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Assistant Professor, Passan School of Nursing, Wilkes University, USA
*Corresponding author: Emily Havrilla, Assistant Professor, Passan School of Nursing, Wilkes University, 84 W. South St. Wilkes-Barre, USA, Tel: 570-408-4069, E-mail: email@example.com
Received: August 16, 2017 Accepted: August 18, 2017 Published: August 24, 2017
Citation: Havrilla E. Defining Vulnerability. Madridge J Nurs. 2017; 2(1): 63-68. doi: 10.18689/mjn-1000111
Copyright: © 2017 The Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
There is an increased awareness of the needs of vulnerable individuals and populations in the discipline of nursing. In order to meet the healthcare needs of the vulnerable, nurses need to understand the multiple implications of vulnerability. The term “vulnerability” is widely used and embedded in the nursing vocabulary, yet it remains a difficult concept to define. The concept of vulnerability has developed over the last thirty-five years broadening to encompass aspects of risk and resiliency. Theories of vulnerability include personal and societal factors. The definition of vulnerability, grounded in the literature and prevalent theories of vulnerability, is used to describe the role of nursing in the care of the vulnerable. The nursing process is used to assess vulnerability and facilitate a resilient response at the individual and community levels.
Keywords: Vulnerability; Concept; Definition; Theory; Nursing process.
The discipline of nursing and the healthcare community have become increasingly aware of the needs of vulnerable individuals and populations. In the United States, vulnerability has been linked with health disparities, resulting in a subsequent focus on national health equality . The National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) both have research goals that include decreasing health disparities [2,3]. The national healthcare agenda, articulated in Healthy People 2020, integrates a focus on decreasing health disparities across the goals . Nursing is faced with the challenge of addressing the needs of the vulnerable. What then is the definition of vulnerability and how should the concept of vulnerability be integrated into nursing care? The aim of this article is to provide an overview of vulnerability and offer direction for the development of nursing interventions in the care of the vulnerable.
Definition of Vulnerability
Vulnerability, as a concept, has evolved dramatically over the last thirty-five years. Prior to its identification as a concept by Rose and Killien in 1983, vulnerability was a descriptive term associated with risk, often phrased as “vulnerable to”. With their distinction between personal and environmental factors and the associated terms of vulnerability and risk, Rose and Killien initiated the examination of the concept of vulnerability . Nursing literature throughout the 1980's reflected attempts to define and describe vulnerability [6,7,8].
In the 1990's the concept broadened with the seminal, sociologic work of Aday to include community and individual perspectives related to physical, psychological and social health, as well as the associated resources to respond . During this time period nurse scientists viewed vulnerability along a continuum and its relationships to other concepts were examined [10-14]. Moving into the 21st century, vulnerability was considered within the context of changing demographics and multicultural, intercultural, and intracultural issues . There was a shift in the concepts that were examined in relation to vulnerability. These included marginalization, social connectedness, and health disparity [16-20].
As the meaning of vulnerability has evolved, the view has shifted to one of openness and vulnerability as opportunity. Capabilities, resilience, and resourcefulness are now included as key factors that influence the outcomes associated with vulnerability [21-23]. Post modern reconstruction of vulnerability describes movement from immobility to growth and integration . The concept of vulnerability has evolved to the point that it is viewed as having transformative power .
Moving forward into the 21st century, the usage of the terminology associated with vulnerability is fluid in the literature related to discipline and point of view. Concurrent meanings of vulnerability continue to exist; however, the term is often preceded by a descriptive adjective such as “societal” vulnerability or “personal” vulnerability, implying a general recognition of the multiple meanings of vulnerability. Based on the review of literature, vulnerability may be defined as: a state of dynamic openness and opportunity for individuals, groups, communities, or populations to respond to community and individual factors through the use of internal and external resources in a positive (resilient) or negative (risk) manner along a continuum of illness (oppression) to health (growth). Vulnerability is a universal concept. Everyone is potentially vulnerable and will experience vulnerability to varying degrees. Depending on the view of vulnerability, the primary focus may be on health and illness or it may be on oppression and growth as linked to personal or societal resources.
Because of this extensive view of vulnerability, many populations may be considered vulnerable. In Aday's original text , the following populations were considered vulnerable: high-risk mothers and infants, chronically ill and disabled, persons with AIDS, mentally ill and disabled, alcohol or substance abusers, suicide or homicide prone, abusing families, homeless, and immigrants and refugees. With the increasing awareness of populations who experience health disparities and marginalized populations, this list may be expanded and re-defined on an ongoing basis. Vulnerability is a dynamic process and may be experienced by anyone.
Theories of Vulnerability
Vulnerability has been used historically as a descriptive term and it appears as a concept in multiple disciplines [27-31]. Several theoretical frameworks of vulnerability are important for guiding and directing nursing care. These theories either present the concept within the framework of the nursing paradigm or they serve as seminal theory which subsequently has influenced the development of nursing theory about vulnerability.
Rose & Killien not only first identified vulnerability as a concept; they also examined key aspects of vulnerability. Analysis of previous literature in a variety of fields facilitated the distinction between risk and vulnerability. According to Rose & Killien, risk is interpreted as a function of the environment, with the environment including the physical surroundings, direct and indirect influences, and sociocultural environment. Vulnerability is a function of the individual, influenced both by inherent and acquired factors. Both the individual and the environment contribute to health outcomes, where they dynamically affect each other via a transaction. Health is the result of interaction between an individual and their environment. Characteristics of vulnerability and risk and the transaction between them need to be considered when decisions in nursing practice and nursing research are made. Theoretical propositions include: differentiation between the concepts of risk and vulnerability can facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual and potential health problems; characteristics of both the individual and the environment contribute to health or illness, one affects the other in a dynamic way .
Social vulnerability has developed from a variety of fields, with each field defining the concept differently. The theory that reverberates throughout the literature and that has been frequently cited by nurse scientists is the work of Aday . Risk factors, predictors of risk, are described from individual and community perspectives and include social status, social capital, and human capital. Social status includes age, sex, race and ethnicity; social capital includes family structure, marital status, voluntary organizations, social networks; and human capital includes schools, jobs, income, and housing. Vulnerable populations experience relative risk of poor physical, psychological, and/or social health. Within this framework there is always a chance of an adverse health-related event and everyone is potentially at risk of poor physical, psychological and/or social health. Propositions: everyone is potentially vulnerable (at risk); risk (relative risk) of vulnerability is greater for those with the least social status, social capital, and human capital resources to prevent or ameliorate the origins and consequences of poor physical, psychological, or social health [9,26].
The most noteworthy nursing conceptual model of vulnerable populations is that developed by Flaskerud and Winslow . Vulnerable populations are defined as social groups who have an increased relative risk or susceptibility to adverse health outcomes. Causes of susceptibility include low social and economic status and lack of environmental resources. Flaskerud and Winslow recommend a community health perspective and state the model focuses on the responsibility of communities to provide opportunities and resources to achieve and maintain health .
In the Vulnerable Populations Model, resource availability, relative risk, and health status are related. The model builds on Aday's theory of vulnerability related to relative risk. Resource availability includes socioeconomic and environmental resources, defined as human capital, social connectedness, and social status. Health status is indicated by disease prevalence and morbidity and mortality rates. The authors view the model as having wide application for nursing research, practice, and ethical and policy analysis with the potential to affect resources, relative risk, and health status directly and indirectly. Propositions: lack of resources increases relative risk; increased exposure to risk factors leads to increased morbidity and mortality in a population group; morbidity and mortality in a community may feed back into resource availability and further deplete the availability of resources .
Other theories of vulnerability found in the literature are less widely known. Lessick, Woodring, Naber, and Halstead  developed a conceptual model of vulnerability that was intended to be relevant to perinatal and neonatal nursing. Vulnerability is the net result of an individual's assets and liabilities interacting with specific environmental assets and liabilities, which then determine the likelihood of health or illness. Within this model, a person is the vulnerable system comprised of four dynamic dimensions: biologic, psychological, social, and cognitive. The person is in constant interaction with a changing environment, influenced by and influencing the environment. Individual assets and liabilities are dynamic, originating from constitutional equipment, contextual modifiers, and operational environment. Constitutional equipment is determined by genotype and development. It includes intactness of body parts, temperament, and susceptibility to illness and directly affects the vulnerability of an individual. The environment is composed of phenomenal stimuli (external conditions), personal stimuli (internal conditions), and social stimuli (occur between individual and others). Contextual modifiers are biopsychosocial-cognitive factors that change, reduce, or amplify vulnerability. The operational environment consists of phenomenal, personal, and social stimuli that impact an individual's vulnerability throughout their life. Vulnerability is dynamic, expressed as behavior, determining the location of individuals along a health-illness continuum Propositions: an individuals vulnerability level is dynamic and can alter as changes take place in the person, environment, or both; each individual has a threshold at some level of vulnerability beyond which illness can occur .
Another theory of vulnerability was developed by Rogers . In this theory, Aday is referenced in defining vulnerable populations as being at risk of poor physical, psychological, and/or social health. Determinants of vulnerability include age, gender, race/ethnicity, social support, education, incomes, and life change. The theories of Rose and Killien, Aday, and Lessick and colleagues are referenced to define personal and environmental components of vulnerability. The model of vulnerability developed is depicted as an equilateral triangle that demonstrates the interaction of environmental supports, personal resources, and vulnerability. The base of the triangle is the continuum of vulnerability. The sides are environmental supports and personal resources in a range from many to few. An individual's vulnerability is determined by identifying the level of environmental support and personal resources, finding their intersection and then drawing a line to the vulnerability continuum. Propositions: degree of vulnerability is related to the outcome of the interaction of personal resources and environmental supports .
Theories of vulnerability have originated in many settings. Appleton  examined the concept of vulnerability through a qualitative approach as described by health visitors following families in the British National Health Services. Through data analysis, a model describing internal and external stress factors of vulnerability and a continuum of vulnerability was formulated. Families are described as more or less vulnerable throughout their life cycle relative to their ability to cope with stress factors. Vulnerability is a transient, dynamic process and an ambiguous concept. Proposition: vulnerability is a transient concept, occurring along a continuum by which families move in and out of relative to internal and external stress factors .
The Theory of Self-Care Management for Vulnerable Populations is an alternate approach to addressing the concept of vulnerability by focusing on self care management and intrapersonal factors to manage illness. Self care management is also influenced by contextual factors. The theory incorporates concepts from the Vulnerable Populations Conceptual Model. People with chronic illness encounter modifiable and non-modifiable factors that may increase their vulnerability. These are related to self-care management and associated levels of health status and quality of life. Proposition: people with a chronic illness encounter both modifiable and non-modifiable factors that may increase their vulnerability .
The concept of vulnerability evolved and became broader in nature as it started to include the associated concepts of marginalization and health disparity. One of the first descriptions of vulnerability by Stevens, Hall, and Meleis [32,33], examined the meaning of vulnerability from the point of view of working women. Vulnerability is not related to social determinants, but rather it originates in daily experiences and incorporates both environmental and personal phenomena. Through a qualitative approach, vulnerability was defined as persons' experiences of being unprotected and open to damage in threatening environments. Narrative themes were identified with vulnerability being cumulative and viewed as a web of contingencies. Propositions: vulnerability is a web of contingencies; vulnerability is cumulative .
As the concept of vulnerability expanded, theories relating the concepts of vulnerability and marginalization were developed. Marginalization is defined as the process through which persons are peripheralized on the basis of their identities, associations, experiences, and environments . Seven key properties of marginalization are identified: intermediacy, differentiation, power, secrecy, reflectiveness, voice, and liminality. Vulnerability is the condition of being exposed or unprotected with inherent components of risk and resilience. Each property of marginalization has elements of risk and resilience. Propositions: (intermediacy) human boundaries act as barriers and connections; (diversity) of identities increases with physical and social distance from the center; (power) influence is exerted by those at the center of a community over the periphery and vice versa; (secrecy) information is confined to establish interpersonal bonds, maintain trust, and avoid betrayal; (reflectiveness) marginalized persons have subjective experiences that distinguish them from more centrally located community members; (voice) marginalized persons and groups have ways of communicating that distinguish them from those at the center; (liminality) marginalized persons have altered and intensified perceptions of time, worldview, and self-image that characterize and result from marginalizing experiences .
This theory was expanded to include the properties of exteriority, constraint, eurocentrism, economic, seduction, testimonies, and hope. Propositions: (exteriority) condition of being outside the dominant system, beyond societal protections and resources; (constraint) bodily restriction experienced in incarceration, entrapment or physical intrusion; (eurocentrism) European and North American values and technologies are viewed as superior to those of exteriorized peoples; (economics) set of contingencies that affects marginalized peoples; access to resources; (seduction) manufacture of desires for material objects that promote the consumer market place and objectification of persons; (testimonies) personal narratives elaborating exteriorized life experiences and survival; (hope) positive view of the future based on concrete efforts toward sociopolitical transformation . The responsibility of nursing is to transform exteriorizing social structures as a function of the sociopolitical dimensions of nursing. This transformative power of vulnerability is found in 21st century literature .
Role of Nursing: Facilitating Resiliency
A synthesis of the definitions and theoretical models of vulnerability reveals a commonality. There is a need to strengthen the capacity to respond to vulnerability. At all levels, augmenting resources will facilitate movement of the individual or population in a resilient direction. Each step of the nursing process for the care of the vulnerable individual or community should include a focus on a resilient response to risk.
The nursing assessment moves beyond a primarily physical assessment related to “risk” of a disease. Elements to include in assessing the ability to respond to vulnerability are a comprehensive assessment of socioeconomic factors and the impact on the individual, the client's coping strategies and plan to respond to issues, the effectiveness of the client's plan, and options for strengthening resources to foster resiliency and decrease risk through individual and programmatic interventions. This type of assessment may also be conducted to determine the ability to respond to vulnerability in families, groups, communities, and populations. Furthermore, assessment of resources to respond to vulnerability is also applicable in nursing care related to disease management and population health.
At the societal level, a thorough community assessment of the available social and human capital would provide information related to the degree of vulnerability and provide a foundation for planning programmatic and community based interventions. Community level data analysis would assist in the identification of patterns of response to vulnerability and provide direction for planning interventions.
In formulating a specific nursing diagnosis, the nurse is using clinical judgment to determine a client's response to health conditions or needs . The diagnosis is not “vulnerable to”, but now becomes “vulnerable related to”. In formally stating vulnerability as a nursing diagnosis, the nurse focuses on the specific factors that are part of the client's vulnerability.
Outcomes are identified and expressed as short-range and long-range goals. As with other outcomes, they should be specific and measurable. The outcomes articulated should reflect goals that lead to a resilient response to the specific issues of vulnerability.
Congruent with the majority of theoretical frameworks, nursing interventions may be designed at either the personal or societal level to strengthen individual, family, or community resources, thereby facilitating a response to vulnerability in a resilient direction. Many nursing interventions implemented in the care of vulnerable populations inherently increase resilience. Interventions specifically designed with the intended goal of increasing resources to respond to vulnerability have the potential to be more effective.
Strengthening of individual factors such as self-efficacy and coping mechanisms through targeted interventions would facilitate the ability to respond effectively to vulnerability. These may range from education and counseling, to the provision of resources. At the societal level, nurses may advocate for resources and funding support, as well as participate in the development of programmatic solutions designed to augment social and human capital. It is in these types of interventions that the transformative nature of vulnerability is realized.
Ongoing evaluation of the effectiveness of the interventions implemented will assist in determining the client's vulnerability. A resilient response to vulnerability will be related to the achievement of specific goals. Re-evaluation of the overall plan provides an opportunity for change in interventions. On a community level, continuous evaluation will afford individuals, partners, and stake holders an opportunity to change strategies if necessary. Complex community based interventions will require continual oversight and data collection to evaluate the success of programmatic interventions.
Vulnerability is multidimensional with individual aspects difficult to isolate. An individual or community may have many sources of vulnerability and specific issues may be hard to identify. Likewise, interventions may target more than one aspect of vulnerability. For example, food insecurity may lead to the lack of adequate nutrition. Referral to a food pantry although appropriate will not necessarily increase the individual's resiliency. Education regarding meal planning within the food resources accessed through the food pantry and healthy choices within the environment would support better nutritional decisions. An assessment of the community would identify weaknesses in the programming to support food pantries. At the community level, support for food pantries through funding for appropriate facilities and food supplies would decrease the presence of canned and processed food, leading to better nutrition which may be considered movement towards a resilient response.
The care of vulnerable individuals and communities requires an understanding of the meaning of vulnerability and an appreciation of the complexity of the relationship between vulnerability and individual and societal factors. However vulnerability is defined and understood, nurses are able to implement strategies that are effective in increasing a client's ability to respond to vulnerability. Often strategies at both the individual and community levels are required to facilitate a resilient response to vulnerability. Nursing's ability to respond to vulnerable clients is grounded in educational preparation, research evidence, and community support. An increased focus on the care of the vulnerable in practice, education, research, and health policy advocacy would foster an integrated approach to facilitating resiliency.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The author declares that there is no conflict of interest.

