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CONTEXT: Despite a sizable amount of research addressing the relationship between violence and women's reproductive health, it has not been shown whether there is sufficient evidence of a causal link between childhood maltreatment and subsequent adolescent pregnancy.
METHODS: Three databases (Medline, PsychINFO and SocioFile) were searched for studies published between 1980 and 2000 relating maltreatment and adolescent pregnancy. The review was limited to empirical studies; theoretical articles and those with no women who were aged 21 or younger during the research period or when they experienced maltreatment were excluded.
RESULTS: Fifteen articles on the topic were found. All were published after 1989; all but one were cross-sectional, were retrospective and relied on recall. All of the studies dealt with sexual maltreatment, either alone or in combination with other types of maltreatment; few covered emotional abuse or neglect. The studies lacked consistent definitions of the various types of maltreatment. Only one examined adolescent mothers' relationships with men, and none examined relationships with perpetrators. Few dealt with racial and ethnic differences related to violence. All lacked a specific theoretical approach. Ten of the studies supported a link between maltreatment and adolescent pregnancy, and five either did not support a link or qualified the relationship. Substance abuse, poor mental health and promiscuity were among the mediating variables examined.
CONCLUSIONS: Because recent studies have reached conflicting findings, had methodological weaknesses and lacked theoretical grounding, whether a causal link exists between maltreatment and adolescent pregnancy remains an unanswered question. \=paragraph
The relationship between violence and women's reproductive lives is a relatively new line of inquiry. In June 1999, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention convened a national conference on the topic, with three main objectives: to assess the state of the research, to increase awareness and understanding of the possible associations between violence against women and their reproductive lives, and to lay the groundwork for future research and action. The conference addressed the association between violence and such specific topics as pregnancy intentions, contraceptive use, pregnancy termination and pregnancy outcomes.
Research reported at the conference indicated that violence is present during 4-8% of all pregnancies. In addition, violence is implicated in inconsistent contraceptive use and unintended pregnancy. Finally, evidence about the relationship between violence during pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes, particularly the likelihood of delivering a low-birth-weight infant, is inconclusive. Beside research findings, several methodological recommendations emerged from the conference: to broaden study populations beyond women in battered women's shelters, and include those attending family planning, abortion, and HIV and sexually transmitted disease clinics; to refine data collection methods to improve disclosure of victimization; to obtain additional data on the relationship between violence and intervening variables; and to develop and evaluate more effective screening and intervention programs.1
Most research on violence and women's reproductive lives has focused on adults. Whether this research is generalizable to adolescents remains to be seen. Research on maltreatment and adolescent pregnancy has not been as widespread as research on maltreatment and adult pregnancy because of access issues.2 First, access brings with it complex legal and ethical issues related to obtaining permission from parents or guardians for minor adolescents to participate in research. Maltreated adolescents are not likely to be residing in domestic violence shelters, because the permission of the parent or guardian may be required, and the parent or guardian may be the perpetrator or may have knowledge about the maltreatment that he or she does not want to disclose. Second, access brings with it complex legal and ethical issues related to researchers as mandated reporters of child abuse, incest and statutory rape. Third, access is an obstacle because adolescents may hide or deny maltreatment for fear of being removed from their homes, alienating their partners or being placed in foster care.
The overall goal of this study was to determine if there is sufficient research evidence to support a causal link between childhood maltreatment (including physical, sexual and emotional abuse) and subsequent adolescent pregnancy. To address this goal, we conducted an extensive literature review to answer the following questions: What types of maltreatment have been addressed? How have types of maltreatment been defined? What types of research designs have been used? To what extent do the findings conflict or agree? What research questions remain unanswered? What are the implications for future research?
For a study to be included in this literature review, it had to involve women who had become pregnant or given birth as adolescents. We limited the review to empirical studies that were published between 1980 and 2000. We excluded theoretical articles and those with no women who were 21 or younger during the cited research period or when they experienced maltreatment. Retrospective accounts from adult women concerning their maltreatment and pregnancies when they were 21 or younger were included. We examined three databases, covering three pertinent areas: medicine (Medline), psychology (PsychINFO) and sociology (SocioFile). One of the authors abstracted each article that met the criteria listed above, and a graduate student and a university faculty member in a related discipline reviewed each abstract for accuracy.
We found 15 empirical articles that addressed the relationship between maltreatment and adolescent pregnancy; all had been published since 1989. The sample sizes varied from fewer than 100 to more than 3,000 (Table 1, page 70). Sexual abuse was the dominant type of maltreatment of interest and was included in all 15 studies. Substance abuse, poor mental health and delinquent behaviors were often addressed as they related to maltreatment and pregnancy. No authors provided information about the perpetrator, and only four made comparisons between racial and ethnic groups in the prevalence or types of maltreatment.
• Adams and East studied 100 females aged 12-24 who were attending a medical clinic.3 Half of the women were pregnant; 23% were white, 34% were black, 25% were Mexican American and 18% were of some other race or ethnicity. A 186-item structured interview was used to elicit information about physical, sexual and emotional abuse.
Compared with adolescents who had not been maltreated, those who had been were more likely to report having been pregnant. In addition, the maltreated adolescents were more likely to report using alcohol and tobacco, not liking school, being involved in delinquent behavior, having suicidal thoughts, feeling depressed and not having a father in the home; they also had their first sexual experience at a younger age and had an older first partner. The three types of maltreatment (sexual, physical and emotional) were about equally prevalent across the four racial and ethnic groups. Finally, physical abuse was predictive of adolescent pregnancy, but sexual and emotional abuse were not.
• Boyer and Fine interviewed 535 pregnant or parenting females aged 13-21 from both urban and rural settings, to determine the extent of their sexual and physical abuse.4 The types of sexual victimization that they had experienced ranged from noncontact molestation (e.g., being forced to view sexual films) to rape. Sixty-two percent had been molested or raped prior to their first pregnancy. Moreover, 67% had experienced at least one of the following types of physical abuse: being hit with an object, being thrown against a wall or being hit with a closed fist. When experiences related to both sexual and physical maltreatment (other than spanking) were included, the proportion of youth who had been victimized rose to 71%.
Adolescents who reported having been maltreated were more likely than were other adolescents to have exchanged sex for money (14% vs. 2%), for a place to stay (14% vs. 1%) or for drugs (11% vs. 1%). Furthermore, the children of maltreated mothers were more likely to have been maltreated than were the children of other women (7% vs. 2%). Twenty-one percent of the maltreated mothers said that they had been reported to child welfare authorities for allegedly abusing their children, compared with 8% of the others.
• In Butler and Burton's exploratory study, 41 young mothers were interviewed about their experiences, ranging from sexual coercion to rape.5 Twenty-two reported a total of 37 incidents of maltreatment. The prevalence of sexual maltreatment in this sample was twice as great as the national estimate for the general population of females aged 18 or younger.
The authors proposed six possible links between early sexual maltreatment and adolescent pregnancy: The pregnancy might have resulted directly from maltreatment; it might have resulted from dysfunctional family patterns; it might have been related to gender and sexual socialization that teaches females that their worth is tied to their sexuality; it might have been the result of low self-esteem, feelings of powerlessness and poor mental health; it might have been planned, so the adolescent could escape an abusive situation; or it might have been related to an interruption in cognitive and emotional development caused by trauma.
• Chandy, Blum and Resnick used a nationally representative database to identify 1,011 females in grades 7-12 who reported that they had been sexually maltreated; a comparison group of 1,011 young women who did not report having been maltreated was randomly selected from the same data set.6 The maltreated girls were more likely to have been pregnant and more likely to disclose the following adverse outcomes: poor school performance, thoughts about or attempts at suicide, eating disorders and substance use. Factors that were protective against maltreatment included a greater degree of religiosity, perceived good health, caring from adults, living with both biological parents, and having a clinic or nurse present at the school. Risk factors included perceiving that peers use substances in school, mother's use of alcohol, family stress during the last year and worry about sexual coercion.
• Esperat and Esparza conducted qualitative open-ended interviews with 111 adolescent mothers and discussed their relationships with men and their feelings about being parents.7 When maltreated mothers were compared with those who were not maltreated, the former were more negative and confused about their relationships with men (particularly with older men) than were the latter, were equally positive about parenthood and were more fearful for their children.
• Fiscella and coauthors used a 33-item structured interview with 1,026 pregnant black females (whose mean age was 18) to measure childhood sexual, physical and emotional abuse.8 The research question addressed the effect of childhood abuse on the women's age at first intercourse and age at first pregnancy. Only sexual abuse predicted age at first pregnancy; sexual abuse and the number of incidents of physical abuse predicted age at first intercourse.
• Kenney, Reinholtz and Angelini studied 1,937 white (non-Hispanic), black, Mexican American and Native American women aged 18-22.9 More than one-third of the women had been sexually maltreated. Compared with their peers who had not been maltreated, the women who had been coerced into sex or raped were more likely to have had an adolescent pregnancy. Minority women were more likely than white women to have been coerced into sex, but less likely to have been raped.
• Nagy, DiClemente and Adcock surveyed 3,124 females, 76% of whom were aged 14-16.10 The young women who reported previous sexual maltreatment were more likely than those who did not to have been pregnant. In addition, they initiated sex at a younger age and were more likely to have consumed illegal substances, to have been depressed and to have considered suicide. Young women who had been sexually maltreated were more likely than others to report having been assaulted during the last year.
• In a study of pregnancy risk among 200 women aged 13-18, Rainey, Stevens-Simon and Kaplan found no differences in age at first voluntary intercourse, frequency of intercourse or consistency of contraceptive use between those who had been sexually maltreated and those who had not.11 However, maltreated females were more likely to report having wanted to become pregnant, having boyfriends who wanted them to become pregnant and fearing infertility because of gynecologic and obstetric problems resulting from repeated sexual abuse. The authors concluded that childhood maltreatment could put girls at higher risk of adolescent pregnancy by fostering a desire to be pregnant to erase fears of abuse-related infertility.
