Crash test mummies: Egypt's oldest pyramid saved from collapse by giant airbags
Egypt's oldest pyramid has been saved from collapse by giant airbags which have been used to prop up the ceilings.
The 4,700-year-old building has been stabilised so engineers can carry out permanent repairs.
The giant structure was built as a burial place for Pharaoh Djoser, a warrior who reigned in the third dynasty for 19 years but has been damaged in an earthquake.
Top support: The Pyramid of Djoser in Memphis, north-west Egypt, was likely to collapse before giant airbags were used to support the ceiling
SAFE FROM COLLAPSE: ANCIENT EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS
The 4,700-year-old pyramid for Pharoah Djoser which is undergoing restoration work is a step pyramid. Originally it would have been covered by layers of limestone.
As one of the earliest ones created by the Egyptians, it was made from compacted mud brick layers with smaller layers built on top of each other. The square Djoser Pyramid is around 60 metres tall and has six steps.
Later came the bent pyramids which were built in much the same way but had their sides covered with smooth rock to give them angled rules. However, they did not go up at precisely the same angle all the way.
Finally came the true pyramids with the smooth walls rising at the same angle all the way to the top. They had their steps filled in with masonry.
The British team - who helped repair Windsor Castle after it was damaged by fire in 1993 - used technology first developed to aid in the safer disposal of improvised explosive devices in Afghanistan.
Engineering boss Peter James said: 'The entire structure could be destroyed at any point due to the damage caused by the earthquake.
'But we have stabilised the roof with these inflatable airbags and we will soon start repairing this magnificent building.'
The historic pyramid was feared to be so unstable that no-one has taken on the challenge of securing it in the last 19 years.
Peter James, a former Royal Navy lieutenant-commander who served in the Falklands War, has won a £1.8million contract to carry out the repairs.
His company Cintec adapted the airbags used by the British army to support the buidling.
The water filled bags work by surrounding an explosive with a bag which cushions the blast. But for the pyramid Mr James adapted his technology by substituting compressed air for water.
The British engineering firm that used airbags to support the structure are now going to carry out permanent repairs to the pyramid of Djoser now that these airbags are in place
The specialist structural engineers have previously worked on Buckingham Palace, Iron Bridge Gorge and The White House.
Mr James said:'It was very unstable when we got in there.
'The earthquake in 1992 had shifted everything sideways and it was a massive task trying to hold everything up without dislodging anything further.
'Until we got the scaffolding in place, we had no idea what was holding up the remaining 60m of stone.'
'It was a lethal and massive game of Ker-Plunk - trying to hold everything up, without dislodging anything further.'
He said: 'We had planned to use our water system but as soon as we got a good look at the chamber it was clear that inflating the bags with water wasn't going to work.
Pharoah dynamics: These airbags first used in Afghanistan to help with the disposal of roadside bombs have been used to support the 4,700-year-old pyramid
'The rocks in the ceiling were too jagged and there was a risk of deluging the pyramid which has been bone dry since it was built.'
The team will now thread thermo-dynamic steel rods diagonally through the steps of the pyramid to stabilise the roof.
Mr James said: 'The really tricky parts are the visible bits of the pyramid.'
'Underneath the surface we're able to use 21st Century technology to make it as strong as we know how to - but on the outside it needs to be per cent authentic.'
'That's involved finding the strongest blend - by using components which would have been available to the ancient Egyptians.'
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Our first look at AMD’s second-tier member of its new 500 Series of chipsets, the B550, involved some fairly premium priced boards. Then came the Asrock B550 Taichi, a $300 beast of a B550 motherboard. Arguably, it was all getting a bit silly. Now Asrock is back but this time with B550 option that’s much more what we were initially expecting. Will it make it into our best B550 motherboard guide? Let's find out.
Chipset - AMD B550
Socket - AM4
CPU compatibility - AMD Ryzen 3000
Form factor - Micro ATX
Expansion slots - 1x PCIe 4.0 x16, 1x PCIe 3.0 x4
Storage - 1x M.2, 4x SATA 6Gbps
Networking - Gb ethernet
Rear USB - 4 x USB 3.2 Gen, 2 x USB 2.0
Other rear ports - HDMI, DVI, VGA, PS2, audio, microphone
Price - $80 / £80
Give it up, therefore, for the Asrock B550M-HDV. Clocking in around $80, it sits rather more comfortably with the value-orientated B550's market positioning. Not that the B550 is a bum chipset. In fact, it isn’t miles away from its bigger X570 brother by most metrics. The key differentiator between the two involves the link between the CPU and PCH chip, the latter essentially being the motherboard chipset thanks to much of what used to be chipset functionality now residing on the CPU package. For the B550, that link is composed of a quartet of Gen 3 PCI Express lanes. The X570? It’s also quad-lane, but Gen 4 spec and so double the bandwidth.
The most immediate and obvious consequence involves storage. You still get Gen 4 links directly into the CPU with the B550 chipset. There are 16 lanes available for graphics and another four for storage, enabling support for a quad-lane PCIe Gen 4 M.2 SSD. But, where the X570 adds support for a second Gen 4 M.2 drive attached to the PCH chip, the B550’s secondary M.2 socket is capped at PCIe Gen 3 speeds.
The slower PCH link has implications for other bandwidth-sensitive features, including USB connectivity. But the impact isn’t all that onerous. It still supports up to two USB 3.1 Gen 2 ports, something that eluded the B450. The B550 is a new platform, of course, so includes support for both AMD’s latest Ryzen 3000 CPUs and upcoming processors based on the Zen 3 architecture, which should appear later this year under the Ryzen 4000 brand. There’s decent future proofing, then.
If that’s the general theory behind the B550, how does the specific implementation of the Asrock B550M-HDV stack up? No mistake, it looks as cheap as it is at first glance. You only get two memory DIMM slots, for instance. There’s just a single four-pin supplementary CPU power socket, too, which doesn’t bode well for overclocking. Nor does the minimal cooling. The VRMs are bare, the power delivery is merely four phase and just two fan headers are available.
Elsewhere, there’s a single USB 3.2 Gen 1 header, a couple of USB 2.0 headers, just four SATA ports, and a PCIe 3.0 x1 slot. On the back panel there are four USB-A 3.2 Gen 1 ports, a couple of USB-A 2.0 sockets, LAN, PS2, HDMI, VGA and DVI. What there isn’t? USB-C or DisplayPort.
Of course, all of that is to ignore arguably the two most important features beyond the AM4 CPU socket, namely the x16 PCIe 4.0 graphics slot and the quad-lane PCIe 4.0 M.2 port. In other words, the really critical stuff for core PC performance is present, in theory. And so it proves in practice. The Asrock B550M-HDV puts in a more than creditable performance against far more expensive boards in pretty much all our stock-clocked benchmarks.
CPU - AMD Ryzen 3 3100
Memory - 16GB HyperX DDR4-3000
GPU - MSI GTX 1070 GamingX
Storage - 1TB Addlink S90
PSU - Phantec 1000W
That includes comparing favourably with Asrock’s own B550 Taichi board, which costs around four times as much. That includes CPU performance, storage, gaming, the lot. Actually, this budget board is faster than the megabucks Taichi in some benchmarks, albeit all the results are close enough to be within the margins of error and run-to-run variability. Put simply, you’d never feel the difference when it comes to the subjective computing experience when it comes to this board versus pricier options.
At least, that’s the case at standard clockspeeds. What about overclocking? Like the Asrock Taichi, the B550M-HDV doesn’t allow you to tweak the multiplier setting and allow the board to auto-select CPU voltage. So, novices will need to take care. But with the CPU running at 1.3v, this board achieves exactly the same all-core 4.2GHz as nearly all the B550s we’ve tested with our AMD Ryzen 3100 quad-core test chip.
The immediate conclusion might therefore be why pay more? The answer is that the Ryzen 3100 is not a terribly demanding chip. Odds are, you’d knock up against the limitation of that cheap four-phase power design and minimal cooling when overclocking CPUs with eight-plus cores. Of course, few existing Ryzen CPUs actually overclock well. So, that potential limitation doesn’t count for much. It’s possible that future AMD CPUs based on the Zen 3 architecture could provide more headroom. But that speculative and, in any case, at this price point you’re never going to get the last word in overclocking prowess.
Overall, then, our main reservation involves features. It would be quite nice to have at least one USB-C socket, here in 2020, plus a second M.2 slot. Either, but not both, of those are things you could add with a PCIe x1 board, though the M.2 slot would be limited to lowly x1 PCIe 3.0 speeds. And it's extra money. If those omissions matter to you, it probably makes sense to shop around and find a board that offers them as standard.


