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As a cottage owner, you’re already familiar with the process of getting insurance. Basic cottage insurance is perfect for families who plan to spend their time at their home away from home. However, if you’re planning to rent out your cottage, whether through a home rental app or to close friends or family, basic insurance just won’t cut it.
To make the process a little easier, we’re providing a list of insurance considerations whether you keep your cottage to yourself or you decide to rent it out when you’re not using it. Keep reading to find out more about which kind of insurance policy may be best for you!
Seasonal Cottage Insurance
This type of cottage insurance policy includes general coverage, which can cover the main buildings located on the property, as well as the interior and contents.
This kind of policy is best for owners who use their cottage seasonally – e.g. spring-summer-fall.
Seasonal coverage for your cottage and contents can offer insurance for:
- Storm damage
- Building collapse
- Replacement cost
- Snow load
- Smoke damage from fireplace
- Glass breakage
- Water escape or septic back-up
Insurance for renting out your cottage
Insurance coverage to rent out your cottage is specifically designed for those seeking the perfect combination of personal cottage use and earning extra income when you’re not there. This type of policy includes:
- Limited rental income coverage: This protects you from financial loss should your cottage be damaged by an insured peril which results in lost rental income.
- Personal liability: This will kick in to protect you should a tenant or visitor injure themselves while on your premises.
- Limited Owner’s Liability: If the use of “incidental” watercraft is included in the rental contract, limited owner’s liability coverage protects you from loss or damage arising from the use of your watercraft.
Liability Insurance for your cottage
If you decide to rent out your cottage, it’s important to include the right amount of liability insurance to your policy. Liability insurance will provide coverage in the event of a claim, for example, if someone is injured on the property.
You can even protect yourself from any claims filed by neighbours for negligence. Consult with your broker to determine the amount of liability insurance you need so that you never have to pay out of pocket.
Need help choosing the right cottage insurance?
At BrokerLink, our insurance experts are available to help you choose a customized insurance policy that will suit your specific needs. Contact us today for a free, no-obligation quote for your cottage.
FAQs for renting out your cottage
Are cottage insurance policies more expensive than home insurance policies?
Many different factors come into play when determining how much an insurance policy will cost. Just like home insurance, your broker will consider factors such as location – distance from fire and police services, road access vs. water access, crime rate and safety features when considering your cottage insurance price. Speak with a broker to determine how much your cottage insurance policy will cost.
What additional insurance coverages should I consider for my cottage?
There are many different coverage options to consider. Some policy add-ons include coverage for contents, detached private structures and watercraft. An insurance broker can discuss all of these options with you, and will provide expert advice and recommendations to ensure you get the coverage you need.
Does it matter if the cottage is used all year or only for a couple of months?
Use of your cottage is a key consideration when you’re purchasing an insurance policy for your cottage. Discuss the options available with your insurance broker.


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Anuman Interactive Games
Dracula 5: The Blood Legacy
Dracula 5: The Blood Legacy takes over the investigation right after the final revelation of Dracula 4: The Shadow of the Dragon. Ellen is back at the New York Metropolitan ...
Les Miserables: Cosette's Fate
Les Miserables: Cosette's Fate is a hidden object adventure game that is intended for the mainstream audience to rediscover this work of literature.
Criminal Investigation Agents - Petrodollars
Criminal Investigation Agents - Petrodollars has you take on the role of oil industry expert and special agent in the FTB, Frances Keegan.
Deadly Association is an interactive adventure where you must use your investigation skills on a mysterious financial case.
The Princess Case - A royal scoop
The Princess Case - A Royal Scoop is an interactive adventure for the PC, Mac, iPhone, and iPad.
The Dracula Series is divided in three shorter chapters, which can be played separately.
Dracula: The Resurrection
Dracula Resurrection is a somewhat interesting adventure only because it's quick, easy, and atmospheric.
Egypt: The Prophecy Part 1
Egypt: The Prophecy Part 1 is the first chapter in the three-chapter saga.

domain: entertainment


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Published by Jeremy. Last Updated on January 12, 2023.
Disclaimers: Our site uses demographic data, email opt-ins, display advertising, and affiliate links. Please check out our Terms and Conditions for more information. Listed prices and attraction details may have changed since our visit and initial publication.
When we decided to go to Belgium and Luxembourg on vacation, we knew we would rent a car. Part of this was because we wanted to visit many Belgian breweries and buy beer at Westvleteren. The other part was that reaching Luxembourg City without a car looked like a headache due to transfers.
Ultimately, we really loved having a car to drive around these two countries, and after our experience driving around Brussels, Ghent, rural Belgium, rural Luxembourg, and Luxembourg city, we have some tips to share!
Don't worry, driving in Belgium and Luxembourg is nothing like our experience driving in Tuscany!
- Note: Historically we would include photos of our vehicle and notable driving concerns in articles like these. However, as it was incredibly easy to drive in these countries we found ourselves without any good photos to share for illustration purposes. Instead, we are featuring some fun photos of what we saw in Belgium and Luxembourg in this one.
Easy Driving in Belgium and Luxembourg
We have to admit, as far as driving in Europe is concerned, driving in Belgium and Luxembourg is a dream come true- it was one of the easiest destinations we have driven in to date.
Roads are well maintained, direction signs are plentiful, there are minimal “traps” like ZTL zones to hit travelers with obscure fees in old towns, and so on. That being said, there are many speed cameras all over the country, most of which are listed on Google maps, so just be sure to have a GPS enabled when driving around the country (and, of course, never speed).
The only real hassles we had when driving in Belgium and Luxembourg, if we stretched to find some, are that speed limit signs were few and far between and that no gas station we stopped at accepted credit card- only pin-based debit cards.
On the speed limit side of things, we often only saw signs when the limits changed (like going through a town from a country road). Broadly speaking, speed limits in Belgium are 30 km/h in most cities, 50 km/hr within “built-up” areas (any sort of town), 70 km/hr or 90 km/hr outside of that depending on the region, and 120 km/hr on freeways less construction or posted drops. In Luxembourg, it was 50 km/hr in cities and towns, 90 km/hr in rural areas, and 130 km/hr on the highway.
That being said, look up published speed limits before you go as the above data should be treated as a rough guideline only. Our GPS updated when we crossed borders and only sometimes displayed the speed limit on the car's dashboard, so you must be careful here as signage is minimal.
The gas station experience was a trial and error process before we realized the machines only accepted pin-based cards. My chip card was declined several times, and it was only when toggling the pump information over to English and putting in a pin-based card did we realize this was the norm. Before we knew this, we went inside to pay cash on specific pumps, but some gas stations made this easier than others (highway gas stations were much more friendly to this than local ones).
Finally, it also felt like gas stations were few and far between outside of major cities. So always plan on filling up when you hit a half tank just to be safe, especially if you're heading out for a long-distance drive!
Avoid Driving in Cities and Towns if You Can
While it is generally a best practice to avoid driving in major city centers everywhere in Europe, in Belgium and Luxembourg we can make two specific recommendations/observations.
First, compared to other countries, driving in the major city centers in Belgium and Luxembourg is, to be completely fair, not bad. While there are some walking street areas you may have to navigate around as roads are fully closed off to cars, both countries have limited restricted driving zones that we could tell.
Instead, most cities in Belgium are called Low Emission Zones (LEZ) where only newer vehicles are allowed to drive. This is a somewhat confusing program with stricter rules applying as the years go on. Our takeaway was that cars with Belgium plates that meet the current requirement are fine (our car company only had cars that met the LEZ requirement), but those who have a car with a non-Belgium plate or one that may not meet the LEZ standard may have to register online and/or pay a fee.
This may be worth double-checking when you pick up your car in Belgium and should be especially on your radar if you pick up a car outside of the country and are driving into Belgium.
- Please note that our understanding of LEZ laws is minimal at best. This process was incredibly confusing, so we are only speaking in broad terms to let you know this could be an issue for some drivers. When in doubt, talk to your car rental company for the best information.
Second, while you can easily drive through cities, we really have to advise against this. Part of this is only because pedestrian foot traffic in Belgium is staggering as is the biking culture at large. No matter what street you are on in the city centers, you can expect to deal with dozens upon dozens of pedestrians on foot or bike which results in an extra concern for drivers. It is manageable, but it is also not fun in the slightest.
So for those visiting cities, it is best to have your parking situation planned out well in advance of your arrival to minimize any unexpected issues. Find your route in, stick to it if you can, and park close to the city center if you are able while walking the rest of the way.
- In Ghent, we can't say anything but high praise for the parking garage Sint-Michiels. While it was more expensive than others nearby, it was conveniently just outside of the Old Town, felt safe overall, was not as tight as other parking garages, and was a short walk from our accommodation. If you are staying nearby or visiting for a day trip, don't hesitate to park here.
- In Brussels, there was a large garage right next to our hotel, Hilton Grand Place, with a private entrance to the hotel; however, we only parked to drop our luggage off and then returned our car to the train station. Pending the prices of other spots and proximity to your hotel, I would not hesitate to park here overnight; however, you could likely find other garages for less.
- In Luxembourg, we have to admit we stayed outside of Luxembourg City. So when we drove in for the day, we parked at Parking Monterey on the outskirts of the Old Town proper.
- It is worth noting if you are approaching the garage from the west side of Luxembourg City on Av. Monterey, Google Maps shows the parking garage on the left (north) side of the road (in the park) with an arbitrary “Parking” pin on the right (south) side about 50 feet left (west) just next to the Lambert Redoubt. The Parking Monterey pin is only an elevator and pay station and the generic parking pin on the right (south) side is the garage entrance. We had to circle once to try again as we did not realize this in advance and could not merge fast enough to make the entrance on our first pass.
- Parking Monterey was on the more expensive side of garages, so if you are staying in Luxembourg City overnight, we may consider parking elsewhere. For a day trip, we dealt with the price, but if you are parking for several days there may be cheaper alternatives.
A Requirement for Winter Driving in Luxembourg
We had a close call with one requirement we did not know about until arriving in Belgium, which is nearby countries of Luxembourg and Germany (plus others) require all vehicles to use winter or all-weather tires if driving in snow and ice conditions.
We had only booked a standard car for our visit, and we were blissfully unaware of this law until we went to pick up our car and our agent asked if we were taking it outside of Belgium. We were told that if police checked tires in Luxembourg (and Germany) during icy conditions, you could receive a fine, tow, or possibly both.
Thankfully the car rental company had vehicles with all-season tires, but it came with a surcharge of an extra $25/day- or about $175 for our rental period. Naturally, we never got checked anywhere in Luxembourg, and in fact, we missed any appreciable snow at all. But because this one is based on conditions and not set dates (at least in Luxembourg), it is hard to predict how much risk it really is.
So as we always err on the side of caution, we will simply say if you are driving in winter, be sure to look out if additional winter tire rules might apply before booking your rental car.
Overall, driving in Belgium and Luxembourg was quite easy, and we were pleasantly surprised with how little trouble we actually had. Yes, signage is minimal, pumping gas has its quirks, and the winter driving rule caught us off guard, but overall we would drive in these countries again without hesitation.
A little planning will go a long way here!
Have you driven in Luxembourg or Belgium? What did you think? Comment below to share!
Looking to rent a car for your time in Belgium and/or Luxembourg? Click here for a quote!
Book a Train Ticket in Europe
Want to learn more? Check out our Omio review!
About the Author: Jeremy is a full-time travel writer based in Pittsburgh and primary author of this site. He has been to 70+ countries on five continents and seeks out new food, adventure activities, and off-the-beaten-path experiences wherever he travels.

