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[SOLVED] Quantitative Methods
Need help with my Psychology question – Im studying for my class.
Based on the readings assigned for this unit from the textbook, provide a summary of the article on quantitative methodology that you chose from the library search you were assigned to complete in the unit studies. Address the following:
- Describe the type of quantitative research that was conducted: non-experimental, experimental, quasi-experimental, cross-sectional, or longitudinal.
- Describe the variables investigated in the research and how they were measured.
- Describe what is meant by scientific merit, and discuss ways in which it could have been improved in the article.
- List the persistent link for the article. Use the Persistent Links and DOIs library guide, linked in the Resources, to learn how to locate this information in the library databases.
- Cite all sources in APA style, and provide an APA-formatted reference list at the end of your post.
Frost, N. (2011). Qualitative research methods in psychology: Combining core approaches. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Leedy, P. D., & Ormrod, J. E. (2019). Practical research: Planning and design (12th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson


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Kevin M. Miller, MD
Kevin M. Miller, MD, is the Kolokotrones Chair in Ophthalmology at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Chief of the Cataract and Refractive Surgery Division, and a member of the Stein Eye Institute.
Los Angeles, California, United States of America
He received his undergraduate training in electrical engineering at the Johns Hopkins University GWC Whiting School of Engineering. Working for the US Naval Research Laboratory, he developed a facility for testing Cesium atomic clocks used in Global Positioning System satellites under space flight conditions. He received his medical training at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. This was followed by an internship in Baltimore at the Franklin Square Hospital Center and a research fellowship in Ophthalmic Optics at the Wilmer Eye Institute. He received his residency training at the UCLA Stein Eye Institute and joined the full time faculty at UCLA in 1991. His clinical practice is devoted to cataract surgery, laser refractive surgery, and the rehabilitation of eyes with complex anterior segment surgical problems.
Dr. Miller is the recipient of four endowed cataract research funds at UCLA including the Paul Vicari fund, the Pat and Joe Yzurdiaga fund, the Al and Nancy Sarnoff fund, and the Amalia Simon Roth fund. He received the Honor, Senior Honor, and Secretariat awards of the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO). He is a member of numerous professional organizations including the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery (ASCRS), the European Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery (ESCRS), and the International Intra-Ocular Implant Club (IIIC).
Dr. Miller teaching activities span the range of training from undergraduate to practicing ophthalmologist. He supervises research projects taken on by undergraduates. He is an instructor in several required and elective medical school courses and has been involved in resident, national fellow, and international fellow training at the Stein Eye Institute for over 20 years. He served on the AAO Basic and Clinical Science Course Committee for 10 years, editing 3 editions of the Clinical Optics textbook. He served on the AAO Anterior Segment Preferred Practice Patterns Committee, editing two editions of Cataract in the Adult Eye. He served on the AAO Maintenance of Certification Committee and the Compass Committee, developing educational content for practicing ophthalmologists and materials for the One Network. He currently serves on the AAO Program Planning Committee, the Skills Transfer Advisory Committee, and the EyeNet Editorial Board. For the ASCRS, he serves on the Cataract Clinical Committee, the Retina Clinical Committee, and the Skills Transfer Advisory Committee. He writes a regular column for EyeWorld, an ASCRS publication. He was an organizer of the cataract sections of the 2012 and 2014 World Congresses of Ophthalmology. He serves on the editorial boards of Cataract and Refractive Surgery Today and Em Foco, a Brazilian language publication. He is a reviewer for many ophthalmic journals. He has delivered approximately 200 invited lectures at international meetings and approximately 500 lectures at domestic meetings. He has organized approximately 90 instructional courses for residents, fellows, and practicing ophthalmologists.
Dr. Miller's research interests are in the areas of refractive cataract surgery, cataract surgery instrumentation, intraocular lenses, ophthalmic optics, artificial iris devices, and surgical outcomes. He was an investigator in the Alcon Laboratories T3-T5 toric intraocular lens trial, the post-market approval study of the T6-T9 lenses, the Hoya Surgical Optics single-piece acrylic lens trial, and the Ophtec endocapsular tension ring trial. He participated in the development and national launch of the Alcon Laboratories Infiniti Vision phacoemulsification system. He is an investigator for the Calhoun Vision light adjustable lens. He was an investigator in the Ophtec model 311 iris reconstruction lens trial and holds an investigational device exemption from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to implant Morcher artificial iris devices in eyes with congenital or acquired iris defects. He is an investigator in the ongoing HumanOptics artificial iris clinical trial.
Alcon: Clinical investigator, consultant, speaker
Calhoun Vision: Clinical investigator

domain: medical


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The Inflatable Baseball Speed Pitching game from Party Rentals Orlando and Xtreme Entertainment challenges the player's accuracy How fast can you pitch ???
Great game for competitive fun.
Dimensions: 18L X 12W X 12H
Electrical Requirement: (1) 20 amp 110V electrical circuit
Includes Attendant for up to 4 hours. Additional time at an hourly rate is available by request.
FOR MORE INFORMATION

domain: entertainment


text:
Flower Dress with Pleated Sleeves 🌸
🌸🌸🌸 My HAPPY Flower-dress 🌸🌸🌸
This is a dress that I will enjoy wearing throughout the summer and I hope the weather will be nice!
I started with seewing the split in front.
Then I made the sleeves with the pleats at the shoulder.
The cuffs has 2 buttonholes.
The neck is finished with a double tie cut on bias.
The pleats of the sleeves are very nice too.
BurdsStyle pattern #115 04/2022

domain: artistic


Freecom Network Media Centre
The acme of one-drive media streamers?
The TwonkyMedia configuration panel is also accessible, allowing advanced users to customise it to their heart’s content.
Other streaming services are also built into the Network Media Centre, such as the iTunes DAAP protocol. Unfortunately, this shares a feature with the torrent client: it doesn't work. Sure, iTunes will see the server on the network, but it is unable to recognise any content you may have stored on the server, thus the media list remains unpopulated.
Too much of a handful?
Perhaps not coincidentally, this feature is absent from the user manual and the settings are hidden by default on the configuration page under a stealthy “more Options” link.
After contacting Freecom, the company said it will be releasing a firmware update to address the issue shortly. Our box was running Firmware Rev933-13a.
Freecom also boasts one last, unusual, feature: the Network Media Centre is recyclable. This, of course, is great news for the eco-friendly enthusiast who rejoiced over such things as the introduction of mandatory RoHS compliance back in 2006. However, it’s more likely to benefit those who actually want some performance from our Nas boxes as you’ll soon find yourself “recycling” it in favour of something faster.
It would be wonderful to be able to say that we recommend this drive as it has a great premise. However, Freecom has taken what could have been a solid all-round drive and produced a device which fails to deliver on most of the promised features. ®
More Nas Box Reviews...


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This is just a classic salad, with your choice of fixins. Some suggested: bean sprouts, radishes, carrots, scallions, cucumber, tomatoes, red onion, mint, basil and nuts. But we'll be doing it cheap and basically dress our salad with whatever we have on hand! The real star player here is the dressing. Yes, it's another peanut butter-based sauce. The other option was to make a chili garlic sweet-hot dressing, which called for a little more pricy and "exotic" ingredients that I would never use again. So, being the p.b. lover and newfound penny-pincher, I opted for the satay dressing.
- 1/4 c. soy sauce
- 2 T. olive oil
- salt and pepper to taste
- 4 chicken breasts (enough for leftovers)
- 3 T. vinegar (white/rice)
- 1/2 c. apple juice concentrate
- 3 T. peanut butter
- 1/4 t. to 1/2 t. ginger powder
- 1/2 t. cayenne pepper
- 1/2 c. olive oil
1. Combine soy sauce and oil; add chicken, turn to coat and season; cook (grilling is preferred. Go GF!)
2. Prepare salad and dressing while chicken rests.
3. For peanut dressing, combine all ingredients but the oil in a blender; blend for 30 seconds, then stream in oil (keep the blender on!).
4. Cut chicken into diagonal strips and serve it all together.

domain: food


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QUINCY — A lit cigarette left in a window planter outside Pat Sheehan’s Pub on Washington Street caught the bar on fire Sunday morning, Quincy Deputy Fire Chief Ed Fenby said. There were no injuries.
A call at around 11:30 a.m. Sunday reported a flower-pot fire outside the pub, and one truck responded immediately. When firefighters arrived they quickly realized the fire had spread into the walls, Fenby said, and a full response of three engines, two ladder trucks and a rescue truck were sent to the scene.
"We're very lucky someone called, if it had gone another hour it would have had the whole building," Fenby said.
There are two apartments above the bar that sustained minor smoke damage, and Fenby said the residents will be able to stay there Sunday night. The residents had all gotten out of the building by the time firefighters arrived.
"We handled it very quickly," Febny said. "It looks much worse than it is now because we had to go into the front walls to make sure it hadn't spread."
The fire was contained to the front of the building and the bar itself was untouched. There was minor water damage in the basement and fire damage in the building's entry way, but the building was not structurally damaged. Fenby said he estimates around $20,000 worth of damage.
Pat Stapleton was surveying the damage for his son-in-law, the owner, who was out of the town when the fire started. The bar is owned by Danny Lee, a Holbrook selectman.
"It could have been a lot worse - most of it was saved," Stapleton said Sunday. "I can tell you one thing - we won't be opening tonight."
Reach Mary Whitfill at email@example.com.

domain: news


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Saturday 7th November 2020 | £27 (including entry fee)
An event not to be missed, maybe you’re a crafter, a baker or just a lover of Christmas, today has something for all! Visit the biggest hobby event of the year.
Visit the flagship, Creative Craft Show with unrivalled features, workshops, demonstrations and so much more. Cake international has some of the most ground breaking displays, wildest competition entries and famous cake stars.
Simply Christmas brings together a diverse range of gifts along with Christmas food, drink and music to get you in the Christmas spirit.


