United States Patent: 6615645
( 1 of 1 )
United States Patent
, et al.
September 9, 2003
System and method for generating a knock determination window for an ion
current sensing system
An ignition apparatus including a primary and a secondary winding for
producing a spark voltage, an ion current detection circuit for producing
an ion current signal, a slope detector and a knock detector. The slope
detector determines when the ion current signal exhibits a slope
indicative of a time period when knock is likely to occur, and de-asserts
a knock reset signal. The knock reset signal holds the knock detector in
reset, thus disallowing or masking the processing of signals by the knock
detector that may be mistaken for knock.
Butler, Jr.; Raymond O. (Anderson, IN), Kiess; Ronald J. (Decatur, IN), O'Connor; Daniel J. (Westfield, IN), Ellis; Max W (Noblesville, IN)
Delphi Technologies, Inc.
July 22, 2002
Current U.S. Class:
73/114.08 ; 123/406.14; 123/406.16; 73/114.67
Current International Class:
F02P 17/12 (20060101); G01L 23/22 (20060101); G01L 23/00 (20060101); G01L 003/26 (); F02P 005/00 ()
Field of Search:
73/35.08,117.3 123/406.11,406.12,406.13,406.14,406.16,406.24,406.25,406.26,406.27,406.29 324/378,393,399
References Cited [Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Lee et al.
Hunninghaus et al.
Duhr et al.
Primary Examiner: Moller; Richard A.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Dobrowitsky; Margaret A.
What is claimed is:
1. A method for detecting knock in a cylinder of an internal combustion engine comprising the step of determining knock when an ion current exhibits a predetermined slope
indicative of a time period for knock to occur.
2. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of: generating an ion current signal corresponding to the ion current indicative of a level of combustion in the cylinder.
3. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of: asserting a knock reset signal; de-asserting the knock reset signal when the ion current signal exhibits the slope indicative of the time period for knock to occur; and generating a
knock signal indicative of knock in the cylinder by processing the ion current signal during a knock window when the knock reset signal is de-asserted.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein said step of generating the knock signal includes the substeps of: extracting components of the ion current signal indicative of knock; integrating the extracted components.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein said extracting step includes the substeps of: filtering the ion current signal; and rectifying the filtered ion current signal.
6. The method of claim 3 wherein said step of producing the knock reset signal is performed by the substeps of: establishing a clock signal having a-plurality of cycles; sampling the ion current signal for each cycle of the clock signal; and
asserting the knock reset signal when the ion current signal exhibits the predetermined slope for a predetermined number of cycles.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein said step of producing the knock reset signal is performed when the predetermined number of cycles are consecutive.
8. The method of claim 6 wherein the step of asserting the knock reset signal is operative to disable processing of the ion current signal.
9. An apparatus for detecting knock in a cylinder of an internal combustion engine comprising: an ion current detection circuit for producing an ion current signal indicative of a level of combustion in the cylinder; a knock detector for
generating a knock signal indicative of knock in the cylinder based on said ion current signal; and a slope detector configured to enable said knock detector when said ion current signal exhibits a predetermined slope indicative of a time period for
knock to occur.
10. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein said slope detector includes: a sample and hold circuit responsive to a clock signal having a plurality of cycles for capturing a respective sampled level of said ion current signal for each cycle; a
comparator responsive to said ion current signal and said respective sampled levels for generating a slope indicative signal indicative of said predetermined slope; a logic circuit responsive to said clock signal and said slope indicative signal
configured to enable said knock detector.
11. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein said logic circuit includes: a shift register having a predetermnined number of outputs corresponding to stages thereof, said shift register having a clock input responsive to said clock signal, said shift
register further having a data input responsive to said slope indicative signal; and an AND logic gate having a plurality of inputs respectively coupled to said outputs of said shift register, said AND logic gate having an output for asserting a knock
reset signal operative to disable said knock detector, said knock reset signal, when de-asserted, being operative enable said knock detector to produce said knock signal indicative of knock.
12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein said number of stages is selected a function of a frequency of said clock signal.
13. The apparatus of claim 9 further comprising a primary and secondary winding. Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Technical Field
This invention relates generally to a system and method for determining knock in an ion current sensing system of the type useful in connection with controlling ignition in an internal combustion engine.
2. Description of the Related Art
One approach for detecting a combustion condition, such as knock or misfire, involves the use of a so-called ion sense system. It is known that the combustion of an air/fuel mixture in an engine results in molecules in the cylinder being
ionized. It is further known to apply a relatively high voltage across, for example, the electrodes of a spark plug just after ignition in order to produce a current between the electrodes. Such current is known as an ion current. The ion current that
flows is, generally speaking, proportional to the number of combustion ions present in the area of, for example, the spark plug gap referred to above. Additionally, the level of such ion current may provide some measure of the level of ionization
throughout the entire cylinder as combustion occurs. The DC level or amount of ion current is indicative of the quality of the combustion event, or whether in fact combustion has occurred at all (e.g., a misfire condition). An AC component of the ion
current may be processed to determine the presence of knock.
It is also known to determine knock which involves processing a signal from a knock sensor only during a so-called knock window, as seen by reference to U.S. Pat. No. 5,537,855 issued to Hunninghaus et al. entitled "KNOCK DETECTION METHOD AND
APPARATUS WITH DUAL INTEGRATION WINDOWS."Hunninghaus et al. discloses a knock sensor having an output that is processed during dual knock windows. The knock signal from the sensor is processed during one angular window or period (i.e., produced by a
controller based on a crank position sensor) at a point in an engine combustion cycle where a knock event is expected to occur. A shortcoming of this approach, whether using a conventional knock sensor or using an ion sense system, is that such a knock
window constitutes, at best, only a prediction by the controller as to when the knock is going to occur. There is therefore a margin for error with controller-generated knock windows, which may permit processing of information that may be mistaken for
knock (e.g., noise), resulting in a false indication of knock by the knock detection system.
U.S. Pat No. 6,089,077 issued to Daniels entitled "MASS FRACTION BURNED AND PRESSURE ESTIMATION THROUGH SPARK PLUG ION SENSING" discloses an ion sensing system. The system of Daniels further discloses determining an inflection point in the ion
signal and calculating a mass fraction on that basis.
There is therefore a need to provide an improved apparatus for detecting a combustion condition, such as knock, that minimizes or eliminates one or more of the shortcomings as set forth above.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
One object of the present invention is to provide a solution to one or more of the above-identified problems. One advantage of the present invention is that it permits internal generation of a knock window (i.e., internal to an ignition coil
configured with the invention), thereby eliminating the need for an engine controller or the like to generate a knock window, with all its disadvantages as described in the Background. Another advantage is that the internally generated knock window is
superior to a controller-generated knock window inasmuch as it is generated based on real data, not a guess based on crank angular position. This improvement yields a more accurate knock intensity signal. In an alternate embodiment, the knock signal
(e.g., indicative of knock intensity) is sent to the engine controller over an ignition control signal line (i.e., the same line that carries the signal for controlling dwell and spark timing to the ignition coil). This multiplexing of the two signals
on one physical line allows for the elimination of one wire from the overall system, decreasing cost and improving reliability.
These and other objects, features and advantages are realized by a method and apparatus according to the invention that operates based on detection of the slope of the ion current signal. The knock signal occurs on the last decreasing voltage
portion of the ion current signal waveform for each ignition event. Processing the ion current signal for knock only during this time (i.e., the defined knock window) will reduce much of the noise that may be mistaken for knock in prior, conventional
An apparatus according to the present invention includes an ion current detection circuit, a knock detector, and a slope detector. The ion current detection circuit is configured to bias a spark plug in an engine cylinder for producing an ion
current signal indicative of a level of combustion in the cylinder. The ion current signal includes knock components when knock is present in the cylinder. The knock detector is enabled during a knock window for generating a knock signal that is
indicative of knock in the cylinder, based on the ion current signal. The slope detector is configured to enable the knock detector when the ion current signal exhibits a predetermined slope indicative of a time interval over which knock is to occur.
A method of detecting knock is also presented.
Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to one skilled in the art from the following detailed description and accompanying drawings illustrating
features of this invention by way of example, but not by way of limitation.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a simplified diagrammatic and schematic view of an ignition system for an internal combustion engine including a slope detector and knock detector according to the invention.
FIG. 2 shows, in greater detail, the slope detector of FIG. 1.
FIGS. 3A-3N are simplified timing diagrams showing various control and data signals for detecting and reporting knock according to the invention.
FIGS. 4A-4C are simplified timing diagrams showing, an ion current signal, a knock window, and a knock reset signal of FIGS. 3A-3N in greater detail.
FIG. 5 is a timing diagram showing short-term transient tolerance of the slope detector of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring now to the drawings wherein like reference numerals are used to identify identical components in the various views, FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic and block diagram view of an ignition apparatus 10 having an improved knock window for
an ion sense system according to the invention. Ignition apparatus 10 includes an ion current sensing capability and is adapted for installation to a conventional spark plug 12 having spaced electrodes 14 and 16 received in a spark plug opening of an
internal combustion engine 18. As known, the electrodes of spark plug 12 are proximate a combustion cylinder of engine 18. FIG. 1 also shows an engine control unit (ECU) 20.
Apparatus 10 further includes a primary winding 22, a secondary winding 24, a core 26, ignition circuitry 28, a primary switch 30, an ion current detection circuit 32 generating an ion current signal 33, a knock detector 34, and an ion current
signal slope detector 36. The knock detector 34 generates a knock signal, which may be a knock intensity (KI) signal 38.