text:
WILLIAM PRYOR, Circuit Judge:
This appeal presents a question that has divided the federal courts: Can a statement about a single asset be a "statement respecting the debtor's ... financial condition"? 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2). Ordinarily, a debtor cannot discharge any debt incurred by fraud, id. § 523(a)(2)(A), but a debtor can discharge a debt incurred by a false statement respecting his financial condition unless that statement is in writing, id. § 523(a)(2)(B). R. Scott Appling made false oral statements to his lawyers, Lamar, Archer & Cofrin, LLP, that he expected a large tax refund that he would use to pay his debt to the firm. After Lamar obtained a judgment against Appling for the debt, Appling filed for bankruptcy and Lamar initiated an adversary proceeding to have the debt ruled nondischargeable. The bankruptcy court and the district court ruled that Appling's debt could not be discharged under section 523(a)(2)(A) because it was incurred by fraud. But we disagree. Because Appling's statements about his tax refund "respect [his] ... financial condition," id. § 523(a)(2)(B)(ii), and were not in writing, id. § 523(a)(2)(B), his debt to Lamar can be discharged in bankruptcy. We reverse and remand.
R. Scott Appling hired the law firm Lamar, Archer & Cofrin, LLP, to represent him in litigation against the former owners of his new business. Appling agreed to pay Lamar on an hourly basis with invoices for fees and costs due monthly. Appling became unable to keep current on the mounting legal bill and as of March 2005, owed Lamar $60,819.97. Lamar threatened to terminate the firm's representation and place an attorney's lien on all work product unless Appling paid the outstanding fees.
Appling and his attorneys held a meeting in March 2005. The bankruptcy court found that during this meeting Appling stated he was expecting a tax refund of "approximately $100,000," which would be enough to pay current and future fees. Lamar contends that in reliance on this statement, it continued its representation and did not begin collection of its overdue fees.
When Appling and his wife submitted their tax return, they requested a refund of only $60,718 and received a refund of $59,851 in October. The Applings spent this money on their business. They did not pay Lamar.
Appling and his attorneys met again in November 2005. The bankruptcy court found that Appling stated he had not yet received the refund. Lamar contends that in reliance on this statement, it agreed to complete the pending litigation and forego immediate collection of its fees but refused
Five years later, Lamar filed suit against Appling in a superior court in Georgia. In October 2012, Lamar obtained a judgment for $104,179.60. Three months later, the Applings filed for bankruptcy.
Lamar initiated an adversary proceeding against Appling in bankruptcy court. The bankruptcy court ruled that because Appling made fraudulent statements on which Lamar justifiably relied, Appling's debt to Lamar was nondischargeable, 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A). The district court affirmed. The district court rejected Appling's argument that his oral statements "respect[ed]... [his] financial condition," 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(B), and should have been dischargeable. The district court ruled that "statements respecting the debtor's financial condition involve the debtor's net worth, overall financial health, or equation of assets and liabilities. A statement pertaining to a single asset is not a statement of financial condition." The district court agreed with the bankruptcy court that Appling made material false statements with the intent to deceive on which Lamar justifiably relied.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
When we sit as the second appellate court to review a bankruptcy case, In re Glados, Inc., 83 F.3d 1360, 1362 (11th Cir. 1996), we "assess the bankruptcy court's judgment anew, employing the same standard of review the district court itself used," In re Globe Mfg. Corp., 567 F.3d 1291, 1296 (11th Cir. 2009). "Thus, we review the bankruptcy court's factual findings for clear error, and its legal conclusions de novo." Id.
The Bankruptcy Code gives a debtor a fresh start by permitting him to discharge his pre-existing debts. But there are many exceptions to discharge. And some of those exceptions protect victims of fraud.
Section 523(a)(2) creates two mutually exclusive exceptions to discharge:
11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2) (emphasis added).
The Code treats debts incurred by a statement "respecting the debtor's ... financial condition" differently from other debts. Id. All fraud "other than a statement respecting the debtor's ... financial condition" is covered by subsection (A). Id. § 523(a)(2)(A). Under subsection (A), a debtor cannot discharge a debt obtained by any type of fraudulent statement, oral or written. Id. A creditor also need prove
We must determine whether Appling's statements about a single asset are "statement[s] respecting [his] ... financial condition." Id. § 523(a)(2). The bankruptcy court found that Appling made false oral statements about his anticipated tax refund to receive an extension of credit from Lamar. If these statements do not respect his financial condition, Appling can discharge his debt to Lamar in bankruptcy only if he disproves an element of fraud. Id. § 523(a)(2)(A). But if the statements do respect his financial condition, Appling can discharge his debt to Lamar because the statements were not in writing. Id. § 523(a)(2)(B).
The circuits and other federal courts are split on this question. The Fourth Circuit has held that a "debtor's assertion that he owns certain property free and clear of other liens is a statement respecting his financial condition." Engler v. Van Steinburg, 744 F.2d 1060, 1061 (4th Cir. 1984). Several bankruptcy courts — including one in this Circuit, In re Aman, 492 B.R. 550, 565 & n.47 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 2010) — have agreed. See, e.g., In re Carless, No. 10-42988, slip op. at *3-4, 2012 WL 32700 (Bankr. D.N.J. Jan. 6, 2012); In re Nicolai, No. 05-29876, slip op. at *1, 2007 WL 405851 (Bankr. D.N.J. Jan. 31, 2007); In re Hambley, 329 B.R. 382, 399 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 2005); In re Priestley, 201 B.R. 875, 882 (Bankr. D. Del. 1996); In re Kolbfleisch, 97 B.R. 351, 353 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 1989); Matter of Richey, 103 B.R. 25, 29 (Bankr. D. Conn. 1989); In re Rhodes, 93 B.R. 622, 624 (Bankr. S.D. Ill. 1988); In re Howard, 73 B.R. 694, 702 (Bankr. N.D. Ind. 1987); In re Panaia, 61 B.R. 959, 960-61 (Bankr. D. Mass. 1986); In re Roeder, 61 B.R. 179, 181 n.1 (Bankr. W.D. Ky. 1986); In re Prestridge, 45 B.R. 681, 683 (Bankr. W.D. Tenn. 1985). But the Fifth, Eighth, and Tenth Circuits have held that a statement about a single asset does not respect a debtor's financial condition because it "says nothing about the overall financial condition of the person making the representation or the ability to repay debt." In re Bandi, 683 F.3d 671, 676 (5th Cir. 2012); see also In re Lauer, 371 F.3d 406, 413-14 (8th Cir. 2004); In re Joelson, 427 F.3d 700, 706 (10th Cir. 2005). And some bankruptcy courts in other circuits have agreed. See, e.g., In re Feldman, 500 B.R. 431, 437 (Bankr. E.D. Penn. 2013); In re Banayan, 468 B.R. 542, 575-76 (Bankr. N.D.N.Y. 2012); In re Campbell, 448 B.R. 876, 886 (Bankr. W.D. Penn. 2011).
"[I]nterpretation of the Bankruptcy Code starts `where all such inquiries must begin: with the language of the statute itself.'" Ransom v. FIA Card Servs. N.A., 562 U.S. 61, 69, 131 S.Ct. 716, 178 L.Ed.2d 603 (2011) (quoting United States v. Ron Pair Enters., Inc., 489 U.S. 235, 241, 109 S.Ct. 1026, 103 L.Ed.2d 290 (1989)). Because the Code does not define the relevant terms, we look to "their ordinary, everyday meanings — unless the context indicates that they bear a technical sense." Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts 69 (2012); see also In re Piazza, 719 F.3d 1253, 1261 (11th Cir. 2013) (applying this canon to the Bankruptcy Code). The
"Financial condition" likely means one's overall financial status. Elsewhere in the statute, the Bankruptcy Code defines "insolvent" as the "financial condition such that the sum of such entity's debts is greater than all of such entity's property." Id. § 101(32)(A). In this context, the statute uses "financial condition" to describe the overall state of being insolvent, not any particular asset on its own. Because "[a] word or phrase is presumed to bear the same meaning throughout a text," Scalia & Garner, supra, at 170, we should interpret "financial condition" in section 523(a)(2) in the same way. Whether by its ordinary meaning or as a term of art, "financial condition" likely refers to the sum of all assets and liabilities.
But even if "financial condition" means the sum of all assets and liabilities, it does not follow that the phrase "statement respecting the debtor's ... financial condition," Id. § 523(a)(2) (emphasis added), covers only statements that encompass the entirety of a debtor's financial condition at once. Read in context, the phrase "statement respecting the debtor's ... financial condition," id. includes a statement about a single asset. We must not read the word "respecting" out of the statute. See Scalia & Garner, supra, at 174 ("If possible, every word ... is to be given effect.").
"Respecting" is defined broadly as "[w]ith regard or relation to; regarding; concerning." Respecting, Webster's New International Dictionary 2123 (2d ed. 1961); see also Respecting, Oxford English Dictionary (online ed.) ("With respect to; with reference to; as regards."). For example, documents can "relate to" or "concern" someone's health without describing their entire medical history. Articles can "reference" the Constitution without quoting its entire text. Likewise, a statement can "respect" a debtor's "financial condition" without describing the overall financial situation of the debtor. The Supreme Court has interpreted "with respect to" in a statute to mean "direct relation to, or impact on." Presley v. Etowah Cty. Comm'n, 502 U.S. 491, 506, 112 S.Ct. 820, 117 L.Ed.2d 51 (1992). And the Court has interpreted "respecting" in the First Amendment to include any partial step toward the establishment of religion. Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602, 612, 91 S.Ct. 2105, 29 L.Ed.2d 745 (1971). A statement about a single asset "relates to" or "impacts" a debtor's overall financial condition. And knowledge of one asset or liability is a partial step toward knowing whether the debtor is solvent or insolvent.
If the statute applied only to statements that expressed a debtor's overall financial condition, Congress could have said so. Lamar argues that "the preposition `respecting' has no magic, expansive effect in the statute, it is simply a required grammatical device necessary to connect two related terms." Perhaps this argument would have more sway if the statute said "statement of the debtor's financial condition." But Congress did not use this language. Congress also did not say "statement indicating" or "revealing" or "disclosing" or "encompassing" the debtor's financial condition, phrases that would connote a full or complete expression of financial condition.
Lamar dismisses the focus on the word "respecting" as "nothing more than a game of semantics," but judges have a responsibility to interpret the whole text. And "[s]ometimes the canon [of ordinary meaning] governs the interpretation of so simple a word as a preposition." Scalia & Garner, supra, at 71. A statement about a
Lamar argues that because the legislative history often used "financial statement" in place of "statement respecting the debtor's ... financial condition," 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2), we should read the statute to apply only to financial statements, but the word "statement" should also be given its ordinary meaning. Mere proximity of "statement" to "financial condition" is not enough to limit the meaning of the text. "Statement" is defined as "[t]hat which is stated; an embodiment in words of facts or opinions; a narrative; recital; report; account." Statement, Webster's New International Dictionary 2461 (2d ed. 1961). The definition of financial statement is technical and would exclude a statement about a single asset: "A balance sheet, income statement, or annual report that summarizes an individual's or organization's financial condition on a specified date or for a specified period by reporting assets and liabilities." Financial Statement, Black's Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014). Setting aside the problems with legislative history, Lamar's argument works against it. Precisely because "[t]he term `financial statement' has a strict, established meaning," Joelson, 427 F.3d at 709, we should expect the statute to say "financial statement" if it conveys that meaning. But the statute instead says "statement." To limit the definition to only "financial statements," Congress need only say so. Cf. 11 U.S.C. § 1125 (using the term "disclosure statement"); Id. § 101(49)(A)(xii) ("registration statement").