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Madrid's Metro is quick, efficient, clean, safe, and cheap, with more than 200 stations on 12 numbered and color-coded lines. The network operates from 6:30 a.m. until 1:30 a.m., and you'll seldom have to wait more than a few minutes for a train. The Metro Madrid Web site is in Spanish, but the plano (map) doesn't require translation, and the self-service ticket machines in the Metro stations are multilingual and easy to use.
The local bus network is run by EMT Madrid. Buses operate from 6 a.m. until midnight.
You can buy a discounted 10-journey Bono from any Metro station or bus information booth, and it--like single-journey transit tickets--can be used for either underground or bus travel. If you plan to travel extensively by Metro or bus, consider buying a Tourist Travel Pass (Abono Transportes Turístico), which permits unlimited travel for 1, 2, 3, 5, or 7 calendar days. (Get the cheaper Zone A version unless you plan extensive suburban travel.)
photoMadridVision buses. These "hop on, hop off" double-deck sightseeing buses operate on two routes: "Historic Madrid" (the city center) and "Modern Madrid" (the neighborhoods north of the center where many upscale chain hotels, office buildings, and shopping malls are located).
TheMadridVision buses won't take you anywhere that you couldn't reach by public transportation--or, in the case of historic Madrid, on foot--but if you're on a tight schedule or want to minimize walking, they can be a good value. (You can ride MadridVision buses free with the Madrid Card; the Madrid Card Cultura provides a 10% discount.)

