X-Cess: Searching For A Lover/Coming Out Of The Ghetto (Cassette Single) (CM Records, 1995)
Not R&B but a jazzy hip hop duo with soulful vocals. Quite obscure, I don't know anything about them but the label CM Records was based out of Brooklyn, NY in the 90s. Not sure if it was ever issued on CD or not but a promo does exist featuring remixes of the title track...
Searching For A Lover (Club Mix) 4:16
Searching For A Lover (Street Mix) 4:14
Coming Out Of The Ghetto 5:15
Searching For A Lover (Club Inst.) 4:19


text:
Wrap yourself in delicate softness with this surprisingly simple lace crochet triangle scarf pattern. A combination of basic puff stitches and double crochets make for a romantic stitch pattern that is quite easy to memorize after a few rows. Get the free pattern below or purchase the ad-free, printable PDF for $2.75 here.
This free lace crochet triangle scarf pattern is part of an ongoing collaboration with my friends at Lion Brand Yarn. This post may contain affiliate links.
That combo of delicate, but warm, but fancy, but not fussy. Man, it’s a tough balance to strike in a crochet shawl, isn’t it? Today, I hope to to provide an answer to all your crochet scarf contradictions with the At First Blush triangle scarf….

domain: artistic


text:
Processed by: Archives Staff ; machine-readable finding aid created by:Eric Weig
John Wilson papers
University of Kentucky Special CollectionsLexington, Kentucky 40506
Some topics are treated chronologically, others alphabetically.
Collection is open for research.
[Identification of item], John Wilson papers 1861-1865, 1F61M-383, Special Collections, University of Kentucky.
1 reel of microfilm.
John Wilson, a resident of Madison and Estill Counties, Kentucky, was a captain in the Eighth Regiment of Kentucky Volunteers.
These papers are the military records kept by John Wilson during the civil war. Materials include orders and commands, correspondences, receipts, muster rolls, registers of men and equipment, and monthly reports relating to the Eighth Regiment. Information concerns the daily operations, living conditions, and activities of the brigade. Several orders are supplied by the Headquarters Fourth Division, Army of the Ohio. Considerable detail concerning individual soldiers, such as their rank, civilian occupations, date and place of enlistment, deaths, and desertions, may be obtained from these records. A few declaration of enlistment documents are also included.
Copyright has not been assigned to the University of Kentucky.
Hosted by the University of Kentucky
Contact us: firstname.lastname@example.org

domain: library


text:
Niagara Gazette — AMHERST — Adolescence is stressful enough, but going through it with a chronic disease that requires multiple daily injections and finger pricks, as well as a fair amount of mental math, is asking a lot of the average teen.
Many teens are dealing with the disease. In Western New York, 100 new cases of Type 1 diabetes are diagnosed on average every year.
Some are benefiting from D-Link, a support group for Type 1 diabetic teens that was founded in 2006, by students in the University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences.
The disease can be very isolating, says Jim Schuler, a UB Honors College senior and a Newfane native who will start medical school at UB in September.
Schuler, who has participated in triathlons and calls himself “an endurance sports enthusiast,” doesn’t mince words about going through adolescence with diabetes. “It sucks, it can be grinding, and it doesn’t go away.”
Even family members can’t relate to a diabetic the way that others who have the disease can, he said.
“I could tell a relative that my blood sugar was through the roof this morning, but they don’t really know what that means. But if I tell someone who has diabetes, they know exactly what it means, physically. That’s what D-Link offers," Schuler said. "It lets you know there are other people out there who have gone through it and who can help you through it, so your isolation doesn’t get you down.”
Schuler, who started attending D-Link in 2009, is now a facilitator, helping UB medical students run the meetings that deal with all aspects of life with diabetes and adolescence.
“While most teens were diagnosed when they were younger, the developmental complexities of adolescence may change the way they deal with their disease,” said Dr. Lucy Mastrandrea, associate professor of pediatrics at UB and attending physician in endocrinology at Women & Children’s Hospital of Buffalo.

domain: news


text:
The United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development- Part II
By Wendy Nelson, Senior Research Officer
Institute of Marine Affairs
This is the second of a seven-part series on the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development.
This decade, 2021- 2030, has been declared, ‘the Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development’ by the United Nations. The Decade seeks to deliver ‘the science we need’ in order to transform ‘the ocean we have’ to ‘the ocean we want’. Part I of this series provided the rationale for the Decade, and the significance of this initiative for Trinidad and Tobago. It also highlighted the societal outcomes considered characteristic of the ‘ocean we want’ at the end of the Decade, and the research currently being conducted for some of the outcomes. Part II of this series focuses on Outcome 1, ‘A clean ocean whereby sources of pollution are identified, quantified and reduced, and pollutants removed from the ocean’.
Why do we need a clean ocean?
The ocean performs numerous services, and if this is to continue, we need to ensure that it remains clean and free from pollution. The ocean is the largest ecosystem on the planet, containing over 97% of the Earth’s water and covering 71% of its surface. It regulates our climate by redistributing and absorbing heat, and produces more than half of the world’s oxygen. It is also an important carbon sink- the ocean absorbs approximately one quarter of carbon dioxide emissions from industry and fossil fuels. This is significant as carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming. In addition, the ocean plays a major role in supporting life and is a habitat for countless species.
Small Island Developing States, such as Trinidad and Tobago, have significant ocean resources compared to their land mass. These resources contribute to the blue economy through industries such as capture fisheries, offshore oil and gas, coastal and marine tourism, marine transportation/ shipping and ports. Emerging industries include mariculture (marine aquaculture) and renewable energy, among others. Various mineral and energy resources are derived from the ocean as well. One example that we do not often hear about is polymetallic nodules, which are found at the surface of soft deep sea sediments. These nodules consist almost completely of usable minerals compared with land-mined ores, which often yield less than one percent. Several medicinal products come from ocean ecosystems, and it is thought that the ocean could be a source of new medicines due to its rich biodiversity and many undiscovered species. Last but not least, many of us use the ocean for cultural purposes or recreational activities such as swimming, surfing and diving.
The ‘ocean we have’
Despite the obvious benefits derived from the ocean, and improved efforts in management and conservation, pollution by physical and chemical wastes from human activities continues to be a challenge. According to the United Nations First World Ocean Assessment published in 2016, much of the ocean has been degraded. Unfortunately, the outlook is not much better. Impacts on the ocean are expected to increase as the world population increases to an estimated nine billion people, by the year 2050. Among the more challenging pollutants to address are:
- Atmospheric carbon dioxide. Apart from contributing to climate change and sea level rise, carbon dioxide is absorbed by seawater, leading to ocean acidification. This process depletes the minerals used by marine organisms, such as corals and oysters, to produce and maintain their skeletons and shells.
- Agricultural fertilizers. These contain plant nutrients, so excessive use or poor application can contaminate waterways and result in algal blooms in the ocean. These can block sunlight, which marine plants below need for survival, and consume oxygen from the water, particularly as they decay. This reduces the oxygen available and makes it difficult for other marine life to survive. Some types of algal blooms can produce toxins, which can be harmful to human health and aquatic life.
- Untreated wastewater. Untreated wastewater can originate from domestic or industrial sources, and can contain a range of pollutants. These include disease-causing pathogens and toxic substances, such as some types of hydrocarbons, pesticides and heavy metals, which can have adverse effects on human and ecosystem health.
- Invasive species. These are organisms that are not native to an area, and are considered biological pollutants. The most popular example in the Caribbean in recent history is the lionfish, which is native to the Indo Pacific Ocean, and likely to have been introduced to this region via the aquarium trade. Once established in the new area, they remain there forever. They adapt easily and tend to reproduce quickly as there are often no natural predators to control their population in the new ecosystem. Invasive species can have significant negative economic and environmental impacts.
- Macroplastics and microplastics- these are pieces of plastic that are greater than 25 mm and less than 5 mm in length respectively. Traditionally, the focus has been on macroplastics, especially single-use plastic products (SUPPs) such as plastic bags, beverage bottles, disposable plates, cups, cutlery etc., and their negative effects on wildlife through ingestion, choking, strangulation or entanglement. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought with it the potential for more SUPP pollution due to the increased use of disposable gloves and masks. Microplastics have emerged recently as an area of concern. They are widespread throughout the environment and have been found in the stomachs of several species. While the impacts of microplastics are not yet well understood, it is thought that they may pose a potential health risk to humans, as they can absorb and transport chemical contaminants, and are present in the human food web.
Moving from the ‘ocean we have’ to the ‘clean ocean we want’
The vision for this Decade is, ‘the science we need for the ocean we want’. In order to transform the ‘ocean we have’ to the ‘ocean we want’ using ocean science, ten Ocean Decade Challenges, representing the most urgent priorities for the Decade, have been identified. Each challenge contributes to one or more Decade Outcomes. The challenge that is most directly relevant to achieving Outcome 1, a clean ocean, is, ‘Understand and map land and sea-based sources of pollutants and contaminants and their potential impacts on human health and ecosystems, and develop solutions to remove or mitigate them’. Associated with all challenges are three overarching Decade Objectives: (1) Identify required knowledge for sustainable development (2) Generate comprehensive knowledge and understanding of the ocean and (3) Increase the use of ocean knowledge. Decade Actions- tangible initiatives such as projects and activities- will be conducted over the decade in order to achieve the Decade Outcomes.
The Roadmap for the Ocean Decade outlines several priority research and development areas, which will contribute to achieving the desired outcomes. Priority Area 1 involves the development of a comprehensive map (digital atlas) of the ocean, which will include not only depth measurements, but parameters of the biological, physical, chemical and geological environments, as well as ecosystems, cultural objects, resources and boundaries. This will assist in addressing the challenge above, and achieving Outcome 1. It is expected that research will assess risks of current and future types of ocean pollution, as well as generate ideas to reduce ocean pressures through the promotion of recycling, improved waste management, and strengthening governance regimes that encourage more sustainable production and consumption.
Outcome 1 is also supported by the several of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) included in the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The 2030 Agenda was adopted by all Member States (193 countries), and is a commitment to eradicate poverty and achieve sustainable development worldwide by 2030, while ensuring that no one is left behind. The SDGs most relevant to Outcome 1 are SDG 14 (Life below Water), SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being), SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), SDG 15 (Life on Land), SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) and SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production).
This Decade of Ocean Science aligns well with the Institute of Marine Affairs’ mission to conduct and foster research, and to provide advice for the sustainable management of the coastal and marine areas and resources of Trinidad and Tobago. The Institute has been working over the years to identify and quantify various pollutants in the environment, and to make this information available to other stakeholders who can facilitate the reduction and removal of pollutants from the ocean, all of which contribute to achieving Outcome 1.
What does all of this mean for us?
One of the main objectives of the Decade of Ocean Science is capacity building for ocean stakeholders, particularly within Small Island Developing States and Least Developed countries, in order to improve the scientific knowledge base. This will allow us to participate more fully in developments in ocean science and technology, and benefit from their application in areas such as climate change response, sustainable economic development, food production and ocean management.
The Decade also provides the framework for us to prioritize the issues most relevant to us, as a region. Harmonized regional governance; improved wastewater treatment; further studies on nutrient and agricultural runoff, and the effects on Sargassum; and expansion of policies on marine litter and microplastics, were identified as key to achieving Outcome 1, a clean ocean, at the Western Tropical Atlantic Regional Virtual Workshop held for our region in April 2020.
Most importantly, the Decade will provide an opportunity for scientists as well as other stakeholders such as policy makers, civil society/ non-governmental organisations, the private sector, donors and the general public to work together to reverse the decline in ocean health, and hence deliver greater benefits for the ocean ecosystem and wider society.
Look out for Part III of this series, which will focus on Outcome 2, ‘A Healthy and Resilient Ocean’, another societal outcome we aim to achieve as part of the ‘ocean we want’ at the end of this decade.

