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Rehabilitation Augments Hematoma Clearance and Attenuates Oxidative Injury and Ion Dyshomeostasis After Brain Hemorrhage
Background and Purpose—We assessed the elemental and biochemical effects of rehabilitation after intracerebral hemorrhage, with emphasis on iron-mediated oxidative stress, using a novel multimodal biospectroscopic imaging approach.
Methods—Collagenase-induced striatal hemorrhage was produced in rats that were randomized to enriched rehabilitation or control intervention starting on day 7. Animals were euthanized on day 14 or 21, a period of ongoing cell death. We used biospectroscopic imaging techniques to precisely determine elemental and molecular changes on day 14. Hemoglobin content was assessed with resonance Raman spectroscopy. X-ray fluorescence imaging mapped iron, chlorine, potassium, calcium, and zinc. Protein aggregation, a marker of oxidative stress, and the distribution of other macromolecules were assessed with Fourier transform infrared imaging. A second study estimated hematoma volume with a spectrophotometric assay at 21 days.
Results—In the first experiment, rehabilitation reduced hematoma hemoglobin content (P=0.004) and the amount of peri-hematoma iron (P<0.001). Oxidative damage was highly localized at the hematoma/peri-hematoma border and was decreased by rehabilitation (P=0.004). Lipid content in the peri-hematoma zone was increased by rehabilitation (P=0.016). Rehabilitation reduced the size of calcium deposits (P=0.040) and attenuated persistent dyshomeostasis of Cl− (P<0.001) but not K+ (P=0.060). The second study confirmed that rehabilitation decreased hematoma volume (P=0.024).
Conclusions—Rehabilitation accelerated clearance of toxic blood components and decreased chronic oxidative stress. As well, rehabilitation attenuated persistent ion dyshomeostasis. These novel effects may underlie rehabilitation-induced neuroprotection and improved recovery of function. Pharmacotherapies targeting these mechanisms may further improve outcome.
After intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), tissue surrounding the hematoma is subjected to chronic injury and dysfunction. Rehabilitation improves functional outcome and reduces chronic tissue loss after ICH, but mechanisms are incompletely understood.1–3 Known mechanisms include increased neurotrophic factors4 and reduced atrophy.3 Greater mechanistic knowledge of rehabilitation-induced recovery and neuroprotection would enhance treatment protocols and guide development of new therapies.
Neurotoxic blood components cause chronic damage to peri-hematoma tissue, resulting in additional injury for days and weeks after ICH.5,6 In particular, lysed erythrocytes release hemoglobin and redox-active iron that contribute to nondiscriminant oxidative injury by producing reactive oxygen species through Fenton reactions.6 Accordingly, intraparenchymal infusion of FeCl2 causes protracted tissue loss.7 Because of the deleterious nature of intraparenchymal blood, hematoma clearance may lessen chronic injury and improve outcome.8,9 Indeed, iron chelation therapies can reduce cell death and improve outcome,6 but benefits are not consistent.10 Clinical efficacy of pharmacologically accelerated hematoma clearance is being tested.11
In addition to causing cell death, stroke impairs function of surviving neurons.12 Previous studies have shown dyshomeostasis of K+, Cl−, and Na+ 24 hours post ICH.13 At this acute stage, ionic changes are thought to reflect edema. However, ion dyshomeostasis may persist after edema resolves, as occurs after other nervous system injury.14 Disturbed ion balance disrupts proper neural function.14 Thus, ion dyshomeostasis in the peri-hematoma zone (PHZ) may underlie neurological impairments and impede activity-dependent recovery processes. Importantly, exercise after spinal cord injury normalizes spinal activity by attenuating ion dyshomeostasis.14 Rehabilitation after ICH may have similar effects.
Biospectroscopic imaging allows for high-resolution elemental and biochemical analysis of tissue in situ. We previously validated the use of resonance Raman spectroscopy, x-ray fluorescence imaging (XFI), and Fourier transform infrared imaging (FTIRI) to analyze the distribution of hemoglobin, iron, and aggregated proteins 1 day after ICH.15 Here, we used biospectroscopic imaging to investigate mechanisms of rehabilitation, consisting of skilled reaching and environmental enrichment, after collagenase-induced ICH. We have repeatedly shown that this therapy improves long-term functional recovery and reduces cell death, even when treatment is delayed 7 days.1–3 We assessed the effect of rehabilitation on the distributions of hemoglobin, biochemical markers of oxidative stress, and various elements including iron, chlorine, and potassium.
Protocols conformed to Canadian Council of Animal Care Guidelines and were approved by the Biosciences Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of Alberta. Sixty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats (200–225 g; ≈7 weeks old) were obtained from the University of Alberta’s Biosciences colony. Animals were housed (4 per cage) in standard polycarbonate cages or enriched environment cages during rehabilitation (REHAB). Animals had free access to water. Food (Purina Rodent Chow) was restricted during reaching training and REHAB or CONTROL treatments to maintain animals at 90% free-feeding weight. Housing rooms were temperature and light controlled (lights on 7:00 am to 7:00 pm). Animals were handled before training to reduce stress. Cages of animals were randomly assigned to CONTROL or REHAB groups after ICH surgery. Sample size was based on previous studies that found functional and histological benefit with the same model and therapy1–3 and experiments using these imaging techniques.10
Skilled Reach Training
Animals were trained to reach for sugar pellets (45 mg; BioServ, Flemington, NJ) in the staircase test, a skilled reaching task.16 Training took place twice per day, 15 minutes per trial, 5 days per week for 4 weeks. Animals that did not successfully reach a minimum of 8 pellets per trial (possible maximum of 21) during the last 3 days of training were excluded from the analysis. Nonetheless, these excluded animals were subjected to all procedures (except imaging) to maintain the original caging conditions. This avoided confounds (eg, change in number of cagemates).
ICH was induced by striatal infusion of collagenase.1,5 Hemorrhage was induced contralateral to the preferred paw, as determined by the number of successful reaches during the final 3 days of staircase training. Animals were anaesthetized with isoflurane (4% induction, 1.5% to 2% maintenance, in 60% N2O, balance O2). Rectal temperature was maintained at 37 °C with a heated water blanket. A burr hole was drilled 3.5 mm lateral and 1.0 mm anterior from Bregma. Bacterial collagenase (0.14 U; Type IV-S; Sigma, Oakville, Ontario, Canada) in sterile saline (0.2 U/µL) was infused over 5 minutes at 6.5 mm below the skull surface with a 26 gauge needle (Hamilton, Reno, NV). The needle was slowly removed 5 minutes later to prevent backflow. Animals were monitored daily after surgery.
Beginning 1 week after ICH, animals in the REHAB group were subjected to skilled reaching practice and environmental enrichment.1–3 Practice occurred 4 times per day for 7 days with a modified staircase apparatus designed to increase the number of reaches beyond the typical staircase task.1–3 Only the impaired limb was trained. From 5:00 pm to 8:00 am, REHAB animals were housed in multilevel cages with novel objects that were changed biweekly.1 CONTROL animals received equivalent handling and sugar pellets and were group housed in standard cages. In a second experiment, animals were subjected to treatment from days 7 to 20 and euthanized on day 21.
Animals were anaesthetized and quickly decapitated 14 days post ICH. To prevent postmortem biochemical alterations, heads were rapidly frozen in isopentane cooled with liquid N2.15 Brains were removed from skulls over dry ice. Serial coronal sections (10 µm for FTIRI and Cresyl violet staining and 20 µm for XFI and Raman spectroscopy) were taken at the center of the hematoma. Sections for FTIRI were mounted on CaF2 discs (Crystran Ltd, Poole, UK). Sections for Cresyl violet were mounted on glass slides. Sections for XFI and Raman spectroscopy were mounted on metal-free Thermanox coverslips (ThermoScientific).
Resonance Raman Spectroscopy
Hemoglobin was mapped within 24 hours of sectioning.15 Regions of interest were selected from bright-field images to include hematoma and peri-hematoma regions. Samples were imaged at 20×20 µm resolution with an inVia confocal Raman microscope and spectrometer (50× objective; Renishaw, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada), using streamline mapping. Tissue was excited with an Ar+ laser (Modu-Laser, Centerville, UT) emitting at 514.4 nm, 100% laser power. Raman spectra were collected with a 1200 mm/line grating from 1200 to 1800 cm−1. Semi-quantitative maps of hemoglobin distribution were generated with Renishaw WiRE software (version 3.3). Spectra were integrated from 1535 to 1590 cm−1, including bands indicative of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin.15 Custom software converted maps to allow for region of interest analysis with Sam Microanalysis Toolkit (version 1.1)17. Intensity was averaged from identifiable regions of hematoma, corroborated with bright-field images, Cresyl violet histology, and XFI iron maps (described below). Nonhematoma regions were avoided.
X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging
Maps of Ca, Cl−, Cu, Fe, Mn, K+, and Zn were collected using synchrotron light at beamline 10–2 at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource.15 Samples were mounted at a 45° angle to the incident beam. Tissue was exposed to a 13 450 eV x-ray beam through a 50 µm pinhole aperture for 200 ms per 30 µm step. Emissions spectra were detected with a 4-element vortex silicon drift detector. Spectra were also collected from standards of known concentration for quantitative analysis. Quantified channels were generated with Sam Microanalysis Toolkit17 and reformatted with custom software for spatial analysis with ImageJ (version 1.48; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD). Elemental concentrations of Fe, Cl−, and K+ were determined over distance from the hematoma in peri-hematoma striatum. As verified previously15 and in the present study, a sharp decrease in Fe concentration demarcates the hematoma/peri-hematoma boundary. Average elemental concentration was measured in adjacent 6×6 pixel bins (180×180 µm) moving away from the hematoma edge to 1260 µm (3 regions of interest per section). In the contralateral hemisphere, average elemental concentrations were determined in the entire striatum. Potassium concentration was expressed as a change from contralateral striatum because of a large difference in potassium counts between imaging runs. Deposits of calcium (often also containing zinc) are associated with pathological cell death.18,19 In sections with identifiable calcium deposits, average concentration and size of deposits was determined with ImageJ. Because of the small number of animals with zinc deposits, zinc was not formally analyzed.
Fourier Transform Infrared Imaging
FTIR images were collected on the Mid-IR 01B1-1 beamline at the Canadian Light Source (Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada). Blank background images were collected immediately before each sample. Effective pixel size was 21.4 µm, approximated as 20 µm for spatial comparisons. Spectra were collected in the range from 900 to 3850 cm−1. Images were generated using Cytospec software (version 2.00.01).15 To generate maps of lipid ester, spectra were integrated from 1710 to 1755 cm−1. Total protein was determined by integrating the amide I band (1610–1690 cm−1). Second derivative intensity at 1625 cm−1 was used to generate aggregated protein maps after spectra were vector-normalized to the amide I band, and second derivatives were calculated from normalized spectra using a Savitsky-Golay 13-point smoothing average.15 Images were exported from Cytospec and spatially analyzed with ImageJ as per XFI images, except 9×9 pixel binning was used to yield 180×180 µm bins. Because of beamline time limitations, only a random subset of sections was imaged (final N=7 per group).
Spectrophotometric Hemoglobin Assay
In the second experiment, brains were removed and assayed to determine blood volume in each hemisphere immediately after decapitation.5 Hematoma volume was calculated as ipsilateral–contralateral blood volume.