domain: geography


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Recently I haven’t posted much as honestly I have been battling my demons with being nervous. I came off, not even badly and we couldn’t ride for a short while to some truly horrendous weather. So during that time I spent some time getting inside my own head, which is always bad news. I’ve been trying to make little steps to get back to where we were.
During the time I haven’t posted, Christmas has come and gone. We had a brilliant low key Christmas Show at our yard. Everyone was brilliant and made such an effort with their fancy dress. Of course the weather was bad, thick fog and a fair amount of mizzle. Caspar and I donned our favourite sparkly things and some fairy lights for the occasion. We both had a brilliant time. We are so looking forward to going out to do more shows in the summer! We treated ourselves to some new stirrups as well as I find my ankle and knee can get a bit sore, so after searching and searching I found the perfect ones for us at Equissimo we went for Tech Stirrups Iris in rose gold. Not only are they super comfortable, the grip is amazing, and they are my all time favourite colour rose gold. What more could I want for.
This time last year we had quite a bit of snow, and this year we have had some more! Not quite the same amount, but it came down thick and fast. It’s also gone as quickly as it came. Caspar and I had a nice relaxed ride in the school in the left over snow. He was such a good boy, he hadn’t been ridden for two weeks due to the wild weather and him having a cough, I was expecting a little bit of a lively ride. But I can’t fault him, such a special boy. Of course, we couldn’t resist a photo opportunity!
Jen & Caspar xx

domain: hobby


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The plan, approved by the Arizona Attorney General's Office on Friday, finalizes a horse management deal that will be overseen by the Arizona Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Forest Service.
The new management program averted a U.S. Forest Service plan to remove around 100 horses from the Salt River and Tonto National Forest because of safety concerns about nearby highways. Just two years ago, the herd of wild horses was going to be rounded up and auctioned off.
Friday's announcement comes a year-and-a-half after Arizona passed the HB 2340, the Salt River Wild Horse Act. It was designed to protect the horses by making it a crime to kill, harass, or interfere with the animals. Governor Doug Ducey signed the bill, which was spearheaded by Republican state Representative Kelly Townsend of Mesa.
It also sent a message to the federal government, which was looking at options for removing the horses. In a tangled bit of wildlife management policy, the U.S. Forest Service initially declined to recognize the horses as "wild" and therefore protected under the Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971. The feds argued that at one point, these horses were livestock.
Ecstatic that my bill to protect the #SaltRiverWildHorses went into effect upon the signing of the IGA yesterday! A job well done by the Governor and his staff, the Dept. of Ag, the horse advocates, and the Forest Service! #ArizonaRocks pic.twitter.com/f0qVMKo8ET— Rep. Kelly Townsend (@KellyTownsend11) December 29, 2017
Horse-advocacy group Salt River Wild Horse Management is pleased to see the plan moving forward.
"Two years ago, the Salt River wild horses were almost removed and slaughtered. Today is a great day," the organization president's, Simone Netherlands, said in a press release. "The Salt River wild horses are protected from harassment and slaughter."
Netherlands' group said that 100 volunteers are ready to assist the effort per the partnership agreement, which stipulates that the state will partner with a volunteer organization to help manage the horse population.

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Southwest refuses to panic, trips Judson
SAN ANTONIO — Southwest coach Sandra Hernandez preaches patience, regardless of the score, inning or circumstance.
So when the Dragons faced an early three-run deficit in the decisive Game 3 of their Class 5A second-round series against Judson, they didn't fret. They simply heeded their coach's advice.
It paid big dividends as Southwest toppled the Rockets 14-7 on Saturday at the Northside ISD Complex, winning the final two games of the series after dropping the opener.
The Dragons (29-9) advanced to the regional quarterfinals for the fourth time in history — they also made it in 2000, 2009 and 2011 — and will play District 28-5A foe Steele in a best-of-3 series.
Game 1 is set for 7:30 p.m. Thursday at the North East ISD Complex. Game 2 is 7:30 p.m. Friday at the SAISD Complex. Game 3, if necessary, is at 7:30 p.m. Saturday at the Northside ISD Complex.
“We know that if we give it all we've got, we can make it work,” said Southwest junior shortstop Kristal Salinas, who had two hits and 12 putouts. “This game was just (about), 'leave it all on the field.'”
Southwest did its damage in the fifth and sixth innings, tallying 10 runs, eight of its 15 hits and six walks — while batting around the lineup in each frame. The five-run sixth came after Judson (28-8) had closed within 9-7 on catcher Nicole Shedd's three-run home run to right-center field.
In the bottom of the sixth, Caitlin Terrazas highlighted the Dragons' surge with a grand slam to left field. Kamerie Vidales hit two home runs — a three-run blast in the fifth, and a solo shot in the fourth.
“I don't go up there thinking I'm going to hit a home run,” said Vidales, who was 2-for-3. “The most important thing is to bring in my teammates. Hitting a home run is extra.”
While Southwest found its groove, Judson was perhaps its own worst enemy after a strong start. The Rockets had runners thrown out at home and twice at second base, and had another runner picked off at first that erased a bases-loaded-with-no-outs situation.
“The base-running killed us,” Judson coach Theresa Urbanovsky said after her team lost consecutive games for the first time this season. “We score a couple more runs in those opportunities, you have a four- or five-run lead rather than a three.”


January 9, 2006
The edit, 'Not by reservation: Early child development is the key' (ET, Jan 6), is an excellent one to hit power hungry politicians, who are bent upon forcing reservations in private sector. Even after 58 years of Independence and continued reservations, social justice has not reached the under-privileged. Reservations are only to fool them and garner votes. What the SC/ST and backward people want is infrastructure and facilities for education, avenues for employment.
July 5, 2014 |
RANCHI: The RJD today celebrated the party's 19th foundation day in all districts of Jharkhand with leaders pledging support to party supremo Lalu Prasad. "All leaders and activists of the party should continue to reach out and help the downtrodden and the deprived sections," party leader and Jharkhand Tourism Minister Suresh Paswan told a party meeting here. He exhorted the party workers to throw their weight behind Prasad and strengthen the party ahead of the Assembly elections later this year.
August 26, 2013 |
NEW DELHI: The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment has written to the Civil Aviation ministry asking for lowering the eligibility age of women travellers for concession from 63 to 60 years in national carriers. "Senior citizen women are already getting concessions in railway fare. I have requested the Ministry of Civil Aviation to reduce the eligibility age for women getting concession in national carriers from 63 to 60," said Union Minister for Social Justice and Empowerment Kumari Selja . She was speaking at a conference "Ageing Women Critical Challenges and Concerns" here.
December 9, 2005 |
NEW DELHI: Building a strong case for a special economic package for Bihar, Chief Minister Nitish Kumar today said if the Centre aimed at 10 per cent growth rate in the country, it should pump enough funds in the state to reach the target. "With a mere four per cent growth rate in Bihar, one cannot think of the country achieving ten per cent. So, if the Centre is keen on ten per cent rate, it should bring Bihar to that level by investing more funds," he said. Kumar was participating in a conference here on 'Democracy, Development and Social Inclusion' organised by Hindi daily Dainik Jagaran.
June 19, 2005 |
NEW DELHI: Strongly opposing disinvestment of profit making PSUs and hire-and-fire policy, Nationalist Congress Party on Sunday asked government to streamline taxes, remove licence and inspector raj and check corruption at the bureaucratic levels. In a slew of proposals to foster economic growth with social justice, Sharad Pawar's party also favoured better living conditions for the country's vast work force so as to increase labour productivity and increase India Inc's competitiveness globally.
July 31, 2014 |
NEW DELHI: Proposal to give constitutional status to the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) was under process in the Social Justice and Empowerment ministry and it takes time to amend the Constitution to grant the status, Rajya Sabha was informed today. Minister of State for Social Justice and Empowerment Sudarshan Bhagat , in a written reply in Rajya Sabha today, said that the proposal to give Constitutional status to the NCBC on lines of the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC)
August 5, 2014 |
NEW DELHI: Pitching for greater accountability and transparency in utilisation of funds by NGOs, government today said it supports punishing those found guilty of such misconduct. Social Justice and Empowerment Minister Thaawar Chand Gehlot told the Lok Sabha that 26 cases of alleged misuse of funds by NGOs have come to light. Responding to a supplementary, he said a probe is on against Dr Zakir Hussain Memorial Trust and if need be an FIR would be lodged. Former Union Minister Salman Khurshid is associated with the trust.
May 27, 2006 |
NEW DELHI: HRD Minister Arjun Singh, who had hoped for a place in the social justice pantheon, must be a disappointed man. With the Congress reluctant to take credit for the additional quota for OBCs and the "social justice" parties advertising their role in getting the government concede their quota demand, the HRD minister was once again finding himself on the political margins. The Congress wariness of flaunting the Bill was clear from the subdued response of the party.
August 26, 2005 |
The Supreme Court's anger over its latest judgement on professional colleges being treated as grounds for a fresh confrontation between the judiciary and Parliament is quite understandable. There is nothing in the judgement that states that a fresh legislation will necessarily be a point of conflict with the court. On the contrary, the judgement makes it clear that there are findings in the earlier TMA Pai judgement that are "contradictory inter se" but cannot be taken up by this bench as it is smaller than the 11 judge bench that went into the TMA Pai case.
January 17, 2012 |
NEW DELHI: Trying to woo the politically unattached among Backwards and consolidate its base among the upper castes, including Brahmins, BJP has reinforced its opposition to job reservations for Muslims within the OBC quota and assured a better deal for the poor among forward castes. However, it stopped short of promising reservation for them. Describing it as a new "swadeshi" paradigm of development, BJP's vision document said the goal of social justice cannot be limited to reservations.