domain: travel


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Developers plan massive water park in Ariz. desert
MESA, ARIZ. ? By tapping rivers and sucking water from deep underground, developers have covered Arizona with carpets of Bermuda grass and dotted the parched landscape with swimming pools, golf courses and lakeshore homes.
Now another ambitious project is in the works: A massive new water park that would offer surf-sized waves, snorkeling, scuba diving and kayaking – all in a bone-dry region that gets just 8 inches of rain a year.
“It’s about delivering a sport that’s not typically available in an urban environment,” said Richard Mladick, a Mesa real-estate developer who persuaded business leaders in suburban Mesa to support the proposal called the Waveyard.
Artists’ drawings of the park show surfers gliding through waves that crash onto a sandy beach and kayakers navigating the whitecaps of a wide, roiling river. Families watch the action from beneath picnic umbrellas. If constructed, the park would use as much as 100 million gallons of groundwater a year.
Mladick, 39, said he wanted to create the kind of lush environment he remembers from growing up in Virginia Beach, Va., and surfing in Morocco, Indonesia, Hawaii and Brazil.
“I couldn’t imagine raising my kids in an environment where they wouldn’t have the opportunity to grow up being passionate about the same sports that I grew up being passionate about,” he said.
The Waveyard, to be built 15 miles east of Phoenix, would dwarf the typical water-slide parks familiar to many Arizona families.
It will include an artificial whitewater river with multiple channels where kayakers can test themselves on Class 2 to Class 4 rapids. Visitors could enjoy an artificial beach and a simulated ocean capable of producing different size waves, from 12-foot barreling waves to tamer chop for boogie boarders.
The 125-acre park will feature a scuba lagoon, a snorkeling pond with reefs and a rock-climbing center.
The Waveyard is envisioned as the summer equivalent of a ski resort – only with more choices, Mladick said. “We really struggle with the theme-park comparison. This is based on skilled sports.”
Mesa voters overwhelmingly approved their proposal on Nov. 6, granting the Waveyard an estimated $35 million in tax incentives with more than 65 percent of the vote.
No citizens groups overtly opposed the project, but its water usage may raise questions in the future as the growing Phoenix area struggles to replenish its vast aquifer. Arizona has been in a drought for a decade, and rivers that feed Phoenix and surrounding communities experienced near-record low measurements this year.
“Water is a scarce and valued commodity,” said Jim Holway, associate director of the Global Institute of Sustainability at Arizona State University.
Holway said the Phoenix area currently enjoys huge supplies of underground water. But it’s tough to determine exactly how long communities can sustain their rate of water consumption, given that global warming may make the desert even drier.
The Waveyard will need as much as 50 million gallons of water at first to fill its artificial oceans and rivers.
Replenishing water lost to evaporation and spillage will require another 60 to 100 million gallons per year, enough to support about 1,200 people in the Phoenix area.
Project organizers say they won’t tap Mesa’s drinking water supplies to fill the park. Instead, they plan to draw from a well that has elevated levels of arsenic, which makes its water unsuitable for drinking. The Waveyard will build a treatment plant to make the water safe for swimmers.

domain: geography


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With half of 2012 in the record books, it's important to take a look at whether the stocks that interest you can live up to their full potential. By making sure you know about a company's future plans and possible challenges, you can make a better decision about whether it's a smart investment for your portfolio.
Today, let's take a look at Diamond Foods (Nasdaq: DMND ) . As we saw in our look at Diamond Foods earlier this month, the snack-food maker has been mired in controversy, with the departure of its executive leaders and a commitment to restate two years of financials. With all that uncertainty, does the stock have any chance of bouncing back? Let's take a quick look at its prospects for the rest of the year and beyond.
Stats on Diamond Foods
|Average Stock Price Target||$33.67|
|Fiscal 2012 EPS Estimate||$1.69|
|Fiscal 2013 EPS Estimate||$2.25|
|Fiscal 2012 Sales Growth Estimate||3.9%|
|Fiscal 2013 Sales Growth Estimate||74.6%|
|CAPS Rating (out of 5)||**|
Source: Yahoo! Finance.
Can Diamond Foods get its shine back?
From one perspective, so many bad things have happened to Diamond Foods that it may seem there's nothing left that could happen. Between ousting its CEO and CFO, missing out on the Procter & Gamble (NYSE: PG ) Pringles acquisition to Kellogg (NYSE: K ) , and suspending its dividend in March, the company is now in danger of getting itself delisted from the Nasdaq, with a hearing scheduled for today.
But with so little known about the company's true financial condition, it's hard to rule out even worst-case scenarios for Diamond Foods. Granted, the shares have already priced in a big contraction in earnings, but even so, it's not as if there isn't more room to fall if things don't even turn out as well as beaten-down expectations suggest.
Meanwhile, the worst thing for Diamond Foods is that its competitors continue to move forward. Kraft Foods (NYSE: KFT ) will split its businesses in two soon, allowing its snack business to gain new focus and potentially make some big strategic moves. Meanwhile, PepsiCo (NYSE: PEP ) will continue to work hard to defend its status atop the snack industry, especially in light of Kellogg's challenge.
Diamond Foods probably won't move much until it gets around to providing restated financials. Whether that happens this year or next remains to be seen, but investors have already lost patience with the company.
Diamond Foods has some big problems, but we've got some better ideas for you. Let me invite you to learn about three smart long-term stock plays in the Fool's latest special report. It's yours for the taking and is absolutely free, but don't miss out -- click here and read it today.
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domain: finance


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Looking for a fun and interactive way to learn Spanish? Look no further than Gamitee! This digital game is filled with competitions and activities that will help you pick up the language in no time.
What is Gamitee?
Gamitee is a new digital game that is quickly becoming popular among Spanish-speaking learners of all ages. The game is filled with fun and excitement, while also teaching players how to correctly conjugate verbs and understand different tenses. In Gamitee, players take turns choosing Spanish words from a given category, with the goal of being the first to complete a sentence correctly. As players progress, they unlock new categories and earn points for each correct answer.
Why is Gamitee so addictive?
Gamitee is addicting because it’s not only incredibly fun, but it’s also a great way to learn Spanish. The game provides immediate feedback on each answer, so players can quickly improve their language skills. In addition, the competitive nature of the game keeps players coming back for more. Who doesn’t love a little friendly competition?
How Gamitee Works
Gamitee is a digital game that helps you learn Spanish through fun and competition. Here’s how it works:
1. Choose the level you want to play at. There are three levels: beginner, intermediate, and advanced.
2. Select the game mode you want to play. There are four game modes: free play, practice, tournament, and challenge.
3. Start playing! The object of the game is to correctly answer Spanish questions and win points.
4. Keep track of your progress. Gamitee keeps track of your progress and awards points for every correct answer. You can also see how well you’re doing compared to other players in the leaderboard.
5. Learn new words and phrases. In addition to questions, Gamitee also provides translation for new words and phrases that you encounter during gameplay. This way, you can learn while you play!
The Benefits of Playing Gamitee
If you’re looking for a fun and interactive way to learn Spanish, Gamitee is the perfect game for you! Not only is it a great way to pick up new vocabulary and grammar, but it’s also a fun competition between friends.
Gamitee is an online game that helps you learn Spanish in a fun and engaging way. It’s perfect for beginners who want to learn the basics, or for more advanced students who want to practice their skills. The best part about Gamitee is that it’s completely free to play!
There are many benefits to playing Gamitee, including:
1. Learning Spanish in a fun and interactive way.
2. Perfect for beginners and more advanced students alike.
3. Free to play!
4. Teaches important grammar concepts.
5. Helps build vocabulary skills.
6. Encourages friendly competition between players.
How to Get Started with Gamitee
Ready to start learning Spanish with Gamitee? Follow these simple steps and you’ll be on your way in no time!
1. Sign up for a free account at Gamitee.com.
2. Choose the Spanish language option.
3. Start playing the games!
Gamitee is a digital game that makes learning Spanish fun and easy. With quick, competitive games, you can learn new words and phrases while also practicing your Spanish speaking skills. And best of all, it’s free to play!
Gamitee may not be the most comprehensive or challenging language learning tool out there, but it’s definitely one of the most fun. If you’re looking for a light-hearted way to learn some Spanish, Gamitee is definitely worth checking out.