• Romans, Martin and Morris used surveys and interviews with a random sample of 252 adult women who reported they had been sexually maltreated as children or had been pregnant as adolescents and 225 who said they had had neither of these experiences.12 Women who reported having been sexually maltreated were significantly more likely than the others to have been pregnant as adolescents. Moreover, as the severity of maltreatment increased (from nongenital contact to penetrative intercourse), the likelihood of pregnancy increased. Four factors predicted adolescent pregnancy, regardless of whether the adolescent was maltreated: living in a nonnuclear family, having parents who argued or fought, being physically punished after age 12 and not having had a confidante during childhood. Only severe sexual maltreatment (rape) predicted adolescent pregnancy independent of these four variables.
• Roosa and colleagues, who surveyed 2,003 women aged 18-22, found that sexually maltreated women were significantly more likely to have been pregnant as adolescents than were their counterparts who had not been maltreated (36% vs. 21%).13 Forty percent of the women who had had intercourse before age 16 had an adolescent pregnancy, regardless of whether they had been maltreated. Women who had been victimized and had then had early sexual intercourse had the highest adolescent pregnancy rate (50%).
The authors also reported that regardless of whether the women were maltreated, those who became pregnant before age 18 were more likely than those who did not to be of low socioeconomic status; to have smoked as an adolescent; to have exchanged sex for alcohol, drugs or money during adolescence; to have had sex on the first date; to have used no contraceptive method at first intercourse; and to have had two or more partners in the year after first sexual intercourse. Maltreated women were more likely than others to have consumed alcohol and had sex with a stranger as an adolescent.
• Smith interviewed 249 urban adolescent females every six months for four years.14 All were in seventh or eighth grade when the study began. They were asked about their experiences with four types of maltreatment (including sexual) and pregnancy. A higher proportion of adolescents who had been maltreated than of those who had not been maltreated became pregnant (62% vs. 40%). The risk for pregnancy did not seem to be related to the type of maltreatment, but rather to whether the young women experienced multiple types of maltreatment. The author attributed the link between maltreatment and adolescent pregnancy to educational disadvantage, early substance use, disorganized family structure and an early search for sexual intimacy. Smith reported that a multiplicity of types of abuse, rather than severity of abuse, predicted adolescent pregnancy.
• Stevens-Simon and McAnarney, who interviewed 127 pregnant black 12-18-year-olds, found that 33% reported having been physically or sexually maltreated prior to becoming pregnant.15 Those who had been maltreated had higher stress and depression scores, rated their families as less supportive and reported more alcohol and drug use during pregnancy than did those reporting no maltreatment. There were no differences between groups in weight gain during pregnancy or in the amount of prenatal care received. However, maltreated adolescents were significantly more likely to have had low-birth-weight and gestationally immature babies.
• Stock and coauthors asked 3,128 young women in grades eight, 10 and 12 to complete a 120-item written survey about their experiences with sexual and physical maltreatment and about the number of times they had been pregnant.16 Respondents who had been either sexually or physically maltreated were twice as likely as others to have been pregnant. The youth who had experienced both types of maltreatment were four times as likely to have been pregnant as were those who had not been maltreated.
In addition, compared with those who did not report sexual maltreatment, young women who had been sexually maltreated reported less parental supervision, more physical maltreatment, more school absenteeism, less involvement in extracurricular activities, lower grades, more thoughts about dropping out of school, fewer plans to attend college, greater alcohol and drug use, more thoughts about or attempts at suicide, poorer body images, earlier sexual intercourse, less contraceptive use at their last sexual encounter and more sexual partners.
• Widom and Kuhns studied the relationship between childhood victimization and subsequent risk for promiscuity, prostitution and teenage pregnancy.17 Between 1989 and 1995, the authors interviewed 676 females (average age, 28) who had been victims of substantiated cases of childhood physical or sexual maltreatment or neglect between 1967 and 1971. The maltreated females were matched with a comparison group of 520 who reported no maltreatment. There were no differences between groups in promiscuity or in the rate of adolescent pregnancy. However, women who had been maltreated were more likely to have engaged in prostitution than were those who had not been maltreated, regardless of the type of maltreatment. In addition, none of the specific types of maltreatment predicted promiscuity or pregnancy.
Types of Maltreatment Addressed
An issue that emerged while we conducted this review involved the difference between how a variable was operationalized during data collection and how it was handled during data analysis. Because of small sample sizes, two authors had to pool data across types of maltreatment in their analyses. Smith gathered data on substantiated cases of four types of maltreatment, but then entered three dichotomous variables (ever maltreated, experienced single type of maltreatment and experienced multiple types of maltreatment) into the statistical analyses.18 Stevens-Simon and McAnarney used a similar process when they combined data on sexual and physical abuse into one dichotomous variable labeled "maltreatment."19 We do not know if other authors pooled data prior to reporting, using a dichotomous variable such as "sexually abused" or "not sexually abused." The following discussion about the types of maltreatment addressed in each study is based on the statistical handling of the variables.
Sexual abuse was studied most often, appearing as a variable in all of the analyses except those in which data were pooled. In eight studies, sexual abuse was the only type of maltreatment addressed.20 Physical abuse was examined in five analyses.21 Two studies included emotional abuse,22 and one covered neglect.23 Two targeted both sexual and physical abuse;24 two covered sexual, physical and emotional abuse;25 and one examined sexual and physical abuse, as well as neglect.26 None of the studies analyzed all four types of maltreatment.
Definitions of Types of Maltreatment
Because sexual abuse was the dominant form of maltreatment addressed, we categorized the studies according to three approaches to defining sexual abuse. In the first category are studies that relied on records of sexual abuse cases. Two sets of authors selected samples on the basis of records of substantiated cases of sexual abuse before age 11 or 12.27
The second category comprises studies for which the investigators adapted an existing survey instrument. Four research groups chose this strategy to screen for sexual abuse: One used Rew's Childhood Sexual Experiences Scale to classify women as sexually abused;28 this scale is a seven-item checklist that covers both noncontact and contact sexual abuse experienced by the woman prior to age 18.29 The other three adapted the Sexual Experiences Survey, by Koss and Oros, to categorize study participants.30 This survey contains 13 items that assess four levels of sexual abuse: contact molestation, coercion, attempted rape and rape.31 All three authors used the four levels in their analyses.
In the third category were studies for which the researchers developed new questions or did not specify the source of the questions, which varied along a continuum of specificity. At the end of the continuum with the most open-ended approach, one set of researchers asked participants if they recalled experiencing any event that they considered to be sexual abuse.32 On the other end of the continuum, five groups of researchers further divided sexual abuse into sublevels, from molestation or nongenital contact to rape or penetrative intercourse.33
One study was longitudinal,34 and all of the rest were retrospective and cross-sectional. Data were collected through written surveys (seven studies35), interviews (seven studies36) or a combination of a written questionnaire and an interview (one study37). Only three studies used comparison groups; these either were drawn randomly from adolescents in the same database who had not been maltreated38 or were drawn from county health department and school records and matched on the basis of sex, race and age with the maltreated adolescents, who were randomly selected for participation.39
Conflicts and Agreement in Findings
Conflicting research results added to the complexity of establishing a link between maltreatment and adolescent pregnancy. First, 10 of the studies reported a link between maltreatment and adolescent pregnancy,40 while five cast doubt on or qualified the existence of such a link.41
Of the latter group, Adams and East42 and Fiscella and coauthors43 found conflicting results as to what type of abuse is most likely to predict adolescent pregnancy. While both used convenience samples in medical clinics and adapted their instruments from the same source,44 Adams and East found that the strongest predictor of pregnancy was physical abuse, while Fiscella and colleagues reported it to be sexual abuse. Further, Romans, Martin and Morris reported that with the exception of rape, sexual abuse did not predict adolescent pregnancy.45 In contrast, Smith found that adolescent pregnancy was predicted not by type of abuse, but by a combination of multiple types of abuse.46 And Widom and Kuhns reported no differences between maltreated women and those who had not been maltreated in rates of promiscuity or pregnancy, and concluded that no specific type of maltreatment had greater power in predicting pregnancy.47 These five studies were able to make complex assessments because they involved more than one type of maltreatment or more than one level of sexual or physical abuse.
In addition, Roosa and coauthors found that only a small proportion of young women who were sexually maltreated became sexually precocious,48 contradicting previous research by Butler and Burton.49 These researchers also reported that precocious behavior alone was a strong predictor of pregnancy, as was victimization when it was combined with sexual precocity. Only a minority of those who were sexually maltreated became sexually precocious.
Moreover, Rainey, Stevens-Simon and Kaplan found no difference between maltreated teenagers and others in their age at first voluntary intercourse, frequency of intercourse or consistency of contraceptive use.50 These findings appear to conflict with those of four other studies that linked previous maltreatment with earlier sexual intercourse or promiscuity.51
Our first research question involved the types of maltreatment addressed in the studies examined here. Many authors asked about maltreatment in general or assessed types of maltreatment as dichotomous variables. Because they pooled data, they were unable to address critical questions about how different types of abuse may affect an adolescent's likelihood of becoming pregnant. For example, treating sexual abuse in a dichotomous manner implies that being forced to view sexual films and rape are equally abusive and influential. Treating any type of maltreatment as a dichotomous variable reduces the likelihood of finding a significant relationship with teenage pregnancy.52
We observe here that there is a dearth of research on links between nonsexual abuse (e.g., emotional abuse or neglect) and adolescent pregnancy. It is difficult to determine whether past emotional abuse or neglect is also a risk factor for adolescent pregnancy. It is not known if emotional abuse and neglect are risk factors that are separate from sexual and physical abuse. This may be related to the difficulty of operationalizing and documenting nonsexual abuse.
Evidence of emotional abuse and neglect is often not available from government or social service databases because they are not reported as often as physical or sexual maltreatment. However, given the comorbidity of various types of maltreatment, valid and reliable assessment tools are needed to help determine more precisely the roles of various types of maltreatment in predicting adolescent pregnancy.
Our second research question involved how various types of maltreatment were defined. One issue in studying the relationship between maltreatment and adolescent pregnancy is the varying definitions of maltreatment used by different researchers. Here we focused on the definition of sexual abuse because sexual abuse was included in all 15 studies and because it lacks a universal definition.53 Notably, many studies relied on two instruments that have been shown to be adequate psychometrically (the Childhood Sexual Experiences Scale and the Sexual Experiences Survey). However, both scales require a large enough sample to use a categorical continuum of abuse, from voyeurism or fondling to rape.