Thursday, 7 December 2017
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Longney and Epney are two beautiful villages located on the banks of the River Severn in the district of Stroud, Gloucestershire. The parishes lie five miles South-West of Gloucester and the Saxon meaning of Longney is "Long Island". The population of the two villages was 285 in 2011.
We have been trawling through our photos to populate the website gallery. If anyone has any photos, particularly old ones of village life, sunsets or floods we would love to add them.


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Her Most Serene Omnipotence Calasandra, Empress of Everything, condescended to answer the questions posed by the editors of the collection, A Method to the Madness: A Guide to the Super Evil.
|Rumoured to be the nebula in which Her Serene Omnipotence resides|
We think you’re going to find Her broadcast deliciously dastardly in only the most refined and distinguished of taste.
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THIRTY-SIX YEARS AGO, ''The Button-Down Mind of Bob Newhart'' became the first album of stand-up comedy routines to reach No. 1 on Billboard's album chart. Mr. Newhart's sly, low-key monologues stayed at the top of the chart for 14 weeks -- still a record for a comedy album.
Since that time, a lot has changed in the world of comedy. The genre became serious and profane with Lenny Bruce and Richard Pryor, was surrealistic and satirical in the hands of groups like the Firesign Theater and the Credibility Gap, and served as superstar-showcases for Bill Cosby and Steve Martin. A decade ago, sales of comedy records had slumped, and they received little air play on radio. But in recent years the format has revitalized itself, with gold- and platinum-selling recordings by the Southern joker Jeff Foxworthy and the ''Saturday Night Live'' alumnus Adam Sandler finding a place on country and rock radio stations as well as in the homes of millions of CD-player owners.
Three new comedy releases -- by the veteran comedian George Carlin, the stand-up and sitcom star Ellen DeGeneres, and a brash upstart, Robert Schimmel -- sum up the current state of the genre, which now combines a variety of familiar styles with new technologies.
Mr. Carlin's ''Back in Town'' (Atlantic) is his 17th album, and he asserts in the liner notes that ''this is the best writing and performing I've done in 36 years.'' It's easy to hear why he is proud of his work on ''Back in Town''; taped during a March 1996 show at the Beacon Theater in Manhattan, the comedian presides over a raucous, wildly adoring audience with impressive ease and authority.
His earliest comedy albums explored the fallout of the 60's: drug experimentation, Vietnam War cynicism, the curdling of the counterculture. Hirsute and happy in a hippy-dippy way, Mr. Carlin used to present himself as both a product of those times and a wry critic of them. As he has grown older, however, his style has changed.Continue reading the main story
Now short-haired and short-tempered, his comedy has taken on the air of the outsider, and much of his time on ''Back in Town'' is spent vehemently expressing alienation from what he sees as pervasive: yuppie decadence, media stupidity and an arrogant, unfeeling government. Peppering his monologues with blunt four-letter imprecations, Mr. Carlin takes after everyone from anti-abortion activists (''They're not pro-life; they're anti-woman'') to ''whining baby boomers,'' saying they've moved ''from cocaine to Rogaine'' with little improvement.
While he heartily deplores religious and political conservatism, Mr. Carlin is no bleeding-heart liberal. He bemoans a general malaise in which both the left and the right are made up of hapless dupes. All of which raises the question: Is the album funny? Sometimes, yes, but the laughs tend to derive more from the way he delivers a punch line (in a dazzling array of vocal tones and speeds) than from the content of the line itself. Too often, Mr. Carlin ekes out a crowd-pleasing response by citing a complaint and then swearing loudly. At first, it's an amusing shock tactic, but it quickly becomes tedious.
If Mr. Carlin's routines are R-rated, Ellen DeGeneres's ''Taste This'' (Soda Jerk/Atlantic) contains material that is pure PG. Ms. DeGeneres is now best known as the star of the ABC sitcom ''Ellen'' who recently caused a stir in proposing that her television character come out as gay. But none of this comes up on ''Taste This.'' (The album was recorded two years ago, during her last stand-up performance before she went into television full time.) The results aren't stale, however, since Ms. DeGeneres has never relied on timely material; the subjects of her jokes are standards of the genre -- bad airline food, annoying children and pets.
What strikes a listener most immediately about ''Taste This'' are the similarities between Ms. DeGeneres and an unexpected influence: Bob Newhart. Like that of the older comedian, Ms. DeGeneres's delivery is soft-spoken and hesitant; her comic persona, like Mr. Newhart's, is that of a modest, rather self-conscious person baffled by the complications of modern technology and human behavior. She even does the sort of one-way phone-conversation routines that were a trademark of Mr. Newhart's act. While the audience reacts with hearty laughter, the listener playing ''Taste This'' at home is more likely to just chuckle mildly at her clever, airily lightweight jokes.
Mildness is entirely absent from Robert Schimmel's debut album, ''Robert Schimmel Comes Clean'' (Warner Brothers), a harrowing yet often hilarious recording. Speaking in a calm manner, with a deceptively soothing, sonorous voice (comedy aficionados will hear a definite echo of the underrated 60's comic Milt Kamen), Mr. Schimmel delivers observations on sexual and societal foolishness in the strongest possible language. But unlike Mr. Carlin on ''Back in Town,'' Mr. Schimmel doesn't use an epithet as a substitute for a punch line but rather for plain-spoken punctuation to reproduce the way many people talk in unguarded moments.
Mr. Schimmel has been compared to the taboo-busting, furious Lenny Bruce, and he courts the comparison, listing his favorite Bruce albums in his liner notes. But unlike his comedic hero, Mr. Schimmel isn't so much angry as he is resigned -- to the stupidity and hypocrisy of people and to his own inability to repair the same flaws in himself.
Because he speaks frankly about men's carnal desires, some will inevitably think him sexist, but over the course of ''Comes Clean'' he is more concerned with the immaturity of men than with the vulnerability of women. Listening to Mr. Schimmel discourse profanely on sex, marriage, and pornographic movies, one finds that his jokes dig deep. They're funny, but they also carry the weight of truth.
SIGNIFICANTLY, ''Comes Clean'' connects the history of comedy recordings with its future. The album was produced by William E. McEuen, who oversaw Steve Martin's classic wild-and-crazy records. Mr. Schimmel and Mr. McEuen have created a state-of-the-art package: ''Comes Clean'' is what's called an ''enhanced CD.'' Pop it into your computer's CD-ROM, and you'll be able to see excerpts of the aggressively balding Mr. Schimmel slaying a crowd, as well as tidbits like a salute to Lenny Bruce. Any way you process him, however, Mr. Schimmel is one funny guy.Continue reading the main story