domain: game


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The Los Angeles based Dawes brought their folk rock sound and rich lyrics to music fans in Toronto on Friday night. On a night (St. Patrick’s Day) every year that reminds us of how long winter can be or sometimes just how close we really are to spring, Dawes had it feeling like the middle of road-trip season. With lyrics and sounds that bring us down south, or to the warm climate of California, it was hard not to drift off into daydreaming about the summer months.
Their summer includes an appearance at the Osheaga Music and Arts Festival in Montreal that will surely feel right at home in the heat of early August. On this particular night Dawes took us on a warm journey. There were no openers and it’s something lead vocalist and guitarist Taylor Goldsmith addressed early on. “We decided to leave the openers at home tonight, so that we can have more time with you guys…now we can get away with playing two full sets”. Their intention was seen through, as the band played approximately two and a half hours with a brief intermission halfway through.
They kicked off the night with the song One Of Us, the opening track off their latest release We’re All Gonna Die and followed up with Fire Away and From A Window Seat. The next song on the set was another from We’re All Gonna Die titled Picture Of A Man, which featured drummer Griffin Goldsmith playing a large cooking pot. You know, the one your grandmother cooks the mother lode of mashed potatoes in for Thanksgiving dinner. They then followed up with one of their most recognizable tracks, the opening track off their debut album North Hills, That Western Skyline.
Dawes then played a few tracks off their most recent albums, When The Tequila Runs Out, Right On Time (from 2015’s All Your Favorite Bands) and Less Than Five Miles Away. Those songs were followed up by a personal favourite of mine, A Little Bit Of Everything. A song that features some beautiful opening piano and lyrics that create imagery with ease, it also closes out their brilliant 2011 album Nothing Is Wrong. Next up was Somewhere Along The Way, followed up by the final song of their first set When My Time Comes. The latter being the biggest sing along of the night to that point. By the time the first set had wrapped up I had already grown a massive new appreciation for Dawes. Their vocal harmonies were impressive and the musicianship was spot on. It was hard to believe that they had only played half of their show at this point. I was in awe by how captivating they were live.
The second set started off with Taylor Goldsmith with an acoustic guitar being flanked by his brother Griffin to his right and keyboardist Lee Pardini to his left. They started off with Love Is All I Am, Taylor shared an anecdote about where the song came from. He stated that he began writing the song when he started seeing a girl, and then didn’t revisit it until she had left his life six months later, which is why the song seems to take a turn in the third verse. Griffin then took over lead vocals for the song Roll Tide, another from We’re All Gonna Die as another member joined them on stage. Finally the fifth band member joined them back on stage for a stripped down version of Hey Lover from Stories Don’t End. The vocal harmonies echoed so beautifully through The Opera House, it was some of the best vocal harmonization I’ve witnessed live. Grizzly Bear at Massey Hall in 2012 is probably still the front runner for that title.
After their brief rearrangement, the band assumed their regular positions and rolled through Quitter and Coming Back To A Man before the new biggest sing-along of the night (not for long though) Most People, from their 2013 release Stories Don’t End. By this point the crowd was deeply in tune with the band. You could feel the energy between performer and audience growing stronger with each song for the remainder of the night. They then played Roll With The Punches followed by If I Wanted Someone. The momentum continued with one of their most well-known tracks, Things Happen. It was followed up with From The Right Angle, and then a brief cover of Still Gonna Die by Shel Silverstein which was their segue into the title track from their 2016 album We’re All Gonna Die. It was the last song of their set before returning for the encore.
For the encore Dawes started out with Time Spent In Los Angeles, which was received very warmly by the crowd. By this point it seemed that everyone inside the sold-out Opera House was singing along. Wondering to myself what could be a better way to end the show than this, they pulled out the title track of their 2015 album, All Your Favourite Bands. A song that truly took over. Start to finish everyone there was right in tune with every word of the song, it finished off with the audience completing the final lyrics of the song alone “I hope the world sees the same person that you always were to me, and may all your favourite bands stay together”, It was topped off with an a capella reprise of the main chorus lead by Taylor Goldsmith. “I hope that life without a chaperone is what you thought it’d be, I hope your brother’s El Camino runs forever. I hope the world sees the same person that you always were to me and may all your favourite bands stay together”. The crowd roared as they said farewell before disappearing backstage.
Overall it was a fantastic performance. The vocal harmonies, musicianship and sing-alongs created a beautiful atmosphere inside The Opera House. Combine that with the fact that they played twenty four songs over the span of two and half hours, complete with bonus breakdowns and jam sessions in multiple songs and it’s hard to imagine anyone felt they didn’t get what they came for. I look forward to the next time they play in Toronto, I’ve certainly been won over by their live performance after Friday night’s show and will be at the next one in a heartbeat.