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Guitar has custom locking frets and custom gold tone and volume knobs. Strings are brand new Elixir Strings.
I want it to go to someone who will use it on stage or in the studio, as it has so much aesthetic character. Please Hit me up with any questions.This item is in the category "Musical Instruments & Gear\Guitars & Basses\Electric Guitars". The seller is "antipopproductions" and is located in this country: US. This item can be shipped worldwide.


Do your solutions have what it takes?
How do we protect society's communications and information flows so that they function both in everyday use and in crisis situations?
Combitech's approximately 80 communications consultants account for Sweden's largest collective expertise in the field and they work to eliminate threats, both financial threats and threats to confidentiality.
A secure communications partner
Our consultants know what it takes to create and develop robust and secure communications solutions. We offer everything from technical consultation, conceptual studies, network planning, network design, system development, documentation and technical consultation, to verification and validation. But also services in EMC and acoustics. We even have our own lab environments.


US 20010027823 A1
A dispensing apparatus for granular or powdery bulk materials includes a balance (15) to weigh the doses of material being dispensed, a reservoir container (1), and a cover (2) to close the downward-facing opening of the storage container (1). Integrated in the cover (2) is a conveying and delivering device with a vertically movable, rotary conveyor body (5) designed so that it can substantially close off the dispensing outlet (14) for the bulk material. The conveyor body has a ring-shaped bottom (6) sweeping a ring-shaped conveyor channel (7) that is recessed in the cover (2). The outlet (14) is arranged in the ring-shaped channel (7) and is designed to deliver a directed and locally concentrated stream of bulk material.
1. Apparatus for dispensing measured doses of granular and powdery bulk materials, comprising a balance for weighing the doses to be dispensed; a reservoir container for the bulk material with a bottom opening; a cover to close the bottom opening; a conveying and delivering device with a vertically displaceable conveyor body rotating about an essentially vertical axis; as well as an outlet passage for the bulk material to be dispensed; wherein the conveying and delivering device is incorporated in the cover; the conveyor body has a ring-shaped bottom with a tapered radial profile; the radial profile reaches into a ring-shaped conveyor channel recessed in the cover, the channel having a channel profile conforming to the tapered radial profile of the ring-shaped bottom of the conveyor body; and the outlet passage is arranged eccentrically of the vertical axis in a ring-shaped path swept by the conveyor body, thereby effecting a directionally guided and locally concentrated discharge stream of bulk
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 The present invention relates to a dispensing apparatus for dispensing precisely measured doses of dry and/or powdery bulk materials—toxic substances in particular—into small containers that are placed on a balance. The bulk materials are dispensed from a reservoir container by means of a conveying and delivering device.
 Dispensing apparatus for dry and/or powdery bulk materials such as, e.g., color dyes, are known and used in practice. A device of this kind is described in EP-A 0 406 164, consisting of a dispensing container with a substantially closable outlet at its underside and a balance onto which the bulk material can be dispensed by a conveyor means. The closure is provided by a tapered valve body, wide at the bottom and narrow at the top, that can be moved downward in the vertical direction. The tapered valve body, which rotates when in its open state, is equipped with means for advancing the bulk material towards the outlet opening.
 The device of the foregoing description is not well suited for dispensing bulk material into containers that have openings of narrow cross-section. The widening taper of the valve body towards the outlet opening, combined with the effect of the rotation, imparts a radial, horizontal velocity component to the material particles as they leave the outlet, thereby causing the material to be scattered over a range that can go outside the cross-section of an even relatively wide opening of a receiving container. Consequently, it is not always possible to avoid the loss of bulk material, or even the contamination of the surrounding area, when dispensing material into containers with a narrower opening than the ring-shaped outlet gap. Possibly, this may add a costly clean-up step to the dispensation process.
 A costly cleaning process—particularly when toxic powders are dispensed—can also be necessitated by the aforementioned dispensing apparatus itself, particularly in the area of the valve and the outlet, but also in the dispensing container itself, given that a driving shaft runs inside it. Because of the driving shaft, the dispensing container of the known device has to be of a specialized, expensive design that is specifically adapted to the purpose of dispensing doses of the container contents. The arrangement of the shaft can also interfere with the process of filling the dispensing container before the actual dispensing operation is started.
 Therefore, the objective of the invention is to provide a device for dispensing dosage quantities of bulk material in a directed stream without spillage losses into containers with openings of narrow cross-section and to meet the additional requirements that the device be efficient to clean and easy to handle.
 The dispensing apparatus for bulk materials, primarily substances of powdery consistency, comprises a balance receiving the material that is to be apportioned into dosage quantities, a reservoir container, and a cover that closes off the underside of the reservoir container. Integrated in the cover is a conveying and delivering device. The conveying and delivering device contains a vertically movable and rotatable conveyor body that can substantially close the outlet from which the bulk material is dispensed. In its ring-shaped lower part, the conveyor body has a narrowing taper towards the bottom end. The tapered part of the conveyor body reaches into a correspondingly tapered recess of the cover. The outlet passage, which preferably has a slightly conical shape that widens towards the downside, is arranged to the side of the center of the conveyor body. The outlet is located in the ring-shaped path swept by the conveyor body and produces a directionally targeted and locally concentrated delivery of bulk material.
 The advantageous results of the concentrated and directionally focussed material delivery are that the balance carrying the receiving container will not be contaminated by spilled material and the weighing result will not be falsified by material particles that miss the receiving container but still land on the weighing pan.
 By a coordinated variation of several variable parameters such as the rate of rotation of the conveyor body, or its vertical position which controls the aperture cross-section of the passage from the reservoir, it is possible to adapt the delivery rate to the requirements of the dispensation process. Thus, it is possible to release bulk material at a fast rate at the beginning of a dispensation and to progressively slow down the delivery rate towards the end of the process.
 By simplifying the configuration of the reservoir container and by integrating the conveying and delivering device in the cover of the reservoir container, the invention facilitates handling procedures, e.g., in exchanging the reservoir container against another reservoir container with bulk material to be dispensed. Due to the use of low-cost materials, e.g., polymers, for the cover-integrated conveying and delivering device, the cleaning procedure is simplified—particularly when working with toxic powders—because the entire cover unit including the conveying and delivering device is used for only a single filling of the reservoir container (the latter also serving as storage container with the outlet opening closed). After the reservoir container has been completely emptied as a result of dispensing the contents, the entire unit can be safely disposed.
 In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the conveyor body is shaped like an upright cone tapering to an apex on the central axis of the ring-shaped path. The cone has openings for the passage of the bulk material to be dispensed. The spokes delimiting the openings can be designed as means for scooping up and taking along the bulk material and can in particular have the shape of shovels.
 In further advantageous embodiments of the invention, the ring-shaped bottom portion of the conveyor body is equipped with pick-up means for taking along the particles of the bulk material. The pick-up means can have the form of conveyor slits running transverse to the circumference of the ring, or conveyor ledges, or a groove in the circumference of the ring. It is also possible to configure the conveyor body in two parts, one of which is the pick-up means, to be placed over the main part and preferably configured as an exchangeable element. The concept of a separately installed part makes it possible to manufacture it from a material and in a shape that is specifically adapted to the consistency of the bulk material. A soft polymer is suitable, for example silicone. The pick-up means can in this case have the form of fingers that are arranged transverse to the circumference of the ring, or as brushes. Providing different conveyor bodies has the advantage that the device can be adapted to the consistency of the bulk material that is to be dispensed (freely pourable, sticky, etc.). This idea can be implemented in practice so that the profile of the ring-shaped underside of the conveyor body is essentially the same for all of the different design variations, and therefore the ring-shaped conveyor channel in the cover can have the same shape for all variations, meaning that only a single version of the parts would be required. However, it is also possible to adapt the profile of the conveyor channel to the requirements of each specific type of pickup means in order to optimize the outflow rate. A particularly advantageous embodiment for directing bulk material to the outlet opening has a non-centric conveyor channel of variable depth and width, narrowing down towards the outlet opening.