The surplusage cannon supports our determination that "statement" should be given its ordinary meaning. "If possible, every word and every provision is to be given effect.... None should needlessly be given an interpretation that causes it to duplicate another provision or to have no consequence." Scalia & Garner, supra, at 174; see also Reiter v. Sonotone Corp., 442 U.S. 330, 339, 99 S.Ct. 2326, 60 L.Ed.2d 931 (1979). In subsection (B), the statute says "use of a statement in writing." 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(B). Because a formal financial statement is almost always a written document (it is hard to imagine an oral recitation of all assets and liabilities), reading the statute to cover only financial statements would render the writing requirement surplusage.
And in the context of a statute about fraud, the ordinary meaning of the word "statement" makes sense. Section 523(a)(2) creates two similar exceptions to discharge for debts incurred by fraud. Subsection (A) references specific common-law torts. See Field, 516 U.S. at 69, 116 S.Ct. 437 ("`[F]alse pretenses, a false representation, or actual fraud,' carry the acquired meaning of terms of art.... [T]hey imply elements that the common law has defined them to include." (quoting 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A))). Subsection (B) enumerates its own elements which are analogous, but not identical to the common law elements. For example, where the common law requires justifiable reliance, section 523(a)(2)(B)(iii) requires reasonable reliance. Field, 516 U.S. at 72-75, 116 S.Ct. 437. Similarly, where the common law requires either an affirmative representation or an intentional omission, section 523(a)(2)(B) requires a "statement," as opposed to an omission. True, if Congress wanted to exclude omissions from subsection (B), it could have used the term "representation" and avoided the confusion with the term "financial statement." But Congress would not have said "false representation" without implying the common law term of art. See Field, 516 U.S. at 69, 116 S.Ct. 437. Accordingly, "statement" means an expression or embodiment in
Lamar also argues that the "only way to give Section 523(a)(2)(A) meaning is to interpret it to provide a distinction between oral and written representations," but this argument reveals a fundamental misunderstanding of the statute. Section 523(a)(2)(A) covers most fraud. But section 523(a)(2)(B) covers statements respecting financial conditions. Lamar states that "certain oral misrepresentations must be non-dischargeable." They are. Any debt incurred by an oral misrepresentation that is not "respecting the debtor's financial condition" is nondischargeable under subsection (A). Appling provides a list of examples, including false representations about job qualifications and lies about the purpose and recipient of a payment. The question is how broadly to define the phrase "statement respecting the debtor's... financial condition," not whether allowing discharge of debts incurred by oral misrepresentations about finances is a good idea. The statute allows the discharge of debts incurred by oral statements so long as they "respect" the debtor's "financial condition." Lamar's argument is based on policy, not statutory structure.
When the language of the statute is clear, we need not look any further. See Puerto Rico v. Franklin Cal. Tax-Free Tr., ___ U.S. ___, 136 S.Ct. 1938, 1946, 195 L.Ed.2d 298 (2016) (When "the statute's language is plain," "that is also where the inquiry should end." (internal quotations omitted)); United States v. Great Northern Ry. Co., 287 U.S. 144, 154, 53 S.Ct. 28, 77 L.Ed. 223 (1932) ("[W]e have not traveled, in our search for the meaning of the lawmakers, beyond the borders of the statute."). A distaste for dishonest debtors does not empower judges to disregard the text of the statute. Because the text is not ambiguous, we hold that "statement[s] respecting the debtor's ... financial condition" may include a statement about a single asset.
This result is also perfectly sensible. The requirement that some statements be made in writing promotes accuracy and predictability in bankruptcy disputes that often take place years after the facts arose. Lamar refers to our interpretation as a "giant fraud loophole." But the requirement of a writing is not at all unusual in the history of the law. From the Statute of Frauds to the Uniform Commercial Code, law sometimes requires that proof be in writing as a prerequisite to a claim for relief. This requirement may seem harsh after the fact, especially in the case of fraud, but it gives creditors an incentive to create writings before the fact, which provide the court with reliable evidence upon which to make a decision. In the context of a debt incurred by fraud, a lender concerned about protecting its rights in bankruptcy can easily require a written statement from the debtor before extending credit. Lamar, a law firm, could have required Appling to put his promise to spend his tax return on their legal fees in writing before continuing to represent him.
This rule strikes a reasonable balance between the "`conflicting interests' of discouraging fraud and of providing the honest but unfortunate debtor a fresh start." In re Vann, 67 F.3d 277, 284 (11th Cir. 1995) (quoting Grogan v. Garner, 498 U.S. 279, 287, 111 S.Ct. 654, 112 L.Ed.2d 755 (1991)). The code does not unfairly reward dishonest debtors, but instead imposes different requirements of proof for different kinds of statements. A statement respecting a debtor's financial condition must be in writing, which helps both the honest debtor prove his honesty and the innocent creditor prove a debtor's dishonesty. And providing an incentive for creditors
ROSENBAUM, Circuit Judge, concurring:
Sometimes things are not as they seem. Today we conclude that the phrase "statement respecting ... the debtor's financial condition" in 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2) warrants a broad reading. As a result, Appling, the debtor in this case, will receive a discharge of the debt he incurred by lying about how he would pay for the legal services he dishonestly obtained. That certainly seems to frustrate a "primary purpose" of the Bankruptcy Act to provide relief to only the "honest debtor." See Local Loan Co. v. Hunt, 292 U.S. 234, 244, 54 S.Ct. 695, 78 L.Ed. 1230 (1934) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
But in actuality, the broad reading we give to the phrase "statement respecting... the debtor's financial condition" better promotes congressional intent to give a fresh start to only the "honest debtor" than does a narrow construction of the same phrase. This is so because the very same phrase appears in both §§ 523(a)(2)(A) and (B), and it must have the same meaning in both subsections. Though a narrow construction of the phrase in subsection (A) seems to further congressional intent to protect only the "honest debtor," a broad interpretation of the phrase in subsection (B) better comports with congressional intent. And the reality is that a broad construction of the phrase "statement respecting ... the debtor's financial condition" in subsection (B) advances congressional intent to provide relief for only the "honest debtor" more than a narrow interpretation of the same phrase in subsection (A).
Because the words of the phrase alone are ambiguous, we must construe the phrase with an eye towards congressional intent in enacting the Bankruptcy Act. When we do that, it is clear that "statement respecting ... the debtor's financial condition" must have the broad meaning that the panel attributes to it.
There's no getting around it. Standing alone, the words of the phrase "statement respecting ... the debtor's financial condition" are not unambiguous. True, the panel seems to think they are and argues that the words clearly mean any statement about any finance, asset, or liability that the debtor may have. But other courts have concluded that the language "statement respecting ... the debtor's financial condition" refers to only statements about a debtor's overall financial circumstances — which do not include statements about only a single asset or liability.
Among the courts that appear to have understood the phrase to mean the opposite of what we conclude today is the Supreme Court, though the Supreme Court has not expressly addressed the meaning of the language. In Field v. Mans, 516 U.S. 59, 116 S.Ct. 437, 133 L.Ed.2d 351 (1995), the Court held that a creditor need show only justifiable reliance on a fraudulent misrepresentation in order to except the debt incurred as a result of that reliance, from discharge under § 523(a)(2)(A).
To be sure, I do not suggest that Field's discussion of the meaning of "a statement respecting the debtor's ... financial condition" purports to instruct courts on the proper meaning of § 523(a)(2)(A). But the Supreme Court's understanding as conveyed in Field demonstrates that the language of the phrase is fairly susceptible of more than one meaning.
Three other circuits have likewise concluded that the phrase "a statement respecting the debtor's ... financial condition" must be construed narrowly, to refer to only those statements about a debtor's overall net worth — though they do not appear to have determined the language of the phrase to have an unambiguous meaning. See, e.g., In re Bandi, 683 F.3d 671 (5th Cir. 2012); In re Lauer, 371 F.3d 406 (8th Cir. 2004); In re Joelson, 427 F.3d 700 (10th Cir. 2005).
But while the language itself of the phrase in question may not be unambiguous, that doesn't mean that § 523(a)(2) is ambiguous in the overall statutory scheme. When we construe a statute, we must do so not only by looking to the language itself, but also by reference to "the specific context in which that language is used, and the broader context of the statute as a whole." Yates v. United States, ___ S.Ct. ___, 135 S.Ct. 1074, 1081-82, 191 L.Ed.2d 64 (2015) (citation and quotation marks omitted). And when we do that, it is clear that we must give the phrase "a statement respecting the debtor's ... financial condition" a broad construction.
The Supreme Court has repeatedly emphasized that the Bankruptcy Code "limits the opportunity for a completely unencumbered new beginning to the `honest but unfortunate debtor.'" Grogan v. Garner, 498 U.S. 279, 287, 111 S.Ct. 654, 112 L.Ed.2d 755 (1991) (quoting Hunt, 292 U.S. at 244, 54 S.Ct. 695). For this reason, only honest debtors receive the benefit of the general policy that exceptions to discharge are to be construed strictly against the creditor and liberally in favor of the debtor. In re St. Laurent, 991 F.2d 672, 680 (11th Cir. 1993). Indeed, we have said that "the malefic debtor may not hoist the Bankruptcy Code as protection from the full consequences of fraudulent conduct." Id. at 680-81.
So to the extent that the language "statement respecting ... the debtor's financial condition" is fairly and reasonably susceptible of a construction that better furthers congressional intent to protect only the honest debtor, we are obliged to apply that interpretation. When it comes to § 523(a)(2), a broad construction is reasonable and better accomplishes this purpose than a narrow one.
As the panel notes, the phrase "statement respecting ... the debtor's financial condition" appears in both subsections (A) and (B). We therefore presume it to have the same meaning in both subsections. See Mohasco Corp. v. Silver, 447 U.S. 807, 826, 100 S.Ct. 2486, 65 L.Ed.2d 532 (1980) ("[W]e cannot accept respondent's position
But though the words have the same meaning in both subsections (A) and (B), they have opposite effects on whether a debtor may discharge a debt for something obtained through the use of a "statement respecting ... the debtor's financial condition." Under subsection (A), which refers to oral statements, if a statement falls within the meaning of "statement respecting... the debtor's financial condition," the debt incurred as a result of that statement is dischargeable. Meanwhile, under subsection (B), which refers to written statements, if a statement comes within the meaning of "statement respecting ... the debtor's financial condition," the debt incurred as a result of that statement is not dischargeable, provided that the other conditions in subsection (B) are satisfied.
So if the phrase has a broad meaning, more false oral statements will have the effect of exempting a debt incurred as the result of a misrepresentation, from the exception to discharge (meaning that such debts will be discharged), than if we construe the phrase narrowly. But fewer false written statements will result in excusing a debt for a fraudulently obtained asset, service, or loan. And since it seems likely that, at least in arm's length transactions, most significant debts are obtained as the result of written representations about finances, as opposed to oral ones, a broader interpretation of the phrase is less likely to benefit dishonest debtors than a narrow construction of it.
For these reasons, I agree with the panel that we must construe the phrase "statement respecting ... the debtor's financial condition" broadly. To be sure, doing so has the effect of allowing Appling's debt for legal services, which the bankruptcy court concluded he obtained by lying to Lamar about the tax refund, to be discharged. But in the overall statutory scheme, the broad interpretation better promotes Congress's concern to provide relief to "honest debtors" only.