Our third research question concerned study design. The overrepresentation of retrospective and cross-sectional studies is a weakness in the research that we reviewed here. Self-reported data on this topic are of questionable validity and reliability, because they depend on recall from traumatized individuals. As the literature that we reviewed pointed out, maltreated women are more likely than others to experience poor mental health, posttraumatic stress syndrome, self-destructive behaviors, repeated victimization, sexual disturbance and substance abuse.
Likewise, the validity and reliability of data gathered by government and social service agencies are questionable, because of the tendency for adolescents to underreport victimization and because of the lack of substantiation of reports of maltreatment.54 Other potential design problems were small samples, the use of convenience samples, a lack of theoretical underpinnings, absence of a consistent protocol for assessing types of maltreatment, inconsistent definitions of various types of maltreatment, a lack of qualitative and longitudinal research, and a failure to ensure racial and ethnic diversity in study samples.
Although all but one of the studies were cross-sectional and retrospective, several made unique contributions. Adams and East included emotional abuse and made racial and ethnic comparisons in both the frequency of abuse and pregnancy experience.55 Chandy, Blum and Resnick involved adolescents as young as those in seventh grade, used a large nationally representative sample and used a randomly selected comparison group.56 Uniquely, Esperat and Esparza addressed adolescent mothers' relationships with men;57 they stated that relationships with men are often ignored in traditional adolescent pregnancy prevention curricula and programs. Rainey, Stevens-Simon and Kaplan found that some sexually maltreated adolescents desire pregnancy to reassure themselves that their fertility has not been compromised.58 Such attitudes have been overlooked as an explanation for adolescent pregnancy. Finally, Smith's study was the only one with a longitudinal design, with data collected every six months for four years.59
We also asked about conflicting findings. Methodological weaknesses and the lack of specificity and consistency in definitions of various types of maltreatment probably contributed to the lack of consensus on what violence-related phenomena may predict adolescent pregnancy. The differences described above can also be attributed to variations in sample sizes, sample characteristics and the ways in which researchers handled confounding variables during analysis.
Our fifth and sixth questions asked about two related topics: unanswered research questions and implications for future research. Before the many unanswered questions in this area can be addressed, methodological changes are needed, including a broadening of the types of maltreatment addressed; an increase in the racial, ethnic and cultural diversity of study samples; the inclusion of more qualitative and longitudinal research designs; and a discussion in the literature about the most efficient theoretical models, from a variety of disciplinary perspectives, to be applied to this line of inquiry.
A number of questions have yet to be adequately explored: What is the impact of emotional abuse on adolescent pregnancy? What is the impact of neglect on adolescent pregnancy? Is it possible that sexual maltreatment and adolescent pregnancy result from common risk factors? What theoretical models might provide guidance for prevention, intervention or treatment? What methodological advances might improve the quality of the research in this area? And what roles do cultural and ethnic attitudes toward violence play in the link between maltreatment and adolescent pregnancy?
Because of the methodological limitations described above, we cannot conclude that a direct relationship exists between maltreatment and subsequent adolescent pregnancy. It is difficult to generate implications for prevention and practice until there is more support for a causal link. There are a myriad of critically important reasons to screen girls for evidence of maltreatment, but preventing adolescent pregnancy may or may not be one of them. Whether preventing early maltreatment will emerge as a primary prevention strategy for preventing adolescent pregnancy has yet to be determined. Before such a strategy can be put forward, we need more specificity on the types and characteristics of maltreatment that most closely predict adolescent pregnancy, as well as on the roles that mediating variables play in the relationship.
1. Gazmararian JA et al., Violence and reproductive health: current knowledge and future research directions, Maternal and Child Health Journal, 2000, 4(2):79-84.
2. Renker PR, Physical abuse, social support, self-care, and pregnancy outcomes of older adolescents, Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 1999, 28(4):377-388.
3. Adams JA and East PL, Past physical abuse is significantly correlated with pregnancy as an adolescent, Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 1999, 12(3):133-138.
4. Boyer D and Fine D, Sexual abuse as a factor in adolescent pregnancy and child maltreatment, Family Planning Perspectives, 1992, 24(1):4-19.
5. Butler JR and Burton L, Rethinking teenage childbearing: is sexual abuse a missing link? Family Relations, 1990, 39(1):73-80.
6. Chandy JM, Blum RW and Resnick MD, Female adolescents with a history of sexual abuse: risk outcome and protective factors, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1996, 11(4):503-518.
7. Esperat MC and Esparza DV, Minority adolescent mothers who reported childhood sexual abuse and those who did not: perceptions of themselves and their relationships, Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 1997, 18(3):229-246.
8. Fiscella K et al., Does child abuse predict adolescent pregnancy? Pediatrics, 1998, 101(4):620-624.
9. Kenney JW, Reinholtz C and Angelini PJ, Ethnic differences in childhood and adolescent sexual abuse and teenage pregnancy, Journal of Adolescent Health, 1997, 21(1):3-10.
10. Nagy S, DiClemente R and Adcock AG, Adverse factors associated with forced sex among Southern adolescent girls, Pediatrics, 1995, 96(5): 944-946.
11. Rainey D, Stevens-Simon C and Kaplan DW, Are adolescents who report sexual abuse at higher risk for pregnancy? Child Abuse and Neglect, 1995, 19(10):1283-1288.
12. Romans SE, Martin JL and Morris EM, Risk factors for adolescent pregnancy: how important is child sexual abuse? New Zealand Medical Journal, 1997, 110(1037):30-33.
13. Roosa MW et al., The relationship of childhood sexual abuse to teenage pregnancy, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1997, 59(1): 119-130.
14. Smith C, The link between childhood maltreatment and teenage pregnancy, Social Work Research, 1996, 20(3):131-141.
15. Stevens-Simon C and McAnarney ER, Childhood victimization: relationship to adolescent pregnancy outcome, Child Abuse and Neglect, 1994, 18(7):569-575.
16. Stock JL et al., Adolescent pregnancy and sexual risk-taking among sexually abused girls, Family Planning Perspectives, 1997, 29(5):200-203 & 227.
17. Widom CS and Kuhns JB, Childhood victimization and subsequent risk for promiscuity, prostitution, and teenage pregnancy: a prospective study, American Journal of Public Health, 1996, 86(11):1607-1612.
18. Smith C, 1996, op. cit. (see reference 14).
19. Stevens-Simon C and McAnarney ER, 1994, op. cit. (see reference 15).
20. Butler JR and Burton L, 1990, op. cit. (see reference 5); Chandy JM, Blum RW and Resnick MD, 1996, op. cit. (see reference 6); Esperat MC and Esparza DV, 1997, op. cit. (see reference 7); Kenney JW, Reinholtz C and Angelini PJ, 1997, op. cit. (see reference 9); Nagy S, DiClemente R and Adcock AG, 1995, op. cit. (see reference 10); Rainey D, Stevens-Simon C and Kaplan DW, 1995, op. cit. (see reference 11); Romans SE, Martin JL and Morris EM, 1997, op. cit. (see reference 12); and Roosa MW et al., 1997, op. cit. (see reference 13).
21. Adams JA and East PL, 1999, op. cit. (see reference 3); Boyer D and Fine D, 1992, op. cit. (see reference 4); Fiscella K et al., 1998, op. cit. (see reference 8); Stock JL et al., 1997, op. cit. (see reference 16); and Widom CS and Kuhns JB, 1996, op. cit. (see reference 17).
22. Adams JA and East PL, 1999, op. cit. (see reference 3); and Fiscella K et al., 1998, op. cit. (see reference 8).
23. Widom CS and Kuhns JB, 1996, op. cit. (see reference 17).
24. Boyer D and Fine D, 1992, op. cit. (see reference 4); and Stock JL et al., 1997, op. cit. (see reference 16).
25. Adams JA and East PL, 1999, op. cit. (see reference 3); and Fiscella K et al., 1998, op. cit (see reference 8).
26. Widom CS and Kuhns JB, 1996, op. cit. (see reference 17).
27. Ibid.; and Smith C, 1996, op. cit. (see reference 14).
28. Esperat MC and Esparza DV, 1997, op. cit. (see reference 7).
29. Rew L, Long term effects of childhood sexual exploitation, Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 1989, 10(3-4):229-244.
30. Boyer D and Fine D, 1992, op. cit. (see reference 4); Kenney JW, Reinholtz C and Angelini PJ, 1997, op. cit. (see reference 9); and Roosa MW et al., 1997, op. cit. (see reference 13).
31. Koss M and Oros L, Sexual Experiences Survey: a research instrument investigating sexual aggression and victimization, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1982, 50(3):455-457.
32. Rainey D, Stevens-Simon C and Kaplan DW, 1995, op. cit. (see reference 11).
33. Boyer D and Fine D, 1992, op. cit. (see reference 4); Butler JR and Burton L, 1990, op. cit. (see reference 5); Kenney JW, Reinholtz C and Angelini PJ, 1997, op. cit (see reference 9); Romans SE, Martin JL and Morris EM, 1997, op. cit. (see reference 12); and Roosa MW et al., 1997, op. cit. (see reference 13).
34. Smith C, 1996, op. cit. (see reference 14).
35. Boyer D and Fine D, 1992, op. cit. (see reference 4); Chandy JM, Blum RW and Resnick MD, 1996, op. cit. (see reference 6); Kenney JW, Reinholtz C and Angelini PJ, 1997, op. cit. (see reference 9); Nagy S, DiClemente R and Adcock AG, 1995, op. cit. (see reference 10); Rainey D, Stevens-Simon C and Kaplan DW, 1995, op. cit. (see reference 11); Roosa MW et al., 1997, op. cit. (see reference 13); and Stock JL et al., 1997, op. cit. (see reference 16).
36. Adams JA and East PL, 1999, op. cit. (see reference 3); Butler JR and Burton L, 1990, op. cit. (see reference 5); Esperat MC and Esparza DV, 1997, op. cit. (see reference 7); Fiscella K et al., 1998, op. cit. (see reference 8); Smith C, 1996, op. cit. (see reference 14); Stevens-Simon C and McAnarney ER, 1994, op. cit. (see reference 15); and Widom CS and Kuhns JB, 1996, op. cit. (see reference 17).
37. Romans SE, Martin JL and Morris EM, 1997, op. cit. (see reference 12).
38. Chandy JM, Blum RW and Resnick MD, 1996, op. cit. (see reference 6); and Widom CS and Kuhns JB, 1996 op. cit. (see reference 17).
39. Romans SE, Martin JL and Morris EM, 1997, op. cit. (see reference 12).
40. Boyer D and Fine D, 1992, op. cit. (see reference 4); Butler JR and Burton L, 1990, op. cit. (see reference 5); Chandy JM, Blum RW and Resnick MD, 1996, op. cit. (see reference 6); Esperat MC and Esparza DV, 1997, op. cit. (see reference 7); Kenney JW, Reinholtz C and Angelini PJ, 1997, op. cit. (see reference 9); Nagy S, DiClemente R and Adcock AG, 1995, op. cit. (see reference 10); Rainey D, Stevens-Simon C and Kaplan DW, 1995, op. cit. (see reference 11); Roosa MW et al., 1997, op. cit. (see reference 13); Stevens-Simon C and McAnarney ER, 1994, op. cit. (see reference 15); and Stock JL et al., 1997, op. cit. (see reference 16).
41. Adams JA and East PL, 1999, op. cit. (see reference 3); Fiscella K et al., 1998, op. cit. (see reference 8); Romans SE, Martin JL and Morris EM, 1997, op. cit. (see reference 12); Smith C, 1996, op. cit. (see reference 14); Widom CS and Kuhns JB, 1996, op. cit. (see reference 17).
42. Adams JA and East PL, 1999, op. cit. (see reference 3).
43. Fiscella K et al., 1998, op. cit. (see reference 8).
44. Finkelhor D, A Sourcebook on Child Sexual Abuse, Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1986.
45. Romans SE, Martin JL and Morris EM, 1997, op. cit. (see reference 12).
46. Smith C, 1996, op. cit. (see reference 14).
47. Widom CS and Kuhns JB, 1996, op. cit. (see reference 17).
48. Roosa MW et al., 1997, op. cit. (see reference 13).
49. Butler JR and Burton L, 1990, op. cit. (see reference 5).
50. Rainey D, Stevens-Simon C and Kaplan DW, 1995, op. cit. (see reference 11).
51. Adams JA and East PL, 1999, op. cit. (see reference 3); Fiscella K et al., 1998, op. cit. (see reference 8); Nagy S, DiClemente R and Adcock AG, 1995, op. cit. (see reference 10); and Stock JL et al., 1997, op. cit. (see reference 16).
52. Roosa MW et al., 1997, op. cit. (see reference 13).
53. Kenney JW, Reinholtz C and Angelini PJ, 1997, op. cit. (see reference 9).
54. Loftus EF, Polonsky S and Fullilove MT, Memories of childhood sexual abuse, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 1994, 18(1):67-84.
55. Adams JA and East PL, 1999, op. cit. (see reference 3).
56. Chandy JM, Blum RW and Resnick MD, 1996, op. cit. (see reference 6).
57. Esperat MC and Esparza DV, 1997, op. cit. (see reference 7).
58. Rainey D, Stevens-Simon C and Kaplan DW, 1995, op. cit. (see reference 11).
59. Smith C, 1996, op. cit. (see reference 14).
Lynn Blinn-Pike is associate professor, and Thomas Berger, Donna Dixon and Diane Kuschel are extension associates, all at the Center on Adolescent Sexuality, Pregnancy and Parenting, University of Missouri-Columbia. Michael Kaplan is a social worker with the University of Missouri Behavioral Health Services, Columbia, MO.

