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Objective: To determine if statewide marijuana laws impact upon the detection of drugs and alcohol in victims of motor vehicle collisions (MVC).
Methods: A retrospective analysis of data collected at trauma centers in Arizona, California, Ohio, Oregon, New Jersey, and Texas between 2006 and 2018 was performed. The percentage of patients testing positive for marijuana tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was compared to the percentage of patients driving under the influence of alcohol (blood alcohol level >0.08 g/dL) that were involved in an MVC.
Results: The data were analyzed to evaluate the trends in THC and alcohol use in victims of MVC, related to marijuana legalization. The change in incidence of THC detection (percentage) over the time period where data were available are as follows: Arizona 9.5% (0.4 to 9.9), California 5.4% (20.8 to 26.2), Ohio 5.9% (6.7 to 12.6), Oregon 3% (3.0 to 6.0), New Jersey 2.3% (2.7 to 5.0), and Texas 15.3% (3.0 to 18.3). Alcohol use did not change over time in most states. There did not appear to be a relationship between the legalization of marijuana and the likelihood of finding THC in patients admitted after MVC. In fact, in Texas, where marijuana remains illegal, there was the largest change in detection of THC.
Conclusions: There was no apparent increase in the incidence of driving under the influence of marijuana after legalization. In addition, the changes in marijuana legislation did not appear to impact alcohol use.
Keywords: alcohol intoxication; drugged driving; level of evidence: IV; marijuana; marijuana legalization; motor vehicle collisions; trauma injury.


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In spite of safety restrictions caused by Covid-19, the Department nevertheless celebrated (virtually) its graduating certificate students in radiation therapy and medical dosimetry, and its residents in radiation oncology and medical physics, on June 17 and 19, respectively.
Congratulations to radiation therapy graduates:
Bria Barnes, BS, RT(R)
Ashley Edgell, BSRT(R)
Makayla Howery, AS, RT(R)
Rachel Naylor, BSRT(R)
Medical dosimetry graduates:
Thomas Rainer, BHS, RT(R)(T)
Adrian Walters, RT(R)(CT)(T)
Radiation oncology 4-year residency graduates:
Brandon Mullins, MD, MS
Daniel Lindsay, MD
Medical physics 2-year residency graduates:
Jeff Fenoli, MS
Ryan Pappafotis, MS
? Best wishes from all of us at the UNC Department of Radiation Oncology! ?
We are very proud and sure you will have great and fulfilling careers ahead of you.

domain: medical


Viasat has announced the availability of ViaSat-2 satellite communications (SATCOM) service for government, defence and military applications. The service leverages the world’s most advanced communications satellite, ViaSat-2, along with innovations in ground networking technologies, that will deliver significant performance advantages over any other commercial or U.S. Department of Defence (DoD) SATCOM system.
In early March 2018, Viasat conducted a ViaSat-2 SATCOM system demonstration—attended by representatives from the U.S. armed forces—and showed a number of cloud-based government applications. The speeds on the ViaSat-2 satellite system demonstrated the industry’s fastest broadband connections, exceeding 100 Mbps during the demonstration day.
The ViaSat-2 SATCOM system has the ability to:
Transmit bandwidth-intensive, media-rich cloud applications: Fast data rates and more satellite capacity will enable 4K and HD video streaming to thousands of electronic devices simultaneously for greater operational capabilities at the tactical edge.
Conduct more simultaneous operations: Abundant capacity will enable warfighters to capture and send Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) sensor data; transmit live two-way video conferencing and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) calls; as well as conduct Command and Control (C2) and Situational Awareness (SA) communications as prioritized traffic to many more platforms in a region.
Continue operating through an electromagnetic, terrestrial or cyber-attack: Resiliency is provided through the ViaSat-2 system’s exceptional anti-interferer performance, Viasat’s unique Satellite Access Node (SAN) gateway diversity, seamless satellite switching and assured pattern re-routing to operate through gateway failures, and through Viasat’s Active Cyber Defense, which automatically detects, mitigates and attributes Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks against the network’s infrastructure. The resilient nature of the Viasat network will enable mission-critical communication packets to be protected and distributed safely, even in highly contested combat environments.
Provide assured communications: Viasat’s Best Available Network concept provides a global, redundant system for military to access Viasat’s global Ku-band networks, its more advanced Ka-band networks, as well as the Wideband Global SATCOM (WGS) system. The Best Available Network allows terminals to roam across multiple networks to maximize resilience and collaboration for ground fixed, transportable, mobile, maritime and airborne platforms.
“We are proudly demonstrating emerging U.S. government concept of operations requiring bandwidth-intensive, cloud-connected military applications with our latest high-throughput commercial satellite, ViaSat-2,” said Ken Peterman, president, Government Systems, Viasat. “The innovations in the new ViaSat-2 satellite and network show that we can dramatically improve operational capabilities for military missions. This satcom system is the first in our series of ultra-high-capacity global satellite networks, which will enable superior reach, readiness, and resiliency for global military forces.”
The ViaSat-2 satellite system validates the performance advantages and capabilities of Viasat’s commercial satcom system today with a glimpse into the Company’s ViaSat-3 satcom system capabilities. Viasat’s satcom network delivers more bandwidth and better resilience, redundancy and active cyber protection required to maximize operational performance in the contested environments military operations face during combat.


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02 Bunratty Castle and Folk Park, Potcheen Cocktail and She Moved Thro’ the Fair – AUDIO
Episode Guide – Podcast #2 Bunratty Castle & Folk Park, Potcheen Cocktail and She Moved Thro’ the Fair
We visit Bunratty Castle and Folk Park where we give our tips to avoid the crowds, suggest some interesting sites nearby, mix up a potcheen cocktail and hear Liam’s haunting version fo She Moved Thro’ the Fair. CLICK THE PLAY BUTTON below to listen.
Our Podcasts are available on iTunes
Making the most of your visit to Bunratty Castle and Folk Park:
- Village Shops and Pub
- Bunratty Manor
- Red Deer
Sites we recommend nearby:
- Quin Abbey
- Knappogue Castle & Walled Garden
- Bunratty Folk Park Pub After Hours
- Shannon Airport
The Knockahopple Irish Fireside Cookbook
Irish Fireside Song
- She Moved Thro’ the Fair
Bunratty Castle & FolkPark Overview
The village of Bunratty has become a favorite stopover for visitors arriving or departing Ireland from Shannon Airport. Its popularity is due in part to its proximity to the airport, only five miles, and its fully restored 14th century castle.
A Short History
Bunratty’s position on the O’Garney River attracted Viking traders in the 10th century, and as their camp grew, a defensive earthen fort was built in the 13th century. The existing castle replaced an earlier stone castle in the 15th century.
Built by the powerful MacNamara family, it later became the stronghold of the O’Briens. In the 17th century, Cromwellian troops took over the castle and the land was divided among English plantation families. One of these families, the Stoddard’s lived in the castle until 1804 when they built the more comfortable Bunratty Manor nearby.
The castle fell into ruin, but a huge restoration effort began in 1945. In 1960, the castle opened to the public as the most complete and authentically restored castle in Ireland.
On the grounds of the castle, the Bunratty Folk Park includes ten homes and buildings that have been moved from different parts of the country to showcase various aspects of Irish life. These meticulously re-created homes focus on turn-of-the century Ireland and also include a manor house, mill and village with shops and a pub.
Things to Know
The Castle and Folk Park can be overrun with tourists in the summer and school groups in the spring, but a patient visitor can work around these distractions to achieve a worthwhile experience.
Arriving early can help beat the crowds, especially the popular castle, village square and first few cottages, but the best advice is to expect to spend at least three hours at the park, and just take your time.
There are four towers in the castle that are all worth exploring, so be prepared to climb narrow, spiral staircases. Also note that the castle closes earlier than the Folk Park, so plan your visit accordingly.
Bunratty is well-known for its Medieval Banquets that are held in the castle. Musicians, singers, fair maidens and, of course, a court jester entertain packed audiences who find themselves forgoing silverware and drinking plenty of Mead (an Irish honey wine).
For a more traditional Irish experience, the Folk Park offers the Shannon Céilidh (aka the Irish Traditional Night). Held in the corn barn, the céilidh includes a lively evening of music, dance and storytelling. Although it lacks the allure of a medieval castle, the Traditional Night is less crowded and offers (in our opinion) better food and entertainment than the banquet.
Combined Castle & Folk Park admission is about 12 euro for adults. Tours are self-guided and it is open year-round usually between 9a-6p.
Nearby Sites We Recommend
Built on the site of a former castle in the 13th century, Quin Abbey is an off-the-beaten path treasure. The abbey was confiscated during the English Reformation in the 16th century, and later re-opened and operated a college with 800 students by the mid 17th century. However, before the end of the century, Cromwell’s troops arrived, executing the friars and destroying the complex.
The abbey is located in the quaint village of Quin. Parking is available on the street and a path leads to the structure. Although the interior provides a maze of rooms and corridors to explore, it is still worth a visit even when the abbey is closed to visit the cemetery and the remnants of the drum towers from the castle that once stood on the site.
The site is free and self-guided during daylight hours. The interior is open daily May-Oct, 10:30a-6pm M-F, 11:30a-5p Sat-Sun.
Knappogue Castle & Walled Garden
Built by the MacNamara’s in the 15th century, Cromwell used Knappogue as a headquarters in the 17th century and thus spared it from destruction. It was restored and extended in the 19th century.
The castle remained occupied until the 1920s when it was abandoned and fell into ruin. In the 1960s, Honorary Mark Edwin Andrews of Houston, Texas, and his wife, an architect, collaborated with Shannon Development to carry out an extensive restoration. The castle is now open for tours and more recently, the walled garden has been restored to its early 19th century glory.
The castle is now owned by Shannon Development (who also operate Bunratty) and is home to its own medieval banquets. Knappogue banquets are a bit more intimate and less crowded than Bunratty.
Admission is about 5 euro. The castle is guided and and the garden is self-guided. Open daily May-Sep, 9:30a-5p.
Bunratty Folk Park Pub After Hours
After the park closes, visitors can access the folk park pub via the side entrance. This traditional Irish pub provides the perfect atmosphere for a evening of craic (good times). Many locals prefer this old-fashioned pub to the larger, tourist-driven pubs nearby.
Some podcast music courtesy of www.RoyaltyFreeMusic.com

