we found small increases for men aged 18 to 24 years and for women who were aged 25 to 34 years, non-Hispanic black, or nonsmokers. Consumption of fruit juice and nonfried potatoes declined for both sexes.
The frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption changed little from 1994 through 2005. If consumption is to be increased, we must identify and disseminate promising individual and environmental strategies, including policy change.
To investigate the efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to predict healthy eating behavior in a group of urban Native American youth.
Native American boys and girls (n = 139), ages 9–18 years old, were given a self-administered survey to assess eating behavior using the TBP constructs (intention, attitude, subjective norm, barriers, self-efficacy, and perceived behavioral control). Youth were also measured for height and weight and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Bivariate correlations and stepwise regression analyses of TBP model were performed with SPSS software.
No association was found between intention and healthy eating behavior. However, independently healthy eating behavior was correlated with barriers (0.46), attitude (0.44), perceived behavioral control (0.35), and subjective norm (0.34). The most predictive barriers to eating healthy included the availability and taste of foods. Boys' eating behavior was most predicted by subjective norm, while girls' eating behavior was most predicted by barriers.
Lack of association between intention and healthy eating behavior suggests that factors other than intentions may drive healthy eating behaviors in urban Native American youth. Results indicate that programs promoting healthy eating to youth might focus on collaborating with families to make healthy foods more appealing to youth.
There is a need for more longitudinal studies investigating the associations between screen-based sedentary behaviors (SB), dietary behaviors and leisure-time physical activity (PA).
In the HEIA cohort study, 908 children were followed from age 11 to age 13 (September 2007 – May 2009). The children self-reported their intake of fruits, vegetables, soft drinks with sugar and snacks. TV/DVD use, computer/game use and leisure-time PA were also self-reported. Multilevel generalized linear mixed model analysis was used to assess longitudinal associations between the screen-based SB and each of the two other behaviors.
Twenty-month changes in TV/DVD use and computer/game use were positively associated with changes in the consumption of soft drinks with sugar and unhealthy snacks in the same period; and inversely associated with change in vegetable consumption. Change in computer/game use was also inversely related to change in fruit consumption. An inverse but non-substantive association was found between change in TV/DVD use and change in leisure-time PA. Change in computer/game use was not significantly associated with change in leisure-time PA.
Changes in screen-based SB were associated with multiple unfavorable changes in dietary habits, although the associations were weak. These associations need to be further investigated in intervention/experimental studies, to assess whether changing screen-based SB will result in clinically relevant changes in dietary behaviors. However, the findings of this study suggest that screen-based SB and leisure-time PA are largely independent behaviors which should be addressed separately in health promotion activities.
Children; Adolescents; Sedentary behaviors; Screen time; Dietary behaviors; Physical activity; Associations; Longitudinal
A unique strength of the African American community is the importance of the church and faith. Interventions promoting health may want to build on these strengths by developing faith-based interventions that encourage churches to create an environment that supports behavior change.
To examine the relationship between perceived environmental church support for healthy eating and intake of fruit and vegetables and fat and fiber-related behaviors, and to examine if these relationships differ by gender.
A cross-sectional study in which participants completed self-report dietary and perceived church support measures prior to the initiation of an intervention. Relationships between fruit and vegetable consumption, fat and fiber-related behaviors, and perceived church support (total, written informational, spoken informational, instrumental [fruit and vegetable consumption only]), along with Support x Gender interactions were examined.
Participants were 1136 African American church members from four geographically-defined districts in South Carolina.
Multiple regression models controlling for gender, age, years of education, health rating, and body mass index using SAS PROC MIXED. A separate model was conducted for each measure of perceived church support and each type of healthy eating index.
Perceived total church support and perceived written and spoken informational church support were related to significantly higher fruit and vegetable intake and more favorable fiber-related behaviors, whereas only perceived total and perceived written informational support were associated with more low-fat dietary behaviors. Perceived instrumental church support was not associated with fruit and vegetable consumption. No gender differences were found.
The social and physical church environment may be important factors influencing the dietary habits of its members. Future faith-based interventions should further explore the role of the church environment in improving the dietary practices of its members.
Dietary Practices; Faith-based; African American Adults; Church Support
This article describes the integrative model of behavioral prediction (IM), the latest formulation of a reasoned action approach. The IM attempts to identify a limited set of variables that can account for a considerable proportion of the variance in any given behavior. More specifically, consistent with the original theory of reasoned action, the IM assumes that intentions are the immediate antecedents of behavior, but in addition, the IM recognizes that environmental factors and skills and abilities can moderate the intention-behavior relationship. Similar to the theory of planned behavior, the IM also assumes that intentions are a function of attitudes, perceived normative pressure and self-efficacy, but it views perceived normative pressure as a function of descriptive as well as of injunctive (i.e., subjective) norms. After describing the theory and addressing some of the criticisms directed at a reasoned action approach, the paper illustrates how the theory can be applied to understanding and changing health related behaviors.
medical decision making; attitude; behavioral prediction; reasoned action; integrative model
This study tested several relationships predicted by the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) in a sample of 175 generally healthy, inactive, middle-aged women (40–65 yrs old) over a 12 week period. Participants’ physical activity, risk perceptions, outcome expectancies, action self-efficacy, and intentions were measured at baseline. Planning and maintenance self-efficacy were measured four weeks later. Physical activity behaviour was measured twelve weeks after baseline. The HAPA relationships were examined using a structural equation model. The data fit the model well and revealed several significant relationships. Action self-efficacy was the best predictor of intention. Maintenance self-efficacy was the best predictor of planning and behaviour. Contrary to the tenets of HAPA and to past research, planning did not predict behaviour. Overall, HAPA provides a useful framework for identifying determinants of physical activity intentions and behaviour within a group of inactive, middle-aged women.
Bicycle use entails high safety and health risks especially for adolescents. Most safety education programs aimed at adolescents focus on accident statistics and risk perceptions. This paper proposes the investigation of the social-cognitive correlates of risky cycling behaviors of adolescents prior to developing safety education programs.
Secondary school students aged 13 to 18 years (n = 1446) filled out questionnaires regarding bicycle behavior, risky intentions, accident experience, and social-cognitive determinants as suggested by the theory of planned behavior.
Regression analysis revealed that the proximal variables (i.e., self-efficacy, attitudes towards drunk driving, personal norm regarding safekeeping of self and others, and compared risk) were able to predict 17% of the variance of risky behavior and 23% of the variance of risky intentions. The full model explained respectively 29% and 37% of the variance in risky behavior and risky intentions. Adolescents with positive attitudes towards risky behavior and low sense of responsibility report risky behavior, even when having been (close to) an accident.
Adolescents realize whether they are risk takers or not. This implies that the focus of education programs should not be on risk perceptions, but on decreasing positive attitudes towards alcohol in traffic and increasing sense of responsibility instead. Cognitions regarding near accidents should be studied, the role of safe cycling self-efficacy is unclear.
It was predicted that because of their abstract nature, values will have greater impact on how individuals plan their distant future than their near future. Experiments 1 and 2 found that values better predict behavioral intentions for distant future situations than near future situations. Experiment 3 found that whereas high-level values predict behavioral intentions for more distant future situations, low-level feasibility considerations predict behavioral intentions for more proximate situation. Finally, Experiment 4 found that the temporal changes in the relationship between values and behavioral intentions depended on how the behavior was construed. Higher correspondence is found when behaviors are construed on a higher level and when behavior is planned for the more distant future than when the same behavior is construed on a lower level or is planned for the more proximal future. The implications of these findings for self-consistency and value conflicts are discussed.
Construal; Values; Construal level theory; Time perspective; Behavioral intentions
Increased access to the Internet and the availability of efficacious eHealth interventions offer great promise for assisting adults with diabetes to change and maintain health behaviors. A key concern is whether levels of engagement in Internet programs are sufficient to promote and sustain behavior change.
This paper used automated data from an ongoing Internet-based diabetes self-management intervention study to calculate various indices of website engagement. The multimedia website involved goal setting, action planning, and self-monitoring as well as offering features such as “Ask an Expert” to enhance healthy eating, physical activity, and medication adherence. We also investigated participant characteristics associated with website engagement and the relationship between website use and 4-month behavioral and health outcomes.
We report on participants in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) who were randomized to receive (1) the website alone (n = 137) or (2) the website plus human support (n = 133) that included additional phone calls and group meetings. The website was available in English and Spanish and included features to enhance engagement and user experience. A number of engagement variables were calculated for each participant including number of log-ins, number of website components visited at least twice, number of days entering self-monitoring data, number of visits to the “Action Plan” section, and time on the website. Key outcomes included exercise, healthy eating, and medication adherence as well as body mass index (BMI) and biological variables related to cardiovascular disease risk.
Of the 270 intervention participants, the average age was 60, the average BMI was 34.9 kg/m2, 130 (48%) were female, and 62 (23%) self-reported Latino ethnicity. The number of participant visits to the website over 4 months ranged from 1 to 119 (mean 28 visits, median 18). Usage decreased from 70% of participants visiting at least weekly during the first 6 weeks to 47% during weeks 7 to 16. There were no significant differences between website only and website plus support conditions on most of the engagement variables. In total, 75% of participants entered self-monitoring data at least once per week. Exercise action plan pages were visited more often than medication taking and healthy eating pages (mean of 4.3 visits vs 2.8 and 2.0 respectively, P < .001). Spearman nonparametric correlations indicated few significant associations between patient characteristics and summary website engagement variables, and key factors such as ethnicity, baseline computer use, age, health literacy, and education were not related to use. Partial correlations indicated that engagement, especially in self-monitoring, was most consistently related to improvement in healthy eating (r = .20, P = .04) and reduction of dietary fat (r = -.31, P = .001). There was also a significant correlation between self-monitoring and improvement in exercise (r = .20, P = .033) but not with medication taking.