Generally, overall spark timing (dwell control) is provided by engine control unit (ECU) 20 through generation of an ignition control signal, shown as an electronic spark timing (EST) signal. Control unit 20, in addition to spark control, may
also control fuel delivery, air control and the like. In a global sense, control unit 20 is configured to control overall combustion in engine 18. Control unit 20 may include, for example, a central processing unit (CPU), memory, and input/output, all
operating according to preprogrammed strategies. ECU 20 may adjust the fuel/air mixture and/or spark timing (e.g., retard spark) in response to knock intensity signal 38. Techniques for responding to knock are well known in the art.
In addition, in a first embodiment, engine control unit 20 may be configured to provide a calculated knock window signal, designated KWI (i.e., start, end, and duration), which endures for the time period in which ECU 20 expects knock to occur.
The knock window is defined so as to facilitate knock detection. Approaches for the generation of the knock window are known in the art (e.g., determined generally based on the engine position or range of positions in which knock is most likely to
occur, for example, 10-15 engine degrees after top dead center (TDC)). Alternatively, if a knock window signal (KWI) is not provided by engine control unit 20, ignition circuitry 28 may be configured to generate a knock window on its own for use by
knock detector 34, for example, as described in copending application entitled "IGNITION COIL INTEGRATED ION SENSE WITH COMBUSTION AND KNOCK OUTPUTS," U.S. application Ser. No. 10/091,247, filed on Mar. 4, 2002, attorney Docket No. DP-304,842,
assigned to the common assignee of the present invention, and hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
FIG. 1 also shows that, in a preferred embodiment, the EST signal and KI signal 38 are multiplexed on the same physical connection between ECU 20 and ignition apparatus 10. As will be described in greater detail below, this sharing is done in a
time division multiplexed manner (i.e., the same line is bidirectional). This multiplexing may be implemented by including tristate circuitry in ignition circuitry 28, so as to allow input of the EST signal during a first phase, while allowing
generation of the KI signal 38 during a second phase distinct from the first phase. This feature allows elimination of a physical wire or connection between the ECU 20 and the ignition apparatus 10, thereby reducing cost and improving reliability. In
an alternate embodiment, the knock intensity KI signal 38 may be provided to the ECU 20 via a separate line, as shown in phantom-line format in FIG. 1.
A high side end of primary winding 22 may be connected to a supply voltage provided by a power supply, such as a vehicle battery (not shown) hereinafter designated "B+" in the drawings. Supply voltage B+may nominally be approximately 12 volts.
A second end of the primary winding opposite the high side end is connected to switch 30. The high voltage end of secondary winding 24 is coupled to spark plug 12. The opposite end of secondary winding 24 is connected to ion current detection circuit
Ignition circuitry 28 is configured to selectively connect, by way of switch 30, primary winding 22 to ground based on the electronic spark timing (EST) signal, for example, provided by engine control unit 20. Such connection, as is generally
known in the art, will cause a primary current I.sub.p to flow through the primary winding 22. Switch 30 may comprise conventional components, for example, a bipolar transistor, a MOSFET transistor, or an insulated gate bipolar transistor. Ignition
circuitry 28 may be configured to provide additional-functions, for example, applying repetitive sparks to the combustion chamber during a single combustion event. During the spark event, a spark current, designated I.sub.SPARK, flows across spaced
electrodes 16, 14. In addition, spark plug 12 is configured so that when biased by a relatively high voltage produced by ion current detection circuit 32, an ion current may be carried across electrodes 14, 16.
In the figures, the ion current is designated I.sub.ION. The magnitude of a DC component of the ion current is indicative of a combustion condition, such as combustion, and/or misfire. In particular, as is known, the greater the ion current
(i.e., due to more ionized molecules present in the cylinder), the greater the combustion. In addition, the presence of an AC component of the ion current is indicative of a knock condition. A first knock mode may be defined based on the magnitude of
the AC component of the ion current in a range between approximately 5-6 kHz. Alternatively, a second knock mode may be defined based on a magnitude of the AC component of the ion current in a range between approximately 10-12 kHz. It has been observed
that knock will most likely start at the peak of the ion current, which may be from about 10-15 engine degrees, more preferably about 14-15 engine degrees after TDC.
Ion current detection circuit 32 is configured to perform multiple functions. First, circuit 32 is configured to establish a bias voltage across electrodes 14, 16 for causing an ion current to flow. The structure for performing this function
may include any one of a plurality of approaches known in the art. In one embodiment, a zener diode is employed in parallel with the storage capacitor; however, this is exemplary only and not limiting in nature. Circuit 32 is further configured to
provide the means for sensing the ion current and for generating in response thereto an ion current signal 33.
Knock detector 34 is configured generally, when enabled during a knock window KWI, to generate a knock signal 38 indicative of knock in the cylinder associated with the ion current being sensed. In the illustrated embodiment, knock detector 34
has a knock reset signal 64 applied to an enable input. When the knock reset signal is asserted (e.g., a logic high in one embodiment), the knock detector 34 is held in reset and no processing is allowed to occur. However, when the knock reset signal
is de-asserted (e.g., a logic low), knock detector 34 is enabled to determine knock. In one embodiment, the knock signal 38 may be a knock intensity signal indicative of the intensity of knock (as detected). Knock detector 34 may comprise various
structures and functions for detecting knock known in the art. For example, in one embodiment, knock detector 34 is configured to include a filter to extract knock components from the ion current signal, a rectifier circuit to rectify the knock
components and an integrator (i.e., either analog or digital) for integrating the rectified knock components contained in the ion current signal. In such an embodiment, the integrator is held in reset while the knock reset signal is asserted, and is
thereafter allowed to perform its integration function when the knock reset signal is deasserted.
Slope detector 36 is configured to detect when the ion current signal 33 exhibits a predetermined slope indicative of a time period during which knock is expected to occur, and enable knock detector 34 to generate the knock intensity KI signal
38. In the illustrated embodiment, slope detector 36 is configured to generate a knock reset signal and provide it to knock detector 34. During the time interval when the slope of the ion current signal indicates that knock is unlikely to occur, then
slope detector 36 asserts the knock reset signal in order to hold the knock detector 34 in reset (i.e., unable to detect noise and the like that may be mistaken for knock). However, during the time interval when the slope of the ion current signal
indicates that knock is likely to occur, then the slope detector 36 de-asserts the knock reset signal.
In the arrangement of FIG. 1, the ion current is flowing from ground up through ion current detection circuit 32, and it therefore has a negative voltage polarity in its native state. With regard to an ion current signal inverted from its native
state, the last decreasing-slope voltage portion represents the interval where slope is likely to occur. Knock is unlikely to occur in the immediately preceding positive slope portion of the inverted ion current signal. This lifting of the knock reset
signal allows the knock detector 34 to operate for detecting knock components (if present) and generating the knock intensity signal 38. It should also be appreciated that since the knock detector 34 is held in reset when knock is not likely to occur,
noise or the like masquerading as knock components and occurring temporally outside the desired knock interval, will be rejected. For integration-based knock detectors, such components will not be accumulated. This rejection will minimize or eliminate
false indications of knock.
It should also be specifically understood that the foregoing polarity sense and logic sense of the signal output by slope detector 36 is exemplary only. For example, slope detector 36 may be configured to assert an enable (rather than a reset)
signal when the slope indicates that knock is likely, and use this enable signal to directly enable the slope detector to operate.
FIG. 2 shows slope detector 36 in greater detail. Slope detector 36 includes an amplifier 40, resistor 42, a capacitor 44, a sample and hold circuit 46, an output logic circuit 48 and a clock input 50.
Amplifier 40 includes an inverting input terminal configured to receive a buffered and inverted version of the ion current signal 33, designated 33' in FIG. 2 (and is best shown in FIG. 4A). Amplifier 40 further includes an output terminal that
is fed back to a non-inverting input terminal of amplifier 40.
Sample and hold circuit 46 is responsive to a clock signal on input 50 for capturing and holding the prevailing level of the ion current signal at each cycle of the clock signal. Circuit 46 includes a sample capacitor 52, an analog switch 54, a
comparator 56 and a pullup resistor 58.
Switch 54 is configured to open and close with each cycle of the clock signal on clock input 50. When switch 54 is closed, it passes the signal on node 43, which is then applied to capacitor 52. Capacitor 52 is charged to that voltage level of
node 43 (V.sub.43). When the clock signal changes state, switch 54 opens, thereby leaving the applied voltage level (V.sub.43) on capacitor 52. This level is then held, at least until the next clock cycle.
Comparator 56 is configured to produce a slope indicative signal on an output node 57. The sampled voltage level (V.sub.43) being held on capacitor 52 is provided to the inverting input terminal of comparator 56. The non-inverting input
terminal of comparator 56, however, tracks (in substantial real-time) the voltage level on node 43. Depending on whether the real-time signal is higher or lower than the sampled voltage will determine whether the slope is positive or negative. When the
real-time signal at the non-inverting input terminal of comparator 56 is higher than the sampled signal on the inverting input terminal of comparator 56 (i.e., indicative of a positive slope), then the comparator 56 produces a logic high output (i.e.,
its output is allowed to be pulled high via pullup resistor 58). However, when the real-time signal is lower than the sampled signal (i.e., indicative of negative slope), then the comparator 56 produces a logic low output. The slope indicative signal
on node 57 (i.e., either "0" or "1") is then provided to logic circuit 48.
Logic circuit 48 is responsive to the clock signal and the slope indicative signal and is configured to produce the knock reset signal 64. Logic circuit 48 includes a shift register 60 and an AND logic gate 62.
Shift register 60 is configured to have a predetermined number of outputs corresponding to the number of stages included in shift register 60. Shift register 60 is responsive to the clock signal to "clock in" the slope indicative signal provided
to its data ("D") input terminal (i.e., clock in either a logic "0" or a logic "1"), which is then output at output Q0. As known, with each clock cycle a new value for Q0 is clocked-in, and existing values for any particular stage are shifted "up" one
stage. For example, the value in Q0 is shifted to Q1, the value in Q1 is shifted to Q2 and so on. The value in Q3 is discarded in the illustrated embodiment.
The shift register 60 starts with all its ouputs Q0, Q1, Q2, Q3 equal to zero. Thus, AND gate 62 initially produces a logic low (zero). However, when the input ion current signal 33 exhibits a positive slope for four (4) consecutive clock