domain: psychology


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Chelsea Clock is Proud to be Featured on “Task & Purpose” | 04/25/2017
We are proud and honored to have recently been featured on Task & Purpose, a news site for – and by – American veterans.Read article now.
“Made in Massachusetts” Highlights Chelsea Clock | 04/18/2017
Doug Meehan, host of “Made in Massachusetts” (Boston, WCVB Chnnel 5) paid a visit to Chelsea Clock to see how we’ve been making time for more than 120 years. We are so proud and honored to have been a part of this special program. Take a look.
Chelsea Creates “Quest” – A Special Timepiece to Benefit Ocean Conservation | 11/21/2016
Chelsea Clock is extremely proud to have crafted a special mechanical timepiece for the silent auction at this year’s second annual MaiTai Global Ocean Gala, held on December 3, 2016 in San Francisco, CA.
This contemporary timepiece is designed to celebrate both modern American craftsmanship and the 120-year anniversary of Chelsea Clock, the iconic American clock manufacturer founded in 1897. Crafted from Chelsea’s classic materials of solid brass and old growth oak, this piece is updated with a high-tech anthracite coating and sits atop a ceruse finished base. The Quest boasts a newly launched 14-ruby jewel mechanical movement for superior timekeeping and endurance. It also features an etched dial and clock hands that are all painted by hand.” Read more.
Chelsea Clock Trophies to Honor Annual Vineyard Race Winners | 09/01/2016
Friday kicks off the annual Vineyard Race, hosted by the Stamford Yacht Club each Labor Day weekend. For the 4th consecutive year we are honored to provide coveted Chelsea Ship’s Bell clocks for select winners. Over the years the race…
Chelsea Clock Spotted on Jay Leno’s Garage | 06/22/2016
For the uninitiated, Jay Leno’s Garage is a web and TV series in which American comedian and television host Jay Leno, former host of the Tonight Show, performs live classic-car and motorcycle reviews out of his “Big Dog Garage” in Burbank, California. Recently one of our readers spotted a Chelsea clock on Jay Leno’s Garage — in an episode that featured a 1913 Mercer Raceabout roadster. Chelsea began making automobile clocks a decade earlier around 1903, manufacturing top-of-the-line dashboard clocks for the likes of Rolls Royce, Packard, and Studebaker, among others.Read more.
St. Barths Bucket Regatta to feature Chelsea Clock Trophies | 03/16/2016
Participants of St. Barths Bucket Regatta set sail tomorrow, and five lucky winners will be taking home a handsome Chelsea Clock ship’s bell trophy prize at the end of the weekend.
The first St. Barths Bucket dates back to 1995 and each year, a portion of each entry fee has been designated for donation to a close-to-home charity or non-profit in St. Barths. This year, the donation will go towards replacement boats for the St. Barths Yacht Club’s Children’s fleet, of which only 10 of the 17 aging boats are actually in service. The Bucket’s contribution will provide 7 new boats to the fleet. Read more.
Local Photographer Nanda Rust Launches Chelsea Clock Exhibit | 03/07/2016
Tuesday evening a reception will be held at City Hall to kick off local photographer Nanda Rust’s latest exhibit featuring Chelsea Clock.
City Hall stated in a press release: Now is your chance to gain an inside perspective through beautiful photography of one of the oldest and most beloved Chelsea businesses — Chelsea Clock! Local photographer Nanda E. Rust had the pleasure of befriending the company and has become their inside photographer. [The exhibit will showcase] images from the old building on Everett Avenue, the move of the facility, and an inside perspective of their new location on 2nd Street in Chelsea, [while featuring] portraits of employees, machinery, and the true workmanship Chelsea Clock has loved and maintained for well over a century. There will also be collectors showcasing limited historical Chelsea Clocks!
We’re excited and honored to have been chosen as the subject behind Rust’s lens. Read more.
Congrats, Quantum Key West Race Week Winners! | 02/17/2016
Quantum Key West Race Week kicked off late last month in Old Town Key West. It was the 29th year for the international regatta, this year hosted by Storm Trysail Club (the notorious host of Block Island Race Week) for the first time. For the past two years Chelsea Clock has been a proud trophy sponsor, and this year — our third — felt extra special. Read more.
Countdown to Quantum Key West Race Week | 01/14/2016
Quantum Key West Race Week kicks off this Sunday with the official weigh-in and welcoming reception held at Kelly’s Caribbean Bar & Grill in Old Town Key West. The international regatta is in its 29th year and is hosted this year by Storm Trysail Club (the well-known host of Block Island Race Week) for the first time. Chelsea Clock has been a proud trophy sponsor for the past two years, and this year will be no different! Read more.
Yachting Times Magazine Highlights Patriot Deck Collection | 04/24/2014
Chelsea Clock is pleased to note that the Patriot Deck Collection was recently featured in the Spring 2014 edition of Yachting Times Magazine, America’s bilingual boating publication. Click below to view the article online on page 12:
Yachting Times Magazine, Spring 2014
Top Sailors Compete for Chelsea Clock Mariner Trophy | 07/08/2013
On July 7, 2013, a select number of best-in-class yacht racers will compete for the chance to add their names to the coveted Chelsea Clock Mariner Perpetual Trophy in the 35th Biennial Marblehead to Halifax Ocean Race (in conjunction with the Annapolis to Newport Race 2013). Chelsea Clock is pleased to once again be one of the official trophy sponsors of this elite event, which challenges racers on a 363-nautical-mile course from Marblehead, Massachusetts to Halifax, Nova Scotia. Race entrants in the Marblehead to Halifax Ocean Race and the Annapolis to Newport Race in the IRC, PHRF, PHRF Cruising Canvas or Double-Handed divisions will be eligible to compete for the Chelsea Mariner Trophy. First-, second- and third-place keeper trophies, also created by Chelsea Clock, will be awarded in each of the four divisions.
Announcing the New Voyager Series | 06/07/2011
Chelsea Clock Hosts Small Business Roundtable Along with Governor Deval Patrick | 04/01/2010
Chelsea Clock Company, along with Governor Deval Patrick, hosted a small business round table discussion on the topic of rising health care costs at the Chelsea Clock Headquarters in Chelsea MA.
A dozen local companies attended the meeting to discuss recent actions the Governor has taken to help reduce the cost of health insurance for small businesses and working families. Governor Patrick, the owner of a Chelsea Clock, arrived in advance of the meeting to tour the manufacturing arm of the factory and see in person how the company continues to handcraft heirloom quality time pieces after 113 years of continuous operation.
Chelsea Clock Appears in March/April Issue of Yankee Magazine | 03/01/2010
“The Timekeepers…Some of the best and most famous clocks in the world come from Chelsea, Massachusetts.”
The Pilot Clock Featured in November issue of W Magazine | 11/02/2009
The Chelsea Pilot Clock was featured in the November issue of W Magazine in a style segment emphasizing all things marine.
Click here to view the article online.
Chelsea Clock Receives Interactive Media Award for New Website | 09/04/2009
ChelseaClock.com, designed by Alexander Interactive in New York, wins the Interactive Media Award for best in class website in the manufacturing category.
Vice President Biden Selects the Boardroom Clock for Trip Abroad | 07/31/2009
The Boardroom Clock was selected by Vice President Biden in July as a custom gift for dignitaries on a recent trip to Europe with his wife. Each of the 20 clocks that were purchased for the trip were engraved with Vice President Biden’s signature.
Chelsea Clock Honors Navy At Pentagon | 07/30/2009
JK Nicholas, CEO of Chelsea Clock and Anthony
LaChapelle, COO attended a private dedication ceremony at the Pentagon along with Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Roughead where 3 customized Chelsea clocks were presented honoring the Navy personnel involved in the successful rescue of Captain Richard Phillips of the Maersk-Alabama from the Somalia pirates.
A Willard Banjo Clock, Circa 1982: When Old Becomes New Again | 07/29/2009
For most people who love the form and elegance of the Willard patent timepiece, current high prices make the acquisition of top-of-the-line examples difficult indeed. Because of a collaborative effort among the Chelsea Clock Company (CCC), Colonial Williamsburg (CW), and the Kittinger Furniture Company, however, there was an attempt in 1982 to re-create one of America’s most beloved horological forms. See Article
Antique Clock Gets Makeover | 06/12/2009
“Science has yet to decipher how to go back in time, but for one local resident an heirloom clock does just that. Every time Archie Rasmussen looks at his 1910 Chelsea mantel clock on his desk, he drifts back to the past. The Chelsea Clock has sat on the handcrafted desk of his grandfather, his father and now his….”
Admiral Richard Byrd | 04/09/2009
Chelsea Ship’s Bell Clock from Admiral Richard Byrd’s famous flagship, The City of New York, featured at the Time and Exploration Exhibit at The National Watch and Clock Museum. The exhibit will be live from April 23, 2009 – December 31, 2009.
Chelsea Honors Capt. Phillips at “Maritime Man of the Year” Ceremony | 03/20/2009
Capt. Richard Phillips, the captain taken hostage by pirates off the coast of Somalia and then freed by the Navy in April, was honored with the “Maritime Man of the Year” award at Massachusetts Maritime Academy on May 20, 2009. JK Nicholas, CEO of Chelsea Clock, presented the captain the award, a Chelsea Ship’s Bell clock, during the ceremony to recognize his leadership and selfless courage.
The Obama Administration Offers Chelsea Clocks as Gifts | 03/09/2009
The Obama Administration has selected 25 Chelsea Dartmouth clocks, customized with the Presidential seal and his signature, to offer as gifts abroad during his first trip to Europe as President of the United States.
8½” Chelsea Ship | 01/09/2009
A Classic 8½” Chelsea Ship’s Bell was chosen to keep time on the USS G.H.W. Bush, the United States’ newest and final aircraft-carrier of its kind (CVN-77). The massive vessel measures 1,092 feet long: nearly as long as the Empire State Building is tall.