domain: law


In the ever-evolving realm of modern technology, the blockchain protocol has emerged as a transformative force, fundamentally altering the way we perceive, store, and share data. Rooted in peer-to-peer technologies, the blockchain ecosystem has garnered widespread popularity over the last decade, particularly for its pivotal role in developing cryptocurrency exchanges, ensuring the security of medical histories, and establishing immutable education records. For individuals aspiring to be future-ready and seeking a comprehensive understanding of blockchain protocol ecosystem development, it is imperative to delve into the intricate workings of a blockchain transaction and grasp how new blocks seamlessly integrate into the existing blockchain structure.
Components of the Blockchain Ecosystem
At its core, a blockchain ecosystem comprises several key elements that work in harmony to ensure the integrity and transparency of the network.
- Blocks: These are fundamental data structures that constitute the blockchain, each holding unique information, identified by a distinct hash, and linked to the hash address of the previous block.
- Node: An authorized user who actively participates in building and mining blocks within the blockchain network using computing machines.
- Hash: A unique key that serves as an identifier for each block in the blockchain.
- Previous Block Hash: The hash address of the preceding block, forming a chain of blocks in the blockchain.
- Private Key: A cryptographic version of identity, allowing individuals to perform digital signatures securely.
- Public Key: A cryptographic key that identifies a node within the blockchain network.
- Peer-to-Peer Network: A collective of nodes forming the decentralized structure of the blockchain.
- Transactions: Interactions involving information exchanges, such as cryptocurrency investments, video content sharing, or processing medical records.
- Miners: Nodes responsible for validating new blocks or transactions within the blockchain.
- Consensus Mechanism: The process by which miners validate a block, such as Proof of Work or Proof of Stake.
- Network Tokens: Cryptocurrencies like bitcoins, are used to incentivize blockchain transactions monetarily.
- Smart Contracts: Code with predefined rules governing transactions, signed using a private key, serving as digital forms of legal contracts.
- Cryptocurrency: A use case built on blockchain technology, allowing the creation of codes identifying physical goods, real estate, assets, or access rights.
Understanding Blockchain Transactions
Blockchain transactions operate on principles of consensus, rewards, and penalties. Fair transactions are rewarded with monetary incentives, typically bitcoins, while unsuccessful or fraudulent transactions result in penalties. Approval of transactions requires majority agreement within the network, with more than 51% consensus.
Mining blocks in a blockchain involves the concept of Proof of Work, a reliable and transparent mechanism where participants contribute computing power to validate transactions and are rewarded with bitcoins. Proof of Stake is an alternative consensus mechanism where participants contribute stakes, ensuring fairness based on the amount at stake, participation history, and randomness.
The Genesis of Blockchain: Why it was Invented
Blockchain technology was conceived to address concerns of data privacy and ownership. In the current digital landscape, users often relinquish control over personal data to applications and entities. Blockchain aims to empower users with greater control over their data, promoting a secure and democratized approach to data management. Its applications extend to creating foolproof tracking systems for medical records, and student education histories, and ensuring fair and transparent cryptocurrency trading.
Advantages of Blockchain
The fundamental premise of blockchain is to establish decentralized distributed systems, offering transparency, fairness, and immutability.
- Transparent: Accessible to all participants in the blockchain network.
- Fair: Not governed by a central authority, ensuring equity among participants.
- Immutable: Once a block is created, it cannot be altered, securing every transaction in the history of the blockchain.
Disadvantages of Blockchain Technology
While blockchain offers numerous advantages, it is essential to acknowledge its challenges, including:
- High Compute Power Requirement: Blockchain development demands machines with high computing efficiency, contributing to a significant carbon footprint.
- Scalability Issues: The intricate nature of blockchain technology, requiring substantial computational power and expertise, poses challenges in scaling and growth.
- 51% Attack Vulnerability: Although challenging, a 51% attack could compromise the entire blockchain network.
Mining in Blockchain: Unveiling its Significance
Mining in blockchain is akin to searching for the source of origin of a blockchain transaction, involving the identification of changes in existing blocks and validation of new blocks added to the blockchain.
Types of Blockchain
Blockchain ecosystems are broadly categorized into:
- Public Blockchain: Open-source, allowing anyone to contribute to its development.
- Private Blockchain: Restricted to a closed network, accessible only to authorized individuals within an organization.
- Hybrid Blockchain: Owned by an organization, combining features of both public and private blockchains.
- Consortium Blockchain: Owned by a group of organizations and subject to regulations, with both public and private features.
Securing Data on Blockchain
Despite being democratized and accessible to all participants, data on blockchain remains secure through a peer-to-peer network. All computers have equal access to information, but access is restricted to individuals with the appropriate permissions, similar to a password-protected bank statement.
Fair Transactions on Blockchain
Ensuring fairness in blockchain transactions is achieved through economic incentives tied to each transaction and the principle of maximum voting by the peer group. The initial assumption in blockchain is that all parties are untrustworthy, and trust is established through network tokens like Bitcoin, incentivizing participants to adhere to predefined rules.
blockchain technology transactions rely on a unique consensus, validation, and fairness mechanism, with recorded transactions becoming immutable in the history of time. The strength of the peer-to-peer network, coupled with the choice of consensus mechanisms, forms the crux of blockchain development. As blockchain Distributed Ledger technology continues to evolve, it serves as the backbone of the next generation of the internet (Web 3.0), albeit with a slower market adoption due to its niche and resource-intensive prerequisites. Embracing blockchain technology offers a promising path toward a more decentralized, transparent, and secure digital future.