domain: artistic


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Ælfred se leof
This article was originally published in Cockatrice May AS 51 (2016).
Having recently found myself in the wilds at the edge of the Known World—Singapore—I got to wondering what was happening in this part of the world while the events and culture celebrated by the SCA were going on in Europe.
Southeast Asia has its own history of cultures, civilisations, empires, kingdoms and sultanates, not to mention trade and wars between them. If you’re ever in Singapore, I can recommend learning a bit about them with a visit to the Asian Civilisations Museum (http://acm.org.sg/). But this history is far too much to cover in an article like this one, and outside of the scope of the SCA besides. So, in keeping with the SCA’s focus on European history, I’m going to restrict myself to the history of European settlement in southeast Asia from the time of the earliest European visits until the end of the SCA period and the first European landing in Australia.
Historians complain that few sources of information about southeast Asia have survived from before relatively large-scale Europeans expeditions arrived in the early sixteenth century. However, we know that trade with India and China was well-established, and some kingdoms had become wealthy through the spice trade. The early kingdoms in the area were Hindu or Buddhist, but many parts of the Malayan peninsula and Indonesian archipelago converted to Islam during the fifteenth century after contact with Muslim traders from India.
The Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires is probably the most widely-cited description of what Europeans found when they arrived, which Pires wrote while living in India and Melaka over 1512-15. The Suma Oriental covers a vast number of lands from Egypt to Japan, including mainland southeast Asia (“Indochina”) and the Indonesian and Philippines archipelagos as far east as Maluku (formerly, the Moluccas). Pires was most interested in the trade undertaken in each place, and whether their kings are “Moors” (Muslims) or “heathens”, so that his guide is filled with lists of commodities passing from one place to the next, and not so much of the kind of thing that might appear in a modern travel guide or SCA article.
There were never great numbers of Europeans in southeast Asia; Andaya and Andaya (2015) estimate that around 7400 Christians were living in Melaka by the end of the sixteenth century, made up of Portuguese men married to local women, various adventurers, and so-called “black Portuguese”, being the offspring of the Portuguese men with local wives. Luis Francia (2010) says that the Spanish colonists in the Philippines were outnumbered by twenty thousand Chinese in Manila at the end of the same century.
D. R. SarDesai (2010) therefore argues that influence of Europeans on the area has been overstated, but Anthony Reid (1999) points out that their control of trade and major ports such as Melaka and (later) Batavia gave their relatively small numbers great importance in the region. Whichever interpretation one prefers, Europeans did come to southeast Asia during the SCA period and my purpose is to find out what they did there.
Marco Polo reports on several kingdoms in southeast Asia in Book 3 of his famous travels. Chapter 6 describes Java, the central island of what is now Indonesia, as “subject to a great King” and of “surpassing wealth” due to the spices produced there. He goes on to describe several other kingdoms of less certain identity in Chapters 7 and 8, including the “Kingdom of Locac” from which the SCA’s Kingdom of Lochac takes its name .
It’s not clear how many of these kingdoms were actually visited by Marco Polo, but Chapter 10 has him waiting for five months in the kingdom of “Samara” for the monsoon winds to turn in favour of his onward to journey to India. Polo says that this is one of eight kingdoms on the island of “Java the Less”, the large island at the western end of the Indonesian archipelago now known as “Sumatra”. Marco Polo’s name is thought be a variant of “Samudra”, a kingdom at the northern end of the island that later gave its name to whole island.
Ibn Battuta, a Moorish traveller from what is now Morocco, also stopped by Samudra for two weeks in 1345 or 1346 on his way to China, along with several other unidentified ports in southeast Asia (Dunn, 1986). Other early travellers, all Italian, include Odorico da Pordenone over 1316-1330, John Marignolli in 1342 and Niccolò de Conti in the early 1400’s. D. G. E. Hall (1981, Ch. 12) gives an accessible modern overview, or you can download the Hakluyt Society’s translations of the travellers’ own manuscripts from the Internet Archive (see the Primary Sources at the end of the article).
The Estada da India
When Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453, the traditional trade routes between Europe and Asia were controlled by the Ottoman Turks in Western Asia and the Mongols in Central Asia. European powers, notably Portugal and Spain, therefore looked for alternative routes by which they could access the spices and other riches of Asia. Most famously, Christopher Columbus sailed west in 1492 hoping to find a sea route to China, but instead came across a whole continent previously unknown in Europe.
In 1494, Spain and Portugal agreed to the Treaty of Tordesillas, by which the new world (as seen by Spain and Portugal) was to be divided at line of longitude 370 leagues (about 2000 km) west of Cape Verde, an archipelago off the west coast of Africa. The Spanish were to control any non-Christian lands found to the west of the line, while the Portuguese were to control the lands to the east.
Following the treaty, an eastwards expedition led by Vasco da Gama over 1497 and 1498 turned out to have more immediate importance for the European history of southeast Asia than Columbus’ adventure. Da Gama sailed south from Portugal, around the Cape of Good Hope at the southern end of Africa, up the east coast and finally on to India. This route made it possible to sail between Europe and Asia, and the Portuguese set out to use it by establishing a network of settlements along the route that came to be called the Estada da India (State of India).
At the eastern end of the Estada da India was the port of Melaka (or Malacca), on the south-western coast of the Malayan peninsula. Melaka had become a significant port over the course of the fifteenth century, and had become known in Europe thanks to a visit from Ludovico di Varthema in 1505. The Portuguese arrived in 1509 and conquered the city in 1511, driving the sultan who had previously ruled the city to the island of Bintan in the Singapore Straits.
The capture of Melaka itself might not have worked out as well as the Portuguese hoped because many traders simply shifted their operations to Brunei or other ports, and the displaced sultan continued to harass the Portuguese from his new base. But Melaka did provide a base from which Portuguese expeditions could travel further into the Indonesian archipelago in search of the spices that began the adventure in the first place.
Most has been written about the island of Ternate, on which the Portuguese arrived in 1512. Ternate is a small island—basically the top of a volcano—at the eastern end of the Indonesian archipelago between Sulawesi and Papua. But Ternate was wealthy beyond its size thanks to being the home of cloves—as the Lonely Planet guide (2013) for modern travellers puts it, “money really did grow on trees”.
Leonard Andaya’s book The World of Maluku (1993) describes what happened in some detail. Initially, the local sultan hoped that an alliance with the Portuguese would enhance the region’s power, and he allowed them to build a fort there. Later rulers, however, came into a series of conflicts with the Portuguese, such that many of the sultans ended up imprisoned in the fort. Francis Xavier succeeded in converting one sultan to Christianity in 1546 or 1547, but later sultans reverted to Islam.
Finally, Sultan Baballuh overthrew the fort in 1575, after the Portuguese murdered his father Hairun. Babullah went on to impress Francis Drake with the island’s wealth when the latter visited in 1579, and leave Ternate (he died in 1583) in a position to resist an attack from the Spanish colony in Manila in 1585. The fort later fell to the Dutch in 1606.
Aside from the fortified colonies at Melaku and Ternate, Dominican friars established a Portuguese settlement at Lifau on Timor in 1556 with the intention of converting the population to Christianity, and other forts were built on Ambon and Solor at around the same time. Portuguese traders, missionaries and mercenaries travelled throughout southeast Asia from Burma to Papua, but historians write virtually nothing about the settlements other than Melaka and Ternate. Melaka itself was lost to the Dutch in 1641, while Portugal came to hold East Timor as a colony until it was decolonised by Portugal then rapidly annexed by Indonesia in 1974-5.
Ferdinand Magellan’s expedition to circumnavigate the Earth arrived at Cebu in the Philippines in 1521, after travelling across the Pacific Ocean from the straits that now bear his name. Our main record of the voyage is the Primo Viaggo of Antonio Pigafetta, who travelled on the voyage as an early kind of tourist. Several modern histories, including those of Andaya and Andaya (2015) and Luis Francia (2010), also give good overviews of Magellan’s adventure and subsequent Spanish activities in the archipelago.
Pigafetta tells us that Magellan’s expedition had some initial success in converting the population to Christianity. Not long afterwards, however, Magellan decided to take arms against a chief on another island who refused to submit to Spain. Magellan, along with a number of volunteers who’d gone to help him out, were killed in the battle. Another twenty-six Spaniards were murdered at a treacherous dinner set up by Magellan’s translator, a slave who’d been promised his freedom in Magellan’s will but who had had it refused by one of Magellan’s successors. What was left of the fleet made a brief stopover in Brunei before completing the circumnavigation sans leader.
Magellan’s route shows up an oversight in the Treaty of Tordesillas: the treaty didn’t say what would happen when the Spanish going west met the Portuguese going east. This was resolved by the Treaty of Zaragoza of 1529, which positioned another dividing line between Asia and the Pacific Ocean. Though the Philippines lie westwards of the new line, Spain sent more fleets there in 1525, 1527 and 1542. Luis Francia relates that all three were disasters, with many losses and deaths, and the remnants of all three ending up as prisoners of the Portuguese at Ternate.
Miguel López de Legazpi led another Spanish fleet westwards from New Spain in 1564. He arrived in safely in Cebu in 1565, but a few years later determined that Manila would make a much more valuable capital due to its trade links with China and Japan.
Manila was then controlled by Muslim tribal chiefs, but the Legazpi disposed of these through one expedition that destroyed the settlements surrounding Manila in 1570, followed by a second expedition that took control of Manila itself the following year. The new Spanish capital had to fend off a Chinese attack in 1574-5, but thereafter served as a place to exchange silver shipped from the New World and silk shipped from Macau, and a base from which missionaries could convert the Philippines population to Catholicism.
Legazpi arrived with a few Augustinian missionaries in tow, and over the course of the rest of the century was joined by Franciscan, Jesuit, and Dominican missionaries as well. As Andaya and Andaya have it, each order was assigned responsibility for converting a region on the understanding that the region would be handed over to the secular authorities once the region had been Catholicised to an acceptable degree. This involved concentrating rural populations into more manageable centralised settlements with the help of the local chiefs, to be followed converting and taxing them.
The Spanish were opposed in all this by Muslim sultanates in Brunei and the southern Philippines. The Spanish made several attempts to defeat the sultans, and even occupied Brunei for a short period in 1578, but were ultimately unable to expand their influence beyond the northern part of the Philippines. A brief adventure into Cambodia in 1596, encouraged by the promise of Christianising Cambodia and Siam, also ended in failure. They held onto their colony in the Philippines, however, until defeated in the Spanish-American war of 1898.
Prelude to the VOC
The Netherlands was to become to the pre-eminent power in the Indonesian archipelago in the post-SCA period, holding most of the archipelago as a colony until Indonesian independence in 1945. Jan Huygen van Linschoten published maps of the Portuguese route to the East Indies in 1595-96, and the first Dutch expedition left the Netherlands at the same time. Despite getting into several fights with Portuguese and Indonesians, sickness amongst the crew, and losing one of its ships, the expedition made a modest profit.
Five more Dutch expeditions followed in 1598, travelling both east and west, and another fourteen departed in 1601. The companies behind all of these expeditions ultimately merged to form the United East India Company, known in Dutch as the Vereenigde-Oost-Indische Compagnie (“VOC”), in 1602. The VOC established itself in Banten, at the western end of Java, before moving to Batavia (Jakarta) in 1619. You can read the rest in studies of the early history of Indonesia; this brief discussion is based mainly on M. C. Ricklefs’ book (2008).
It was from Banten that Willem Janzsoon, an employee of the VOC, led the first recorded European expedition to land in Australia. His expedition, intended to explore New Guinea, landed on Cape York Peninsula in 1606. And though it’s slightly outside the SCA period, I felt that this would be an appropriate time to end my little study.
Barbara Watson Andaya and Leonard Y. Andaya. A History of Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1400-1830 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2015).
Leonard Y. Andaya. The World of Maluku: Eastern Indonesia in the Early Modern Period (University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 1993).
Ross E. Dunn. The Adventure of Ibn Battuta (University of California Press, California, 1986).
D. G. E. Hall. A History of South-east Asia, 4th Edition (Macmillan, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK, 1981).
Luis Francia. A History of the Philippines: From Indios Bravos to Filipinos (Overlook Press, New York, 2010).
Lonely Planet. Indonesia, 10th Edition (Lonely Planet Publications, 2013).
Anthony Reid. Charting the Shape of Early Modern Southeast Asia (Silkworm books, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 1999).
Anthony Reid. Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680 (Yale University Press, New Haven, 1988-1993).
M. C. Ricklefs. A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1200 (Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, England, 2008).
D. R. SarDesai. Southeast Asia: Past and Present, 6th Edition (Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, 2010).
Primary sources in translation
Richard Henry Major (ed.). India in the Fifteenth Century: Being a Collection of Narratives of Voyages to India, in the Century Preceding the Portuguese Discovery of the Cape of Good Hope (Hakluyt Society, London, UK, 1857). Available from the Internet Archive at https://archive.org/details/indiainfifteenth00majorich, viewed 18 March 2016.
Antonio Pigafetta. Magellan’s Voyage Around the World, edited and translated by James Alexander Robertson (The Arthur H. Clark Company, Cleveland, 1906). Available from the Internet Archive at https://archive.org/details/magellansvoyagea01piga, viewed 16 March 2016.
Tomé Pires. The Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires: An Account of the East, From the Red Sea to Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512-15, edited and translated by Armando Cortesao. Originally published by the Hakluyt Society, London, UK, 1944. Reprinted by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, 2005.
Marco Polo. The Travels of Marco Polo, translated by Henry Yule, edited and annotated by Henri Cordier (John Murray, London, UK, 1920). Available from Wikisource at https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo, viewed 12 March 2016.
Henry Yule (ed.). Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Mediaeval Notices of China (Hakluyt Society, London, UK, 1915). Available from the Internet Archive at https://archive.org/details/cathaywaythither01yule, viewed 18 March 2016.
 The explanation appears, briefly, in histories written by Baroness Rowan Peregrynne (http://history.westkingdom.org/Branches/Lochac.htm) and Hrölf Herjölfssen (http://www.florilegium.org/files/STORIES/Lochac-Chrnls-art.html). Henry Yule’s translation argues that Marco Polo’s Locac is actually in what is now Thailand and Malaysia.