domain: news


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Down below, you will find a review of the best legal steroids stacks you can get on the markettoday. You may also like: Why do I need legal steroids if I are taking an SSRI, anabolic steroids illegal in sports? Legal Steroids Stack #1 Legal Steroids Stack #2 Law #23: Legal Steroids May Increase the Risk of Liver Failure Liver cancer is one of the most common genetic cancers that strikes men, and it's an exceptionally aggressive, and often deadly, condition. Although liver cancer has become increasingly identified as a target of pharmaceutical efforts, recent advances in diagnostics have led to an increase in success of these efforts, according to a 2017 study, anabolic quads. If you plan to take anabolic steroid drugs and want to minimize risk of your liver cancer, you should aim to limit your intake during the first seven years of anabolic steroid use. There are various different ways to do this, but the most general recommendation is to restrict your intake of legal and non-legal anabolic steroids as much as possible. The following recommendations have been suggested by numerous doctors and experts, and will help to minimize the risk for liver cancer: 1: Don't use legal anabolic steroids Legal anabolic steroids are not anabolic agents and don't have the same anabolic effects as their non-legal counterparts, best oral steroid to start with. For this reason, the only recommended way to limit overall risk for liver cancer is never to mix or use these substances in your body. 2: Keep your body well stocked with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant supplements In addition to the fact that legal anabolic steroids decrease blood flow and muscle mass growth, it has been demonstrated that their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties can play a role in liver cancer growth, are legal anabolic steroids safe. In fact, it is considered a common practice on anabolic steroid forums to have healthy, well-tolerated anabolic steroids. This strategy minimizes their use on a body, and allows the benefits to be enjoyed in the future, where can you buy steroids in australia. 3: Get regular blood work to monitor for cancer A recent study found that those who get regular blood work can predict liver cancer a year and a half in advance, and in about a quarter of cases, the risks of liver cancer were substantially reduced. While regular blood work monitoring is a great way to reduce risks of a liver cancer, you should always inform your healthcare provider about your health before and during your steroid use, ideally before you begin using any anabolic steroid drug, black hygetropin tops review. 4: Don't smoke or use alcohol
Nandrolone (Deca Durabolin) Nandrolone is one of the most commonly used steroids for muscle growth. Nandrolone is often used in combination with anabolic steroids (such as anabolic steroids, testosterone, and Dianabol) to increase muscle mass and strength. Nandrolone is a potent anabolic steroid that has been known as "the new steroids, nandrolone decanoate injection." Nandrolone is effective in treating a wide range of diseases including diabetes, and fibromyalgia. However, unlike other anabolic steroids, Nandrolone is not easily excreted by the body, and it is still present in body fluids for many years after its use has ended, hygetropin black tops 2022. This results in many side effects which can include depression, mood swings, and an increase in aggression, nandrolone decanoate dosage. Nandrolone has been reported to lead to the following side effects of the endocrine system: Increase in libido in women Increase in blood pressure in men Decrease in liver enzyme levels Increase in liver enzymes in women Increase in weight gain, and Increase in energy Increase in blood sugar and insulin levels in people with diabetes Lower levels of testosterone in men, with possible side effects of lowered libido, increased hair growth, enlarged prostate, and lowered libido in women Depletion of bone mineral density in people with osteoporosis Decreased sperm count in men, women Impotence in men Increased risk of miscarriage/endometrial cancer in women Nandrolone can also lead to other health problems, if consumed in enough quantities, nandrolone before and after. In addition to anabolic steroid use, it is also advised to avoid the use of Nandrolone by pregnant women. Gastrointestinal side effects Some people may experience abdominal discomfort, dizziness, weakness, weight loss or gain, headaches, upset stomach, and vomiting. The signs and symptoms of Nandrolone addiction could also affect someone's ability to eat. Nandrolone addicts can sometimes have extreme nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea, nandrolone decanoate. Some people who try to quit taking Nandrolone experience the following side effects of Nandrolone abuse: Lack of energy; Headache; Weight loss; Muscle aches; Mood swings Excessive sweating; Mood swings Difficulty in sleeping. Nandrolone is also known to cause severe digestive problems in some people, hygetropin black tops 20221. These can include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, constipation and/or abdominal bloating.
Test Suspension contains a refined proprietary composite of pro-testosterone agents which have been shown to significantly heighten testosterone blood levels after oral administrationand to prolong the response to oral corticosteroids in a manner similar to estradiol. The compounds in Suspension produce anabolic effects by inhibiting protein synthesis and cellular energy production which contributes to increase muscle mass. As well, as the use of corticosteroids in the treatment of athlete's shoulder and neck aches and/or muscle injuries has increased rapidly, the use of Suspension has also been recognized as offering significant improvements in musculoskeletal symptoms as a result of the medication. Prostate Specific Antigen: Sustained release testosterone suspension with the potent anti-inflammatory effects of testosterone have been utilized in the treatment of inflammatory symptoms in the prostate. Sustained release testosterone suspension has the ability to induce a prolonged inflammatory response by acting on the hypothalamic neuropeptidation pathway. This system of production of inflammatory molecules such as prostaglandins or nitric oxide, as well as the ability for them to release from the activated endocrine cells in the pituitary gland are increased by high levels of testosterone or testosterone with a long half-life like what is seen in the body. In addition, as a result of the increased levels of testosterone in the body, a higher proportion of prostaglandins are released from the prostatic cell. In addition, prostaglandins, and particularly nitric oxide, may cause an increase in inflammation that may further contribute to injury in athletes. As well, the decreased levels of nitric oxide may contribute to decreased prostaglandination and consequent decreased production of antioxidants such as vitamin E. This combination may enhance the risk of tissue injury. The use of testosterone suspension for the treatment of tissue inflammation is the treatment of athletes who are suffering from the effects of aging, or have been recently diagnosed with a musculoskeletal condition such as joint disease or rheumatoid arthritis. In addition to these uses, as well as in athletes with certain medical conditions, there have been a significant number of successful cases where athletes have experienced increased strength, faster recovery times, faster strength gains and faster recovery times after initiating testosterone therapy with Suspension, which is the use of Suspension for the treatment of an athlete's shoulder or neck aches and the treatment of severe muscle tears or tissue injury involving musculoskeletal areas. In addition, as was recently discussed, there have been many reports of muscle regeneration on the part of Sprinters who were taking Suspension, and in many cases, this is due to the increased use Similar articles:

domain: health


Connect with top gaming leaders in Los Angeles at GamesBeat Summit 2023 this May 22-23. Register here.
Lineage 2: Revolution has become one of the world’s most successful mobile games. Licensed by NCSoft and built by Netmarble, the massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) game has more than 30 million players on iOS and Android.
It debuted in December 2016 in South Korea, and it went worldwide in November 2017. The game is also a big deal because the players spend a lot of money. The title generated $176 million in its first month, and it hit $924 million in its first 11 months.
A year after the global launch, Lineage 2: Revolution continues to be one of the most popular mobile MMORPGs. The company has been able to draw players to the massive open world with lots of new characters, large-scale player-versus-player (PvP) battles, and Unreal 4 Engine graphics.
Netmarble gave the game a big head start as it launched advertising campaigns and recruited influencers — including Conan O’Brien — on platforms like YouTube and Twitch to promote the game.
GamesBeat Summit 2023
Join the GamesBeat community in Los Angeles this May 22-23. You’ll hear from the brightest minds within the gaming industry to share their updates on the latest developments.
I spoke with Simon Sim, president of Netmarble US, about the growth of Lineage 2: Revolution in the West.
Here’s an edited transcript of our interview.
GamesBeat: That’s a lot of people playing Lineage 2: Revolution. You have 30 million players?
Simon Sim: Worldwide, accumulated players are 30 million, yes.
GamesBeat: How do you look at that number? Do you have some context for that? How is it a big milestone for you?
Sim: As you know, Lineage 2: Revolution is the first true MMORPG to enter the mobile space. We expected there would be a lot of challenges when we launched this game, even in South Korea. But the results have been great. We think 30 million users is a pretty big number, considering this is a true MMORPG.
GamesBeat: When you launched, you weren’t sure if this would be embraced on a large scale, right?
Sim: Yes, that was the big challenge. But we believed that mobile gamers were coming to expect high-fidelity games with much more in-depth content. We believed that this market was coming in the very near future. We launched in South Korea, then Southeast Asia, then Japan, and then globally. Each market we launched into, it became a hit. We were very surprised and very excited.
GamesBeat: Which markets did better than you would have expected? Did the U.S. or other territories do particularly well?
Sim: It’s a strange situation. We launched Lineage 2: Revolution in South Korea in December 2016, but at that time, what were very popular in the Korean market were action-RPGs, not MMORPGs. There were some MMO games but not this kind of high-fidelity title. It was a challenge even in Korea. In Japan, Asian-style MMORPGs have never been very popular, so that was another challenge. Also, as a non-Japanese studio, it’s harder to break into the top-grossing charts in Japan. But Lineage 2: Revolution hit number one on the Japanese iOS charts when it launched. In the West, what we saw as the big challenges were making our growth system and massive-scale real time battles happen on a smartphone.
Each market is different. It’s hard to say that one market or another was especially above our expectations. In each market, we faced different challenges. That’s why we separated out our builds for each market and tried to overcome them one at a time, developing them to fit each market’s audience. That strategy worked out well.
GamesBeat: Were there markets where you were worried that the game and its graphics were too high-end? Did that turn out to be not as big a barrier as you thought?
Sim: As you know, the device specs are quite different in different geos. In Southeast Asia and Latin America, the average device spec is lower than in other territories. When we launched in Southeast Asia, we did a lot of optimization and [offered] different options for levels of visual quality. Users can change the quality level, the rendering level. That experience helped a lot in turn when we launched in Latin America, which has a similar situation to Southeast Asia. Providing that functionality and optimizing for lower-end devices was a big part of our success there. In Latin America, when we launched there, we hit the top-grossing charts on both iOS and Android right away.
GamesBeat: Did you see any interesting reaction from fans when the game came out? The comparison I might make to Blizzard, where they had their BlizzCon event and told their fans to expect a Diablo game. Everybody assumed it would be on PC, and then, they showed a mobile game, and everyone was unhappy about it. Did you have any similar reactions around Lineage 2?
Sim: I can’t offer very much comment on Diablo or Blizzard, but there’s a couple of interesting phenomena we’ve been observing about Lineage 2: Revolution. One is around user play times. The average play time for the Western version of Lineage 2: Revolution is more than four hours a day. That’s huge, right? It was well above our expectation. It was my understanding that Western gamers, even hardcore mobile RPG players, rarely play more than two hours a day.
Many users play on their smartphones on the go, or when they’re sitting at home and then at their PC, they’ll play through an emulator. We’ve seen this kind of pattern in Asian players before, but we didn’t expect it from Western gamers. For some people, though, if their smartphone doesn’t run the game as well, they can play it through an emulator on their PC. As you know, Lineage 2: Revolution runs on Unreal Engine 4, so if you play it on your PC, it looks like a PC game. That’s been an interesting phenomenon. We’re very surprised by that and very [excited].
Second, the growth system. Lineage 2: Revolution has a somewhat original growth system. We tried to make it easier for players to grow their characters. But some players have spent so much time that they’ve grown faster than our expectation. We’ve adjusted the growth system to be more acceptable and deliver more content. The content consumption speed has been faster than we expected, so we’ve had to rush to provide more patches.
GamesBeat: As far as monetization, have you noticed any differences in monetization across different territories?
Sim: As far as monetization goes, the basic mechanics are similar in each territory, but Western gamers are less accepting of the enhancement failure. Many Asian MMORPGs, even on PC, have an enhancement system where there’s a ratio where you either have a success or a failure. We’ve observed that a lot of Western gamers are less accepting of that aspect of the growth system. We tried to rebuild that model and remove that barrier. We’ll keep doing that. We keep learning from user behavior and keep analyzing user play patterns to revise our business model.
GamesBeat: As far as what keeps people coming back, is it clan activity or other things?
Sim: It’s more than a year since the game launched, so many players have already reached a very high level. When new users come in, it’s hard to catch up to the content for high-end users. That’s why we provide the Orc character option, which starts at level 180. When users make a new character, they can go straight to a higher level of rank to join in high-level content more easily. That’s one way we’re trying to appeal to new users and bring them in. Our collaboration with DC Comics is another way of appealing to new users.