Data were analyzed with GraphPad Prism software (version 6.0; GraphPad Software, Inc, La Jolla, CA). Two-way ANOVA was used to assess group and distance main effects. Fisher least significant difference was used for post hoc comparisons to minimize type 2 errors. Note that choice of post hoc test did not affect our conclusions. Unpaired Student t tests were used for comparison of 2 independent means. Assumptions of equal variance were tested with Brown–Forsythe or F tests. In cases where variance was not equal, appropriate corrections were applied (ie, Welch t tests). Proportions were compared with Fisher exact test. Statistical significance was defined as P<0.05. All data are mean±SD.
Mortality and Exclusions
Group sizes and exclusions are summarized in Table. In the imaging experiment, 1 animal died from surgical error (cage later randomized to CONTROL group). Three animals per group failed to meet the minimum criteria in the staircase task. An additional 6 animals were excluded from spatial analysis of XFI and FTIRI maps because of insufficient residual striatum for analysis (4 REHAB and 2 CONTROL). One CONTROL animal was excluded from FTIRI analysis because of detector malfunction. One REHAB and 2 CONTROL animals were excluded from Raman analysis because of problems with image collection. One REHAB animal was excluded from the hemoglobin assay experiment because of a surgical error.
Multimodal Determination of Hemoglobin
REHAB decreased relative hemoglobin content within the hematoma at 14 days (Figure 1A and 1B; P=0.002). This was confirmed with a spectrophotometric assay in separate animals at 21 days (Figure 1C; P=0.024).
X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging
Total Fe was highest at the hematoma border and decreased with distance from the hematoma (Figure 2A and 2B; P<0.001, distance main effect). REHAB decreased peri-hematoma Fe (P<0.001, group main effect), especially nearest to the hematoma (P=0.002). Linear regression between relative hemoglobin content and average Fe content in the hematoma revealed a significant relationship (Figure 2C; P=0.007; r2=0.394), although not all iron within the hematoma is contained in hemoglobin because hemoglobin breakdown is ongoing at this time.
Hemorrhage caused persistent ion dyshomeostasis in peri-hematoma tissue. Specifically, Cl− concentration was increased and K+ concentration was decreased in the PHZ compared with contralateral striatum (Figure 3A and 3B; P<0.001). The magnitude of these effects normalized with distance from the hematoma (Figure 3A; P<0.001, distance main effect). REHAB attenuated Cl− dyshomeostasis (Figure 3A and 3C; P<0.001, group main effect), but not K+ dyshomeostasis (Figure 3A and 3C; P=0.060, group main effect).
Calcium deposits were found in 6 out of 10 CONTROL animals and 7 out of 10 REHAB animals (no difference in occurrence, P=1.000). These deposits were smaller in the REHAB than CONTROL group (Figure 4A and 4B; P=0.040). Average Ca concentration within deposits was not different between groups (Figure 4A; P=0.092). Calcium was commonly colocalized with Zn (Figure 4C). There were no group differences in elemental concentration in contralateral striatum (Figure 4D; P≥0.491).
Fourier Transform Infrared Imaging
We detected a highly localized increase in protein aggregation (oxidation) surrounding the hematoma that was attenuated by REHAB (Figure 5A through 5D; P=0.004). Lipid content did not change with distance from the hematoma (Figure 5A and 5C; P=0.878, distance main effect) but was higher in the REHAB group (P=0.016, group main effect). Also, there was a loss of total protein content in the PHZ that was decreased by REHAB (Figure 5A and 5C; P=0.001, group main effect). There were no group differences in lipid, total protein, or aggregated protein content in corpus callosum or contralateral striatum (P≥0.230).
Enriched rehabilitation improves functional outcome after stroke by reducing lesion size, increasing dendritic complexity, and upregulating growth factors, among other beneficial effects.1–4,20 Here, we describe novel mechanisms that may underlie how rehabilitation reduces cell death and improves function after ICH. We found that REHAB improved clearance of hemoglobin and iron and concomitantly decreased oxidative stress at the hematoma/PHZ interface, a site of chronic injury. Furthermore, REHAB attenuated ion dyshomeostasis in the PHZ. These findings identify potential therapeutic targets and provide insights into the mechanisms of REHAB, perhaps some of which are unique for intracranial bleeds.
Chronic lesion expansion occurs after ICH5,7,10 and can be reduced by REHAB.1,2 As the lesion expands, the hematoma/PHZ interface advances outwards and damages surviving cells as they come into proximity with the hematoma.21 Using FTIRI, we found a localized region of aggregated (oxidized) protein at the hematoma/PHZ interface, the same region with the greatest accumulation of nonhemoglobin iron. Therefore, it seems that continued oxidative injury at this time is because of remaining blood components. Notably, REHAB decreased this localized tissue oxidation, indicating that this therapy limits chronic oxidative damage. Additionally, REHAB preserved lipid and protein content in residual striatum, suggesting less macromolecular damage or improved repair processes (eg, dendritic growth and axonal remyelination22).
We also report the novel finding that REHAB augments clearance of hemoglobin and iron after ICH. We found that iron concentration was highest at the hematoma/PHZ interface and declined with distance from the hematoma, suggesting that the high concentration of iron at the hematoma border underlies localized oxidative stress. Improved clearance of hemoglobin and iron seems to be a mechanism by which REHAB decreases ongoing tissue oxidation and lesion expansion. We previously found that REHAB does not affect ferritin or transferrin after ICH, suggesting limited effects on iron sequestration.1 Here, we found no group differences in iron, copper, manganese, or zinc concentrations in contralateral striatum, indicating a lack of bulk removal of transition metals from the brain. Additional study of iron sequestration in the immediate PHZ is needed but is technically challenging.
Hematoma resolution occurs over weeks through several pathways. For example, CD47 inhibits erythrocyte phagocytosis and limits hematoma clearance.23 By contrast, accumulation of CD163+ and HO-1+ microglia/macrophages and membrane attack complexes are associated with improved hemoglobin clearance.23 In addition, the Nrf2 pathway mediates erythrocyte phagocytosis and increases antioxidant production.8 Notably, exercise upregulates Nrf2.20 We speculate that REHAB upregulates proclearance pathways (eg, Nrf2) and downregulates anticlearance pathways (eg, CD47) to hasten hematoma removal and limit secondary injury.
We previously reported distinct deposits of calcium and zinc near the lesion after ICH and ischemic stroke.10,19 In addition, cation accumulation has been observed after other brain pathologies, such as ischemia and seizure, and is linked with cell death and inflammation.18,24 We found that deposits tended to be smaller in REHAB animals. However, it is unclear whether such deposits are a result of or contributor to nervous system injury. Accordingly, smaller deposits could reflect reduced injury or could be another protective mechanism of REHAB. Because cation accumulation occurs across several insult types, it is likely an important process to nervous system injury in general and should be studied further.
Dyshomeostasis of Cl−, K+, and Na+ occurs acutely post ICH and is associated with edema.13 Here, we show that increased Cl− and decreased K+ concentrations persist to 14 days post ICH. Na+ could not be assessed with our methods. In contrast to the highly localized oxidative injury observed at this time, ion homeostasis is impaired throughout a large region of the PHZ. We note that this is a region where widespread dendritic atrophy occurs after ICH, and this atrophy can be reduced by REHAB.3,7 The impact of altered ion concentrations on neural function has not been assessed after ICH. Nonetheless, we speculate that neural activity in the PHZ would be markedly impaired and that ion dyshomeostasis likely contributes to behavioral impairment. Indeed, reflex function is impaired after spinal cord injury, but function is improved by reducing ion dyshomeostasis with rehabilitation or pharmacotherapy.14 Additionally, bumetanide, a sodium–potassium–chloride cotransporter antagonist, improves behavioral outcome after focal ischemia in rodents.25 Furthermore, altered tonic and phasic GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid) (Cl−) signaling has been reported to occur after stroke, and targeted treatments provide behavioral benefit.26,27 Taken together, these findings indicate that ion homeostasis is impaired after nervous system injury with functional consequences, and therapies that normalize ion concentration or signaling, including rehabilitation, can be beneficial. However, it should be noted that beginning such treatments soon after stroke can be harmful (eg, increased lesion size).26
REHAB normalized dyshomeostasis of Cl− but not K+. Imbalances in Cl− homeostasis can reverse the polarity of GABA signaling by altering expression of ion transporters (eg, KCC2 [potassium–chloride cotransporter] and sodium–potassium–chloride cotransporter).28 A shift in the reversal potential of Cl− causes hyperexcitability. For example, impaired Cl− homeostasis after spinal cord injury is associated with hyperreflexia.14 Interestingly, this excitatory switch occurs after stroke as well and could underlie post-ICH seizures.25,28,29 REHAB seems to normalize Cl− homeostasis and improve behavioral recovery by modulating expression of Cl− transporters,14 although we did not assess this. Future studies will assess whether therapies targeted to normalize ion concentrations (eg, bumetanide) provide benefit after ICH.
Our methodology had several limitations. First, we were unable to determine the chemical state of iron using XFI. This could provide direct evidence that iron contributes to chronic oxidative stress after ICH. Second, we did not assess the functional significance of ion dyshomeostasis or whether the changes were intra- or extracellular. Another limitation was that we imaged one coronal section per animal. Imaging multiple sections might improve consistency but was not feasible given the onerous nature of the study and limited imaging time. Finally, we did not correlate elemental and biochemical changes induced by REHAB with behavioral improvement, although we have repeatedly shown such improvement in this model with this therapy.1–3 Future studies will assess subcellular changes in biochemistry and ionic concentration after ICH. Also, the electrophysiological and behavioral effects of ion dyshomeostasis will be examined.
In summary, we demonstrate that REHAB beginning 1 week after ICH improves hematoma clearance and decreases accumulation of iron in surrounding tissue. Perhaps, the most parsimonious explanation is that accelerated hematoma clearance underlies rehabilitation-mediated neuroprotection by limiting chronic oxidative injury at the hematoma–PHZ interface. In addition, REHAB normalizes Cl− dyshomeostasis, presumably lessening impairments and enhancing activity-dependent recovery processes. Many patients experience persistent deficits despite onerous rehabilitative therapy. Further exploration of these novel mechanisms of rehabilitation-mediated recovery will aid the development of cotherapies and improve rehabilitation protocols.
Research described here was performed at the Canadian Light Source, which is supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the National Research Council Canada, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), the Province of Saskatchewan, Western Economic Diversification Canada, and the University of Saskatchewan. Resonance Raman spectroscopic imaging was performed at the Saskatchewan Structural Sciences Center at the University of Saskatchewan. Use of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, is supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Contract DE-AC02-76SF00515. The SSRL Structural Molecular Biology Program is supported by the DOE Office of Biological and Environmental Research and by the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of General Medical Sciences (including P41GM103393).
Sources of Funding
Research supported by Heart and Stroke Foundation/Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Synchrotron Medical Imaging team grant (#CIF 99472) to H. Nichol, P.G. Paterson, F. Colbourne, and others. F. Colbourne is a Canada Research Chair. M.R. Williamson and K. Dietrich were supported by Alberta Innovates studentships. K. Dietrich and J. Aziz were supported by Branch Out Neurological Foundation. M.J. Hackett was supported by Saskatchewan Health Research Foundation and CIHR fellowships.