Participants visited the website fairly often and used all of the theoretically important sections, but engagement decreased over 4 months. Usage rates and patterns were similar for a wide range of participants, which has encouraging implications for the potential reach of online interventions.
NCT00987285; http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00987285 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/5vpe4RHTV)
Engagement; Internet; diabetes self-management; research methods; health disparities
This paper examines the mechanisms by which PHLAME (Promoting Healthy Lifestyles: Alternative Models’ Effects), a health promotion intervention, improved healthy eating and exercise behavior among firefighters, a population at high risk for health problems due to occupational hazards. In a randomized trial, 397 firefighters participated in either the PHLAME team intervention with their work shift or a control condition. Intervention sessions taught benefits of a healthy diet and regular exercise and sought to improve social norms and social support from coworkers for healthy behavior. At post-test team intervention participants had increased their fruit and vegetable consumption as compared to control participants. An increase in knowledge of fruit and vegetable benefits and improved dietary coworker norms partially mediated these effects. Exercise habits and VO2 max were related to targeted mediators but were not significantly changed by the team intervention. Partial support was found for both the action and conceptual theories underlying the intervention. Our findings illustrate how an effective program’s process can be deconstructed to understand the underpinnings of behavior change and refine interventions. Further, fire stations may improve the health of firefighters by emphasizing the benefits of healthy diet and exercise behaviors while also encouraging behavior change by coworkers as a whole.
health promotion intervention; work team
Understanding the correlates of dietary intake is necessary in order to effectively promote healthy dietary behavior among children and adolescents. A literature review was conducted on the correlates of the following categories of dietary intake in children and adolescents: Fruit, Juice and Vegetable Consumption, Fat in Diet, Total Energy Intake, Sugar Snacking, Sweetened Beverage Consumption, Dietary Fiber, Other Healthy Dietary Consumption, and Other Less Healthy Dietary Consumption in children and adolescents.
Cross-sectional and prospective studies were identified from PubMed, PsycINFO and PsycArticles by using a combination of search terms. Quantitative research examining determinants of dietary intake among children and adolescents aged 3–18 years were included. The selection and review process yielded information on country, study design, population, instrument used for measuring intake, and quality of research study.
Seventy-seven articles were included. Many potential correlates have been studied among children and adolescents. However, for many hypothesized correlates substantial evidence is lacking due to a dearth of research. The correlates best supported by the literature are: perceived modeling, dietary intentions, norms, liking and preferences. Perceived modeling and dietary intentions have the most consistent and positive associations with eating behavior. Norms, liking, and preferences were also consistently and positively related to eating behavior in children and adolescents. Availability, knowledge, outcome expectations, self-efficacy and social support did not show consistent relationships across dietary outcomes.
This review examined the correlates of various dietary intake; Fruit, Juice and Vegetable Consumption, Fat in Diet, Total Energy Intake, Sugar Snacking, Sweetened Beverage Consumption, Dietary Fiber, Other Healthy Dietary Consumption, and Other Less Healthy Dietary Consumption in cross-sectional and prospective studies for children and adolescents. The correlates most consistently supported by evidence were perceived modeling, dietary intentions, norms, liking and preferences. More prospective studies on the psychosocial determinants of eating behavior using broader theoretical perspectives should be examined in future research.
Message framing is a theoretically grounded health communication strategy designed to motivate action by emphasizing the benefits of engaging in a particular behavior (gains) or the costs of failing to engage in the behavior (losses). This study investigated whether the effectiveness of a framed message depends on the emotional state of the message recipient. We examined effects of fear versus anger, emotions that frequently occur within the context of health decision-making.
Undergraduate students (N = 133) were randomly assigned to complete a fear or anger induction task after which they read a gain- or loss-framed pamphlet promoting fruit and vegetable consumption. Fruit and vegetable intake (servings per day) was subsequently assessed over the following two weeks.
As predicted, a significant frame by emotion interaction was observed, such that participants in the fear condition reported eating more servings of fruits and vegetables after exposure to a loss-framed message than to a gain-framed message. In contrast, participants in the anger condition reported eating (marginally) more servings of fruits and vegetables after exposure to a gain-framed message than to a loss-framed message. That is, greater increases in fruit and vegetable intake from baseline to follow-up were observed when frame was matched to participants’ emotional state than when it was mismatched.
The effectiveness of framed health communications depends on the message recipient’s current emotional state. Affective factors that are incidental to the behavior recommended in a health communication can affect the relative success of gain- and loss-framed appeals.
message framing; health communication; emotion; fruits and vegetables; dietary behavior
This study was performed to identify dietary behavior such as snack consumption, night-eating and nutrients intake associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The study was conducted on 219 normal glucose tolerance (NGT) subjects and 44 GDM subjects by using a questionnaire including dietary behavior, food frequency and 3-day food record. The mean age, OGTT, and delivery weight of GDM subjects were statistically higher than those in NGT. A larger proportion of NGT subjects consumed black coffee (49.8%) while the majority of GDM subjects (61.4%) drank mixed coffee with sugar and cream. Dairy products were the most frequently consumed snack item in NGT subjects (40.7%), while fruits were most frequently consumed food item in GDM subjects (34.4%). Many of NGT subjects (49.8%) answered that they hardly took night-eating snacks whereas most of GDM subjects (61.4%) took night-eating snacks more than once a week. For change of taste preference, the proportion of NGT subjects who showed less preference for salty taste (33.3%) or greasy taste (16.9%) was higher than that of GDM subjects (11.4%). Nutrient intakes of energy, fat, cholesterol, saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), carbohydrate, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin C, and vitamin E in GDM group were significantly higher than those in NGT group. Nutrient densities of SFA and vitamin C in GDM group were higher and nutrient density of calcium was lower than those in NGT group. Taken together, it is recommended to reduce night-eating snack and choose less salty and fatty foods, black-coffee rather than coffee with cream and sugar, and more dairy products to prevent GDM.
Snack consumption; Night-eating; Nutrient intake; Gestational diabetes mellitus
Few studies have investigated the associations of takeaway food consumption with overall diet quality and abdominal obesity. Young adults are high consumers of takeaway food so we aimed to examine these associations in a national study of young Australian adults.
A national sample of 1,277 men and 1,585 women aged 26–36 completed a self-administered questionnaire on demographic and lifestyle factors, a 127 item food frequency questionnaire, usual daily frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption and usual weekly frequency of takeaway food consumption. Dietary intake was compared with the dietary recommendations from the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating. Waist circumference was measured for 1,065 men and 1,129 women. Moderate abdominal obesity was defined as ≥ 94 cm for men and ≥ 80 cm for women. Prevalence ratios (PR) were calculated using log binomial regression. Takeaway food consumption was dichotomised, with once a week or less as the reference group.
Consumption of takeaway food twice a week or more was reported by more men (37.9%) than women (17.7%, P < 0.001). Compared with those eating takeaway once a week or less, men eating takeaway twice a week or more were significantly more likely to be single, younger, current smokers and spend more time watching TV and sitting, whereas women were more likely to be in the workforce and spend more time watching TV and sitting. Participants eating takeaway food at least twice a week were less likely (P < 0.05) to meet the dietary recommendation for vegetables, fruit, dairy, extra foods, breads and cereals (men only), lean meat and alternatives (women only) and overall met significantly fewer dietary recommendations (P < 0.001). After adjusting for confounding variables (age, leisure time physical activity, TV viewing and employment status), consuming takeaway food twice a week or more was associated with a 31% higher prevalence of moderate abdominal obesity in men (PR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.61) and a 25% higher prevalence in women (PR: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.50).
Eating takeaway food twice a week or more was associated with poorer diet quality and a higher prevalence of moderate abdominal obesity in young men and women.
Youths eat fewer fruits and vegetables than recommended. Effective methods are needed to increase and maintain their fruit and vegetable consumption. Goal setting has been an effective behavior change procedure among adults, but has had limited effectiveness among youths. Implementation intentions are specific plans to facilitate goal attainment. Redefining goal setting to include implementation intentions may be an effective way to increase effectiveness. Video games offer a controlled venue for conducting behavioral research and testing hypotheses to identify mechanisms of effect.
This report describes the protocol that guided the design and evaluation of Squire’s Quest! II, a video game aimed to increase child fruit and vegetable consumption.
Squire’s Quest! II is a 10-episode videogame promoting fruit and vegetable consumption to 4th and 5th grade children (approximately 9-11 year old youths). A four group randomized design (n=400 parent/child dyads) was used to systematically test the effect of two types of implementation intentions (action, coping) on fruit and vegetable goal attainment and consumption of 4th and 5th graders. Data collection occurred at baseline, immediately post game-play, and 3 months later. Child was the unit of assignment. Three dietary recalls were collected at each data collection period by trained interviewers using the Nutrient Data System for Research (NDSR 2009). Psychosocial and process data were also collected.
To our knowledge, this is the first research to explore the effect of implementation intentions on child fruit and vegetable goal attainment and consumption.
This intervention will contribute valuable information regarding whether implementation intentions are effective with elementary age children.
video game, nutrition, fruit, vegetable, children, intervention, action implementation intention, coping implementation intention, goal setting
Television (TV) viewing time is positively associated with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adults. However, the mechanisms through which TV viewing time is associated with MetS risk remain unclear. There is evidence that the consumption of energy-dense, nutrient poor snack foods increases during TV viewing time among adults, suggesting that these behaviors may jointly contribute towards MetS risk. While the association between TV viewing time and the MetS has previously been shown to be independent of adult’s overall dietary intake, the specific influence of snack food consumption on the relationship is yet to be investigated. The purpose of this study was to examine the independent and joint associations of daily TV viewing time and snack food consumption with the MetS and its components in a sample of Australian adults.