 In the case of particularly clingy powder substances, the invention provides for a wiper device in the area of the outlet opening. Preferably, the position of the wiper device is coupled to the height setting of the conveyor body, so that the wiper device stays at a set distance and remains fully effective if the axial position of the conveyor body is changed. Corresponding to the shape of the pick-up means at the underside of the conveyor body, e.g., slits or ledges running transverse to the circumference of the ring, or a groove in the circumference of the ring, the wiper device can be configured either with a concave recess or with a finger that stands out and reaches into a groove. An embodiment with several fingers arranged like a comb is also possible, e.g., if there is a plurality of conveyor grooves at the underside of the conveyor body.
 In a particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention, the shaft that holds the conveyor body protrudes from the center of the underside of the cover of the dispensing apparatus and is driven by a motor located on the opposite side from the outlet opening.
 For bulk materials of a less free-flowing, pourable consistency, a preferred embodiment of the invention has stirring means inside the reservoir container as well as a vibrator device that can be arranged on the outside of the reservoir container.
 It is self-evident, that the dosage-dispensing process performed by the inventive device can also be automated through an arrangement where a computer/controller unit (which can be integrated in the balance) controls the dispensing process and stops the dispensation of material when the target weight has been reached. The automated apparatus can further include a conveyor device that brings a new, empty dosage-portion container to the balance after the preceding container has been filled to the set target weight.
 The following description of preferred embodiments of the invention is based on the attached drawing, in which
FIG. 1 represents a schematic side view of the inventive device;
FIG. 2 represents a perspective, partially cut-away view of a conveying and delivering device;
FIG. 3 represents a cross-sectional view of a conveying and delivering device with a conveyor body in its open position and a preferred embodiment of the wiper device at the outlet;
FIG. 4 represents a cross-sectional view of a conveying and delivering device with a conveyor body in its closed position and a preferred embodiment of the wiper device at the outlet;
FIG. 5 represents a further embodiment of the conveyor channel as seen in a horizontal section through the cover; and
FIG. 6 represents a top view of a drive-mechanism unit with a plug-in coupler.
 The reservoir container 1 is preferably made of glass and is closed off by a cover 2, preferably of a screw-on type. As shown in FIG. 1, the reservoir container 1 is laterally secured to a holder console 4 by means of a holder device in the form of a plug-in coupler 25.
 The conveyor body 5 for the bulk material to be dispensed has the shape of a rotary body with a narrowing taper at the top and is integrated in the cover 2. The bottom portion 6 of the conveyor body 5 has a ring-shaped profile with a narrowing taper towards the bottom end.
 A ring-shaped conveyor channel 7 is recessed in the cover 2. The profile of channel 7 conforms to the profile of the bottom portion 6 of the conveyor body 5, i.e., it has the same narrowing taper towards the bottom end, while the inner side wall of the conveyor channel 7 is the surface of a cone-shaped material portion 8 that is concentric to the axis of the conveyor body 5.
 A shaft 9 extending along the axis of the rotary body is rotatably supported in the cone-shaped portion 8 and protrudes from the underside of the cover 2, where the shaft 9 has a coupler portion 11 for a drive mechanism. The coupler portion 11 is also engaged to a height-setting device for the conveyor body 5. The spring 10 pushes the conveyor body 5 downward into the conveyor channel 7. The drive mechanism has a drive-mechanism shaft 27, which is vertically movable to be engaged in and disengaged from the shaft 9 of the conveyor body 5. The drive-mechanism shaft 27 engages the coupler portion 11 from below and presses the shaft 9 upwards against the force of spring 10, so that the conveyor channel 7 is freed up as a result of the upward displacement of the conveyor body 5, and the rotation of the conveyor body 5 will now move bulk material out of the dispensing apparatus.
 The drive-mechanism shaft 27 is connected to a motor 13 by way of a gearbox 12. The motor 13 is arranged to the side of the reservoir container 1 and incorporated in a holder console 4. This arrangement leaves enough space for an outlet opening 14 on the opposite side from the holder console 4 with the motor 13. The outlet opening 14 is preferably a tube-shaped channel with a widening conical taper towards the downside. This produces a precisely directed stream of bulk material into a narrow-neck container 16 sitting on a balance 15, with no spillage losses.
 The outlet opening 14, which can be substantially closed by vertical movement of the conveyor body 5, can be shut completely tight by means of a shutter 23. The shutter 23 can be designed to swivel in and out about a swivel axle, or it can have an opening which, by horizontal displacement of the shutter, is aligned directly below the outlet opening and in its closed condition is moved far enough so that the outlet opening 14 is completely covered. Thus, after the outlet opening has been closed off completely, the reservoir container can also be used as a storage container that can be handled safely with the assurance that no bulk material particles can fall out of the outlet opening 14.
 The conveyor body is equipped with a stirrer 17 made of wire. It has the function of loosening up the bulk material in the reservoir container 1.
 In order to automate the dispensing process, the dispensing apparatus has a computer/controller unit 24 connected to the balance 15, controlling the drive unit in such a manner that the delivery of bulk material is stopped as soon as the target weight has been reached. Of course, the computer/controller unit 24 can also be incorporated in the balance.
FIG. 2 illustrates a possible embodiment where the conveying and delivering device comprising the conveyor body 5 is integrated in the cover 2. The conical conveyor body 5 has several passage openings 18 in the cone surface through which the bulk material drops on the inside between the conveyor body 5 and the support cone 8 into the conveyor channel 7. The ledges or spokes 19 between the openings 18 can be configured as scoop-shaped pick-up means to guide the bulk material to the openings 18. The underside 6 of the conveyor body 5, likewise, includes means for taking along particulate material, consisting of transverse ledges 20 in the embodiment of FIG. 2. Also possible is a design version where the conveyor body 5 has two parts, of which the part for taking along the particulate material is made of a soft polymer such as silicone and is placed over the conveyor body, preferably as an exchangeable part. The device for taking along the particulate material can in this case be designed in the form of fingers or brushes. The device for taking along the particulate material can also consist of conveyor slits transverse to the circumference of the ring, or a groove formed in the circumference of the ring. The device for taking along the particulate material pushes the bulk material towards the outlet opening 14.
FIG. 5 illustrates a further embodiment of a conveyor channel 7 as seen in a horizontal section through the cover 2 at the level of the upper end of the outlet 14. The conveyor channel 7 has an asymmetric shape; its depth (not shown in FIG. 5) as well as its width vary in such a manner that the channel gets narrower as it approaches the outlet opening 14. FIG. 5 very clearly shows the floor 7.1 of the conveyor channel 7 as a circular ring that is centered with regard to the axis A of the shaft 9 of the conveyor body 5. However, the floor 7.1 of the conveyor channel 7 (as seen in horizontal projection) can also have other than ring-shaped configurations. For example, the floor or bottom portion of the channel 7 could also have a semi-circular profile that decreases in radius towards the outlet opening 14.
FIG. 3 illustrates a lengthwise section through the lower portion of the reservoir container 1 with the cover 2 and the conveyor device 5 in an open position. FIG. 4 represents the same view as FIG. 3, except that the conveyor body 5 is shown in a closed position. As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, there is a wiper device 21 arranged at the outlet opening 14, so that even very clingy and coagulating powders can be dispensed. The wiper device 21 is coupled through a support disk 26 to the vertical position of the conveyor body 5. The latter is adjustable by means of a spring 10, so that the wiper device 21 stays at a set distance from the conveyor body and remains fully effective at any vertical position of the conveyor body.
 The reservoir connector 1 is pushed by its cover 2 onto the pegs of the plug-in coupler 25 protruding from the drive unit 3. It is possible to incorporate a vibration generator 22 into the drive unit 3, e.g., close to the plug-in coupler 25. The plug-in coupler transmits the vibrations to the reservoir container 1, in particular to the cover 2 containing the conveying and delivering device, so that a bulk material of sticky consistency flows more loosely and drops more easily through the openings 18 of the conveyor body 5 as well as through the outlet opening 14.