domain: travel


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GOOD MORNING FRIENDS! It’s Saturday and I’m being lazy so no card for me today. But I’d be remiss if I didn’t point you to the beautiful cards created by my teammates for Day 4 of the Power Poppy Christmas Remix. Today, we’re featuring a new digital stamp – Winter Flora.
So you know the drill – stop by and see what the rest of the team has for you and be sure to visit the Power Poppy blog! See you soon!
Sponsored by: Power Poppy
One thought on “Day 4: Power Poppy Christmas Remix”
Hi Nancy. I’ve been admiring everyone’s cards in the Christmas Remix. They are all so beautiful. Each has their own style and wonderful ideas. Thank Marcella and everyone for sharing their gift. I just love them all. My heart is light and happy again.

domain: hobby


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Gorillaz's Damon Albarn Can't Wait for Glastonbury Festival, Wishing Bono the Best
Damon Albarn has sent his best wishes to injured rocker Bono after his band Gorillaz was drafted in to replace U2 at this year's Glastonbury festival. The Irish rockers were forced to pull out of their headlining slot at June event in England, as well as the next leg of their world tour, after the frontman underwent emergency back surgery on Friday, May 21.
Festival organizer Michael Eavis announced on Wednesday, May 26 that Albarn will return to the festival's famed Pyramid Stage with his group Gorillaz, a year after he performed there with his reformed band Blur.
Now Albarn has sent his wishes to Bono, but admits he can't wait for the gig after a successful performance at California's Coachella festival in April. He tells Britain's NME, "It's a terrible thing for U2. Glastonbury is magical. Gorillaz will come to life on that stage, but we wish Bono all the best."
"I wasn't sure how Gorillaz would work in a festival environment, but Coachella was amazing. I think Glastonbury will be an unbelievable experience for us."
- Find Out Why Psy Chose Apink's Na Eun for His 'New Face' MV
- Jo Kwon Wants a 2AM Reunion
- Tyga Spotted Wearing Matching Sneakers With Mystery Brunette
- Jennifer Garner's New Pal Chelsea Handler Is Going After Ben Affleck
- 'Game of Thrones' Is Filming Fake Scenes
- Most Brutal Celebrity vs Paparazzi Fights
- Are 'Riverdale' Stars Cole Sprouse and Lili Reinhart Dating?
- 'Ant-Man and the Wasp': Evangeline Lilly Reacts to Michelle Pfeiffer's Casting as Her On-Screen Mom

domain: entertainment


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Our maps are shipped to you unframed. We show them as framed images for illustration purposes only.
Restored bird’s eye view of the “Grand Encampment from the Southwest”, Wyoming, circa 1910 by Merritt Dana Houghton. Encampment rests at the base of the Sierra Madres, and is the gateway to the Medicine Bow Forest. At the turn of the twentieth century, it was the booming center of copper mining and smelting. The drawing depicts a small town that include houses, buildings, and a tramway carrying buckets of ore to a smelter on the edge of town.
$44.95 – $79.95

domain: history


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Have questions about this item, or would like to inquire about a custom or bulk order?
If you have any questions about this product by Herbo Natural, contact us by completing and submitting the form below. If you are looking for a specif part number, please include it with your message.
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Specifications: This kit is not an ARF.
Wingspan: 138" Outer wing panels are removable for transport.
Fuselage is 44" wide with wings removed.
Weight: 36 - 44 lbs.
Wing Area: 2000 sq. in. approx.
Fuselage: The polyester fiberglass fuselage is built and shipped in two halves, front and rear, mating under the spar in the main wing. This is by design for cheaper shipping: The 2-piece construction allows the tail to be reversed and shipped inside the front section allowing for a smaller box that UPS Ground will accept. Fiberglass parts are laid up with resin and fiberglass cloth as light as possible, with carbon fiber reinforcing strips in the tail section. Internal fuselage bulkheads are factory installed except for one bulkhead where the halves are seamed by the builder. I used Fiberglast #77 polyester molding resin, which is recommended to be used to seam the fuselage halves.
Wing: Polystyrene foam, machined for wood and hardware. 1/64th birch ply wing skin sheeting included with the kit. Sheeting installed by the builder after the wing hardware has been installed (spars, etc.).
Stabilizer: Polystyrene foam, machined for wood and hardware. 1/64th birch ply wing skin sheeting included with the kit. Sheeting installed by the builder after the wing hardware has been installed (spars, etc.). Not designed to be removable, but can be modified by the builder if desired.
Nacelles: Polyester Fiberglass cowls and wood build-up.
Top Fairing: Polyester Fiberglass
Engine Recommendations: Zenoah G-38's engines are recommended as on the original kit design. My demonstrator shown above is powered with DA-50's give amazing performance. Brison 2.4's are also a good choice. Some customers have take it upon themselves to use brushless electrics motors, so that can be done as well. However, I do not have any experience with this, so you'll have to go it on your own or talk to other builders who have made electric motor powered Aero Commanders for their recommendations on power and propellers.
Kit price: $1,399.99 US not including shipping.
(Sorry, cannot build turn-key at this time.)
Effective July 1, 2008, Iowa residents add 6% sales tax
Ships via UPS ground domestically in two boxes.
International shipments possible in one larger box.
History of this AeroCommander kit: The original prototype and molds were built by Bob Francis of California. The model was then modified for kit manufacture and "large" production by Charlie Spencer of Modaire. Also, many people think this AeroCommander kit is the "Shrike Commander". It is not. The "Shrike" version is extremely similar, but has a longer "pointier" nose, bigger engines and a squared off tail on the full scale airplane. Wikipedia actually has a very thorough history of the 500B AeroCommander family that you can use for your reference. Click below to go to that website.
Landing gear specifically designed for the
AeroCommander, manufactured by Robart, is in stock. Pneumatic or electric conversion available. (Electric version shown here)
The pneumatic gear is $745 for the tri-gear set.
The electric conversion kit can be added at any time to new or used Robart landing gear.
The 3 actuator set includes a controller. The actuators do not use limit switches to limit end travel. Instead the system uses a smart controller which measures the current draw of each motor individually and removes power when it senses the motor has stalled.
Wheels & Tires by Robart are also in stock. Excellent construction yet light and great looking. Set up for brakes, the main wheel inner hub has no spokes. Without brakes, the inner hub and outer hub both have 8 spokes.
The 3" nose wheels has no spokes.
(Brake - ready set shown above)
Robart brakes are pneumatic. Included with the brakes are the air tank, electronic proportional brake valve, air line, and I also include clips to secure the brake line to the landing gear.
I offer nose gear door hinges and a cockpit kit. Click below to find out more in the accessories page.