The contents of this publication are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of National Institute of General Medical Sciences or National Institutes of Health.
- Received September 10, 2016.
- Revision received September 10, 2016.
- Accepted October 17, 2016.
- © 2016 American Heart Association, Inc.
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|The Fed`s Quantitative Easing Violates the Rule of Law|
by David DeGraw November 16, 2010 AmpedStatus
The Federal Reserve represents global banking interests who have overstepped their legal authority. Their Quantitative Easing program is an explicit violation of the Constitution. By deliberately devaluing the dollar and causing the price of basic necessities to rise, the Federal Reserve is, as a matter of strategic policy, sacrificing a significant percentage of the US population for the benefit of a few global bankers. In the process, they are also igniting a global currency war that threatens the security of the American people. In clear terms, the Federal Reserve’s actions represent a declaration of war against the people of the United States.
Now that comedians like Glenn Beck, Jon Stewart and Stephen Colbert have demonstrated the ability to rally thousands of Americans, don’t you think it’s time to have a serious rally to restore the rule of law and the Constitution?
How much longer are we going to remain passive while global banking interests rob us of our national wealth and destroy the fabric of our society. Our nation has become a banana republic where the rule of law has become a farce and clearly doesn’t apply to one-tenth of one percent of the population. Anyone who has been paying attention realizes that an organized criminal operation has taken over the United States.
The collapse of the housing market was the result of organized criminal activity, from top to bottom. The people who committed the largest financial crime in the history of the United States were rewarded with trillions of dollars in national wealth, and continue to be rewarded as this criminal activity continues unabated.
In an attempt to drive the final nail into our coffin, five members of the Supreme Court have blatantly proven that they are beholden to these interests by ruling in favor of unlimited spending on political campaigns, which allows for a grotesque abuse of power and firmly entrenches the banking interests that have seized our nation. These banking interests have paid-off, or legally [sic] bribed, the majority of our elected officials and leaders of both parties, leaving 99% of the American population without representation.
The longer we allow them to get away with it, the more emboldened the global banking cartel is becoming. Let’s look at their latest scam…
Quantitative Fleecing: The Backdoor Bailout & Hidden Tax
On top of the many crimes already committed, their latest swindle is the Federal Reserve’s Quantitative Easing (QE2) program. QE2 is a money printing scheme that is in direct violation of the Constitution. The Constitution explicitly gives fiscal authority to Congress. The Federal Reserve, as a group of unelected global banking interests, cannot enact this policy without the direct approval of Congress. Therefore, Congress must take immediate action to stop this illegal activity, yet they remain completely silent on this usurpation of power.
As Hussman Funds president John Hussman politely put it:
“Given that fiscal authority is enumerated by the Constitution as the sole right of Congress, and spending is prohibited by the Constitution without explicit appropriation, it seems clear - regardless of how the Federal Reserve Act is written - that monetary operations involving anything but Treasury securities contain unconstitutional ‘fiscal component,’ unless they involve repurchase agreements that would make the Fed whole even if the underlying securities were to fail. It is doubtful that when Congress drafted the Federal Reserve Act to allow the use of mortgage-backed securities, it ever dreamed that the Fed would purchase these securities outright when the issuer was insolvent. Until this issue is clarified in legislation, Bernanke will continue to see it as ‘perfectly sensible’ for the Fed to make ‘money financed gifts’ that substitute his own personal discretion for those of a democracy.
Equally disturbing is that Bernanke apparently has no problem confusing fiscal policy with monetary policy when it suits him.”
The Federal Reserve tells us that they are doing this QE2 program to stimulate the economy and create jobs. Any serious economist will tell you that this is a blatant lie. We know from a basic understanding of economics and the results of QE1 that this program is completely ineffective in accomplishing their stated goals. The Federal Reserve is deliberately devaluing the dollar to enrich a small group of a global bankers, which will cause significant harm to the people of the United States and severe ramifications throughout the world. Their actions are igniting a global currency and trade war that is endangering the security of the United States. The Department of Homeland Security should take immediate actions to protect us against these acts of financial terrorism, and that’s not a joke.
The Federal Reserve’s actions are already causing the price of food and gas to increase and will cause hyperinflation on most basic necessities. This is happening at a time when we have a record 52 million Americans living in poverty, 42.4 million on food stamps and 77 percent of the population now living paycheck to paycheck. By deliberately devaluing the dollar and causing the price of necessities to rise, the Federal Reserve is, as a matter of strategic policy, sacrificing a significant percentage of the US population for the benefit of a few bankers - bankers who have already been experiencing all-time record high bonuses over the past two years. This is why we now have the highest and most severe inequality of wealth in US history. Not even the robber barons looted the economy as effectively as these banksters have.
Bill Gross, the head of the world’s largest mutual fund PIMCO, has said he expects the Fed’s QE2 program to cause a 20% decline in the value of the dollar. That may sound like an exaggeration to you, but many analysts are predicating an even more severe decline in value, and given the current global economic environment, with currency wars escalating, the very existence of the dollar is threatened like never before.
The bottom line is that this QE2 program amounts to a 20% tax increase for all Americans. They are not only taking an additional 20% of our annual salary, they are also taking 20% of all the money that we have in the bank. This is a backdoor bailout, a hidden tax, a way for working Americans to pay for the crimes of Wall Street. A way to cover the fraudulent toxic debt that they created in their casino Ponzi scheme that destroyed the economy in the first place.
This is the essence of taxation without representation.
We let them get away with the corrupted bailout. We let them get away QE1, which already stole 10% of our money last year. So now they are back at it, getting even bolder in their disregard for the American people and the Constitution.
The Federal Reserve represents global banking interests who have overstepped their legal authority and explicitly violated the Constitution. In clear terms, their actions represent a declaration of war against the people of the United States. The Federal Reserve Bank and their primary dealers are officially enemies of the state.
Make no mistake, Ben Bernanke is Public Enemy #1.
He represents the interests of the people who have brought overwhelming poverty and economic hardship to our doorstep. When are we going to hold him accountable for his actions?
All elected officials, civil servants and US military service members have swore an oath to uphold and protect the Constitution against all enemies, foreign and domestic. If Congress does not act, they will be derelict in their duties and we will have the legal authority to defend our rights. As American citizens we have a duty to protect the interests of the American people.
I am not calling for anyone to break the law. I’m demanding actions to restore the rule of law. I’m exercising my first amendment right to publicly point out that in the absence of political representation, we have an obligation to take non-violent direct action to restore the rule of law and the Constitution of the United States.
The Road Ahead…
The looting of the US economy that has occurred over the past two years is unprecedented in American history. You don’t have trillions of dollars looted from the economy and go on living business as usual. Most Americans have only a vague understanding of the collapse that we have been set up for. If you think the past two years were bad, and obviously they were, they were just a warm up to what is coming our way. After analyzing the policies in place and the current political environment, I can assure you that the next two years will be worse than the previous two.
As scary as it is to admit, I must conclude that we are only in the beginning phase of our decline. Millions more will be driven into poverty and unemployment. As this prolonged crisis continues the social safety-nets, like unemployment insurance and food stamps, the social safety-nets that have held our society together, will breakdown. Cuts to these vital social programs are going to be severe across the board. Draconian measures are just beginning to be rolled out in state after state across the country.
If you want to know where we are headed, a recent Boston Globe article by James Carroll shined a light on our dark future by revealing a well-established recent trend:
“… as federal corrections budgets increased by $19 billion, money for housing was cut by $17 billion, ‘effectively making the construction of prisons the nation’s main housing program for the poor.’ State budgets took their cues from Washington in a new but unspoken national consensus: poverty itself was criminalized. Although ‘law and order’ was taken to be a Republican mantra, this phenomenon was fully bipartisan.”
We already have more citizens in prison than any other country in the world. Our per capita incarceration rate is now on par to the darkest days of the Soviet Gulag.
What do you think is going to happen when the 52 million Americans already living in poverty can no longer afford to get the food that they need to live?
Unless there is a major shift in political policy, riots and social upheaval are coming. The mainstream media created bubble of reality that we have been all comfortably living in is about to burst. You need to prepare yourself for it.
Until we stop being so naïve and passive and realize that our country has been taken over by a financial terrorism network, until we demand that the rule of law is actually applied, our living standards will continue on the downward spiral that has only just begun.
You may think I’m be overly pessimistic or extreme, but I’m not. Open your own eyes, it doesn’t take much intelligence to see what is happening around us, it just takes some time to do the research and connect the dots. Turn off your TV set. Go online and look at what is happening throughout the world. People are taking to the streets and fighting back all over the world, and I’m not talking about in some backwoods country that you’ve never even heard of. Look at Europe, people are storming their government offices and departments of finance. They understand what is happening and they are defending their future. When will we?
Americans across the country are waking up completely broke, in debt they will never get out of and their job prospects are dire. The wrecking ball came through once and drove 50 million Americans into poverty. It is about to swing back again and take with it another 50 million of us. Our country has been attacked, looted and burnt to the ground economically.
We need to understand that we are in an all out economic world war right now, and we are being viciously attacked without forming any resistance.
The people attacking us are only one-tenth of one percent of the population. If we can recognize this fact and organize on common ground, we can win this war.
Are you ready to fight back?
I’ve made my decision. See you on the frontlines!
Disclaimer: Opinions expressed on this site are solely Hamsayeh.Net’s own and do not represent any official institutions’, bodies’, organizations’ etc.
Similarly, Hamsayeh.Net would not be responsible for any other opinions that may be expressed therein by other sources through direct or indirect quotations.