Population-based, cross-sectional study of 3,110 women and 2,572 men (>35 years) without diabetes or cardiovascular disease. Participants were recruited between May 1999 and Dec 2000 in the six states and the Northern Territory of Australia. Participants were categorised according to self-reported TV viewing time (low: 0-2 hr/d; high: >2 hr/d) and/or consumption of snack foods (low: 0-3 serves/d; high: >3 serves/d). Multivariate odds ratios [95% CI] for the MetS and its components were estimated using gender-specific, forced entry logistic regression.
OR [95% CI] for the MetS was 3.59 [2.25, 5.74] (p≤0.001) in women and 1.45 [1.02, 3.45] (p = 0.04) in men who jointly reported high TV viewing time and high snack food consumption. Obesity, insulin resistance and hypertension (women only) were also jointly associated with high TV viewing time and high snack food consumption. Further adjustment for diet quality and central adiposity maintained the associations in women. High snack food consumption was also shown to be independently associated with MetS risk [OR: 1.94 (95% CI: 1.45, 2.60), p < 0.001] and hypertension [OR: 1.43 (95% CI: 1.01, 2.02), p = 0.05] in women only. For both men and women, high TV viewing time was independently associated with the MetS and its individual components (except hypertension).
TV viewing time and snack food consumption are independently and jointly associated with the MetS and its components, particularly in women. In addition to physical activity, population strategies targeting MetS prevention should address high TV time and excessive snack food intake.
Snacking; Sedentary behaviour; Screen-time; Metabolic risk
Stress has been known to change dietary behaviors and food intakes in individuals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of stress level on the frequency and the amount of snack consumption. The high stress group (HS) showed significantly higher frequency of consumption for bread, chips, cookies, ramyeon, and frozen snacks (p<0.05) compared to low stress group (LS) with higher frequency of snack consumption (p<0.01), and increased intakes of energy, carbohydrates, and sodium from snacks (p<0.01) than LS. As the stress level became higher, the proportions of students with irregular meals, overeating, and night snacking increased (p<0.01). Also, 33.0% of the subjects answered that they consumed an increased amount of snacks when they were feeling stressed. Our results indicated that stress has negative influence on snack consumption in middle school girls.
Stress; snack consumption; middle school girls
Krachtvoer is a Dutch healthy diet programme for prevocational schools, developed in 2001 and revised for a broader target group in 2007, based on the findings of an evaluation of the first version. The goal of this study was to report on the short- and longer-term total and subgroup effects of the revised programme on students’ fruit, fruit juice, breakfast, and snack consumption.
Schools were randomized to the experimental condition, teaching the Krachtvoer programme, or to the control condition teaching the regular nutrition lessons. Self-reported consumption of fruit, fruit juice, breakfast and snacks was measured at baseline directly before programme implementation, one to four weeks after finishing programme implementation, and after six months. Mixed linear and logistic regression analyses were conducted.
In total 1117 students of 13 experimental schools and 758 students of 11 control schools participated in the study. Short- and longer-term favourable intervention effects were found on fruit consumption (mean difference between experimental and control group 0.15 servings at both posttests). Regarding fruit juice consumption, only short-term favourable effects were revealed (mean difference between experimental and control group 0.05 glasses). Intervention effects on breakfast intakes were limited. No changes in snack frequency were reported, but students made healthier snack choices as a result of the programme. Some favourable as well as unfavourable effects occurred in subgroups of students.
The effects on fruit consumption and snack choices justify the current nationwide dissemination of the programme. Achieving changes in breakfast consumption may, however, require other strategies.
School programme; Nutrition; Dietary effects
This study investigates the dynamic shifts in snacking behaviors and patterns in China. Using four waves (1991, 2004, 2006, and 2009) from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) with full socioeconomic and demographic data and 3-day, 24-hour dietary recall data, 45,402 individuals age two and older were studied. Multiple logistic regressions were performed to examine the association of social-demographic factors on snacking behaviors. Results show that snacking prevalence, frequency of daily snacking occasions, and percentage of total daily energy intake (EI) from snacks increased significantly across all ages between 1991 and 2009, with a dramatic increase after 2004. Snacking was much more prevalent among children and higher-income, urban, and educated populations over time. Evening was the preferred snacking occasion, and the proportion of total daily EI from snacks varied between 4.1% and 12.3% for all snackers by age. Fruits, grains, and beverages were the most popular snacks and the highest contributors to snacking EI over all age groups. A marked transition from a tradition of two or three meals per day toward meals combined with snacks is underway. Further research is needed to develop a better understanding of the nutritional implications of Chinese snacking behaviors.
Snacking behaviors; snacking patterns; Chinese; social-demographic factors; trend
There is a growing awareness of the potent ways in which the wellbeing of physicians impacts the health of their patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the health behaviors, care needs and attitudes towards self-prescription of Dutch medical students, and any differences between junior preclinical and senior clinically active students.
All students (n = 2695) of a major Dutch medical school were invited for an online survey. Physical activity, eating habits, alcohol consumption, smoking, Body Mass Index, substance use and amount of sleep per night were inquired, as well as their need for different forms of care and their attitude towards self-prescription.
Data of 902 students were used. Physical activity levels (90% sufficient) and smoking prevalence (94% non-smokers) were satisfying. Healthy eating habits (51% insufficient) and alcohol consumption (46% excessive) were worrying. Body Mass Indexes were acceptable (20% unhealthy). We found no significant differences in health behaviors between preclinical and clinically active students. Care needs were significantly lower among clinically active students. (p<0.05) Student acceptance of self-prescription was significantly higher among clinically active students. (p<0.001)
Unhealthy behaviors are prevalent among medical students, but are no more prevalent during the clinical study phase. The need for specific forms of care appears lower with study progression. This could be worrying as the acceptance of self-care and self-prescription is higher among senior clinical students. Medical faculties need to address students' unhealthy behaviors and meet their care needs for the benefit of both the future physicians as well as their patients.
The aim of this study was to provide descriptive information on meal and snack patterns and to investigate snacks in relation to energy intake and food choice according to the meal patterns of employed people in Korea. 683 employed people (292 males, 391 females) were interviewed to collect one day dietary data by using 24-h dietary recall. A recorded day was divided into 3 meal and 3 snack periods by the respondent's criteria and the time of consumption. To analyze the eating pattern participants were divided as the more frequent snack eaters (MFSE) and the less frequent snack eaters (LFSE). They were also categorized into 6 groups according to the frequency of all eating occasions. The common meal pattern in nearly half of the subjects (47.6%) was composed of three meals plus one or two snacks per day. A trend of an increasing the number of snacks in between main meals emerges, although the conventional meal pattern is still retained in most employed Korean adults. Women, aged 30-39, and urban residents, had a higher number of being MFSE than LFSE. Increasing eating occasions was associated with higher energy, protein, and carbohydrate intakes, with the exception of fat intakes. 16.8% of the total daily energy intake came from snack consumption, while the 3 main meals contributed 83.2%. Energy and macronutrient intakes from snacks in the MFSE were significantly higher than the LFSE. Instant coffee was the most popular snack in the morning and afternoon, whereas heavy snacks and alcohol were more frequently consumed by both of the meal skipper groups (≤2M+2,3S and ≤2M+0,1S) in the evening. In conclusion, meal pattern is changing to reflect an increase of more snacks between the three main meals. Meal and snack patterns may be markers for the energy and macronutrient intakes of employed people in Korea.
Snack; meal; energy intake; meal pattern
Social norms are theoretically hypothesized to influence health-related behaviors such as physical activity and eating behaviors. However, empirical evidence relating social norms to these behaviors, independently of other more commonly-investigated social constructs such as social support, is scarce and findings equivocal, perhaps due to limitations in the ways in which social norms have been conceptualized and assessed. This study investigated associations between clearly-defined social norms and a range of physical activity and eating behaviors amongst women, adjusting for the effects of social support.
Self-report survey data about particular physical activity (leisure-time moderate-vigorous activity; volitional walking; cycling for transport) and eating behaviors (fast food, soft drink and fruit and vegetable consumption), and social norms and support for these, were provided by 3,610 women aged 18-46 years living in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods in Victoria, Australia.
Results of regression analyses showed that social norms for physical activity and eating behaviors predicted these respective behaviors relatively consistently; these associations generally remained significant after adjustment for social support.
Acknowledging the cross-sectional study design, these data confirm theoretical accounts of the importance of social norms for physical activity and eating behaviors, and suggest that this is independent from social support. Intervention strategies aimed at promoting physical activity and healthy eating could incorporate strategies aimed at modifying social norms relating to these behaviors.
A healthy diet, low in saturated fat and high in fiber, is a popular medical recommendation in preventing cardiovascular disease (CVD). One approach to motivating healthier eating is to raise individuals’ awareness of their CVD risk and then help them form specific plans to change.
The aim was to explore the combined impact of a Web-based CVD risk message and a fully automated planning tool on risk perceptions, intentions, and saturated fat intake changes over 4 weeks.
Of the 1187 men and women recruited online, 781 were randomly allocated to one of four conditions: a CVD risk message, the same CVD risk message paired with planning, planning on its own, and a control group. All outcome measures were assessed by online self-reports. Generalized linear modeling was used to analyze the data.
Self-perceived consumption of low saturated fat foods (odds ratio 11.40, 95% CI 1.86–69.68) and intentions to change diet (odds ratio 21.20, 95% CI 2.6–172.4) increased more in participants allocated to the planning than the control group. No difference was observed between the four conditions with regard to percentage saturated fat intake changes. Contrary to our expectations, there was no difference in perceived and percentage saturated fat intake change between the CVD risk message plus planning group and the control group. Risk perceptions among those receiving the CVD risk message changed to be more in line with their age (change in slopeindividual = 0.075, P = .01; change in slopecomparative = 0.100, P = .001), whereas there was no change among those who did not receive the CVD risk message.
There was no evidence that combining a CVD risk message with a planning tool reduces saturated fat intake more than either alone. Further research is required to identify ways in which matching motivational and volitional strategies can lead to greater behavior changes.
International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN): 91154001; http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN91154001 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/62sBoGeOO)
Risk perceptions; cardiovascular disease; planning; saturated fat intake