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Our nation is our first work. People who keep some feelings for their nation want to provide their nation by anyway. But, it might not be easy to do it directly due to our busy schedules. But, it does not mean that we can’t serve our nation. Of course, we do this and this may be done by abiding the rules of the country which also include filing return on time.
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After you’re making the payment and file the return, the information tax payment and TDS will reach to your email tackle. Moreover, you can get the complete information all about the rules and regulations of greenbacks tax return on the aforesaid website. Apart from the website of revenue tax department, there are a handful of other websites which supply you with the facility to calculate your income tax.
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University of Tartu, Estonia
August 17-19, 2022
Tartu is the second largest city of Estonia after Tallinn, Estonia's political and financial capital. It is situated 186km (116m) southeast of Tallinn and 245km (152m) northeast of Riga, the capital of Latvia.
The currency in Estonia is the euro.
In Estonia and elsewhere in the European Union, number 112 is the emergency phone for the purpose of calling the ambulance, police and rescue workers.
Travelling to Tartu
There are several ways to travel to Tartu:
We ask you to please read the information about COVID-19 restrictions before arriving to Estonia! Information can be found here: https://kriis.ee/en/covid-crisis-management-qa/crisis-management/current-restrictions
Flying from Helsinki to Tartu:
Flight connection between Tartu and Helsinki were restored in March 2022.
Flights between Tartu and Helsinki are scheduled five times per week, Monday through Friday. There are no flights during the weekend.
All the flights are operated by Finnair and information about tickets and timetables can be found here:
Tartu Airport is located 10km from Tartu city centre and information about transportation to and from the airport can be found here: https://tartu.tallinn-airport.ee/en/transport/leaving-the-airport/
When travelling to Estonia through Finland, The FINENTRY web service helps you with the information about COVID-19 restrictions when entering Finland.
Please go to https://www.finentry.fi/en/
Travelling from Tallinn to Tartu:
Travelling by Air
When travelling to Tallinn by air, the easiest way to get from Tallinn Airport (Tallinna Lennart Meri Lennujaam) to Tartu is to take a bus straight from the airport. The buses leave from Tallinn Airport to Tartu Coach Station once an hour and the trip to Tartu is approximately 2.5 hours.
Information about tickets and timetables can be found here: https://luxexpress.eu/en/ or here:
Should you want to go downtown from the airport, the easiest way is to take Tram Number 4 from the airport. The same tram also stops close to Coach Station (Tallinna Bussijaam) on its way to downtown (tram stop for Coach Station is named “Bussijaam”).
The Tram Line Number 4 stop is located on the city-side of the passenger terminal of the airport. Monday through Saturday. The first tram arrives at the airport at 5:25 AM. The last tram from the airport leaves at 0:45 AM.
The timetable can be found here: https://transport.tallinn.ee/index.html#tram/4/b-a
Another option is to take Bus Number 2 from the airport to Tallinn Coach Station (Tallinna Bussijaam) and/or downtown Tallinn. The airport bus stops are located on the ground floor in front of the passenger terminal. The timetable can be found here: https://transport.tallinn.ee/#bus/2/b-a/13516-1/en
A one-hour ticket for both bus and tram can be purchased with Smartcard or with a contactless debit/credit card. When using a bankcard for buying a ticket, please enter the public transport via front door where the validator for contactless payment is located. As you board a public transport vehicle, you will be required to validate your trip every time by swiping the card to the validator. If you see a green light, your trip has been validated.
Travelling by Ferry
After travelling to Tallinn by ferry, there are two ways to get to Tartu, either by bus or by train.
When taking the bus from Tallinn to Tartu, the easiest way to get from the harbour to Tallinn Coach Station, is to either taking a taxi or take Bus Number 2 (in the direction of Mõigu) from Terminal A or Terminal D. The timetable can be found here: https://transport.tallinn.ee/#bus/2/a-b/10701-3/en
There are taxis waiting for you next to the terminal. Taxis have fare meters that show the fare. Ensure that the taxi switches the fare meter on. It is recommended to use the Tallink Takso services. Tallink Takso operator number is 1921. See more information: www.tallinktakso.ee.
There are many buses going from Tallinn to Tartu every day, and the timetable and tickets can be found here: https://www.tpilet.ee/en/
When taking the train from Tallinn to Tartu, the easiest way to get from the harbour to Train Station Balti Jaam, is again either taking a Taxi or Bus Number 2 (in the direction of Balti Jaam) from Terminal A or Terminal D. The timetable can be found here: https://transport.tallinn.ee/#bus/2/a-b/10701-3/en
The trains leave for Tartu roughly every hour, and information about timetable and tickets can be found here: https://elron.ee/en
Travelling from Riga to Tartu:
If you are coming to Tartu via Riga Airport, please read the guidelines regarding COVID-19 requirements according to Latvian authorities: https://www.latvia.travel/en/article/covid-19-and-travelling-latvia.
There are several buses per day that go from Riga Coach Station (Rīgas starptautiskā autoosta) to Tartu.
One bus a day leaves at 5:45 pm directly from Riga Airport.
Timetables and tickets can be found here:
Should you need to get from Riga Airport (Lidosta Riga) to the city centre, please take Bus Number 22. The public transport stop is 300 metres from the Arrivals Terminal, immediately beyond the car park. The journey time approximately 30 minutes.
Tickets can be purchased at the airport's Information Office (Arrivals E), “Narvesen” shops (on the 1st and 2nd floor) and ticket vending machines at the bus stop. The stop for Riga Coach Station is called “Autoosta” in Latvian.
Information about bus timetables can be found here:
You can also take a taxi from the airport to the coach station. A taxi licensed to work at Riga Airport can be hired on the carriageway, which is located immediately at the exit from the arrivals terminal.
More information about transport from and to Riga Airport can be found here: https://airport-transport.lv/en/
Getting Around in Tartu
Distances in Tartu are short and the connecting roads and pavements are in good condition, therefore one of the best ways to get around Tartu downtown area is by walking.
Tartu has a bike share system that is included into city’s public transportation network and enables you travel anywhere in the Tartu centre city within 15 minutes. More information about how to use system can be found here: https://ratas.tartu.ee/
There are 15 bus routes in Tartu, two of them are night routes. Passengers can have access to real-time information on the web and by phone (Google Maps or peatus.ee/) the timetables are also available in paper form at the bus stops and in the Information Centre in Tartu Town Hall.
Tickets can be bought by an electronic bus card or a contactless bank card that must be swiped at on-board validators upon entering a city bus. Electronic bus cards can be bought from R-Kiosk convenience stores, the bus station, Tartu Visitor Centre in Town Hall. A one-hour ticket costs 1.50€.
Various taxi companies offering quality and secure service operate in Tartu. Taxis can be hired by phone (phone numbers: tartu.ee/en/taxis), through mobile applications (for example, Bolt or Forus Taxi), or directly at taxi parks, which are located for instance on Vabaduse Avenue in the area between Poe Street and Town Hall Square, and near the intersection of Vallikraavi and Ülikooli Street.
Staying in Tartu
There are several hotels and hostels within the walking distance from the conference venue (Jakobi 2)
More than 50 EUR per night:
50 EUR per night or less:


text:
Lorenzo Cain was on top form for Kansa City Royals, who extended their unbeaten run to six games with a 6-3 win against the Tampa Bay Rays.
Cain had three hits at Kauffman Stadium while Danny Duffy also threw six strong innings to help down the Rays.
Kansas have now won eight of their last nine games and sit top of the American League Central standings.
The Boston Red Sox remain top of the American League East table despite a 13-9 defeat at the Baltimore Orioles.
Mookie Betts, fresh from his treble on Tuesday, fired two more home runs for the Red Sox but it proved in vain as Matt Wieters drove in three runs to aid Baltimore’s cause.
The unlikely figure of Matt Albers helped the Chicago White Sox secure a dramatic 2-1 victory in their marathon clash against the New York Mets.
The White Sox pitcher scored the winning run in the 13th inning to seal the win in a game that lasted a little short of five hours.
Wilson Ramos homered and drove in four runs as the Washington Nationals sealed a 7-2 victory over the Philadelphia Phillies.
Nationals pitcher Max Scherzer also struck out 11 at Citizens Bank Park as Philadelphia fell to their sixth straight defeat.
Martin Maldonado hit his first home run of the season as the Milwaukee Brewers beat the St Louis Cardinals 3-1 while Sean Manaea struck out a career-high eight batters as the Oakland Athletics secured a 5-1 victory over the Minnesota Twins.
— Milwaukee Brewers (@Brewers) June 1, 2016
Chicago Cubs pitcher Jon Lester shrugged off a home run on his second throw to seal his first complete game of the season in the 2-1 victory over the Los Angeles Dodgers.
Yan Gomes guided the Cleveland Indians to a 5-4 walk-off victory over the Texas Rangers and the Miami Marlins also secured a narrow 3-2 triumph at home to the Pittsburgh Pirates.
Elsewhere, the Detroit Tigers won 3-0 away at the Los Angeles Angels, the Toronto Blue Jays were resounding 7-0 victors over the New York Yankees and the Atlanta Braves beat the San Francisco Giants 5-4.
The Houston Astros also won 5-4 against the Arizona Diamondbacks, the Cincinnati Reds beat the Colorado Rockies 7-2 and the San Diego Padres were 14-6 winners against the Seattle Mariners.

domain: news


text:
Bollywood superstar Shahrukh Khan is celebrating Holi with his three children in the Maldives. In such a situation, Gauri Khan shared a beautiful picture of Beti Suhan Khan with both Abhiram and Aryan brothers with a fan on social media. Gauri Khan, while giving a lovely caption to the picture, wrote, ‘My Three Little’ Let’s tell you that the sweetest picture of King Khan and Gauri’s three children is becoming very viral on social media.
With this, Shahrukh Khan has shared a video with his Instagram account. Sharing this video of Maldives, Shahrukh Khan has written that he is sad to leave Maldives and return. He is going to miss this place a lot.
Tell you that a few days ago, Bollywood star Shah Rukh Khan was in Maldives with his children Suhana, Aryan and Abram. A few days ago, pictures of Shah Rukh and his children were shown on the Internet. Now he has shared a video in which he has a glimpse of his holidays. Now Shah Rukh’s wife Gauri Khan shares the picture of Aryan, Suhana and Abram on his Instagram. All three are on the yacht and the picture is very sweet.
Shahrukh Khan’s son is in the debate about dubbing in the Hindi version of The Lion King, while his daughter Suhana’s Bollywood debut audience is eagerly waiting.


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The following poem, simply titled ‘Robin Hood’ appeared in “The Oriental Observer” in 1828.
If Twitter was around in 1819, this angry letter writer named Robin Hood–who railed against corrupt and tyrannical MPs–would probably have had an account.
The name of Robin Hood appears in the most unlikely of places. Here we meet an orphan boy from the eighteenth century who was given the hero’s name.
Whenever a politician proposes raising a new tax or cutting a public service, a newspaper columnist will often respond that the proposed changes are ‘Reverse Robin Hood’. Alternatively, those who look favourably upon governmental tax and finance reforms might attempt to portray the politician in question as embodying Robin Hood values.
In the earliest medieval poems, Robin Hood is devoted to the Virgin Mary. While this may seem odd, many thieves in medieval Europe had an attachment to her.
Robin Hood hated the sheriff of Nottingham and everything he stood for, but that doesn’t mean that he objected to the sheriff keeping law and order.
Did film completely destroy the market for Robin Hood books? Perhaps not as quickly as we might think.
Joseph Ritson stated that the poem was “a dull performance and scarcely merits the care of a modern impression.”
In the archvies of the Bodleian Library, Oxford there is a hitherto neglected Robin Hood novel by Robert Southey entitled ‘Harold, or the Castle of Morford’ (1791). This post is a short introduction to this text.
Robin Hood was not the only famous law breaker in medieval times. Alongside Robin Hood were figures such as Adam Bell and the subject of this blog post, the medieval pirate Thomas Dun.

domain: library


Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez said that President Joe Biden’s more than $2 trillion infrastructure plan doesn’t go far enough.
“I think that the vision that President Biden and the administration has laid out, you’re right, has surprised a lot of us in a positive way. And in the detail and the thought that’s here, the scope of it is really encouraging, except, I think, the how, that $2.2 trillion, $2.25 trillion over eight years, I have serious concerns that it’s not enough to realize the very inspiring vision that Biden has advanced,” Ocasio-Cortez said during an appearance on MSNBC’s The Rachel Maddow Show.
“So, I believe that those of us here, especially as progressives within the Democratic Party — we know that there is so much more opportunity here. In order for us to realize this inspiring vision, we need to go way higher. That’s what’s going to help us actually deliver on this really promising and inspiring vision the president laid out today.”
Biden’s $2 trillion plan promises to “fix highways, rebuild bridges, upgrade ports, airports and transit systems” and “deliver clean drinking water, a renewed electric grid, and high-speed broadband to all Americans.”
But the plan is set to be implemented over an eight-year period, a timeline Ocasio-Cortez doesn’t believe is fast enough.
“I think that we need to really have some shorter timelines, some urgency, greater urgency in this package, and I think some of the investments need to be greater,” Ocasio-Cortez said.
The New York Democrat also took issue with the amount of spending, arguing that an ideal plan would cost about $10 trillion.
“We’re looking at ideals and what we think is the actual investment that can create tens of millions of good union jobs in this country that can shore up our healthcare, our infrastructure, our housing, and doing it in a way that draws down our carbon figures to help us get in line with IPCC standards. We’re talking about realistically $10 trillion over 10 years,” Ocasio-Cortez said.
While Ocasio-Cortez acknowledged that her $10 trillion price tag may give some sticker shock, she insisted that the country could afford it.
“I know that may be an eye-popping figure for some people, but we need to understand that we are in a devastating economic moment,” Ocasio-Cortez said. “Millions of people in the United States are unemployed. We have a truly crippled healthcare system and a planetary crisis on our hands. We’re the wealthiest nation in the history of the world. So we can do $10 trillion.”
But while Ocasio-Cortez believes the plan should be even bigger, the proposal already faces fierce opposition from Republicans.
“I’m going to fight them every step of the way because I think this is the wrong prescription for America,” Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell said of the plan.
At issue are provisions in the bill that would raise taxes on corporations, an idea not warmly received after the party recently passed former President Donald Trump’s sweeping tax cuts.
CLICK HERE TO READ MORE FROM THE WASHINGTON EXAMINER
“We’ll have a good-faith negotiation with any Republican who wants to help get this done,” Biden said of Republican opposition to the plan. “But we have to get it done.”
Photo Caption:Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, D-N.Y., questions Postmaster General Louis DeJoy during a House Oversight and Reform Committee hearing on the Postal Service on Capitol Hill, Monday, Aug. 24, 2020, in Washington. (Tom Williams/Pool via AP)