cycles, then the shift register 60 will have all its stages filled with logic "1" s, wherein all its outputs Q0, Q1, Q2, Q3 will produce a logic high. On the happening of this condition, AND gate 62 will output a logic high signal. That is, the knock
reset signal will be asserted (i.e., become a logic high). It should be understood that the foregoing description of one embodiment of a digital slope detector is exemplary only and not limiting in nature. There are a wide variety of possible
implementations using digital components to achieve the foregoing functionality. Moreover, slope detector 36 could also be implemented in purely analog form, or even in software using a controller coupled to sampled values.
Referring now to FIGS. 3A-3N and FIGS. 4A-4C, a description of the operation of the present invention will now be set forth.
As shown in FIG. 3A, the EST signal is generated, for example, by control unit 20 in accordance with known strategies based on a plurality of engine operating parameters as well as other inputs. Dwell control generally involves the control of
the timing of the initiation of the spark event (i.e., at a crankshaft position and degrees relative to a top dead center position of a piston in the cylinder) as well as a duration of the charging period. The asserted ignition control signal EST is the
command to commence charging of the ignition coil for a spark event. De-asserting the EST signal is the command to initiate spark.
As shown in FIG. 3B, a current flag signal may be produced (a pulse) indicating that a predetermined level of primary current has been reached during a charging interval.
Referring to FIG. 3C, after charging, primary winding 22 is disconnected from ground, thereby interrupting the primary current I.sub.p. It is well understood by those of ordinary skill in the art of ignition control that such interruption
results in a relatively high voltage being immediately established across the secondary winding, due to the collapsing magnetic fields associated with the interruption of the primary current. The secondary voltage will continue to rise until reaching a
breakdown voltage across electrodes 16, 14 of spark plug 12. Secondary current will thereafter discharge across the gap (i.e., spark current). The spark event, as is generally understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, is provided to ignite an
air and fuel mixture introduced into the cylinder.
As shown in FIG. 3D, the present invention may be used in a configuration where repetitive spark is applied for a single ignition event (so-called "multicharge" arrangements). Multicharging may continue (i.e., the multicharge window may remain
open) until a predetermined level of combustion is obtained. In particular, after sparking has occurred, ion current detection circuit 32 biases spark plug 12 to thereby produce an ion current I.sub.ION to the extent combustion has begun, which results
in generation of an ion current signal 33, which is best shown in FIG. 3H. The ion current signal may be processed (e.g., integrated, as known) by a combustion monitor (not shown) or similar circuit during a combustion window, which is shown in FIG. 3F. The combustion window may "open" after a ring out delay following a spark and the dissipation of the secondary current, and "close" when the time for the next spark occurs (in the repetitive spark example). The resulting integrated ion current signal is
shown in FIG. 3I. When the integrated ion current signal reaches a predetermined level indicative of robust combustion, multicharge operation may be discontinued, which is shown in FIG. 3D as with multicharge window closing, which disables circuitry in
ignition circuitry 28 from producing any additional sparks beyond the last spark that will occur from the discharge of coil 10.
As shown in FIGS. 4A-4C, at a predetermined time designated t1, engine control unit 20 or alternatively ignition apparatus 10, as described above, produces a knock window signal KWI, which may be based only on the angular position of the
crankshaft. However, in actuality, knock is unlikely to occur between times t1 and t2 since the last decreasing slope interval has not yet arrived. Slope detector 36 recognizes the positive slope (after a time .DELTA., which is exaggerated in the FIG.
4C) of the inverted ion current signal in FIG. 4A over the interval t1 to t2, and thus asserts the knock reset signal over the interval t1 to t2. The knock reset signal is shown in FIG. 4C. Since the knock reset signal suppresses determination of knock
by knock detector 34, the knock window KWI is effectively foreshortened. Slope detector 36 further recognizes when the inverted ion current signal passes the inflection point (FIG. 4A) at time t2 and begins an extended negative slope over the interval
t2 to t3. Thus, at time t2, slope detector 36 de-asserts the knock reset signal, as shown in FIG. 4C. Thus, the knock reset signal is operative to tailor the knock window, which is generated based on angular information, to a more accurate knock window
based on the actual progression of the combustion in the cylinder, as shown by the ion current. This eliminates processing during times when knock is unlikely to occur, and which may result in mistaking "noise" for knock.
With reference to FIGS. 3J-3L, knock detector 34, in one embodiment, may be configured to process the ion current signal so that it is bandpass filtered by a bandpass filter/amplifier (not shown). The resulting signal is shown in FIG. 3J. Knock
detector 34 may then be further configured to rectify the filtered ion current signal using a rectifier (also not shown). Knock detector 34, according to the invention, is then configured to "window" or gate the filtered, rectified ion current signal
with the knock window, as modified by the knock reset signal. As shown in FIG. 3E, the start of knock processing is deferred relative to the "opening" of the knock window KWI. FIG. 3K shows in diagrammatic fashion that portion of the filtered,
rectified ion current signal (i.e., the knock components) that is permitted to contribute to the determination of knock intensity. FIG. 3L shows one form of a knock intensity signal 38 represented as an analog, integrated signal.
FIG. 3M shows an alternate form for the knock intensity signal 38. FIG. 3M shows the knock intensity signal 38 in the form of a pulse width modulated (PWM) signal, wherein the duration of the pulse corresponds to the intensity of the knock. As
shown in FIG. 3M, in the illustrated embodiment, the knock intensity PWM signal 38 has a fixed beginning time, which may be aligned with the closing of the combustion window (FIG. 3F), and a variable ending time, as designated by the double arrow-headed
line through the low-to-high transition.
FIG. 3N shows an embodiment where the knock intensity signal 38, in the form of a PWM signal 38, is time division multiplexed on the same line as the knock window signal (KWI), for the case where the ECU 20 generates the knock window signal.
This arrangement would eliminate the need for one line (namely, a separate knock intensity signal 38 line).
FIG. 3A shows a further embodiment of the present invention where the knock intensity signal is time division multiplexed on the same physical line as the EST signal provided by the ECU 20, as described above. This arrangement is preferred where
the ignition apparatus 10 itself generates the knock window signal KWI via ignition circuitry 28, eliminating the need for a KWI line from the ECU 20, as well as separate KI line. In this preferred embodiment, only one physical line is needed for the
exchange of the EST and knock intensity KI signals between the ECU and the ignition apparatus 10.
FIG. 5 shows, in greater detail, an excerpt of the negative slope portion of the inverted ion current signal. Another feature of the present invention is one that controls and accurately responds to transient periods of increased levels. In
real world situations, while the overall voltage level is decreasing during the last portion of the inverted ion current waveform (i.e., that portion between times t2 and t3 in FIG. 4A), heavy knock could cause short times of level increases. FIG. 5
shows points 68, 70, 72 and 74. Note that even though there is an increase between points 68 and 70, the general slope of the inverted ion current signal in FIG. 5 is negative. According to the invention, a predetermined number of samples in a row
would have to exhibit a positive slope (e.g., the number of stages in shift register 60) in order for the knock reset signal to be asserted by slope detector 36. Thus, both the cycle interval of the clock signal used in slope detector 36, as well as the
number of stages in shift register 60, affect how brief instances of increased levels are "damped" so as to not cause the knock reset signal to be asserted. This feature enhances the robustness of the present invention when subjected to heavy knock
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text:
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Experts recommend working with an accountant at least every few years to make sure that you’re not making any obvious errors. For taxpayers filing non-business returns, it took an average of eight hours to complete a 1040 last year, according to the IRS.
You’ll still be responsible for the content of your returns. Most tax pros (and tax software) require you to answer reams of questions about everything from health expenditures to charitable contributions, and to provide documentation backing up your claims. That means you’ll still likely spend at least a few hours working on your taxes. Your tax preparer will use that data to figure out what you can claim and how much you owe, but if you’ve provided incorrect info, you could be held responsible during an audit. So, before just signing and sending off your return be sure to review it to see if any mistakes jump out at you. “Your tax preparer is only as good as the taxpayer providing the information,” says Troy Lewis, a CPA in Draper, Utah.
Another benefit of using professional preparers is that they might be able to provide some advice on how to reduce your tax burden for next year. Audits aside, it’s important to get your tax returns right, because they’re used to verify income on everything from your mortgage to student loans.
Ask about credentials. Anyone can call himself a tax preparer, and more than half of all preparers are unenrolled, meaning that they’re not subject to IRS regulation. A 2014 report found that in 46 states there are more regulatory requirements for hairdressers than there are for tax preparers. At a minimum, you’ll want someone who can provide a Preparer Tax Identification Number, which is required by the IRS for anyone who assists in preparing federal tax returns.
For complicated returns, look for a tax preparer who is an enrolled agent, a certified public accountant, or an attorney. Preparers with those certifications must complete ongoing training and are the only ones permitted to represent their clients before the IRS in the case of an audit or other issue. Enrolled agents are licensed by the IRS, while CPAs are licensed by the state boards of accountancy, and attorneys are licensed by the state bar.
Do a background check. It’s common for fraudsters to set up shop as tax preparers, gathering documents from unsuspecting clients and then disappearing—with all the victim’s info and without filling a return. Protect yourself, by carefully vetting your tax pro.
In addition to asking friends and family for referrals, check out online review sites like Angie’s List or Yelp to get a sense of what clients think of a particular preparer. Look for someone with experience handling clients with similar circumstances to yours, such as a specialty in small business owners or retirees. “It helps to find someone who is very familiar with the challenges you face,” says Gil Charney, a director at the Tax Institute at H&R Block.
Then, see if there have been any complaints about the preparer to the Better Business Bureau. Last year, the agency received more than 4,700 complaints against business that provide accounting and tax prep services, mostly due to mistakes on the returns that resulted in fines and fees.
Avoid a tax preparer who promises you a certain refund amount of whose fee structure is based on a percentage of your return, or a preparer who refuses to sign your return. “It’s incumbent upon the taxpayer to do their homework,” says Mark Steber, chief tax officer at Jackson Hewitt Tax Service. “The one thing you want is someone you can trust to do what’s right and to get it right to start with.”