text:
Good at business? James Max tries to separate the corporate goats from the entrepreneurial sheep as he looks at the skills required for success
When people talk about being “good at business”, what do they actually mean? Is it that someone has a great job? Or have they made a lot of money? Maybe someone is a great entrepreneur?
The skills required to be good at different kinds of business are varied, yet they are often confused. Our country and its businesses are littered with people who are devoid of sound business skills. Yet, for some reason, they manage to stay in their jobs. Some have even managed to rise above all others.
It is because they “tick boxes” rather than actually having the

domain: economics


text:
Liothyronine Sodium / T3 Herbal Weight Loss Powders
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eleuthero extract herbal powder for energy solution
Product Name Siberian ginseng herb extract powder Appearance Appearance Color Brown Odor&Taste Characteristic Source Siberian ginseng eleuthero Using Part Rhizome and Root Bark Extraction Solvent Water/Ethanol Assay Eleutheroside B+E 0.8-1.3%...
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domain: chemistry


text:
Last month FKA Twigs held her 10-inch pleasers up to our collective throats and reminded us why we have been impatiently waiting all these years for the followup to 2014's modestly-titled debut, LP1.
The hauntingly gorgeous, remarkably delicate "Cellophane" was a return to form for the consistently stunning Twigs, and signaled the beginning of a new album cycle. The single's launch was accompanied by an equally opulent and fantastical music video, made in collaboration with Andrew Thomas Huang, that spotlighted Twigs' pole-dancing ability and saw her fending off ornate insectoid deities. It is a remarkably indulgent achievement for Twigs that not only stays true to her artistic DNA while bringing her entire practice to a new level.
But you know you were still hungry for more, and luckily FKA Twigs is more than happy to do it for you again.
Leaning even more into the more luxurious Baroque undertones of "Cellophane," FKA Twigs released today a live rendition of the new single filmed in The Wallace Collection in London's National Museum of Art. Accompanied by cellist Lucinda Chua and Sakeema Crook on backup vocals, Twigs performs a stripped back rendition of the song seated at a grand piano as the camera falls into orbit around her. Rapturous as ever, the emotion feels heightened, the fragility in Twigs' voice fraying like spider's silk.
Each new morsel that Twigs gives us only feeds our appetite more and more for whatever crescendo this is all building towards. In the meantime, let's just bask in the glow of her majesty, FKA Twigs:
Photo via YouTube
- FKA Twigs, Rosalía, Tierra Whack at Red Bull Music Festival - PAPER ›
- The Future Is Here, and It's FKA Twigs - PAPER ›
- FKA Twigs Drops "Cellphane" - PAPER ›
- FKA Twigs Just Dropped Some Beautiful "Cellophane" Merch - PAPER ›
- Lucinda Chua's 'YIAN' Takes Flight ›
- FKA Twigs Just Dropped Some Beautiful "Cellophane" Merch ›
- FKA Twigs Drops "Cellophane" ›
- FKA Twigs, Rosalía, Tierra Whack at Red Bull Music Festival ›

domain: artistic


+++ The entries in the exhibitor & product database correspond to the registration status for embedded world 2020. +++
Since 1984 CAD-UL is the engineering center, rapid prototyping and realization of small production series for customers belonging to the DACH area. We offer design and production services for electronic devices, for highly technological sectors such as aerospace and aviation, railways, defense, industrial automation, medical, telecommunications, scientific equipment and automotive.
We are based in Ulm - Baden-Wuertemberg, but as we joined the Elemaster organization, we became international, and we extended our engineering services from development and design of customer-specific circuits and devices to product certification (ILAC accreditation related to the EMC tests), providing electronic manufacturing services through our worldwide distributed facilities and supporting your business by two design centers (Milan area and Ulm one).
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text:
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Historic Name: SCHADLER FARM
Reference Number: 24436
Date: 1876 ca.
Description: The Carlisle House on Brodhead Street. The building is surrounded by the Commercial Hotel, a billiard parlor, and J. Orbrecht's Variety Store.
Historic Name: William Robinson House
Reference Number: 5525
Historic Name: Henry Linley House
Reference Number: 120691
Historic Name: Daniel Winch House
Reference Number: 92975
Reference Number: 4877
Historic Name: William Thompson House
Reference Number: 5524
Date: 1869 ca.
Description: View from across the railroad track. The Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad car #4770 is in the foreground. The Freeman House, Carlisle House and Empire Stove...
Reference Number: 223226
Date: 1874 ca.
Description: Distant view of the town from a hill with houses, garden plots, businesses and churches.
Historic Name: Alex Campbell House
Reference Number: 5518
Historic Name: Adam Dunlap Farmstead - stone barn
Reference Number: 142638
Description: A family is posed in a yard. Behind them is a man with a sword near the front door of a two-story bracket style frame house with a parapet roof and shutter...
Historic Name: Charles Mitchell House
Reference Number: 5501
Historic Name: Mrs. Tony Wagner House
Reference Number: 92971
Date: 1873 ca.
Description: The William Thompson family on the porch roof of their substantial brick bracket style house with shutters and with latticework at its foundation. A girl o...
Historic Name: St. Barnabas Catholic Church
Reference Number: 5500
Historic Name: C.R. VOGEL STORE BUILDING
Reference Number: 5485
Date: 1880 ca.
Description: John Parman's “Blacksmith, Wagon & Carriage” shop, with workmen and others posed with vehicles in front.
Historic Name: James Owens House
Reference Number: 5499
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domain: library


text:
E125 – When Toddlers say “No!” With Cherrie Tam | Parent Talk
Click the arrow below to listen. (30:45)
Never miss an episode of Parent Talk Podcasts
Episode: E125 When Toddlers say “No!”
Guest(s): Cherrie Tam, Parenting Consultant with Parenting Littles.
Today on ParentTalk, Genevieve and Heather are welcoming Parenting Consultant Cherrie Tam with Parenting Littles, to talk about when Toddlers say “No!”
- How saying “No” is a stage of development and is important to a toddler’s growth and development.
- The best way to react and deal with our toddler when they respond to our request with a big “No”.
- How to handle feeling triggered and losing patience after a day of constant battles with our toddler.
- How to handle agressive behaviour such as hitting and kicking, that can sometimes arise with our toddler’s defiance.
Geneviève & Heather

