text:
You are viewing
East Brunswick NJ Sports Exhibitions
How cool would it be if Tony Hawk could come to your event and do some awesome skateboarding stunts? Or if Dwight “Superman” Howard could come and show off his slam dunk abilities for your guests? While these are cool ideas, they may be a little lofty for your budget. Lucky for you, GigSalad has some awesome alternatives with these sports exhibitions. Whether you are looking for a BMX bike team for your corporate event or solo sports performers for a trade show, these sports exhibitioners are sure to turn your average event into a sure-fire smash! Search for Sports Exhibitions in East Brunswick, New Jersey above.
Please note that these Sports Exhibitions may also travel to Milltown, Spotswood, Helmetta, Highland Park, Parlin, Jamesburg, Monroe Township, Dayton, Franklin Park, Somerset, South Amboy, Kendall Park, Monmouth Junction, Keasbey, Morganville, Metuchen, Laurence Harbor, Matawan, Cliffwood, Fords, Englishtown, Aberdeen Township, East Millstone, Wickatunk, Cliffwood Beach, Cranbury, Princeton Meadows, South Bound Brook, Keyport, and Tennent.


|Publication number||WO2002037568 A1|
|Publication date||10 May 2002|
|Filing date||2 Mar 2001|
|Priority date||2 Nov 2000|
|Also published as||CN1735970A, EP1330844A1, US20050007000|
|Publication number||PCT/2001/6905, PCT/US/1/006905, PCT/US/1/06905, PCT/US/2001/006905, PCT/US/2001/06905, PCT/US1/006905, PCT/US1/06905, PCT/US1006905, PCT/US106905, PCT/US2001/006905, PCT/US2001/06905, PCT/US2001006905, PCT/US200106905, WO 0237568 A1, WO 0237568A1, WO 2002/037568 A1, WO 2002037568 A1, WO 2002037568A1, WO-A1-0237568, WO-A1-2002037568, WO0237568 A1, WO0237568A1, WO2002/037568A1, WO2002037568 A1, WO2002037568A1|
|Inventors||Hsin-Hsin Chou, Robert S. Moshrefzadeh|
|Applicant||3M Innovative Properties Company|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (85), Classifications (19), Legal Events (8)|
|External Links: Patentscope, Espacenet|
BRIGHTNESS AND CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT OF DIRECT VIEW EMISSIVE DISPLAYS The present invention relates to emissive displays and lamps, and to elements for enhancing the brightness and/or the contrast of emissive displays and lamps.
Background Information displays have many applications ranging from handheld devices to laptop computers, from televisions to computer monitors, from automobile dashboard displays to signage applications, and so on. Many of these displays rely on internal lighting to either display the information directly (such as with displays that include segmented or pixilated light emitting devices) or illuminate a panel that displays information to viewers (such as with liquid crystal displays and back lit graphics). Increasing the brightness of light emitting devices often increases the viewability of such displays. However, there can be constraints such as maximum power requirements that may limit the ability to readily increase brightness. For example, laptop computer monitors that include back lit liquid crystal displays often use an internal battery to power the light source. Increasing light output from the light source can be a heavy drain on the battery. To reduce power requirements and extend battery lifetimes, microprism optical films have been used, for example to redirect wide angle light that is not typically viewed into a narrower cone of angles that cover a more typical viewing range. This increases the apparent brightness of the display while using the same or less battery power. Reflective polarizers have also been developed for liquid crystal displays that can help recycle light having the undesired polarization state (which would otherwise be lost to absorption), thereby significantly increasing the available light. In these cases, brightness of displays have been increased by redirecting or reusing light that has already exited the light emitting device. Summary of the Invention
The present invention contemplates enhancing the brightness of emissive devices and displays illuminated using emissive devices by coupling more light out of the emissive devices. This is different from known brightness enhancement efforts that redirect and/or recycle light that has already left the emissive device. The present invention can thus be used to increase the amount of light that is emitted out of the emissive device without necessitating an increase in the supply of power to the light emitting device.
Emissive devices that emit light toward a viewer or display panel generally do so through one or more transmissive layers. The emitted light can be subject to total internal reflection at one or more of the interfaces introduced by these layers. The present invention provides elements to frustrate total internal reflection at one or more of such interfaces and allow more light to be transmitted toward a viewer. ■ In cases where the emissive device is itself an information display, the present invention also provides elements to maintain resolution and/or to enhance contrast between pixels or segments of the display.
In one aspect the present invention provides a light emitting device that includes a light emitter disposed to emit light through a transmissive layer toward a viewer, and a volume diffuser disposed to direct toward the viewer at least a portion of the light emitted into the transmissive layer that would otherwise be totally internally reflected. For example, the volume diffuser can be positioned between the light emitter and the transmissive layer or between the transmissive layer and the viewer. The transmissive layer can be a substrate (such as glass or a plastic film) on which the light emitter has been formed, or can be a layer such as a protective layer formed over or laminated onto the light emitter, for example. The light emitter can be any suitable emitter such as an electroluminescent emitter, an organic emitter such as a light emitting polymer device, a phosphor-based emitter, and the like.
In another aspect the present invention provides a light emitting device that includes a substrate, an organic light emitter disposed to emit light through the substrate, and a frustrator element disposed between the substrate and the organic light emitter to frustrate total internal reflections of light emitted from the organic light emitter in the light emitting device. The frustrator element can be a volume diffuser, a surface diffuser, a microstructured surface, an antireflective coating, or any suitable combination of these and/or other elements that can be used to frustrate total internal reflections.
In yet another aspect the present invention provides an emissive device that includes a light emitter capable of emitting light through one or more transmissive layers included as part of the emissive device, and a means for increasing the brightness of the emissive device by frustrating total internal reflections at one or more interfaces created by the one or more transmissive layers.
In still another aspect the present invention contemplates a back-lit display that includes a back light for illuminating a display element capable of displaying information when illuminated using the back light. The back light includes a light emitting device disposed to emit light through a transmissive layer and a frustrator element disposed between the light emitting device and the transmissive layer to frustrate total internal reflections, thereby coupling more light out of the back light as compared to an otherwise identical back light without the frustrator element. In another aspect, the present invention provides an information display that includes a plurality of independently operable emissive devices disposed to emit light through a transmissive layer, thereby being capable of displaying information to a viewer, and a frustrator element disposed between at least one of the emissive devices and the transmissive layer to frustrate total internal reflections of light emitted the at least one emissive device. Brightness enhancement elements of the present invention can also be combined with other optical elements that redirect, recycle, or otherwise mange light in a display.
Brief Description of the Drawings Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of an emissive display; Fig. 2 is a schematic representation of potential interfaces for total internal reflection in an emissive display;
Fig. 3(a) and (b) are schematic representations of emissive displays that include volume diffusers; Fig. 4(a) and (b) are schematic representations of emissive displays that include surface diffusers;
Fig. 5(a) and (b) are schematic representations of emissive displays that include microstructured elements; and
Fig. 6 is a schematic representation of a resolution maintaining volume diffuser.
The present invention relates generally to improved emissive displays that include elements to enhance the brightness and/or to enhance the contrast of the displays.
Fig. 1 shows a stylized representation of a light emitting device 110 that includes a light emitter 112 and one or more light transmissive layers 114. The device 110 is fashioned so that the light emitter 112 can emit light through the transmissive layer(s) 114 toward a viewer 118. The viewer side of the device 110 can be conventionally referred to as the front side, with the opposite side correspondingly referred to as the back side. Between the viewer 118 and the transmissive layer(s) 114 there is a region 116 that has a lower index of refraction than the transmissive layer(s) 114. Region 116 typically includes air, and may be entirely made up of air, but can also include various films (e.g., anti-glare films or coatings, anti smudge films or coatings, etc.), optical elements (e.g., polarizers, filters, wave plates, lenses, prismatic films, etc.), user interface devices such as touch screens, and other elements disposed alone or in combination, and disposed with or without air gaps between transmissive layer(s) 114 and the elements, and/or with air gaps between separate elements in the region 116. When it is preferred that no air gaps exist between separate elements, an optical adhesive can be used to bond the elements together. During operation of the device 110, a portion of the light emitted from light emitter 112 toward the viewer might enter the transmissive layer(s) 114 at angles such that the light is totally internally reflected within one or more of the transmissive layers 114. Total internal reflection (TIR) of light is a well-known phenomenon that can occur when light travelling in a medium encounters an interface with a lower refractive index medium, and the angle of incidence of the light at that interface exceeds the critical angle. Thus, in the path of light from the light emitter 112 to the viewer 118, any interface at which the light encounters a decrease in refractive index is a possible surface for total internal reflection. Such total internal reflections can prevent light from reaching the viewer 118 and can reduce the brightness of the device 110. The present invention contemplates, among other things, making brighter emissive displays by including elements that couple more light out of the displays by frustrating TIR.
Light emitting device 110 can include any suitable emissive devices such as electroluminescent (EL) devices, organic electroluminescent devices (OLED), inorganic light emitting diodes (LED), phosphor-based backlights, phosphor-based direct view displays such as cathode ray tubes (CRT) and plasma display panels (PDP), field emission displays (FED), and the like. The light emitting device can be a backlight or a direct view display; it can emit white light, monochrome color light, multiple colors, or full color (e.g., RGB, or red, green, blue); and it can also be a segmented (e.g., low resolution) or a pixilated (e.g., high resolution) display.
Light emitter 112 can be any suitable material, set of materials, component, or group of components that are disposed to emit light when appropriately stimulated. Examples include inorganic electroluminescent (EL) materials that emit light when subjected to an electric field (e.g., an EL material can be disposed between an anode and a cathode so that when a potential is applied between the anode and cathode, light is produced), phosphorescent materials that emit visible light when exposed to ultraviolet radiation, and other materials. An exemplary light emitter is one that includes materials to make an OLED. OLED light emitters are typically layered structures that include an organic light emitting material sandwiched between an anode and a cathode. As is known in the art, other layers can be present, such as electron transport and/or injection materials disposed between the cathode and the organic light emitter, hole transport and/or injection materials disposed between the anode and the organic light emitter, and the like. Organic light emitting materials can include small molecule emissive material, light emitting polymers, doped light emitting polymers, and other such materials and combinations of materials now know or later developed. When an OLED device is subjected to an electric field applied between the anode and cathode, electrons and holes can be created and injected into the device. The electron/hole pairs can combine in the organic light emitting material, and the energy gained in the recombination can produce a particular color or colors of visible light, for example. The produced light is generally emitted isotropically.