domain: finance


text:
This is Sam and Calvin and their Arts District Los Angeles engagement images. We love to spend our engagement sessions pretending if we have just planned a really fun date, doing things the couple would normally want to do together. We hope you enjoy these images of Sam and Calvin doing just that in the heart of the city. And may this also act as a guide if you’re trying to plan a really fun date in downtown LA! 🙂 These neighborhoods of the city always leave us feeling super inspired and always prove to show us that there is a lot of life and a lot of nature spilling out amidst all of the concrete if you just take the time to look for it.
These two wanted to spend time exploring the heart of DTLA together, finding all the hip, colorful spots around the bustling streets. They started in downtown by the ACE hotel DTLA, Rialto Theatre, and Tower Theatre. They popped in for some ice cream at Salt and Straw and stopped at every colorful mural along the way. The busy streets, bright colors of the city, and historic charm of the buildings all lent to an inspiring time exploring the city. We found a cactus garden, loads of colorful tile, and a magical rooftop garden.
Next up: exploring the Arts District of DTLA. They caught sunset on the rooftop garden of a parking garage at Row DTLA, with sweeping views overlooking the skyline of the city. To end the night, they strolled the sidewalks next to art shops and took in the beautify of the overgrown greenery cascading down the parking garage and taking over the concrete of the city.
Shot by Nate
See more like this Arts District Los Angeles Engagement Images: Beverly Hills Courthouse engagement on 35mm Film || Redondo Beach Engagement session – Beers, boating, and surfing at sunset || Silver Lake Engagement on 35mm Film || 80’s Rock Inspired Venice Beach Engagement

domain: artistic


text:
Tangible Duct Tape – Home Depot Gift Card
Duct tape fixes everything. Duct tape is the ultimate tool in your toolbox. And duct tape makes a fantastic gift card.
The cool thing is that you can actually feel the bumps in this duct tape, it feels like the real deal!
This card does not seem to be available online at the moment, however, we did recently spot it at the register in a local Home Depot.
Discounted Home Depot cards are always available on CardCash: Home Depot Gift Cards

domain: hobby


text:
A gift for Kanansai! Her story of Vera is Amazing and I kinda wanted to portray the story's heroine!
Hey thanks #teacupkitten and #spidermanundies! it really is an honor! omgomgomg wow #kanansai i am so so glad, no extatic you like it! It's pretty hard to impress when you're only 13!


text:
|Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project [microform] : site history, soils, landforms, woody and herbaceous vegetation, down wood, and inventory methods for the landscape experiment
|Shifley, Stephen R. and Brian L. Brookshire
|Brookshire, Stephen R. Shifley and Brian L.
|Year of Publication:
|North Central Research Station, Forest Service--U.S. Dept. of Agriculture
|St. Paul, Minn.
LTER Community Calls
Strengthen Mentoring Skills
LTER & FieldFutures Anti-Harassment Workshop
Don’t stick your hand in there – a story about caution and observation on the reefs of Moorea.
2023 Year in Review: a year of self reflection and investment in our future
Meandering Through the Mangrove Forests of the Florida Coastal Everglades
Burning Down the House Party
At the helm of ChANGE: driving forward a new experiment
Burned forest, bleached reef: LTER sites adapt to learn from disturbance

domain: geography


text:
One time after speaking at a company, an associate approached me. When he was near, I turned my back and spoke to someone else. He became angry and stormed out of the room. Later, he went to HR, and told them what happened. He called me a fake, saying I didn’t care about the “little” people. He asked them to never have me there to speak again.
Being disregarded is awful. I didn’t say a word, but I turned my back, which communicated he wasn’t worth a word.
Communication is 55% body language, so what we do says much more than what we say.
The HR director told me the situation. I was surprised. I did not remember him approaching me. I would never intentionally disregard someone. After speaking with the HR director, I was angry. Thoughts swirled, “How dare he say I’m fake!” “Does he really think I would disregard him on purpose?” “How stupid! He should’ve tapped me on the shoulder!” “If he wants to be a crybaby, that’s on him.”
I was defensive, but I allowed my emotions to settle and I sunk into my essence. I put myself in his shoes. A few ideas came to mind:
- He made himself vulnerable in approaching me.
- He had a different expectation than what happened.
- He must care about what I think to become so upset.
- He wants me to be “real”.
- He must have had something important to say if he wanted to speak with me.
I had a choice to make. I could let it go or take responsibility. For leaders, taking responsibility for communication is vital in creating a healthy culture. I always tell leaders, “Don’t fight what is, work with it.” I didn’t do anything wrong. I could’ve justified not talking to him, but I decided to swallow my pride and make it right.
I called the HR director and asked what time the associate started the next day. I showed up with coffee and donuts. I asked if I could talk to him in private. He looked defensive, but he relaxed after I handed him his coffee and donuts. I looked him in the eyes and apologized for disregarding him. I explained it was not intentional and I would do anything to make it up to him.
His face softened. He apologized for getting angry. He explained that he is has never approached a speaker before and was nervous. When he was ignored, he felt embarrassed, then angry. He admitted he should have given me the benefit of the doubt.
I apologized again and told him I would work hard to not disregarding anyone in the future. He forgave me and said numerous times how much he appreciated my effort towards him.
Communication mishaps are normal. They happen daily. Leaders must remember that in communication mishaps, it’s not about whose right or wrong.
He became my biggest advocate in helping the organization create a healthy culture.
Communication mishaps are normal. They happen daily. Leaders must remember that in communication mishaps, it’s not about whose right or wrong. It’s about making sure that people stay connected in heart, mind, and purpose. Leaders must humble themselves when communication goes array. Because what they do is greater than what they say.
Emerson said, “Who you are speaks so loudly I cannot hear what you say.”
An ancient proverb says, “Out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaks.”

domain: literature


text:
"Cloud Nine" was inspired by a break-up which is present in the lines "If you want to live, let live/ If you want to go, let go/ What are we doing here?/ Because I can live without you." It uses strings, studio effects and Lee's "layered moaning."
"If it’s something like the song "Cloud Nine," we got a cool drum beat that we liked. Then she came up with a vocal melody. It was cool because I just took the bass and started writing the bass line to the actual vocal melody. That was something different that I had never really done. We never really had any set way. If there was an idea, we would just do whatever we could to move forward with it."


Still undecided whether to send a paper-based or digital greeting card this Valentine’s Day? Impress your loved one by sending both. Plynth, an AR technology company that produces marketing materials for creators and marketers, created Lively Greeting Cards. The company launched the platform in hopes of helping the general public discover the wonders of AR technology.
Lively Greeting Cards lets you combine a still photo and a video to create an AR greeting card. The platform won’t require you to pay for the service or download a mobile app. All you need to do is sign up on the website. With its simple instructions, anyone can create touching greeting cards using their own photos and video clips.
Inspiration Behind Lively Greeting Cards
Plynth founder and CEO, Jono Matusky, said that he was inspired to make the AR technology more accessible on the nudging of friends and family. The company primarily works with bands, illustrators, and other creators in producing engaging merchandise and promotional items. It uses WebAR technology to overlay video on top of a still image, usually on printed material. Fans can view video and other exclusive content by scanning a QR code with their mobile device and holding it up to a concert ticket or postcard newsletter from the artist’s label.
For instance, GroundUP Music aficionados receive physical postcard newsletters from the indie record label every month. Subscribers scan the code on the postcard, then hover the phone over it to watch a concert video or greeting come to life. Plynth continues to help its partners harness AR technology for announcing in-person events or keeping people updated on the latest brand developments.
How to Customize Your Lively Greeting Card
You too can use AR technology to surprise the love of your life. Here are the steps for creating a personalized card using Lively Greeting Cards:
- Go to the Lively Greeting Cards website.
- Create an account.
- The platform will then ask you to “Add Video” and “Add Image.”
Click “Add Video” first, and upload your video clip. The site accepts .mov and .mp4 files below 100MB. You can go online to look for free file converters in case the file you want to upload is in a different format. Tap the “Done” button once the video is uploaded.
Next, click on “Add Image.” You can tap “Choose frame from video” and use the slider to pick a frame. Or you can upload a pre-saved image that comes from that video. You may also pair off the video you uploaded earlier with a totally different image. Click “Done” when your image has been uploaded. A preview of your greeting card will appear on the right side of your screen.
- The “Create experience” button will appear once you’ve finished uploading your video and image. Click this button to make the platform perform its magic.
- You’ll know that Lively has successfully linked your video and image when the “Ready to Go!” notification appears. Below it, you’ll find the QR code and “Copy Link,” both of which will make your Valentine card come alive through AR technology.
Test and Send Your AR Technology-Enhanced Greeting
To test the output yourself, scan the QR code with your phone. Once your device has scanned the image, a Plynth link will appear on your screen. Click this link to open a new window, which will automatically bring you to Plynth and turn on your phone’s camera. Bring your camera’s viewer to the still image (Plynth will display frame corners to guide you). Once your device hits the right position, your chosen video will play while your phone is hovering over the image.
Once you’re satisfied with your AR technology creation, you can now save the QR code image or link to send for later.
Option 1: Click the “Download QR code” to save the code, which you can send to your special someone online. Or you can print it out for your Valentine to scan.
Option 2: You can also click “Copy Link” to generate the link that will take your Valentine directly to the Plynth website. They can then activate the card by hovering the cam’s viewer on the image.
You can also print your chosen still image as part of a paper-based card or save it to send the image file to your loved one by clicking the “Download Artwork” button.
Sharing the Love Through AR
Innovative technologies like AR enable people to find new ways to connect with their loved ones. AR greeting cards are a prime example of this. They allow you to celebrate special days and share the love with others through digital experiences.