domain: literature


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domain: hobby


Mixing ratio (1:2) | 1 part A1 Liquid / 2 parts A1 Powder
Colour | creamy white (*1), non-transparent
Density (wet) | 1.75 kg / dm³
Density (dry) | 1.66 kg / dm³
Processing time | 20-25 minutes
Demoulding time | approx. 1 hour
Hardness | 80º Shore D
Expansion during hardening | 0.1 – 0.6%
(*1) The colour of A1 can vary slightly with every production batch.
• Very high fire resistance properties
• UV stabilised
• Rainwater resistant (if sealed)
• Good mechanical properties
• Low heat generation during curing
• Shrink free
• Low peak exotherm
• Working time can be extended by 20-25 minutes
During curing A1 will expanded between 0,1% ad 0,6%. The biggest advantage of this expansion is that A1 will make a perfect copy of the mould you are using by copying every (tiny) detail. This is the reason why A1 will feel and look like the original. When using a polyester, metal or another stiff material mould be aware that this needs to be self-releasing. For A1 objects that need to be dimensionally stable use high shore silicone moulds or stiff material moulds.
The peak temperature of A1 during curing is about 40°C – 45°C. Even for larger volumes of A1 this temperature will be in the same range.
Not food approved
We do not have a food approval certificate for A1.
A1 has a creamy white colour after curing and is non-transparent.
Test values for mechanical properties
For the determination of the mechanical performance of A1 composite laminate panels have been made by hand lay-up of glass fibre reinforcement (Triaxial Fibre 300, 160 g/m²) with A1 mixture.
For more information see our report:
Design Guide A1 structures


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text:
Barry Bannan is poised to commit his long-term future to Sheffield Wednesday after protracted talks with the Championship club.
Nearly a month has passed since the Scotland international said he was “very close” to penning a new deal.
And The Star has learned that, following lengthy negotiations, Bannan has agreed to pen a three-and-a-half-year deal.
It is a big boost for the Owls ahead of Saturday’s FA Cup tie with Fulham as the midfielder has established himself as a key member of Carlos Carvalhal’s side since arriving on a free transfer from Crystal Palace last August. His initial contract was due to run out in the summer.
Speaking at his press briefing today, Carvalhal said: "I think Barry Bannan will be here with us and I am sure that will be solved soon.
"He likes it here with us and we like him."
Carvalhal revealed Marco Matias and Sergiu Bus have both returned to full training while he is unsure of Gary Hooper's availability for Saturday's FA Cup clash.
Meanwhile, out-of-favour Owls defender Darryl Lachman has moved to Dutch top division side SC Cambuur Leewarden on loan until the end of the season. The centre-back has failed to make a single appearance since joining Wednesday for an undisclosed fee last summer.