Multi-color OLED displays can be made by adjacently disposing OLED devices that emit different colors of light and making the devices independently addressable. Multi-color OLED displays can also be made by using color filters either to improve color purity, enhance color contrast, or to introduce color when white light or other monochromatic OLEDs are used.
Referring again to Fig. 1, transmissive layer(s) 114 can be any layer or layers disposed between the viewer and the light emitter in a light emitting device that are transparent, or at least sufficiently transmissive, of wavelengths of light intended to reach the viewer. For example, the transmissive layer(s) can include a glass or plastic substrate on which the light emitters or other devices for operating the light emitting device are formed (e.g., thin film transistors). The transmissive layer(s) can also include transparent electrodes, protective layers, barrier layers, color filters, wave plates, polarizers, and any other suitable transmissive layer found in light emitting devices. Typically, there is no air gap between transmissive layer(s) 114 and light emitter 112, although there can be an intervening layer or layers.
According to the present invention, elements can be included in light emitting devices to frustrate total internal reflections to couple, or redirect, more light out of a device toward the viewer. Referring again to Fig. 1, such elements (termed "TIR frustrators" in this document) can be disposed between light emitter 112 and transmissive layer(s) 114, between transmissive layer(s) 114 and viewer 118, and/or between separate transmissive layers 114 or within one or more transmissive layer(s) 114. As described in more detail in the discussion that follows, TIR frustrators can include volume diffusers, surface diffusers, microstructures, buried microstructures, layered constructions, louvered constructions, and combinations of these.
Fig. 2 can be used to exemplify concepts of light trapping in an emissive display device. Without loss of generality, Fig. 2 shows an emissive display 210 that includes, for example, an OLED device 212 disposed on a glass substrate
220. OLED device 212 includes an organic emitter layer 214, a transparent anode 216, and a cathode 218. The space between the display 210 and the viewer 222 is air in this example. Organic emitter 214 can be approximated as an isotropic light source, with light being emitted over a wide range of angles. Cathode 218 is typically reflective so that light emitted toward the back of the display 210 can be redirected forward. Glass substrate 220 has a higher index of refraction than air (refractive index of air is about 1, and a typical refractive index of glass is about 1.5), and transparent anode 216 typically has a higher index of refraction than glass substrate 220. Exemplary transparent anodes include transparent conductive oxides such as indium tin oxide (ITO), which typically have an index of refraction of about 1.8.
Thus, in Fig. 2, light emitted toward the viewer can encounter two interfaces where TIR can occur, namely at the anode/substrate interface and the substrate/air interface. As such, at least three types of light rays can be examined. First, light ray A represents light emitted at angles less than the critical angle for TIR at either the anode/substrate interface or the substrate/air interface. Light ray B represents light emitted at angles less than the critical angle for TIR at the anode/substrate interface, but greater than the critical angle for TIR at the substrate/air interface. Light ray B can thus be considered "trapped" in the display. Light ray C represents light emitted at angles greater than the critical angle for TIR and the anode/substrate interface. Light ray C can likewise be considered "trapped" in the display. According to the present invention, TIR frustrators can be used to frustrate TIR at any or all interfaces where TIR can occur as light propagates toward a viewer, including at the anode/substrate interface or the substrate/air interface. Taking the situation depicted in Fig. 2 and using a glass substrate
(refractive index of 1.51), an ITO anode (refractive index of 1.8) and an organic light emitter (refractive index of 1.7), the following can be calculated. At the ITO/glass interface (216/220 interface in Fig. 2), light will be totally internally reflected that was emitted from the organic light emitter at angles of about 63° or more (measured from the normal in the light emitting layer 214). This constitutes about 46% of the emitted intensity. At the glass/air interface, light will be totally internally reflected that was emitted from the organic light emitter at angles of about 36° to about 63° (light emitted at higher angles will not reach this interface due to TIR at the ITO/glass interface). This constitutes an additional 35% of the emitted intensity. The intensity of light ultimately transmitted through the display 210 is therefore about 19% of the light produced by the organic light emitter 214. Frustrating at least a portion of the TIR at one or both of the identified interfaces provides great potential to increase the total amount of transmitted light. The situation depicted in Fig. 2 applies more generally than OLED displays. A more general situation is one where an emissive material is disposed to emit light through a high index material, such as a transparent conductive material, then through a substrate, then through air toward a viewer, where the index of the substrate is less than the index of the high index material, and the index of the substrate is greater than the index of air. Figs. 3(a) and (b) show the use of volume diffusers as TIR frustrators in emissive displays 310 and 310'. Emissive displays 310 and 310' each include a substrate 320 and a light emitting device 312 disposed on the substrate, the device 312 having an emitter layer 314, a transparent electrode layer 316, and a back electrode layer 318. Fig. 3(a) shows a volume diffuser 330 disposed on the substrate 320 and located on the front side of the display 310. Volume diffusers can be described as including scattering centers disposed in a matrix, or binder. The difference in index between the scattering centers and the matrix is preferably large enough to scatter a portion of the light toward a viewer that would otherwise be totally internally reflected due to its angle of incidence. In Fig. 3(a), the matrix of volume diffuser 330 preferably has an index of refraction that is about the same as or higher than the index of the substrate 320. This can allow light rays to enter volume diffuser 330 without TIR at the substrate/volume diffuser interface. Light rays that enter volume diffuser 330 at normal or near normal incidence can generally pass through toward an observer unobstructed by scattering centers. Light rays propagating at angles that would otherwise be totally internally reflected at the substrate/air interface can enter the volume diffuser 330 and be scattered. At least a portion of the scattered light is redirected toward the viewer at angles less than the critical angle and can thus be coupled out of the device, thereby increasing brightness. Light scattered at angles higher than the critical angle can be totally internally reflected in volume diffuser 330 to repeat the scattering process, thereby coupling even more light out of the display device.
Fig. 3(b) shows a volume diffuser 340 disposed between the substrate 320 and the light emitting device 312 of display 310'. The matrix of volume diffuser 340 preferably has an index of refraction that is about the same as or higher than the index of the transparent electrode layer 316. This can allow light rays to enter volume diffuser 340 without TIR at the transparent electrode/volume diffuser interface. Light rays that enter volume diffuser 340 can generally pass through toward an observer unobstructed by the scattering centers. Light rays propagating at angles that would otherwise be totally internally reflected at the electrode/substrate interface can enter the volume diffuser 340 and be scattered. At least a portion of the scattered light is redirected toward the viewer at angles less than the critical angle and can thus be coupled out of the device, thereby increasing brightness. Light scattered at angles higher than the critical angle can be totally internally reflected at the volume diffuser/substrate interface to repeat the scattering process, thereby coupling even more light out of the display device. Exemplary volume diffusers have a low enough density of scattering centers so that a significant proportion of light emitted at angles that would not otherwise be susceptible to TIR in the light emitting device (e.g., normal or near normal incidence light) has a relatively small chance of being scattered. In addition, exemplary volume diffusers have a high enough density of scattering centers so that a portion of light emitted at higher angles of incidence (e.g., angles larger than the critical angle) can be scattered toward the viewer, thereby coupling high angle light out of the device toward the viewer. Due to the nature of the optical path difference of low angle incidence light rays versus high angle incidence light rays within the volume diffuser element, low angle incidence light rays are statistically less likely to encounter scattering centers than high angle incidence light rays because they spend less time on average and traverse less distance in the diffuser on average than higher angle incidence light. In addition, high angle incidence light rays that do not encounter scattering centers upon a first traversal through the thickness of the volume diffuser may be totally internally reflected at the volume diffuser/substrate interface or at the volume diffuser/air interface (or other applicable interface) and have another chance to be scattered out of the layer toward the viewer.
Volume diffuser TIR frustrators such as those depicted in Figs. 3(a) and (b) may be provided by any suitable means. For example, a suitable volume diffuser can be provided as a film and bonded to the substrate and/or to the light emitting device and/or to other components by use of an optical adhesive. Exemplary optical adhesives have indices of refraction that are about the same as or greater than the index of refraction of the layer of the light emitting device that is located immediately behind the optical adhesive layer in the display construction. As another example, the volume diffuser may include low index particles, high index particles, air bubbles, voids, regions of phase-separated material, and the like, disposed in an appropriate optical adhesive or other suitable adhesive or binder suitable for bonding. In this case, the volume diffuser can be coated onto a layer of the light emitting device, such as the substrate, a transparent electrode, an optical film, or other component, and can be used to bond a portion of the device to another portion of the device, or to additional optical films or other components such as those that may be optionally provided on the front of the display. In other embodiments, the volume diffuser may include particles or air bubbles diffused into or otherwise disposed within the substrate or portion of the substrate. For example, particles may be disposed within a glass frit and suitably coated, leveled, and fired to form a glass substrate, or a layer on a glass substrate, that acts as a volume diffusing TIR frustrator. Similarly, particles can be mixed in a binder that can be formed into a polymeric substrate, or a polymeric layer on a substrate, that acts as a volume diffusing TIR frustrator.