|Home | Articles | Forum | Glossary | Books|
WHAT A VOM CAN DO
The designers and manufacturers of VOM's try to make them as versatile and convenient to use as possible. The VOM is a single package instrument with which voltage, current, and resistance can be measured. The ease with which the instrument can be used is usually very important. Also important are the accuracy of the instrument and the ranges of measurement of which it is capable.
The basic design of the VOM is shown in Fig. 2-1 . The meter is the major part of the VOM. The pointer of the meter indicates the value of the voltage, current, or resistance being measured. The voltage-measuring section provides for both ac and dc voltage measurement over any one of several ranges. The resistance-measuring circuit has several ranges of measurement. In Fig. 2-1, terminal C is common for all measurements; the unknown voltage is connected between E and C, the unknown current between I and C, and the unknown resistance between R and C. Generally, a VOM can measure voltages up to 5000 or 6000 volts ac or dc, up to 5, 10, or 15 amperes of current, and up to 1 to 10 megohms of resistance. With some VOM's it is also possible to measure decibels and power.
The basic components of the VOM, as shown in Fig. 2-2, are a meter; test leads; a function switch; and voltage-, current-, and resistance-measuring circuits.
BASIC VOM SYSTEM
In some VOM's the switch is not included-in this case, it is necessary to move one of the test leads each time a different function is to be performed by the meter. In Fig. 2-2, if there were no switch, the right-hand test lead would be left where it is at all times and the left-hand lead would be plugged into a jack connected to the resistance-, current-, or voltage-measuring circuit, as desired. Most VOM's do include the function switch, which is the reason for showing it in the figure. Many VOM's include both a function switch and a range switch. The range switch is used for selecting that scale on the VOM that will provide the most convenient-to-read indication for the value of current, voltage, or resistance being measured. An example of a VOM having both a function switch and a range switch is shown in Fig. 2-3.
Meter of the VOM
To understand the VOM, it is necessary to understand its components. The first one we will consider is the meter, or meter movement. The meter includes a scale and a pointer, or indicator, both attached to a mechanism called a movement. When the VOM is not being used, the pointer remains at the 0 side of the calibrated scale of the meter as in Fig. 2-3. When current flows through the movement, the pointer moves to some position and remains there, if the flow of current is steady, until the current changes in value. Just how much the pointer is moved, or deflected, depends on how much current is flowing through the movement.
It should be kept in mind that whether voltage, current, or resistance is being measured, it is always current that deflects the pointer.
Principle of the Meter Movement
The type of meter movement used in most VOM's is known as the d'Arsonval movement. This movement includes a permanent magnet and a coil to which a pointer is attached. The pointer rotates in the field of the magnet when current passes through the turns of the coil. The principle of the d'Arsonval movement is shown in Fig. 2-4.
The coil is wound about a soft-iron core, or armature. The current to be measured flows through the coil, setting up a magnetic field around the coil, which opposes the field of the magnet. The coil is rotated clockwise by these repelling fields, pulling against a spring which, when no current is passing through the coil, holds the pointer at zero on the calibrated scale. The greater the current, the greater the force turning the coil.
The basic construction of the d' Arsonval movement is shown more clearly in Fig. 2-5. Pole pieces on the permanent magnet decrease the magnetic gap between the magnet and the coil core.
Spiral springs hold the pointer, which is fastened to the coil, at zero when no current is flowing. The core of the coil does not rotate; it is stationary in order to keep the pointer assembly as lightweight as possible. The pivot usually rides in jewel bearings to reduce friction.
Since about 1960, many d'Arsonval movements employ taut-band suspension. This is a design feature that affords greater sensitivity in a meter movement; that is, it allows full-scale deflection with a lower value of current. In taut-band suspension, shown in Fig. 2-6, the pointer is suspended by a band which is a short, very thin, narrow strip of special alloy tightly suspended on special spring terminals. The torsion action of taut-band suspension makes the spiral spring unnecessary.
When current flows through the meter movement, the suspension band is twisted in proportion to the amount of current. When the current again becomes zero or is decreased, the pointer moves to zero or to the left. The taut-band suspension feature provides the advantage of greater sensitivity, as already mentioned, and also greater resistance to damage from both electrical overload and mechanical shock. It also responds more reliably to different frequencies. The taut-band suspension has no bearings, jewels, or spiral springs; thus, there is extremely little friction which makes possible its great sensitivity.
If a meter movement becomes defective, it is usually wise to return it to the manufacturer for repair, or even to replace the movement completely without attempting repair. It is seldom possible for anyone other than a specialist to repair a meter movement properly. Many technicians have learned this the hard way. The typical meter movement is a precision assembly and includes the motor portion which is comprised of the coil, core, jewels, spiral springs, and pointer. The zero-adjuster arm, which is usually accessible from outside the meter case, is the only adjustment that the user should make. It is usually set by turning an eccentric screw on the outside of the meter case so that the pointer indicates zero when no current is flowing through the meter.
Meters are designed for various values of full-scale sensitivity.
The full-scale sensitivity of a meter means the value of current that will cause the meter to deflect to its maximum indicated value. For example, 50 microamperes (0.00005 ampere ) is the value that will deflect the pointer of a moderately sensitive meter to full scale.
If this 50-microampere current flows through the meter when a 250 millivolt voltage is applied to the meter terminals, we can calculate the resistance (R) of the meter movement as follows:
The less current required to deflect a meter full scale, the more sensitive the meter is said to be. Some meter movements will deflect full scale with much less than 50 microamperes ; many require a higher current.
(A) Circuit to deflect meter half scale.
(B) Shunt added to extend range.
(C) Switch system for selecting one of several shunts.
It is possible to measure current in a circuit by using only a meter movement if the amount of current flowing does not exceed the rated current of the meter movement. To illustrate, a 50-microampere meter in the circuit of Fig. 2-7 A will be deflected to half scale, Thirty volts applied to 1,200,000 ohms (the 1,195,000-ohm resistor and the 5000 ohms of the meter movement ) causes 25 microamperes to flow through the meter. This is expressed as:
If the battery should be reduced to 15 volts, the meter will be deflected to % of full scale; if it is reduced to 7.5 volts, the meter will deflect to 1fs of its full-scale reading. This process can be continued until the voltage applied will become so low that the movement of the pointer will no longer be discernible, The lowest voltage at which the movement of the meter pointer is significant will be the lower limit of usefulness, The upper limit of usefulness of the meter is, of course, the point where the battery voltage exceeds 60 volts, since beyond this voltage level the current flowing in the circuit will exceed the maximum rating of the meter. Permitting too much current to flow through a meter can cause the coil to burn out or can otherwise damage the meter.
The meter in the circuit of Fig, 2-7 A can be used to measure currents greater than 50 microamperes, To do this, a shunt, or parallel path, is provided around the meter to carry a known portion of the current so that the current through the meter is 50 microamperes or less, This shunt is a resistor, as shown in Fig, 2-7B, with a value that must be accurately selected, For example, if a shunt of 1000 ohms is placed across the meter (Fig, 2-7B ), five times as much current will pass through the shunt as will pass through the meter, since the resistance of the meter is 5000 ohms. Thus, if the meter is reading full scale, a 50-microampere current is going through the meter; 50 X 5, or 250, microamperes is going through the shunt; and the total current is 300 microamperes. Similarly, if the shunt has a value that is 1/50 of the meter value, or 100 ohms, the current through the shunt will be 50 x 50, or 2500 microamperes at full scale, and the total circuit current will be 2SS0 microamperes.
In an actual VOM, any one of several shunts can be switched into the current-measuring circuit, as shown in Fig. 2-7C. This is basically the scheme used in the VOM that you might be using now or in the future. The selection of values of 1250 ohms for shunt R1, 555.5 ohms for R2, 102.04 ohms for R3, and 50.5 ohms for R4, provides additional ranges of 0 to 250 microamperes, 0 to 500 microamperes, 0 to 2.5 milliamperes, and 0 to 5.0 milliamperes, respectively. In many practical VOM's, the shunt-switching arrangement makes it possible to measure dc currents as high as 10, 12, or 15 amperes or more. For these higher ranges, the shunts are pieces of wire or strap with resistances that are accurately selected.
DC VOLTAGE-MEASURING CIRCUIT
If 250 millivolts is applied to the terminals of a 50-microampere meter movement having a resistance of 5000 ohms, the meter will deflect full scale. The meter could be used by itself to measure voltages up to 2S0 millivolts. If a voltage is applied to the meter terminals and if the pointer deflects to its halfway point, it can be assumed that the voltage has a value of 125 millivolts.
Of course, with a typical VOM it is possible to measure voltages much greater than 250 millivolts. Extending the voltage-measuring capability of a meter movement is made possible by adding a multiplier resistor in series with the meter. In Fig. 2-8A, the multiplier resistor shown has a value of 15,000 ohms. When this is added to the 5000 ohms of the meter, it totals 20,000 ohms. Since the meter requires SO microamperes for full-scale deflection, it can easily be determined that the voltage required to provide this full-scale deflection is:
E = I X R = 0.00005 X 20,000 = 1 volt
Thus, with the 15,000-ohm multiplier, a meter circuit capable of measuring up to 1 volt full scale is obtained. To add a range for measuring up to 10 volts, the total resistance of the circuit must be increased 10 times, or increased to 200,000 ohms. The value of the multiplier, then, would be 200,000 - 5000, or 195,000 ohms. Similarly, for a 100-volt full-scale range, the multiplier must have a value of 2,000,000 - 5000, or 1,995,000 ohms. A switch is normally used, as in Fig. 2-8B, for selecting the desired full-scale voltage ranges of 1 volt, 10 volts, or 100 volts.
In a practical VOM, series multiplier resistors are used to make it possible to measure voltages up to 5000 or 6000 dc volts or more.