domain: geography


text:
Carnegielaan, Den Haag
52.08823256891, 4.2954502991285 View on map
The Netherlands has no great tradition of fountains. Perhaps this can be explained by the fact that our low country has few natural springs. The reason sometimes given is that fountains are 'too grandiose things'. For the use of running water in a monument, a fountain would be a 'more modest alternative'.
The Peace Palace has such a fountain: the Van Karnebeek Fountain, placed there in 1915 as a tribute to the Carnegie Foundation. The monument bears the name of Abraham van Karnebeek (1836-1925). This jurist and specialist in international law was vice-president of the First Hague Peace Conference in 1899. In addition, as chairman of the Carnegie Foundation, he had devoted himself to the installation of a permanent Court of Arbitration. In 1913, the time had come: Van Karnebeek opened the Peace Palace.
The commission for the Van Karnebeek monument had gone to artist Willem Brouwer. He had made a name for himself with his terracotta construction and decorative elements for the inner court of the Peace Palace (1909-1911). This ceramist pur sang mainly produced vases and bowls, but after 1905 he concentrated on the development of more monumental ceramics: terracotta garden ornaments and building earthenware. Many an architect applied Brouwer's new product in the first twenty years of the 20th century.
The Van Karnebeek spring is also constructed from terracotta building components. In its design, we see an affinity with Art Nouveau. Especially in the golden letters of the inscription, we recognise the graceful lines of this art movement from around 1900. For the rest, the fountain is modestly decorated and has a subdued shape and colour scheme. Brouwer used a special type of sandy, white-yellow clay for the stones. When fired, the resemblance to sandstone is deceptive. Brouwer undoubtedly imitated sandstone for its soft colour and texture, but at the same time developed a little erosion-sensitive, hard building element that is very suitable for outdoor applications.


What It Is And How We Take Care Of It
Chemical products in your home are deemed Household Hazardous Waste (HHW) once they are no longer in use or have passed their expiration date. The potential for their ignitability and toxicity make them hazardous to us and those around us. HHW is not regulated by the Utah Department of Environmental Quality or the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which is why the Washington County Solid Waste District has taken a proactive approach in seeing that the residents of Washington County have a method to properly dispose of their hazardous materials. We offer our residents Household Hazardous Waste Collection Days throughout the year for your convenience. Thanks for using this service.
HHW Days 2024
Our HHW days for 2024 are April 13th and October 19th, from 8:00 AM – 12:45 PM.
HHW day takes place at the Washington County Landfill. 330 N Landfill Rd in Washington. There will be signs and employees directing you on where to go.
Types of Material Accepted
Only on Hazardous Waste days do we accept the following: aerosol cans, car batteries, fluorescent light bulbs, fuel, herbicides, medical waste, paint, paint thinners, pesticides, propane, and paint supplies.
Cost to Dispose of HHW
This service is free for Washington County residents bringing materials from their homes. However, there is a charge for tires. Contact us for more information on the charges or any other questions you might have.
We do not accept hazardous waste from commercial entities/businesses. Veolia Environmental Services is based in SLC, UT and regularly comes to our area for pickup. Please contact them about any of your hazardous waste disposal needs at 801-294-7111.


Things I liked:Nice pellet for Umarex pistols. My CP88 6" barrel put them through one side of a steel can. Could tell there is increased velocity from the time it took the shot to reach the target. Good grouping, all 8 shots hit pic of the red beets on the can label.(2" group shot as fast as possible) Things I would have changed:As with all Beeman pellets a better sealing lid and price What others should know:I always save my empty tins with screw on lids and transfer pellets that come in containers like these. A piece of masking tape and a sharpie to mark it and your good to go!
Things I liked:Great gun! Love how it is put together and that it is almost all metal.. Very accurate at 10m. Like the fact that the mags are 8 shot, all metal and 2 come with the gun. I get 64 strong shots per 12g CO2 powerlet. Gun case that is included is very handy as you can keep all your things you need to shoot in it. Things I would have changed:Trigger is a long pull. Could use an adjustable trigger. Would like rubberized grips better than the plastic ones even though the plastic grips are high quality. What others should know:Keep the barrel clean! I seems to get less accurate fast as the barrel dirties up.I've been cleaning it after every 256 shots.I recommend the reloader and having at least 2 more packs of mags. 3 mags come in a pack and the reloader loads 7 mags. I plan on getting 2 more packs of mags so I'll have 14 mags so while I'm shooting my bud can relod and vice versa. This thig is a pellet eater. Shot 1500 rounds first day out! Last thing best pellets are RWS Diabolo Basic because of quality and price at less than 1cent a shot.
Things I liked:Well made. Loads pellets quick. Things I would have changed:Top ring should fit tighter What others should know:I found RWS Diabolo Basic pellets work best because of the quality of the pellet. Crosmans allway fall in facing the wrong way because some of the skirts are a tiny bit smaller than others where the RWS pellets never fall in wrong. I found you can load crosman 8 shot mags too
Things I liked:All pellets were perfect. These work best in the Air Venturi Diabolo Speedloaders. Other pellets not made to these standerds end up going in the reloader skirt first. RWS Diabolo Basic never end up skirt first because every pellet is perfect. Like the light weight 7grain Things I would have changed:nothing What others should know:It is rare that the best made is the cheapest, but it is so in this case! Save screw on lid containers from other pellets you might have had because these don't come with screw on lids. I hope it stays that way too so the price stays low.
Things I liked:Perfect fit in Lothar / Walther .25 barrel. No rolling out, much easer to load then pellets. Great penetration and light weight. Very accurate at 20 meters. Probably further Things I would have changed:Tin of 500? What others should know:I shoot these out of my modified Crosman 2240 that has a .25cal barrel. These would work great in any co2 powered gun that has a bolt. Try lead balls in your Crosman 2240 guns.
Things I liked:Great gun for target shooting and plinking. Powerfull. Things I would have changed:and I did change was the breech to a steel one and wood grips. 100% better! What others should know:Try shooting lead balls through these. I didn't have any roll out because they fit tight. I think thats the best ammo for these and very easy to load. I found them just as accurate as pellets.