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Easy Instant Pot Chicken Noodle Soup Rebooted Mom
This recipe is perfect for using up extra rotisserie chicken – but even if you don’t have a rotisserie chicken, you can cook a whole chicken in this Instant Pot in just 25 minutes – keep the meat for many meals to save yourself some time.... Insert half lemon, half whole garlic head, fresh thyme leaves, fresh rosemary sprigs, fresh oregano spring inside the cavity of chicken. Tie both legs of the chicken …
Instant Pot "Rotisserie" Chicken Recipe A Pinch of
Whether you love chicken breast recipes or prefer chicken thighs – or would even like to try cooking a whole chicken in your Instant Pot – we’ve gotcha covered! ~ When it comes to easy, healthy dinner recipes, America’s go-to protein of choice tends to be chicken.... 9/03/2018 · Instant Pot Rotisserie Chicken – this recipe turns out perfectly tender and juicy chicken that you can make easily at home. Best of all, includes instructions for thawed, frozen and the oven. Best of all, includes instructions for thawed, frozen and the oven.
Rotisserie Chicken Instant Pot Recipe The Leaf
Here is the best Instant Pot Whole Chicken Recipe! Take a look at this easy, low carb, delicious Rotisserie Style Chicken Recipe, made in the Instant Pot! how to become a nice guy Once the cook time is over, turn the Instant Pot off and let the pressure release naturally for 10 minutes. Make sure inner chicken temp reaches to 165 degrees. Shred the chicken breasts with the remaining liquid in the pot. I like to use my hand mixer to shred the chicken. Serve and enjoy!
Instant Pot Or Ninja Foodi Rotisserie Chicken
27/09/2016 · All you need is about 45 minutes to have this amazing, tender, juicy Instant Pot whole rotisserie chicken. Your whole family will LOVE it! Preparing and roasting a whole chicken used to seem like domestic goddess territory to me. After some practice (and a few disasters), I was able to master a whole roasted chicken … how to catch a chicken hawk Instant Pot Chicken Pot Pie is all of the flavor from the classic oven baked favorite all made in under 30 minutes! From the perfectly cooked potatoes and carrots to the tender, shredded chicken this one pot, dump & start Instant Pot meal will be your family's favorite!Cooking with Karli| #chickenpotpie #instantpot #pressurecooker #
How long can it take?
Instant Pot Whole Chicken Recipe Rotisserie Style
- Easy Instant Pot Chicken Noodle Soup Rebooted Mom
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- Instant Pot "Rotisserie" Chicken Recipe A Pinch of
- Healthy Instant Pot Chicken Recipes Two Healthy Kitchens
How To Cook Rotisserie Chicken In Instant Pot
Imagine putting frozen whole chicken in Instant Pot and having the most flavourful and juicy chicken in 35 minutes. Even the chicken breast. I think being able to cook meat from frozen is THE BEST feature of an electric pressure cooker. Besides complete hands off method.
- remove the trivet and throw the carcass back in the instant pot with the juices that are already in the pot. Add 2 large carrots, 3 cloves of garlic, peeled and smashed, a quartered onion, 2 Tablespoons of Apple Cider Vinegar, 2 bay leaves and salt & …
- 27/09/2016 · All you need is about 45 minutes to have this amazing, tender, juicy Instant Pot whole rotisserie chicken. Your whole family will LOVE it! Preparing and roasting a whole chicken used to seem like domestic goddess territory to me. After some practice (and a few disasters), I was able to master a whole roasted chicken …
- "This amazing recipe for Instant Pot® lemon rotisserie chicken makes the most tender and moist chicken at home, perfect for a family dinner."
- This delicious Instant Pot Chicken Noodle soup comes together in just minutes and cooks up quickly as well. Deep with rich flavor, the instant pot helps bring out all the delicious favors of the chicken soup, without having to cook all day. You need to try this Instant Pot Chicken Noodle Soup now! Like I …


Tower Crane Parts
Several of the most remarkable structures throughout the world are made utilizing cranes. The newer cranes are utilized in order to reach higher heights. Tower cranes provide the means to transport and raise supplies, tools and building parts around a construction site. There are several different components that assemble a tower crane once they are put together. Putting a tower crane together utilizes various pieces of construction machines.
The base of a tower crane is typically made from a steel unit. The units' base connects to a custom pad made of concrete. This set-up provides the structure with stability. Generally, the construction must be well engineered and built so as to operate at optimum safety.
The mast on the tower crane provides the equipment with its overall height. The mast is constructed out of individual steel sections which are connected together. The amount of sections determines the height of the crane. Usually, a tower crane has a design that allows the mast to grow during construction by adding more sections as the building process continues. This way the height of the crane can be specified, ensuring it has sufficient height to safely and efficiently carry out the required work.
Slewing Unit/Top Climber
A slewing unit is situated over the mast. This unit houses the machinery and the motor that enables the crane to rotate. A top climber is the piece of equipment that allows the mast to grow. The top climber sits just underneath the slewing unit. Hydraulic rams inside the top climber enable the slewing unit to be detached from the mast by raising it higher.
"Boom" is a term that particularly refers to the working arm of a tower crane. The boom is made of steel parts attached together, which extend out from the top of the slewing unit, parallel to the ground. There is a trolley connected to the bottom which can run the length of the boom. This particular trolley has the hoisting device.
- Terex Container Forklift
Terex construction equipment has earned a worldwide reputation for being powerful, dependable and effective. These equipment are ... More
- Hyster Loaded Container Handlers
It is suggested to often inspect the front end of your lift truck as part of your pre-shift or daily inspection, in order to help avoid ... More
- Nissan Double Reach Forklifts
Narrow aisle trucks or reach trucks have become more common because of their ability to lessen their floor space and aisle count needs. ... More
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Telescoping Boom Lifts Telescoping booms lifts are designed to mount a work bucket on an extendable, straight arm that is located on a ... More
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For big building construction projects, tower cranes are utilized quite often. These machines are rather necessary for heavy lifting as ... More


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Why Nasal Breathing Matters, Now More Than Ever
In a single breath, more molecules of air will pass through your nose than all the grains of sand on all the world's beaches—trillions and trillions of them. For the past 13.8 billion years, this wayward matter has been split apart by sunlight, spread throughout the universe, and come back together again. To breathe is to absorb ourselves in what surrounds us, to take in little bits of life, understand them, and give pieces of ourselves back out. Respiration is, at its core, reciprocation.
And respiration through the nose is essential, for so many ways, for so many reasons. For starters, our bodies operate most efficiently in a state of balance, pivoting between action and relaxation, daydreaming and reasoned thought. This balance is influenced by the nasal cycle and may even be controlled by it.
The right nostril is a gas pedal.
When you're inhaling primarily through this channel, circulation speeds up, your body gets hotter, and cortisol levels, blood pressure, and heart rate all increase. This happens because breathing through the right side of the nose activates the sympathetic nervous system, the "fight or flight" mechanism that puts the body in a more elevated state of alertness and readiness. Breathing through the right nostril will also feed more blood to the opposite hemisphere of the brain, specifically to the prefrontal cortex, which has been associated with logical decisions, language, and computing.
The left nostril works as a kind of brake system to the right nostril's accelerator.
The left nostril is more deeply connected to the parasympathetic nervous system, the rest-and-relax side that lowers temperature and blood pressure, cools the body, and reduces anxiety. Left-nostril breathing shifts blood flow to the opposite side of the prefrontal cortex, the right area that plays a role in creative thought, emotions, formation of mental abstractions, and negative emotions.
In 2015, researchers at the University of California, San Diego, recorded the breathing patterns of a schizophrenic woman1 over the course of three consecutive years and found that she had a "significantly greater" left-nostril dominance. This breathing habit, they hypothesized, was likely overstimulating the right-side "creative part" of her brain, and as a result prodding her imagination to run amok. Over several sessions, the researchers taught her to breathe through her right, "logical" nostril, and she experienced far fewer hallucinations.
Nasal breathing as the "great secret of life."
While Eastern cultures have regaled the wonders of nasal breathing for millennia, it wasn't until the 19th century that much of the Western population got wind of it. It happened thanks to an adventurous artist and researcher named George Catlin. Catlin spent six years traveling thousands of miles throughout the Great Plains, covering more distance than Lewis and Clark to document the lives of 50 Native American tribes.
He went up the Missouri to live with the Lakota Sioux. He met with the Pawnee, Omaha, Cheyenne, and Blackfeet. Along the banks of the upper Missouri, he happened upon the civilization of the Mandan, a mysterious tribe whose members stood 6 feet tall and lived in bubble-shaped houses. Many had luminous blue eyes and snow-white hair.
Catlin realized that nobody really knew about the Mandan, or other Plains tribes, because no one of European descent had bothered to spend time talking to them, researching them, living with them, and learning about their beliefs and traditions.
Having never seen a dentist or doctor, the tribal people had teeth that were perfectly straight—"as regular as the keys of a piano," Catlin noted. Nobody seemed to get sick, and deformities and other chronic health problems appeared rare or nonexistent. The tribes attributed their vigorous health to a medicine, what Catlin called the "great secret of life." The secret was breathing.
The Native Americans explained to Catlin that breath inhaled through the mouth sapped the body of strength, deformed the face, and caused stress and disease. On the other hand, breath inhaled through the nose kept the body strong, made the face beautiful, and prevented disease.
"The air which enters the lungs is as different from that which enters the nostrils as distilled water is different from the water in an ordinary cistern or a frog pond," he wrote.
The research on how nasal breathing can help your sinuses, sleep, and more.
More than a hundred years later, Mark Burhenne, a dentist and sleep researcher in Northern California, had been studying the links between mouth-breathing and sleep2. He'd found that mouth-breathing contributed to periodontal disease and bad breath, and he believed it was the No. 1 cause of cavities, even more damaging than sugar consumption, bad diet, or poor hygiene. Burhenne also found that mouth-breathing was both a cause of and a contributor to snoring and sleep apnea. He recommended his patients tape their mouths shut at night.
"The health benefits of nose breathing are undeniable," he said. One of the many benefits is that the sinuses release a huge boost of nitric oxide, a molecule that plays an essential role in increasing circulation and delivering oxygen into cells. Immune function, weight, circulation, mood, and sexual function can all be heavily influenced by the amount of nitric oxide in the body.
Nasal breathing alone can boost nitric oxide sixfold, which is one of the reasons we can absorb about 18% more oxygen than by just breathing through the mouth. Mouth taping, Burhenne said, helped a 5-year-old patient of his overcome ADHD, a condition directly attributed to breathing difficulties during sleep. It helped Burhenne and his wife cure their own snoring and breathing problems. Hundreds of other patients reported similar benefits.
Nitric oxide has also been shown in laboratory tests to increase the survival rate of mammalian cells infected with coronavirus. Inhaled nitric oxide is now being studied as a therapy to help restore lung function and boost immune response in patients with severe symptoms of COVID-19.
My experience with mouth taping.
How to apply mouth tape, or "sleep tape" as it's also called, is a matter of personal preference, and everyone I talked to had their own technique. Burhenne liked to place a small piece horizontally over the lips; Kearney preferred a fat strip over the entire mouth. The internet was filled with suggestions. One guy used eight pieces of inch-wide tape to create a sort of tape goatee. Another used duct tape. A woman suggested taping the entire lower half of the face.
To me, these methods are ridiculous and excessive. Eventually I realized that all I or anyone really needed was a postage-stamp-size piece of tape at the center of the lips—a Charlie Chaplin mustache moved down an inch. That's it. This approach felt less claustrophobic and allowed a little space on the sides of the mouth if I needed to cough or talk. After much trial and error, I settled on 3M Nexcare Durapore "durable cloth" tape, an all-purpose surgical tape with a gentle adhesive. It was comfortable, had no chemical scent, and didn't leave residue.
In the three nights since I started using this tape, I went from snoring four hours to only 10 minutes. I'd been warned by Burhenne that sleep tape won't do anything to help treat sleep apnea. My experience suggested otherwise. As my snoring disappeared, so did apnea.
Now, sitting in bed, with a little stamp of white tape stuck to my lips, I flipped to the last page in Catlin's Breath of Life, the final paragraph he'd ever publish in his long life of research.
"And if I were to endeavor to bequeath to posterity the most important Motto which human language can convey, it should be in three words— SHUT-YOUR-MOUTH... Where I would paint and engrave it, in every Nursery, and on every Bedpost in the Universe, its meaning could not be mistaken."
"And if obeyed," he continued, "its importance would soon be realized."
Adapted from Breath: The New Science of a Lost Art by James Nestor published on May 26, 2020, by Riverhead, an imprint of Penguin Publishing Group, a division of Penguin Random House LLC. Copyright © 2020 James Nestor.
James Nestor is an author and journalist who has written for Outside, Scientific American, The Atlantic, Dwell, The New York Times, and many other publications. His book Deep: Freediving, Renegade Science, and What the Ocean Tells Us about Ourselves was a finalist for the 2015 PEN/ESPN Award for Literary Sports Writing, an Amazon Best Science Book of 2014, and more. His new book, Breath: The New Science Of A Lost Art, explores the million-year-long history of how the human species has lost the ability to breathe properly and why we’re suffering from a laundry list of maladies—snoring, sleep apnea, asthma, autoimmune disease, allergies—because of it. Nestor has appeared on dozens of national television shows, including ABC’s Nightline and CBS’s Morning News, and on NPR. He lives and breathes in San Francisco.