As described above, volume diffuser TIR frustrators typically include scattering sites disposed within a matrix, or binder. Matrix materials can include any suitable material that is transmissive of desired wavelengths. Matrix materials preferably have a refractive index that is about the same or higher than the refractive index of the adjacent layer in the display below the volume diffuser. Examples of matrix materials include optical adhesives, thermoplastics, photopolymers, thermal setting materials, epoxies, polyimides, nanocomposite materials, and the like. The volume diffuser matrix can be a single, homogeneous material, or the matrix can include more than one material. For example, the composition of the matrix can vary through the thickness of the matrix to vary the refractive index, the transmissivity, and/or other properties of the matrix through the thickness of the volume diffuser. Such thickness-varied constructions are referred to here as layered constructions. As another example, the composition of the matrix can vary in the plane of the volume diffuser, such as having alternating regions of higher and lower refractive index, regions of higher and lower optical density, and/or other properties depending on the horizontal position in the volume diffuser. Such horizontally-varied constructions are referred to here as louvered constructions. Louvered constructions can be useful in altering the optical path of high angle incidence light, for example to frustrate TIR of high angle incidence light without adversely effecting low angle incidence light in significant amounts. As with scattering sites in volume diffusers, high angle incidence light will tend to sample more of the region-to-region optical variations in louvered constructions than will low angle incidence light.
Scattering centers can include particles, voids (e.g., air bubbles or pockets), phase dispersed materials, and the like, disposed in the matrix of the volume diffuser. If not specified, the terms "particles" "scattering sites", and "scatterers" will be used synonymously in reference to scattering sites in volume diffusers. Generally, more efficient scattering can occur when the index difference between the scattering sites and the matrix is higher. More than one type of scatterer can also be used. For example, a high index particle type and a low index particle type can be used in the same volume diffuser. Particle loadings will generally depend on the application. In lamp, or backlight, applications for example, particle loadings are preferably high enough to couple more light out of the display toward the viewer as compared to a display with no volume diffuser, and yet low enough to allow a desired amount of normal and near-normal light to pass through the volume diffuser unobstructed. Particle loading can depend on the thickness of the volume diffuser, the position of the volume diffuser in the display, the refractive indices of the scatterers, the size of the scatterers, the material of the matrix, and other elements of the display, the particular display application, and other such concerns. Scattering centers can be any suitable size for disbursement throughout the matrix and for desired interaction with light propagating through the volume diffuser. Exemplary scatterers are on the order of or larger than wavelengths of light to be scattered and at least somewhat smaller than the thickness of the volume diffuser. Scatterers can be any desired shape, for example spherical, acicular, flat, elongated, etc. Scatterers can also be oriented in particular directions in the matrix. For example, a volume diffuser could be a microporous film that includes a matrix and a plurality of elongated air pockets, or cylindrical voids, having their long axes aligned with the thickness direction of the film. As another example, a volume diffuser could include a plurality of elongated scatterers oriented in a co-linear fashion along a particular direction such as in the thickness direction of the diffuser or along an axis in the plane of the diffuser. Elongated or acicular scatterers that are oriented in the volume diffuser can give rise to asymmetric viewing properties, for example providing for enhanced brightness over a broad range of viewing angles in a horizontal direction while providing enhanced brightness over a narrower range of viewing angles in a vertical direction.
Particularly suited volume diffusers include: microporous films including the microporous polypropylene films available from Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company under the trade designation 3M 1472-4, and hot extruded cellulose acetate films such as those used for backings on transparent adhesive tape sold by Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company; suitable transmissive binders such as acrylics, thermoplastics, polyethylene teraphthalate (PET), photopolymers, optical adhesives, and others dispersed with white inorganic particles such as TiO2, Sb2O3, Al2O3, ZrSiO4, and other such materials, with weight or volume fractions of particles to binder ranging from 1% to 50% and particle sizes of less than a micron to 10 or more microns; suitable transmissive binders such as acrylics, thermoplastics, PET, photopolymers, optical adhesives, and others dispersed with organic particles such as polystyrene particles, particles of polytetrafluoroethylene (generally available under the trade designation Teflon), and others, with weight or volume fractions of particles to binder ranging from 1% to 50% and particle sizes of less than a micron to 10 or more microns; and phase-separated composites such as polystyrene dispersed in polyethylene. Volume diffusers that include particles dispersed in a binder can typically be formed by solution coating or otherwise suitable coating onto a PET or polycarbonate film or other suitable film. Thickness of the volume diffuser can vary, with typical thicknesses being in a range from about 1 micron to 50 microns. Particle size can vary depending on the particle type and other considerations, with typical particle sizes being in a range from about 1 micron or less to 10 microns. Particle sizes in a range of about 1 to 5 microns may be preferable to reduce color dispersion. Exemplary TIR frustrators also include surface diffusers. Figs. 4(a) and
(b) show examples of emissive displays that include surface diffusers. Fig. 4(a) shows an emissive display 410 that includes an emissive device 412, a light transmissive substrate 414, and a surface diffuser 416. The transmissive substrate 414 is disposed between the device 412 and the surface diffuser 416. Surface diffuser 416 preferably is made of a material that is substantially transmissive to light of the desired wavelengths and that has a refractive index that is close to the refractive index of the substrate 414 or larger. Surface diffuser 416 has a roughened surface oriented toward the viewer.
Fig. 4(b) shows an emissive display 420 that includes an emissive device 422, a surface diffusing element 430, and a transmissive substrate 438. Emissive device 422 can include, as shown, an emissive layer 426 disposed between electrodes 424 and 428. Surface diffusing element 430 is shown to include two layers 432 and 434. One of layers 432 and 434 is typically a layer that has been imparted with a roughened, or diffusive, surface 436. The other of the two layers 432 and 434 can be an optically clear adhesive or some other transmissive material used to laminate the diffusive layer to substrate 438 or device 422, as the case may be. Aside from a bonding function, the adhesive layer can serve to coat over the rough surface of the diffusing layer so that air gaps do not exist between elements. Alternatively, a non-adhesive layer can be used, for example to planarize the rough surface, without necessarily providing an adhesive function. Layers 432 and 434 have different indices of refraction, preferably with layer 432 having a higher index than that of layer 436. Preferably, layer 432 has about the same or higher index of refraction than electrode 428 or another layer (not shown) that might be disposed between electrode 428 and layer 432.
As shown, surface diffusers can be positioned at interfaces where total internal reflections can reduce the brightness of emissive displays. Surface diffusers can couple more light out of emissive displays toward the viewer by scattering high angle incidence light, thereby frustrating TIR. Surface diffusers can also provide a matte look to a display, especially when provided immediately between the display and the viewer. This can reduce glare caused by ambient light reflections and thereby improve the apparent contrast of the display. Surface diffusers can be provided by embossing or otherwise roughening the surface of elements already included in the display. Additional layers can also be added specifically for providing a diffusive surface. Also, other TIR frustrators such as volume diffusers can be additionally provided with a diffusive surface.
Particularly suited surface diffusers include: matted polycarbonate, PET, or other suitable films; stretched polyethylene films; sandblasted films; thermally embossed surface structured films such as embossed cellulose acetate films; clear beaded screen film (e.g., films made from partially embedding sub-millimeter sized glass beads in a transparent binder on a transparent substrate); laser polymerized randomly structured diffuser formed on a clear substrate; randomly laser drilled film; and other such randomly structured, matted, or embossed films. Any surface structure used for a surface diffuser can also be used to make another surface diffuser that has an inverted structure by embossing a film with the original structure, or forming a film by coating onto the original structure.
Exemplary TIR frustrators also include microstructured surfaces. In general, microstructures can be described as intended, and often repeating, protrusions and/or indentations in a surface that have dimensions measured in microns or tens of microns. It is well known that microstructured elements can be used to manage or alter the direction and distribution of light. For example, prismatic films have been used in liquid crystal displays to restrict the cone of angles in which light is transmitted to increase the apparent brightness of the display when viewed at normal incidence or small viewing angles.
Fig. 5(a) shows an emissive display 510 that includes an emissive device 512 disposed on a transparent substrate 514, and a microstructured film 516 disposed on the viewer side of substrate 514. Microstructured film 516 can act as a TIR frustrator. Microstructured film 516 preferably has a refractive index that is about the same as, or higher than, the refractive index of the substrate 514.
Fig. 5(b) shows an emissive display 520 that includes a microstructured element 530 disposed between an emissive device 522 and a transparent substrate 538. Emissive device 522 can emit light through microstructured element 530 and substrate 538 toward a viewer. Emissive device 522 is shown to include an emissive layer 526 sandwiched between electrodes 524 and 528. Microstructured element 530 is shown to include two layers 532 and 534 with a microstructured interface 536 between them. Typically, one of layers 532 and 534 is a microstructured film, and the other layer is an adhesive or other material used to fill in the microstructured surface of the microstructured film. In this way, microstructured element 530 has two flat surfaces, for example, that can be bonded, laminated, or otherwise disposed between other elements in the display such as the substrate and the emissive device(s). This creates what can be considered as a buried microstructure. Layers 532 and 534 have different indices of refraction, preferably with layer 534 having a higher index of refraction than layer 532. Further, layer 532 preferably has about the same or higher index of refraction than electrode 528 or other layer (not shown) that might be disposed between electrode 528 and layer 532. Microstructured element 530 can serve as a TIR frustrator for light that would otherwise be totally internally reflected at the interface between electrode 528 and substrate 538. For emissive displays, microstructured elements can be used alone or in combination with other elements (such as volume diffusers) to frustrate TIR and/or to redirect light to angles that are less likely to exceed the critical angle for TIR at a subsequently-encountered interface before reaching the viewer.
Particularly suited microstructures include: lenticular lens sheeting; micro- lenslet arrays; beaded or cube-cornered retroreflective sheeting; prismatic and other optical enhancement films such as those sold by Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing under the trade designation Brightness Enhancement Film; diffraction gratings; and other suitable microstructured films. Microstructures can also be used as molds to form other microstructured films that have an inverted microstructure.
Microstructured films can be laminated or otherwise disposed on the front side of an emissive display, typically with the microstructured surface of the film facing the viewer, with the opposing surface of the film being smooth. Microstructured films can also be oriented with the microstructures facing away from the viewer. Microstructures can also be provided in a buried construction where the microstructures of a microstructured film are coated over with a different material to form a film-like construction that is smooth on both sides but that has a microstructured interface in the middle.