text:
Immigration has released a joint media statement outlining the arrangements to be put in place for student visa applicants and student visa holders who have been impacted by the COVID-19 travel restrictions. The government will recommence granting student visas, allowing travel to Australia as soon as borders reopen.
The changes, announced by acting immigration minister Alan Tudge on Monday ( 20/07/2020) have been pressured by the Universities sector and have been recognised as crucial to save one of Australia’s most prolific industry.
Finally Mr. Tudge has openly recognised that “international students are extremely important to Australia and our economy, contributing $40 billion annually and supporting 250,000 jobs. Many also go on to become great Australian citizens”. A big change from the controversial announcement originally made at the beginning of the pandemic by Mr Morrision when he said “it’s time to go home”.
Please note we are still waiting on the legislative changes which will probably be implemented soon.
The release notes five visa changes:
- Grants of student visas in all locations lodged outside Australia will recommence, so visa holders will be ready to travel when borders reopen; ALL STUDENT VISA OFFSHORE WILL NOW BE PROCESSED!
- Free VACs for international students who lodge further student visa applications, if they were unable to complete their studies within their original visa validity due
to COVID-19; NO FURTHER FEES TO EXTEND VISA IF YOU COULD NOT FINISH DUE TO COVID-19
- Current student visa holders studying online outside Australia due to COVID-19 will be have that study counted towards the Australian study requirement for a post-study work visa; AUSTRALIAN STUDY REQUIREMENT MET EVEN IF STUDYING OFFSHORE
- Graduates who held a student visa will be eligible to apply for a post-study work visa outside Australia, if they are unable to return due to COVID-19;485 VISA EVEN IF OFFSHORE
- Additional time will be given for applicants to provide English language results where COVID-19 has disrupted access to these services;
Australian universities face an estimated $16bn black hole due to a massive drop-off in international student numbers, compounded by warnings from China against its citizens coming to Australia to study.
Tudge said the government would change student visa arrangements to “ensure Australia remains a priority destination for international students as we emerge from the Covid-19 pandemic”.
Please note that at this stage the borders are still closed, so even if the student visa lodged offshore will be granted, the student will only be able to study online, until further notice.
Universities Australia’s chief executive, Catriona Jackson, said she welcomed “sensible changes to visa arrangements for those currently enrolled” but cautioned “we need to understand what the changes mean for prospective students”. In fact as you can see in the official announcement they only discuss current student visa holders being able to lodge 485 visa even if offshore , without further specifying if this will apply to new student visa holders as well.
Find out more here: LINK
Lawyer and Migration Agent ( 1684766)

domain: law


text:
A condition linked to heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure and obesity
For over a decade, scientists have known that insulin resistance - a syndrome where the body does not respond as well as it should to insulin - is linked to the development of heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome. In fact, one in four adult Americans has insulin resistance, with Mexican Americans having the highest prevalence. But because people with insulin resistance are so likely to develop diseases such as diabetes and heart disease, scientists have turned their attention on investigating whether a common gene abnormality may be involved.
Now, researchers at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, in collaboration with investigators at UCLA, have found that lipoprotein lipase (LPL), a gene that controls the delivery of fatty acids to muscle and tissues in the body, is linked to insulin resistance in Mexican-Americans. Their findings, reported in the January issue of Diabetes, may enable scientists to design therapies that target LPL to prevent insulin resistance, a condition estimated to affect over 80 percent of the 16 million Americans with Type 2 diabetes, and additional millions at risk for heart disease.
Sandra Van | Van Communications
A whole-body approach to understanding chemosensory cells
13.12.2017 | Tokyo Institute of Technology
Research reveals how diabetes in pregnancy affects baby's heart
13.12.2017 | University of California - Los Angeles Health Sciences
MPQ scientists achieve long storage times for photonic quantum bits which break the lower bound for direct teleportation in a global quantum network.
Concerning the development of quantum memories for the realization of global quantum networks, scientists of the Quantum Dynamics Division led by Professor...
Researchers have developed a water cloaking concept based on electromagnetic forces that could eliminate an object's wake, greatly reducing its drag while...
Tiny pores at a cell's entryway act as miniature bouncers, letting in some electrically charged atoms--ions--but blocking others. Operating as exquisitely sensitive filters, these "ion channels" play a critical role in biological functions such as muscle contraction and the firing of brain cells.
To rapidly transport the right ions through the cell membrane, the tiny channels rely on a complex interplay between the ions and surrounding molecules,...
The miniaturization of the current technology of storage media is hindered by fundamental limits of quantum mechanics. A new approach consists in using so-called spin-crossover molecules as the smallest possible storage unit. Similar to normal hard drives, these special molecules can save information via their magnetic state. A research team from Kiel University has now managed to successfully place a new class of spin-crossover molecules onto a surface and to improve the molecule’s storage capacity. The storage density of conventional hard drives could therefore theoretically be increased by more than one hundred fold. The study has been published in the scientific journal Nano Letters.
Over the past few years, the building blocks of storage media have gotten ever smaller. But further miniaturization of the current technology is hindered by...
With innovative experiments, researchers at the Helmholtz-Zentrums Geesthacht and the Technical University Hamburg unravel why tiny metallic structures are extremely strong
Light-weight and simultaneously strong – porous metallic nanomaterials promise interesting applications as, for instance, for future aeroplanes with enhanced...
11.12.2017 | Event News
08.12.2017 | Event News
07.12.2017 | Event News
13.12.2017 | Health and Medicine
13.12.2017 | Physics and Astronomy
13.12.2017 | Life Sciences

domain: health


text:
Chemical Elements Dictionary. 114 entries. Detailed descriptions of all chemical elements (atomic mass, group info, melting and boiling points, density, atomic radius, enthalpy, electron configuration, ionization energies, and more). Features include: Extremely fast dictionary browsing; expansion cards support; adjustable fonts; search within the offered definitions; and more. Easy to use, convenient RoadLingua dictionary shell.
You can use FREEWARE AW Dictionary Maker software to create your own dictionaries.
- Easy to use, convenient RoadLingua dictionary shell
- Extremely fast dictionary browsing
- Resident mode (Palm OS only): select a word in any text editor or viewer and read the definition
- Expansion cards support
- Handspring FlashModule(tm) support
- Adjustable fonts
- Adjustable interface layout
- Search within the offered definitions

domain: chemistry


text:
'Soft-kun Legendary Premium Milk' that you can enjoy the rich milky Hokkaido cream has appeared from that Garigari-kun, so I tried it
Soft-kun ' is a lacto ice that existed in 1985, and is set as a cousin of Gari-gari-kun. 'Soft-kun Legendary Premium Milk' is said to have become ice cream instead of lacto ice due to Hokkaido cream and milk ice cream, so I actually tried it.
As the last dish to commemorate the 40th anniversary of Gari-Gari-kun, ' Soft-kun Legendary Premium Milk ' was released on December 28, 2021 (Tuesday) from Akagi Nyugyo. This '
Thank you for your 40th anniversary. At the end of the year, we will release the third commemorative product. ｜ Akagi Nyugyo Co., Ltd.
This is 'Soft-kun Legendary Premium Milk'
At the bottom of the package is Gari-Gari-kun's cousin, Soft-kun, and there are three types of designs.
The types are ice cream, and the raw materials are skim milk powder, cream, sugar, natural cheese, fructose egg yolk, and Western liquor. As for the cream, Hokkaido cream is used.
Calories are 214 kcal per 95 ml.
When I tried it, the taste of milk was overwhelmingly rich, probably because of the cream produced in Hokkaido, and the taste was just like 'premium milk'. It's soft enough to melt just by putting it on your tongue, but when you chew it, you'll encounter the texture of fine ice, which makes you feel like Gari-gari.
Akagi Nyugyo 'Soft Kimi Densetsu Premium Milk' can be purchased at convenience stores and supermarkets nationwide from December 28, 2021 (Tuesday). The suggested retail price is 180 yen excluding tax.
in Gastronomic Adventure, Posted by log1k_iy

domain: food


text:
Published September 13, 2023
Our Lady of the Holy Souls Church in Little Rock is hosting its annual Women's Gathering Saturday, Oct. 7 from 9 a.m. through Mass at 4 p.m. This year's speakers are Christy Trantina, faith formation director at St. Joseph Church in Conway; Taffy Council, perpetual adoration coordinator at Our Lady of Fatima in Benton; and Holy Souls music and faith formation director Susej Thompson. The cost to attend is $30 and includes lunch. Register at holysouls.org.