Measurement of voltages even higher than this is possible, but usually this is not provided in a VOM because of the danger of breakdown of components, arc-over between components and wiring, and danger to the user. The range of a VOM can be increased to measure higher voltages by use of a high-voltage probe, as will be explained later in this guide.
CIRCUIT FOR MEASURING AC VOLTAGE
In a VOM, the basic circuit generally used for measuring ac voltage is essentially the same as that used for measuring dc voltage. The main difference is that for ac voltage measurement, a rectifier is included in the circuit.
The rectifier may be either a half-wave rectifier, as in Fig. 2-9A, or a full-wave rectifier. Often a bridge circuit, as in Fig. 2-9B, or a double half-wave rectifier, as in Fig. 2-9C, is used. Usually, but not always, a copper-oxide rectifier is employed, rather than the selenium, silicon, germanium, or vacuum-tube types.
A rectifier permits current flow almost entirely in one direction. Therefore, it changes the ac voltage to be measured to a dc voltage in the form of a series of half sine waves. Thus, current flows through the d'Arsonval meter in one direction only, just as it does for dc measurement.
Because of the additional resistance of the rectifier in the circuit and because the current is not continuous for ac measurement, it is usually necessary for the designer of a VOM to use multipliers in the ac voltage-measuring circuit that are different from those used for dc voltage measurement. This would not be necessary if different calibrated scales on the faceplate of the meter were used for dc and ac. However, it might be confusing to search through the maze of calibrations on the faceplate for the desired ac or dc scale. Thus, designers generally agree that it is preferable to design the meter so that the same voltage scales can be used for both ac and dc.
The half-wave rectifier circuit shown in Fig. 2-9A is actually seldom employed in a high-quality VOM. The only important reason for this is that copper-oxide and other solid-state rectifiers conduct some current on the negative half cycles. Assume that a certain copper-oxide rectifier has a resistance of 200 ohms in one direction.
This is the direction in which it would best conduct on the positive half cycles. Then, typically, it would have a resistance of 100,000 ohms in the other direction. Therefore, on negative half cycles it would conduct very little current in most circuits. But in a VOM circuit, the multiplier resistors have fairly high values on all but the lowest voltage ranges, and the reverse current may be appreciable compared to the forward current.
To illustrate, in Fig. 2-9A the resistance of the multiplier, rectifier, and meter in the forward direction might be 2,000,200 ohms on the 100-volt range, and in the reverse direction the resistance might be 2,100,000 ohms. Then, on positive half cycles the current would be very close to 50 microamperes. But on negative half-cycles, instead of the current being practically zero, it would be 100 divided by 2,100,000, or approximately 48 microamperes. The 50 microamperes going through the meter for all the positive half cycles would tend to deflect the pointer to full scale, and the 48 microamperes going the opposite direction through the meter on negative half cycles would tend to swing the pointer nearly as much in the other direction. The two opposing forces would be occurring only 1/20 of a second apart, so the net effect on the meter reading would be the difference between the forward and reverse current, or 50 - 48 = 2 microamperes. Rather than causing the meter to indicate 100 volts, then, this 2 microamperes would cause it to indicate only 4 volts on the 100-volt scale.
Whenever half-wave rectifier circuits are employed in VOM's, they are often the double half-wave type shown in Fig. 2-9C. For this circuit, the overall measuring circuit has approximately the same resistance for both the half cycles of measured ac; but on the reverse, or negative, half cycles, the second rectifier (X2) shunts the reverse current around the meter, thus preventing any appreciable part of the forward, or positive, half cycles from being cancelled.
BASIC VOM CIRCUITS FOR RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT
The basic circuits used in VOM's for measuring dc current and dc and ac voltage have been discussed. The remaining major function of a VOM is to measure resistance. Since resistance is measured in ohms, a resistance-measuring circuit is called an ohmmeter circuit.
There are two types of ohmmeter circuits : the series-ohmmeter circuit and the shunt-ohmmeter circuit. Either one or both may be found in a typical good-quality VOM.
The series-ohmmeter circuit includes a source of power (usually a battery), a calibrated meter, a fixed current-limiting resistor, and a variable resistor, as shown in Fig. 2-10A. Of course, there is also a pair of test leads which connect to this resistance-measuring circuit.
For the purpose of discussion here, assume that a 50-microampere meter having a resistance of 5000 ohms is used, that the value of current-limiting resistor R2 is 22,000 ohms, that RI is a 5000-ohm potentiometer adjusted to a value of 3000 ohms, and that the battery is 1.5 volts. With a total of 30,000 ohms, and with 1.5 volts applied to the circuit, if the resistance being measured is zero ohms, the circuit current should be exactly the 50 microamperes required by the meter to read full scale. In fact, this is essentially how an ohm-meter is calibrated for zero ohms. The tips of the test probes are held together, and the variable resistor is adjusted until the meter reads exactly full scale, corresponding to zero ohms. Now, if the test probes are placed across the terminals of a resistor with a higher value than zero ohms, the deflection of the pointer will not reach the zero-ohms point on the scale. Assume further that the resistance being measured has a value of 30,000 ohms, the same as the measuring circuit. The meter now will be deflected to a % full-scale value, since with twice the resistance, the current will be % as great. If the probes are placed across the leads of other resistors that have values greater or less than 30,000 ohms, the indication will be either below or above the 1/2-scale reading of the meter, respectively, by an amount that depends on the difference of the resistance value.
Thus, the meter faceplate can be calibrated to read various values of resistance.
Theoretically, this circuit will respond to any value of resistance between 0 and infinity. But, in practice, with the values suggested here, resistance less than 1000 ohms and above 500,000 ohms cannot be measured accurately. This is because these values of about 1000 ohms and 500,000 ohms are very small and very large, respectively, compared to the measuring-circuit total resistance of 30,000 ohms.
The 1000-ohm resistor would cause a deflection of about 97% of full scale, and the 500,000-ohm resistor would cause a fairly feeble deflection; neither could be read very accurately.
Circuit for Measuring Higher Resistances
A method of extending the high-end range of an ohmmeter is shown in Fig. 2-10B. A 210,000-ohm resistor (Ra) and a 10.5-volt battery have been switched into the circuit. With the test leads shorted, the current will be: (10.5 + 1.5 ) 12 (210,000 + 22,000 + 3000 + 5000 ) - 240,000 50 microamperes
This is the current required for full-scale deflection. However, at the midrange point on the scale, 240,000 ohms can be read. This is compared to the first example with 30,000 ohms for the 1.5-volt battery and 30,000 ohms of total circuit resistance. Furthermore, assuming accurate reading down to the 10% deflection point of 5 microamperes on the meter, it will be possible to measure resistance up to:
12 5 X 10^-6 - 240,000 = 2,400,000 - 240,000 = 2,160,000 ohms or 2.16 megohms.
With the beginning of the 1.5-volt battery and with 30,000 ohms of circuit resistance, the 10% deflection point reading would be: 300,000 - 30,000 = 270,000 ohms Circuit for Measuring Lower Resistances It was shown that the circuit in Fig. 2-10A was not satisfactory for measuring low values of resistance. Of course, the circuit in Fig. 2-10B is even less suitable. In commercial ohmmeter circuits, the very low values of resistance are measured by use of the shunt-ohmmeter circuit shown in Fig. 2-10C. The test leads in the measuring circuit now connect across the meter. When the test probes are connected across an unknown value of resistance, the current in the measuring circuit is reduced, part of it going through the meter and part through the unknown resistance. If the resistance is 5000 ohms, the equivalent resistance across points A and B is reduced to 2500 ohms. Although the total current in the circuit increases now to 1.5 divided by 27,000, or about 55 microamperes, the current through the meter itself is half that amount, or about 27.5 microamperes.
Thus, measuring a resistance of 5000 ohms would give an indication on the scale at slightly above midrange. Further variations of the shunt-ohmmeter circuit of Fig. 2- 10C will permit reading even lower values of resistance. In some VOM's, for certain ranges of resistance measurement, a combination of a series circuit and the shunt circuit is employed.
Meter Overload Protection
Most VOM's include some means of protecting the meter movement from damage due to overload, or excessive current. In some meters this overload protection is in the form of either a fuse or a circuit breaker which opens the circuit when excessive current flows through the meter. In other instruments the protection is a zener-diode circuit connected across the meter movement. For normal current values, the diode is an open circuit. If the voltage across the meter becomes too high, the zener diode conducts, shunting part of the current around the meter, thus protecting it from damage.
MULTIPLE USE OF SCALES IN A TYPICAL VOM
In a commercial VOM the multiplier and shunt resistances for different ranges of voltage, current, and resistance measurement are chosen so that the range-selecting switch can be labeled logically and so that the calibrated scales on the meter faceplate can represent several ranges.
For example, for the VOM shown in Fig. 2-11, the calibrated scale second from the top of the faceplate is labeled 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250. This scale is used for the following functions and ranges : dc volts : 0-2 .5; 0-250. ac volts : 0-250. The third scale from the top has two separate calibrations ; the upper set is labeled 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50; the lower set is labeled 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10. These scales are used for the following functions and ranges : dc volts : 0-1; 0-10; 0-50; 0-250; 0-500; 0-1000. ac volts : 0-2.5; 0-10; 0-50; 0-250; 0-500; 0-1000. dc current: 0-1 mA; 0-10 mA; 0-100 mA; 0-500 mA. The fourth scale from the top is for use in making low ac voltage measurements, between zero and 2.5 volts; this scale is labeled 0, .5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5.
The bottom scale is for measuring ac output volts, such as the out
put signal from an audio amplifier; the value measured is specified in terms of decibels, or dBs. This bottom scale starts from -20 at the left side and progresses toward the right through -10, -4, -2, 0, and then is marked off in positive values of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10.