Microstructures can be used alone or with other TIR frustrators. For example, it might be desirable to include in an emissive display a volume diffuser disposed between the emissive device(s) and a transparent substrate and to include a microstructured film on the opposing side of the substrate. Alternatively, it might be desirable to combine TIR frustrator elements into a single element that includes a microstructured surface. For example, a dispersion of volume diffuser particles in a transmissive matrix can be coated onto a microstructured surface, dried or otherwise hardened, and then removed from the microstructured surface to produce a film that is both microstructured and volume diffusive. Alternatively, a volume diffuser dispersion can be used to fill in the microstructured surface of a transmissive microstructured film to make an element that has a buried microstructure, diffusive particles, and flat surfaces for bonding to other display elements.
TIR frustrators can also be used to direct light to desired viewing angles, for example, in addition to coupling more light out of the emissive displays. For example, prismatic microstructures can be used to redirect wide angle light into a narrower cone of angles around the normal where observers are more likely to view the display. This results in an apparent increase in brightness that is in addition to the brightness gained by frustrating total internal reflections. Additionally, microstructures, gratings, and the like can be used to direct light to desired off-normal viewing angles. For example, hand held devices such as personal digital assistants, cellular phone displays, and the like, are often viewed at an off-normal angle due to natural tilting of the display. Structures that redirect light toward and around the desired off-normal viewing axis can be used to further increase the brightness of the display. In still other applications, structures on TIR frustrators can be used to restrict the available viewing angles in one direction while not restricting available viewing angles in another direction. For example, permanently mounted displays such as televisions or desk top computer monitors are often viewed from a variety of horizontal positions while typically being viewed at about the same vertical position. Structures can be used to redirect light toward the normal that would otherwise be directed toward the ceiling and the floor, for example, while still providing a wide range of viewing angles from left to right. In additional to volume diffusers, surface diffusers, and microstructures, antireflective coatings can also be used as TIR frustrators. Antireflective coatings include multilayer coatings designed so that light of particular wavelengths reflected off one layer destructively interferes with light reflected off one or more adjacent or successive layers due to an optical path length difference of an odd multiple of one-half the wavelength. By using antireflective coatings at interfaces where total internal reflection can occur, much of the totally internally reflected light can be cancelled out due to destructive interference, thereby increasing brightness of the display. The present invention contemplates the use of antireflective coatings at any appropriate interface in an emissive display where reflections are undesired. The inclusion of antireflective coatings can be in lieu of, in addition to, or in combination with other TIR frustrators and optical elements. Exemplary antireflective coatings include broad band antireflective coatings such as boehmite (aluminum trihydrate) coatings.
The present invention contemplates the use of any suitable element to frustrate total internal reflections in emissive displays to increase brightness regardless of whether or not such elements can be or are generally categorized by any one or more of the named elements discussed above (e.g., volume diffusers, surface diffusers, microstructures, antireflective coatings, etc.).
The type of TIR frustrator used for brightness enhancement, and the construction in which it is used, generally depends on the end application. One consideration is whether the emissive device is to be used to illuminate a panel, display, or other object to be viewed (e.g., the emissive device is used as a backlight for a liquid crystal display), or the emissive device is to be used as a direct view display (e.g., the emissive device is itself an information display device, and not merely an illumination source for an information display). For some applications such as backlight and other illumination applications, an objective of a TIR frustrator might be to couple out of the device as much light as possible that would otherwise be trapped or lost due to TIR. For these applications, volume diffusers can be an exemplary choice.
Light propagating through a volume diffuser toward a viewer can pass through unobstructed toward the viewer, can be scattered and coupled out of the device toward the viewer, can pass through unobstructed at an angle higher than the critical angle and be totally internally reflected within the volume diffuser, and can be scattered at an angle higher than the critical angle and be totally internally reflected within the volume diffuser. Light totally internally reflected within the volume diffuser has a chance to encounter other scattering sites and be coupled out of the device toward the viewer. In other words, light not immediately coupled out of the device upon a first pass through the volume diffuser or upon a first scattering event can be coupled out of the device toward the viewer during subsequent passes through the diffuser and scattering events. Such light recycling in the volume diffuser can greatly increase the brightness of the emissive device. Such light recycling can also adversely affect the resolution of the emissive device if the emissive device is, for example, a direct view pixilated display, since the recycling phenomenon depends on lateral light propagation in the volume diffuser, which can lead to cross-talk between pixels if pixels are spaced close enough together. As described in more detail below, other elements can be included to help maintain resolution and contrast when using a volume diffuser as a brightness enhancement element for a direct view emissive display.
For some applications such as direct view displays, pixel resolution and contrast between neighboring pixels is preferably maintained, or even enhanced. As such, TIR frustrators can used that increase brightness at a minimum cost to resolution and contrast. For example, TIR frustrators can be used that couple high angle incidence light out of the device toward the viewer upon a first pass through the TIR frustrator, but that do not recycle in significant amounts the light that does not get directed out of the display toward the viewer in the first pass. Surface diffusers can be a suitable choice for coupling first pass light out of the device while, due to a rough outside surface, inhibiting TIR within the surface diffuser that could lead to cross-talk of light between pixels, and thus reduced resolution. Microstructures can also be a suitable choice because they can be used to redirect first pass light out of the device toward the viewer. In addition, combinations of elements such as volume diffusers with a diffuse surface, surface diffusers followed by a microstructured element, volume diffusers with contrast- maintaining microstructures, and the like can be used to achieve a desired amount of brightness enhancement while also maintaining or enhancing contrast and maintaining resolution.
Another example of a TIR frustrator that can maintain resolution is shown in Fig. 6. Element 610 includes transmissive/diffusive regions 612 separated by absorptive regions 614. Absorptive regions 614 can include, for example, microlouvers made of a black material or other light absorptive material. Transmissive/diffusive regions 612 can be made of material(s) suitable for forming a volume diffuser as discussed above. Elements that include absorptive regions such as microlouvers that separate transmissive regions can be made by a variety of techniques, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,621,898; 4,766,023; 5,147,716; 5,204,160; and 5,254,388. Absorptive regions 614 can be used to absorb, or block, light that is internally reflected within element 610. This can prevent some light from propagating laterally over long distances (e.g., to another pixel region) through element 610. By preventing some internally reflected light from traveling into other pixel regions, pixel cross-talk can be reduced. This helps maintain resolution. There can be a trade-off, however, in that internally reflected light that is absorbed by absorptive regions 614 does not contribute to brightness enhancement. However, absorbing this light can result in the maintenance of resolution and contrast.
Alternatively, louvered structures can be formed that do not necessarily include light absorptive regions, but rather specifically include louvers to present reflective interfaces so that light can be reflected toward the viewer, thereby hindering pixel cross-talk while not absorbing the light in substantial amounts. To help reduce cross-talk between pixels, the spacing between absorptive elements 614 is preferably on the order of the distance between pixels or smaller. For example, the spacing between absorptive elements 614 can be the same as the spacing between pixels, and element 610 can be disposed between the emissive devices patterned into pixels and the substrate so that each pixel emits directly through a transmissive/diffusive region 612. Alternatively, the spacing between absorptive elements 614 can be made much smaller than the pixel spacing so that alignment between pixels and element 610 is less of an issue.
TIR frustrators of the present invention can be optionally equipped with properties that provide functionality in the emissive device. For example, colorants such as dyes or pigments can be dispersed in the binder of a volume diffuser TIR frustrator to provide desired coloration such as in a situation where the emissive light does not exhibit the preferred color coordinates. Colorants can also be disposed in other types of TIR frustrators. Other functionalities that may be desirable to provide integral to a TIR frustrator include polarization, light recycling, contrast enhancement, etc. TIR frustrators of the present invention can be provided as whole elements that span the entire breadth of a display, can be provided to cover a portion of a display, or can be patterned to cover selected portions of a display in a selected manner. For example, in displays that include a pixilated array of emissive devices, volume diffusers can be patterned so that a single volume diffuser is associated with a single light emitter or group of light emitters. This may have the benefit of being able to select a different type of volume diffuser for each type of light emitter, for example selecting scatterers that perform better at particular wavelengths. Another benefit of patterning TIR frustrators can be the ability to maintain resolution in pixilated displays. For example, by patterning separate volume diffusers and associated each volume diffuser with a particular pixel or sub-pixel, pixel cross talk due to scattering and internal reflections within the volume diffuser may be reduced. Providing a black matrix that separates the patterned volume diffusers and pixels may also help reduce pixel cross talk while enhancing contrast. TIR frustrators can be patterned by any suitable method including various photolithographic methods, printing methods, and selective transfer methods. For example, volume diffusers, microstructures, and the like may be patterned by selectively thermally transferring particles in a binder from a donor sheet to a display substrate by selective laser-induced heating of the donor sheet. It may also be desirable to simultaneously pattern emissive devices and TIR frustrators on display substrates. Selective thermal mass transfer of emissive devices, particles in a binder, and microstructures has been disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,114,088; 5,976,698; and 5,685,939 and in co-assigned patent application USSN 09/451,984.
The following examples are meant to illustrate some aspects of the present invention and are not meant to limit the scope of the claims recited below.
In these examples, brightness enhancement is quantified in terms of gain. Gain is a dimensionless measurement that compares light intensity at a given viewing angle relative to a baseline measurement. For example, the brightness of an emissive device can be measured as a function of viewing angle to determine a baseline. Then, a TIR frustrator can be added to the device and the brightness can be measured again as a function of viewing angle. The ratio of the brightness of the device with the TIR frustrator versus the brightness of the device alone at a given viewing angle is the gain at that viewing angle. A gain of 1.5 at normal incidence, for example, represents a 50% increase in brightness at a 0° viewing angle as compared to the base line measurement. A gain of 0.7 at 80°, for example, represents a 30% decrease in brightness at an 80° viewing angle as compared to a base line measurement.