text:
Russia's recent intimidation and violence against Ukraine - the capturing of three Ukrainian naval vessels and the blockade of the strategically important Kerch Strait - is yet another breach of the international world order and an attack on European values.
From the Salisbury nerve agent attack, to the use of chemical weapons in Syria, Russia's president, driven though he may be by falling poll ratings, is testing Western unity and our ability to respond.
It would be highly regrettable if the global response to Russia's military aggression against its neighbour consisted of a slap on the wrist.
As has been clear for many years now, the Russian president respects action more than words. President Vladimir Putin does not care about strongly worded statements and virtue signalling, he probably takes comfort from them.
A military response is clearly off the table, which begs the question - how should the West respond?
Firstly, it is imperative the West is united.
In the days following the attacks in Ukraine, the EU, Nato, and the US state department issued statements.
But it was a disgrace that US president Donald Trump, distracted by the FBI investigation into Russia collusion, found time to comment on the Brexit deal, but not to condemn Russia's actions.
It was positive that Austria spoke of further EU sanctions on Russia over the Ukraine conflict, despite Austria's foreign minister Karin Kneissl's personal ties to Putin and her far-right party's links with Putin's United Russia party.
The EU will discuss further sanctions in December.
Until now, there has been considerable push-back against the existing EU sanction regime from EU countries led by far-right populist parties.
It is a blow to Moscow that this climb-down is being reversed and the EU position is hardening.
Our priority in any new diplomatic and economic sanctions should not be to punish the Russian people, nor European businesses.
If anything, we should send a message of openness and freedom to young Russian people.
We should, however, go after the billionaire cronies of the Kremlin who really set policy in Moscow, while laundering money in the West.
Money laundering and golden visas
The finances and opulent lifestyles of Kremlin-linked tycoons should be fiercely scrutinised in line with EU anti-money laundering legislation.
Backchannels to EU citizenship exploited by wealthy Russians, through so-called 'golden visa' schemes in Malta and elsewhere, must be reformed in the European interest.
The Kremlin has also long weaponised Russia's abundant supplies of fossil fuels.
Russia's oil and gas sales to Europe provide a valuable source of revenue for the Kremlin's oligarchs.
Europe's addiction to imported fossil fuel creates dependence and lends undue influence to Russian companies.
This dependence, particularly in the Baltics and in Central and Eastern European countries like Hungary, is abused by the Kremlin to corrupt politicians and influence the media. This must be curbed.
President Trump was right to query the support in Germany and elsewhere for the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline, which will serve only to entrench this abusive relationship.
Politicians in Germany and further afield should commit to Europe's proposed Energy Union and prioritise energy independence.
Russia's active measures, including its online disinformation campaigns, for instance, on vaccine skepticism, could also be better countered with the right investment and EU coordination.
This is particularly important ahead of next year's European elections, which threaten to provide a platform for Kremlin-aligned far-right parties.
In the US, Robert Mueller, the FBI's special counsel on the Russia collusion probe, has already handed down dozens of indictments.
Europe needs to catch up
Europe needs to catch up, first by establishing its own special prosecutor to investigate attacks by foreign powers on elections and other votes in recent years.
It also needs robust national and EU-level structures to track Russian disinformation campaigns.
It needs to do this in all EU languages because Russian media targets audiences all over Europe in its bid to undermine our democracies.
On the EU level, the East StratCom Task Force, an anti-disinformation cell in the EU foreign service, should be transformed into a stronger asset.
It should be independent of the EU diplomatic service and have the resources to analyse and debunk disinformation in the service of the EU as a whole.
In the days since the attack on the Ukrainian navy, there has been far too much shoulder shrugging and hesitation.
In the days after the Salisbury nerve agent attack, the EU and the US stood side by side when they expelled dozens of Russian diplomats from their capitals.
This unity showed there is a way to respond to Russian aggression that does not risk a military confrontation or undermine our economic interests.
Read the original text at euobserver.


text:
Implant dental care is the technique of utilizing dental implants for replacing missing out on teeth. It has become incredibly popular in the last few decades. An implant is actually a steel screw that is positioned right into the jaw bone or jaw joint to attach to it as a tooth root. The implant can after that be utilized to hold the false tooth or to change a shed tooth. It is a painless and beneficial procedure that allows for the reconstruction of an individual’s smile. Oral implants have lots of benefits over other dental procedures, which include: not needing to remove your natural teeth to suit a detachable one; being able to consume soft foods without the concern of injuring your brand-new teeth; and also, most notably, the capacity to connect a void or straighten the teeth to deal with the placement. Implant dental care is also popular since: it’s very reliable; it takes really little time; as well as, it’s affordable. Many individuals are choosing this sort of dentistry for the ability to have healthy teeth also if they have shed all of their teeth.
For those that do not have healthy and balanced teeth or whose teeth are broken or chipped, a dental implant dental care procedure might make the difference in between having a healthy and positive smile or constantly managing discomfort from missing out on teeth. Before you pick dental implant dentistry it is necessary to understand that: there are a selection of strategies made use of in the procedure; and, that implant dentists do these kinds of procedures utilizing different methods. dental implant dentistry is identified right into two kinds: the Inferior Esthetic Implant dentistry and the Superior Esthetic Implant dentistry. Inferior Esthetic Implant dental care makes use of cells engineering, whereas exceptional dental implant dentistry makes use of organic cells design.
Several of the usual methods include; single-spot dental implant dentistry, multiple-spot dental implant dental care, as well as impressionary implant dentistry. These treatments can be done independently or in combination. If you have an interest in obtaining dental implants it is essential to recognize that: the cost of tooth remediation utilizing oral implants is higher than standard techniques; and, that you will require the solutions of a qualified cosmetic dental professional in order to have success with the procedure. When your tooth is recovered your dental practitioner will then offer you a price variety to expect when making your final treatment plans. Oftentimes these types of treatments can set you back upwards of numerous thousand dollars. The other technique of tooth restoration with implant dental care is to make use of a bone grafting treatment. This procedure is a lot more intricate and normally takes a number of weeks before the tooth is totally restored. Throughout the treatment the root canal specialist will inject a material called a bovine bone graft right into the pulp cells of your tooth.
Once the bovine bone graft is injected right into the pulp tooth cavity of your tooth the dentist will after that operatively put a reproduction of your original tooth onto the bone. In general, if you are searching for implant dentistry office near you there are two main alternatives; a huge city technique or a smaller, much more rural facility. A large city technique usually has a bigger as well as a lot more skilled personnel and a large range of services, while a smaller sized method might not have as much to use in the method of services. Both practices will have their pros and cons, so before you make your consultation you should put in the time to assess what you require and also what your expectations are.

domain: medical


text:
Sometimes "good" emotions aren't the right emotions.
Have you wondered how your doctor stays well. A Carilion Family Medicine physician shares it all.
How to recognize and respond to harmful relationships at work and at home.
A combination of dynamic and static stretches can take your warm up to a new level.
You can improve your ability to bounce back from life's setbacks.
Pharmacists are part of your care team and can help you get the most from your medications.
Top tips to treat your itchy, dry winter skin.
If you want to make 2018 your year, it might be time to slow down, connect and hygge.
Keeping active is important for all ages - and with these tips, it's fun too!
Get 2018 started off right with a workout that will help you get results fast!
Tips on improving your sleep, exercise, diet and mental health for the New Year.
The physical and mental benefits of volunteering help donors as well as recipients.