text:
Coastal Oaks Church
By Coastal Oaks Church
Thank you for connecting with and listening to the teaching podcast of Coastal Oaks Church in Rockport, TX! For more information about location, service times, and what to expect on your next visit, go to coastaloakschurch.org. We invite you to grab your Bible and study along with us as you listen.


text:
The market research firm Oricon reported on Tuesday that Japan's comic (manga) sales totaled 271.71 billion yen (about US$3.533 billion) during the 2011 fiscal year. About 503.61 million copies of comics sold in Japan last year, and that was 99.0 percent of the total from 2010.
Despite selling fewer copies, the total revenue from comic sales did increase from the year before. In 2010, the total revenue from comic sales was 270.67 billion (about US$3.519 billion) yen, also a small increase from 270.31 billion yen (about US$3.515 billion) in 2009.
Oricon reported that the total revenue from all book sales, including the comic/manga, bunko, and general book categories, was 1.112 trillion yen (about US$14.46 billion) in Japan in 2011. That number was 99.3 percent of the total from 2010. About 1.287 billion copies of all books sold in Japan last year, which was a one percent drop from 2010.
The research firm cited the Great Eastern Japan Earthquake disaster (Higashi Nihon Daishinsai) and the resulting production interruptions and material shortages as possible causes for the slight decrease in total book sales. Oricon expects sales totals to increase as Japan continues to recover from the March 11 earthquakes and tsunami.
In 2011, the top-selling manga by series in Japan were One Piece (37,996,373 copies), Naruto (6,874,840 copies), and Blue Exorcist (5,223,712 copies). Oricon reported that top-selling manga by volume were One Piece #61 (3,382,588 copies), One Piece #62 (3,207,568 copies), and One Piece #63 (3,073,175 copies).

domain: news


text:
Smok Novo Vaporizer – 6 Great Causes to Buy One
The SMOK NOVO vapinger.com transportable radio is a new type of radio which will appeal to everyone’s necessities. The NOVO is a single-port handheld radio that makes it very easy to enjoy your preferred music. You will be amazed at how easy it is to listen to your preferred songs. A convenient charging port makes it possible to quickly charge the unit while you are listening.
The Smok Novo Pod Kit can be an ultra slim, compact, all in one portable pod style radio. With a slim, compact design and style to be held easily in hand, and ease to utilize controls, the NOVO can be an ideal travel companion for anybody who likes to enjoy their music wherever each goes. The NOVO has a built-in 450mAh rechargeable batter, which is effortlessly recharged through micro USB slot found on the front of the unit. With the super minimal voltage, the Smok Novo can support a long list of music types like MP3, WMA, AAC, CD, DVD, FLV, LPCM, and several other forms.
Smok Novo Pods – For those who certainly are a fan of original Smok flavours, Smok Novo Pods provides an exciting way to continue steadily to enjoy your favorite flavors while traveling. Smok Pods offer two pre-loaded Smok pods, in addition to a variety of refill pods. Some Smok Pods have been designed specifically to job in vaporizer or electronic cigarettes. You’ll discover a wide selection of popular Smok flavors such as for example mint, chocolate, and grape. These flavor pods help with keeping your vapor reliable and flavorful.
Smok Novo Pod System – Smok Pods could also be used with the Smok Novo pod method. This great kit offers convenient versatility. The Smok Novo technique is a terrific way to take your complete vaporizer kit with you anywhere you go. If you want a convenient way to enjoy your favorite flavors anytime, this kit offers you everything you need.
Smok Novo Battery Lifestyle – Smok Pods includes a five-day warranty that has a one year warranty. The original novo pods from Smok are backed by a limited five-day warranty. When you have any questions or concerns about the quality of the product, it is possible to contact Smok Novo directly. A person service representative will undoubtedly be glad to work with you. This warranty program really helps to ensure that consumers obtain the most quality products accessible.
Simple to use Technology – Besides its great sound good quality, Smok Novo makes it simple to use your vaporizer. You simply place your pods in the mouthpiece, follow the on-screen suggestions and you’re all set. Smok has spent lots of time making the process as easy as possible. With one contact of a button, you can activate or deactivate your flavorings and adapt your resistance options. It’s very easy that even kids can learn how to change flavors with ease.
Variable Temperature Capability – The air-consumption and electronic digital circuitry of the Smok unit are temperature sensitive. That means you can adjust the resistance degree and improve vapor production based on your personal preference. Whether you are sitting, standing, or training, the Smok Novo device can accommodate your personal preferences. This versatility makes the machine a fantastic choice for a wide selection of scenarios.
Smok Novo Pro Tip: When using the Smok Novo with the initial pods, you may observe that there is some extra bedroom in the chamber. This is due to the adjustable temperature control on the back of the unit. If you discover this extra room to be of any advantage with all the device, then you should, keep utilizing the pre-installed pod systems. But, if you want to have more room in your mouth for proper digestion, then by all means, get yourself a new group of compatible pods!


Kingston, Washington, USA
Paragon brings a progressive influenced melodic metal sound. In addition to releasing two demo tapes, Just Believe and Dead And Alive, Paragon won the Klitsap County “battle of the bands” contest three years running. You would think a label might have taken notice and signed these guys.
The track “Why Are There So Many Sinners?” shows up on Underground Metal Compilation put out in 1988 by Regency records.
Jeff Schronce – Lead vocals, guitar
Dave Schmidt – Bass, keyboards
Paul Roraback – Drums, percussion, backing vocals
Jeff Schronce - Guitar, vocals
Rod Banach - Bass
Paul Roraback - Drums


text: Boulder Valley School District (BVSD) staffers spoke, and Forbes listened. Through anonymous surveys sent to employees at various companies across the county employing at least 500 people, Forbes ranks America’s Best Employers By State, and this year, BVSD is No. 1 for Colorado. Our humble, hometown district with 3,680 employees beat giant employers throughout the state including Starbucks (218,000), Target (360,000) and United Parcel Service (399,000). Although 2020 has tested teachers’ mettle, it’s clear BVSD employees still feel the love.


SOFINS 2023 – MBDA: Akeron MP naval applications, a new role for the antitank missile
Developed by MBDA for land applications, the Akeron MP missile, formerly MMP, is being employed in new domains.
At SOFINS 2023 it was possible to see the Akeron MP missile installed on a Special Forces rigid hull inflatable boat (RHIB) belonging to the French Navy FORFUSCO (FORce maritime des FUSiliers marins et COmmandos). The Fusiliers Marins ensure the protection of Naval bases and nuclear facilities in France and abroad, while the Commandos carry out direct actions and reconnaissance in depth. Overall some 700 SF operators man the seven Commando units, five of them, Jaubert, Trépel, de Montfort, de Penfentenyo and Hubert, tasked for assault missions while the remaining two, Kieffer and Ponchardier, play a support role.
« The Akeron MP missile can be embarked on the ECUME produced by Zodiac Milpro »
One of their favourite platforms is definitely the ECUME (Embarcation de Commandos à Usage Multiple et Embarquable, multi-role and boardable commando boat), produced by Zodiac Milpro and in service with the Commando Ponchardier. Based on the ZH-930 CDO RHIB, it is 9.3 meters long, 3 meters wide, it is powered by two diesel engines and can reach a maximum speed of 40 knots with an endurance of over 200 nautical miles. As for its firepower, until now it could embark two machine guns, either 7.62 or 12.7 mm, or a 40 mm automatic grenade launcher in place of one of them. Now, thanks to a further development carried out by MBDA on its Akeron MP, the latter missile can be embarked on the ECUME and used to hit high-value targets at long range, over 4,000 meters.
« A key upgrade that allows using the Akeron MP in the naval mode »
The missile could be seen installed on the ECUME shown in the outdoor exhibition, while at the MBDA stand the system was also visible, with a simulation being shown to illustrate the concept. The key upgrade that allows using the Akeron MP in the naval mode is a stabilisation algorithm developed purposely to compensate the wave-induced movement of the boat. The stabilisation works on the missile optronic seeker, allowing the operator to easily keep the crosshair on the target before launch. The missile firing post is installed over a mast through a conical interface. Currently the configuration sees the operator shooting while standing, however discussions are ongoing with the French Navy to evaluate a seat on a shorter mast, something similar to what MBDA provides for its Mistral 3 VSHORAD missile.
« Flexibility of the Akeron MP used on board a RHIB »
At SOFINS a specific naval scenario was available on the system simulator that allowed seeing the flexibility of the Akeron MP used on board a RHIB; while closing to the coast the operator selected its primary target, the control tower of the harbour to be attacked. A first missile was launched on this static structure, which therefore didn’t need any in-flight correction by the operator, the missile flying basically in a fire-and-forget mode, maintaining however the link with the firing post and the operator through the fibre optic cable. Thanks to this during the flight the operator could notice a main battle tank at the base of the tower, a target of opportunity not to be missed. A second missile was quickly loaded and launched, this time the operator maintaining control until the last moment should the tank move. The first firings on the move are planned for late 2023.
The ECUME will definitely not be the only French Navy platform that will embark this weapon system. While on the SF RHIB this will have a potential attack role, on major platforms such as FREMM frigates, amphibious ships and, potentially, offshore patrol vessels, it will be mainly used to protect the naval unit against fast attack craft and similar, especially when operating in brown waters or when at anchor in front of the coast. Its flexibility is due to its tandem shaped-charge warhead that is also designed to destroy structures as well as to neutralise troops in the open, thanks to the various attack modes and angles available to the operator.
Back to our SOFINS 2023 full editorial coverage menu.
Photos courtesy P. Valpolini