The top scale on the meter faceplate of Fig. 2-11 is used for measuring resistance. If the range switch is on the R x 1 position, the resistance values are read directly from the meter. With the range switch in the R x 100 position, the values indicated on the meter are multiplied by 100; and with the range switch in the R X 10K position, the values indicated are multiplied by 10,000. Note that the figure 10 appears at about midrange on the ohms scale.
For resistance measurements, if the range switch is set to R x 1, this number 10 indicates 10 ohms; for the R X 100 range, the 10 indicates 10 x 100, or 1000 ohms; and for the R X 10,000 range, the 10 indicates 10 X 10,000, or 100,000. Note that on this highest resistance range it is possible to read resistances accurately up to the point marked 500, or 500 X 10,000 ohms (5 megohms ). Low resistance values can be read on the R x 1 scale to well below 1 ohm.
The round knob at the lower center of the meter is the ZERO OHMS control, equivalent to H1 in Figs. 2-10A, B, and C. The knob is used for setting the pointer deflection exactly to full scale when the test probes are shorted together.
SENSITIVITY OF A VOM
One of the most important characteristics of a VOM is its sensitivity rating. This is specified in terms of ohms per volt. The higher the ohms-per-volt rating, the more sensitive the VOM. The sensitivity rating is usually shown on the face of the meter or given in the instructional manual. It can also be determined by using one of the following formulas :
1,000,000 sensitivity 0 ms per va t = -E x III
= A Is /-t
where, Efs is the voltage required for deflecting the meter full scale, Rill is the resistance of the meter movement, uA is the current in microamperes required for full-scale deflection of the meter.
The sensitivity may also be determined by dividing the total resistance of the circuit for the range in use by the voltage value of that range. To illustrate, suppose the 0- to 12-volt dc range is in use and that for this position of the range switch there are 240,000 ohms in the measuring circuit. The sensitivity of the measuring circuit is then:
240,000/12 = 20,000 ohms per volt
The same ohms-per-volt rating would apply to all dc ranges of the VOM. For the ac ranges, however, the sensitivity is usually rated lower. The lower rating is due to the leakage resistance of the rectifier in the reverse direction and to the fact that the rectified current is not continuous. The ac sensitivity of the VOM of Fig. 2-11 is 5000 ohms per volt. Its dc sensitivity is 20,000 ohms per volt. In practice, it is usually important to have a high dc sensitivity rating, the ac sensitivity rating not being quite so important. In many applications, however, a VOM having a sensitivity of only 1000 ohms per volt will be satisfactory. A VOM of 1000 ohms per volt is much less expensive than one of 20,000 ohms per volt, and the measurements made with the less-expensive instrument will be just as accurate when these voltage measurements are made across resistances or impedances of relatively low value.
Loading Effect of a Meter
The need for using a high-sensitivity VOM for voltage measurement in high-impedance circuits becomes apparent if the results are examined when one with low sensitivity is used.
For instance, in the circuit of Fig. 2-12, with 3-volts dc applied across two 10,000-ohm resistors (R1 and R2 ) in series, the drop across each resistor is 1.5 volts, and the circuit current is :
3 I = 20,000 = 0.00015 ampere
Now assume the use of the 3-volt range on a 1000-ohms-per-volt meter in order to measure the voltage across R1. On the 3-volt range, the total internal resistance of the VOM is only 3000 ohms.
As soon as the VOM test leads are connected across R1, the 3000 ohm resistance of the meter in parallel with the 10,000 ohms of RI has an effective value of approximately 2300 ohms, which changes the total circuit resistance to 10,000 plus 2300, or 12,300 ohms.
The circuit current now becomes : 3 I = 12 300
= 0.000244 ampere.
And the voltage drop across the terminals of R1 to which the VOM leads are connected is : E = 2300 X 0.000244 = 0.56 volt The meter will read this value instead of 1.5 volts which will actually be the voltage across R1 when the VOM is not connected.
The change in circuit conditions caused by connecting a meter to a circuit is called the loading effect of the meter. It is apparent that in the example just shown, the loading effect of the 1000-ohms per-volt meter was considerable. If now a 20,000-ohms-per-volt VOM is used to measure the voltage across R1 in Fig. 2-12, the loading effect is considerably less. On the 3-volt range, a 20,000-ohms-per-volt instrument has an internal resistance of 60,000 ohms. This 60,000 ohms across the 10,000 ohms of R1 gives a combined resistance of approximately 8,600 ohms. Then, by calculating as before, the voltage across R1, with the 20,000-ohms-per-volt VOM connected, is approximately 1.4 volts. Although this represents an error of about 7%, it is a considerable improvement over the reading of 0.56 volt obtained with the 1000-ohms-per-volt instrument.
Of course, a 1000-ohms-per-volt VOM does not have a serious loading effect on every circuit. For instance, the use of the 150-volt range to measure 100 volts across a 1000-ohm resistor would give highly accurate results. The 150-volt range has a resistance of 150,000 ohms.
This 150,000 ohms across the 1000 ohms of the circuit under test would have a negligible effect. Of course, a 20,000-ohms-per-volt instrument is not the final answer to measurements in all high-impedance circuits either. If such a VOM is used on the 1.5-volt range to measure 1 volt across 100,000 ohms, the loading effect of the 30,000-ohm meter resistance on this range would be quite serious. However, for a high percentage of the measurements in electronics work, the 20,000-ohms-per-volt instrument provides accurate results.
For the remaining percentages, either a higher-resistance VOM is required or, more often, an electronic meter is employed. The advantage of an electronic meter, such as the VTVM, with respect to circuit loading is considered later in this guide.
Volt-ohm-milli-ammeters having sensitivities of 100,000 ohms per volt, 200,000 ohms per volt, and even higher are also available. In a typical 100,000-ohms-per-volt instrument, the meter movement is rated at 10 microamperes for full-scale deflection. For measuring voltages of 100 volts or more across circuit resistances of 10 megohms or more, a 100,000-ohms-per-volt VOM has even less loading effect than the typical electronic meter. In these higher-sensitivity VOM's, the meter movement employed is usually the taut-band suspension type.
Input and output signals of amplifiers are sometimes measured or specified in watts, sometimes in volts, and sometimes in decibels (dB). Where it is desired to measure in volts, the proper ac range of the VOM is used. Assuming that the amplifier is for the audio-frequency range and that the VOM has a good response in this range, the reading obtained will indicate the rms, or effective, value of the audio voltage.
If power in watts is the desired measurement, the square of the measured voltage (E) is then divided by the resistance (R) of the input or output circuit. That is : E? Power in watts = R As an example, 90 volts ac is measured across an amplifier output circuit impedance of 600 ohms. Then the output power may be calculated as:
90? 8100 P = 600 = 600 = 13.5 watts
As in the VOM's described previously, most higher-sensitivity VOM's have a specially calibrated scale on the meter faceplate. If no dc is present in the ac or audio signal to be measured, one of the ac facilities of the meter may be used to make the measurement in decibels. Ordinarily, however, a VOM will have a test-lead jack, such as the second jack from the bottom right in Fig. 2-11, that is labeled OUTPUT. To use this facility, one test lead is plugged into the COMMON jack, and the other is plugged into the OUTPUT jack.
Typically, the only difference between the OUTPUT jack and the ac function of the VOM is that a capacitor is employed in series with the OUTPUT jack in order to remove any dc from the measurement being made.
In the meter of Fig. 2-11, the value in decibels may be read directly from the dB scale when the range switch is in the 2.5-V position. Higher decibel values may also be read by following directions for the particular instrument being used.
The decibel values are usable directly only for measurements on a 600-ohm circuit. Furthermore, the scale is calibrated on the basis that 0 dB is equal to 1 milliwatt and only, as mentioned earlier, on a 600-ohm circuit. Decibel measurements on circuits other than 600 ohms may be made, but then the readings obtained will only be relative. Charts and graphs are available for converting decibel readings in circuits of various impedances to actual decibel values with respect to 1 milliwatt taken as the 0-dB reference. Often these charts and tables are included in the VOM manufacturer's instruction manual.
1. What type of meter movement is used in most VOM's?
2. What is the purpose of the function switch in a VOM?
3. Name the main components of the d'Arsonval meter movement.
4. If a meter movement appears to be defective, and close visual inspection fails to reveal the source of trouble, what should be done to repair the meter movement?
5. What part of the meter movement sometimes is referred to as the armature?
6. If the pointer of a meter movement does not rest at zero when there is no current through the meter, what can be done to "zero" the pointer?
7. Which meter movement would be referred to as being more sensitive, one requiring 50 microamperes for full-scale deflection, or one requiring 100 microamperes?
8. If 40 microamperes causes full-scale deflection of a typical meter movement, how much current will cause half-scale deflection of the pointer?
9. What may happen if considerably more than the rated full-scale current is applied to a meter movement?
10. How can a resistor be used to extend the current-measuring upper limit of a meter?
11. If a meter movement rated at 1 milliampere full scale has a resistance of 500 ohms, determine the value of the shunt required if the movement is to measure 10 milliamperes full scale.
12. In a typical VOM, what provision is made for measurement of current on one or more full-scale ranges?
13. What method permits use of a meter movement to measure voltages much higher than the full-scale voltage of the meter?
14. What size of resistor should be used as a multiplier for measuring 1000 volts full scale on a meter movement having 1000-ohms resistance and a full-scale current rating of 1 mA?
15. Since the d'Arsonval meter movement responds only to dc current, how can it be used for measurement of ac voltage and current?
16. Sketch the schematic of a typical meter rectifier circuit.
17. In many VOM's, why are the values of multiplier resistors employed in the ac-voltage circuit different from those employed in the dc: voltage circuit?
18. In an ohmmeter, or resistance-measuring circuit, assume that the resistance of the measuring circuit is normally 5000 ohms with the test leads shorted for full-scale indication of the pointer. If the test leads are then connected across a resistor of 5000 ohms, what will be the relative amount of deflection of the painter?
19. Name the two basic types of ohmmeter circuits.
20. Which of these types is used for measurement of low values of resistance?
21. What is the purpose of the output-measurement facility of a VOM?
22. To what does the "sensitivity" rating of a VOM refer?
23. What is the sensitivity of a VOM that deflects full scale with 50 microamperes through the meter movement?
24. In the usual VOM, how does the sensitivity rating for the ac ranges compare with that for the dc ranges?
25. What is meant by "loading effect"?