text:
“We had misunderstood one another, or we had not,” Joan Didion wrote in a short entry to her book of observations about the South and California, South and West. Written in 1970, the collection was published last week, a testament to the timeliness of its contents.
The chapter is one of the few written while Didion was in Meridian, Mississippi, where she stayed at a Howard Johnson’s and watched children dry off with confederate flag towels. The writer tried and failed to set up meetings with the director of a cosmetology academy and a business college in town; the purpose of the trip was to drive through Southern cities of all sizes, learning more about a region she hadn’t immersed herself in for years.
But, the cosmetology director was shy about visitors ― she told Didion that she “wasn’t interested in any magazines at the present time.” The business school director booked the appointment, but failed to show up.
Such reticence about outsiders is a theme in Didion’s notebooks. At an award ceremony for a Mississippi Broadcasters organization, a presenter tells a parable about a bee staying still so as not to be eaten by a cow. The writer observes that the crowd instantly understood the moral, one about docility amid tumult. “It continued to elude me,” she writes.
Much eluded Didion on this trip. The tendency for Southerners to speak modestly as a kind of self-defense was a particularly puzzling convention. So the writer, whose approach to storytelling and note taking includes quiet observation, was forced to stand out. She was often carded at bars and restaurants, presumably because her hair was straight and not done up in curls, a less pampered look only younger Southern women wore.
She visits a doctor for an injured rib, worried that her status as a non-Southerner will make the experience awkward. The doctor tells her he lived in the North briefly, and even thought he could stay, but eventually returned to his birthplace. She remembers women she knew in New York, whose Southern upbringings eclipsed their experiences in the city ― no small thing, considering the bustle of the larger place. The South, then, seems to Didion like an alluring mystery, one she never quite figures out.
With her usual avenues into knowing a society and its people blocked off, Didion relied on another of her stalwart techniques: making sense of a place through its weather. In “Los Angeles Notebook,” an essay in Slouching Towards Bethlehem, written five years before her 1970 Southern expedition, she compared the capriciousness of Californians to the surreal Santa Ana winds.
Similarly, Didion’s notes on New Orleans focus on the fatalism of its residents, which she connects to the city’s tyrannical heat. “Bananas would rot, and harbor tarantulas. Weather would come and be bad,” she wrote. “The temporality of the place is operatic, childlike, the fatalism that of a culture dominated by wilderness.”
Her observations, then ― being those of an outsider ― are poetic and critical, but not thorough or truly meaning-making. Still, the comparisons to modern-day middle America and its desire to protect hierarchical and oppressive values can easily be drawn.
An incomplete list of beliefs held by Southerners, according to Didion: marijuana is for hippie trash, wives should seek permission from their husbands in order to take lengthy business trips, a woodcut of Christ and a lighted cosmetic mirror are equally valuable items, demonstrators are unruly, and the press is biased against the South.
The latter two points might strike a chord with modern readers. They resonated with Didion, too, who, upon leaving the South’s Gulf region, wrote, “I had the feeling that I had been too long on the Gulf Coast, that my own sources of information were distant and removed.”
The bottom line
With an anthropologist’s detachment and precision, Didion took notes on the South that, while lyrical and often funny, do little to empathize with the region. Still, the writer reinforces the paradoxes of Southern warmth, and exposes contradictory beliefs about race and religion.
Who wrote it
Joan Didion is the author of nine nonfiction books, including Blue Nights and The Year of Magical Thinking. She’s also the author of five novels. She currently lives in New York City.
Who will read it
Fans of Didion and of narrative nonfiction in general. And, anyone who wants to learn more about America beyond the coasts.
What other reviewers think
The Washington Post: “At times, the notes are merely disconnected impressions. In one regrettable case, a harangue by a good ol’ boy is presented verbatim for pages. Still, salvation keeps arriving: Sentences — with their detached, reportorial tone, their economy of words, and piercing observations — that are vintage Didion.”
Kirkus: “An almost spectral text haunted by a past that never seems distant.”
“In New Orleans in June the air is heavy with sex and death, not violent death but death by decay, overripeness, rotting, death by drowning, suffocation, fever of unknown etiology.”
“The sense of sports being the opiate of the people. In all small towns the high school gymnasium was not only the most resplendent part of the high school but often the most solid structure in town, redbrick, immense, a monument to the hopes of the citizenry. Athletes who were signing “letters of intent” were a theme in the local news.”
South and West: from a Notebook
Published March 7
The Bottom Line is a weekly review combining plot description and analysis with fun tidbits about the book.


text:
| Oct 1, 2013
| 11:50 AM
Step into the land of Oz, a tiny version of it, at the Florence Griswold Museum's fifth annual outdoor installation exhibit. This year, Wee Faerie Village in the Land of Oz will feature a pint-sized, faerie-scaled setting for each of L. Frank Baum's 24...
| Sep 30, 2013
| 10:45 AM
It's fall, people. Get out there and take a hayride, drink cider, pick apples, smash pumpkins — do whatever your heart tells you to do. Or try this: the Connecticut Art Trail has organized a series of autumnal events taking place at the Hill-Stead...
| Oct 9, 2013
| 8:35 AM
The Lyme Academy College of Fine Arts hosts a new exhibit of works by illustrator Tim O'Brien, whose work you may be familiar with. O'Brien's portrait of Osama Bin Laden ran on the cover of Time Magazine after he was captured and killed in May of 2011....
| Oct 16, 2013
| 8:25 AM
Americans are obsessed with their pets. Well, Americans are obsessed with a lot of things, but when it comes to our pets, almost no expense is too large. Americans spend more than $43 billion a year in an effort to keep their pets happy and healthy....
| Oct 31, 2013
Five-year-old Ruhee Lalla of West Hartford sat at a table recently making a little terrarium with a plastic globe, moss, sticks, rocks, shells and twine. All around her at other tables, other children made terrariums while their parents watched. The...
| Oct 20, 2013
For a tiny state, Connecticut is big on culture. We're home to hundreds of museums featuring fabulous art and artifacts. But in many cases, admissions aren't cheap — which can make them inaccessible to individuals and families on tight budgets....
| Nov 14, 2013
| 10:15 AM
The Bee and Thistle Inn in Old Lyme just launched a Holiday Artisan Showcase series, happening every Tuesday through Dec. 17. Each week, two designers are featured inside one of the Bee and Thistle's dining rooms. This week, on Nov. 19, you can see, touch...
| Jul 10, 2013
| 12:06 PM
All-Courant Boys Tennis
Sam Aronson, Avon Sr.
Sam Flaxman, Avon, Sr.
Ryan Foster, Classical-Hartford, Jr.
Varun Jayarun, Xavier-Middletown, Fr.
Chandler Libby, Granby, Jr.
Reid Risinger, Glastonbury, Sr.
Dan Rombola, Berlin, Jr.
| Jul 10, 2013
| 11:55 AM
All-Courant Boys Golf
Chris Bennett, Hand-Madison, Sr.
Andrew Boucher, Lewis Mills-Burlington, Sr.
Brian Carlson, Hand, Jr.
Will Delmastro, Wethersfield, Jr.
Jason Despard, Fermi-Enfield, Sr.
Austin Forauer, Berlin, Jr.
Evan Grenus, Glastonbury,...
| Jul 17, 2013
| 9:20 AM
Head up to Old Lyme's Cooley Gallery this Saturday for the opening of two new exhibits. Mixing it Up features 30 new pieces by Judy Friday in a variety of media, the result of trial and experimentation. Art and Money: Paintings by Trompe L'oeil Masters...
| Jul 5, 2013
| 5:40 AM
The Odyssey Painters are a coalition of four Shoreline artists who work in styles ranging from abstraction to realism to collage techniques. The group will showcase their most recent work in a show at the Fresh Ayer Gallery in Old Lyme. Adventures in...


text:
The 1,900 hp Nevera is tuned to handle even winter conditions
Car offers bespoke Pirelli winter tires
Rimac has just taken its Nevera EV to one of the most extreme environments in the world to make sure that the hypercar will be ready for almost anything the road can throw at it. Two weeks at the Arctic Circle helped fine-tune ABS, ESP, and torque vectoring as the automaker prepares to deliver the first examples of the model.
The testing was done at Pirelli’s Sottozeo Centre in Sweden, completed largely at night because of abnormally high daytime temperatures. When you’re building a 1,914 hp electric supercar like the Rimac Nevera, knowing that the electronic controls can respond properly and instantly to slippery road conditions is a must.
“Testing on a low grip surface like this allows us to make consistent and accurate observations on how our systems are performing in low temperatures,” said Chief Test and Development Driver Miroslav Zrnčević. “Things happen much more slowly than they would do on asphalt, and we have nice, even, smooth handling tracks so we know the data we get isn’t affected by surface imperfections or temperature swings. After these two weeks of testing, we’re happy to see exactly the results we wanted to achieve.”
It was also a chance to test out the car on its Pirelli P Zero Winter tires. The winter rubber was designed in partnership with Pirelli and Rimac to make sure it was up to the needs of the vehicle.
“For us, this cold weather testing process was an opportunity to put the final 0.1% of polish on the Nevera, ensuring it’s perfect as soon as our owners begin to receive them in just a couple of months,” said CEO Mate Rimac.