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What is a ULIP?
A mix of investment and insurance, a Unit Linked Insurance Plan or ULIP offers policyholders a flexible way to create wealth with the additional security of a life cover.
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domain: finance


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y LEO z@
Born in Tokyo and bred in Yokohama, LEO spent her youth immersed in the sounds of Motown, gospel and classic soul.
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domain: artistic


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If your a fan of “Mobb Music” or what some may coin as the phrase for Northern California, Gangsta Rap music. Then you may want to check out a rapper that goes by the name of Reece Loc, with well over 10 albums to date in his 3 years of officially releasing projects the young Fresno City, rapper has been noticeably hard at work.
The Siccness Network‘s own Coop reached out his fellow city native to discuss his new album Live What You Rap About, his last ep “the Street Associate” he released exclusively with the Siccness Network, his Cen Cal/Mid West ties (Kansas City), the drastic change is his cities music landscape and how he’s trying to stay true to its foundation and much more.
Tune in for the full interview and check out Siccness Radio for 24 hr non stop New West Coast music, interviews and every Friday at 6pm check H.E.R. (High End Radio) out for all the latest San Diego trends, Community Events and exclusive music and interviews. bit.ly/SiccnessRadio.


Lake Okeechobee Toxic Algal Bloom Threatens To Spread To Coastal Estuaries
Scientists have been watching a large toxic algal bloom in Lake Okeechobee.
They worry the bloom could spread from the state’s largest lake through man-made canals to coastal estuaries like the Indian River Lagoon.
The toxic bloom began about a week ago in Lake Okeechobee and stretches several miles.
Paul Gray of Audubon of Florida said unless it dissipates, the bloom likely will spread as water managers continue to send large amounts of water from the rain-swollen lake to the estuaries.
“When you open the gate to flow water out of the lake they just flow right along with it," Gray said. "And they tend to stay at the surface so they can stay viable all the way down the canal and into the estuary.”
Gray said it’s too soon to know how heavy rain this week impacted the bloom.
A toxic bloom of the same algal species three years ago gripped the southern Indian River Lagoon, prompting advisories that people stay away from the water.


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FDA Requires Medical Device Manufacturers to Prioritize Cybersecurity—Are You Ready?
Written by: Kajeet
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued new guidance this week that requires all new medical device applicants to submit a plan on how to “monitor, identify, and address” cybersecurity issues. The guidance also mandates that manufacturers create a process that provides “reasonable assurance” that the device in question is protected against cyber threats. Applicants must make security updates and patches available on a regular schedule.
These new regulations are critical given the increasing number of cybersecurity threats targeting medical devices. Cyberattacks on medical devices can result in the compromise of sensitive patient information, the disruption of critical medical procedures, and even physical harm to patients.
Kajeet's Sentinel Platform Offers Comprehensive Cybersecurity for Medical Devices
For medical device manufacturers, compliance with these new regulations can be a daunting task and not every manufacturer is ready with resources to add this additional layer of regulatory transparency into their plans. Fortunately, Kajeet's Sentinel platform provides comprehensive cybersecurity right out of the box. Sentinel is a cloud-based platform that uses advanced machine learning algorithms to monitor, identify, and address cybersecurity threats in real-time.
By partnering with Kajeet, medical device manufacturers can save time and resources by integrating the Sentinel platform into their devices. This eliminates the need for costly and time-consuming research and development to physically add cybersecurity features to their devices.
In addition, Sentinel offers continuous monitoring and alerts, providing real-time notification of any cybersecurity issues. This ensures that manufacturers can quickly identify and address any potential vulnerabilities, thereby minimizing the risk of cyber-attacks and ensuring compliance with the new FDA regulations.
What can you do?
The new FDA guidance on cybersecurity for medical devices is an important step in ensuring the safety and security of patients. We can get you ready with the right tools and team to ensure cybersecurity protection for devices and patients. Here are several resources in which you might be interested:
To learn more about Sentinel and how it can help medical device manufacturers, check out our Sentinel page.
Developing a telehealth / RPM / IoMT device? Learn more about our IoT module initiative for developers.
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Have a question, or think you might want some help with your connected healthcare solution? This big blue button is for you:
Tag(s): Blog Posts , Healthcare , cybersecurity

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September is Suicide Prevention Month, but this critical issue deserves our attention every month throughout the year.
The statistics are startling. Lesbian, gay and bisexual youth are four times more likely to attempt suicide than their straight counterparts and an alarming 41% of transgender or gender non-conforming people have attempted suicide sometime in their lives compared to just 4% of heterosexual counterparts.
The numbers are alarming and the implications of what those figures represent are even more disconcerting. Nearly half of all trans people attempt suicide. We have failed our youth if they feel so dejected that they no longer see reason to live. We have failed our community when the rates of depression and suicide remain many times higher than our heterosexual counterparts. There is no good enough reason why any young LGBT person should be marginalized or rejected to the extent that they feel they have no worth and contemplate or actively seek ending their lives.
Our community remains so susceptible to depression and suicide because, although we've made great progress towards equality, we still remain vulnerable to discrimination, harassment and rejection because of who we are and who we love.
To help combat the epidemic that faces our young people, you can donate time or money to an LGBT organization that's working to combat hate and further equal rights. Our laws must protect all members of our community, and the failure to do so leave many open to discrimination and harm without recourse. Institutionalized discrimination at the highest level sends a message to other formal and informal arenas including schools, groups and teams as well as families that it's OK to put down someone for being LGBT. We know that society's stigmatization of LGBT people increases the risk factors for higher rates of depression and suicide. We're made to feel that we're not as worthy as our heteronormative counterparts. For someone who is just coming out and suffers the rejection of family, friends and community, it's easy to feel like one's world is falling apart and will never repair.
That's why those of us who survived our youth and are out and proud need to stand up on behalf of those who don't yet have both feet on the ground. We must continue to create a safer world for our youth.
In New York, we're fighting for the Gender Expression Non-Discrimination Act, or GENDA, which would extend the existing Human Rights Law to include protections on the basis of gender identity and expression. We demand that 2015 be the year GENDA finally gets signed into law and strongly believe that once the law is in place, it will send a strong message that you transgender New Yorkers deserve the same respect and access to opportunities as everyone else.
We're also advocating for a bill that would protect LGBT youth from dangerous and discredited conversion efforts. Many young people are told that who they are is not normal, or worse. Some misguided parents are lured by so-called therapists who offer a "solution" in the way of reparative or conversion practices that drive young people into social isolation, depression and suicide. This practice has no place in New York State, or anywhere else, and we'll fight until we ensure licensed therapists are stopped from harming young people.
Suicide is preventable. Each and every one of us can and should be a more active participant in helping create a better world in which LGBT youth feels supported and are far less likely to be driven to that point of desperation. Lend a hand and mentor a young LGBT person. Be aware of the warning signs of depression and suicide and be proactive if a friend is in need. Direct them to resources where they can seek professional help and make yourself available to them in whatever way they might want or need.