domain: psychology


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text:
- Why are Zelda games so good?
- Can you tame a lynel?
- What should I play after breath of the wild?
- Is Genshin impact a ripoff?
- Why is Genshin impact so popular?
- Is breath of the wild overrated?
- What Zelda game should I play after Ocarina of Time?
- Can you play Zelda after you beat it?
- Is breath of the wild worth it 2020?
- Is Genshin impact like Zelda?
- Can you keep the bow of light?
- Can you defeat Ganon without the Master Sword?
- What is the hardest Zelda game?
- What is the most sold Zelda game?
- Which Zelda game has the best Dungeons?
- Which Zelda should I play first on switch?
- What is the longest Zelda game?
- What is the best Zelda game to start with?
- Did Genshin impact steal from breath of the wild?
- How long does it take to 100 breath of the wild?
- How long does it take to finish breath of the wild?
Why are Zelda games so good?
Zelda games do this with excellence: nothing is more important than defeating Ganondorf and saving Zelda/Hyrule.
The reason is because while there are some side missions in Zelda, the main story is just that: the main story.
Watching Link age in most Zelda installments also helps add weight to the games..
Can you tame a lynel?
The taming process is the same as with horses, but there are some key differences. You can’t register wild mounts, which means they’ll be off as soon as you dismount them. They also have unique characteristics – they may be slower, but provide something else in return. We’ve seen one player mounting a bear.
What should I play after breath of the wild?
Like BotW, The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt has several areas and environments to explore over the course of Geralt’s latest exciting adventure. Couple that with the laundry list of sidequests and missions the player can follow and complete, and it’s certainly some healthy competition for the Zelda title.
Is Genshin impact a ripoff?
Genshin Impact is a free-to-play game from Chinese developer miHoYo. The game has been accused of being a clone of Breath of the Wild, and it bears many marked similarities. Even if the game is a complete copy, it won’t matter in the long run.
Why is Genshin impact so popular?
Some players think the key to Genshin Impact’s success was because of the gacha-style gameplay. Character unlocks in this game are primarily driven through grinding enough to earn in-game currency to buy Wishes, which are essentially loot boxes.
Is breath of the wild overrated?
No it doesn’t deserve 10/10, it’s definitely overrated. Extremely. It deserves a 7/10 at the most. Its a decent game, but its a far shot away from being perfect or “the best Zelda”.
What Zelda game should I play after Ocarina of Time?
Some people who are much more into the Zelda timeliness might reccomended differently but after Ocarina of Time, I’d go for playing Majora’s Mask. If you’re playing on the N64 or 3DS for both games, the basic controls and game mechanics will all be there. Gameplay wise, Majora’s mask just builds upon Ocarina of Time.
Can you play Zelda after you beat it?
You can keep playing, in fact your save file knows you’ve beaten Ganon; there’s some symbol I believe now in the save that indicates you’ve done it. It’s just that there are no changes to the world after you’ve beat the game. If you want to keep getting shrines and doing other things just leave the castle.
Is breath of the wild worth it 2020?
The bottom line “Legend of Zelda: “Breath of the Wild” is easily one of the best games for the Nintendo Switch in my opinion and it’s absolutely worth buying. In fact, it’s even worth buying a new Switch for if you’re thinking about it — it’s that good of a game.
Is Genshin impact like Zelda?
At first glance, Genshin Impact looks like a Breath of the Wild clone. It’s cartoony (though much more anime-inspired than Zelda), it’s open-world, and you can climb everything. It also has a stamina system, which you upgrade by collecting objects from environmental puzzles.
Can you keep the bow of light?
You can’t keep it, but you can take it out of the fight arena.
Can you defeat Ganon without the Master Sword?
Yes. The Master Sword does extra damage to Ganon and Blight-controlled monsters, but it’s quite possible to defeat Ganon with only conventional weapons. Speedrunners don’t bother with the Master Sword at all, only using weapons that can be found in the Castle on the way to the battle.
What is the hardest Zelda game?
The Legend of Zelda: Every Game Ranked By Difficulty1 Zelda II: The Adventure of Link. Transitioning from Zelda 1 to 2, The Adventure of Link quickly became the black sheep of the franchise as a completely unfair adventure platformer.2 The Legend of Zelda. … 3 Oracle of Seasons & Ages. … 4 A Link to the Past. … 5 Link’s Awakening. … 6 Majora’s Mask. … 7 Ocarina of Time. … 8 Skyward Sword. … More items…•
What is the most sold Zelda game?
Breath of the WildAs of June 30, 2020 Breath of the Wild has sold 18.60 million copies. It is the best selling game in the Zelda franchise.
Which Zelda game has the best Dungeons?
The Legend Of Zelda: 10 Best Dungeons Ranked1 City In The Sky (Twilight Princess)2 Shadow Temple (Ocarina of Time) … 3 Arbiter’s Grounds (Twilight Princess) … 4 Lanayru Mining Facility (Skyward Sword) … 5 Snowpeak Ruins (Twilight Princess) … 6 Lorule Castle (A Link Between Worlds) … 7 Turtle Rock (A Link To The Past) … 8 Wind Temple (Wind Waker) … More items…•
Which Zelda should I play first on switch?
If you want dark and about as different from the rest as BotW, I would play Majora’s Mask first. After the first game, I would play Ocarina of Time (after either TP or WW as they both mention that Link) which plays a pivotal role in both the timeline and history of Legend of Zelda.
What is the longest Zelda game?
1 The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild This sprawling open-world giant is, unsurprisingly, the longest game to beat. Exploring the terrifying empty plains and learning to fend for yourself is a huge leap away from the traditional gameplay of Zelda which is unlike anything else on this list.
What is the best Zelda game to start with?
The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time Some people say that this is the best game ever made. It brought the series into the 3D era and cast a very long shadow on the games to follow. When people think of Zelda, it’s usually Ocarina of Time that springs to mind.
Did Genshin impact steal from breath of the wild?
So is Genshin Impact a clone of Breath of the Wild? In short, no, but it is clearly ripping DNA from Nintendo’s efforts and not always successfully.
How long does it take to 100 breath of the wild?
49 hoursIf you want to earn notoriety as the fastest Breath of the Wild player to complete the game, top to bottom, you now have a benchmark to shoot for. According to Kotaku, a player has posted the lowest 100 percent completion time to date, and it took them a whopping 49 hours.
How long does it take to finish breath of the wild?
about 60 hoursSo it was with a certain amount of trepidation that I picked up “The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild,” Nintendo’s newest masterpiece, which takes about 60 hours to complete.

domain: entertainment


text:
Just had a pleasant couple of weeks in the South
Island, visiting friends,drinking them dry, pottering
around and seeing what turned up.
There were a few highlights
The Kaikoura pelagic was interesting, a calm day, good
for poor sailors like us, not so good for a variety of
prions, peterls and storm-petrels, but we were pretty
pleased with 8 species of albatross, including
Southern Royal, a first for us, Westland Petrel and
Northern Giant Petrel. Also 600+ leaping Dusky
dolphins (isn't that a Christmas song?)
A trip to Motuara Island in the Marlborough Sounds was
great, not only SI Robin and Wood Pigeon, but adult
and immature Saddleback and a King Shag on the way
there. Thoroughly recommended trip.
Lake Rotoiti wasn't on our original agenda, but we saw
that it was a 'mainland sanctuary' where intesive
predator control has taken place, inluding wasps which
comnpete for the beech honeydew, required by the
native birds. Saw Kaka and NZ Falcon here, plus Tui,
Bellbird, Paradise Shelduck, and a roosting Morepork
sat outside a hollow. A great spot and impressive work
We spent a bit of time with friends around Blenheim,
not somewhere to look for any native vegetation, but
Wairau bar nearby yielded quite a few birds, including
variable oystercatcher, kingfisher and an assortment
It was bucketing down at Okarito so we didn't spend
much time being sand blasted on the beach, but saw
Brown Creeper and Banded Plover, and heard Fernbird
but couldn't entice it out, and who could blame it?
We had a couple of days at the glaciers and were lucky
enough to have exeptional views of two NZ falcons sat
o a rock, as well as Keas.
The Hapuka estuary looked like a good spot for
Fernbird, but we had to be content with White Heron.
We caught up with Rifleman on the Haast Pass, one of
our favourites for the trip, but pretty quiet overall,
the scenery made up for it though.
Stopped at Twizel and Lake Pukaki to search for Scaup
and Black Stilt and found both. Saw 6 adult, juv. and
imm. stilts feeding in the wetland just to the north
of the lake, down to 10 foot as they were using the
car as a wind break. All banded.
Then a quick dash to Oamaru and nearly got caught out
by the Yellow-eyed Penguins which come in pretty
early. Great to watch them on the beach, calling and
preening, and in the surf, for an hour rather than
dashing straight up the beach.
Managed to find a hide at Lake Ellesmere but being
surrounded by Mute Swan, willows, brown trout and
English weeds and flowers, found it a bit too much
like Gloucestershire and left!
If anyone would like any detail on where we found any
birds that's fine.
Where the flora is intact the vegetation is stunning,
particularly on the west coast and we spent a lot of
time id'ing plants as well as birds. The sauvignon was
pretty good as well!
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domain: hobby