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More people are plotting their next career move with the aid of generative AI — and more job seekers are getting scammed because of the tech.
In a recent report on the most common remote job scams, career service FlexJobs placed AI-generated job postings right at the top, noting that the technology has created whole new avenues for fraud even as it has made it easier than ever to land that next job.
Using AI tools like ChatGPT “can be incredibly beneficial in the job search process, but there are definitely pitfalls you want to avoid and limitations you should be aware of before using them to support your search,” said FlexJobs career expert Keith Spencer. One of the hottest scams uses AI to create fake job postings and company profiles or websites that collect money from applicants and steal their most sensitive information.
The bottom line is, avoid overreliance on AI when searching for a job, according to Spencer, echoing many HR leaders. While it can be helpful to have such tools analyze a job description or suggest keywords and phrases to use in a resume, for example, using a CV written completely by AI is a no-no. “The tool will lack your unique voice and first-hand perspective, meaning that the style and tone of writing won’t be reflective of your own and the content it includes could be factually inaccurate or highly exaggerated,” Spencer explained.
And while AI can be a good guide for writing a cover letter, samples should never be merely copied and pasted, as the ideal cover letter should convey one’s own ideas and personality and provide information in context of the job.
AI tech can also be used to suggest sample interview questions and review potential responses to help you prepare. But again, don’t rely solely on AI-scripted responses that might be too rigid and lack the ability to be adapted to unexpected questions. “Overall, generative AI tools can make great job search assistants, but you shouldn’t count on them to do all the work for you,” Spencer added.
“Just like any other use for generative AI, it should play the supporting role in your job search workflow rather than playing the lead,” said Hannah Clark, spokesperson for The Product Manager, a community for digital product leaders.
While tools like ChatGPT can help someone screen job postings they’re qualified for, help generate resume templates and double-check that a resume is ATS-friendly [applicant tracking system], trusting the tech to generate entire resumes or cover letters can be sticky. “While the job hunt process can be exhausting, saving time should never come at the expense of transparency with prospective employers,” Clark said.
While scores of surveys have focused on our fear of AI taking our jobs, most HR leaders agree that it can, in reality, serve more as a helpmate in one’s career success. “Every generation has a type of role that has no longer been needed because technologies have replaced those roles, but it’s also a positive, where you have the opportunity to learn this technology to upskill yourself to be successful,” said Rick Hammell, founder and CEO of HCM and payments platform Helios.
Using AI tools like ChatGPT in a job search is no different than using a career coach or resume consultant in the past, according to Steve Knox, vp of global talent acquisition at HR software and services provider Dayforce. “It can be a great tool for writing a first draft of a resume or cover letter or reviewing and editing an existing one; it can even level the playing field for candidates who possess the technical skills for a role but lack the writing and communication skills to make their application stand out,” he said.
In a world where many companies are using AI to sort through applications, AI tools can help applicants mirror keywords, skills and experiences required in a job description, to get a resume through the initial screening. But it’s important to remember that AI is just the first step in the process; candidates should be reviewing the tool’s work to ensure that the skills, experiences and accomplishments they present are accurate, Knox explained.
While AI-driven chatbots can be useful for candidates during interview preparation to help practice common interview questions and provide a detailed overview of a company to help in researching it, make sure you have the most accurate information available, he advised.
“It is important,” as Knox put it, “to double-check ChatGPT’s work.”