domain: news


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It has always been our argument that when you make a kit of something open topped or requiring a crew, then you should provide at least a skeleton crew, but for this reconnaissance set Airfix actually went further. As well as the two seated figures for the Kubelwagen, Airfix provided three fine standing figures which are not essential to the set but certainly add appeal to it. What is more, by the time this kit was first released (in 1975), they were making some excellent figures, and those here are some of the best Airfix ever included in their kits. The sculpting of the standing figures is very good, with nice detail and good proportions. The uniforms are correctly done, and both men have a decent level of kit with a canteen, entrenching tool and gasmask case. The only negative observation is that the soldier with the MP34 has no sign of the suitable ammunition pouches, which would be largely obscured here but should still be in evidence on his left side. We loved both the poses too, which could be used in all sorts of situations, so these are some of the most useful as well as some of the best kit figures. Unfortunately both have a mould mark on their backs, but there is very little flash so anyone will find these usable.
Things are a bit less rosy for the seated figures. As usual they are noticeably smaller so they fit into the vehicle, and the officer has his right arm across his chest in a strange pose perhaps intended to help him fit into what is certainly a cramped space. For no obvious reason the peak of this man's cap is fully turned down like that of a British RSM, so the sculpting is not quite so good on these. They too have mould marks, though on the back where the seat will hide them, so these are adequate rather than great.
It seems rude to ask for more when Airfix have provided extra figures like this anyway, but it would have been nice to have had someone for the armoured car working the anti-tank gun. Still this is a great and useful set.
Below are examples of how the completed kit was illustrated in Airfix catalogues.


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The Zebra pattern on the decorative trimmings of this elegant bathrobe represent a symbolic summary of the dualism at the heart of Dolce&Gabbana’s DNA, which shifts between past and future, artisanship and technology, tradition, and innovation.
Soft and comfortable, the bathrobe expresses a strong identity through the sartorial kimono cut. Made of plush cotton terry cloth, the garment is equipped with patch pockets and printed details in linen/cotton along the cuffs, pockets, placket, and bottom hemline.
• Sizes: XS - S - M - L - XL - XXL
• Coordinated belt
• Made in Italy
Delicate dry cleaning recommended or machine wash with bleach-free detergent at max. 30°C/85°F
Do not bleach
Iron at low temperature

domain: design


The Tennis Podcast
Catherine Whitaker, David Law and Matt Roberts talk tennis weekly throughout the year and daily during the Grand Slam tournaments. Friends of The Tennis Podcast have access to exclusive Q & A's, new editions of Tennis Re-Lived and more bonus contents. To become a Friend - https://bit.ly/FriendOfTheTennisPodcast.See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Rizjen • Podcast Tonight • Feb 15, 2023
"The trio takes along years of experience in covering tennis events. They provide an entertaining and insightful look into all aspects of the sport – from on-court action to player gossip. With daily recaps during major tournaments, The Tennis Podcast provides an entertaining window into one of the sport’s most exhilarating games. Catherine can often be heard going on lengthy tangents about culture and woke topics, which some listeners find unnecessary and even irritating. Its engaging format and knowledgeable hosts provide great insight into the sport and an enjoyable listening experience. The Tennis Podcast is a great podcast for UK tennis fans and those interested in British tennis players."
Eliana Dockterman • Time.com • Nov 14, 2022
"The decade-old Tennis Podcast has played a crucial role in stoking excitement for the next generation...Law, Whitaker, and Roberts make up an intergenerational panel who often clash on player and style preferences, making for a robust conversation. Charmingly, all three become rather frustrated by anything that distracts from the tennis itself...Their dedication to the sport has earned the respect of legends like Billie Jean King."
Nicholas Quah • Vulture • Jan 19, 2022
"I’ve layered this show into my listening diet. Amidst the courtroom chaos, it’s been nice to catch up on the story lines around the many players who will be competing in the tournament."


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By Rep. Luis V. Gutierrez (D-Ill.) - 06/10/10 09:54 PM EDT
The law Arizona passed catapulted immigration back into the headlines. What had started as a strategy to help reelect the governor and promote ex-Rep. J.D. Hayworth’s Senate bid to unseat John McCain has now become international news. The underlying policy is a gimmick, albeit one with serious consequences. Crime is down to historically low levels, immigrants commit fewer crimes than the U.S.-born, and Phoenix is one of the four safest big cities in the U.S. Yet the law adds new burdens on local police, exposes officers to nuisance lawsuits, and will make the Hispanic community – about 30 percent of the population – reluctant to interact with cops, even when they are victims or witnesses.
But the voter frustration that makes the Arizona law so popular is very, very real. Congress has been talking about ending illegal immigration for a decade, but has done little to actually fix the problem.
Public opinion polls indicate that while support for the Arizona law is high (61 percent approval in an NBC/MSNBC/Telemundo poll released May 26), the same percentage (60 percent) support comprehensive immigration reform that combines border security with workplace enforcement, legal immigration, and legalization for undocumented immigrants (65 percent support earned legalization). More importantly, a bipartisan poll, conducted by Public Opinion Strategies and Lake Research for America’s Voice, shows that people who support the Arizona law are more likely to support comprehensive immigration reform than other voters. Supporters don’t think the Arizona law will reduce crime (only 12 percent did) or reduce illegal immigration (28 percent), but more than half (52 percent) say they support it because it sends a signal to Washington.
The American people want action, and they want law and order restored to the immigration system. My fellow Democrats, we are in the rare position of supporting the policy the American people see as the pragmatic, law and order approach to the immigration issue. Now we must be brave enough to fight for it. Where Republicans see voter frustration and want to exploit it, we should be smart enough to respond to voter frustration by solving the problem that frustrates them.
Americans know trying to drive out 12 million undocumented immigrants is not going to happen. Most immigrants are not leaving on their own, no matter how tough we make it and we simply will not get rid of a population about the size of Ohio (or their 4 million U.S. citizen children). They will not magically disappear. So an immigration policy based on a fantasy no longer flies. It has no credibility. The American people want a different, more realistic solution.
Voters also know the problem is bigger than the border and bigger than Arizona. Fifty individual state immigration policies is a recipe for further chaos. We need a federal approach, but so far, we have taken shortcuts: throwing money and personnel at the border. That is good for press conferences – or campaign ads – but it doesn’t solve the problem, and we have 25 years of evidence that proves it. I am for more border security resources and it is in my bill. But since I took office in 1993, we have increased the manpower at the border five-fold and the budget ten-fold. That alone has not secured the border and regulated immigration, and John McCain used to know that.
Voters want immigrants to play by the same rules they have to play by. They support legal immigration and – wrongly – assume most of the people here illegally could have come legally but chose not to so that they would not have to play by those rules or pay their fair share. Now they want immigrants to get legal, pay fines, learn English, submit to criminal background checks, pay all of their taxes, and become citizens. We should honor their hard work and recognize them as part of our society. One side hopes to derail any proposal by calling that amnesty. Our side – and the vast majority of Americans – calls that the only logical way forward.
Remember the second grader who whispered to First Lady Obama that her mommy had “no papers” and that she feared the president would send people to take her mommy away? That moment crystallized what we need to do. I want that mom to register with the government, learn English, pay a fine, and get right with the law. I want her protected by our labor laws and able to raise the best little American girl she can. And when that little girl grows up, she will remember that her country stood by her and her mom and she is going to be the best American citizen she can be.
The Democratic approach is the common sense approach that establishes law and order and holds people accountable, precisely when most Americans are demanding a solution to end illegal immigration. That’s a rare political confluence that can only be squandered if Democrats fail to act.
The American people – including the supporters of the Arizona law and that second grader – are waiting for answers. Political shortcuts, stalling and unrealistic approaches will not do.
Gutierrez is a member of the Subcommittee on Immigration, Citizenship, Refugees, Border Security and International Law.