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Gas Treatment & Conditioning
Similar to crude oil, natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons, water, and inorganic components, but in a gaseous state. Typically, unwanted components are removed upstream to prevent operational or corrosion problems. Often the processes used to remove these impurities are called gas treating or gas conditioning, as further explained here.
The mixture or allocation of various components in a natural gas stream can vary significantly by location. The gas is often classified based on its component make-up. For example, natural gas containing sulfur compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) or mercaptans, is termed “sour gas.” Likewise, when natural gas is absent any significant amount of sulfur compounds, it is termed “sweet gas.” If water is present along with H2S or carbon dioxide (CO2), the gas is said to be acidic. According to this article from the Society of Professional Engineers, even with ample supplies of natural gas in the world, nearly one in three sources contains acid gas.
Thus, natural gas with appreciable amounts of undesirable components must be further treated or conditioned before being transported by a midstream company or accepted by a downstream gas processor.
Gas Sweetening & Amine Regeneration
Natural gas containing high quantities of H2S and CO2 is considered toxic. If H2S and CO2 volumes are appreciable, this lowers the heating value of the sales gas. Thus, sour gas or acid gas must be treated to remove these toxic components. The processes used for removal of acid gas are referred to as sour gas sweetening, amine gas sweetening, gas conditioning or gas treatment.
If water is present in the natural gas along with acid gas components, the combination can be highly corrosive. Therefore, some processes require that the water be removed from the natural gas (dehydration) prior to any other downstream gas treatment. Buyers and transporters of natural gas often establish product specifications for the sales gas. Specifications for sales gas often limit H2S to less than 4ppm and CO2 to less than 3 or 4 mole percent.
[tweet_box design=”box_09″]If water is present in the natural gas along with acid gas components, the combination can be highly corrosive.[/tweet_box]
Gas sweetening is achieved by contacting the primary gas stream with a solvent solution, usually amine. Alkanolamines are the most widely used solvents for removal of acid gas components. There are several commercial amines available including triethanolamine (TEA), diethanolamine (DEA), monoethanolamine (MEA), diglycolamine (DGA) and methyldiethanolamine (MDEA). Some chemical manufacturers have their own proprietary solvents for gas sweetening. For more detail, read this article from the GSPA Engineering Data Book.
Many of the gas sweetening processes are similar. For a general process description, we will use the term MDEA, or more generally, amine. MDEA is a tertiary amine which can be regenerated and can be used to selectively remove H2S and slip CO2. Slip CO2 is the CO2 that passes through the process along with the treated gas. In this process, MDEA contacts and absorbs the acidic gases. The lean aqueous amine concentration, generally in the range of 40 to 50% by weight, flows counter current to the gas stream in an Absorber/Contactor column.
Detailed Description of Typical Amine Unit Process
The inlet stream to the Gas Treatment Unit (GTU) typically arrives at a temperature of 30 to 45 degrees C. To remove free water and liquid hydrocarbons, an inlet filter separator is used to reduce the likelihood of foaming. If foaming does occur it can result in high amine losses, off-spec gas and a high pressure differential across the Absorber column.
After the free liquid scrubbing, the wet gas enters the Absorber at the bottom and contacts a momentum breaker, such as a Multi Vane Inlet Device, for proper gas distribution. The wet acid gas flows upward through the chimney trays and through the contact section before exiting the Absorber. The contact section can be either trays or structured packing. At this point the sour gas flowing upwards comes in contact with the counter-current lean amine bring fed at the top of the packing. Here in the contact section the amine absorbs the H2S and CO2 in an exothermic reaction.
To minimize amine losses, a water wash section is installed above the contact section, which consists of three to four trays known as the structured packing. It is here that the wash water contacts and removes residual amine from the treated gas. The aqueous solution containing amine is then routed to the regeneration system where make-up water is added to the amine. The treated gas exits the contact section and continues to flow upward to the high efficiency vane-type mist extractor to remove any entrained amine before leaving the Absorber. The sweet gas exiting the Absorber then goes through downstream processing systems, such as Gas Dehydration Systems and Dew Point Control Units, to meet the sales gas specifications.
[tweet_box design=”box_09″]A sharp increase in Absorber differential pressure is an excellent indication that foaming is occurring.[/tweet_box]
The rich amine is collected at the bottom of the Absorber where it flows to the regeneration system under level control. A differential pressure instrument on the Absorber monitors the differential pressure across the structured packing. A sharp increase in Absorber differential pressure is an excellent indication that foaming is occurring.
After pressure reduction, the rich amine from the Absorber is then sent to an Amine Flash Drum. Here the hydrocarbons are separated from the amine and a small amount of acid gas is flashed. This flashed gas can be sent to flare or be used as fuel gas. Should the flashed gas be used as fuel gas, it is then routed to the stripping section of the Amine Flash Drum and hydrocarbons are sent to the closed drain system. The Amine Flash Drum is a horizontal 3-phase separator designed to operate when 50 to 60% full.
The flashed gas from Amine Flash Drum enters the stripping section and flows upward through the structured packing. Here in the trays it comes in contact with either downward-flowing lean amine or water wash to reduce the acid gas content in the flashed gas.
Amine Regeneration Process
The rich amine from the Amine Flash Drum is heated in the Lean/Rich Amine Exchanger, typically a plate and frame type exchanger. Rich amine is preheated and lean amine is cooled to about 95 to 100 degrees Celsius before entering the Regenerator. The Amine Flash Drum level is removed on level-control. The level control valve is located downstream of the Lean/Rich Exchanger to minimize two-phase flow through the exchanger.
The preheated rich amine enters the Regenerator through a liquid deflector and flows down to the chimney tray and into the Reboiler. The kettle-type reboiler heats the rich amine solution and produces sufficient steam required to strip the acid gases. Separated acid gases from the Reboiler flow to the Regenerator. Lean amine from the Reboiler overflows the weir and passes through the Lean/Rich Amine Exchanger to heat the incoming rich amine and, in the process, cool the lean amine.
Steam from the Reboiler flows up through the trays and provides the heat required to regenerate the amine. The gas flowing up the column becomes more enriched with acid as it rises in the Regenerator. Just above the rich amine feed is a water wash section to minimize amine losses. This section of trays uses reflux water to extract amine from the steam and send it back down the column. The relatively wet acid gas then exits the top of the Regenerator and enters the Regenerator Condenser where the wet gas stream is cooled using a suitable heat exchanger, such as plate and frame exchanger.
The 2-phase stream then enters the Regenerator Reflux Drum where the water and sour gas are separated. The sour gas is then pressure-controlled to disposal by flare, injection or sulfur recovery unit (SRU). The water is pumped back to the top feed point of the Regenerator as reflux by the Regenerator Reflux pumps.
Lean Amine from the Reboiler overflows the weir and passes through the Lean/Rich Amine Exchanger where it is cooled by preheating the incoming rich amine. The partially-cooled lean amine is then further cooled to a temperature 5 to 10 degrees celsius higher than the acid gas coming into the amine contactor/absorber. A higher lean amine temperature can result in excessive amine losses. A lower lean amine temperature can result in hydrocarbon condensation in the absorber, resulting in operational problems. Depending on the operating pressure of the absorber a lean amine booster pump may be required. The amine then enters the Absorber through GTU Lean Amine Main Pumps. Flow to the Absorber is controlled by a flow control valve.
A slip stream of lean amine (10-20%) from the Lean Amine Cooler goes through a series of filters. The first is a Lean Amine Filter which protects the downstream carbon bed from fouling. The slip stream then goes through a Lean Amine Carbon Bed that removes impurities which may promote foaming in the towers. The last filter, a Lean Amine After Filter, removes any remaining carbon fines. The slipstream then is returned to the GTU Lean Amine Booster pumps suction.
Anti-foam chemical is injected at the lean amine circulation pump suction to prevent foaming. The Anti-foam Injection System is comprised of both an anti-foam chemical storage tank and anti-foam chemical injection pumps.
Gas Dehydration & TEG Regeneration
Dehydration is the process by which water vapor is removed from natural gas. Natural gas is required to be dehydrated to meet sales gas specifications, to reduce the dew point temperature, to reduce corrosion in gas transmission pipelines, and to prevent excess accumulation of liquid slugs in pipelines. For an exhaustive study on the formation of hydrates, we recommend Natural Gas Hydrates: A Guide for Engineers, by John J. Carroll, available here.
There are several commercial methods for dehydrating natural gas. The most common are glycol dehydration, using a liquid desiccant, and molecular sieve dehydration, using a solid adsorbent. The most commonly used glycols for dehydration applications are:
- Monoethylene glycol (MEG also known as ethylene glycol)
- Diethylene glycol (DEG),
- Triethylene glycol (TEG),
- Tetraethylene glycol (TREG)
Glycol Dehydration and Glycol Regeneration
TEG dehydration is widely used for drying the gas because vapor losses are low, cost is nominal, boiling point is higher than water, and TEG has an affinity toward water.