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domain: artistic


6in Lift Kit Ford F250 – 2017+ FORD SUPERDUTY 6″ PREMIUM LIFT SYSTEM Scroll to the bottom for pricing and options 2017-2022 Ford F-250/350 Diesel or GAS All Cab Configurations Dual or Single Rear Wheel
:CONTENTS: Soft Ride Coil Springs, Wicked Signature Logo Coil Plate, Adjustable Tie Rod Relocation Bracket, Heavy Duty Adjustable Drag Link, Radius Arm Relocation Brackets, Stainless Steel Extended Front Brake Lines, Stabilizer Relocation Brackets, Factory Steering Stabilizer Relocation Bracket, Wicked Basic shock absorbers (front and rear), rear block and U-bolt system
6in Lift Kit Ford F250
Long Bed, F-350 and Dual Models Please select option below. The Longbed, Dual and F-350 models require some additional parts to be added.
F 250/350 Complete Lift Kits
GAS POWERED MODELS ONLY Your truck will require one of two modifications to be raised 6 inches. Option one is to have a local exhaust shop relocate the driver side catalytic converter away from the front driveshaft. Option two is that you purchase the “Gas Powered Driveshaft Fixture” below and you don’t have to move the catalytic converter, plus you get a better driveshaft! We recommend the driveshaft option rather than having someone relocate your exhaust converter, but the choice is yours .
UPGRADES/What about all these additional things? First, you can purchase the kit and install it on the truck as is. With the exception of the powder coating, everything is included in the system; you don’t “need” to upgrade anything technically. The 6-inch system was designed as a modular system. Add whatever you want, when you want it, even if it’s not today. You can come back later and order the upgrades. The system drives, handles and performs beautifully just as we designed it, but there is always room for upgrades! If you want to significantly improve your truck’s performance or break 73%* more neck everywhere you drive, add your desired upgrades to the cart below. These upgrades not only improve performance, they’ll be eye-catching wherever you go. If you have any questions about the upgrades, please feel free to call us at 239-315-4646. *Based on a random number we drew from the sky
Wicked Manufacturing LLC is a small family business founded by Jordan and Brittany Tadysak and based in Naples, Florida, USA. Wicked Manufacturing was founded in January 2016 by Jordan and Brittany Tadysak as a sister company to the successful Wicked Customs LLC. Wicked Manufacturing is committed to producing the highest quality truck accessories and solution parts in this industry. Our core values are engraved into the foundation of this company: Honor, Pride, Commitment, Service and Integrity. We put our customers and their safety first and provide well-designed and over-manufactured products with no expense spared. When you buy from Wicked Manufacturing, you become part of a family, a family that has started an industry revolution against counterfeits, overseas manufacturing and poorly designed products. Your support and every purchase is truly appreciated.
Every piece Wicked Manufacturing makes has a “W” engraved on it. The “W” means more than just Wicked, it means you picked the right accessories for your truck, it means you did it right, it means you believe in a small manufacturing company from South Florida, USA and their core values. 6″ 4-Link Lift Kit with Dirt Logic 4.0 Resi Front Coilovers and Dirt Logic 2.25 Rear Shocks – K2338DL
Lifted 4×4 F 250 Super Duty Xlt Diesel Ingot Silver
Fabtech’s 6-inch 4-link conversion system for the Ford F450 and F550 Super Duty is designed to meet the on- and off-road needs of truck enthusiasts. The suspension of this vehicle is more robust than that of the Ford F250 and F350 and therefore requires special parts only available from Fabtech.
This system comes with everything needed to convert to a 4-link front suspension. The system ensures fewer caster changes throughout the entire driving range, which has a positive effect on road travel. Off-road, the 4-link system offers more mobility than a radius arm, allowing for better off-road mobility at all speeds.
Fabtech’s 4-Link system has been proven over 10 years of use in consumer, commercial and military applications. High quality components with properly designed suspension geometry are the highlight of Super Duty suspension systems.
Each Fabtech component is expertly crafted in-house and has specific design features and benefits listed below.
Suspension Lift Kits, Leveling Kits, Body Lifts, Shocks, Ford, Chevy, Dodge, Toyota, Hummer, Off Road Trucks
Heavy-duty 2″ OD wall link arms feature 1/4″ thick steel brackets on the axle with adjustable alignment cams and Fabtech’s legendary 5-Ton Joints® for pivoting on the frame for increased durability. The 5 Ton Joints® have proven themselves in military use for over 10 years and are quiet and strong. The 4 connecting arms attach to sturdy 1/4 inch thick steel frame brackets to ensure solid mounting of the new suspension.
The geometry of the 4-link arms and frame mounts was designed to provide better highway handling due to less caster change and to handle harsh off-road conditions better than a radius arm suspension.
Simple, super-strong 1/4″ thick steel brackets utilize the factory coil reservoir to bolt in the large Dirt Logic 4.0 coilovers. A solid 4″ diameter stainless steel body with 1.25 NitroSteel® piston rod for maximum corrosion resistance and durability in aggressive driving conditions. Coil springs support the weight of the F450 or F550 and provide a superior ride. The removed aluminum container dissipates heat, providing continuous cushioning when riding over extreme terrain at high speeds. The pinnacle of all coilover shock absorbers.
1/4″ thick steel brackets reposition the factory tie rod to center the axle under the vehicle and increase lift height. The extremely sturdy, box-shaped bracket is designed to prevent deflection as the tie rod moves through the entire cycle emotional.
Ford F250/f350 4wd 2/1in Level/lift Kit
Forged steel construction with high-strength material that exceeds factory specifications. Designed specifically for the F450 and F550 to provide proper steering function in conjunction with Fabtech’s factory steering rod and tie rod bracket.
Heavy-duty, 1/4-inch-thick steel brackets control travel and prevent excessive suspension spin. The super strong construction can handle the full compression effect of the F450 or F550.
1/4″ thick steel drop brackets reposition the front sway bar to increase ride height. This allows the sway bar connecting ends to move fully throughout the extended travel without binding.
Positions the factory brake lines down on the frame for the new travel without having to open the brake system. Keeps the factory fluid system intact.
Ford F 250 4wd 2017 2022 6
Retains the factory F450 or F550 long travel steering stabilizer with a 1/4″ thick steel bracket and support brace to reduce tire chatter.
Steel rear lift blocks replace factory blocks for additional lift without compromising ride quality or load capacity.
U-bolt for attaching the entire rear axle differential to the vehicle. A critical part that requires the best quality for your vehicle.
Manufactured from a stainless steel body with NitroSteel® piston rod for maximum corrosion resistance and durability. Superior ride quality both on and off-road. Excellent cushioning for off-road use.
Readylift 69 2538 Sst 3.5" Lift Kit For 11 16 Ford F250 F350 4wd 1pc Driveshaft
The Dirt Logic 4.0 offers the ultimate in hardcore off-road cushioning capacity with superior highway comfort in a large package. This massive, high-end shock is designed for full-size vehicles that require the largest and best coilover shock in a bolt-on configuration. Nothing else comes close.
Dirt Logic 2.25 are designed to replace factory shocks with a larger, more robust configuration. The 2.25 size sets it apart from other knock-down replacement shock absorbers and ensures superior handling, both on and off-road. The shock absorbers are pre-tuned for each Fabtech suspension, allowing for larger tires and ensuring the best all-round damping. Take your truck to new heights with Rough Country’s 6″ Suspension Lift! This all-inclusive kit contains everything you need for a complete truck makeover. Drive up to 37-inch tires while maintaining the smooth, factory ride quality with this impressive upgrade. When modifying a vehicle’s suspension, the key to maintaining ride quality is keeping the geometry of all suspension components as close to their factory angles as possible. Rough Country’s new 6-inch suspension lift features a set of extremely durable radius arm drop brackets that precisely screw into the factory brackets to simplify installation and create a more factory-like angle. This kit includes a set of raised coil springs and extremely durable, manufactured anti-wrap rear blocks that prevent binding and axle wrap. The best part is that this kit comes with your choice of Rough Country’s N3, V2 Monotube, or Vertex Adjustable Reservoir shocks! Includes Rough Country’s Lifetime Replacement Guarantee
Easy screw-on installation. Increased ground clearance. Balances the front with the back of the vehicle. The radius arm drop brackets allow for proper caster adjustment. Proper caster is critical to maintaining factory handling and ride quality. Includes N3 series shock absorbers with application valve that provide the best balanced performance for on- and off-road use. Prefabricated blocks are stronger and offer a longer lifespan than cast blocks. Specially designed rear anti-axle wrap blocks provide the usual ride quality while eliminating the common lift block problem.
Raised coil springs, radius arm lowering brackets, timing ring kit, sway bar links, tie rod lowering bracket, sway bar relocation brackets, pitman arm, brake line brackets, bump stop spacers, hardware
Lift Kit Do’s And Don’ts
NOT applicable to F-350 models. DOES NOT fit dual models. DOES NOT fit transfer cases with manual transmission. NOT suitable for petrol engines
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text: Forget diamonds—shoes are a girl’s best friend. Isa Tapia held a presentation of her phenomenal shoe line this afternoon in an intimate setting in the quarters of the Empire Hotel. My fabulous fashion stylist friend, Liz Teich, and I were in shoe heaven. Tapia has created a line for every occasion—whether you need a classic pump, to a statement piece, it’s all there. The shoes are crafted beautifully to such full extent of detail. Absolute perfection. Take a peek at her line and let me know what you think! Shoes will be in stores starting in August.


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Yogaraj Bhat's upcoming directorial film Gaalipata 2 brings back Ganesh and Diganth who were part of the first film. Earlier the sequel was to star Sharan and Rishi, but popular choice dictated that Ganesh and Dignath return in the sequel. This made the buzz around the film stronger.
Now another news has been doing the rounds and that made this film all the more talked about. Rumour has it that choreographer-actor-
Prabhu Deva is currently directing Salman Khan’s Dabangg 3, which also stars Sonakshi Sinha and Sudeep in pivotal roles. The film will also have a Kannada release given Sudeep's huge fan base.
Gaalipata 2 which also stars Pawan Kumar and Anant Nag, is expected to go on the floors next month.
For more updates from the world of Kannada cinema stay tuned to Box Office India.

domain: entertainment


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Mobile casino gambling is very good for any number of reasons. For instance, since you slot wild west gold are literally at your fingertips, you can perform if it is suitable for you. But it can also be trying to keep an eye on your progress or winnings if you are playing at an online casino. This is why it’s great that mobile casinos exist. In reality, cellular play free buffalo slots casinos are perfect if you need to take part in live casino gambling but do not wish to risk losing money over the net.
Mobile casino games often include some interesting mechanics that create a challenging playing experience for gamers. These include slots and video poker. One of those mechanics often differs from mobile casino games on a subgenre of gaming called the subgenre of blackjack. Blackjack is one of the very popular subgenres of casino games. If you’ve got a smartphone or tablet , it’s simple to locate many different blackjack casino apps that are fantastic for playing at any time.
Slots are another popular subgenre of online gambling. A number of mobile casino games provide a version of slots, such as slots with spinning wheels or virtual jacks. Because this subgenre contains both the table top and machine variations, it can appeal to a greater audience than other types of gaming. Plus, as you can use your smartphone or tablet as a true casino, there is a greater chance that you will actually win.
Google Play programs offer another great solution for enjoying mobile casino games. Google Play apps are made for a broad assortment of devices, including tablets and smartphones. It is possible to download these programs at no cost from your Google Play app store. Once you have signed up for an account, then you can start downloading programs which are ideal for playing any of your favourite games. There are even apps available that permit you to play games on the move!
Smartphones have made it easy to access a wide variety of information. This includes information about how to play games on several online gambling websites. You could also find a variety of news and resources about mobile gambling. With these features and more, it’s simple to know why smartphones are such an important part of the world of mobile casino games.
Tablet PCs is another way that people are enjoying their access to the internet. Tablets offer users the capability to do much the same items that handheld computers do. Plus, the portable size of several tablets permits them to be carried around just like a cell phone. Mobile casinos are perfect for using tablet PCs so as to play their favorite mobile casino games.
For those just getting into mobile games, it can be helpful to find a beginner’s guide to get you started. These manuals offer detailed directions about how to play all the different games such as the popular slots. They also explain why particular strategies are better than others in regards to playing with slot machines. A newcomer’s guide to mobile gaming can help you become knowledgeable about the different symbols and icons used on screen in addition to how to interpret symbols on the touch screen .
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domain: game