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Health is the wealth. Due to development in the field of science, we have simplified our day-to-day work with the help of machines. The victim here is our health. Energy spent is less as we can do strenuous tasks by just pressing the button. But we never tried to reduce the intake. This results in [...]
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Many people are suffering from eating disorders these days. The most common eating disorders are Anorexia Nervosa (anorexia) and Bulimia Nervosa (bulimia). Both are very dangerous eating disorders that may even cause death. Eating disorders usually occur on the background of emotional instability, confusion, loneliness, depression and low-self esteem.
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domain: health


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buy modafinil new york CNN national security examiner and Associate Dean of Yale Law School and previous FBI operator Asha Rangappa said on Saturday that the choice by Special Counsel Bob Mueller’s group to concentrate on President Donald Trump’s monetary manages Russia extending back years does not look good for the White House.
With respect to particular papers in regards to the concise residency of National Security Adviser Mike Flynn, Rangappa stated, “They most likely focused on a wrongdoing or some arrangement of violations that they need to get more data on. They’re likely searching for any sort of correspondences” about conceivable installments to people related with Flynn and his associations with Russians.
“The new excellent jury means this is extending,” she proceeded. “This is presumably still in the beginning periods. It would be ordinary now to gather more proof, so they need potentially money related records, they need individuals to come in and affirm under vow to get more data and they will utilize that to continue. So this will be one phase of numerous as I disclosed to a few people, if this were a TV dramatization, this may be Episode 4. Along these lines, stay tuned. There’s all the more coming.”
Watch the video, implanted beneath:


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Friends of PACT
A small monthly gift to PACT can make a huge difference.
You can become a friend of PACT by giving a regular gift towards our work. Your support will make a real difference to the families we support in a variety of ways:
- A gift of £10 will pay for a session for a parent and child to explore the joys of positive play
- A gift of £20 will pay for a support worker to help a child come to terms with having witnessed violence in their home
- A gift of £130 will pay for a full therapy session for an adopted child and their family
Friends of PACT can make a real difference in their community by helping to raise awareness of the organisation’s work and by supporting fundraising initiatives.
If you would like to become a Friend of PACT please complete your details on the form and return it to us. Additionally, if you are a taxpayer, simply filling in the Gift Aid Form enables the charity to reclaim the tax paid (currently 28p for every £1 donated).
Download: Friends of PACT leaflet
You can also make a regular gift to PACT through Virgin Money Giving
Why not support PACT's work with a regular donation? Supporters who make regular donations are vital to PACT because they help us plan activities and services for the coming months and years.
How to Set Up A Regular Donation
Complete the standing order mandate and return it to the address detailed below.
Download: standing order form
Please send your cheque (made payable to ‘PACT’) to:
7 Southern Court, South Street, Reading RG1 4QS
The Gift Aid scheme means PACT will receive 25p more for every £1 you donate - at no extra cost to you.
Download: Gift Aid declaration form
Contact us on 0118 938 7600 for further information
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You can make a fast and secure donation to PACT through Virgin Money Giving.
Donating by text
You can donate by SMS by texting PACT10 followed by £1 £2 £3 £4 £5 or £10 to 70070.
Thank you for your support


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LAWMAKER SUGGEST SCHOOL “GO PRIVATE” TO AVOID STATE MEDDLING
Aside from his federal indictment as part of a stem cell racket (and an ongoing lawsuit that could open him up to public corruption charges), S.C. Rep. Stephen Goldfinch (RINO-S.C.) is best known as the liberal lawmaker who wants state government to take over the Charleston School of Law (CSOL).
Or merge it with the College of Charleston – where his wife, Renee, serves as a board member.
In light of his efforts to expand the Palmetto State’s hopelessly bloated higher ed system, we were curious to see Goldfinch’s response to a College of Charleston student leader who objected to recent ideologically motivated budget cuts at the school.
“Out of one side of your mouth you demand that we fund your school and many of your educations, yet, out of another side of your mouth, you demand we stay out of your school and your education,” Goldfinch wrote in an email to the school’s student vice president, Chris Piedmont. “I have a simple solution for you: Ask your school to go private. At that point, you can require obscene pornographic mandatory reading without any intervention from the people who fund your school now.”
Unfortunately, Goldfinch’s email isn’t a serious privatization proposal … it’s an effort to make the College of Charleston swallow the General Assembly’s ideological orientation.
You know, just like powerful lawmakers are trying to dictate the selection of the school’s next president …
As we’ve stated on numerous prior occasions, taxpayers should not subsidize the propagandizing of any sexual orientation. At any government entity. We believe colleges and universities should be free to offer such courses, but they – like all higher ed institutions – should do so within the private marketplace.
“Higher education” in South Carolina continues to veer radically to the left – in its social views but more importantly in its speculative investment in “economic development.” The result is more expensive – yet less valuable – degrees.
Of course the state’s ridiculously large network of 33 state-supported schools (which includes more than eighty different campus locations) is able to stay afloat despite such diminishing returns because it gets billions of tax dollars each year.
It’s time – past time, actually – to turn these institutions loose and let then fend for themselves in the marketplace.


Close call! Amber Rose manages to stop her daringly super-short dress from riding up too high as she shops with friends
There aren’t many people that could get away with a dress that short but Amber Rose was clearly feeling brave yesterday.
The curvy model stepped out in a tiny bright tribal print dress that left little to the imagination and plenty of flesh on show.
Amber,27, was out shopping with friends in Beverly Hills yesterday in the miniscule frock which was not only super-short but which only boasted one strap across the nape of her leaving plenty of flesh on show.
Close call: Amber Rose nearly managed to catch her super short dress just in time as it rode up as she was out shopping Beverly Hills yesterday
And the voluptuous model dressed up her frock in a pair of high sparkling gold strappy sandals as she hit the high end boutiques in the area.
The girl gang popped into Chanel where Amber was seen trying on a number of different oversized sunglasses before she chose a pair she liked.
And as she left the store she looked happy with her purchase before her dress rode up high dangerously close to exposing herself.
Bright and bold: The model was seen shopping in Chanel dressed in her bright printed dress which she teamed with a pair of gold strappy sandals
The crop haired beauty - Kanye West's ex - was spotted in Barbados earlier this month wearing a tiny stripy bikini for her undersea safari, as well as the mask, snorkel and that only just managed to keep her curves under cover.
The former stripper spent a few days on the tropical island with some girlfriends.
However, during her time there, the star also said she was missing her boyfriend, hip hop star Wiz Khalifa, 23, who she described as her 'husband.'
How do I look? The 27-year-old model checked out her reflection in the mirror as she tried out a number of sunglasses styles
Specs appeal: Amber tried on a number of different styles in Chanel before choosing a large oversized pair
She posted up a Twitpic of 'I love Cameron' that she had written in the sand - the Black And Yellow rapper's real christian name.
However, Amber was soon reunited with her love when she flew back at the end of last week and the pair went to the Coachella Festival in Indio, California.
She before she got on her flight home, she wrote: '2 more hours till I'm in my baby's arms. 2 weeks away from him is way to long. :-)'
It's been rumoured that the pair have got engaged, but neither have confirmed or denied reports as yet.
Do you have a story about a celebrity? Call the Daily Mail showbusiness desk on 0207 938 6364 or 0207 938 6683. For U.S. stories, phone 310 642 2317.
Most watched News videos
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- Nick Goepper and McRae Williams test out Olympic snow
- 19-year-old Florida school shooting suspect appears in court
- KFC workers caught 'smuggling chicken' from a car by neighbour
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- Group of 'Romanians' caught vandalising car parked in their space
- Moment sex offender Matthew Falder is arrested in June 2015
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- Nikolas Cruz caught in chilling footage after shooting 17 people
- This electric hypercar hits 0-60mph in UNDER two seconds
- 15-year-old Florida shooting victim's funeral


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Each month, the AAS Membership Committee presents the "Membership Spotlight" - an opportunity to introduce you to a … [Read More...] about AAS Member Spotlight for April 2021 – Rian M. Hasson, MD
AAS 2021 Presidential Address
Eugene Kim, MD
“Baby on Board: Safeguarding the Next Generation of Academic Surgeons”
ASC 2021 Virtual Congress
Missed the live AAS Fall Courses?
Recent Posts from The Academic Surgeon
Each month, the AAS Membership Committee presents the “Membership Spotlight” – an opportunity to introduce you to a member of your association. Article by Joseph D. Phillips, MD Dr. Rian M. Hasson is a Thoracic Surgeon and Assistant Professor of Surgery at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth. She was born […]