Higher inlet gas temperatures require higher glycol circulation rates because hotter natural gas has a higher soluble water content in the TEG process. Gas temperatures should be higher than 20 degrees C as lower temperatures are likely to cause the formation of hydrates and unnecessarily increase viscosity of the glycol. If inlet temperatures are too high, then an inlet cooler is recommended.
Higher operating pressure is not a major concern for gas dehydration with glycol, but glycol losses do increase along with an increase in pressure. Low operating pressure increases the volumetric flow which requires a larger contactor. Low pressure increases the water content in the gas which requires a larger regeneration system with more stages.
Water-saturated gas, from either separators or compressors, flows to the glycol contactor. Glycol contactors are designed with either an internal scrubber or an external scrubber. It is important to have an inlet scrubber or filter separator when an integral scrubber-contactor is not used. The inlet scrubber will remove any free water and hydrocarbons. The presence of hydrocarbons can result in foaming, while the presence of water can increase the reboiler duty and cause salt precipitation or fouling.
The wet gas enters the contactor through a multi-vane inlet device, then flows upward through a section of structured packing in a counter-current direction where it is is contacted by lean TEG that is flowing downward. Prior to the structured packing, lean TEG enters the contactor at the top of the column and cascades in a downward direction after passing through a liquid distributor, tower packing and chimney tray. Rich TEG is routed to a TEG Regeneration System via a level control valve.
[tweet_box design=”box_09″]TEG dehydration is widely used for drying the gas because vapor losses are low, cost is nominal, boiling point is higher than water, and TEG has an affinity toward water.[/tweet_box]
[tweet_box design=”box_09″]In a vertically-oriented flash vessel, a bucket enables skimming and removal of hydrocarbons. If the vessel is horizontal, the Glycol Flash Drum design uses a bucket and weir.[/tweet_box]
The Glycol Reflux Coil operates at low pressure, ranging from 4.5 to 5.5 barg, and is designed for the same pressure as the glycol contactor. The lower pressure prevents gas blow-by through the level control valve to the glycol flash drum. The vapors leaving through the overhead line of the still column are typically sent to a low-pressure flare.
Rich Glycol from the Glycol Reflux Coil enters the tube side of the Cold Lean/Rich Heat Exchanger where it is warmed to approximately 80 to 90 degrees C by a counter-current flow of lean Glycol prior to entering the Glycol Flash Drum. The Glycol Flash Drum is designed as either a vertical or horizontal type. In a vertically-oriented flash vessel, a bucket enables skimming and removal of hydrocarbons. If the vessel is horizontal, the Glycol Flash Drum design uses a bucket and weir.
The Glycol Flash Drum is used to remove dissolved gas and liquid hydrocarbons because any residual amounts can cause foaming. Liberated gases exit the vessel from the gas outlet nozzle to an LP flare header under pressure control. A Fuel Gas Blanket in the Glycol Flash Drum maintains the pressure on the vessel. Liquid hydrocarbons that accumulate in the vessel are skimmed into the bucket and subsequently drained. Skimming operations can be done either manually or automatically by using a level control valve.
Rich Glycol from the Glycol Flash Drum flows to one of the two Glycol Sock Filters, each sized for 100% flow. The Cartridge Filter is sized to collect solids from 5 to 10-micron in size and larger. The rich Glycol then flows to the Activated Carbon Filter to adsorb dissolved hydrocarbons, thereby mitigating the effects of foaming.
The filtered rich Glycol is preheated to approximately 150 to 165 degrees C in the Hot Lean/Rich Heat Exchanger by way of heat transfer with the outgoing lean glycol. The hot rich Glycol from the Heat Exchanger flows across the Flash Tank Level Control Valve into the TEG Still Column. The Flash Tank Level Control Valve is located downstream of the Hot Lean/Rich Glycol Heat Exchanger in order to maintain back pressure on the exchanger and minimize vapor generation within the tubes.
The TEG Still Column operates at atmospheric pressure, or at low pressure back pressure, and is filled with Random Packing. The rich Glycol enters the TEG Still Column through an internal pipe distributor. The Glycol flows downward across the packing and is partly regenerated in the column through contact with rising vapors from by the TEG Reboiler. The Glycol vapor is partially condensed by the TEG Reflux Condenser as it rises through the TEG Still Column.
[tweet_box design=”box_09″]Chemicals for either pH-adjustment or prevention of foam generation are used intermittently based on requirements at site. These chemicals prevent foaming in the columns and maintain the quality of the glycol.[/tweet_box]
Because TEG is highly hygroscopic, the intimate contact between wet gas and lean TEG on the surface of structured packing allows absorption of water vapor from the gas stream. A detailed discussion of the absorption process can be found here in the book Gas Treating: Absorption Theory and Practice, by Dag Eimer, copyright 2014.
A large amount of water is removed at the bottom of the packing where the gas holds most of the water. As the gas flows upward, it is stripped of water and becomes dry. The remaining water vapor in the gas is removed toward the top of the contactor where the TEG is at its highest concentration.
It is important that the TEG entering the top of the contactor be cooled to 5-8 degrees C above the inlet gas temperature in the lean TEG cooler. This is necessary because equilibrium between the TEG and the water vapor in the gas is affected by temperature. After contacting the gas, the water-rich TEG is regenerated by heating it at near atmospheric pressure to a temperature high enough to remove virtually all the absorbed water. The regenerated TEG is then cooled and re-circulated back to the contactor. The dry gas exits the contactor via a high efficiency mist eliminator and sent for further processing.
Lean glycol enters the top of the glycol contactor. The glycol is distributed evenly across the packing with a liquid distributor. It is important that the distributor be designed and fabricated to an acceptable tolerance to avoid channeling. As the glycol flows down the surface of the structured packing, it absorbs water from the natural gas and becomes rich in water. Rich glycol is discharged under level control from the contactor and flows to the Glycol Reflux Coil of the TEG Reflux Condenser in the Glycol Regeneration Package.
The TEG Reflux Condenser at the top of the Glycol Still Column maintains the temperature of the steam leaving the overhead line at about 100 degrees C. This limits glycol vaporization losses. Rich glycol flowing through the Glycol Reflux Coil is warmed by the hot water and the glycol vapors from the reboiler. The overhead temperature is controlled by regulating the amount of rich glycol flow through the reflux coil with a manual bypass valve or a temperature control valve.
The partially-regenerated Glycol leaving the bottom of the TEG Still Column now enters the front end of the TEG Reboiler for regeneration. The Reboiler can contain an electric heater, or, if it is a kettle-type reboiler, heat is provided by steam. Gravity causes the regenerated glycol to flow across the length of the Reboiler and enter the adjacent Stripping Column. The TEG Reboiler and Stripping Column operate at atmospheric pressure at 204 degrees C.
The Stripping Column enhances the lean TEG concentration in order to meet the gas dew point. Stripping Gas is superheated by passing the gas through a stripping coil in the reboiler before being sent to the Stripping Column where it flows upward to come in contact with the lean TEG. The column is designed with random packing which provides adequate surface area for stripping the residual water content from the lean glycol. The steam, or heating medium, in a kettle-type reboiler is regulated to automatically control the TEG Reboiler temperature. If an electric heating bundle is used, the TEG Reboiler temperature is controlled by a Thyristor Control Panel.
In the glycol regeneration process, gravity causes 204 degree C glycol to flow from the bottom of the Stripping column into the shell side of both the hot and cold Lean/Rich Glycol Heat Exchangers. Here the glycol is cooled to less than 93 degrees C to prevent seal damage to the pumps.
Lean Glycol from the shell side of the cold lean/rich side of the exchanger flows into the TEG Surge Drum. The TEG Surge Drum is sized for a maximum of 20 minutes residence time at maximum pump capacity. It can also be sized to allow 14 to 21 days of glycol losses or to allow sufficient capacity to drain the reboiler to the surge drum when an electric heater bundle is used.
The Glycol Circulation Pumps are positive displacement-type pumps and can be either rotary gear-type or plunger-type reciprocating pumps. These pumps are an important part of the Glycol Regeneration Unit. The pumps transfer the lean TEG from the surge drum to the TEG contactor via a lean TEG cooler. The lean TEG cooler is designed to cool down the incoming lean TEG to a temperature within 5 to 8 degrees C of the inlet wet gas to the contactor. The Lean TEG cooler is designed as either a Gas/Gas Exchanger, which uses dehydrated gas from the glycol contactor to cool the incoming lean TEG, or a normal shell and tube exchanger, which uses a cooling medium.
Chemicals for either pH-adjustment or prevention of foam generation are used intermittently based on requirements at site. These chemicals prevent foaming in the columns and maintain the quality of the glycol.
The MEG regeneration process is similar process but is not detailed herein. We would be glad to provide more detail about this process. Simply click the button below to talk to a VME Product Manager or Engineer.
To achieve the required mercury content of LNG pipeline feed gas, mercury removal is necessary as mercury will attack aluminum in the heat exchangers at low temperatures. Mercury removal beds are normally located downstream of the dehydration systems as it removes any free liquid and water. This also increases the efficiency of mercury removal. The beds can be installed at different locations in the plant depending on the process and metallurgy.