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The state Senate voted 27-4 on a transportation bill that includes a two-year moratorium, opposed by Perry, on private company toll roads and other highway-building restrictions, which could trigger his veto.
If so, lawmakers are ready to try to override his veto in a power battle not seen since 1990, when the Legislature failed to override a Gov. Bill Clements veto of a school finance bill.
"Unfortunately, there is a fundamental disagreement between the Legislature and the governor about the future transportation policy of our state," Sen. Tommy Williams, R-The Woodlands, said. "This bill is the last chance we have to address that."
Once the House passes the Senate's bill, which is expected early next week, Perry said he would look at it but added that he opposes any effort that "shuts down road construction, kills jobs, harms air quality, prevents access to federal highway dollars and creates an environment within local government that is ripe for political corruption."
Rep. Wayne Smith, R-Baytown, author of the House version, said he would accept changes to his bill. Smith wants to send the bill to Perry next week, giving lawmakers time to try to override a veto before the Legislature adjourns May 28.
Both Smith and Williams expressed hope Perry would not veto the bill.
"Obviously, it's a very popular piece of legislation from the Legislature that will be going over there," Smith said.
[M]ost legislators have soured on the state's transportation department and Perry's Trans-Texas Corridor plan that relies heavily on private company toll roads and long-term contracts involving hundreds of billions of dollars in profit for those companies.
"Texans must decide if roads should be built for the benefit of taxpayers or private shareholders," said Sen. Robert Nichols, R-Jacksonville, a former state transportation commissioner and the main architect for the moratorium.
"This is a major victory in our efforts to protect Texans from private toll road deals that would hamstring our transportation system for the next half-century," Nichols said. "A two-year moratorium will give an appropriate cooling-down time to evaluate the terms of these contracts before they cost Texans billions in penalties."
Anyway, we'll see what Perry does, and if he warms up with an HPV veto first or lets that one slide by. Vince has Perry's statement, Eye on Williamson notes a federal connection, and the Observer comments on Sen. Patrick's statements regarding TxDOT. Stay tuned.Posted by Charles Kuffner on April 28, 2007 to Planes, Trains, and Automobiles

domain: economics


Looking for Nectar Mattress Sleeplikethedead…
Lots of shoppers are drawn to mattresses made with natural, organic, and sustainable materials but are worried about rate. Eco Terra set out to construct a natural, affordable mattress and the outcome is the Eco Terra mattress The business exclusively sells this latex hybrid mattress, which is made with organic cotton, natural wool, Talalay latex, and upcycled steel coils.
The Eco Terra mattress is available in two firmness alternatives: medium (5) and medium company (6 ). Having 2 readily available firmness levels ensures there is a choice for almost every sleeping position and physique. Resilient latex and responsive coils relieve pressure points while keeping the spinal column aligned.
The breathable building and construction of the Eco Terra mattress prevents sleeping hot. Given that the mattress is made without artificial products or severe chemicals, it is demanded by eco-conscious shoppers. The mattress is handcrafted in California.
Great sleep depends on a comfortable mattress. We all understand it. We have actually all slept on a less than outstanding mattress that woke us up throughout the night and left us feeling uncomfortable and exhausted in the morning. We now live in the age of the luxury mattress. There are many impressive mattresses offered for anybody looking for an ideal night’s rest. Eco Terra is a natural hybrid mattress that wants to fill the luxury mattress sized whole in your heart. Will it perform and offer the sleep that you’ve desperately sought for your entire adult life? There’s only one way to discover, so keep reading …
Mattress Prices and Sizing
The Eco Terra mattress is made with natural bed mattress sustainable materials.
While the majority of designs cost close to $2,000 or more, a queen size Eco Terra mattress is often readily available for much less. The company keeps its prices economical by making its bed mattress in-house and selling directly to customers.
The Eco Terra is readily available in all 6 basic mattress sizes.
|Twin||38″ x 75″||11″||59 lbs.||$849|
|Twin XL||38″ x 80″||11″||63 lbs.||$949|
|Full||54″ x 75″||11″||84 lbs.||$1049|
|Queen||60″ x 80″||11″||100 lbs.||$1149|
|King||76″ x 80″||11″||127 lbs.||$1349|
|California King||72″ x 84″||11″||126 lbs.||$1349|
Comfort and Feel
There are a handful of natural latex mattresses on the market at this point, however Eco Terra is one of the finest. Regardless of which firmness you choose, there’s no denying that Eco Terra bed mattress are a comfy mix of the pressure relief and contouring of latex foam with the springiness of small coils. Together, the layers of this mattress provide the convenience and support that will have you sleeping like a child.
• Motion Isolation
The Eco Terra mattress utilizes premium helpful fabric-encased coils that supply little movement transfer and an extremely buoyant sleep. If you are a sleeper who prefers an “in the mattress” feel, memory foam may be a better choice.
• Edge Support Nectar Mattress Sleeplikethedead
You won’t have to worry about that with an Eco Terra mattress. The coils do an impressive job of offering assistance from the centre of the mattress all the way to the edges. In general, hybrid mattresses tend to offer better edge assistance than innerspring beds due to their pairing of springs and foam.
Almost all brand-new bed mattress emit a faint odor when opened, however those smells are nothing to be concerned about. This off-gassing is common in almost all brand-new products (brand-new cars and truck smell, etc.). A lot of natural latex mattresses don’t emit a pungent off-gas like artificial bed mattress. Eco Terra has a scent rather of a smell. It produces a faint vanilla scent that’s in fact quite enjoyable. Like any other kind off-gassing, the aroma will be gone within a few days.
Because latex foam does not maintain heat like memory foam, the mattress will preserve a neutral temperature whether it is hot or cold. In general, latex breathes well. This can be largely credited to latex’s open cell structure that flows air quickly. Ontop of that, the natural cotton cover likewise helps to regulate the circulation of air in and out of the mattress and the encased coils push out excess temperature. Eco Terra headed out of their way to design a mattress that will not trap heat. You’ll never ever feel overheated in an Eco Terra bed, but you likewise will not seem like you are too cold either. It does a fantastic task of managing a comfortable sleeping temperature.
Who Should Buy the Eco Terra Mattress?
- Someone who wants a cooler sleeping mattress.
- You desire less chemicals and more natural materials because of principles, level of sensitivity or a more green way of lifeWhen you or someone you sleep with moves around on the bed, you like a medium or firm feel and a much faster reaction
- Likes the concept of a mattress with less chemicals which’s not made in China with less expensive products. Eco Terra is made in the USA, in California and they manufacture along with sell the bed. Nectar Mattress Sleeplikethedead


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Industry and Technology Minister Mustafa Varank made the first factory visits to Eskişehir during the normalization process after the coranavirus epidemic, which turned into a global pandemic.
Sharing the social media account with the National Technology Move label, Minister Varank said, “The power of the Turkish industry has already exceeded its limits and will continue to exceed it. We have our signature on the helicopter produced for South Korea. The middle body of the Korean general purpose helicopter is produced in Eskişehir. ” Minister Varank, who made Covid-19 warnings during factory visits, distributed the Covid-19 Safe Production and Safe Service manuals prepared by the Turkish Standards Institute (TSE) to the company owners.
Minister Varank restarted the factory and production site visits that he had a break due to the pandemic from Eskişehir during the normalization process. During the visit to Minister Varank, the President of the Presidency Digital Transformation Office, Ali Taha Koç, Eskişehir Deputies Harun Karacan, Prof. Dr. Emine Nur Günay, Metin Nurullah Sazak, Eskişehir Governor Erol Ayyıldız and TÜBİTAK President Hasan Mandal accompanied.
“500 MILLION DOLLAR EXPORT, 1200 EMPLOYMENT”
In TEI-TAI Motor Industry Eskisehir Campus Turkey's Medium Range First Anti-ship cruise Missile Engine TEI-tj300 tests ceremony attended by the Minister Varank, then European Haier, which will make the production of electrical appliances New Drying Plant toured the construction site of the project. Construction related Varank authorities received information from the Minister, "Turkey, Haier will become the new company's new production base for European investment in Eskişehir are closely monitored since the first day. The factory, which we brought to our city thanks to priority investment incentives, starts production in January 2021. The target is 500 million dollars in exports, additional 1200 jobs ”.
“AN IMPORTANT SUPPLIER OF OUR INDUSTRY”
The second stop of Minister Varank in Eskişehir Organized Industrial Zone (OSB) was the rubber factory. Visiting the production sites, Minister Varank received information from the factory chairmen. Varank Ministers, on the visit, "the leader of Turkey's Rubber Records, which we found in the sector investigation in the factory. The company, which is an important supplier of our industry, continued its activities in this period without resorting to any state support despite the coronavirus epidemic. ”
“IMPORTANT PLAYER IN THE EU, USA AND RUSSIAN MARKET”
Minister Varank then visited a factory that produces in the automotive and white goods sector and sohbet did. Company officials informed Minister Varank about the robot that manufactures without human intervention. Stating that they stand by everyone who creates added value, Minister Varank said, “ESALBA, which manufactures in the automotive, white goods and built-in sector, has an export value of 8 dollars per kilogram. The company investing in digitalization, innovation and design; He is an effective player in the markets of Germany, France, England, USA and Russia ”.
TURKISH SIGNATURE IN THE KOREAN HELICOPTER
Minister Varank's last stop in the OSB was the factory producing on the defense industry. Minister Varank, who received a briefing from company executives, then toured the production site. Minister Varank, who has riveted the screw to the general purpose helicopter produced for South Korea, signed and said, “The power of the Turkish industry has already exceeded its limits and will continue to exceed it. We have our signature on the helicopter produced for South Korea. The middle body of the Korean general purpose helicopter is produced in Eskişehir. ”
MADE THE COVID-19 WARNING
Minister Varank, who made Covid-19 warnings during factory visits, distributed TSE COVID-19 Safe Production and TSE COVID-19 Safe Service manuals to the owners of the company.
Günceleme: 22/06/2020 12:39
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We first heard snippets of all the songs, and now Lil Wayne has released a new 4-track project called In Tune We Trust.
“Im STILL trying to fight for my Independence but today Im saying Fuk it and giving all my fans some new music! Thanks for being there and patiently waiting while I endure this fight.”
On Weezy‘s new project, there is a T@-produced song called “Loyalty” featuring L.A.T‘s Gudda Gudda and HoodyBaby, his “Magnolia” freestyle, a Mike Will Made It-produced song called “Fireworks” featuring Jeezy, and a song called “Mula Gang” featuring Young Money‘s Jay Jones, HoodyBaby and Euro.
You can view the back cover with the full tracklist on, as well as stream Tunechi‘s In Tune We Trust after the jump below! What are your thoughts on the project?