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Release Date: February 28, 2018
The following release notes are for the February 28, 2018 release of WorldCat Discovery:
- Users with limited access to some full-text links can now see all e-links from search results, and WorldCat e-links are more reliable with MARC 008 publication dates.
Many of these enhancements are the direct result of your feedback.
Consider configuring the "Access Online" button if your institution limits access of some e-links based on the user.
Include Request ID with problem reports
When reporting an issue with WorldCat Discovery, it is extremely helpful to include the Request ID. The Request ID is found at the bottom of the screen on which the issue occurred. Including this information allows us to directly trace what happened on the request we are troubleshooting.
New features and enhancements
Configure "Access Online" to display one or all e-links
Institutions with a unique need to display all primary "Access Online" e-links on the search results can configure the "Access Online" button to display all e-links. While this configuration can help many institutions to serve multiple e-links to users, we do not recommend this setting as the default for the majority of users, as the primary expectation is for the "Access Online" button to take the user directly to the material available online.
No changes to the existing "Access Online" button have been made unless this opt-in configuration is selected.
Configure the "Access Online" button to send the user to the first e-link or to display all e-links in OCLC Service Configuration > Full Test and Open Access Links > WorldCat Local Search Results // WorldCat Discovery Search Results and Detailed Views > Display primary links on search results and Course Reserves:
If two or more primary links are present for a record, and the setting for "Display all primary links" is enabled, users see the "Access Online" button display with an expansion indicator:
Selecting the "Access Online" button expands the "Access Online" links into a scrolling tray filled with primary links, as configured by your institution:
Please note that only the following primary links on search results and Course Reserves will display:
- WorldCat knowledge base links
- Local Holding Records 856 links
- OPAC links
- Master WorldCat record 856 links
- Non-WorldCat record 856/956 links
When only one primary link is associated with a search result, and the "Display all links" setting in Service Configuration is enabled, the "Access Online" button will behave as a link everywhere it is visible. The icon changes to indicate when there is only one available link:
When the "Display all links" setting in Service Configuration is enabled, the "Access Online" button will anchor a user to the full list of primary links available for that record:
Report a Broken link from search results
When the "Display all links" setting in Service Configuration is enabled, users can "Report a broken link" from search results and Course Reserves. "Report a broken link" is only primary for links:
WorldCat knowledge base links enhanced with MARC 008 field
In cases where there is no MARC 949 $g publication date, WorldCat Discovery will send MARC 008 field positions 07 to 10 for publication dates when constructing WorldCat knowledge base links for articles.
Corrected resource sharing button for Level 2 fulfillment groups: Custom URL
Institutions can configure and use the additional Resource Sharing button type of Custom URL for their Level 2 fulfillment button. Previously, this option may not have worked for all institutions.
To configure and use this setting, members must have a Level 2 fulfillment group configured with OCLC and set up in OCLC Service Configuration > My WorldCat.org > Place Hold/Request Buttons > Resource Sharing (Any Level) and select Configure an additional button.
Select Custom URL from the Type of button configuration drop-down menu and enter your URL into the blank field.
Configure the Custom URL to appear for your Level 2 fulfillment group in OCLC Service Configuration > My WorldCat.org > Place Hold/Request Buttons > For items owned by your "Level 2":
This is a list of new databases added to WorldCat Discovery, WorldCat Local and WorldCat.org since our last update.
You can enable these databases as search options in the Licensed Content and Databases module of the OCLC Service Configuration site. Please remember that your library must have a valid subscription to these databases in order to enable them.
Available in WorldCat Discovery, WorldCat Local and WorldCat.org
Cairn.info Journals - International Edition - English-language version of journals offered by Cairn.info.
From Oxford University Press
Law Trove - Collection of OUP Law textbooks.
Oxford Clinical Psychology - Collection of OUP Clinical Psychology textbooks.
Politics Trove - Collection of OUP Politics textbooks.
Available in WorldCat Discovery and WorldCat Local
Scribner Writers Online - This collection consists of all volumes in the Scribner American Writers series, including: American Writers (the 4-volume base set and all supplements), American Writers Retrospective and American Writers Classics.
Twayne's Authors Online - The acclaimed Twayne's Author Series of literary criticism offers in-depth introductions to the lives and works of writers, the history and influence of literary movements and to the development of literary genres.
From Tokyo National Research Institute for Cultural Properties
東京文化財研究所美術文献目録 (Tokyo National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Art Bibliography in Japan) - Articles on art and culture property derived from various related sources, such as journals, newspapers, exhibition catalogues, exhibition reports, and museum bulletins. It covers those published since the Meiji Era.

domain: library


Child poverty in London
Published Thursday, February 15, 2018 | Commons Debate packs CDP-2018-0040
A Westminster Hall debate on Child Poverty in London is scheduled for Thursday 22 February at 3.00pm. The Member leading the debate is Siobhain McDonagh MP.
Fuel Poverty Statistics in England - Lookup tool
Published Thursday, February 8, 2018 | Commons Briefing papers CBP-8226
An Excel tool allowing Fuel Poverty Statistics for Constituencies, Local Authorities and Regions in England to be automatically retrieved, and presented.
Labour market statistics: UK regions and countries
Published Wednesday, February 7, 2018 | Commons Briefing papers CBP-7950
This paper gives an overview of labour market statistics across the UK’s regions and countries. The spreadsheet published alongside this paper includes a ‘profile tool’ where you can select a region and see all data for that region presented in tables and charts.
Household Debt: Key Economic Indicators
Published Monday, February 5, 2018 | Commons Briefing papers SN02885
Household debt: Data on the latest household debt statistics, including net lending, mortgage interest rates and insolvencies.
Food poverty in Merseyside
Published Friday, January 12, 2018 | Commons Debate packs CDP-2018-0008
A Westminster Hall debate on Food poverty in Merseyside is scheduled for Tuesday 16 January 2018 at 2.30pm. The Member leading the debate is Stephen Twigg MP.
Household incomes by region
Published Friday, January 5, 2018 | Commons Briefing papers CBP-8191
This short briefing paper provides statistics on average household income by country and region of the UK.
Social mobility in Wales
Published Thursday, December 14, 2017 | Commons Debate packs CDP-2017-0261
This debate pack has been prepared ahead of the debate on Social Mobility in Wales, to be held in Westminster Hall on Tuesday 19 December at 2.30PM. This debate will be led by Chris Elmore MP.
The Pupil Premium
Published Tuesday, December 12, 2017 | Commons Briefing papers SN06700
This House of Commons Library Briefing Paper provides an overview of policy on the Pupil Premium since its introduction in 2011, including funding levels, eligibility criteria, and accountability.
Intergenerational Fairness and Government Policy
Published Friday, October 20, 2017 | Lords Library notes LLN-2017-0072
This House of Lords Library briefing provides information on intergenerational fairness and government policy ahead of a debate on this topic scheduled to take place in the House of Lords on 26 October 2017.
Energy bills and proposals for reform
Published Thursday, October 5, 2017 | Commons Briefing papers CBP-8081
During her speech to the Conservative party conference on 4 October 2017, the Prime Minister Theresa May announced that the Government would publish a Draft Bill to put a price cap on energy bills. There has been a mixed response to this announcement. Energy UK, the industry trade body, said the cap could interfere with competition and instead advocated energy efficiency measures. Whereas, Citizens advice welcomed the plans as a potential “solution to runaway energy costs.”
Income inequality in the UK
Published Monday, September 18, 2017 | Commons Briefing papers CBP-7484
This briefing paper looks at trends in income inequality in the UK over the last 50 years.
Taylor Review of Modern Employment Practices
Published Monday, July 17, 2017 | Lords Library notes LLN-2017-0043
This briefing summarises the recent Taylor Review of Modern Employment Practices and provides background and reaction to the report.
Government policies on social mobility
Published Monday, July 10, 2017 | Commons Debate packs CDP-2017-0137
A debate will be held on government policies on social mobility in Westminster Hall on Tuesday 11 July at 2:30pm. The subject for the debate has been chosen by Lucy Powell MP.
Key Issues 2017
Published Monday, June 26, 2017 | Commons Briefing papers CBP-8021
Key Issues 2017 is a series of short briefings on the topics that will take centre stage in UK and international politics in the new Parliament. Written by impartial Commons Library specialists, these articles are designed to help the reader get up to speed quickly on issues such as; Brexit, the housing crisis, the future of devolution and much more.
Topics: Administration of justice, Agriculture and environment, Armed forces, Asylum, Central government, Common Agricultural Policy, Community care, Companies, Competition, Construction industry, Consumers, Countryside, Crime, Crimes of violence, Criminal law, Defence policy, Economic and monetary union, Economic policy, Employment, Energy, Environmental protection, EU budget, EU defence policy, EU enlargement, EU external relations, EU grants and loans, EU institutions, EU law and treaties, Farmers, Fisheries, Flooding, Health services, Housing, Immigration, Incomes and poverty, Information technology, International economic relations, International politics and government, International trade, Internet and cybercrime, Local government, Manufacturing industries, Nationality, Obesity, Pollution, Prisons, Public administration, Regional development agencies, Regulation, Schools, Service industries, Taxation, Terrorism, Tourism, Working age benefits
Winter Fuel Payments update
Published Monday, June 26, 2017 | Commons Briefing papers SN06019
The Winter Fuel Payment is a tax-free annual payment to help older people meet the cost of their winter fuel bills. The “standard” rates are £200 per eligible household where the oldest person is under 80, and £300 for households containing a person aged 80 or over.
Poverty in the UK: statistics
Published Friday, June 16, 2017 | Commons Briefing papers SN07096
This note sets out information on the levels and rates of poverty in the UK, including historical trends and forecasts for future years.
Published Tuesday, April 11, 2017 | Commons Briefing papers CBP-7946
Millennials are the generation of people now in their young adulthood. Roughly aged between 25 and 34. Millennials make up 13.9% of the total UK population.
Topics: Employment, Housing, Incomes and poverty, Nationality, Owner occupation, Pay, Pensions, Population, Private rented housing, Social rented housing, Unemployment
ECO, the Energy Company Obligation
Published Wednesday, March 29, 2017 | Commons Briefing papers SN06814
This Commons Briefing paper sets out the details of the Government’s Energy Company Obligation scheme that provides funding for energy efficiency measures for difficult to treat homes and the homes of ‘those most in need.’