Chemical adsorption technology is utilized to remove mercury from natural gas. Before entering a mercury adsorption tower, feed gas goes through an inlet coalescence separator to first remove free water and other impurities such as dust. Gas enters the mercury removal tower which utilizes a sulphur-impregnated, carbon-based trapping material. The sulphur reacts with the mercury to form mercury sulphide which then adheres to the bed. The outlet gas from the mercury removal unit is then sent to the downstream process.
Molecular Sieve Dehydration & CO2 Gas Removal via Membrane
Molecular sieve dehydration is used when natural gas is to be used for NGL recovery plants, LNG plants, or when very low water dew point is required. Dehydration of natural gas using molecular sieve can achieve outlet water content of less than 0.1 parts per million (ppm).
Molecular Sieve dehydration uses solid-bed desiccant adsorption for the removal of water vapor. There are several commercially available solid-bed desiccant suppliers that can be used for such purpose. The mole sieve design usually consists of 2 or more units based on client preference and process requirements. The most simplest and most common design is the 2-unit design where one is under adsorption while the other is handles regeneration and cooling.
[tweet_box design=”box_09″]Molecular sieve dehydration is used when natural gas is to be used for NGL recovery plants, LNG plants, or when very low water dew point is required.[/tweet_box]
The regeneration process can use either the wet gas or dry gas. Using dry gas for regeneration is preferred and is common when high operating pressures are required. However, this requires a compressor to re-inject the gas back into the process. When higher pressure drops are acceptable to the process, a slip stream of wet gas can be used for regeneration. Using wet gas for the process does not require a compressor. Wet gas is passed through the inlet separation to remove any hydrocarbons and solid particles prior to entering the solid bed desiccant tower. The gas then flows downward through the tower, entering at the top and exiting at the bottom of the tower. As the gas flow downward through the bed, the water gets adsorbed onto the solid bed surface. Over a period of time, the solid bed surface will become saturated with water and needs to be regenerated.
The gas exiting the tower at the bottom is dry and is sent to a particulate filter before it is sent downstream for further processing. While one tower is adsorbing the other tower is regenerating and cooling. At any point in time one tower is always adsorbing, ensuring a continuous flow of gas. Switching between regeneration and adsorbing is done with the use of switching valves. The switching sequence is generally based on a fixed-time cycle. Depending on the type of desiccant selected, switching logic can also be based on the dew point requirement.
A slip stream of the dehydrated gas is used for regeneration and is heated up to 285 – 315 degrees C before being used as regeneration gas. Regeneration gas flows upward through the tower to ensure any contaminants that may be collected at the top of the bed are removed. Any residual water is left at the top of the desiccant bed so as to not affect the dew point of the gas during the adsorption process. For the cooling period, the regeneration gas flow through the tower can be downward or upward depending on the use of wet or dry gas. When using dry gas, the flow will be upward, and when using wet gas, the flow will be downward to ensure that any water is adsorbed and collected at the top of the tower.
Acid Gas Removal using Membrane Unit
Membrane units can be used to remove CO2 from natural gas. Membranes can be used only when high feed gas pressure is available. Due to high pressure drop across the membranes, the permeate exits the membrane at low pressure. Also, membranes are generally not suitable for high H2S partial pressure or bulk H2S removal. Acid gas removal using Membranes have several advantages over conventional amine systems. Advantages include lower capital cost, much smaller foot print (and significant weight reduction), no moving parts, and no solvent requirement.
[tweet_box design=”box_09″]Advantages of acid gas removal using membranes include lower capital cost, much smaller foot print (and significant weight reduction), no moving parts, and no solvent requirement.[/tweet_box]
Process gas from the Membrane pre-heater enters the Membrane skids for acid gas removal. Membranes are thin polymer-based, hollow fibers that allow for preferential passage for certain gas components (CO2, H2S etc.) over the rest (Methane, Ethane, C6+, etc.). Membranes work on the difference between the component gas permeability and the gas partial pressure through the hollow fiber. Each membrane unit normally consists of a few hollow membrane tubes.
High CO2 permeate gas is sent to the permeate flare system. A gas composition analyzer is provided at the permeate gas outlet to permeate flare header.
Crude Oil Stabilization
Crude Oil Stabilizers are used to sweeten natural gas by removing H2S and stripping out the light hydrocarbons. This reduces the vapor pressure of the gas to stabilize the crude for storage and shipment. As the crude flows downwards in the column through trays / packing, it is heated by the incoming hot lighter hydrocarbon gas and strips the lighter ends in the process. When the crude reaches the reboiler, it is hot, with the lighter ends stripped and the crude stabilized. The reboiler is generally a kettle type and uses either saturated steam or other heating medium available. The flashed gas can be used for a variety of downstream processes (such as power generators) or can be sent to an incinerator. The stabilized crude is sent to storage.
Condensate liquid at saturated condition is pumped under flow control through a feed/bottom exchanger where it is heated by the incoming hot stabilized crude. Once heated, it then flows to the condensate stabilizer column via the VME Multi Vane Inlet distributor, equipped with trays. The main feed generally enters the column top between trays 3 and 4. Alternate feed locations are provided with one above (between tray 2 and 3) and one below (between tray 4 and 5) the main feed. Water draw-off is located on trays 2, 3 and 5. As the unstablized condensate flows down the trays it comes in contact with the hot hydrocarbon vapors while stripping the light components from the condensate. The column sump is partitioned into two parts. A 20mm weep hole is provided on the bottom of the weir to enable start-up of the reboiler pump during commissioning and plant start-up. The partially stabilized crude from the trays is collected in the unstabilized section of the column sump.
[tweet_box design=”box_09″]It is essential to maintain the temperature of the stabilizer. The lower the temperature, the higher the vapor pressure of condensate at 38 degrees C, resulting in off-spec condensate.[/tweet_box]
Liquid from the unstabilized section of the sump is pumped via the reboiler recirculation pumps to the stabilizer reboiler which is a shell and tube heat exchanger. The reboiler recirculation pumps are centrifugal type which is under direct flow control cascaded with the level of the unstabilized section of the column sump. This allows for a constant flow through the stabilizer reboiler. The reboiler uses hot oil as the heating medium which flows through the tube side of the exchanger. The unstabilized condensate is partially vaporized and exits the reboiler as two-phase fluid. The vaporized hot condensate flows back to the condensate stabilizer and enters the stabilized side of the column sump below the bottom tray. The temperature of the condensate exiting the reboiler and entering the stabilizer column is controlled by the hot oil flow to the stabilizer reboiler exchanger. The hot oil flow is under direct flow control cascaded with the temperature controller located on the outlet of the stabilizer reboiler. It is essential to maintain the temperature of the stabilizer, which has a direct impact on the stabilization requirements. The lower the temperature, the higher the vapor pressure of condensate at 38 degrees C resulting in off-spec condensate.
The hot vaporized stabilized crude enters the stabilized section of the condensate stabilizer sump below the bottom tray. Liquid and vapor disengage as they enter the column. Vapor rises up the column as boil-up for distillation and the stabilized liquid is collected in the bottom sump of the column. The stabilized condensate is then drawn out from the column under level control.
Hot vapors exit from the top of the condensate stabilizer and are cooled by the overhead condenser. The overhead condenser is designed to be an air cooler, but may also be water cooled. The cooled and condensed hydrocarbon vapors flow to the overhead reflux separator. The overhead reflux separator is a three-phase separator with boot designed to separate water and gas from the condensate. Separated water is collected in the boot of the separator and discharged to the closed drain header by an on-off level control valve. The condensate is pumped back to the top tray of the condensate stabilizer column as reflux. The reflux pumps are centrifugal type and on direct flow-control cascaded with the condensate level of the reflux separator. This maintains a constant reflux flow to the stabilizer column. The pressure controllers located on the gas outlet line of the overhead reflux separator control and maintain the operating pressure of the stabilizer column. The hydrocarbon gas from the reflux separator is sent to the vapor recovery suction scrubber via pressure control and any excess gas is vented to the HP flare by the pressure control valve.
The hot stabilized condensate from the column sump passes through the Feed/Bottom exchanger providing heat to the incoming unstabilized feed stream and is further cooled by the bottoms cooler before being pumped. The Feed/Bottom exchanger is designed as a shell and tube type heat exchanger. The unstabilized crude from the separator is pumped through the tube side of the Feed/Bottom exchanger and is heated by the hot stabilized crude flowing on the shell side. The temperature of the unstabilized fluid exiting the tube side of the exchanger and feeding the condensate stabilizer column is controlled by a direct acting temperature controller. This controller is located on the inlet to the column. It controls the stabilized condensate flow through the exchanger and by passes the rest. The partially-cooled stabilized condensate flows to the bottoms cooler. It is designed as an air cooler and cools the stabilized condensate to about 45 degrees C before being sent to the condensate transfer pumps.