text:
Here is some info on my CCV mod
Click on CCV link in my signature for pictures
I make up my CCV from ABS pipe. It is appox. 3 1/2" outer diameter and 6" long. It is filled with stainless and nylon mesh has a drain petcock and is mounted under the driver's floorboard
CCV MOD INSTRUCTIONS
1:Remove top of air cleaner, rubber intake hose and the solid piece that the OEM CCV goes into (if you can remove the rubber elbow then leave the piece on).
2:Remove the CCV breather on the top of the driver’s side rocker cover.
Be careful, there are “O” rings under it. Clean it up, put some grease on the “O” rings to hold them in place, turn it 180 degrees so the outlet points to the rear and replace it.
3:Mount the new CCV bracket under the driver’s side floor about 14’’ from the fender well directly in back of the tire. This puts it to the left of the frame near the body mount. There is a lot of room here, hold the whole unit up to get an idea of placement and mark some holes.
4:un a ¾’ heater hose from the breather outlet OVER THE BRAKE BOOSTER (this is important!!) down to the bottom fitting on the can. You may need to use an elbow where it comes out of the breather on top of the engine. It is important to run the hose up and over the booster as this lets the heavy oil vapors coming out of the breather to condense and run back into the engine.
5:Run another length of hose from the top outlet of the new CCV back to the original piece on the intake.
If you don’t want to do that you can fabricate an inlet into the air cleaner box somewhere. Home Depot has lots of plastic fittings you can fool around with, some electrical conduit fittings will work also.

domain: design


Negotiations over New York’s discount power program for businesses have broken down with just a few days remaining in the legislative session.
The inaction increases the odds that the power program will remain dead for the rest of this year. Another possibility is that legislators will extend it for one more year, as they’ve done in each of the last five years.
The state’s Power for Jobs program expired early this month. Power for Jobs, along with a small related program, supplied discount electricity or cash rebates to 520 manufacturers and nonprofits around the state in exchange for pledges to retain and create jobs.
About 50 Capital Region companies participate in the program, employing roughly 12,000 workers. Participants include major manufacturers.
Democrats continue to blame one another for the continued delays in enacting a new successor program. Legislators told The Business Review that talks are at an impasse.
On Monday, the Senate voted 59-2 to enact a new power program that would supply twice as much power for businesses. The program would offer seven-year power contracts to companies—unprecedented stability in the program’s 13-year history.
Gov. David Paterson helped broker the bipartisan Senate plan. Business lobbies have lined up in favor of the plan—and against a competing version offered by Assembly Democrats, which is preferred by consumer groups such as AARP.
The sticking point: Hydropower that utilities supply to more than 2 million upstate homes and farms, called “rural and domestic power.” Last year, those customers received an average discount of between $1 to $4 on their monthly bills—$82 million in all.
The Senate plan seizes that power and gives it to businesses, doubling the total power in the program. Residential consumers would be offered a rebate that will phase down over time, to a third of what it is today.
“I believe that when members of the Assembly review this legislation, they will conclude, as 59 senators have concluded, that this is a balanced solution to a long-standing problem,” Paterson said in a statement. “I call on the Assembly to seize this opportunity.”
The Assembly proposal, which also offers seven-year contracts to businesses, lets consumers choose to drop the power if they want to, in exchange for some energy-efficiency savings.
Assembly Democrats are calling for a public meeting with members of both political parties to jump start talks.
“We’ve reached an impasse on the issue of rural and domestic power,” said Assemblyman Kevin Cahill (D-Kingston), chairman of the chamber’s energy committee. “We’re asking for a conference committee on the subject, so once and for all we can air this out.”
In the interim, the clock is ticking on the current legislative session. Monday was the last session day on the official legislative calendar. Legislators are remaining in Albany for now, but only until a budget is finished.
On Monday, the Assembly approved a bill that would extend Power for Jobs benefits through June 30 while negotiations continue. Paterson has said he will reject any temporary extensions until legislators agree on a new, more permanent program to replace Power for Jobs.
In addition, Cahill introduced two bills on Monday night that may address the issue at hand.
One option is to extend the program for one more year, without making any changes. Past extensions like that have prevented the state from adding companies to the program, while hampering long-term budgeting at companies receiving the power.
“Rather than people dropped from the program and jobs lost, it’s a better alternative than nothing,” Cahill said.
The other bill would enact a temporary version of the Assembly’s plan, without touching the rural and domestic power. Under this plan, the program would last seven years before expiring.
“Now is the time,” Cahill said.