Various TIR frustrators were tested to compare their relative gains to other TIR frustrators in emissive devices. The emissive devices used to test the performance of the various TIR frustrators included an ultraviolet (uv) light source and a fluorescent dyed polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film disposed on top of the uv light source. The refractive index of the PVC film was 1.524 and the thickness was about 0.25 mm. The uv light source emitted uv photons into the dyed PVC film which excited the dye which in turn emitted visible light. PET films (about 0.07 mm thickness and refractive index of 1.65) were used as substrates. The substrates were disposed on top of the dyed PVC film, and the intensity of the light emitted from the construction was measured as a function of viewing angle. This measurement served as the baseline for all gain measurements made. To test various TIR frustrators in different constructions in the device, the TIR frustrator could be disposed between the PET substrate and the dyed PVC film, on top of the PET substrate, or both. The test construction was intended to simulate a lambertian light emitting device that emits light through a substrate, for example an electroluminescent lamp such as an OLED. The results of using different types of TIR frustrators are reported in the examples below.
Example 1 : Volume Diffuser
In this example, the gain associated with volume diffusers laminated between the dyed PVC film and the PET substrate was measured as a function of scatterer loading. The volume diffusers were made by dispersing various amounts of Sb2O3 particles (refractive index = 2.1, average diameter = 3 microns) in a thermoplastic PET material (refractive index = 1.56) to make mixtures, and coating the mixtures onto the PET substrate using a #20 Meyer bar. The coatings were then dried to form constructions that consisted of volume diffusers bonded to PET substrates. The volume diffusers each had thicknesses of about 4 microns. For each construction, the volume diffuser side was thermally laminated to a dyed PVC film at about 300°F. The resulting samples had, in the following order, a dyed PVC film, a 4 micron thick volume diffuser, and a PET substrate. Each sample was placed on the uv light source and gain was measured as a function of angle. Table 1 reports the gain at normal incidence for each of the samples. Samples are designated by the weight percentage of Sb2O3 particles in the volume diffuser.
Table 1: Gain as a function of scatterer loading
Table 1 indicates that higher particle loadings in the volume diffuser resulted in more light being coupled out of the device. For each of the samples, the maximum gain was at 0° viewing angle, and the gain decreased slowly with increased viewing angle. In the highest particle loading samples (40 wt. % and above), the gain fell below 1 at viewing angles greater than 70°.
In addition to these results, the same construction was used to test gain as a function of volume diffuser thickness at the 50% loading level for particles in the volume diffuser. Those results indicated that the gain eventually dropped for higher volume diffuser thicknesses, although gains greater than 1 at normal incidence were maintained. This indicated that increasing the thickness of volume diffusers that had high particle loadings tended to counteract some of the improvement in gain from the higher particle loading.
Example 2: Volume Diffuser
In this example, gain was measured for volume diffuser TIR frustrators as a function of refractive index of a lamination adhesive disposed between the volume diffuser and the dyed PVC film. Volume diffusers were made by dispersing Sb2O3 particles in thermoplastic PET (40 wt. % particles to PET) and then coating the mixture onto the PET substrate. The volume diffusers had a thickness of about 4 microns. The volume diffusers were then laminated to the dyed PVC films using various adhesives. The type of adhesive, the refractive index of the adhesive, and the measured gain for each of the samples are reported in Table 2.
Table 2: Gain as a function of laminating adhesive refractive index
Table 2 indicates that the closer the refractive index of the adhesive was to the refractive index of the dyed PVC film, the higher the observed gain (refractive index of dyed PVC film = 1.524). This indicated that better optical coupling between the light emitter and the volume diffuser can result in enhanced brightness. Example 3: Volume Diffuser
In this example, gain was measured for volume diffuser TIR frustrators as a function of the refractive index of a lamination adhesive disposed between the volume diffuser and a glass substrate. The same volume diffusers were made as described in Example 2 (i.e., particles dispersed in thermoplastic PET and coated onto PET substrate). The coated side of the volume diffuser was laminated to a 1 mm thick glass substrate using the various adhesives reported in Table 3. The dyed PVC film was laminated to the other side of the glass substrate using an optically clear adhesive commercially available from Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing under the trade designation 3M Laminating Adhesive 8141 (index of refraction = 1.475). The gain for each construction is reported in Table 3.
Table 3 : Gain as a function of laminating adhesive refractive index
Table 3 indicates that higher gains were achieved when the difference in refractive index between the adhesive and the glass substrate was smaller, although significant gains were observed in each case.
Example 4: Cellulose Acetate Film as Surface and Volume Diffuser
A 30 micron thick cellulose acetate film (refractive index = 1.49) was embossed with a slightly elongated, matted pattern that had about a 1 to 2 micron depth. This was essentially the same substrate and pattern used in the backing of adhesive tape sold by Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company under the trade designation 3M Magic Tape. The embossed surface of the cellulose acetate film was laminated to the dyed PVC film using the 3M Laminating Adhesive 8141. This construction exhibited a gain at normal incidence of 1.681. In addition to the surface roughness provided by the embossing, the cellulose acetate film contained sub-micron sized voids in its bulk. The voids were an artifact created during the embossing process.
Example 5: Surface Diffusers
In this example, gain was measured and compared among various surface diffusers. In each case, the described diffusive surface was laminated to the dyed PVC film using the 3M Laminating Adhesive 8141.
Diffusive surface 5 A consisted of a plurality of dome-like protrusions on a 0.07 mm thick PET film with an index of refraction of 1.65. Surface 5 A was made by casting PET onto a mold that had an inverted dome structure. The mold was made by replicating off a beaded projection screen where the beads ranged in diameter from 30 microns to 90 microns and had an average diameter of 60 microns. Diffusive surface 5B was the same as diffusive surface 5 A but had the inverted structure (i.e., a plurality of sphere-like indentations).
Diffusive surface 5C was made by stretching a 10%/90% polyethylene/polypropylene film (thickness = 0.07 mm, refractive index = 1.49) to a 9:1 ratio (stretched direction vs. unstretched direction). Stretching the film roughened the surfaces.
Diffusive surface 5D was a 0.15 mm thick matted polycarbonate film, commercially available from General Electric Corp. under the product code 8B35. Diffusive surface 5E was the embossed cellulose acetate film described in Example 4. Diffusive surface 5F consisted of randomly disposed and closely packed boehmite (aluminum trihydrate) microstructures. It was made by hot water vapor steaming of a 600 Angstrom thick aluminum coating on a 0.03 mm thick PET substrate. Diffusive surface 5F had a thickness of about 0.1 microns and a refractive index of 1.58. Table 4 reports the gain at normal incidence for each of the samples. Table 4: Gain for various surface diffuser TIR frustrators
Table 4 indicates that surface diffusers can be used to enhance the brightness of emissive devices. As can be seen by comparing the gains reported in Table 4 to those reported in Table 1, volume diffusers can be more efficient in coupling light out of emissive devices than surface diffusers. This is likely due to the nature of volume diffusers that allows multiple chances for light to be scattered forward toward the viewer. It should also be noted that gain increased as a function of viewing angle for the surface diffusers reported in this Example 5. This can be contrasted with the behavior of volume diffusers that tended to exhibit a reduction in gain for higher viewing angles. This suggests that relatively high gains might be achieved over a wide range of viewing angles in emissive displays that combine volume diffusers and surface diffusers as TfR frustrators.
Example 6: Microstructures
In this example gain was measured and compared among various microstructured samples. In each case, the described microstructured sample was laminated to the dyed PVC film (with the microstructure oriented toward the dyed PVC film) using the 3M Laminating Adhesive 8141. Microstructure 6A was a sinusoidal surface grating having a plurality of parallel ridges spaced about 0.8 microns apart and rising to a height of about 0.026 microns above the main surface. The grating was formed by thermal embossing a 5 micron thick coating of thermoplastic PET on a 0.07 mm thick PET film. Microstructure 6B was an array of microlenses molded into a hot melt injected 0.10 mm thick polycarbonate film (index = 1.58). Microstructure 6C was a lenticular array molded into a PET film by photopolymer casting. The cylindrical lenses that made up the lenticular sheeting had a spatial frequency of 78 microns, elliptical lens height of 23 microns, and a long axis to short axis aspect ratio of 1.35. The photopolymer had an index of refraction of 1.57 after curing.
The microlens array 6B had essentially the same spatial frequency, lens height, and aspect ratio as microstructure 6C except that the lens array 6B was a two-dimensional array of lenses whereas the lenticular array 6C consisted of cylindrical lenses. Table 5 reports the gain at normal incidence for each of these samples.
Table 5: Gain for various microstructured TIR frustrators
As with the surface diffusers described in Example 5, the microstructured surfaces exhibited higher gains at higher viewing angles. The surface grating of microstructure 6A exhibited its highest gains for viewing angles between about 25° and 60°.
Example 7: Microstructures In this example, gain was measured as a function of viewing angle and viewing orientation for similar microstructured prismatic films. The microstructured films consisted of a plurality of parallel V-shaped grooves spaced 50 microns apart. The grooves defined peaks, or prisms, that had a 66° apex angle. The microstructure was made by casting a photopolymer (refractive index = 1.57) onto a PET film. Three different microstructured films were made, the first having 0 micron "flat" (the "flat" is the width of the flat valley portion between microstructures), the second having 5 micron flat, and the third having 10 micron flat. The microstructured films were filled (on their microstructure side) with polyvinylacetate (PVAc, refractive index = 1.466), which was leveled to make a smooth surface. The PVAc surface was then laminated to the dyed PVC film using the 3M Laminating Adhesive 8141. Gain was then measured over a range of viewing angles, and is reported below in Table 6 at normal incidence and at a 20° viewing angle. The gain at off-normal viewing angles was measured at two orientations, namely with the viewing angle measured parallel to the groove direction (H) and perpendicular to the groove direction (V). The 20° viewing angle is reported below because it exhibited the maximum gain in the V direction.
Table 6: Gain as a function of viewing angle and orientation for prismatic film TfR frustrator
Table 6 indicates that brightness enhancement can have an angular dependence. For some applications, it may be desirable to increase the gain preferentially in a particular orientation and at an off-normal viewing angle. For example, hand-held devices are often titled back slightly so that the viewer is observing the display at a slightly inclined viewing angle.