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I'm hosting a brunch and plan to make an onion, potato, chorizo frittata. i'll have mimosas, fresh fruit. but i'd like to add another main dish. any ideas? thank you!!!
Rather than another main (yours is great) how about some breads? Orange and walnut, cranberry and pecan, banana, etc? And serve it with great double cream butter. They were be the fist thing that would be on my plate!
If you need recipes . . .
Those quick breads deserve a nice cream cheese as well.....
A crisp green salad, of course, is a natural -How about a Dilly Onion Bread too?
i wonder if alton brown's overnight sticky buns might be a way of adding fresh baked goods without adding a lot of fuss the morning of.
fruit salad with greek yogurta breakfasty breadcrepes
Recently attended a brunch. Other than eggs and ham they served cheese, paté and marinated vegetables platter.
7 Things to Do with BBQ Brisket Leftovers
Freezing a Frittata?
Zeppole - Recipe wanted
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domain: food


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Miley Cyrus Edgy Fashion We Love
Over the years Miley has changed her look quiet a few time. And even though we love her long hair we have to admit that the short and out there is more her. The 80/90 edgy fashion definitely brings out her personality!
Check out some of our favorite looks from Miley Cyrus, the hair, makeup, clothing, nail polish, accessories and so on!

domain: celebrity


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Escalate Life Sciences
GSK's Nucala shows up AZ's Fasenra with data win in rare inflammatory disease
GlaxoSmithKline’s Nucala needs a win in its fight against AstraZeneca’s Fasenra. Now, it can at least tout a first-data advantage in a rare inflammatory disease.
In a phase 3 study, the rate of hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) patients on Nucala who experienced a disease flare-up was only half that of placebo, or 28% versus 56%, over the 32-week study period, GSK revealed Wednesday.
The British drugmaker was quick to point out that Nucala is the first treatment to demonstrate a reduction in HES flares, which are marked by worsening symptoms or increasing numbers of the white blood cell eosinophil that requires stronger therapy. Data in hand, GSK is now planning to file for regulatory approvals in 2020.
HES is a rare inflammatory disorder that affects about 20,000 people globally, according to GSK. The disease's hallmark is an overproduction of eosinophils, a type of cell that normally helps the body fight certain parasites and infections. When elevated, eosinophils can cause inflammation and organ damage that can be life-threatening.
“[Nucala] is thought to work by reducing blood eosinophil levels and evidence suggests it has potential as a targeted treatment option for a range of inflammatory diseases driven by raised eosinophils,” Gerald Gleich of the University of Utah said in a statement.
The IL-5 antibody, as an add-on to standard-of-care treatment, also showed significant improvements in several secondary endpoints of the study, which comprised 108 patients with severe HES. The risk of a first HES flare was 66% lower for patients treated with Nucala compared with placebo, and fatigue scores were also better in patients taking the GSK drug.
Nucala’s archrival, AstraZeneca’s Fasenra, also works by inhibiting IL-5 to reduce eosinophil levels. In a 20-patient trial unveiled in April, the AZ drug showed it could cut HES patients’ blood eosinophil counts by at least half in 90% of patients after 12 weeks of treatment. In comparison, only 30% of placebo patients saw the same result.
Should both drugs win approval in HES, they'd be fighting over a small number of patients—smaller than the severe asthma variety Nucala and Fasenra are currently approved to treat. And in the eosinophilic asthma arena, later-to-market Fasenra is gaining ground.
In the third quarter, Nucala posted £203 million ($261 million) in sales, growing slightly from the £195 million in the previous quarter and 3% ahead of the Street’s consensus. Fasenra jumped to $202 million during the same period, right before it matched up to Nucala with its own at-home auto-injector nod.
For now, Nucala holds the crown as the leading asthma biologic in total sales, GSK pharma chief Luke Miels—who was previously with AstraZeneca—said on a company conference call in October.
“The launch of the at-home administration combined with improved execution has increased our performance in the U.S. retail segment and assisted in our ability to remain the market leader despite competition,” he said.
The “competition” could refer to Sanofi and Regeneron’s Dupixent as well. Its 2018 FDA nod in eosinophilic asthma puts pressure on both Nucala and Fasenra.
Written by: Angus Liu
Published on: Nov 13, 2019 11:02am


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Red Velvet‘s Joy stunned everyone with her amazing visuals at the 2021 KBS Song Festival. She rocked both a red velvet (badumms) number…
…she also looked amazing in a white dress that made her look like a Greek Goddess.
She looked amazing and her boyfriend, rapper Crush, showed his support for her, as he should. The two announced their relationship publicly in August 2021 and gained the support of the public.
When Joy uploaded the photos of her from the 2021 KBS Song Festival, Crush pressed like on the post, something that many found rare but unsurprising. There’s nothing wrong with a boyfriend showing his support and love for his gorgeous girlfriend! However, in the industry, most public couples like to keep things on the down low. Crush’s public display of affection showed just how much he loves her!
Fans and the public are very happy for the couple and are hoping that the two will create another collaboration together soon. In the mean time, check out their duet below.


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Legal & Regulatory Compliance
This Division Consists of Two Major Functions Legal & Regulatory Compliance; Quality Management & Organization Development.
The Legal & Compliance Department is responsible for performing and resolving all legal and legal related matters i.e., external and internal legal issues that originate from the affairs of the company.
This department is also involved with the activities related to litigation, investigation, compliance, merger, acquisition, maintenance and prevention of legal issues providing legal opinions and assistance in respect of the legality and compliance of the company’s actions including reviewing and drafting contracts and other legal issues of the company with regards to the employee relations.
Quality Management & Organization Development
Quality Management & Organization Development provides a variety of professional and management support across the organization in maintaining suitable system by the means of strategic integration of ISO, TQM, business excellence criteria and other best practices that are proven effective for the business.
This department incessantly contributes to the implementation of business performance management, organization re-structuring and change management process for the continual improvement of organization’s health and effectiveness.