text:
While the idea looks new, it really is not. In a sense, telemedicine has been around for more than
three decades, pioneered by the space programs of the former Soviet Union and the United States to allow medical teams on the ground to monitor the physical conditions of astronauts in orbit or journeying to the moon.
In the time that has passed, this space-age technology has become more accessible to people on Earth, aided by the development of personal computers and the Internet. During the last few years, the equipment has become cheaper and better, while the Information Highway is reaching into some of the most inaccessible places on the planet.
A few notable examples:
- Varig Airlines of Brazil recently has become one of a growing number of commercial air carriers to purchase onboard equipment, including defibrillators and monitoring devices that will allow crew members to deal with serious medical emergencies in flight under the direction of doctors receiving electronic data on the patient via airphone.
- A team of climbers attempting to reach the summit of Mt. Everest earlier this year were wired with tiny sensors and transmitters to give doctors half a world away real-time views of the effects of altitude, cold, and fatigue on the team members. In addition to monitoring standard vital signs, plans even called for transmitting information on neurological function.
- Prison inmates with conditions that warrant examination by specialists no longer get to venture outside the walls for a trip to the doctor. Instead, the prison physicians transmit data via telemedicine networks to the specialists, who can examine X-rays, see videos, and look over EKGs to render a diagnosis and prescribe treatment.
Information Access Closes Distances
In more everyday situations, medical professionals working in some of the most challenging areas of the Americas are becoming empowered through access to medical libraries and databases around the world, as well as to reach specialists for consultation on difficult cases.
"Most of public health and preventive medicine involves the transfer of information," says Dr. Ingrid Libman of the University of Pittsburgh. "The difficulty we face is that the methods of information transfer in public health and prevention are still those that were used 50 years ago: word of mouth, postal systems, and telephones. If we can apply telecommunications to preventive medicine, we will expect great improvement in health in the developed and developing countries alike."
"Healthcare practice will change dramatically in the coming years," says Dr. Roberto J. Rodrigues,
Coordinator of the Health Services Information Systems Program at the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). "Applications that use telecommunication-based technologies are rapidly entering the mainstream of health practice well beyond the institutional environment where they were initially developed. The motor behind the interest in these technologies is their growing availability and affordability, the drive to extend access to and improve quality of health services for a larger number of individuals, and the desire to establish sound evidence-based health practices."
According to Professor Ricky Richardson of WorldCare UK, one of the pioneers in the field of
telemedicine, "This process is creating the largest repository of medical skills and academic expertise in these areas in the world today. In this way, vast medical resources, normally locked inside major health care institutions, will become readily accessible to the global health care community."
The new technologies have applications that reach beyond the clinical setting and into the medical classroom.
"At the University of Pittsburgh, for example, a master's degree in public health costs about US$ 50,000," Libman says. "We are developing a distance education program through the Internet where instructors from Mexico or Chile can train students in Bogotá, New York, or Lima. The core training is by low-bandwidth electronic mail, but those with higher bandwidth capacity can use more sophisticated technology, including the World Wide Web."
"Applications that use telecommunication-based technologies are rapidly entering the mainstream of health practice well beyond the institutional environment where they were initially developed..."
In Barbados, the University of the West Indies has made the leap into the information age, offering full degrees at home using communications technology. The concept of distance education at UWI, which operates campuses in Jamaica, Trinidad, and Barbados, began in 1982 when its Distance Teaching Enterprise linked five Caribbean islands with teleconferencing sites.
Now the university has expanded its telecommunications system, using a "faculty-driven" model of distance education that accepts student correspondence and exams and issues responses at 26 sites set up in its 11 non-campus territories from Bahamas in the north to Trinidad in the south. UWI's Allyson Leacock says each site has 10 workstation computer labs with Internet connectivity, electronic mail, file transfer, and electronic library services that will allow students to tap into information around the world. Nowadays, Leacock says, "distance is no longer the poor second cousin that it was perceived to be in the past. It is in fact the way forward. Very few universities in the world don't have distance education components and UWI will ensure that there will be no discrepancy."
Previously, a student in Montserrat, for example, who wanted to pursue a management degree would
have had to move to Barbados, Trinidad, or Jamaica to study. Now that same student can stay at home and register at the university center to complete the program, Leacock says.
Putting the Tools to Work
Success stories in telemedicine come from Costa Rica, where the Ministry of Health, the Costa Rican Social Security Agency, and other partners currently are implementing a nationwide telemedicine network linking hospitals, clinics, and research and learning centers; Peru, where the Red Científica Peruana (Peruvian Scientific Network) joins together a vast and growing network of researchers; from Brazil, where the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation and many others serve to disseminate technical information; from the Caribbean, a pioneer in distance education; and from other parts of the Americas, which as the Internet expands, are becoming a real virtual hemisphere in which it doesn't matter where people live.
The spread of this technology into the developing world is following what has become a fairly typical pattern, reaching first into the urban centers and then making its way into the countryside-just as radio did a half century ago.
In Peru, for example, the Red Cientifica Peruana has found a new way to bring the Internet to low-income users in underdeveloped areas, at low cost. Cabinas públicas, or public computer centers, are now installed in 27 locations throughout Peru. They typically contain 20 computers with dedicated Internet lines, which users rent for as little as US$ 1 for one hour. The centers also provide training, personal e-mail accounts, Web page development, and other services. They are popular with people who don't have a phone line or computer at home-more than 95 percent of all Peruvians. Plans are underway to finance 1,000 more centers in Peru with help from the Inter-American Development Bank. And the Peruvian network has direct links to clinics and hospitals, conference proceedings, and information on such topics and child health and mental health, so that anyone in Peru, for a modest fee, can access information globally.
In Mexico, according to Dr. Gladys Faba, director of the National Health Information and Documentation Center, "the rapid growth of information networks, which started during the early years of this decade, has been astounding." In 1990, the National Autonomous University of Mexico had 7,000 user stations. Today, 40,000 computers are connected to the UNAM network. "The development of Bitnet and Internet and the appearance of domestic networks in the country have played a decisive role in stimulating the expansion of information services in educational and health care institutions," she says.
In Argentina, the University of Buenos Aires has connected its academic units to the national and international Internet community, and integrated that network with 33 national universities and foreign institutions. "The increase of computer communications in our country and the development of medical informatics in the last few years in Argentina has been very significant, with a greater number of physicians and paramedics using computers for self-teaching," says Dr. Daniel Jares of the Medical Informatics Foundation.
PAHO succeeded in putting health technology on the agenda of the Summit of the Americas, held in Santiago, Chile, in April 1998, noting in a proposal that the Health Technology Linking the Americas initiative has enormous potential to reduce today's social inequities and will help governments achieve through partnerships what they cannot achieve alone. By sharing technologies and information networks, countries can better prepare themselves for disease outbreaks or natural disasters; they can share ground-breaking news on emerging health issues and discoveries in vaccines research and development; and they can empower public health workers at all levels to make timely, well-formed decisions by providing them with access to the crucial data and knowledge they need.
PAHO Director Dr. George A.O. Alleyne says, "Most activities designed to improve the operation and management of the health services or to address such public health issues as sanitation, nutrition, maternal and child care, and lifestyle changes are highly dependent on information. Conse-quently, the health sector must harness these new information tools if it is to fulfill its goals in the best and most efficient way possible."
PAHO and other organizations involved in health informatics, Dr. Alleyne adds, "have already engaged in initiatives to tap into the advantages of the current information revolution. These efforts emphasize the importance of garnering telecommunication support as the health sector seeks improvements in health service delivery, health promotion, consumer education, and environmental protection and pursues equity, quality, and efficiency."
Narrowing the Development Gap
According to World Health Organization (WHO) experts, information and telecommunication technology, as "one of the main driving forces in the current globalization of trade, economics and politics, has equally important implications for health."
At a recent meeting on health telematics policy in Geneva, a worldwide group of experts concluded that WHO should take immediate action to incorporate appropriate health telematics measures in its goal of health for all for the 21st century, as well as in the operations of all its divisions and regional offices. Equally, they said, Member States will need to take similar action at global, regional, national, and local levels.
|The new technologies have applications that reach beyond the clinical setting and into the medical classroom.|
The experts also concluded that WHO should recognize that information and communications technologies are evolving rapidly with significant declines in cost. Health telematics offers such significant potential for developing countries that WHO's support of its wider use for health development where appropriate is highly desirable. Investment in health telematics can help ensure that the gap between developed and developing countries does not grow even wider. They recommended the development of a network of existing and new WHO collaborating centers on health telematics applications, policies, and programs.
One of the experts' 18 specific recommendations was to "strengthen the global surveillance system of WHO to map health hazards, pathogens, vectors, and diseases, comprehensively and in appropriate detail, using health telematics surveillance systems for the generation and dissemination of valid, up-to-date and continuous information for disease control and health promotion."
What lies ahead? Richardson says: "The health care industry is currently undergoing a massive and irreversible transformation and change. The traditional ways of practicing medicine, which have evolved over 3,000 years, involving a pyramidal structure, will be overturned in the course of the next 10 to 20 years. I see health care becoming a commodity almost like a soap powder. The 'entry port' will be a PC based at home or a 'health kiosk' in a shopping mall. Patients are already able to surf the Net and discover more about the various treatment options for their condition than in some cases their general practitioner is aware of. " The process also will be beneficial, he adds, with the consequence "that the global deployment and active use of telemedicine will result in a truly universal standard of medical practice becoming available throughout the world."
Daniel Epstein is a Washington, D.C.-based journalist in charge of media relations for PAHO's Office of Public Information. Richard L. Vernaci is an Internet consultant and writer who heads Broad Run Consulting, Inc., in Warrenton, Virginia, U.S.A.
The Word Game
As the telecommunications field evolves, the terminology changes. Regional preferences emerge, and some terms seem to be interchangeable, resulting in confusion about whether we are all on the same wavelength. Here is a brief glossary depicting how information is transferred and how different terms relate to one another:
Bandwidth: The size of the electronic "pipeline" through which information is carried over communications lines, measured in bits per second (bps).
Bitnet (Because It's Time Network): One of the world's earliest computer networks, set up in the 1980s by the University of Chile and the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). PAHO was an early participant in Bitnet, which also linked with universities in Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, and Costa Rica. As medical traffic on the Bitnet increased, a direct link with the U.S. National Library of Medicine was formed so that health researchers could use NASA's system to access the library's vast data banks.
Dedicated Lines: A permanently available circuit between a user and the Internet service provider. While many individual users connect to their Internet service provider via a telephone dial-up connection, many businesses and large institutions maintain these permanently available circuits for faster access.
Health Informatics: An umbrella term adopted by the World Health Organization and the Pan American Health Organization and used in most scientific and international fora. It encompasses the rapidly evolving discipline of using computing, networking, and communications to support such health-related fields as medicine, pharmacy, nursing, and dentistry. Telematics, a term frequently used in Europe, is one component of informatics, and generally refers to computer-based networking and communications.
Telehealth: A broad term used to describe the provision of health services over distance through the use of electronic networks. Telehealth, as a branch of health informatics, includes the exchange of highly detailed medical data between health professionals, the education of health personnel and the public, health promotion activities, epidemiological surveillance, and health services management. Telehealth is frequently referred to as "telemedicine," particularly in the United States, although telemedicine carries the connotation of being restricted to direct patient care.