@MJN, don't you remember Sam Palermo's and the right wing's outrage at the Reagan, Bush I and Bush II recess appointments? Or just 10 years ago, the Bush/Cheney/Rumsfeld/Rice/Powell lying to us getting us into a ruinous war? Or their other war criminal behavior thereafter? Me, neither.
Sam Palermo - Some day some Rightist will have to explain whether there is ANY action which Obama has taken which they don't claim to be unconstitutional.
But luckily for America, the Framers left that determination up to the courts and not in the hands of panderin g politicians or uneducated members of the public. The Obama administration is appealing the decision of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit relating to his recess appointments . Until that appeal process is completed and a final decision rendered by the Supreme Court (or the lower court decision allowed to stand by the SC refusing to hear an appeal) Obama is not required to remove his appointees.
The rule of law is alive and well in America !
Luc de Nord - Auroras appear in the north, never in the east. And the Saturady displays never made it south of cental Canada.
Hey, nothing to do with any of the topics above, but did anyone else see the aurora on Saturday night? From 7 - 8 before the clouds rolled in, saw it due East from a light-unpolluted part of Webster. No luck finding any mention in the regular news. Anyone else see or hear about it?
Troll Whisperer - j.a.m.'s headline is found in the same newspaper that carries stories about Newtown being a government plot, and stories about Obama turning the US over to the UN, and of his being a Muslim, a communist, a fascist and being born in Kenya.
@j.a.m.: Where exactly is that headline?
Headline: "Meteor strikes Russia; Liberals blame global warming and law-abiding gun owners"
@bernstein -- LOL. In case you haven't noticed, rational people have been voting with their feet for at least a generation.
I gather you intend to be the last one out. I'd remind you to switch off the lights, but by that time New York State probably will have outlawed all forms of energy.
yo - j.a.m.
You sound very progressive - if you hate NY so much, you'll probably like Mississippi - no "union goons" as you call them, not many labor laws to speak of, few workers' rights - sounds like your version of paradise. And they're really business friendly - they would let them pay less then minimum wage if the nasty feds would let them get away with it.
If you agree to move down there , I will pay your one-way bus fare. Think about it and get back to me.
@bernstein @TOPEL: What hampers a "strong and sustained economic recovery" in the former-Empire State is an ideology that ties up employers with red tape and union goons, while giving free rein to Luddite ignoramuses whose only goal is to stifle innovation and emerging industries.
"Keep America free! Free to choose what we do with our own bodies and free to choose our associations!"
Free to work for nothing -volunteer for everything.
Please help Charles and David Koch remain on their yachts, while we work three jobs!!!!!
Mr. Bertolone writes with an "upstanding moral" tone about the rights of workers and at will employment being an evil system. How convenient to point out slavery as it's basis, as anyone who may disagree , could be called a "Racist" as many do that disagree with our President. Does his morality include the freedom to choose who we associate with, and what we do with our own bodies? Using "laws" that are all enforced by government guns, to force someone to retain an employee is immoral! But what does he care, since he is involved in Law Enforcement and can take the moral high ground as the one wielding the government gun that would be pointed at employers, if his proposal were adopted. Keep America free! Free to choose what we do with our own bodies and free to choose our associations!
With regard to supplying a head count of supporters, I cannot give you verifiable figures for the simple reason that we have been prevented from participating in a fair election. However, there is ample evidence that we command considerable support. For example, on January 10th we publicly announced a press conference at which Arild Remmereit was to speak and we made no attempt to selecte the people who attended. There was standing room only for the 225 people who showed up and it was obvious to all that a substantial majority of those present were opposed to the RPO Board. Maestro Remmereit received an enthusiastic standing ovation and as speaker after speaker made points in his favor, the spontaneous applause was ample proof that an overwhelming majority of those in the room felt that we were representing their opinions. In essence, our position was endorsed by a voice vote!
A further indication of our strong following was at the annual meeting of members held on January 23rd in Hatch Hall. Severa times during this meeting, there was an opportunity for the members to express their pleasure or displeasure at what they heard and once again, there was no doubt that the supporters of our position far outnumbered those who approved of the Board's actions.
I draw your attention, by the way, to the fact that the Board didn't announce Remmereit's firing until the day AFTER the annual meeting. Some interesting conclusions can be drawn from this which are beyond the scope of our current discussion.
With regard to representative democracy, you say that we know that the RPO board was elected by a majority of the ballots cast by eligible voters. I think that any fair-minded person would conclude that the election you refer to was far from fair. First of all, the ballot contained only names of nominees chosen by the board's Governance Committee which meant that the membership had no chance to vote for people that supported our position. Even if a substantial majority had chosen to express disapproval by leaving their ballot blank, it would have had no effect on the outcome. The Board's candidates had to win! There is a striking resemblance of this situation to that of "elections" held in countries ruled by dictators!
So you might ask why we didn't put up our own candidates. The answer to this is very simple. The deadline for submitting alternate candidates is fixed by the bylaws at October 31st. Our desire to submit an alternative slate arose only after Remmereit's contract was summariarly terminated and this didn't occur until November 28th, well past the deadline.
The only thing that the RPO Community Supporters group is asking is to be able to face the membership with a fair election in which there is a competing slate of candidates. Such an election would be a referendum on the current board's actions and qualifications to lead. I am quite certain that if this occurred, we would win by an overwhelming majority. It escapes me why the current leadership is so stridently opposed to holding a new election in which competing visions for the RPO can be submitted to the membership for a fair vote. This is really all that we are asking!
You say any information I can provide that sheds light on the validity of our claim to represent anyone other than ourselves will be most welcome. I take it that you're saying that we represent no one but ourselves. If this is what you mean, all I have to do is to find one person who claims we represent him or her and you should be satisfied. I feel confident that we can do much, much better than that and I'm confident that in a fair election, we would come up with a substantial majority of members who would vote to make a significant change in the current RPO Board. Why can't we try?
Since the self-styled RPO Community Supporters group censors any poster to its website who dares to suggest that supporting the RPO does not necessitate supporting Remmereit, or who asks embarrassing questions, perhaps you can supply a verifiable headcount of Supporters so that the public can determine for itself whether that membership is large or small.
On the topic of "representative democracy", we know that the RPO board was elected by a majority of the ballots cast by eligible voters to represent the competing interests of their constituency, i.e. all RPO members. As someone once said, “that’s how representative democracy works".
What we do NOT know is just what constituency elected the RPO Community Supporters to represent them and how that election took place. Again, any information you can provide that sheds light on the validity of the RPO Community Supporters’ claim to represent anyone other than themselves will be most welcome.
"Henrik Ibsen observed (in "An Enemy of the People") that "a minority may be right; a majority is always wrong."
Mr Fass - So what you're saying is, had the alternative slate of candidates for the RPO Board been permitted on the ballot and received a majority of the votes, those electing them would have been wrong?
Cellist Ingrid Bock's letter is eloquent in its description of musical excellence found and lost. Finally! An RPO musician speaking about musical values! This is what over 1300 petition signers are talking about - the music, which is the point.
A response to Doug Prosser (originally posted in response to his post on the RPO Facebook page)
The “trust me, if you knew what I knew, you’d agree with me” attitude of your letter does not present information that is helpful in making an informed opinion, and presents the same patronizing tone that the management has consistently used in its statements. Where is the evidence on which we can build our reasoning?
However, you will recall that you and I spoke at great length on Dec. 23, 2012. You told me details which you are reluctant to reveal in your letter. I was able to investigate several of problematic situations that you recounted in our conversation, and was able to find sources of information that contradict your views.
You will recall that one statement you made was that Betty Strasenburgh’s boyfriend is Remmereit’s attorney. Well, I set you right on that one then and there.
Another statement you made is that there were never problems with the staff until Remmereit became music director (Board member Mark Siwiec has made the same statement). That statement can be contradicted – Stuart Low in the D & C and Gil French in _Musical America_ have observed the flight of unhappy staff, coinciding with Charlie Owens’ installment as CEO in 2007. And these former RPO staff members are themselves eager to talk about the serious and painful problems of Charlie Owens’ management style – but fearing retribution (or having been forced to sign non-disclosure agreements), they will only do so off record. As Attorney Eileen Buholtz said in the Jan. 10 meeting, (about 40 minutes in) there are some things that really need to be known, but it will take litigation, discovery, subpoena power, and even court orders to bring those materials to light.
Further, some anti-Remmereit rumors have been propagated by management (presumably at the instigation of Owens) specifically to undermine Remmereit’s relationship with the orchestra.
For instance at one point Remmereit gave the musicians' Personnel Manager a list of several musicians who Remmereit wished to meet with individually in order to discuss aspects of their technique that he felt needed improvement. This is entirely within the union regulations and also accepted convention. Remmereit can meet individually with a musician and the musician can have both the Personnel Manager and the Musicians Union rep. there at the meeting; the Music Director has every right to do this to try to try and improve the level of musicianship among the players. But the Personnel Manager did not keep Remmereit's wishes confidential, and the story somehow was twisted and spread by management into the claim that Remmereit had a “hit-list”, a list of 15 musicians that Remmereit wanted fired. That version of the story (which, I heard from you, Mr. Prosser) of course created great anxiety and hostility among the musicians and defensiveness from the section leaders. Not only is the story wrong, but it also assumes that Remmereit is stupid and doesn't know how the Union works! *I* know how the Union works and *I* have never been a professional musician -- you can't just fire anyone!!
So here is an instance of Remmereit doing everything correctly, of wanting to work with the musicians individually to build the orchestra into a stronger ensemble; instead his actions were distorted and used against him, used to destroy the loyalty of the musicians.
If management was on Remmereit’s side, working with him instead of trying to subvert his vision, the occasional and inevitable conflicts with the musicians could be worked out instead of being inflamed or even created. As Betty Strasenburg has repeatedly stated, Charlie Owens was out to fire Remmereit before he ever picked up the baton as Music Director. Owens is the source of the problems, and there will continue to be problems of this nature as long as he is in power. Sincerely, Liane Curtis
(Ph.D., Musicology, and President of Women's Philharmonic Advocacy, who presented Arild Remmereit and the RPO with the AMY Award on May 31, 2013. http://www.wophil.org/2012/more-on-the-pre… )
“Justice deferred is justice denied,” wrote Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in 1963. As we examine Dr. King’s legacy, can we claim that his beloved dream of justice has come true?
• Segregation: By many measures, America is more segregated now that it was Dr. King’s day. Shameful economic discrimination and income inequality have replaced legal Jim Crow. Here in our region, Buffalo and Syracuse have been in the top 10 most segregated cities by neighborhood in the country, and Rochester itself was ranked number 23 in 2009. Monroe County’s population is about 27% people of color, and yet the Rochester City School District is over 50% African-American, Latino, Asian and Native American.
• Economic injustice: Dr. King fought not only for integration, but also for jobs and housing justice for the poor, working class, and especially for people of color. Yet today less than 50% of African-Americans or Latinos are homeowners, as compared to over 70% of European-Americans. In December 2012, 14% of African-Americans and 10% of Latinos were jobless, as compared to 7% of European-Americans. In 2011, 37% of African-American children and 34% of Latino children lived in poverty; 12% of European-Americans are poor. And as the Occupy movement has highlighted, the gap between rich and poor has widened into a gulf in recent decades while the middle class continues to shrink.
• Peace and violence: Dr. King spoke out in 1967 against the “madness” of war in Vietnam, and urged the country to choose “nonviolent coexistence [over] violent co-annihilation.” Today, nearly five decades later, America’s ongoing wars in Afghanistan and Iraq have racked up charges of more than $1 trillion, not to mention claiming the lives of thousands of our brave soldiers and countless innocent children, women and men. Domestically, we reel from 61 mass shootings in the last 20 years, mourning our children murdered in schools, our friends and families gunned down in movie theaters, shopping malls, and on college campuses.
What else can we conclude but that Dr. King’s dream is still merely a dream?
@BILL AND SALLY MCCOY: "I earned every benefit I get and then some. "
No, you did not. For that statement to be remotely true for the average recipient, we'd have to cut benefits immediately by at least 80%.
If you're really willing to live with the benefits actually funded by your own personal contributions, we could solve our fiscal problems overnight — problems that are all too real, notwithstanding your head-in-sand denials. (Thanks!!!)
And no, the answer is NOT to demonize the most productive members of society and concentrate even more power in the hands of useless politicians and bureaucrats — not in this America, pal.
Check this out below:
"This is one of the most powerful statements you will read about the lack of national, particularly presidential, outcry and pain when the children butchered are non-white Americans. Read and weep for the Black and Brown children who are slaughtered daily all over the world."
"There will never be an appropriate time to say that this nation only stands at attention when the majority of victims are white Americans, as was the case at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown Connecticut, so I might as well say it today." --- December 17, 2012 , Kirsten West Savali.
Race and Violence In America: We Are All Newtown.
December 17, 2012 by Kirsten West Savali.
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You'd never know that this ice cream (which comes in many tasty and innovative flavors as well as your standard chocolate, fruit, and nut combinations) was vegan if no one had told you. Creamy and delicious. Try it on one of their waffles, or have a coffee float. It's worth saving room when you dine at Sage, since this ice cream is at the heart of their dessert options.
I have been vegetarian for 28 years and visited Kindkreme with my non veggie boyfriend. When we walked in the vibe was pretentious; full of affected ‘hipsters’. I selected the Portabello Bacon Chili Cheese Burger and we tried to find something that my boyfriend would like. I suggested the Vegetable roll with sushi rice, nori, avocado, ginger, soy sauce, and wasabi on the basis that we check with the waiter exactly what it was before we ordered. We asked and he said it’s a vegetable roll! We asked if that was like a traditional spring roll/pancake roll served with rice. He was fairly disinterested but said yes that was what it was like. When it came out it wasn’t anything like a traditional spring roll/pancake roll served with rice, it was sushi. I wanted to give it back but my boyfriend said he was ok with it (because he didn’t want to make a fuss) and managed to eat half. There was far too much going on with my burger so I also left half of my meal. We struggled to get someone’s attention to explain that we wanted the bill but also wanted some vegan ice cream to go. Eventually we managed to get the attention of a waiter and I went to order the ice cream. For some reason it was incredibly difficult to get the server to understand that I wanted three scoops of ice cream in one tub. I got there eventually but then there was mass confusion and we ended up being short changed by $10 for already overprice food. An awful experience and I have tasted much better vegan ice cream.