domain: law


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For those wanting to squeeze the most performance from their competition rifle, Noslers RDF (Reduced Drag Factor) 22 Caliber 70 grain match bullet line is the ideal choice. The New RDF linw was designed from the ground up to provide exceptionally high BC's, which create the flattest trajectory and least wind drift possible. The Keys to the RDF's outstanding performance are: Compound ogive is insensitive to seating depth Long, drag reducing boattail Small, consistent meplats Mfg: Nosler, Inc.Check price and Read more Detail At Nosler, Inc.
The LG-437 laser sight for Kahr Arms 9mm and .40 pistols provides an instinctive front-activation point that engages with your natural firing grip. Simply hold the weapon normally and the Laserguard* activates, placing a bright red dot where the gun is aimed. Seamlessly mounted to the trigger guard, this instinctive solution is critical to personal defense, and an excellent way to outfit your premium quality Kahr Arms concealed carry weapon. This product is "bundled" and includes a Tuff Products Pocket Holster. Mfg: Crimson Trace CorporationCheck price and Read more Detail At Crimson Trace Corporation
Type S decapping assembly to be used with Type S full length sizing die or Type S neck sizing die. Mfg: ReddingCheck price and Read more Detail At Redding
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The type of flooring you have is also a consideration when choosing … The following information is a guideline only and is taken from official source/s and maybe out of date at the time of this publication. If bent bars or damaged vertical posts are discovered, the affected section should be taken out of use until it can be properly repaired. . Performing a Daily Pallet Racking Inspection will help increase worker safety, reduce damaged goods and improve overall business performance. The most common reasons that OSHA cites companies for their pallet racking have to do with basic installation, maintenance, and repair issues. Please take a look at the pushback safety resources and structural rack safety guidelines below. The information contained in this article is intended for general information purposes only and is based on information available as of the initial date of publication. Portable Air Purifiers and Cleaners: What You Need to Know, 1.4.1 Owner Maintenance: The racking system operator is responsible for maintenance and repair of the storage systems, 1.4.9 Rack Damage: Upon visible damage, the pertinent portions of the rack shall be unloaded immediately and removed from service by the user until the damaged portion is repaired or replaced. Understanding Proper Safety Guidelines for Pallet Rack Systems When using a pallet rack for everyday operations it is crucial to keep safety in mind. The old adage of safety first is an adage that has stood the test of time for good reason. Why is the RMI beam deflection limit L/180? ANSWER: You will not find that requirement specifically stated in the federal OSHA standards. Beams should be inspected for deflection gap (see image 2): Damage to specific components of a pallet racking system is the most common and serious problem that can affect the integrity of the racking system. Pallet Rack Rack RMI Rack Safety ANSI MH16.1-2012 Industrial Steel Storage Racks Rack Design Rack Installation Rack Beam Rack Frame Beam Industrial Steel Storage Rack Welded Wire Decking Rack Utilization Rack Inspection Rack Testing The Mobile Inspection App allow users to perform inspections and audits, for example the system can be used as a Fire Extinguisher Barcode Inspection Software system to manage monthly fire extinguisher inspections and general fire safety inspections and also to record safety observations and manage corrective actions, anywhere and anytime. SEMA racking inspection guidelines are the gold standard of the racking safety industry Without SEMA racking inspection guidelines, guaranteeing the safety of any warehouse would be impossible. A number of resources are available, below, to help you understand and implement the new regulation, including frequently asked questions, an explanatory primer, and a pallet rack inspection checklist. However, without regular pallet rack inspections and safety training, you could be putting your employees at risk. Drive-through racks are a handy option, but require an extra aisle. A pallet racking inspection is a systematic process to ascertain that warehouse pallet racks are in good working condition. The purpose of this page is to provide a number of resources and guidelines to support a safe work environment in your warehouse. If your facility has pallet racking systems and mechanical handling equipment in use, the risk of damage to one or more components of the pallet raking system is very high. Pallet racking inspection should be performed upon installation and periodically checked for damage. This article is not a substitute for review of current applicable government regulations, industry standards, or other standards specific to your business and/or activities and should not be construed as legal advice or opinion. The user should always check with local authorities which building code is applied and followed. This deflection limit is an aesthetic limit that was set forth many years ago. Most building codes which have been adopted and are being enforced include rack structures, examples include the International Building Code (IBC) and the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). HSE Guidelines. Nominal embedment is defined as the amount of the anchor that is beneath the surface of the floor before tightening. Pallet Rack Weight Capacity Labels are used to aide Warehouse Safety and help you stay OSHA compliant. Sometimes, they may bump into these pallet racks, and the forklift impact causes damage that needs to be repaired. Pallet Racking Basics Guide. SEMA racking inspection guidelines are the gold standard of the racking safety industry Without SEMA racking inspection guidelines, guaranteeing the safety of any warehouse would be impossible. In other words, if your pallet racking is not installed correctly or poses an obvious hazard, you can be found in violation of OSHA regulations and fined. RMI guidelines limit the acceptable “out-of-straight” ratio in an upright column to 1/2” per 10’ of column. The advice laid down by SEMA is often echoed by HSE and — … The old adage of safety first is an adage that has stood the test of time for good reason. Readers with specific questions should refer to the applicable standards or consult with an attorney. 2 Failure to follow these guidelines can result in product damage and serious injury This standard applies to all industrial pallet rack systems, movable shelf racks, and stacker racks made of cold-formed or hot-rolled steel structural members. Just doing inspections isn’t enough. ANSI MH16.1: 2012-Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks is the industry voluntary consensus standard for industrial pallet rack systems. This applies to all contracted inspection services as well. And I was very pleased with the response. There are of course, many more steps involved if you want to understand much of the subtler rack types and configurations, but if you're only configuring a simple pallet rack system, this three step process will get you up and running. In order to maintain safety, a pallet rack’s maximum load should be clearly posted to avoid overloading and prevent damage to the racks. Any deflection gap greater than ½ inch (ANSI MH16.1-2012) in either the down aisle or front to back direction must be repaired or replaced. Proper racking is important in the protection of the work atmosphere. Check for missing, loose or sheered anchors. Today we are focusing our attention on some guidelines for installing our Ridg-U-Rak pallet rack products. When and Where to make Hazardous Waste Determination in a Laboratory. Web Apps provide features such as, setup, management, scheduling tools, analysis, reporting and dashboards etc with the ability to report incidents to government bodies such as OSHA and RIDDOR. This emphasizes the importance that pallet rack systems be routinely inspected and maintained to manufacturer and standard specifications to maintain original designed capacity. One follower submitted this commonly-asked question to be discussed . Exact loads can vary depending on the configuration of the pallet rack and the types of pallets used. Steel King SK2000 pallet racks assembly instructions. Welcome to the Advance Pushback and Rack Safety Page. It is important that if you require any updates then please visit the correct regulatory authority to obtain any additional amendments. It is important to consider the following guidelines before installing your pallet racking system: Who is erecting the racking? Disinfecting the Workplace After COVID-19 Exposure. Pallet Rack Installation and Assembly Guide General Guidelines The first guideline for assembling pallet racking is to follow any accompanying instructions regarding its assembly and use. The ANSIMH16.1 has recently been incorporated into the more general International Building Code (IBC). THE PRODUCTS YOU NEED, Pallet Racking Guidelines. With in – house R & D competence, our storage racking products has certified to S.E.M.A. The focus of this article is on what a typical employer or safety pro needs to know about pallet racking. When used correctly, they increase warehouse storage density by enabling you to put as many pallets into a single place as possible, while maintaining ease-of-access to the items stored on them. OSHA General Industry standard 1910.176(b): Materials shall not create a hazard. Train Employees on How to Lift pallet racks Safely. This includes pallet racking and pallet racking guidelines. Rack Manufacturer’s Institute www.mhi.org/rmi, User’s Guide for Inspection of Damaged Storage Rack systems, MAC-Rak, Inc. 2014. The truth is, when it comes to warehouse racking safety guidelines, OSHA doesn’t offer much guidance. Prioritize Even Distribution. For example, a 15 foot (180 inches) column upright height maximum plumb ratio would be 180/240 or ¾ of a foot. The user identifies the inspection point by scanning a barcode, or picking from a list based on location. Pallet Rack Height-to-Depth Ratio Per RMI standards, the height of a pallet rack system shouldn’t exceed 6 times its depth. No representation is made that the information or references are complete or remain current. Behind the scenes of all this extravagant new technology is a wide range of less thrilling, but just as important tools and equipment. Sometimes, they may bump into these pallet racks, and the … If you have a warehouse rack storage issue, our industrial strength pallet racks can handle it. See Figure 4a. Annual Lockout Tagout Procedures audits are conducted using a Mobile App. Any rust or corrosion can indicate weakening metal. The erection of pallet racking is a skilled job and should only be carried out by experienced and knowledgeable installation teams.


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The all-female rock sensation SCANDAL has recently announced on their LINE account that the short version of the promotional music video to their new single, Sisters, has been uploaded onto Youtube this morning!
The single will be released on 9 September 2015. As previously announced on their LINE accounts, the single will contain three tracks as follows:
- LIFE IS A JOURNEY
- Sisters (Instrumental)
Sisters will also come in two editions, both with their own sets of goodies! The CD+DVD edition will come with a documentary film of their HELLO WORLD tour titled “Another Story” and will be priced at 1,528 yen (without tax). The other edition will contain the audio CD and a special photobook that will contain shots from the previous SCANDAL X NYLON (a fashion magazine) collaboration that took place recently for the first press edition. It will be priced at 972 yen without tax.
Fans of SCANDAL would know that Sisters was first performed during their SCANDAL MANIA LIMITED LIVE 2015 in conjunction with their 9th anniversary held on 21 August.
SOURCE: http://www.barks.jp/news/?id=1000119078 , SCANDAL LINE account
Featured image credits to SOZO


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Weekly Adr Mt4
Adr average day range mt4 indicator indicator calculate daily weekly and monthly range for current and previous month.
Weekly adr mt4. Adr average day range mt4 indicator focusing on preciseness and regular updates the adr indicator keeps you posted by calculating the daily weekly and monthly range for the previous and current months. Quel que soit le marché forex titres ou le marché des produits de base indicateurs aident à représenter citations sous une forme accessible pour la perception facile. It basically plots the values on the chart.
The adr is useful for traders who use indicators such as bollinger bands or momentum oscillators such as the stochastics oscillator or the relative strength index. The adr indicator for the mt4 trading platform is not visual in nature. We will discuss how to use adr to find hidden support and resistance.
The indicator i am referring to is called average daily range adr which provides data on a currency pair s daily volatility. Adr indicator displays historical stats about the currency pair. Daily weekly and monthly trading ranges.
All information you can have is somewhat useful while trading. In today s lesson we will discuss a very simple but highly useful tool that can provide valuable information to the trader. Today i m going to show you what is in my opinion the best average daily range indicator for metatrader 4.
This gives you room for prediction and forecasting of the price movements according to the knowledge of the previous month.
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domain: economics


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Brigadeiros are small fudgy balls that are popular in Brazil. This dessert occupies a space in almost all the parties in Brazil. I came to know about this recipe from my brother. He said it is so simple to make this at home but it will be a different sweet and dessert for the parties. Then I started to know more about this recipe.
Brigadeiro was created in Brazil in the honour of Brazilian Brigadier. They are made using condensed milk, cocoa powder, eggs, butter and sprinkles. Brigadeiro can be made without eggs too. This is an eggless verison. Though there are many versions of brigadeiros made today, this one is a classic recipe. This sweet can be made in no time and less effort is required to make this sweet. Since the condensed milk used is sweet, there is no need to add any additional sugar. I adapted this recipe from here.
Servings – 11 balls
Difficulty level – Easy
Condensed milk – 1 cup
Cocoa powder – 3 tbsp
Butter -2 cubes
Salt- A pinch
Chocolate noodles / Sprinkles – To coat
- In a pan add the sweet condensed milk and then the cocoa powder.
- Mix them well so that the condensed milk and the cocoa powder are blended together.
- At this stage add the butter and salt required for this recipe.
- Cook it, mixing constantly until it thickens. At pone stage the butter melts and the mixture starts thickening.
- A way to know is to run your wooden spoon (or spatula) in the middle of the mixture. At one point of time, the mixture leaves from the side.
- Turn off the stove and cool to room temperature.
- In a plate or bowl, spread your sprinkles.
- Once the brigadeiro is cool, grease your hands with butter and roll the brigadeiros into little balls like we make ladoos.
- Roll the brigadeiro balls into the sprinkles and place them in paper/foil candy cups.
- Easy and simple dessert is ready.