Leon Bridges Performs "Better Man" + More Live On Austin City Limits
Photo Credit Scott Newton/PBS
Soul man Leon Bridges recently lit up the stage in his home state of Texas, where he performed a number of songs from his acclaimed debut Coming Home LP live on PBS' Austin City Limits. Bridges' set featured renditions of fan favorites including "Better Man," "River" and "Smooth Sailin." Check the footage below to watch Leon Bridges' performance of "Better Man." Purchase the Coming Home LP via iTunes. View the entire episode of Austin City Limits with sets from Leon Bridges and Nathaniel Rateliff & The Night Sweats via pbs.org.


All the latest news, things to do and community information for Homerton, London.
'So many characters': Lockdown portraits on display
An exhibition of lockdown portraits is on display on the outside railings of Chats Palace community arts centre in Homerton until the end of the month. The exhibition, In My Block, is by Hackney artist and photographer Justine Roland-Cal. The...


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Propels the intestinal contents along the entire length of the small and large intestines.
What is Defecation Reflex?
When stool distends the rectum, parasympathetic afferent nerve fibers in the sacral segment of the spinal cord are stimulated, causing contraction of the descending and sigmoid colon, rectum and anus and relaxation of the internal anal sphincter.
Response sequence is a sacral reflex, not under voluntary control.
What is Valsalva Maneuver?
Defecation actions that assisted by taking a deep breath agasint a closed glottis, contracting the abdominal muscles (increases intra abdominal pressure) and contracting the pelvic floor.
Newborns usually evacuated stool within 24 to 48 hours after birth. Stool which is softly formed and dark greenish.
What are Hemorrhoids:
Enlarged or varicose veins in the anal canal
What is a Stoma?
The proximal portion of the remaining bowel may be redirected through the abdominal wall to the abdominal skin surface.
The portion of intestine brought through the abdominal wall.
What is constipation?
the infrequent, sometimes painful passage of hard dry stool.
What is ileostomy?
When a portion of the ileum is used to make the stoma on the abdomen.
What is Impaction?
The accumulatioin of hardened feces in the rectum.
Implies stool is stuck in the rectum.
What is Diarrhea?
Manifested by frequent evacuation of water stools.
What is Flatus?
The accumulation of gas in the gastrointestinal tract.
What is Abdominal Distention?
An accumulation of excessive amounts of flatus or liquid or solid intestinal contents.
What is borborygmi?
Stomach growl heard without the benefit of a stethscope.
What is Paralytic ileus?
Bowel sounds should gradually resume, indicating that normal peristalis has begun. A continued absence of bowel sounds beyond 72 hours may signal this condition.
What is Guaiac or Hemoccult test?
A test for hidden blood in the stool.
What is Proctoscopy or Sigmoidoscopy?
Examines the rectum and sigmoid colon.
What is a Suppository?
A medication prepared in a base (glycerin) for systemic or local effects.
What is a Gastric lavage?
Incases of accidental posioning or accidental or intentional drug overdose. The irrigation of the stomach.
What is Gavage?
For clients who cannot obtain adequate nourishment orally, liquid food can be instilled into the stomach through the nasogastric or nasointestinal tube.
What is Ostomate?
A recent ostomy.
What is an enema?
The cleansing of a protion of the large bowel by insertion of fluid rectally.
What is colostomy?
Opening of a part of the colon onto the abdominal skin surface.


text:
Like the High Speed Availability maps, this series is designed to give consumers an idea of what speeds they can expect to have access to given the provider data available to MoBroadbandNow. Unlike the High Speed Availability maps, however, this series displays only the download speeds that providers are able to offer consumers and does not group multiple speeds into categories. These maps display both wired and wireless Broadband providers.
- Regional Maximum Advertised Download Speed Maps, Current as of June 30, 2013
- Regional Maximum Advertised Download Speed Maps, Current as of December 31, 2012
Disclaimer: Four (4) satellite broadband providers are not included in mapping. These products are intended for general reference, and mapped service areas do not guarantee broadband availability.
Areas identified as SPEED DATA UNAVAILABLE are not necessarily unserved by broadband. MoBroadbandNow may not have received any spatial data regarding broadband availability in these areas.