The emotionally charged and often hyperbolic terms used by the US and its allies to describe the conflict in Ukraine gives the notion that it is something unprecedented and unseen since the Second World War. That is quite literally not true.
If anything, the behaviors, tactics and even strategies embraced by the government in Kiev and its Western patrons bear an uncanny similarity to the conflicts that destroyed Yugoslavia in the 1990s. In sharp contrast to all the reminiscing – though nowhere near enough remorse – on the recent anniversary of the US invasion of Iraq, even the critics of the Western establishment seem to have forgotten about the Kosovo War, which began on March 24,1999.
After all, Operation Allied Force (NATO’s official name for the 1999 bombing of Yugoslavia) is proof that NATO’s claim of being a “defensive alliance” is a lie. So is the notion that changing borders by force is something that is simply not done in the “rules-based world order,” what with the US-led bloc occupying Serbia’s province of Kosovo and endorsing its “independence” in 2008. The West was so law-abiding, it tried to justify the unjustifiable by inventing the doctrine of “responsibility to protect” and setting up an “independent” commission to declare the war “illegal but legitimate.”
No wonder, then, that the “international community” wants this forgotten, to the point where they are trying to pressure Serbia to legitimize it by threatening sanctions, isolation, and “internal turmoil.”
In May 1999, after weeks of failing to bomb Serbia into submission, NATO sought to shore up its unity and credibility by having its pet tribunal in The Hague charge President Slobodan Milosevic with war crimes. Parallels with events of the past weeks write themselves.
Arguably, the “arrest warrant” for Russian President Vladimir Putin was the logical endpoint of the narrative spawned back in June 2014, when two think tank ‘experts’ penned a piece in the New Republic accusing Putin of “behaving in Ukraine like Milosevic did in Serbia.” When one looks at the actual policies embraced by Washington and its vassals, it is glaringly obvious they took this very narrative to heart.
For example, take the early talk about a “no-fly zone,” coming from Kiev and some Western capitals. Such a thing was actually established in Bosnia in 1992, and enforced by NATO on behalf of the UN, after the Serbs were falsely accused of shooting down an Italian humanitarian flight. It ended up being a backdoor for military intervention – just like in Libya in 2011.
Then there is the narrative about Ukraine as an innocent victim of aggression and a plucky underdog defending Western values, in need of money, weapons and volunteers – that’s exactly how the Western press painted Croatia and the Bosnian Muslims in the 1990s. Being an actor, Vladimir Zelensky is just better at reciting the same lines as Bosnian Muslim leader Alija Izetbegovic.
Zelensky’s Foreign Minister Dmitry Kuleba is also working off a script lifted from his Bosnian counterpart Haris Silajdzic. He too was a globe-trotting media fixture, demanding everything from food to weapons and accusing the “aggressor” of war crimes, rapes and genocide. To give Kiev some credit, it at least sacked the official who made fake claims of mass rape; Silajdzic never disavowed his accusations. In every other respect, Ukraine has far exceeded Bosnia in terms of projecting a sense of entitlement.
The current US and EU sanctions against Russia also had a precedent in the 1990s UN sanctions against Serbia and Montenegro, down to the ban on international sporting competitions. Had they thought to cancel Serbian cats or trees, they probably would have, too.
The UN also placed an arms embargo on all Yugoslav republics. The US skirted it during the early 1990s, to send weapons to Muslims and Croats. At the Dayton, Ohio peace talks in late 1995, US envoy Richard Holbrooke sought to sweeten the deal for the reluctant Izetbegovic by offering to “train and equip” the Muslim military after the armistice. The current push to create a Western-armed force in Ukraine is basically the same, only on steroids.
In fact, Jens Stoltenberg’s January 2023 argument that “weapons are the way to peace” is but an echo of Holbrooke’s “bombs for peace” from September 1995, during a NATO aerial bombardment campaign that Time magazine described as “bringing the Serbs to heel.”
Named ‘Deliberate Force’, that NATO operation dovetailed with Croatia’s Operation ‘Storm,’ an assault on Krajina, in August 1995. Serbs living in the historic borderlands of present-day Croatia had set up their own republic in 1992, which Zagreb denounced as “aggression” from Serbia itself – much like how Kiev, in 2014, reacted to the independence claims by the Donbass republics of Donetsk and Lugansk by denouncing it as Russian “aggression”. The US had armed, trained and advised the Croatian military for the 1995 attack, and Holbrooke even revealed that Washington had told Zagreb what to hit and when – in a preview of the US and NATO providing intelligence to Kiev.
Operation ‘Storm’ ended with a forced “reintegration” of Krajina into Croatia, having left thousands of people dead and over 200,000 driven from their homes. In recent years, officials in Ukraine – from presidential adviser and top prosecutor Yury Lutsenko to PM Vladimir Groisman – have publicly argued for a “Croatian solution” to the Donbass “problem.”
Another commonality is that the West has insisted on enforcing the 1991 borders of Croatia, Bosnia, and Ukraine, even though they were drawn by Communist governments that the very same West worked for decades to overthrow. Lest you believe that indicates a principled position, the US and its allies declared an exception for the borders of Serbia when they carved away Kosovo in 1999. The whole point of the “rules-based order” is that they are the ones making the rules.
The obvious problem here is that Russia today is not 1990s Serbia, and the notion of recycling is not supposed to apply to policy, foreign or domestic. Yet Washington persists in believing its unipolar moment hasn’t ended, the “end of history” is just around the corner, and a “benevolent global hegemony” is still within reach.


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NAI Director's Seminar Series Presents: What Can Extant Genomes Reveal About Early DNA Metabolism?November 16, 2016 / Posted by: Miki Huynh
Join us for the next NASA Astrobiology Institute (NAI) Director’s Seminar Series presentation: What Can Extant Genomes Reveal About Early DNA Metabolism?
Presenter: Isaac Cann, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
When: November 21, 2016 1PM PST
DNA serves as the molecule of modern day inheritance, ensuring continuity of life on our planet. Extant modes of DNA synthesis and repair are extremely complex, unlikely to be representative of the situation when DNA initially became the molecule of life. This discrepancy is all the more pronounced since it is likely that early genomes were not as large as those of present day organisms. This presentation will look at information that can be extracted from extant genomes on the proteins that likely co-evolved with DNA in its infancy as the molecule of life. I will, therefore, initially present an overview of the complex modern day DNA replication/repair machinery, which is conserved in all life forms on our planet. I will then present genetic information that is embedded in extant genomes and likely represents relics (ancestral proteins) of ancestral DNA replication/repair machinery. In presenting the proteins that might have co-evolved with DNA as the molecule of inheritance, I will also look at their diversity and how this diversity may be generated. In particular, I will relate the presentation to a hypothesis based on two phases of evolution outlined as follows: in the earliest collective phase of life, complexity grew rapidly due to massive horizontal gene transfer of core cellular machinery, especially the translational machinery; under these circumstances there is no notion of species. Communities varied in descent. In the modern era of individual lineages however, the information processing machineries no longer undergo horizontal gene transfer. The vertical descent of individual lineages defines species and traces out the evolutionary history of life.
To join using a videoconferencing system:
Please RSVP to Sam Doshier (firstname.lastname@example.org) if you will be joining by Polycom.
To view the slides, connect to http://connect.arc.nasa.gov/nai_directors_seminar/
To join using a web browser:
The slides and audio/video for this meeting will be presented using Adobe Connect. To join the meeting, connect to:
If you are having problems connecting, you can try joining http://connect.arc.nasa.gov/nai_directors_seminar/?launcher=false, or rebooting your computer, or try joining from another network.
Source: [NAI Seminars and Workshops]
- Jim Bridenstine Sworn in as NASA Administrator
- TESS Satellite Launched
- 2028 ESA Space Mission Focuses on Nature of Exoplanets
- Dr. Jim Green Announced as New NASA Chief Scientist
- Emergence of Life in a Radically Different Environment
- NASA Prepares to Launch Next Mission to Search Sky for New Worlds
- Early Career Scholarships for Field Trip to Key Astrobiology Sites of Australia
- "In Her Orbit" Highlights Life and Work of Nathalie Cabrol
- One Strange Rock
- Could Shallow Biospheres Exist Beneath the Icy Ceilings of Ocean Moons?

domain: biology


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Recently, a Japanese farmer shared on his Twitter account (@buromasa0423) about harvesting some strangely shaped carrots. “It’s been a long time since I harvested something so bizarre,” he wrote.
As you can see in the pictures, the curves on the carrots give them a unique appearance. Some people compare them to the poses of action heroes, but they are a bit chubby and not very muscular.
Adding to their charm, the carrots also seem to have a fighting spirit, as seen in their posture.
The farmer’s Twitter followers have expressed their love for the two carrots pictured below, which look like star-crossed lovers from a past life who cannot be together. The farmer is happy that in this life, they can grow together on the same field.

domain: agronomy


Former Los Angeles Kings center Mike Richards, 30, has been charged with possession of a controlled substance while entering Canada, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police said Thursday.
Richards, who is from Kenora, Ontario, is scheduled to make his initial court appearance Sept. 10. The RCMP provided no other updates.
The Kings terminated Richards' contract June 29, for a "material breach of the requirements of his contract." The NHL Players' Association filed a grievance over the termination of the contract on behalf of Richards on Aug. 10.
No date for that grievance, which would be contested before an independent arbitrator, has been set.


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The well-known US-based insurance firm Arthur J. Gallagher (AJG) disclosed a ransomware attack that occurred on September 26th, 2020. AJG did a fantastic job of responding to the attack as it was recognized on the day it occurred, and a minimal section of their systems were affected. A portion of the companies’ statement read, “We promptly took all of our global systems offline as a precautionary measure, initiated response protocols, launched an investigation, engaged the services of external cybersecurity and forensics professionals, and implemented our business continuity plans to minimize disruption to our customers.” It appears as though the attack will not have lasting effects on the company’s operations. At the time of disclosure, AJG did not reveal technical details regarding the attack, and it is unclear as to how the ransomware made its way into their systems. However, Bad Packets founder Troy Mursch told Bleeping Computer that two F5 BIG-IP servers that were vulnerable to CVE-2020-5902 and were used by AJG could have been how the threat actors targeted the company.
Servers that are accessible over the Internet should be patched as soon as patches are made available. If patches are not currently available, temporary mitigations may be released to mitigate the effects of any vulnerabilities. The way AJG handled the situation quickly to prevent further harm shows the importance of having a good security team that has a proper response plan in place. Knowing how to respond to these instances promptly can save companies data and money.