domain: chemistry


text:
Lafayette C. Baker, History of the United States Secret Service, 1st ed.
Memoirs of Stanton’s Right Hand Thug
This was a popular memoir of the commander of the National Police, and also Edwin Stanton’s right-hand-thug.
Sometimes Baker’s actions as a secret service agent were helpful, but many times were despotic. Baker was a ubiquitous presence in Washington during the war. The book contains material on counter-espionage activities as well as much on the pursuit and killing of Booth.
Lightly sunned spine; lightly rubbed and bumped; light foxing and dampstaining, especially on end pages; else very good. Gilt titling on spine intact!
Baker, La Fayette C. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES SECRET SERVICE. Philadelphia: 1867. 1st edition, 704p.; frontispiece.

domain: library


text:
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text:
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RAHWAY, NJ — COVID-19 has pushed many meetings to online platforms to ensure social distancing. For the most part, these forums have run smoothly. A troubling incident did occur, however, during a Rahway Board of Education forum on Zoom on Thursday, Oct. 8, where the only black candidate running for a seat on the board was attacked with racial slurs by an online hacker.
The candidates running for three-year terms on the Rahway Board of Education are Sean White Sr., Bernard Robson, Jennifer Moteiro, Shanna Raysick, Edwin Quinn, Thomas O’Reilly, Carlos Garay, Dorian Timmons, Joanna Macaluso and Deborah Bridges.
White, a youth basketball coach, the candidate who was attacked, described the ordeal.
“The forum was a Zoom call that had an open panel discussion from the public, and, upon taking questions from the attendees, there was a hateful message in the chat,” he continued. “Then an attendee also shared multiple hate messages, as well as, at one point, there was a … man eating chips and disturbing the meeting. At this point, a member of my team was attempting to remove the disruptive attendees who created this confusion during my speech.”
Quanae Palmer Chambliss, president of the NAACP’s Rahway chapter, also described what transpired.
“During the candidate forum held by the Education No. 1 Team, pictures of dismembered bodies, images of the N-word, confederate flags and ‘kill N-words’ flooded the chat,” Palmer Chambliss said on Friday, Oct. 16, of the incident. “Inaudible voices were heard as well. From what I understand, the organizers filed a complaint with the county, but the city has also launched an investigation.”
The forum was held on Robson’s Zoom account, meaning it was Robson’s account that was hacked.
“The account was under Bernie’s account, as he led the call,” White explained. “But the attack was directed with white supremacist images and racial slurs toward the only black/African American on the panel. This attack took place at the time when I was speaking and responding to a question directed towards me.”
Robson also described what happened.
“While discussing social justice issues and how it affects education with the president of the NAACP, Quanae Palmer, our Zoom call appeared to be hacked with explicit sexual images and hate speech,” Robson said on Friday, Oct. 16. “The incident was traumatic, and the words ‘kill N-word kill’ were used. The incident was reported by our team to the Union County Prosecutor’s Office, and the mayor reported it to the Rahway Police Department five days after it occurred.
“I was shocked and heartbroken for our community. Especially for our black and brown people and their allies. There is no room for this vile behavior in a town as diverse as Rahway.”
Even though White kept calm during the forum, he described how traumatic this has been.
“This visibly shook some of the members on the call. It essentially delayed our limited call, as we had a window of time to cover all questions and topics we were trying to address with and to the public,” White said. “Since it was during my response, I ignored it until it was over and responded that, ‘Rahway has no place for bigotry and especially in the school system,’ in which both of my children currently attend and were viewing from their grandmother’s home at the time. I was quite disgusted, to be honest, that in 2020 in the town that I love, there are people who are against me trying to put education first in our schools and ensure all of our children have a fair opportunity to succeed in this town.
“I was more upset that my children, family, friends and players from my basketball teams were in attendance and saw their loved one be threatened to ‘die’ while just fighting for equal education in our schools,” he continued. “The actions following by my town’s leadership and council have not even acknowledged me since the incident or spoken my name in their formal letters addressing the incident.
“As a team, we looked into the process and reached out to county-level investigators, but we had to contact the Rahway Police Department as well as Zoom/Facebook to have all levels involved,” White said. “Currently, Rahway Police Department has been contacted but have reached out to other members of my team, and I have not yet been contacted and, yes, they have my information.
“I plan on cooperating with all levels of investigation. I don’t want this to happen to anyone else in the future and, also, for the guilty to be punished, as bigotry should never be felt in this city again. The mayor of Rahway put out a letter and not once mentioned the exact slur or mentioned my name.
“I have not heard from any police officers or detectives pertaining to this incident. This leaves a poor taste behind, as a taxpayer. I feel as if there is no justice being served. For a person who is a community person, who is also volunteering his time to help the school system and not just for my children but the entire city, this has my family not feeling safe in this city and it’s not feeling like much of a home anymore.”
In his response, Rahway’s mayor praised the city’s diversity and condemned the actions during the forum.
“To varying degrees, I know all of the candidates in this year’s board race,” Rahway Mayor Raymond Giacobbe wrote in a letter he posted on his Facebook page. “I understand that they may differ in their philosophies and visions for the board and our schools, but I know that each of them is running because they have a passion for the education of our youth. I frequently speak of Rahway’s diversity as one of our great strengths. Having spent my entire life here, I am proud of the ways in which residents of all backgrounds work together to make our city a proud, progressive place. Last night’s horrible actions do not reflect — and, in fact, run absolutely counter to — who we are as a community.”
White views what happened as more than just “horrible actions.”
“It was definitely a hate crime against me and also felt by my family, children and friends, who all contacted me immediately, to make sure we were safe and if there was anything needed,” White said.
“The incident is an extension of deep-seated racial tensions coming to the surface,” Palmer Chambliss said. “The NAACP has believed that ‘black lives matter’ since 1909. We are the oldest civil rights organization in the world. We believe in building coalitions with organizations that share our values.”
“Black lives matter. Bringing awareness to police brutality is necessary,” Robson said. “As a society, we have to make sure that police do their job, which does not include being judge, jury and executioner. I believe in the right to peacefully protest and, further, believe that race should not determine what resources one should have available and/or how someone should be treated.”
White demands for his voice to be heard.
“I am quite disturbed by this, and I want all parties responsible for this to be penalized, and, if they hold positions of influence or power, they should resign immediately,” White said. “This is quite telling of how a barrier will keep this city from reaching its full potential.
“It goes back to the climate in our country currently. There has been a divide in this small city from before my grandfather’s generation, all the way through now,” he continued. “This city prides itself on diversity, but the hiring practices and positions of power are not equally distributed or reflected upon the actual makeup of the city. Upon running for the Board of Education, there has not been a good reflection on the children who are attending our schools. Many of our schools have been subpar in the curriculum and identifying with progressive times.”
White has a message for the people responsible for this.
“I want them to know that this has only fueled my fire, as it showed me who my friends and loved ones really are,” White said. “In times that are troubling, I know who spoke up and who did not. But I want many who did not to understand that I would have gone to bat for many of them. All this happening over me running for the Board of Education, attempting to create a better environment for our students, youth and teachers?
“This situation is taking it to the next level and that only made me open my eyes and pay attention to all the people who would have the most to lose with my win. I love Rahway and I want to see the best future for our city, and this will not take me standing on the sideline. ‘Old ways will not open new doors.’”