domain: geography


text:
In January I completed an enjoyable four week introductory wood engraving course at the Red Hot Press with Jutta Manser. The first week we practiced mark making on engraving plastic and selected an image to produce on a small block of lemonwood. I chose a 3 x 5 cm block which perfectly fitted the proportions of a photo of a Koi Carp. The second week we started to engrave our image. I have much admired Agnes Mills Parker’s engravings from the 1920’s and how she used strong contrasts of black against white to bring her subject matter to life and this image really lent itself to this approach.
Having got the Koi Carp block to a reasonable state to get some good clean proofs I moved on to designing my ‘Erosion’ block. I chose a 7 x 9 cm block and engraved the design so that I could proofed it along with the Koi Carp at our last session. Jutta had selected a number of different printing papers for us to try out and I found that the Zerkall handmade printing paper (210 gsm) from Great Art worked well with the relief press. I also tried hand burnishing with a little Yew sugar spoon my mother gave me which worked very well with the lightweight Okashi Japanese paper (29 gsm, also from Great Art) and another lightweight creamy paper (unidentified).
I was very pleased with the results and how I had been able to develop my recent fine linocut techniques to these intricate designs using the very fine mark making that can be achieved with wood engraving. Jutta’s years of experience in wood engraving was also was much appreciated!

domain: design


Concert Review: Kasabian @ Kool Haus, Toronto, Canada
In England, Kasabian are a massive, massive band, headlining multiple consecutive, sold out nights at the O2 Arena in London, and even playing a New Years Eve show there. On New Years Eve, I decided to get drunk and watch fireworks for free, which sounds a lot more lame now that it’s written down for the world to see. In North America, Kasabian are still building their fan base, meaning lucky fans (like PeteHatesMusic correspondent, Millar), get to see them in smaller venues. Last night, the sold-out Kool Haus in Toronto, was one of those venues.
The show was moved from it’s original location at the Phoenix, meaning I lined up for hours at the wrong spot and got the hint when I was the only one there come show time. Once more people learn about the awesomeness that are Kasabian, soon we’ll be lining up outside the Air Canada Centre. Next album, lads!
At 9:50 PM, the stage was bathed in blue light and atmospheric bass-heavy intro-music came over the loudspeakers. The crowd, ranging in age from 8 (not my date – honest!) to about 58 (not my Dad – honest!), gave the band a racous greeting before being blasted with the first song of the night, ‘Days are Forgetten’.
Upon its completion, lead singer Tom Meighan (sporting hip, indoor sunglasses) told the crowd, “It’s nice to see you Toronto, we haven’t been here in a long time”. As far as I know this was Kasabian’s first visit back to Toronto to play a gig since September of 2006 (but fact checking is at a minimum here at PHM). Sergio Pizzorno is sporting a Spinal Tap-esque haircut that I just can’t get the nerve to try myself.
The next song was a well-known fan-favorite from the Empire album, ‘Shoot the Runner’. Following that, guitarist and main songwriter of the band, Serge started “Velociraptor!” off solo before the rest of band joined in. Along the way, the lyrics in the chorus were cleverly changed from ‘Velociraptor’ to “Toronto-raptor”. The crowd reacted with obvious enthusiasm at the mention of their terrible home-town basketball team.
The first two songs off of Kasabian’s third album, “West Ryder Pauper Lunatic Asylum”, came next with the band playing ‘Underdog’ and ‘Where Did All the Love Go?’ before moving on to “I.D.”. A few lines of The Doors’ “People are Strange” were added to the end of ‘Thick as Thieves’, fitting as both songs do sound quite similar.
‘Black Whistler’ was dedicated by Pizzorno “to all the pot smokers”, adding “I know there are a lot of you, I can smell it”. Come on, Serge – this isn’t drug-riddled Miami, where they make out with trees. The crowd seemed quiet during this song, seeming not quite familiar with this non-album track.
They weren’t quiet for long though as the hard-hitting “Club Foot” followed, allowing for maximum crowd participation, singing-along to this hit from the band’s first album. A newer single, “Re-wired”, kept the pace going before Kasabian launched into their hit, ‘Empire’, from 2006. The best part of hearing this song live is always the crowd singing along to the “we’re all wasting away-a-a-a” line.
Next, the band slowed it down a notch, playing another new tune, ‘Man of Simple Pleasures” (introduced as “another song off ‘Toronto-raptor!'”), before launching into the driving “Fast Fuse”. This ‘barn-burner’ of a song had everyone fully rocking out. L.S.F. (Lost Souls Forever) from Kasabian’s self-titled debut disc received a big ovation with Pizzorno leading the crowd in a singalong at the song’s end as the rest of the band left the stage.
After a brief encore wait, the electronic-y loop sound from the start of “Switchblade Smiles” came over the loudspeakers and all the stage lights began flashing on a giant mirror-ball hanging over the centre of the audience while the band made their way back onstage. 2009’s ‘Vlad the Impaler’ and ‘Fire’ finished the concert off. The crowd went nuts for these last two songs, and the “fun police” were on alert as a mosh pit might have been in danger of breaking out, with most of the crowd jumping up and down like crazy.
Overall, this was a great sounding show. Kasabian sound every bit as good live as they do on record. Also, they looked like they were genuinely having a good time on-stage. It has been too long since they last rocked Toronto and I hope they will return soon to do it again.
Since you’re reading this review, I have classified you as “smart”. If you want to become smarter, follow PeteHatesMusic on Twitter and Like PeteHatesMusic on Facebook – 2 steps to a smarter and better life (note: this is not guaranteed).
PHM Rating: 8.0 out of 10
Setlist for Kasabian @ Kool Haus, Toronto, Canada – March 29, 2012
Days are Forgotten
Shoot the Runner
Where Did All the Love Go?
Thick as Thieves (plus a touch of The Doors’ People Are Strange)
Man of Simple Pleasures
L.S.F (Lost Souls Forever)
Vlad the Impaler


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Born in Alabama, USA, Tim grew up with three brothers and a sister. He once aspired to design and build so he completed a degree in Mechanical Engineering. He working four years in that field designing manufacturing equipment, but found a growing interest in studying people. It was while he worked in Sweden that he found himself intrigued by the culture he encountered. He wanted to know more about why people think, feel and behave in the ways that they do and how to effectively influence them for good. He decided to study psychology and obtained a postgraduate Masters of Arts in Marriage and Family Therapy and Counselling.
While at this college he gained valuable theory and experience in therapy and met his future wife, Beverley (from Scotland) who studied the same course. Tim moved to Dundee, Scotland, and the two were married. The couple shares similar interests in psychology and developing meaningful relationships with others. In 2010, Tim began as a volunteer counsellor with Insight Counselling in Dundee and started Momentum Counselling Services in August 2012. He is a registered member of the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy and is on the BACP Register.
For more information about the type of therapy that Tim offers, please refer to the Our Therapy section of this site.
Tim enjoys making home improvements, cycling, waterskiing, playing volleyball, winemaking and studying Swedish. He and Bev have three sons, Jonathan, Andrew and Daniel.
Contact Tim directly on 07592 728305.
Having grown up in Aberdeenshire with her Norwegian mother and English father, Heidi was fascinated by people’s behaviour from a very early age. This led to a Degree in Psychology from the University of Dundee in 1993 as well as a Postgraduate Diploma in Human Resources Management in 1996. After working in Human Resources she found herself being drawn back to psychology through observing how people behaved in the workplace and in 2003 she successfully completed a Masters Degree in Occupational Psychology.
Whilst bringing up a young family, Heidi volunteered as a support worker with the Women’s Rape and Sexual Abuse Centre in Dundee. This experience (plus a strong desire to help people to progress from a negative state to improved well-being) led to her becoming a counsellor. She successfully completed a Diploma in Counselling with Vital Connexions, and having trained and worked at the Charis Foundation in Fife, Heidi now joins Tim Allyn at Momentum Counselling Services in Dundee.
Heidi works with clients experiencing issues such as anxiety, stress, depression, low mood, low self-esteem, problems with identity and self-worth and relationship difficulties. She can tailor sessions to suit her client’s needs having trained with an integrative model of counselling. Heidi also offers clients the opportunity to explore issues from a Christian perspective if requested.
Heidi is a great believer in maintaining a healthy body, soul and spirit. She exercises regularly and loves spending time in the Scottish mountains. She is a registered member of COSCA (Counselling and Psychotherapy in Scotland) and should you have any complaints about a COSCA member you may do so on their website.
Laura grew up in Lanarkshire before moving to the East to study at Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design, where she completed her degree in Illustration. Laura has a real passion for creativity and expression through the arts. Laura appreciates the therapeutic qualities these means have which can aid expression and understanding when used in light of exploring our challenges and pain.
It was through her own life experiences as well as in various supportive roles volunteering with a children’s charity and hospice, where she understood the need that individuals have for speaking about their experiences and to be heard and valued in the midst of it. One of Laura’s motivations for counselling, has been a growing desire to come alongside people and support them in a way which values and encourages them as they begin to disentangle various issues from the past or present and begin to move forward in their lives in a healthier way.
After completing her COSCA certificate in Counselling Skills in the Spring of 2015, she continued her development as a Counsellor and went onto complete her Post Graduate Diploma in Counselling at Abertay University. Laura is a member of the British Association of Counsellors and Psychotherapists and is currently carrying out research on the experiences of young people engaging with counselling.
Laura works with a Pluralistic model of counselling to offer a bespoke way of working collaboratively with each client that best suits their needs and preferences.
Similarly to Heidi, Laura also offers clients the opportunity to explore issues from a Christian perspective upon request. Laura is also involved with a new initiative, ‘Life to the Full’, which offers counselling to young people who are experiencing feelings of anxiousness, low mood and who consider or use self-harm as a means of coping. She also works with young people in a youth work capacity.
As you have already read, Laura enjoys the creative arts and uses these as well as exercise to relax. Laura also likes to spend time next to the sea, in nature and spending quality time with family and friends.