domain: sociology


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The global recombinant human albumin (rHu Albumin) market is witnessing significant growth driven by the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases and growing demand for therapeutic proteins. The Global rHu Albumin Market is estimated to be valued at US$ 16.32 Bn in 2024 and is expected to exhibit a CAGR of 21.% over the forecast period from 2024 to 2030.
Recombinant human albumin is a protein that mimics human serum albumin, which is essential for maintaining proper fluid balance between blood vessels and body tissues. rHu Albumin finds wide applications in therapy areas such as hematology, oncology, burns treatment, liver diseases, and organ transplantation owing to its non-toxic, non-inflammatory and non-immunogenic properties. The increasing demand for biosimilar products along with the advantages of rHu Albumin over plasma-derived albumin products are fueling the growth of the rHu Albumin market.
Key players operating in the rHu Albumin market are Auto Power, Volmac Engg. (P) Limited, Club Car, LLC, Carrieall Car Private Limited, Speedways Electric, GDrive Golf Carts, Maini Material Movement Pvt. Ltd., Nebula Automotive Pvt. Ltd., Prevalence Ltd., and Yamaha Golf-Car Company.
The market is witnessing several opportunities such as increasing investments in healthcare infrastructure in emerging nations, rising healthcare expenditures, and growing adoption of biosimilars over conventional therapies.
Advancements in microbial fermentation technology and recombinant DNA techniques have enabled large-scale production of recombinant therapeutic proteins such as rHu Albumin, driving its demand over traditional plasma-derived products.
The rapid growth of the Rhu Albumin Market Growth can be attributed to the rising geriatric population globally that is more susceptible to chronic diseases. Additionally, the increasing prevalence of lifestyle diseases such as cancer and diabetes is generating high demand for therapeutic proteins like rHu Albumin. Other factors such as advancements in pharmaceutical biotechnology, availability of improved recombinant techniques, and emergence of technologically advanced healthcare facilities are also fueling the growth of the global rHu Albumin market.
Current challenges in rHu Albumin market
The rHu Albumin market is facing few challenges currently including increasing production cost due to rising prices of raw materials and stringent regulatory norms regarding the approval of albumin products. Albumin production requires large pools of plasma as the raw material which has witnessed substantial price increase in recent years. Additionally, the regulatory procedures for approval and licence of albumin therapeutics have become more complex over time throughout key regions imposing compliance challenges. Managing these increased costs while adhering to evolving quality standards is testing the capabilities of market players.
Strength: Developed production infrastructure and expertise in fermentation-based albumin manufacturing. Weakness: Rising dependency on outsourced plasma imports increases supply chain risks. Opportunity: Emerging economies with increasing patient pool and healthcare investments provide new growth avenues. Threats: Entry of biosimilars and newer recombinant protein therapies can capture market share.
In terms of value, North America accounts for the majority share in the rHu Albumin market currently owing to higher patient access and affordability in countries like the US. However, Asia Pacific region is emerging as the fastest growing market led by China due to large population base, increasing healthcare spending and faster uptake of innovative biologics. Overall, developing economies in Asia and Latin America will drive the future expansion of rHu Albumin market globally over the forecast period.
1. Source: Coherent Market Insights, Public sources, Desk research
2. We have leveraged AI tools to mine information and compile it

domain: geography


Apple waited until the end of its event to announce its cheaper version of the new iPhone. This year, the company switched things up by announcing the iPhone 11 before the iPhone 11 Pro and iPhone 11 Pro Max. It’s clear Apple thinks the iPhone 11 will outperform its “pro” siblings in the sales charts.
That said, how well does the iPhone 11 compare with similarly-priced offerings in the Android world? Join us as we compare Apple’s newest cheap iPhone with the OnePlus 7 Pro, Samsung Galaxy S10e, and Xiaomi Redmi K20 Pro.
Starting with the display, the iPhone 11 isn’t off to a great start. Debuting on the iPhone XR in 2018, the Liquid Retina Display is a sharp-enough display that looks better in real life than on paper. That said, the relatively low 1,792 x 828 resolution isn’t as sharp or colorful as the OnePlus 7 Pro, Galaxy S10e, and K20 Pro’s AMOLED displays.
Taking things further is the OnePlus 7 Pro, the only smartphone on this list to feature a 90Hz display refresh rate. The high refresh rate adds to the OnePlus 7 Pro’s excellent performance and smoothness during use, with the other phones featuring normal 60Hz refresh rates.
However, the iPhone 11’s A13 Bionic processor isn’t lacking in power. Odds are the chipset will best the Exynos 9820 and Snapdragon 855 processors in benchmarks, though all of them perform just fine in day-to-day use.
Storage-wise, you won’t be disappointed by any option. The iPhone 11 and K20 Pro start with 64GB of storage and go up to 256GB, while the OnePlus 7 Pro and Galaxy S10e start with 128GB of storage and also go up to 256GB. The main difference is the Galaxy S10e’s microSD card slot, which is a bit rare for today’s smartphones.
Moving to cameras, all four phones feature at least two rear cameras. All four phones feature primary and ultra-wide lenses, but the OnePlus 7 Pro and K20 Pro take it a step further with a third telephoto lens. Quality will differ, with the Galaxy S10e arguably having the better cameras on the Android side.
In terms of endurance, it appears the iPhone 11’s 3,110mAh battery is more than enough to last a full day and then some. The same can’t be said of the Galaxy S10e’s similarly-sized 3,100mAh battery. In his Galaxy S10e review, our own Jimmy Westenberg found the battery life to be mediocre
The OnePlus 7 Pro’s 4,000mAh battery is large on paper, but the high-resolution display and 90Hz refresh rate led to average endurance in our review. Finally, the Redmi K20 Pro’s excellent power management meant the 4,000mAh battery easily lasted all day.
Finally, pricing is a bit all over the place. The iPhone 11 starts at $699 with 64GB of storage, while the 128GB and 256GB versions cost $749 and $849, respectively. The OnePlus 7 Pro with 6GB of RAM and 128GB of storage costs $669, while the 8GB/256GB and 12GB/256GB models cost $699 and $749, respectively.
The Galaxy S10e with 128GB of storage costs $649.99, with an extra $100 getting you double the storage. Finally, the Redmi K20 Pro is the cheapest of the bunch and starts at Rs. 27,999 (~$393) for 6GB of RAM and 128GB of storage. You can get the 8GB/256GB version for Rs. 30,999 (~$435).
At the end of the day, you can’t go wrong with any phone on this list. If you like iOS, the choice is obvious. However, those who prefer Android have three great relatively affordable smartphones to choose from.


text:
318 m (1,043 ft)
Sunday 12:31 PM
| Rieti (RI)|
Province of Rieti
| Stipes, Valleverde Stipes|
13°C, Wind S at 6 km/h, 46% Humidity
Ascrea is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Rieti in the Italian region Latium, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) northeast of Rome and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) southeast of Rieti.
It is an agricultural centre in the medium valley of the Turano River. The municipality borders with Castel di Tora, Collegiove, Longone Sabino, Marcetelli, Paganico Sabino, Pozzaglia Sabina, Rocca Sinibalda and Varco Sabino.
The municipal territory counts a northern exclave in which are located its hamlets (frazioni): Stipes and Valleverde Stipes. A southeastern exclave is locaed few km from the town.