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IT was a packed Tait Hall that welcomed Phil Cunnigham and Aly Bain back to Kelso at the weekend.
Part of the renowned fiddle and accordion duo’s 25th anniversary tour, the show saw the audience treated to many of the highlights from the repertoire of two of the biggest names on the Scottish folk circuit.
As well as some great tunes, there was the customary humourous stories from the quarter of a century spent playing and touring together.
Concert promoter Peter Ferguson told TheSouthern after Sunday night’s gig that the Kelso date was a popular one with both Cunningham and Bain who have been coming to the Borders on an annual basis for several years now.
“It was great to welcome back Aly and Phil to Kelso again this year as, after a sell out audience last year, it was encouraging to have the same again this year,” he said.
“Aly and Phil love to visit the Borders as they have always found the audiences easy to connect with and appreciate their talent. I am looking forward to welcoming them back again next year.”
From fast paced reels and jigs to haunting slow airs, Cunningham and Bain showed the Tait Hall audience why they are regarded the world over as consummate masters of their musical craft.
Last night the duo were due to play the Eastgate Theatre in Peebles and Borders audiences will get another chance to hear them in concert when they take to the stage of The Maltings in Berwick-upon-Tweed on September 11.

domain: entertainment


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Watch breaking news videos and read news updates about Securities Lending on pionline.com
Wells Fargo settles securities lending class-action lawsuit
trueWells Fargo & Co. settled a federal class-action lawsuit led by the $132 million Farmington Hills (Mich.) Employees' Retirement System that claimed the bank breached its fiduciary duty when it lost money through its securities lending program, according to court documents.
Texas Teachers seeks custodian and securities lending firm
trueTexas Teacher Retirement System is searching for a custodian and securities lending services firm for a five-year contract effective Jan. 1, 2015, with possible extensions of up to two years.
Pension funds lose securities lending suit against Wells Fargo
trueWells Fargo & Co. did not breach its fiduciary duty when several pension funds lost money through the bank's securities lending program, a federal court judge in St. Paul, Minn., has ruled.
PBGC issues call for custodian
truePension Benefit Guaranty Corp. issued an RFP for a custodian for its $60 billion in trust fund investment assets.
BNY Mellon settles with Pa. funds, stays on as custodian
trueBank of New York Mellon will pay a total of $19 million in a settlement with the $49.4 billion Pennsylvania Public School Employees' Retirement System, $25.7 billion Pennsylvania State Employees’ Retirement System and the Pennsylvania state treasury over losses the three sustained in an investment ...
Chicago teachers divides custody, securities lending assignments
trueChicago Public School Teachers' Pension & Retirement Fund hired Bank of New York Mellon as custodian and Deutsche Bank as securities lending agent and collateral manager.
Finadium: Securities lending still popular, especially among larger plans
trueAbout 80% of all asset owners in consultant Finadium's database had securities lending programs in place in 2013, with larger asset owners being more likely to have such programs.
Etera Mutual Pension Insurance Co. picks State Street for custody
trueEtera Mutual Pension Insurance Co., Helsinki, hired State Street Corp. to provide pension fund custody and other services.
Regulatory fallout takes center stage at securities lending conference
trueFuture regulations — and the uncertainty of what they would impose on securities lending providers — were front and center in discussions at the Information Management Network Beneficial Owners' International Securities Lending Conference in Austin, Texas, Jan. 27-29.
New securities lending strategies might evolve from regulatory changes, panelists say
trueExpected regulatory changes could open the door to new strategies in securities lending, particularly involving ETFs, panelists said Tuesday at the Information Management Network Beneficial Owners' International Securities Lending Conference in Austin, Texas.
Systemic risk driving regulatory changes to protect investors, conference told
trueSystemic risk and investor protection are driving regulatory changes in securities lending, in rules ranging from Dodd-Frank and the Volcker rule to Basel III and other international regulators, a BlackRock executive told a securities lending conference Monday.
Custody banks experience similar revenue trends
trueAssets under custody grew in the fourth quarter for publicly traded financial services firms offering such services, although revenues from securities lending and foreign exchange declined.
Oklahoma Public Employees issues RFP for global custody
trueOklahoma Public Employees Retirement System, Oklahoma City, is searching for a global custodian that will provide securities lending services.
BNY Mellon taps managing director for securities lending in Canada
truePhil Zywot was named managing director of securities finance at Bank of New York Mellon's global collateral services business.
Iowa funds issue call for global custodian, securities lending
trueThe Iowa state treasurer issued a joint RFP for global custody and securities lending services for the $25.1 billion Iowa Public Employees' Retirement System, as well as two other state retirement systems and 12 other state investment funds, all based in Des Moines.

domain: finance


VLAN Trunking Protocol
VLAN Trunking Protocol is used by Cisco switches to exchange VLAN information. In VTP, synchronization of VLAN information, such as VLAN ID or VLAN name can be done with switches inside the same VTP domain.
VTP domain is a group of trunked switches with the matching VTP settings such as domain name, password and VTP version. All switches present in the same VTP domain share their VLAN information with each other.
For better understanding of VTP, consider an example network with 50 switches. Without VTP, if we want to create a VLAN on each switch, you should manually enter VLAN configuration commands on every switch. But when comes to VTP, it enables you to create the VLAN only on a single switch. That Particular switch can propagate information about the VLAN to every other switch on the network and cause other switches to create it. Similarly, if we delete a VLAN, the change is automatically transmitted to every other switch inside the same domain.
VTP share VLANs information through VTP messages. VTP messages can only be transmitted through the trunk connections. So we need to establish trunk connection between switches. VTP messages are transmitted as layer 2 multicast frames.VTP does not publicize information about which switch ports are assigned to which VLAN.
Related – VDC vs VLAN
VLAN Trunking Protocol VERSIONS:
There are three versions in VTP
- Version 1
- Version 2
- Version 3
Among the three, Version 3 is most popular and has following features –
- Enhanced authentication
- Support for extended VLANs (1006 to 4094). It also support for private VLAN
- VTP mode off that disables VTP
- Backward compatibility with VTP V1 and V2
VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) MODES:
VTP can be configured in four different modes
- VTP Server Mode
- VTP Client Mode
- VTP Transparent Mode
- VTP Off Mode
VTP Server Mode:
- VLANs can be created, modified, and deleted in VTP server and configuration parameters, such as VTP version and VTP pruning can also be specified for the entire VTP domain.
- VTP servers publicize their VLAN configuration to other switches in the same VTP domain and synchronize their VLAN configuration with other switches based on advertisements received over trunk links.
- VTP server is the default mode.
- Saves Configuration in NVRAM
VTP Client Mode:
- VTP clients are similar to the VTP servers. The only difference is that we cannot create, change, or delete VLANs on a VTP client.
- Doesn’t save Configuration in NVRAM
VTP Transparent Mode:
- VTP transparent switches do not take part in VTP.
- VTP transparent switch does not publicize its VLAN configuration and does not synchronize its VLAN configuration based on received advertisements, but transparent switches forward VTP advertisements that they receive from trunk ports.
- In addition to supporting private VLANs in client and server modes, VTP version 3 also supports creating extended-range VLANs in client or server mode
VTP Off Mode:
It is similar to the transparent mode. The only difference is that a switch using this mode will not forward received VTP updates. It is supported only in VTP Version3.
Configuration Revision Number:
- Vlan Trunking Protocol switches use a pointer called the VTP configuration Revision Number to notify the most recent information.
- Configuration revision number is zero (0) when VTP advertisement process starts.
- When modification is made on a VTP server, the revision number is incremented by one before the advertisement is sent.
How to add a new switch into the existing VLAN Trunking Protocol Domain
- While adding a switch to an existing VTP domain, make sure that the switch VTP Revision number is 0 before adding it to a network.
- Reform the switches VTP mode to transparent and then change the mode back to server.
- VTP domain name should be changed to a fake name (a nonexistent vtp domain), and then change the VTP domain back to original name.
- Remove the Vlan .Dat file inside the flash and reload it.
VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) CONFIGURATION
There are some prerequisites for VTP to transmit VLAN information between switches.
- Switches which are to be VTP configured should be with the same domain name and same version.
- There must be one server switch among the switches.
- Authentications like Password should match if applied.
Below is a sample lab setup showcasing VTP Server, Client and transparent mode for Switch1, Switch2 and Switch3 respectively.
Configuration of VTP Server Mode in Switch 1
Configuration of VTP Client Mode in Switch 2
Configuration of VTP Transparent Mode in Switch 3
Below is the VTP mode after configuring the mode as server in Switch1.
Note: As per the output, VLAN 10 & VLAN 20 are created in switch 1. Henceforth, VLAN 10 & VLAN 20 are also created in Switch2 by automatically (by VTP) because Switch 1 is VTP server, Switch 2 is VTP Client. Note: As per the output, no VLANs are created automatically in switch 3, because Switch 3 is VTP transparent. Related – VTP Interview Q&A
Below is the information of VTP mode after configuring the mode as client in Switch2.
Below is the information of VTP mode after configuring the mode as transparent in Switch3.
VLAN 10 & VLAN 20 configuration on switch 1.
Showing the information about VLANs in Switch 1 use “show vlan brief” command.
Showing the information about VLANs in Switch 2.
Information about VLAN 10 & VLAN 20 in Switch 3.
Note: As per the output, VLAN 10 & VLAN 20 are created in switch 1. Henceforth, VLAN 10 & VLAN 20 are also created in Switch2 by automatically (by VTP) because Switch 1 is VTP server, Switch 2 is VTP Client.
Note: As per the output, no VLANs are created automatically in switch 3, because Switch 3 is VTP transparent.
Related – VTP Interview Q&A


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