Example 8: Combination of Volume Diffusers with Microstructures
The following example compares the gain of various constructions that include volume diffusers having different particle loadings and/or different thicknesses. In addition, the gain of each construction is compared with and without an added prismatic film. Particles of Sb2O3 were dispersed in an acrylic commercially available from
BF Goodrich Co. under the trade designation Carboset 525 (refractive index of 1.48) at various particle loadings. The weight percentages of the various loadings were as indicated in Table 7. The mixtures were coated onto the PET substrates and dried to form volume diffusers. Except as indicated in Table 7, the thickness of the volume diffuser coatings were about 4 microns. The volume diffusers were then laminated to the dyed PVC films, with the volume diffuser side oriented toward the dyed PVC film, using the 3M Laminating Adhesive 8141.
In each case, gain was measured with and without a prismatic film. When a prismatic film was used, the prismatic film was placed on top of the laminate, with the prisms oriented away from the laminate, with an air gap between the prismatic film and the laminate. The prismatic film used was the optical film commercially available from Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company under the trade designation BEF III. It is made of a photopolymer having an index of 1.57, and has a plurality of parallel V-shaped grooves that form parallel prisms having a prism angle of 90° and an average prism pitch of 50 microns.
Table 7: Gain as a function of particle loading, volume diffuser thickness, and presence of prismatic film
Table 7 indicates that gain can be increased by increasing particle loading in a volume diffuser. Table 7 also indicates that including a volume diffuser TIR frustrator between an emissive device and a substrate and additionally including a prismatic film on the opposing side of the substrate can further increase gain as compared to the volume diffuser alone. Table 7 also indicates that for high enough particle loading, there may be thickness limitations to volume diffusers, above which thicknesses the density of scattering centers can have detrimental effects that counteract the beneficial effects. It should be noted that a large dependence of gain on viewing angle was observed when the prismatic films were used in addition to the volume diffusers for brightness enhancement. When using volume diffusers alone, the observed gain was highest at normal incidence and gradually decreased at higher viewing angles, but still remained above 1 (and in many cases above 1.5) for viewing angles of up to 60° or more depending on the particle loading (higher particle loadings exhibited a faster decrease in gain at higher viewing angles). When using the prismatic film in addition, gain was higher at normal incidence than without the prismatic film, and the gain gradually decreased up to viewing angles of about 30° to 35°. At 30° to 35°, a sharp decrease in gain was observed to gains well below 1, and a minimum in gain was observed between about 40° and 50° viewing angle. Above about 50°, gain was again observed to increase, but still remained less than 1. The angular dependence of the gain mirrored the angular dependence of gain using the prismatic film alone with no volume diffuser, although with the volume diffuser and the prismatic film, the gain was higher for all viewing angles than with the prismatic film alone.
Example 9: Volume Diffusers having Different Binders
In this example, the gain associated with volume diffusers laminated between the dyed PVC film and the PET substrate was measured as a function of the binder used to make the volume diffuser. Volume diffusers were made by dispersing Sb2O3 particles (average diameter of 3 microns) in different binders at a 2:3 by weight ratio of particles to binder. The particles/binder mixtures were then coated the PET substrate using a #20 Meyer bar. The coatings were then dried to form constructions that consisted of volume diffusers bonded to PET substrates. The volume diffusers each had thicknesses of about 4 microns. For each construction, the volume diffuser side was thermally laminated to a dyed PVC film at about 300°F. The resulting samples had in the following order a dyed PVC film, a 4 micron thick volume diffuser, and a PET substrate. Each sample was placed on the uv light source and gain was measured as a function of angle. Table 8 reports the gain at normal incidence for each of the samples. The binder material and refractive index of each volume diffuser is given in the table. The binder material "PentalynC/Elvax" cited in Table 8 was a blend of materials chosen to achieve a refractive index that closely matched the dyed PVC film (refractive index of 1.524). The materials used for this binder were a tackifier available from Hercules (Wilmington, DE) under the trade designation PentalynC (refractive index of 1.546) and a vinyl acetate/ethylene copolymer blend available from Du Pont (Wilmington, DE) under the trade designation Elvax 210 (refractive index of 1.501).
Table 8: Gain as a function of binder index
Recall that the refractive index of the dyed PVC film was 1.524. Table 8 indicates that a higher gain was observed when the refractive index of the binder more closely matched the refractive index of the dyed PVC film which was positioned immediately below the volume diffuser in the display construction. Table 8 also indicates that binders having a slightly higher refractive index than the dyed PVC film showed higher gain than binders having a comparably lower refractive index than the dyed PVC film.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|WO1998017083A1 *||8 Sep 1997||23 Apr 1998||Philips Electronics N.V.||Electroluminescent illumination system|
|WO2000076008A1 *||1 Jun 2000||14 Dec 2000||Cambridge Display Technology Limited||Method of producing organic light-emissive devices|
|EP0814642A1 *||22 Jun 1996||29 Dec 1997||Ultra Silicon Technology (UK) Limited||Improvements in efficiency of electroluminescent devices|
|US6091085 *||19 Feb 1998||18 Jul 2000||Agilent Technologies, Inc.||GaN LEDs with improved output coupling efficiency|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|WO2004068597A2 *||27 Jan 2004||12 Aug 2004||3M Innovative Properties Company||Phosphor based light sources utilizing total internal reflection|
|WO2004068597A3 *||27 Jan 2004||28 Oct 2004||3M Innovative Properties Co||Phosphor based light sources utilizing total internal reflection|
|WO2004068602A3 *||27 Jan 2004||18 Nov 2004||3M Innovative Properties Co||Phosphor based light sources having a reflective polarizer|
|WO2004089042A1 *||11 Mar 2004||14 Oct 2004||Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation||Electroluminescence device|
|WO2005104261A1 *||22 Apr 2005||3 Nov 2005||Schott Ag||Organic, electro-optical element with increased decoupling efficiency|
|WO2005124887A2 *||10 Jun 2005||29 Dec 2005||Philips Intellectual Property & Standards Gmbh||Led with improved light emission profile|
|WO2005124887A3 *||10 Jun 2005||16 Mar 2006||Helmut Bechtel||Led with improved light emission profile|
|WO2006080299A1 *||24 Jan 2006||3 Aug 2006||Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha||Optical functional film and manufacturing method thereof|
|WO2007081484A1 *||14 Dec 2006||19 Jul 2007||Guardian Industries Corp.||Optical diffuser having frit based coating with inorganic light diffusing pigments with variable particle size therein|
|WO2007132364A1||23 Apr 2007||22 Nov 2007||Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.||Display device with a backlight|
|WO2009094110A1||13 Jan 2009||30 Jul 2009||Eastman Kodak Company||Electroluminescent device having improved brightness uniformity|
|WO2009116531A1 *||17 Mar 2009||24 Sep 2009||Asahi Glass Company, Limited.||Substrate for electronic device, layered body for organic led element, method for manufacturing the same, organic led element, and method for manufacturing the same|
|WO2010031688A1 *||1 Sep 2009||25 Mar 2010||Siemens Aktiengesellschaft||Optoelectronic organic component with improved light output and/or injection|
|WO2010032652A1 *||2 Sep 2009||25 Mar 2010||Fujifilm Corporation||Light-emitting device, production method therefor, and display containing the same|
|WO2011010582A1 *||14 Jul 2010||27 Jan 2011||コニカミノルタホールディングス株式会社||Sheet-like structural body, method for manufacturing sheet-like structural body, and surface-emitting body using sheet-like structural body|
|WO2011105141A1 *||21 Jan 2011||1 Sep 2011||Konica Minolta Holdings, Inc.||Organic electroluminescent component and method of manufacturing same|
|WO2011125090A1 *||2 Apr 2010||13 Oct 2011||Hitachi, Ltd.||Organic light-emitting device and light source apparatus using same|
|WO2014135817A1||10 Mar 2014||12 Sep 2014||Saint-Gobain Glass France||Electroconductive support for an oled, oled incorporating same, and production thereof|
|WO2016009132A1||9 Jul 2015||21 Jan 2016||Saint-Gobain Glass France||Electrically conductive oled carrier, oled incorporating it, and its manufacture|
|CN100463578C||11 Mar 2004||18 Feb 2009||三菱化学株式会社||Electroluminescent device|
|CN102762510A *||12 Jan 2011||31 Oct 2012||法国圣-戈班玻璃公司||Glass substrate coated with a high-index layer under an electrode coating, and organic light-emitting device comprising such a substrate|
|CN102762510B *||12 Jan 2011||3 Aug 2016||法国圣-戈班玻璃公司||在电极涂层下用高指数层涂布的玻璃基材、以及包含所述基材的有机发光装置|
|DE102011086805A1 *||22 Nov 2011||23 May 2013||Osram Opto Semiconductors Gmbh||Strahlungsemittierendes organisches Bauteil|
|EP1406474A1 *||19 Sep 2003||7 Apr 2004||Eastman Kodak Company||Organic light-emitting device having enhanced light extraction efficiency|
|EP1435761A1 *||12 Sep 2002||7 Jul 2004||Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd.||ORGANIC ELECTROLUMINESCENCE ELEMENT−USE TRANSPARENT SUBSTRATE AND ELEMENT|
|EP1435761A4 *||12 Sep 2002||10 Mar 2010||Nissan Chemical Ind Ltd||Organic electroluminescence element-use transparent substrate and element|
|EP1603367A1 *||11 Mar 2004||7 Dec 2005||Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation||Electroluminescence device|
|EP1603367A4 *||11 Mar 2004||29 Dec 2010||Mitsubishi Chem Corp||Electroluminescence device|
|EP1632796A1 *||31 Aug 2005||8 Mar 2006||Sony Corporation||Light-diffusing film and screen including the same|