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Official and public enthusiasm for the death penalty is waning in China, where from 2007 to 2011 the annual number of executions fell by half.
China is believed to execute more people annually than the rest of the world combined. Even with the drop in executions, researchers estimate that China still puts about 3000 people to death each year.
But many violent offenders are now given “suspended death sentences,” which in practice amount to about 25 years in prison. And the death penalty has been avoided in some recent high-profile cases. Last month, the Supreme People’s Court overturned Li Yan’s death sentence for the killing of her husband, finding that evidence that her husband had abused her required a new trial.
Public opinion surveys show declining support for the death penalty in China, and widespread awareness of its unreliable and unfair administration. A 2007-2008 survey by the European Commission found that 69 percent of respondents knew that poor defendants are more likely to be executed than wealthy ones, and 60 percent thought that innocent people might be wrongfully convicted.
The Chinese press increasingly reports about wrongful convictions, and public outcry over these cases has persuaded some elites of the need for reform. In 2007, China’s highest court began reviewing all capital cases, which has discouraged lower courts from imposing death sentences.
Criminologists believe international criticism has exerted downward pressure on death sentences and executions in China. Chinese legal scholars and judges have come to see their country as the outlier, now that more than two-thirds of the world’s nations have abolished the death penalty in law or practice.


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Laughing through the changes and accepting what life has for me after retirement. My elevator might be going down, but I plan to get off on every floor, even if it's just for plumbing supplies.
Friday, May 13, 2011
My Retirement - A River Runs Through It
I used to Fly Fish and did OK
My mid-life crisis as I remember it.
As I reached mid-life, I felt a need to escape the rat race that I thought was taking over every waking moment of my life. A hobby that would take me out of my element and relieve stress was what I needed. My oldest two children were in college or finished and about to start their own lives but I was still raising two teenagers. My days were about working, continuing my education and being responsible for the happiness and well-being of everyone in my life, whether they wanted it or not. I felt I was running as fast as I could but was never catching up. I needed to find a place for myself, a place where I could find me (such a 90's thing). So what did the woman who was raised in Bronx, NY do, I took up fly fishing. I had read a book, A River Runs Through It, and also saw the movie and thought, yep, that's for me. I figured there would be no Brad Pitt character in my adventure, but the beauty of the sport and the artistry of the reel and line captured my imagination. I went out and got all the equipment, which included a medium-priced rod and reel, waders, obligatory vest and tackle and I was all set to start on this new path to relaxation. Fly fishing does not involve any slimy bait but rather crafted flies that are to resemble some kind of bug. No muss, no fuss. With the help of a manual, I practiced and practiced throwing out the line in my backyard until I was convinced that I had this baby down really well. I also took a trip to Vermont to attend a beginner's fly fishing school. I now was ready to set off to find a watering hole and seize the day. I drove around to the local creek beds until I found this lovely spot that was designated for "fly fishing only". It was by this old covered bridge and was like a scene out of a movie - just what I was looking for. Here I fished for about six years, going three to four days a week after work and sometimes on the weekends. In all those years, I might have caught maybe twenty fish, but I could throw a nice line that would twirl and twirl until it would lay softly on the water. That was quite a feat for me as I am sports handicapped. I always looked forward to going to "my place" to enjoy not only the fishing, but also the magnificent landscape with all its birds and wildflowers. It was my little heaven. I have such good memories of those days, of the serenity, of the peace and just having a place for myself to think and dream.
When we moved to our new home about nine years ago, we actually were closer to my fishing hole, but there was so much to do around the house and my gardens became my new passion. I did go fishing a few times when my son would invite me and hubby to accompany him on the first day of trout season at a stream near his home. The first year I caught four or five fish, but also caught my waders on the thorns in the weeds surrounding the creek. There were quite a few rips and was lucky that the water was slow and shallow and did not seep in and fill up my pants. It is hard to walk with a river in your britches. I also took a lot of flack from the men-folk because I would scream with glee when a fish caught my line. The second year we went, (with my waders glued up), it was a cold morning and it had rained quite a bit the day before. You could see your breath in the air and the water was murky and running really fast. Hubby, son and friend all fished with spinning reels so I walked a little downstream to a fly fishing area. Because of the weather, I was wearing four layers of clothing, and was feeling quite comfortable. Unfortunately, the rocks underneath were very slimy and slippery and as I said, the water was running fast. We had gotten there early and were standing quietly in the water for at least fifteen minutes waiting for the 7 am start. It was not crowded, as a matter of fact, there was only the four of us that I could see in our area. One minute before kick-off time, I moved a little and slipped on some rocks and into the water I went. I could not get my footing and with all the clothing I had on and the wader filling up, I felt the rapid waters take me. I was not going to let go of my new rod and fought to get up. I was able to grab hold of some tree branches and saved myself from drowning and ruining the whole day for everyone. My fishing mates, being further upstream, did not notice any of this action or hear the loud splash and went about their casting. Our of breath and soaked to the skin, I needed some help but nobody heard me. After a few minutes, my son's friend noticed me clinging to a side of a tree and calmly said "Your mother fell in". They all came to my rescue and got me out of the water. Andy gave me his jacket and made sure I was OK and asked what I wanted to do. I did not want to wreck their day of fishing and said I would be fine and they could continue fishing, but the chattering of my teeth and the look of coming close to death on my face told them it was time to leave. Besides, the splash I made in the water put an end to any fish biting for at least a few hours. My son never asked me to go with him again because possibly the thought of his mother floating downstream was not a good image he wanted in his head.
Last month I went around taking pictures of the four covered bridges in our area and walked close to the place that I had spent so many hours standing and throwing my line out. Nothing had changed, there were very few people around and the memories came flooding back. I don't think I could make it up and down the banks like I used to, I probably cannot throw my line like before, and I don't think I have the patience or attention span to keep it up for more than 15 minutes now, but there is that serenity that I still search for, the wildflowers and the large birds that I loved to watch and I think, maybe, I should try again.


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People Are Right to Be Skeptical of Experts. That's Why We Need More of Them.
Plenty of unprecedented things have happened since COVID-19 first crept onto our shores. One of the most noteworthy: Within a matter of three weeks, we saw our entire nation become dependent on the advice of experts. Those working in epidemiology became our one source for answers and guidance. National and international health organizations like the Center for Disease Control (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) were pushed to spell out for us exactly how we should behave. Questioning their guidance was deemed unacceptable, with people socially shaming opposing views and legitimate questions out of sight. Looking at policy decisions moving forward, it is paramount that multiple parties have a voice in the policy conversation to avoid repeating the mistakes that were made during the early stages of this pandemic.
Early on, epidemiologists made grave predictions about what would happen unless the world took severe action to stem the spread of the virus. Their numbers were used to justify strict measures put in place globally, including travel bans, lockdowns, and the closure of “nonessential” businesses.
The consequences of implementing a one-size-fits-all policy universally have been dire. Numerous areas of the country are experiencing an uptick of calls regarding domestic abuse. Alcohol consumption is rising during the lockdown orders. Since the start of the pandemic, over 40 million Americans have filed jobless claims. While improving jobs report numbers in May and June offer signs of hope, the Federal Reserve expects the effects of COVID-19 to linger for some time after it abates.
Given the troubles raised by the virus coupled with government action and more issues besides, people became skeptical, and rightly so. People began to wonder if the cure hadn’t in fact, become worse than the disease itself. These thoughts were exacerbated as the predictions of experts increasingly turned out to be wrong.
There are well documented missteps on the federal level of the US government by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the CDC, and international organizations like the WHO. State agencies were no better, with some state health departments issuing orders banning gatherings when they had no legal standing to do so.
Exacerbating issues further, public health officials somehow managed to politicize protests happening around the nation. When thousands gathered to protest lockdown orders, advocating to reopen their states, protestors were called “idiots.” However, when George Floyd died, rightly triggering massive protests around the country, nearly 1,300 public health officials signed a public letter supporting those protests. In doing so, the very “experts” responsible for conveying critical health information to the public displayed a potentially hypocritical level of inconsistency, further hindering the public’s trust in their judgement.
One such expert who had a profound impact on the response to the COVID pandemic was epidemiologist Dr. Neil Ferguson. On March 16th, Dr. Ferguson and his team at Imperial College London had produced some fascinating estimations: Drawing attention from many outlets, he predicted as many as 500,000 deaths in the UK, and up to 2.2 million deaths in the United States, if governments took no action to stop the disease’s spread.
Dr. Ferguson has come under a lot of scrutiny, and justly so. Particularly, his model came under harsh criticism because the code used in creating the model was over 13 years old, being described as “totally unreliable” by other experts within the profession.
Dr. Roger Koppl, a professor from Syracuse University, believes that incentives played a role in the modeling. Imagine being in Dr. Ferguson’s shoes, what would you do? In underestimating the death toll, the expert comes under extreme criticism for being unable to accurately predict the impact of an epidemic or pandemic. On the other hand, in overestimating the death toll, the expert is protected by the argument: “Imagine how much worse it would have been if they did not follow those drastic measures?” An additional benefit of overestimating is that the expert can be credited for saving lives when the reality could very well be they were equally as wrong as experts who underestimated.
A key feature of being able to solve problems requires including more voices. By including experts from other fields, like, say, economics, a more nuanced approach could have been taken. Regulatory barriers could have been lifted to empower the production of personal protective equipment (PPE). The government could have utilized purchase guarantees to buy massive quantities of PPE or to buy excess supplies. With the necessary supplies readily available at an affordable price, businesses and consumers could adjust their behaviors. In addressing the PPE issue alone, perhaps draconian measures taken by states would not have been needed.
One type of expert alone should never have been given power to decide the fate of billions of people around the globe. Epidemiologists, while they know disease, could have benefited from coordinating with economists and regulators to come up with a more dynamic and balanced solution in answering some of the questions COVID-19 raised. Hopefully, when the next pandemic hits, governments will seek to include a wider array of experts in the pursuit of a balanced approach in their response efforts. As we’ve already seen, we can’t afford to do otherwise.
James Czerniawski is a contributor with Young Voices. His work can be seen in outlets such as the National Interest, the Salt Lake Tribune, The Washington Examiner, The Morning Consult, and others. Follow him on Twitter @JamesCz19.