text:
London Audio Engineers, Producers & Songwriters
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I can take a song from chords & lyrics to a mixed and mastered production. I can also help an inexperienced writer to fine tune their composition.
The recording and mixing process can make or break your songs. You want your music to be heard and respected by as many people as possible, and once you release those tracks into the world they stay there FOREVER!!. Ill be working closely with you to turn your vision into a finished and polished recording that you and your fans can enjoy.
I love writing and producing songs that get trapped in people's heads. Working with majors -BMG, Universal, Capital, Black Butter. I work in Pop, Electronic, Hip Hop, Soul, Dance, Folk and everything in between. I also work with worldwide major brands like BT, Primark and Lowe Alpine on international campaigns.
With years of experience as a studio and live performance session player including working with Gwen Stefani and Lucinda Belle, I bring a wide range of high quality guitar playing to your recording
Specialising in radio-ready modern Pop, using the latest production techniques and adding my handcrafted sounds to make tracks stand out. I'm a producer working in Pop music with hits in Canada and records played on London's BBC Radio. I'm easy and fun to work with and a great listener (literally)! Feel free to get in touch. Lorenzo
Having had many radio hits over the years I'm confident in these genres: Pop, House, Dance, Hiphop, Trap, Moombahton. If you need production with a soulful, uplifting and melodic touch, I'm your guy. I'm also working as an sound engineer constantly mixing and mastering for bands and acts. I play the trumpet so i can record solos as well.
John Hall is a music producer and session drummer working in the TV sector for Sky, Universal and working closely with Phase Music. If you need acoustic drums on your record, then look no further. John is also an accomplished music producer and songwriter. His skills include music programming, mixing, and mastering to broadcasting standards.
Music Producer Bag-e has always been inspired by the urban sounds. Growing up in London where he was really inspired by making music for Artists. With that unique sound, he has always tried to reach out to Artists and put them on a platform. Website: www.bag-e.co.uk
I am a very versatile record producer. I have made records for a lot of international artists and have accumulated millions of views and hits all around the world. My sound is distinctive and has a vibe that I feel catches the attention of anyone listening. Along with production, I also mix and master songs for artists.
I'm an experienced music producer, engineer and BFI award-nominated (2018) musician producing work that has attracted attention from a range of music critics. I also have experience working at established London studios as a composer/producer and mix engineer.
I've mixed tracks for Funkineven / Steven Julien. Check Out some of my mixes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YjNPZdm_Zu4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tqkePkLm5FQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EdCe2U_Hp4k
I've been songwriting, producing, mixing, recording & mastering for over 15 years. My music is played all over the world, regularly on television; small, low budget, Indie films, & larger scale movies. I understand the need for quick turnarounds & can deliver your project as quickly as needed. I'm a musician myself, so understand the requirements..
I'm a singer with many years of professional experience and numerous awards and achievements. I've performed on both major TV and live productions. Born in Bulgaria, I've been living in London since 2009. BA and MA degrees from the London College of Music, currently doing a PhD. I'm also a songwriter (melody and lyrics). Let's make some good music!
Monodeluxe is considered an Innovator, Pioneer and one of the most important Luminar and Influential music creator of Lounge and Downtempo music in the last 25 years on the indipendent music Industry. His influence in music today ist still inspiring many new artists and producers asking for advises and support as music mentor.
Want to work with a creative with a degree in Creative Musicianship? Whatever it is, go ahead and ask and i will do my best if i can help or point you in the right direction. Guitars, mixing, mastering, or whatever else. Don't take my word for it, try me out and tell me what you think!
Charles is a British born Songwriter/Music Producer/Remixer specializing in Pop, RnB & Dance Music for over 25 years. He has collaborated Dave McCracken (Kylie Minogue, Beyonce) Andy Murray - (The Corrs, Birdy) Leanne Brown (Sweet Female Attitude) He has also provided remixes and productions for Positiva, Arista & Sony Music.
Hey! I'm Jeff, founder/head mastering engineer at A-side Sound. I have 15+ years in audio. I'm easygoing, responsive, and offer next business day turnaround for remote projects. I specialize in mastering for streaming (Spotify, Apple Music, Etc.). Hear my reel @asidesound on Instagram.
We make real music, no generic/type beats! Contact us if you like jazzy beats, nice chord progressions & banging drums and bass in the style of pharrell/timbaland. Our aim is to make your track stand out in every possible way; original songwriting, melodies, sound design, sample selection & mixing style.
Music producer and Senior composer for music TV Show "Songs" with over 15 years of experience in music production and sound design. I wrote 63 arrangements for a music talent TV show. Fan of different genres of music. Currently doing music production for commercials, production libraries as well as working on my own EDM project.
Mix Engineer & studio/touring bassist with top gear. The only thing I can promise is that I can make your track feel good. I want to work with you to make a great record! I prefer to let other people do the talking, so check out the testimonials in my description...
Proven track record in Sound design, Performance, Production, Mixing & Mastering. Solo Artist and Producer for Chess Move Cartel. Have worked with Pacewon, Craig G, DJ Too Tuff, Prince Po, DJ Mada of Hardnoise / Son of Noise, DJ Grazzhoppa, Mr Green, Ruste Juxx, Choco Doobs, Atilia Gig, Danny Brown, Dren Throwdown, Fluid and Circlemakerz.
Yoo, I am a Producer, Song-Writer, Guitarist & Vocalist from London, United Kingdom. My speciality is working with Singer-Songwriters helping them to expand their ideas into full radio-ready productions. My productions have consistently been featured on Spotify Editorial and BBC Radio, earning me 750,000 streams in the last 18 months alone.
Are you looking for that modern sound and are seeking bespoke music compositions to fulfil your brief and artistic direction? My expertise lies within R&B, Pop, Hip-Hop, EDM and Alternative Dance. I am able to work with you no matter where you are in the world. Drop me a message, let's discuss how I can help. You won't be disappointed!
Hello, I am London based Producer, Sound Engineer, Composer, with over 20 years of experience. I am working with solo artists and bands. I specialise in Alternative, Electronica, Rock, Heavy Metal, Soundtrack, World.
I create music for a variety of commercials, brand identities, radio, Film/TV and YouTube videos. I focus on making high quality music that will enhance any video or other media application. I specialize in, Cinematic, Rock, corporate, motivational and inspirational music.
Session Guitarist, songwriter and arranger. Over 15 years experience with live touring and studio work. Styles can cover everything from R&B, Pop, Indie, Electronic, Funk, Rock, Acoustic ect just ask.
Do you need the perfect part to elevate your latest song even further? Do you need the bass and guitar lines to be sitting tightly together, impress, create the desired mood and do you need them real quick? Or would you rather start a project from scratch, have the music or parts written and recorded for you? If so, I can definitely help!
Professional studio recording & mix engineer for the past 20 years. Artists I've worked for and done sessions with incl Michael Jackson, Sheryl Crow, Will.i.am, Akon, RedOne, Cam Cole, Neil Cowley ++ I am the in-house mix & recording engineer at 2Seas Studio - a beautiful sounding one of a kind mix & production facility (72 Ch SSL Duality Console)
I'm a Music Producer, Mixing & Mastering Engineer who works with a lot of Drill/Hip Hop/R&B/Alternative artists all over the world. After working on 1PLIKÉ140's "Cochi" in 2021 I've worked with other Drill acts on Universal Music as well as Hip Hop/R&B independent acts and ghost produced for the past 5 years with independent artists & major labels.
The masters-educated Music Producer/Sound Designer/Sound Engineer takes the art-form approach with his works - possessing a boundless sonic plate. Tracks played by Solomun, &ME, Maya Jane Coles / produced Dawn Richards - Meteors, which sit on #30 on iTunes US RnB & Soul Top 100 / featured on Fact Mag, Thumb, DMC World Mag / credits with Ouchhh.
UK based Audio/Mixing Engineer with 10 years experience. I have a great work ethic and pride myself on doing a thorough job in a quick turn around. Worked with various successful UK artists and voice over work for the BBC and kids programmes.
I am a classically trained musician and composer who writes and produces their own electronic-indie/experimental music, as well as collaborates with musicians from diverse genres. My training gives me versatility to create complex and masterful arrangements for any genre, as well as play violin and strings at a very high level.
Fresh, bold and unique! Industry professional with 10+ years experience. If you’re looking for a standout vocal with character and personality, I’m definitely your guy. Able to deliver you the most catchy contagious top lines. Ready to offer and show all my experience and insight. Songs featured and played on BBC 1xtra.
I can offer you incredible industry sounding drum tracks to suit whatever genre you want. With high end studio gear, used by engineering professionals and top of the line drums and cymbals, your tracks will not only have amazing pocket drums, but they will also be sonically pristine.
Creative Chameleon. Meticulous Editor. One-stop shop for podcasters. I have achieved BBC 6Music airtime, Introducing in Kent's Record of the Week and 50k+ streams on personal projects. In the studio, I have worked sessions with Jeff Beck and Passenger. For film, I have recorded/edited audio for Josh Wood Colour and Pixiwoo.
Are you looking for professional mixing services for your songs? You found me! My name is Alexis Louhau, main engineer at Deaf Valve and I've been professionally mixing music during the last years for many bands around the world.
Elliott Norman, (formally known as ELNO), is a songwriter, producer/mixer, and multi-instrumentalist. Having performed in bands, produced, and mixed over the years, Elliott has driven multiple music projects to success and is currently providing freelance producing/mixing services.
Worked on original music for different artists ranging from Pop, Blues Jazz, Soul, Funk and more. Can produce professional guitar tracks using industry standard recording equipment. Easy to communicate with to ensure that you get the most out of your music.
My qualifications and experiences include a postgraduate degree in musical compositions and sound design for films and games, a 1st class honors undergraduate degree in Music, grade eight distinction in violin performance, and over ten years of experience composing and working alongside various orchestras across London.
High-quality equipment, experienced professionals and a purpose-built facility are all available to you at our Greater London Area studios. Our clients range from short one-day hires to multi-album projects and we will work with anyone to create an environment suited to your vision. We are also available for remote mixing and mastering work.
Topliner / lyricist / VoxElizabeth Eva Ann Grolle, London Borough of Hackneyfavorite_borderfavorite
Quirky cool soulful British lyricist topliner and singer looking for paid session writing gigs and collaborations open to all work and suitable offers with the best 🙏✨🌟🌟🌟 Open to most genres too ! !! 🙂🙂 and any interesting collaborations & partnerships

domain: entertainment


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Research papers on the smallpox vaccine can focus on the historical or the medical aspects of the vaccine. Whatever you need our writer to explain in a research project, you can tell us directly when you place your order. Some excellent topics regarding the development of the smallpox vaccine include the following:
- Trace the history of the smallpox vaccine from its first development to today
- Do a biographical sketch of Edward Jenner's discovery
- Explicate the elements of the vaccine
In 1796, the first vaccine was developed in response to smallpox outbreaks; Edward Jenner's discovery would prove to be one of the most important additions to the field of modern medicine. The concept was one that had been used by various societies for generations. Individuals the world over realized that when a person was exposed to a very mild case of a given disease, they developed an immunity to future outbreaks. Cultures from China to India to the Ottoman Empire had their own methods of creating this minor illness, each of which served the same purpose.
However, it was Jenner's connection between diseases common to those working with animals and smallpox that led to the development of the first smallpox vaccine. After realizing that individuals who became infected with cowpox after working with the animals did not fall ill to smallpox outbreaks, he tested his theory. When a local woman sought treatment for cowpox, an eight-year-old boy was infected with a mild case of the disease using material taken from the woman. Later, when that same boy was exposed to smallpox, he did not become infected. After calls for further proof were made, Jenner followed with evidence of additional individuals who had been infected with cowpox, either purposefully or through their work with the animals, yet still were not susceptible to smallpox infections.
Though the ethics behind the scientific experimentation would be highly questionable by today's standards, the findings laid the groundwork for our modern understanding of vaccines and inoculation. Jenner's research and experiments not only prevented countless cases of smallpox, but allowed researchers for generations to build upon his work and more fully understand the nature of disease prevention.

domain: history


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No Florida Team Appears in Top 25 for First Time Since 1982
Since the 1982 season ended, one of the constants in college football had been a seemingly perpetual dominance by the Florida schools.
In the last 29 years, Florida, Florida State and Miami took up residence at the top of the college football polls and won nine national championships in that stretch. But that all came to an end this week when, for the first time since December 6, 1982, there were no Florida schools ranked in the AP Top 25.
Florida, Florida State and Miami had gone 472 consecutive weeks with at least one — and usually all three — making the list. This season, Florida State (2-3) was ranked fifth before starting their current three-game losing streak. The Gators (4-2) had gotten as high as number 12 following a 4-0 start before suffering back-to-back losses by a combined total of 58 points to number two Alabama and top-ranked LSU. For Miami (2-3), their season started with lurid allegations of NCAA violations and things haven’t gotten much better from there.
In addition to signaling the end of their respective runs in the AP poll, Saturday also marked just the second time since 1978 that all three schools lost on the same day.


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How did Kraftwerk get their name?
Florian Schneider (flutes, synthesizers, violin) and Ralf Hütter (organ, synthesizers) met as students at the Robert Schumann Hochschule in Düsseldorf in the late 1960s, participating in the German experimental music and art scene of the time, which the Melody Maker jokingly dubbed "krautrock".
The duo had originally performed together as part of a quintet known as Organisation. This ensemble released one album, Tone Float in 1969, issued on RCA Records in the UK, and split shortly thereafter. Schneider became interested in synthesizers deciding to acquire one in 1970.
While visiting an exhibition in their hometown about visual artists Gilbert and George, they saw "two men wearing suits and ties, claiming to bring art into everyday life. The same year, Hütter and Schneider start bringing everyday life into art and form Kraftwerk".