text:
Outsourcing collaborators with our team:
- Administration: 2;
- Prime Contractor Technical: 3;
- Heads of works team: 3;
- General team members: 15.
Area 2,800 square meters:
- Architectural and design specialist: 2;
- Plant design specialist: 2;
- Renewable energy specialist: 1;
- Ancillary support staff (as required).
- 1,800 square meters used for vehicle parking area, materials and storage containers for waste recovery;
- 1000 square meters building ground floor, subdivided into the following areas:
- Area used as a workshop and machine shop, 250 square meters;
- Area used for joinery, 250 square meters;
- Area used for equipment storage, 150 square meters;
- Area used for goods storage. Client and logistical management of shipments, 200 square meters;
- Temporary storage area for relocations, 150 square meters.
- Management and admin offices, 100 square meters;
- Technical and works control office, 110 square meters.
- Trucks equipped with rear loading ramps;
- Cars / trucks;
- Electric elevators;
- Forklift trucks;
- Motorized and hand pallet trucks;
- Wide range of equipment and specialist trolleys for lifting and moving of heavy equipment and plant;
- Drills, screwdrivers, hammers, orbital saws, circular saws, welding machines and minor tools;
- Suction cups and specialised equipment for the installation of laminated safety glass;
- Pressure washer, landscaping equipment, generator, portable concrete mixer, various specialist tools for masonry and brickwork, air compressors and other tools.

domain: design


text:
USDA Eligibility – Also, the home to be purchased must be located in an eligible rural area as defined by. To learn more about USDA home loan programs and how to apply for a.
USDA Eligibility Map – USDA Mortgage Loans – The United States Department of Agriculture supports the USDA rural development loan, also known as the Single Family Housing Guaranteed loan.This mortgage loan is designed to assist low- and moderate-income households with purchasing decent, safe, and sanitary homes in approved rural areas.
USDA Loan Florida: eligibility zone map, Income Limits and. – To get an idea of what your mortgage payment would look like, use our usda loan calculator or our Florida Mortgage Calculator where we break down property tax rates by county. USDA Loan Eligibility Zone Map in Florida. One of the challenges to the USDA loan in Florida is buying a home in a designated rural area.
USDA Home Loan Map Changes 2018, NC Mortgage Experts – USDA Home Loan Map Changes 2018. In addition to borrower qualifications, we also need for the home to be in the USDA home loan footprint. usda sets the guidelines of what they estimate a RURAL area to be. Look at this map, everything shaded GREEN qualifies for USDA Home Loans.
For a home to meet the USDA's rural definition, it must be in an area that's located outside of a.
Portions of Sand Springs now eligible for USDA Rural Development loans – Large portions of the Sand Springs area are now eligible for U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural Development loans. priority.” USDA Oklahoma single family housing program director tommy Earls said.
That’s where Zillow can help! Look at the Maps Below. the properties shaded in "Orange" do NOT qualify for USDA Home Loan Financing. however – all of those OTHER areas do! So once you know, for instance, that one side of Ten-Ten qualifies for this program, it’s pretty easy to go to Zillow, and put in Garner, NC. All of a sudden.
Loans are issued through the USDA rural development guaranteed housing loan program, which was created by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA loan guarantees: USDA 502 direct loan guarantees a mortgage issued by private lenders. In this way they are similar to FHA and VA Loans.
USDA Eligibility – Final determination of property eligibility must be made by Rural Development upon receipt of a complete application. Viewing eligibility maps on this website.


Dawes' highly anticipated new album We're All Gonna Die will be released via the band's own HUB Records. Of the album, Taylor Goldsmith (guitar, vocals) explains, "Pretty much every song on this record explores a difficult situation and tries to find a way to find the good in it, or at least remind yourself that it's not always that big of a deal. After all, as scary as it is, we are all gonna die."
Release Date: 9/16/2016
If you love creating content and live for all things music & vinyl, we'd love to have you rep the Tribe!
Read the full rules on our Insta


text:
Programme & action: ERASMUS+, Key Action 1: youth exchange
Venue: Adana, Turkey
Dates: 28 January – 3rd February 2016
Participants: Barbora Opletalová, Petra Rotková, Lucie Maturová, Alžběta Šubrtová, Monika Jakubčíková
Group leader: Petr Meloun (GL)
Please read the info-pack & daily activities schedule.
Participating countries: Croatia, Czech Republic, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Macedonia
Hosting organisation: Group Mediterranean
I was told to write a reflection on a project called “We are fighting against addiction” I have attended in Adana in Turkey. I knew it will not be an easy task, it is very hard to explain the good moments you have in a concrete place with a concrete people. But I will try to do so.
We arrived after a bit long journey to the city, Adana. Our project leaders had already been there and waiting for us and they took us to our hotel. It was very pleased because we had been exhausted. And hungry, so they offered us to go with them to a traditional Turkish kebap. It was a great dinner full of salads and lamb meet, I really enjoyed it, tough I was going to be tired of it by the end of the week. We had a rest and god prepared for the next days.
We woke up full of excitement and energy for new things. A small walk gave us a good look at the city and the local people there. It was a beautiful weather that they. And it accompanied us whole time. I started to fall in love with Turkey.
The next day we started our activities. We gathered there from six different countries. Czech Republic, Croatia, Macedonia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey. Together about 40 people. First games for introducing and energizes gave us some work to do, because it’s hard to remember all the names but by the time flew we managed to do it by remembering the people’s personalities. We did a lot of stuff. Activities didn’t keep us bored, on the contrary, we were having fun by talking about a serious topic. We talked about different types of addiction, reasons and also possibilities how to solve it. My favourite activity we did, except all the energizes which are always fun, we went out to the part to talk with the people and ask them few questions about addiction. Some of them were very wise and interesting and made me think about what they had said. One of the days we visited the mayor of Adana. I couldn’t image I would ever meet a mayor of a 2 million city in my life, but there it was. Very official ceremony with a warm words been said.
To conclude my long speech here I want to say one. I will never forget. Those memories with those people I met and what we experienced together. I am very glad I was part of it and I would recommend it to everyone. Thank you for reading this and maybe I convinced you join too.If so, I am looking forward seeing you at one of the projects.


leave your country to live in another country
infrared (heat) radiation
low pressure area between two high pressure areas
the process whereby a river erodes downwards
fog or haze intensified by smoke or other atmospheric pollutants
boundary between the warm, light westerly air mass and the cold, dense polar easterly air mass...


text:
Be The Revolution, You Can’t Buy The Revolution, Change Is Coming Greeting Card
You Can’t Buy The Revolution Greeting Card
* Bright and cheery greeting card featuring Betsy + Anita's colorful images.
There was a problem calculating your shipping. Please try again.
134 shop reviews5 out of 5 stars
Beautiful quote and beautiful card!
It looks like the card has been kicking around the shop for a while. There are several brown spots on the paper and lots of wrinkling along the crease. Definitely disappointed in the quality. Gave it 3 starts for the artwork and creativity.
Photos from reviews
Vintage Wedding Blank Greeting Card, Wedding Card, Bridal Shower Card, Fun Wedding Card, Vintage Wedding Card, Father of the Bride Card
8.5x11" Digital Download; Begin Anywhere, Succulents, Start Now, Inspirational Quote Digital Download
11x17 Digital Download, You Can Shake The World, Kids Room Art, Classroom Art, Elephant Art, Gandhi Quote
I’d Follow You Anywhere Blank Greeting Card, I Love You, You Lead I’ll Follow, Engagement Card, Wedding Card, Follow Greeting Card