|EP1851810A1 *||23 Feb 2006||7 Nov 2007||Eastman Kodak Company||Oled device having improved light output|
|EP1851810B1 *||23 Feb 2006||18 Jan 2017||Global OLED Technology LLC||Oled device having improved light output|
|EP1963912A2 *||20 Dec 2006||3 Sep 2008||Guardian, Industries Corp.||Optical diffuser with ir and/or uv blocking coating|
|EP1963912A4 *||20 Dec 2006||12 Oct 2011||Guardian Industries||Optical diffuser with ir and/or uv blocking coating|
|EP2352360A1 *||2 Oct 2009||3 Aug 2011||Asahi Glass Company Limited||Substrate for electronic device, method for producing same, electronic device using same, method for producing same and substrate for organic led element|
|EP2352360A4 *||2 Oct 2009||16 Jul 2014||Asahi Glass Co Ltd||Substrate for electronic device, method for producing same, electronic device using same, method for producing same and substrate for organic led element|
|US6670772||27 Jun 2002||30 Dec 2003||Eastman Kodak Company||Organic light emitting diode display with surface plasmon outcoupling|
|US6831407||15 Oct 2002||14 Dec 2004||Eastman Kodak Company||Oled device having improved light output|
|US6965197||1 Oct 2002||15 Nov 2005||Eastman Kodak Company||Organic light-emitting device having enhanced light extraction efficiency|
|US7038373||16 Jul 2002||2 May 2006||Eastman Kodak Company||Organic light emitting diode display|
|US7091653||2 Dec 2003||15 Aug 2006||3M Innovative Properties Company||Phosphor based light sources having a non-planar long pass reflector|
|US7091661||20 Jan 2004||15 Aug 2006||3M Innovative Properties Company||Phosphor based light sources having a reflective polarizer|
|US7118438||2 Dec 2003||10 Oct 2006||3M Innovative Properties Company||Methods of making phosphor based light sources having an interference reflector|
|US7157839||20 Jan 2004||2 Jan 2007||3M Innovative Properties Company||Phosphor based light sources utilizing total internal reflection|
|US7210977||2 Dec 2003||1 May 2007||3M Innovative Properties Comapny||Phosphor based light source component and method of making|
|US7245072||2 Dec 2003||17 Jul 2007||3M Innovative Properties Company||Phosphor based light sources having a polymeric long pass reflector|
|US7276848||29 Mar 2005||2 Oct 2007||Eastman Kodak Company||OLED device having improved light output|
|US7312560||2 Dec 2003||25 Dec 2007||3M Innovative Properties||Phosphor based light sources having a non-planar long pass reflector and method of making|
|US7394188||13 Apr 2007||1 Jul 2008||3M Innovative Properties Company||Phosphor based light source component|
|US7417370||23 Mar 2006||26 Aug 2008||Eastman Kodak Company||OLED device having improved light output|
|US7446939||4 Jan 2006||4 Nov 2008||Guardian Industries Corp.||Optical diffuser with UV blocking coating using inorganic materials for blocking UV|
|US7462984||8 Sep 2005||9 Dec 2008||Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation||Electroluminescent device with a low refractive layer and a light scattering layer|
|US7508130||18 Nov 2005||24 Mar 2009||Eastman Kodak Company||OLED device having improved light output|
|US7531955||12 Jul 2005||12 May 2009||Eastman Kodak Company||OLED device with improved efficiency and robustness|
|US7560747||1 May 2007||14 Jul 2009||Eastman Kodak Company||Light-emitting device having improved light output|
|US7564063||23 Mar 2006||21 Jul 2009||Eastman Kodak Company||Composite electrode for light-emitting device|
|US7564067||29 Mar 2007||21 Jul 2009||Eastman Kodak Company||Device having spacers|
|US7602118||24 Feb 2005||13 Oct 2009||Eastman Kodak Company||OLED device having improved light output|
|US7612942||4 Jan 2006||3 Nov 2009||Guardian Industries Corp.||Optical diffuser having frit based coating with inorganic light diffusing pigments with variable particle size therein|
|US7722965||7 Sep 2004||25 May 2010||Nitto Denko Corporation||Electroluminescence device, planar light source and display using the same|
|US7771103||6 Jan 2006||10 Aug 2010||Guardian Industries Corp.||Optical diffuser with IR and/or UV blocking coating|
|US7791271||24 Feb 2006||7 Sep 2010||Global Oled Technology Llc||Top-emitting OLED device with light-scattering layer and color-conversion|
|US7804245||24 Jan 2008||28 Sep 2010||Global Oled Technology Llc||Electroluminescent device having improved brightness uniformity|
|US7834539||30 Oct 2008||16 Nov 2010||Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation||Extracting light from an electroluminescent layer|
|US7851995||5 May 2006||14 Dec 2010||Global Oled Technology Llc||Electroluminescent device having improved light output|
|US7911133||10 May 2007||22 Mar 2011||Global Oled Technology Llc||Electroluminescent device having improved light output|
|US7969089||10 Jun 2005||28 Jun 2011||Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.||LED with improved light emission profile|
|US7982396||4 Jun 2007||19 Jul 2011||Global Oled Technology Llc||Light-emitting device with light-scattering particles and method of making the same|
|US7990058||13 May 2010||2 Aug 2011||Global Oled Technology Llc||Top-emitting OLED device with light-scattering layer and color-conversion|
|US7990618||25 Aug 2005||2 Aug 2011||Sony Corporation||Light-diffusing film and screen including the same|
|US8018140||12 Dec 2008||13 Sep 2011||Asahi Glass Company, Limited||Translucent substrate, process for producing the same, organic LED element and process for producing the same|
|US8174187||15 Jan 2007||8 May 2012||Global Oled Technology Llc||Light-emitting device having improved light output|
|US8179034||13 Jul 2007||15 May 2012||3M Innovative Properties Company||Light extraction film for organic light emitting diode display and lighting devices|
|US8222804||17 Nov 2008||17 Jul 2012||Global Oled Technology, Llc.||Tiled OLED device with edge light extraction|
|US8258693||22 Jun 2011||4 Sep 2012||Global Oled Technology Llc||Top-emitting OLED device with integrated light-scattering and color-conversion layer|
|US8272910||2 Sep 2010||25 Sep 2012||Global OLED Technologies LLC||Electroluminescent device having improved light output|
|US8368064||25 Jul 2011||5 Feb 2013||Asahi Glass Company, Limited||Glass for scattering layer of organic LED device and organic LED device|
|US8390008||29 May 2008||5 Mar 2013||Global Oled Technology Llc||LED device structure to improve light output|
|US8427045||1 Aug 2011||23 Apr 2013||Asahi Glass Company, Limited||Translucent substrate, process for producing the same, organic LED element and process for producing the same|
|US8492783||2 Sep 2009||23 Jul 2013||Udc Ireland Limited||Light-emitting device, production method therefor, and display containing the same|
|US8729593||25 Jul 2011||20 May 2014||Asahi Glass Company, Limited||Substrate with wavy surface to control specular visibility for electronic device and electronic device using same|
|US8866131||2 Apr 2010||21 Oct 2014||Hitachi, Ltd.||Organic light-emitting device and light source apparatus using same|
|US8884322||21 Nov 2012||11 Nov 2014||Osram Opto Semiconductor Gmbh||Light-emitting device|
|US9634290||7 Oct 2014||25 Apr 2017||Saint-Gobain Glass France||Laminate for light emitting device and process of preparing same|
|US9786849||9 Jul 2015||10 Oct 2017||Saint-Gobain Glass France||Electrically conductive OLED carrier, OLED incorporating said carrier, and its manufacture|
|US20150323158 *||25 Jan 2013||12 Nov 2015||Pioneer Corporation||Light emitting device|
|International Classification||H01L27/32, H01L51/50, H01L51/52, H05B33/22, H05B33/02, H01L27/15, G02B5/02, H01L33/00, G02B5/00|
|Cooperative Classification||H05B33/22, H01L51/5275, H01L27/156, H01L51/5268, H01L27/32|
|European Classification||H01L27/32, H01L27/15B2, H05B33/22, H01L51/52D8, H01L51/52D4|
|10 Oct 2002||DFPE||Request for preliminary examination filed prior to expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed before 20040101)|
|30 Oct 2002||121||Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application|
|24 Apr 2003||WWE||Wipo information: entry into national phase|
Ref document number: 2001922266
Country of ref document: EP
|28 Apr 2003||WWE||Wipo information: entry into national phase|
Ref document number: 018181163
Country of ref document: CN
|1 May 2003||WWE||Wipo information: entry into national phase|
Ref document number: 2002540216
Country of ref document: JP
Ref document number: 1020037006064
Country of ref document: KR
|30 Jul 2003||WWP||Wipo information: published in national office|
Ref document number: 2001922266
Country of ref document: EP
|11 Sep 2003||REG||Reference to national code|
Ref country code: DE
Ref legal event code: 8642
|13 Sep 2003||WWP||Wipo information: published in national office|
Ref document number: 1020037006064
Country of ref document: KR


text:
At the beginning of every New Year, I sit down and plan my year ahead. I write down my dreams, desires and goals.
Then I compile a list of ‘To Do’s’ to help me achieve them, which usually motivates me to get going.
To get busy weaving my dreams into reality.
But one thing 2020 has taught me is that, even my best laid plans can go awry. Although I had big goals for last year, the most important ones I achieved were not through planning or doing but through unforeseen circumstances and just going with the flow and ‘being’.
Spending more family ‘Us Time’ present in the moment and feeling relaxed and content just doing nothing, happened naturally during lockdown.
Having time to get both of my books completed and published arose from a misfortunate Covid-19 set of circumstances, forcing me to close my childcare business for months.
Appreciating friends and family more was another side effect of being kept apart from those I loved.
And being grateful for everything I had, such as my business, my home and family became enough to make me stop and see that- I already had everything I needed and wanted in life.
So today on January the 1st 2021, as I sit in the warm glow of sweet-scented candlelight, notebook and pen in hand, ready to plan 2021, there’s only one goal on my list this year and that’s simply to enjoy each and every moment with those I love.
What’s your goals for 2021?

domain: literature


text:
New York City is canceling Trump by ending its long-standing contracts for the iconic skating rinks in Central Park, the park carousel and Ferry Point Golf Course in the Bronx.
Mayor Bill de Blasio announced the move on MSNBC’s Morning Joe on Wednesday.