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Victoria is the capital city of British Columbia, Canada and is located on the southern tip of Vancouver Island off Canada's Pacific coast. The city has a population of about 80,017 within the metropolitan area of Greater Victoria, which has a population of 344,615, the 15th most populous Canadian metro region. Sometimes Victoria is called "a bit of Old England" because of its beautiful gardens.
Victoria is about 100 kilometres (62 miles) from BC's largest city of Vancouver on the mainland. The city is about 100 kilometres (62 miles) from Seattle by airplane, ferry, or the Victoria Clipper passenger-only ferry which operates daily, year round between Seattle and Victoria and 40 kilometres (25 miles) from Port Angeles, Washington by ferry across the Juan de Fuca Strait.


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Producers of fine stock photography
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Close Encounters of the Furry Kind LLC. is a stock photography agency.
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I worked with a litter of beautiful puppies from Willowrun and a handsome adult dog. They were all lovely, very sweet and nice to work with, as were their owners.

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Manushi Chhillar, the name which was unknown until last year, became a household name when she won the coveted Miss World 2017. This was a huge deal as the pageant winner brought the crown back home after 17 years. Since then, the pageant winner and model has been making waves on the Internet.
Manushi Chhillar was recently abroad for work. She also took the opportunity to hit the beach.
Recently, she shared two pictures while soaking in the sun sporting neon swimsuit. In one of the pictures, she thanked everyone as she crossed 3million followers. She shared photos from her trip to British Virgin Islands and the pictures are sexy.
Manushi Chhillar is the successor of Priyanka Chopra who was crowned Miss World in 2000. 17 years later, Manushi brought back home the crown.
Meanwhile, Manushi Chhillar has become social media star and continues to share stunning photographs. The fans are eagerly waiting for her to take the Bollywood plunge.

domain: entertainment


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Disaster Averted! ACSA Victory on Spent Grains
As many of our members know, ACSA has been actively campaigning to prevent the implementation of some excessive, unnecessary and costly rules that were proposed by the Food & Drug Administration in 2014 relating to the use of spent grains for animal feed. The rules, as initially proposed, would have implemented costly and time-consuming reporting, tracking, and monitoring requirements for all distillers grains, including the burden of FDA inspections. The only upside would have been that our TTB reporting requirements would have seemed like a breeze by comparison.
Thanks to active, sustained campaigning by ACSA and others, including the Brewers Association and DISCUS, the final version of the rules reflects producer’s existing commitment to grain quality and exempted wet grains from these burdensome requirements. There is is still a lot of work to be done to refine and clarify how the rules will be interpreted and applied. As the only national trade association representing US craft distillers, ACSA will continue to advocate for you throughout this process.
For details of the ruling, visit the link below.
More details of the campaign and the specifics of the ruling will be included in our upcoming newsletter. If you have any questions, please email your representatives on the Legislative Committee at legislation@
, News, Press Releases
For Immediate Release – April 27, 2015 FRANKFORT, Ky. – The Kentucky Distillers’ Association announced today that a support...

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This collaborative process involves national governments, networks of local governments, multilateral networks, universities, civil society organizations, and private companies.
The countries of Latin America are recognized for their climate action innovation and leadership, and they exceed their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) in alliance with all sectors of society.
Shared goals include expanded capacity to implement climate change and NDCs; climate action plans created through multi-sector and multi-level input; local governments implement fully-funded climate plans; long-term low-carbon strategies are developed; innovative climate solutions are implemented and scaled; science-based policies make adaptation measures effective; and high-quality information is available for decision-making and citizen oversight.
• In terms of social innovation, the energy scenarios’ methodology was implemented; a regional approach to accelerate climate action was solidified (ActionLAC
platform); and a method for improving household energy efficiency was applied.
• In terms of technological innovation, a methodology for estimating emissions was developed (SEEG); a national, highly precise system for identifying changes
in land use was activated (MAPBIOMAS); a zero-emission maritime transport startup was launched (Sail Cargo); solar power was used to expand access to water.
• In terms of financial innovation, public-private partnerships were set up at the municipal level to access climate finance (RAMCC).
Global climate governance involving non-state actors was strengthened (Lima-Paris Action Agenda); dialogue among Latin American governments was deepened; renewable energy laws were passed in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay; local climate change plans increased in number.

domain: politics


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2 beds • 2.5 baths • 2,247 sq ft • Sold for $3,800,000
SOLD: Simply the finest penthouse in the best building on the market! Enjoy the high-life with style and sophistication at the Waldorf Astoria. Luxurious 42nd-floor penthouse is a true one-of-a-kind escape with artistic, handcrafted touches. The lights, colors and mountain scenery of Las Vegas come alive through dramatic floor-to-ceiling windows, offering up-close views of the action from the heart of the Strip. See iconic landmarks in vivid detail with a perfect vantage point to peek through the retractable glass doors of the all-new Allegiant Stadium.
The timeless design of the penthouse reflects cultured metropolitan elements common in New York or Paris. Exceptional millwork is seen in walls of recessed paneling. Herringbone patterns of European white oak hardwood are balanced by the black nero marquina and honey onyx tile that welcomes guests at the foyer entrance.
Rotunda ceiling designs add dimension to both the living room and formal dining room, while light fixtures by the likes of Tom Dixon and Hammerton Forge provide calculated splashes of contemporary style. Even the powder room is upgraded with imported marble and Waterworks fixtures.
Dual master bedrooms flank each end of the residence, sporting spa-like bathrooms with calacatta marble wainscoting and custom hand-painted gold leaf vanities. Other fine touches include an elevated stand-alone bathtub and frosted shower glass. The centralized kitchen is an intriguing mix of luxury and functionality, highlighted by brass accents, glass-door cabinets and a sleek lucite island. Prepare meals and entertain guests with top-of-the-line appliances, including a Wolf oven and range, Sub-Zero refrigerator and Bosch dishwasher.
Waldorf Astoria residents enjoy their own private valet, concierge and elevators while having access to the same pool deck and fitness center available to hotel guests. The property is part of the CityCenter complex, close to the finest art galleries, restaurants, shopping and casinos, along with The Park promenade and T-Mobile Arena right around the corner.
Presented by Kamran Zand of Luxury Estates International
702.530.9263 | [email protected]
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domain: artistic