text:
- International Monetary Fund
- Published Date:
- July 1984
The tables and charts in this Appendix provide the means to assess exchange rate variability over the period 1962–83, using a number of different measures of variability. Tables 4-7 provide information on month-to-month and quarter-to-quarter changes in nominal and real exchange rates, respectively. The figures cited are annual averages of absolute percentage changes in period average (i.e., monthly or quarterly) indices of effective exchange rates (Line am.x in the Fund’s International Financial Statistics) deflated where appropriate by indices of relative prices. For monthly series, the consumer price index was used as the deflator, while for the quarterly series, relative normalized unit labor costs were used. Tests were also run using other price indices to adjust for inflation; none of the results were sufficiently different from those reported here to warrant separate presentation. Table 8 presents information on the effective variation in exchange rates, defined as the weighted average of variability in bilateral (nominal) rates. It will be seen that trends in effective variation are similar to those in the variability of the effective exchange rate, but, as expected, the level of variability under this measure is somewhat greater.
Charts 7 and 8 show deviations of effective exchange rates from their medium-term trend, with the medium-term trend defined as a 19-quarter (or 57-month) moving average of the effective exchange rate (real or nominal). For periods for which calculation of the moving average requires exchange rate data extending beyond the end of 1983, the missing data are assumed to be equal to the average of the data available for the calculation. In Tables 9 and 10, changes in nominal and real effective exchange rates relative to their medium-term trend are set out. These figures are also annual averages of absolute percentage changes in period average indices.
|1961–83||0.78||0.81||0.64||0.67||0.95||0.61||0.64||0.71|Chart 7.Major Industrial Countries: Quarterly Real Effective Exchange Rates, 1961–83 Chart 8.Major Industrial Countries: Monthly Nominal Effective Exchange Rates, 1961–83
In a recent paper, Bergsten and Cline (1983) investigate the aggregate relationship between the growth of trade and output over the period 1961–81. Their basic purpose is to ascertain whether there are any residuals from this observed relationship in recent years that could be explained as a consequence of increasing protectionism. However, the results they obtain could equally be used to assess whether there was any observable adverse impact from growing exchange rate uncertainty. The estimated relationship is as follows:
Several points about this equation are noteworthy. First, it explains more than three fourths of the year-to-year variations in the rate of growth of imports in member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), indicating that real income levels are by far the major determinant of overall trade levels. Second, the elasticity of trade growth with respect to real income growth is very high, above 3 in fact. This implies that an additional 1 percent of output growth in any year has typically been associated with an additional 3 percent of import growth. Third, the weak performance of trade in recent years is fully explained by the decline in the rate of growth of output. Chart 9 plots actual and predicted non-oil imports in OECD countries during the period 1962–81 on the basis of the relationship calculated by Bergsten and Cline (1983). As may be seen, there is no tendency for actual trade to fall below predicted levels in recent years. Output growth in OECD countries was about 1 percent in 1981 and was actually negative in 1982. From the relationships of the estimated equation, this would lead one to expect a cumulative decline of non-oil imports of some 6 percent over the two years 1981–82. The decline that actually occurred was some 2 percent. There is no negative “residual” in this period to be attributed to the impact of other factors, such as protectionism or exchange rate uncertainties.
Chart 9.OECD Member Countries: Growth Rate of Non-Oil Imports, 1962–81
The purpose of this Appendix is to replicate Bergsten and Cline’s test, with certain modifications that are of interest for the subject of the present study.
(i) Overall world trade is considered, rather than just OECD non-oil imports. This is partly to test the robustness of Bergsten and Cline’s results and partly because exchange rate uncertainty can (at least potentially) affect a broader cross-section of trade than is captured in the variable used by Bergsten and Cline.
(ii) The time period covered by the data is extended backward by two years (to include 1959 and 1960) and forward by one year (to include 1982).
(iii) A variable intended to capture exchange rate uncertainty is introduced. This is defined as the weighted average quarterly variation in the real effective exchange rate of the major industrial countries, and is explained in footnote 2 to Table 11. It is introduced both in unlagged and lagged form.
Table 11 presents the results of a selection of equations from a larger number that were in fact estimated. (The other equations mostly involved different specification of the exchange rate uncertainty variable, and produced broadly similar results.)
It may be seen from equations 1–3, covering the longer time period, that the results are similar to those obtained by Bergsten and Cline, and that the inclusion of exchange rate variability, whether in lagged or unlagged form, does not help the explanatory power of the equation. The coefficient on exchange rate variability is not significant, and it has a perverse sign. The only noteworthy difference from Bergsten and Cline’s results is that the elasticity of trade growth with respect to income growth is somewhat lower (about 2 instead of 3).
Equations 1–3 do not provide support for the proposition that exchange rate variability has had a significant adverse effect on trade growth. However, firm conclusions cannot be reached on the basis of such relatively simple tests. One possibility that is not tested in equations 1–3 is that the impact of exchange rate uncertainty on trade accumulates gradually over time, and cannot easily be related to measured variability in a given time period, such as a year. To investigate this, equations 4 and 5 estimate the relationship between growth of world output and trade over two subperiods, one of which (1959–71) was characterized by relative stability in exchange rates and the other (1974–83) by relative instability. It will be seen that there is a striking difference between the equations for the two subperiods. Moreover, Chart 10, which shows predicted and actual rates of growth of world trade over the past 20 years on the basis of the equation estimated for 1959–71, reveals a tendency toward negative residuals. This chart suggests that some unincluded factor has in the late 1970s and early 1980s reduced the growth of world trade relative to that of world output below what would have been expected on the basis of experience in the 1960s.
Chart 10.Rate of Growth of World Trade, 1959–82
Source: Based on equation 4 in Table 11.
This having been said, it must be recognized that a number of fundamental changes have occurred in the world economy in the past ten years, and it is not possible on the basis of the evidence presented here to conclude that exchange rate variability is the one that has been responsible for the negative residuals shown in the chart. Also, it should be noted that the explanatory power of the equation used to extrapolate the “expected” values in the chart is very low.
A possible mechanism by which exchange rate variability could affect inflation is through a “ratchet” effect on the domestic price level. If increases in traded goods prices from exchange rate depreciations are passed on into consumer prices more rapidly or completely than are any reductions attributable to exchange rate appreciations, this could lead to a faster rate of price increase when exchange rates are volatile than when they are stable.
One way of testing the presence of such an effect is to estimate an equation explaining variations in the rate of inflation, including among the explanatory variables a measure of exchange rate variability. Table 12 presents the results of such a test for seven major industrial countries. The equation employed is based on that used by Spitaller (1978) with the only substantive difference being the extension of the estimation period by five years (to 1981) and the addition of a variable to capture exchange rate movements. Specifically, the estimating equation is as follows:
|Germany, Fed. Rep. of||–2.59||–0.01||3.09||0.02||0.84||0.04||0.90||1.91|
A dot above a variable indicates a rate of change.
The results are broadly consistent with those obtained by Spitaller in his equations. The lagged dependent variable is highly significant in all cases except that of Japan, and has a value in the range 0.75–0.95. Both in the results reported here and those of Spitaller, import prices seem to have a dominant effect in Japan, with a given change in the import price index having an impact roughly one fourth the size on the consumer price index.
Changes in the pressure of demand (as measured by output growth relative to trend) are generally positively associated with inflation, though the results do not appear to be highly significant, or robust across countries. The rate of growth of the money supply is only significant (with the correct sign) in one country, as against three in Spitaller’s results.
For present purposes, the greatest interest attaches to the estimates for the coefficient on exchange rate variability. Six out of the seven countries exhibit a positive relationship between inflation and exchange rate variability, but in no case is the coefficient significantly different from zero at the 95 percent confidence level. While these results do not, therefore, preclude the possibility of a systematic inflationary effect coming from exchange rate instability, they do not provide any strong support for it.