domain: psychology


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For all the latest Entertainment News, download Indian Express App I met her, I hadn’t read – there was no script. “I agree that within this genre, it’s difficult to do something new, and usually, you just see a bunch of people killing one another – in outfits and blowing up cities. We need more war for all time?” Pine plays World War I spy Steve Trevor in “Wonder Woman”, which released in India on Friday. It is set to be released in US theatres on May 4, 2018. Pine said: “One of the reasons for sure. She, in particular — Patty (director Patty Jenkins) was a great reason why I wanted to be involved. Related News
Star-Lord, Thor to appear in ‘Avengers: Infinity War’‘Avengers: Infinity War’ to begin filming in fall 2016Actor Chris Pine has an issue with the title of Marvels film Avengers: Infinity War, and wonders do “we need more war for all time?” In an interview with Screen Slam for his film Wonder Woman, the actor took a jibe at the third Avengers movie when he was asked if adding a theme of humanity to the usual blockbuster action was something that drew him to the DC film, reports express.co.uk. “Avengers: Infinity War” cast members include Chris Evans, Robert Downey Jr, Scarlett Johansson, Tom Holland, Chris Pratt, Chris Hemsworth, Mark Ruffalo, Elizabeth Olsen, Paul Bettany, Jeremy Renner, Zoe Saldana, Josh Brolin and Dave Bautista. Like, I know there’s a thing called Infinity War, which is like, I don’t – really, like, Infinity War? Then she told me what she wanted to do: the story, my character, and Gal’s (Gal Gadot) character. 2017-06-05T09:35:37+00:00″>
Published:June 5, 2017 9:35 am
In an interview with Screen Slam for his film Wonder Woman, Chris Pine took a jibe at the third Avengers movie.

domain: news


text: Home » Event • Washington County • West Bend » Schedule for the 2017 Biergarten at Regner Park is released Schedule for the 2017 Biergarten at Regner Park is released Author: Judy Steffes | May302017 Posted in Event, Washington County, West Bend No comments May 30, 2017 – West Bend, WI – A nice shot of summer as we look forward to The Biergarten at Regner Park. Do you remember THIS video? The lineup for June 9 – 11 has been released! Check out the schedule below. Share this:Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window) Tags:Lori Yahr, Washington County Insider, West Bend Friends of Parks and Recreation Tweet Pin It Related Posts VIDEO | Check out the River City Irregulars in the West Bend July 4 parade from 2015 Have faith in God but lock your bike Photo Album: West Bend marks 4th of July with parade fanfare 24th annual W.A.P.R. Antique Tractor & Equipment Show About Author Judy Steffes First-run stories, balanced coverage in West Bend/ Washington Co. Business/education/community/history/arts. Add Your Comment Click here to cancel reply. Name (required) Mail (will not be published) (required) Website Current [email protected]* Leave this field empty Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Notify me of new posts by email.


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MODJESKA CANYON – The 66-year-old Modjeska Canyon volunteer fire station hosted its annual Easter Pancake Breakfast fundraiser on Sunday morning.
Nearly 575 canyon residents and their guests enjoyed a breakfast of pancakes, eggs and sausage in the fire station's garage. Children also had the opportunity to explore a fire truck parked in the driveway and to meet Smokey the Bear; Sparky, the Orange County Fire Authority mascot; and Freddy the Fire Engine.
The breakfast is the major fundraiser for the Modjeska Canyon Volunteer Fire Department, with proceeds used to fund the annual Fourth of July, Halloween and Christmas parties along with community outreach and Fire Explorer programs.
- Update: 13 killed, 31 injured, in tour bus crash on 10 Freeway near Palm Springs
- Man dies in crash on 405 Freeway in Seal Beach
- Photos: Jimmy Buffett fans have one last party at Irvine Meadows
- Bonsignore: Sticking with Case Keenum - and Jeff Fisher - isn't answer for Rams
- 'There's no better setting for this:' Beach-side air show wows thousands of spectators


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The accord will make Hamas more cautious and accountable, as any violence perpetrated against Israel by Hams-associated members will now endanger the entire Palestinian national project, and not just their enclave in Gaza. The West Bank has been making seriuous progress in the last few years, espeically in the economic realm. Great anger will be directed against Hamas should they cause a regression in the Palestinian situation. Netanyahu is obviously looking at this through his ideological prism. He is either reacting in a knee-jerk manner aginst any involvement of Hamas (understandable to a certain extent but reminiscent of failed anti-PLO policy), or utterly petrified since this will potenitally force him to make concessions against his paradigm. We are in for interesting developments.
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Turkey ends 'successful' military operations against Kurdish militants in Cizre (AP)


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THE FAIRY TALE ABOUT THE WOLF AND FIFTY KIDS (RECORD OF THE PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION)
Languages of publication
The paper originated as a result of participation in the course 'Methods and techniques of the field work' which was taught in the Department of Ethnology and Cultural Anthropology of the Faculty of Arts of Comenius University in Bratislava. It describes the process of using certain ethnographical method and demonstrates its effectiveness. The authoress, student of psychology, describes in details and analyzes the situation that she observed, as well as its atmosphere and actors of the group presentation and sale of goods.
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domain: literature


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10. Dallas Cowboys I had these guys at 16th last week. Is this to much of a jump for a team that was sliding and only won one game to right the ship? Perhaps, but this was a good win on the road against their arch rival Redskins. Maybe Tony Romo is that important.
Exercising his freedom to speak, league spokesman Joe Lockhart said on nfl jersey shopping a conference call with reporters, I exercising my freedom not to react. about the possibility of the NFL punishing players or league employees for actions during the pregame anthems, Lockhart said: will leave the hypotheticals and youth team basketball uniforms the speculation to others. I not going to go down that road. brought up the topic for the fifth day in a http://www.blackmambajerseys.com/shoes/ row, dating to a speech to a crowd of supporters in Alabama on Friday night, when he referred to an NFL player making a gesture during Star Spangled Banner as a of a bitch. response, more than 200 players knelt or sat on a bench or took other actions during the anthems at games Sunday. On Monday night, Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones a staunch supporter of Trump and his players knelt, arm in arm, before the anthem, then rose for the playing of the song ahead of the team 28 17 victory at the Arizona Cardinals.
The Jets fortunes plummeted with a 5 11 record in 2016 and they revamped their roster during the offseason. They rid themselves of veterans such football kits as wide receivers Brandon Marshall, Eric Decker who now plays for the Titans offensive lineman Nick Mangold and cornerback Darrelle Revis. The moves left many Kobe Bryant shoes people to say the Jets are tanking the 2017 season with the hopes of earning the No. 1 pick in the 2018 NFL draft to select a quarterback.
The football world will be watching as second year Dallas quarterback Dak Prescott looks to get the job done again for the Cowboys, possibly without last year’s fellow super rookie Ezekiel Elliott, who’s fighting a six game suspension by the league. The Cowboys might have the best offensive line in the league although the Raiders, Redskins and youth stitched nfl jerseys Steelers would have something to say about that and Pro Bowl receiver Dez Bryant. They also have a defense that allowed just 83.5 yards rushing last season, best in the NFL.
4. Barry Odom, Missouri Stop me if you read this before: the lone win came against FCS school Missouri State (to its credit, the Tigers scored 72 points). But in the next three games, all losses, Missouri scored a combined 30. And there are more losses coming. Probably this week at Kentucky, and certainly the following week at Georgia. Consecutive weirdly scheduled games against Idaho and UConn offer a chance for wins, but the team follows with Florida and Tennessee. Thank goodness the nice customise your own jersey football folks at the SEC didn’t put Alabama on the schedule.