The city holds three contracts with the Trump Organization which de Blasio said gives them a $17million annual profit.
It comes after Trump was disowned by the PGA, banned by big tech and ex-communicated by business leaders, many of whom have stopped donations to the GoP. There are growing calls for the President to resign.
Today, the House is expected to vote to impeach him over his role in the riot at the Capitol last week which resulted in five deaths and is expected to churn hundreds of arrests.
De Blasio, announcing his plan to end the contracts, said on Wednesday: ‘The city of NY is severing all contracts with the Trump Organization.
‘Our legal team has done an assessment and the contracts make very clear, if a company or the leadership of that company is engaged in criminal activity, we have the right to sever the contract.
‘Inciting an insurrection, let’s be clear I am going to say those words again, inciting an insurrection against the United States Government clearly constitutes criminal activity.
‘The City of New York will no longer have anything to do with the Trump Organization. They have profited from these contracts. They will profit no longer. ‘
Eric Trump responded saying the city had ‘no legal right’ to terminate the contracts and that it would owe the Trump Organization $30million if it did.
Mayor Bill de Blasio announced the move on MSNBC’s Morning Joe on Wednesday
The Wollman Ice Rink in Central Park which the Trump Organization has managed since 1986
The Trump Organization also manages the carousel in Central Park
‘Right now, the Trump Organization profits about $17 million a year from these contracts.
ERIC TRUMP SAYS NYC HAS NO RIGHT TO END CONTRACTS
Eric Trump said in a statement after de Blaisos’ announcement: ‘Yet another example of Mayor de Blasio’s incompetence and blatant disregard for the facts.
‘The City of New York has no legal right to end our contracts and if they elect to proceed, they will owe The Trump Organization over $30 million.’
‘They cover four different sites, three in Manhattan, one in the Bronx, different entertainment sites. And look, it’s quite clear, the President of the United States directed a mob to attack the U. S. Congress during the Electoral College vote.
‘That’s – I mean, even saying the words, it’s almost impossible to believe.’
In a statement later, he said: ‘The President incited a rebellion against the United States government that killed five people and threatened to derail the constitutional transfer of power.
‘The City of New York will not be associated with those unforgivable acts in any shape, way or form, and we are immediately taking steps to terminate all Trump Organization contracts.’
He added that the Trump Organization would likely push back in court but that his legal team was ready to fight them.
‘Of course, we know the history of the Trump Organization. They’ll likely challenge us in court but we’re on strong legal ground. We’re very clear about that,’ he said.
Corporation Counsel James E. Johnson added: ‘Mr. Trump’s incitement of violence at our Capitol was an abomination.
Trump Golf Links in Ferry Point is in the public Ferry Point Park. Eric Trump and Donald Trump Jr. are shown in 2018 at an opening ceremony for the golf course clubhouse
‘In light of last week’s attack on our Capitol and our democracy, we have concluded that it is in the best interests of New Yorkers for the City to commence the process of cancelling these contracts and terminating its business ties with the Trump Organization.’
The City holds three contracts with the Trump Organization; one for the Wollman and Laserk skating rinks at Central Park, one for the Central Park Carousel and one for Ferry Point Golf Course in the Bronx.
The Trump Organization took over management of the ice rinks in Central Park in 1986.
On its website, it says: ‘For over three decades, the Trump Organization has proudly managed both of Central Park’s Public Skating Rinks along with the iconic Central Park Carousel.’
The golf course is situated in the public NYC Ferry Point Park.
The Trump Organization won the contract to run it in 2015.
The course was designed by golf pro Jack Nicklaus and is described as one of the finest public courses in the world.
New York City residents play $185 to play 18 holes on weekend days, whereas non-NYC residents pay more than $200.
Trump himself stepped away from the Trump Organization when he was elected. He turned it over to be run entirely by his children.

domain: news


Josh Hamilton, Bryce Harper in spotlight as baseball heads to final month of season
Mariners squander chances against Strasburg, fall 3-1 for 11th straight loss to Nationals
Strasburg pitches into 8th, Werth homers again to lead Nationals over Mariners 3-1
Homer-happy Nationals rock Seattle ace Felix Hernandez in 8-3 Washington win
Grady Sizemore's pinch HR helps last-place Phillies beat first-place Nationals 8-4 for sweep
Fister struggles in 8-4 loss as first-place Nationals swept by last-place Phillies
As October looms, see the biggest obstacles in the way of the Nationals and Orioles meeting in the 2014 World Series.
Gonzalez winless slide continues with 4-3 loss to Phillies
Galvis and Ruf homer as Phillies beat Nationals 4-3
Roark outdueled by Burnett in Nationals 3-2 loss to Phillies
Burnett strikes out 12 as Phillies beat Nationals 3-2
Red-hot Nationals score 6 runs in the sixth inning to drop Giants 14-6 in rubber game
Usually reliable Giants' bullpen implodes in 14-6 rubber game loss to Nationals
Lincecum's scuffles continue, Giants can't hold early lead in 6-2 loss to Nationals
Nats manger Williams discusses Fister surgery, says skin cancer an issue for players, coaches
The Washington Nationals have selected the contract of outfielder Nate Schierholtz from Triple-A Syracuse and optioned outfielder Michael Taylor to their top farm club.
Panik attack: Nats' 10-game win streak ends as Giants rookie gets 4 hits, 1st HR in 10-3 romp
Panik gets first career HR, four-hit game as Giants stop Nationals' 10-game win streak, 10-3
There's no secret to why the Washington Nationals have won 10 straight games: It's all about the pitching, especially the rotation.
Nationals stretch win streak to record-tying 10 games with 1-0 victory over Diamondbacks
Hi: 89 °F | Lo: 71 °F


text:
The Awesome Halloween Magic Show!
Legacy Event, Performance,
Date: Thu Oct 28, 2021
Agegroups: All Ages
Time: 4:00 PM - 4:40 PM
Try out your Halloween costume and come to the library for a magical Halloween show! Magic Bob and Lynn Marie will be here with a spell binding show to engage kids with magic, story-telling and puppetry. Of course, we will have trick-or-treat goodies for all ghosts and goblins!

domain: library


text:
Joanna Ferrone and The Cultural Relevance of Fido Dido’s Credo
- Valeria Giampietro
Fido Dido is the name of the iconic black-and-white cartoon character created by Joanna Ferrone (Fido’s author and business manager) and Susan “Sue” Rose (illustrator and art director) in 1985. In accordance with the popular motto–which became known in the United States only a few years later–Fido Dido has symbolized youth, open-mindedness, tolerance, candor…and as such, he has inspired and forged an entire (national and international) collective imagery by inflecting it with the instruments most apt to represent (and reflect) a constantly evolving generation.
Depicted on clothing such in the collaborative effort with Études, magazines and television commercials from Europe to Hong Kong, Fido Dido has long been identified as a brand ambassador for 7-Up, PepsiCo’s lemon-lime flavored soft drink, thus becoming not only main spokes-character of a company whose success was largely–and unequivocally–recognized in the soft drinks market, but also, most of all, a peculiarly stylized emblem of a universal pluralism rising against its opposite, and profoundly ingrained, social-cultural dynamics, such as class prejudice or racial discrimination.
“In the year 1985, there were a lot of things in the US that I wanted to talk about,” Joanna Ferrone reveals in an interview for The Hindu Business Line. “There were plenty of prejudices, racial, religious and ethnic, to a certain extent, as well,” she said. “Then there was also class prejudice. Fido was created to say ‘You are what you are, and what you are is ok.’ That’s why his philosophy suits his attitude and also what both he and me want to say perfectly.”
As a result, Fido Dido impliedly expresses the urge to vindicate our own selves–our own integrity, our own cultural diversity, our own uniqueness–in a society (too) often engrossed in appearances. Our inner anxiety leaves room for self-awareness. Fido comes from the past, the motto repeats. Fido comes up from our own limits, our own self-recriminations. And, in spite of everything, he overcomes them with a fresh and breezy attitude. Fido is the future, Ferrone insists. And that future is still shining bright upon us.

domain: artistic


text:
So I had my wisdom teeth just over a week and I am still in pain not as much when I first got them taken out and this pass friday I called the nurse and she said to stop taking the strong pain killers "hydro" and have been really like feeling sick but did not have a cold or anything just felt bad. I am at the part I flush it with mouth wash and water mixed together which has been getting some food and junk out yay but i still got blood and the holes and cuts from the surgery still their how do I know how long will it take to fully heal bc soon I am suppose to make teeth impression for my Invisalign again I have been going through my day with out any pain killers and it does still hurt to eat. I went in all ready for a check up like couple days after surgery and found food back their in one of them and both of them on the bottom hurt..................
It is normal to experience some pain after wisdom tooth removal. The pain usually lessens with time. Persistent pain could be due to several other reasons like dry socket, non healing wound. Dry socket is alveolar osteitis when the blood clot at the site of the tooth extraction has been dislodged or has dissolved before the wound has healed. There is severe pain since the underlying bone and nerves are exposed. It is best to contact your dentist and get a dental check up done. A clinical examination will be helpful.
Best wishes and regards!
Copyright 1994-2016 MedHelp International. All rights reserved.
MedHelp is a division of Aptus Health.
This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information.
The Content on this Site is presented in a summary fashion, and is intended to be used for educational and entertainment purposes only. It is not intended to be and should not be interpreted as medical advice or a diagnosis of any health or fitness problem, condition or disease; or a recommendation for a specific test, doctor, care provider, procedure, treatment plan, product, or course of action. Med Help International, Inc. is not a medical or healthcare provider and your use of this Site does not create a doctor / patient relationship. We disclaim all responsibility for the professional qualifications and licensing of, and services provided by, any physician or other health providers posting on or otherwise referred to on this Site and/or any Third Party Site. Never disregard the medical advice of your physician or health professional, or delay in seeking such advice, because of something you read on this Site. We offer this Site AS IS and without any warranties. By using this Site you agree to the following Terms and Conditions. If you think you may have a medical emergency, call your physician or 911 immediately.

domain: medical