domain: news


Forget April showers -- if the red carpet fashion this past week is any indication, we're about to have a HOT month!
Karlie Kloss gave us #BodyGoals in a midnight-blue midi dress that fit her like a glove at the 2017 DVF Awards on Thursday night.
Meanwhile, "How I Met Your Mother" actress Cobie Smulders smoldered (get it) on the red carpet in a sparkly metallic ensemble she paired with heels of the same hue.
Charlize Theron has been busy promoting the release of her new flick, "Fast & Furious 8," and she didn't disappoint, with one of our favorites being a white strapless frock that accentuated her enviable arms. Diane Kruger and Sienna Miller also rocked the springy hue with their own flattering ensembles.
Check out all the sexy looks from this week in the slideshow above!


Respect not a given for Matt Leinart in locker room
Matt Leinart has some proving to do and his work is going to start in the Cardinals locker room.
Arizona is turning over the keys of the offense after he pretty much backed up Kurt Warner for four seasons, getting 17 starts in that time.
Just because the team is being turned over to Leinart doesn’t mean the respect of his peers is there. Not yet.
“He definitely has to earn it,” veteran safety Adrian Wilson said this afternoon on XTRA 910 in Phoenix. “He’s played in some games early on in his career but I don’t think he’s played in games where he knew he was the guy 100 percent. Now, he’s the guy 100 percent and quarterbacks have to win over locker rooms. That’s just the way it is. You’re not going to come in there being the 10th pick of the whole draft and guys are going to respect you automatically.
“You have to show guys that you deserve to be that 10th pick. It’s a different kind of level, the people upstairs think you’re the 10th pick but when you come to the locker room it’s a different precedent and different director of scouting you have to impress. Matt understands that and understands the job at hand and how tough it will be for him. It’s going to be tough but I believe he is definitely willing to go out there and work and really prove he is the guy who can lead us back to where we want to get to.”
Certainly work ethic and commitment are things that have been questioned with Leinart in the past. His contract explodes going into 2011 so he’s going to have a one-season trial to determine if he’s the future of the Cardinals franchise. He’ll need to work to earn that respect in the locker room quickly.
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text:
Xylexpo 2024 will return to the traditional May date, to be precise from 21 to 24 at Fieramilano Rho.
A return to the origins for the world biennial of technologies for woodworking and the furniture industry, which has been held in May since its foundation, however the pandemic emergency had forced the organizers to choose another location thunderstorm in October.
A choice that has led to the development of a different scenario and new partnerships to allow exhibitors and visitors a safe return to normality in a successful event.
Xylexpo 2024: from Tuesday to Friday
A bet that won, because the 2022 edition was certainly the most successful event in the sector after the “Covid storm”.
The 27th edition had in fact recorded over 16,000 unique visitors, a number that rose to over 22,000 if admissions were taken into account, i.e. that a visitor could have entered several times over the 4 days of the fair.
The presence of foreign visitors has dropped by a few percentage points, from 28% in 2018 to 25% in 2022. A percentage that we hope to recover.
Luigi De Vito, president of the exhibition and of Acimall, the association of Italian woodworking machinery manufacturers, owner and organizer of the event: “We have carefully evaluated, in full agreement with all the most important players in the sector, all the alternatives and carefully considered the role of our fair as a promotional vehicle of primary importance. This path led us to choose the days from 21 to 24 May for Xylexpo 2024, for the first time from Tuesday to Friday. A time frame more in line with the current needs of exhibitors and visitors, especially international ones”.
An attractive event for the entire supply chain
The organizers are still defining the details of the new project, which will be even more multimedia-oriented. An event that aims to bring all the protagonists of the sector to Milan, in an event which, as De Vito recalls again, “we want dynamic, full of initiatives, unique in its kind, and which can give everyone the best possible result in terms cultural, promotional and business”.
Xylexpo 2024 https://www.xylexpo.com/it/ will take place at Fieramilano-Rho in the east side pavilions, near the underground station and all motorway, railway and airport connections, to further facilitate visits by Italian operators and foreigners who are already expecting many.


text:
Love is a funny thing. It can be fleeting, unpredictable and wonderful. You can’t predict it, so why not preserve your memories of it? That’s why we’re here! We’ve put together this guide to help you preserve those love-filled moments from the past so that they’ll last forever.
Love is a funny thing. It can make you feel wonderful or terrible, fleeting or eternal, unexpected or expected—and it can do so in the span of seconds. You may have been married to your partner for decades, but if they come home with flowers on their birthday or call you at 3:00 AM to wish you happy birthday (even if it’s not your birthday), then all those years of marriage were worth it!
You might think that love is only about feeling good; however, this isn’t true at all! The truth is that sometimes people express their love through acts of kindness and generosity towards others around them—and these acts often go unnoticed by those who receive them because there are so many other things going on in our lives that take precedence over such small gestures from timeto-time; but when we look back later on down the road after having lived through some difficult times together as husband wife parents etc., these little moments will mean more than anything else ever could again.”
Love is a fleeting emotion. It can come and go in an instant, but the good news is that it’s not always fleeting. You may find yourself feeling love for someone during one moment of your life and then two weeks later you’re thinking about them as if their faces were going to be on milk cartons just sitting there staring at you with those sad, puppy-dog eyes.
Love isn’t just a constant state of being—it ebbs and flows like the tide: sometimes high tide (when everything seems perfect), other times low tide (when things aren’t working out quite so well).
Love makes you feel special
Love is the feeling that one is the most important person in the world, and that they are loved and appreciated by others. When we love someone else, our hearts beat faster and our skin gets warm with excitement. It’s impossible not to be happy when you’re with someone who loves us!
The reason why I think this topic should be covered here is because there are so many people out there today who don’t have anyone close enough to them anymore because their parents died or moved away somewhere else far away from where they live now (or maybe both). These young ones need some kind of guidance on how they can get over feelings like these when they lose their parents because it might seem like nothing but sadness at first glance but actually turns into something positive later down the road; even better if it happens sooner rather than later before things get too serious between couples who care deeply about each other already.”
Love is the most unpredictable thing in the world, and you’ll never know when or how it will strike. It could be a momentary feeling, or it could become your life’s work—whatever form it takes, love is always a force that affects you deeply and changes you irreversibly over time.
And while we may think we have some control over our future relationships—that they’ll last forever or that they won’t last at all—we’re still left with no guarantee when we’re ready to move on with someone new (or maybe even back into an old relationship). If this sounds familiar: don’t worry about trying too hard! Your initial feelings for someone might seem like only temporary chemistry at first glance; but if those feelings grow stronger over time, then chances are there’s something special happening between these two people who need each other more than anything else right now in their lives . . .
Love is unpredictable and wonderful
Love is unpredictable, and it can be wonderful. It’s not just for couples who have been together for years; love is a feeling that happens when you meet someone new and fall in love with them—or even just think about them.
Love makes you feel special, like no one else on earth has the same connection with you as this person does. You feel connected to everyone but yourself at the same time!
In the end, love is unpredictable and wonderful. It can make you feel special, and it can make you feel like a part of something bigger than yourself. It can bring out the best in people by making them want to be a better person because they care so much about other people. And really, isn’t that what life is all about?
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