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David Lisot Video Library (2020)
Presented by Society of Silver Dollar Collectors. SSDC is the premier collector organization dedicated to the study of Morgan and Peace Silver Dollar varieties. In this very technical lecture a special variety is examined on the 1889 Morgan silver dollar. Speaker(s): Peter Burchfield & Chris Simpson.

domain: library


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Northern Rivers Creatives 2021-2023
In late November 2021 I started a portrait project that I have been thinking about for quite some time. The Northern Rivers of NSW has purportedly a large population of artists/writers/poets/performers/comedians and other creative individuals. These creatives we rarely see. For this project I created an open call for creatives to come to my studio and have their portrait taken, no set fee, only a donation. The response has been great and I have photographed 340 creatives. This project is now a book which is available from the Book Warehouse in Lismore and Ballina and the Book Shop in Mullumbimby.


UF scientist has run all the Five Points of Life marathons
More than three months after his mother's sudden and unexpected death, Mark Ou is still having a difficult time coping with his loss.
“I miss her every day still,” said the 42-year-old Ou, a biological scientist at the University of Florida.
Some days, some moments, are tougher and more emotional than others, he said.
Sunday morning will be one of those really emotional triggers that will pummel his heart.
It will come at the end of the Five Points of Life Marathon, when a weary Ou approaches the finish line and doesn't see his biggest fan smiling back at him and shouting words of encouragement.
Ou has run in all seven Five Points of Life Marathons — and his mother has been there cheering him on for each and every one. She won't be there this time.
“She saw all of them,” Ou said. “She would always make sure she was there at the finish line for me, cheering. She would be there to give me a smile and a hug. It was great to see her at the end of the race.
“Sometimes, she would come out on the course and run the last part with me. I'm going to really miss her.”
Ou will be running in his mother's memory Sunday — and running for a cause, one that his mother now belongs to.
After Chiu Mei Ou, 68, was killed in a car accident driving out of her neighborhood on her way to meet friends to go walking, Ou and his father made the decision to make his mother a tissue and organ donor.
This, of course, is what the Five Points of Life Marathon is all about. The race,a Boston Marathon qualifier, helps raise awareness for the five ways to share life through donations: blood, apheresis, umbilical cord blood, marrow and organ and tissues.
Ou will run the 26.2 miles Sunday with the comfort of knowing that his late mother is helping others live.
“Mostly, it was her corneas and other tissue (that were donated),” Ou said. “Hopefully, there is someone out there who has regained their eyesight thanks to her. And maybe she is helping save a life.
“It's important that people let their loved ones know if they want to donate their organs. My mother continues to live in those she made donations to.”
Ou is raising awareness by more than just running the marathon Sunday. He's also doing it with a website he recently started in honor of his mom seeking donations for the Five Points of Life Marathon: www.active.com/donate/FPOL2013/markieou. “Please help me continue her legacy by giving to our fundraising campaign and/or becoming a BLOOD DONOR or ORGAN DONOR!,” he writes on the site.
On the site, there is a picture of Ou hugging his mother after last year's race.
Ou said it was warm a year ago and he didn't run his best race. With cooler conditions expected Sunday, maybe he can top his best finish (three hours, 12 minutes) in the Five Points of Life Marathon.
Ou said his mother will be right there with him, especially for those grueling final three or four miles.
“By the end of the race, at about mile 23, your whole body and mind start getting tired,” he said. “At that point, I've always had people I've thought about that helped me through, a friend or a family member that has passed away.
“I'll be thinking about my mom. She'll help me get through it. She'll be there. She can't be there physically, but she'll be there in heart and spirit. She'll help push me to the end and make me strong.”
Ou said he will be both “happy and sad” when he finishes.
“You take the good with the bad,” he said. “The marathon is a lot like life. You only get through it one step at a time. You take it as it comes.
“Everybody starts at the same place and ends up at the same place.”
Contact Robbie Andreu at 352-374-5022 or firstname.lastname@example.org. Also check out Andreu's blog at Gatorsports.com.
What: Five Points of Life Marathon weekend. When: Today and Sunday. Saturday: 5K race, 8 a.m.; Kids Marathon, 9 a.m. Sunday: Marathon and Half Marathon, 7 a.m. Half Marathon course: 13.2-mile route loops through Gainesville and the UF campus. Marathon course: 26.2 miles through Gainesville and the UF campus. Prize money: $5,000 to the top finishers of the marathon and half marathon for each gender.


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Now when the south wind blew gently, supposing that they had obtained their purpose, they weighed anchor and sailed along Crete, close to the shore. 14 But soon a tempestuous wind, called the northeaster, struck down from the land. 15 And when the ship was caught and could not face the wind, we gave way to it and were driven along. 16 Running under the lee of a small island called Cauda,  we managed with difficulty to secure the ship's boat. 17 After hoisting it up, they used supports to undergird the ship. Then, fearing that they would run aground on the Syrtis, they lowered the gear,  and thus they were driven along. 18 Since we were violently storm-tossed, they began the next day to jettison the cargo. 19 And on the third day they threw the ship's tackle overboard with their own hands. 20 When neither sun nor stars appeared for many days, and no small tempest lay on us, all hope of our being saved was at last abandoned. (Acts 27:13-20 (ESV)
All hope of our being saved was at last abandoned. Of course, Luke here means only salvation in the earthly sense, to be saved from worldly calamity. The storm rages for days on end. They lose their cargo and even their tackle. It was the kind of storm Jesus sleeps through, but causes the rest of us to grab on to whatever we can and hold on for dear life. The kind of storm that causes the sailors to toss Jonah overboard.
There are times like this in a person’s life when the storms rage and a person wonders if he will ever see the light of day again. Perhaps it is actually a storm at sea. That still happens, and ships sink. Perhaps it is cancer. Perhaps it is financial catastrophe. There can be a myriad of things that happen that cause a person to lose all hope.
But there is a hope we never have to abandon and that is the hope of eternal life we have in Jesus Christ. Here we have salvation that transcends this world. And a God who cares about you enough to die for you in this world is not one to abandon you to the seas of this world. Even should we die in the midst of these storms, Jesus is there for us holding us in his hand.


Kryptonite's New York Fahgettaboudit is a 14mm, six-sided link chain made of triple heat-treated, boron manganese steel giving it extreme strength. The chain is covered with a durable nylon covering that protects your bike against scratches. This 3.25-foot chain secures with Kryptonite's New York Disc Lock that boasts a 15mm steel shackle for serious security. Plus, three keys are included, with one that has a high intensity LED bulb for convenient, easy unlocking in the dark. This New York Chain has an anti-theft protection offer.
Place your trust in the quality of a classic model: the Bordo 6000 Folding Lock offers ease of use as well as outstanding protection against theft. The Bordo 6000 Folding Lock features six 5 mm steel bars connected with special rivets, which fold together like a yardstick. The ultra-sturdiness of the bars and body (manufactured from specially hardened steel) is matched by the flexibility of the folding system. The high-quality ABUS Plus cylinder also provides a high level of protection, for example against picking. A soft two-component casing prevents damage to the bike's paintwork. - The stability of a u-lock combined with the flexibility of a cable lock - 5 mm bars with extra-soft two-component casing to prevent damage to paintwork - The bars and body are made of specially hardened steel - Bars are linked with special rivets - ABUS Plus cylinder for a high level of protection against tampering, e.g. picking - Outstanding protection in situations where there is a medium risk of theft - Ideal for securing high-cost bicycles - Easy transport thanks to a practical bag
ABUS' Pro Tectic 4960 Chain provides an additional layer of security when using the Pro Tectic 4960 Frame Lock (sold separately). Patented "push n' lock" technology makes using this accessory chain a snap, no separate closing of the shackle is necessary, and your bike can be easily secured to a fixed object. The 6mm chain is made of special hardened steel. This chain cannot lock to itself, only to the Pro Tectic 4960 Frame Lock. - Mechanism Type: Key - Diameter: 6 mm - Shackle Shape: None - Length: 85 cm/100 cm - For use with the ABUS Pro Tectic 4960 Frame Lock
- Easy-Click Locking - Ergonomic dials for ease of use - New easy to use reset design - Included bracket to easily carry on a bike (-03, -06)
BORDO™ 6000C LED THE CLASSIC BORDO WITH OPENING CODE AND LIGHT Never be left in the dark again. The BORDO™ 6000C LED can be used to illuminate the combination set window. This way, you can unlock the bike lock at night if there is limited light. The BORDO™ 6000 has become a real classic over the years - the clever design has won friends all over the world with its high level of security, flexibility and compact size. The 5 mm bars connected with specially designed drill resistant rivets can be folded for easy transport. The BORDO™ 6000C LED adds another member to the BORDO™ 6000 family. The C in the product name indicates that this is a combo lock with code. The integrated LED light gives you enough light to see the set numbers even in the darkest locations. Is there need to worry that the numbers might wear off or fade over time? Not at all - the numbers are not printed. Instead, we produce the code dials from two durable components that guarantee long-term readability. - 5 mm thick bars, extra-soft coating to prevent damage to paintwork - The bars and the housing are made of specially hardened steel - Bars are connected by special rivets - Integrated LED lamp for illuminating the code dials - A CR1220 button battery to power the LED lamp is included - Two-component code dials ensures long-lasting legibility - Opening code can be set individually
- Easy-click locking, no need for keys when locking - 2 reversible keys, can be inserted either way - Included bracket to easily carry on a bike (-01, -03, -07) - Coiled and compact for easy transportation (-02, -05, -06)
- Length 130 cm - Diameter shackles 5.5 mm - Diameter plug in pin 10 mm - Used in combination with safety frame lock AXA Imenso or Block XXL - With one operation your bike is locked with 2 locks - 760 grams
- Heavy-duty cable w/ tough coating - Resettable combination - Quick-release bracket included
With OnGuard's Doberman Combo lock, all you need is your bike, the lock, and a number you can remember. This combination lock uses four numbers and can be reset any time. It's made from a strong steel cable covered with tough vinyl to protect both itself and your bike. The Doberman Combo is also self-coiling for easy transport.
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