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All of us are aware that the scorching heatwaves are becoming unbearable with each passing day and our dear Sun is a little ruthless these days. The summer season is at its peak and the mercury levels are at an all-time high rate in these summer months.
But there’s nothing to worry about if one lives in a country like India where we are blessed with mountains, beaches, forests, and other lovely travel destinations, which not only help in replenishing the soul but are also a great escape from the exhausting humid and dry weather.
If you are confused about where to spend your summer break with your family, friends, relatives, or for that matter even your solo trips, then here’s the list of top 10 places which you should definitely add to your bucket list and take time out of your hectic schedule to go and explore these beauties.
Shimla – Queen of Hills
Shimla is one of the most stunning and popular hill stations of India, located on the north side, and is the capital city of Himachal Pradesh. This place is known for its exotic hill resorts and the heart-touching walking experiences along the hillsides which are surrounded by oak and pine forests. This place contains the royal British magnificence and has artistic monuments and sculptures all around which are nothing less than a treat to the eyes.
Things To Do
In order to make your trip memorable and more fun, here’s a list of things that one needs to definitely try out in Shimla
Scandal Point – for all the sunset lovers, this place is the icing on the cake.
Explore Lakkar Bazar – for all the shopping freaks out there, you will find some really cute souvenirs from this place.
Pine and Oak forests – for all the nature-loving folks out there, this place serves as a food to your soul.
Jakhu Hill – This place is a short and picturesque trek from Shimla and Hanuman temple located here is a must-visit.
Adventures such as ice skating, rafting, paragliding, trekking, and skiing need to be tried out in the Shimla hills.
How to Reach
If planning to go via road through self-drive, then the road trip is quite fun and Shimla is around 360 km from Delhi.
Talking about air travel, the nearest airport is Chandigarh which is approx. 115 km from the Shimla.
The nearest railway station is at Kalka which is 96 km from Shimla.
Rs 8000-10000/person ( depending upon the tourism tour and package selected )
Ideal duration to visit and explore Shimla is 3-4 days and the best time to visit this pretty destination is in the months of May and June. The weather at this time is pleasant and one can go along with the base layer thermals and waterproof jackets and pants for the adventure sports. Wander in the toy trains and get your soul lost in the hills of Shimla.
Base layer thermals for men can be checked here
Base layer thermals for women can be checked here
Darjeeling – The Tea Garden Paradise
Located in the arms of the eastern Himalayas amidst the northern region of West Bengal, Darjeeling is situated at an altitude of 2100 meters. Famous for its tea plantations and aromatic vibe all around, this place is loaded with scenic views from Kanchenjunga and the mesmerizing sunset view from the peak of tiger hills will captivate your soul with surreal vibes.
Things To Do
Here’s the list of things to make your Darjeeling trip joyful and cherishable
Toy train – unleash the child in you and go for a joyful ride
Kalimpong – visit the famous monasteries to get the touch of the rich legacy of the place
Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park – this the highest altitude zoo of the country and experiencing the majestic wildlife from this point will certainly renew your soul
Tea Estate – spend some time roaming around the happy valley tea estate to refresh your soul with the aromatic ride
Batasia Loop – this is one of the famous and memorable war memorials which is established in the memory and honor of the brave martyrs and is a great sightseeing spot
How to Reach –
If planning to go via road, then the nearest city is Kolkata which is at a distance of 165 km from Darjeeling
Darjeeling has its own railway station known as Darjeeling railway station and Jalpaiguri is the other nearest railway station from the place
Siliguri and Bagdogra are the nearby airports from the place
Rs 9000- 13500/ person ( based on travel tour package and time )
Ideal time to visit this place is in the months of April and may, and the whole place can be explored in the timeframe of 4-5 days. Temperature ranges between 11 degrees to 18 degrees and one can comfortably roam around with a minimal number of winter layerings
Sweaters and pullovers for men can be checked here
Sweaters and pullovers for women can be checked here
Munnar – Kashmir of south India
Located in the god’s own country Kerala, Munnar is located at around 1600 meters from the sea level in the western ghats region. This place is a very delightful escape from the summer heat, and one is bound to be hypnotized by its strikingly blissful landscapes, scenic views, lovely weather, unique flora and fauna, and the aromatic effect of spices and tea valleys
Things To Do
Here’s a list of things to be considered while planning your vacation to Munnar
Adventure sports – indulge your soul and body in activities such as mountaineering, cycling, horse riding, and much more.
Tata tea museum – explore the emerging tea plantations with their lush green beauty and magnificent aromatic site.
Anamudi Peak – plan a trek to this place and stay in a treehouse for one night.
Plan a visit to famous spots such as Kundala Lake, elephant lake, chithirapuram, devikulam, and echo point.
How to Reach
The nearest airport from Munnar is at Kochi at a distance of 110 km.
Ernakulum railway junction and Aluva are the nearest railway stations.
A road trip from Kochi to Munnar can also be planned as the place is around 131 km from it.
Rs 10000- 15000/ person ( depending upon the selected tour package and days of stay)
Ideal duration for exploring Munnar is 2-3 days and the place can be visited during all summer months in order the beat the heat. The temperature remains pleasant and one can pull off their stylish attires and accessories amidst the hilly region
Accessories for men can be checked here
Accessories for women can be checked here
Ladakh – Land of High Passes
Located in Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh is definitely one of the best places to visit during summers. The temperature here remains at an all-time low which will certainly make you forget about the summers. This place is a dream destination for all the bike riders and with its crystal clear beige lakes, high altitude mountain terrains, rugged landscapes, and beautiful monasteries one can’t help it and is bound to fall in love with the enriching ranges of Ladakh
Things To Do
To make the most out of your Ladakh vacation, do try out these things
Lamayuru – the perfect place for camping and getting lost in the stargazing experience.
Nubra Valley – take a terrific glance of the beauty by taking the ride of the double-humped camel in the sand dunes of this valley.
Namgyal Tsemo Monastery – to get a touch of the cultural insights of the place and gain knowledge about Buddhism while interacting with the monks amidst the serene mountains.
Visit and explore other places such as magnetic hill, chadar trek, Zanskar valley tour, and a tour of Hemis festival with your Enfield and amazing local foods by the side.
How to Reach
The airport of Leh is well connected to cities such as Delhi and other famous routes.
The Jammu Tawi railway station which is around 700 km from Leh is the nearest railway junction.
A road trip from Manali or Srinagar is the best and most rejuvenating way to reach Ladakh.
Rs 12000-16500/ person ( depending upon the travel package and duration of the trip)
One needs to plan a week time i.e. 6-7 days to explore this beauty completely. The temperature remains very low around 3 degrees to 4 degrees and reaches even at minus level, so one needs to properly carry their winter wears in order to avoid health problems at higher attitude. A complete solution for your winter wear shopping can be checked out at Kosha
Jackets and coats for men can be checked here
Jackets and coats for women can be checked here
Mussoorie – the queen of mountains
This place is one of the most popular tourist spots in the country and one just can’t say no to this place while booking tickets for the summer vacations. Mussoorie is located at an altitude of 7000 m above sea level and is situated on the borders of the Dehradun district in the north Indian state of Uttarakhand. For all mountain lovers, this place is the perfect fit for your souls. The natural beauty of this place will leave you awestruck and the spell-bounding waterfalls, caves, serene picturesque landscape, and the local city vibe will make you cherish and remember your Mussoorie trip throughout your lifetime.
Things To Do
Here’s a list of things that you must do while travelling to Mussoorie in order to gain maximum pleasure from your journey
Mall road – mall road is the place where all the travel junkies at all hill stations reach to explore the city culture and get a holistic view of the place. Mussoorie’s mall road is exceptionally vibrant and provides a carnival experience to its visitors
Zip Lining – zip swing adventures is one of the most popular adventure sports to be carried out in Mussoorie. This thrilling and breath taking adventure will give you chills and at the same time will make you experience the soulful beauty of the nature
Hiking and trekking in Mussoorie – Mussoorie is famous for its phenomenal treks such as the Dodikal trek, nag tibba summit, Bhadraj temple trek, and many more which will surely provide a rush of adrenaline to the adventure freaks. Apart from trekking, Mussoorie is also famous for some of the best hikes which are the Kempty waterfall hike, happy valley hike, nag tibba, and many more.
How to Reach
1.The nearest airport from Mussoorie is the jolly grant airport which is around 54 km from the place
2. The nearest railway station from Mussoorie is the Dehradun railway station which is around 36 km from the place
3. The road trip from Mussoorie to Delhi is about 290 km and can be considered a fun and easy-going option
Rs 8000-11500/person ( depending upon the travel tour package and stay duration)
Mussoorie is full of gigantic mountain belts, lush green valleys all over, and the rich flora & fauna of the place, and thus one needs ideally 3-4 days to explore the whole beauty of this place. The best time to roam around Mussoorie is in the months of April to May when the climate remains enjoyable and one can surely flaunt their stylish winter layers without having too many coatings. If you haven’t done your shopping yet and are confused as to what to wear, Kosha will guide you in selecting the best fits for your trip
After getting a brief overview of the famous travel destinations to be visited during summers, start planning your trip to these places and be ready to heat this beat with the soothing enriching vacation moments
What are the best places to visit in India during summer with friends?
– If you are a group of college and school friends or are finally planning to take some time out from your busy schedule to go on your long-awaited trip with your friends, then places such as Shimla, Manali, Leh-Ladakh, Rishikesh, Mussoorie, and Dehradun will be the best for your gang
What are the best destinations in India in summers to experience snow?
– If you crave snow during the unbearable summer waves, then you must watch out for places such as Rohtang pass in Himachal Pradesh, Khardungla Pass in Leh, Yumthang valley in Sikkim, Drass and Gulmarg in Kashmir
Which is the best place to get off the grid in India?
– If you are planning to forget the hullabaloo of the urban life and forget about the hectic hustle of the city, in other words, if you are keen on planning to get off the rid, then places such as Chikmagalur in western ghats, Hanle in Ladakh, Meghalaya, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, and Spiti valley of Himachal Pradesh will be ideal for your soul

domain: travel


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Final Fantasy XV To Be Localized In French, German, Latin American Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese
Square Enix has revealed that the next Final Fantasy pane has the distinction of offering voice in French, German, Latin American Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese, allowing for a more greater immersion for the anglophobes.
Under development in the premises of Square Enix, Final Fantasy XV proves rather awaited by fans of RPG born in the late 80. This new album in particular offer a vast world to explore, and a combat system redesigned compared to the previous games.
The publisher has recently learned that FFXV offers dubbing in French, German, Latin American Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese, which is rare in the franchise. If you are not a fan of the these voice, know that it will always be possible to opt for English or Japanese voice acting with subtitles in the same different languages.
“Thank you to all of our Final Fantasy fans in Latin America and Brazil for always supporting us. Last year I visited Mexico for the first time to promote Final Fantasy Type-0 HD.
“And through the Mexican media I could personally see the passion of the fans in Mexico and neighboring regions.
“From that moment I started thinking about how to compensate for the passionate fans in all of Latin America and Brazil. So this time, we took the opportunity to respond to his enthusiasm for Final Fantasy XV and decided to release a new version of the game with text localization in Spanish Latin American and Brazilian Portuguese.
“We think the story and one of the most important elements of the Final Fantasy games and would like players in Latin America and Brazil to be able to enjoy this story in their own language.
“Right now, we are working on the localization of these two languages along with our localization partners, and are taking care to ensure that this version of Final Fantasy XV is the best possible version of the game. So please look forward to the launch!”
In an update they have also said that Final will also feature both French and German voice and text.
Recall that Final Fantasy XV does not yet have a release date on PS4 and Xbox One, but Square Enix accounts to tell us more about this in the context of an event called Uncovered: Final Fantasy XV to be held at the Shrine Auditorium of Los Angeles this March 30 at 19h.

domain: game


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The sports agent has become a highly significant figure in contemporary sport business. The role of the agent is essential to our understanding of labour markets and labour relations in an increasingly globalised sports industry. Drawing on extensive empirical research into football around the world, this book explains what agents do, how their role has changed, and why this is important for future sport business.
Offering analysis from economic, legal, social and historical perspectives, the book explores key topics such as:
- the history of sports agents including the emergence of the modern agent in US sport
- typologies and demographic profiles of agents in football
- valuations and organisational analysis of leading European agents and agencies
- relations between agents and clubs
- future directions for research into sports agents.
Focusing on the major European leagues, this book goes further than any other in illuminating an important but under-researched aspect of contemporary sport business. It is a valuable resource for any student, researcher or policy-maker with an interest in sport business, sport management, sport policy, the economics of sport or labour economics.
1. Introduction: The Business of Football Agents
2. The History of Football Agents
3. Modern Football Agents
4. Market Consolidation and Player Concentration in the Big Five European Leagues
5. Actors and Regulating Framework in the Football Agent Industry
6. Third Party Ownership in Football
7. Conclusion: The need for change