domain: food


23 April 2011
The Interest liability is amplified in all the sections of custom, excise and service tax to 18% as from earlier of 13% per annum from this budget. This is one of highest increase in the rates of interest ever. In Central Excise the notification no. No. 6/2011-Central Excise (N.T.) dt. 01.03.2011 has brought an amendment for the purpose of the section 11AB of the Central Excise Act, 1944 by fixing the interest rate at 18% p.a. The similar amendment is made in the section 75 of Service Tax Act vide notification No. 14/2011-Service Tax dt. 01.03.2011 and 15/2011-Service Tax dated 01.03.2011 in which also the rate of interest is increased to 18% p.a. from 13% p.a. The new rate of interest of 18% will be applicable from 1st April, 2011.


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Japanese Garden Ideas Small
Japanese Garden Ideas Small. Huge Selection, Non-GMO, Heirlooms, Organics & More – Free S&H – Low Prices Using a tiny Japanese garden design makes it easy to tidy up and make it appealing. There are a number of types and styles.
You might try garden magazines and books and even gardening clubs. There is a lot of knowledge to serve. Typically the list below will sum up tips on planning your own plot, soil preparation, mulch, compost and the watering of the plot.
Backyard Tip Number 1
Constantly plan out your backyard before you start searching away at your yard. The best way to start is to take a long look at your garden a try to picture your finished product. Take into account the hight typically the plants can grow to be able to, sunlight spectrum, and typically the proximity to a water resource. Once you visit a spot you like take a seat and begin your gardening plot consider paper. This particular way you can obtain more detailed and include things that you may neglect otherwise. Make sure in order to include in your plans the proximity of the garden hose or garden line reel and fixture.
Backyard Tip 2
Possibly the most important tip regarding all is correct dirt preparation and mixture. That is extremely important to make use of the non toxic ground nutrients when you will be growing something that you program on eventually consuming. If you are growing fresh vegetables within your garden then a new homemade compost is by simply far the best fertilizer for the garden. The results will are left out for obvious reasons. It will be not as hard while you think. Do some analysis and you can be amazed. If compost is not obtainable the next option is usually mulch. If you are usually going to go together with this rout, it is best to look for soft woods such because redwood or spruce. Smoother woods come with an easier period breaking down and growing the nutrients to the ground in the bed. Or else growing vegetables there are usually loads of fertilizers that could fit your project. Just go to your local nursery and they will lead you inside the right direction. When you choose on your fertilizer, help to make sure everything is combined well and aerated correctly. A garden tiller can make this section of the work a lot easier nevertheless is not necessary.
Backyard Tip 3
Once your plant area is selected out and the soil in properly spread in your garden, you could then start laying your own plants in the routine you thought up inside your plans. Laying typically the plants out can offer you a better picture of your end results. This is also best in order to arrange the plants from the largest growing inside the back and lowering toward the fron in the garden. You can party the plants together according to characteristics. This approach you can get the particular most from the area with all the plants obtaining the full benefit of typically the suns rays. This only can make a big difference.
Garden Tip 4
It will always be very best to use gardening sprinklers but this is not really always possible for your very first garden. If you are unable to afford garden sprinkler a person can still automate the garden with a hose pipe attachment sprinkler. You could use timers that add to the hose fixture and place the sprinkler wherever needed and this particular can make the watering automated also. You might nevertheless need to make use of the backyard hose here and presently there. If you don’t thoughts watering than a backyard hose and garden hose reel setup can work nice and fulfill all typically the necessary watering you require. Another option will be the drip irrigation systems although this specific will also cost you a little more.
In general, there are a number of kinds of Japanese gardens, including paradise gardens, tea gardens, dry rock gardens, and a few others. Japanese gardens are often admired for their structure and symbolism. Find more backyard ideas in our definitive guide to backyards!
The Japanese garden is a miniature and idealized view of nature and hence no matter how small space your garden is, you could always implement this style of garden.
There are a number of types and styles.
japanese garden designs for small spaces and side yards
Japanese gardens are often admired for their structure and symbolism. See how a small city lot in Seattle was transformed into a private garden that provides refuge and renewal. Garden concept is the art and technique of developing and designing plannings for

domain: agronomy


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E-NailWith Tremendous rapidly heat up periods and extremely precise temperature Regulate the e-nail can make the dabbing experience that rather more pl...
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domain: hobby


text:
Helping Belarusians for Democracy
wird verwaltet von Siamion Krutolevich
We are fighting for democracy.
Our mission is to collect information, carry out journalistic investigations, disclose facts about unlawful actions of Lukashenko’s regime (Lukashenko heads an authoritarian government, and has often been referred to by media outlets as "Europe's last dictator."), publish them in the world mass media and send official applications for processing of these cases to the international law enforcement. We are collecting the base of the regime’s criminals. https://narodny-tribunal.info/en/
Project team members had to quit their regular jobs in favour of the Project and leave their families in order to keep the close ones safe. Since August 2020, all team members have been living and working at their own expenses.
We are asking people for help!
Help us to raise money for housing and food in Poland, so we can continue our work.
Now it becomes especially difficult and we decided to turn to Crowdfunding.
Thank you very much.
God bless you!

domain: law


Judge Tells FBI They Can't Use Webcams To Spy on People01/05/2013 17:46
A federal judge in Texas has told the FBI that they cannot "install sophisticated surveillance software" on a suspect's computer in order to spy on them.
The request by the FBI came in a case involving federal bank fraud and identity theft. The FBI had no idea where the suspect was, but they wanted to surreptitiously install software on their computer to find them.
The Judge, Stephen Smith (not this one), objected to the FBI's use of remote administration technology (RAT), software favored by the very hackers the FBI is looking to catch.
The judge outlined the FBI's request writing that investigators wanted to “surreptitiously install data extraction software on the Target Computer. Once installed, the software has the capacity to search the computer’s hard drive, random access memory, and other storage media; to activate the computer’s built-in camera; to generate latitude and longitude coordinates for the computer’s location; and to transmit the extracted data to FBI agents within the district.”
Basically, this would give remote access to FBI agents to the suspect's computer, including the use of their webcam to spy on them.