Several recent papers have undertaken an empirical investigation of the relationship between exchange rate variability and bilateral trade flows using time-series data (Clark, 1973; Hooper and Kohlhagen, 1978; Cushman, 1983). Of these, only Cushman has claimed any success in relating the volume of trade to exchange rate variability. In a study of 14 sets of bilateral trade flows (all involving the United States or the Federal Republic of Germany as a partner country), he finds six cases in which his measure of exchange rate variability enters with a negative (i.e., expected) sign, and is significantly different from zero at the 95 percent confidence level. Cushman’s study differed from the earlier ones cited above in covering a greater portion of the floating rate period (though still only until 1977), and in employing a measure of real rather than nominal exchange rate variability.
While Cushman’s results are suggestive, closer examination reveals that they are by no means conclusive. Even in the six equations where the coefficient on exchange rate variability was negative and significant, the level of significance was not high (the highest f-ratio being 3.45); the equations concerned employed five different lag structures (including two where trade levels were made to depend on future exchange rate variability); and there were two equations where the coefficient on exchange rate variability was positive (i.e., perverse) and significant. Moreover, in four of the six equations where the coefficient was not significant at the 95 percent level, it also had a perverse sign.
One purpose of this appendix is to present results of estimating a model similar to Cushman’s (though somewhat simplified in structure) and applied uniformly across countries. This model is as follows:
Xij= volume of exports from country i to country j
GNPj = real GNP in country j
RCUij = relative capacity utilization
RXRij = real bilateral exchange rate
RXVij = variability in the real bilateral exchange rate
The equation is estimated in logarithmic form
As in Cushman’s model, all independent variables were lagged by one quarter, and 42 equations were estimated, covering exports from seven industrial countries (the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Canada, and Italy) to each of the other six (Table 13). All the equations were estimated for first quarter 1965 to fourth quarter 1982. In the absence of specific information about bilateral trade flows in volume terms, the bilateral flows in value terms (derived from the Fund’s Direction of Trade Statistics) were deflated by the export price index for all trade. The real bilateral exchange rate is the nominal bilateral rate (quarterly average obtained from the Fund’s International Financial Statistics), adjusted for changes in relative normalized unit labor costs. Variability in this rate is the standard deviation of percentage changes during the five quarters ending with the observation period.
|United States-United Kingdom||–23.78||2.00||1.48||0.54||–0.01||0.80||0.99|
|United Kingdom-United States||–22.47||1.54||–0.60||0.40||0.001||0.69||0.88|
The variable measuring exchange rate variability has the correct (negative) sign in 16 out of 42 equations and the incorrect sign in the remaining 26. In only two cases where the coefficient is negative is it statistically significant, while positive coefficients are significant in several more cases.
The results reported in Table 13 have a number of similarities to, as well as differences from, those of Cushman. In nearly every equation, gross national product in the importing country is strongly and positively related to bilateral imports, as would be expected. The influence of relative capacity utilization (a measure of relative cyclical position) shows the expected negative sign in a majority of cases, although the tendency is not particularly striking. The real exchange rate variable is specified as the real price of the importer’s currency in terms of the exporter’s currency; since an increase in this variable increases the exporter’s competitiveness, it is expected to exhibit a positive association with trade flows. (It should be noted that insofar as rising exports tend to pull up the exchange rate, the opposite association could also be justified.) In fact, there does appear to be a general positive association between exports and competitiveness that is statistically significant in more than half the cases considered.
Abrams, Richard K.(1980a), “International Trade Flows Under Flexible Exchange Rates,” Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Economic Review (March1980), pp. 3–10.
Abrams, Richard K.(1980b), “Exchange Rate Volatility and Bilateral Trade Flows” (unpublished, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City).
Aliber, Robert Z., “The Firm under Pegged and Floating Exchange Rates,” Scandinavian Journal of Economics(Stockholm), Vol. 78,No. 2 (1976), pp. 309–22.
Aliber, Robert Z.,(1983), “Money, Multinationals and Sovereigns,” inThe Multinational Corporation in the 1980s,ed. byCharlesP. Kindleberger andDavid B.Audretsch (Cambridge, Massachusetts:Massachusetts Institute of Technology,1983), pp. 245–59.
Artus, Jacques R., “Methods of Assessing the Long-Run Equilibrium Value of an Exchange Rate,” Journal of International Economics (Amsterdam), Vol. 8 (May1978), pp. 277–99.
Artus, Jacques R.,Andrew D.Crockett,Floating Exchange Rates and the Need for Surveillance,Essays in International Finance, No. 127, Princeton University (Princeton, New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1978).
Artus, Jacques R., and John H.Young, “Fixed and Flexible Exchange Rates: A Renewal of the Debate,” Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund(Washington), Vol. 26(December1979), pp. 654–98.
Balassa, Bela, “Flexible Exchange Rates and International Trade,” in Flexible Exchange Rates and the Balance of Payments,ed. byJohn S.Chipman and Charles P.Kindleberger(Amsterdam: North-Holland,1980), pp. 67–80.
Bank for International Settlements,Forty-Seventh Annual Report(Basle,1977).
Bergsten, C. Fred,The Cost of Import Restrictions to American Consumers (New York:American Importers Association,1972).
Bergsten, C. Fred,William R.Cline, “Trade Policy in the 1980s: An Overview,” in Trade Policy in the 1980s,ed. byWilliam R.Cline (Washington:Institute for International Economics,1983), pp. 59–98.
Bergsten, C.Fred, and JohnWilliamson, “Exchange Rates and Trade Policy,” in Trade Policy in the 1980s,ed. by> William R.Cline(Washington:Institute for International Economics,1983), pp. 99–120.
Bigman, David, and SergioLeite, “Welfare and Trade Effects of Exchange Rate Uncertainty,” Southern Economic Journal(Chapel Hill, North Carolina), Vol. 45(October1978), pp. 534–42.
Bilson, John F.O., “The 'Vicious Circle' Hypothesis,” Staff Papers,International Monetary Fund(Washington), Vol. 26(March1979), pp. 1–37.
Blackhurst, Richard, and JanTumlir,General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,September1980).
Blin, John M., Stuart I.Greenbaum, and Donald P.Jacobs,Flexible Exchange Rates and International Business (Washington:British-North America Committee,1981).
Bond, Marian E., “Exchange Rates, Inflation, and Vicious Circles,” Staff Papers,International Monetary Fund(Washington), Vol. 27(December1980), pp. 679–711.
Brodsky, David A., and Gary P.Sampson, “Exchange Rate Variations Facing Individual Industries in Developing Countries,” Journal of Development Studies (London), Vol. 19(April1983), pp. 349–67.
Burtle, James and SeanMooney, “International Trade and Investment Under Floating Rates: The Reaction of Business to the Floating Rate System,” in Exchange Rate Flexibility,ed. byJacob S.Dreyer,GottfriedHaberler, and Thomas D.Willett(Washington:American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research,1978), pp. 151–58.
Clark, Peter B., “Uncertainty, Exchange Risk and the Level of International Trade,” Western Economic Journal(Long Beach, California), Vol. 11(September1973), pp. 302–13.
Clark, Peter B.,Charles J.Haulk,“Flexible Exchange Rates and the Level of Trade: A Preliminary Analysis of the Canadian Experience” (unpublished, Washington:Federal Reserve Board,1972).
Coes, Donald, “The Crawling Peg and Exchange Rate Uncertainty,” in Exchange Rate Rules: The Theory, Performance, and Prospects of the Crawling Peg,ed. byJohnWilliamson (New York:St. Martin's Press,1981), pp. 113–36.
Crockett, Andrew D., and MorrisGoldstein, “Inflation under Fixed and Flexible Exchange Rates,” Staff Papers,International Monetary Fund(Washington), Vol. 23 (November1976), pp. 509–44.
Cushman, David O., “The Effects of Real Exchange Rate Risk on International Trade,” Journal of International Economics(Amsterdam), Vol. 15 (August1983), pp. 44–63.
Duerr, Michael G.,Protecting Corporate Assets Under Floating Currencies (New York:The Conference Board,1977).
Fieleke, Norman S., “The Hedging of Commercial Transactions Between U.S. and Canadian Residents: A View from the United States,” in Canadian-United States Financial Relationships, Proceedings of a Conference held at Melvin Village, New Hampshire,September1971 (Boston:Federal Reserve Bank of Boston,1971), pp. 171–91.
Friedman, Milton, “The Case for Flexible Exchange Rates,” in Essays in Positive Economics (Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1953), pp. 157–203.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,Basic Instruments and Selected Documents, Twenty-Ninth Supplement, Protocols, Decisions, Reports, 1981–1982 and Thirty-Eighth Session(Geneva,March1983), p. 21.
Goldstein, Morris, “The Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Wages and Prices in the United Kingdom: An Empirical Study,” Staff Papers,International Monetary Fund (Washington), Vol. 21(November1974), pp. 694–739.
Goldstein, Morris, “Downward Price Inflexibility, Ratchet Effects, and the Inflationary Impact of Import Price Changes: Some Empirical Evidence,” Staff Papers,International Monetary Fund(Washington), Vol. 24 (November1977), pp. 569–612.
Goldstein, Morris,Have Flexible Exchange Rates Handicapped Macroeconomic Policy? Special Papers in International Economics, No. 14 (Princeton, New Jersey:Princeton University Press,June1980).
Goldstein, Morris,Mohsin S.Khan,“Income and Price Effects in World Trade,”Ch. 20 in Handbook of International Economics,ed. byPeter B.Kenen and Ronald W.Jones. (It is scheduled to be published by North-Holland).
Group of Thirty,The Foreign Exchange Markets under Floating Rates,a study in international finance by the Exchange Markets Participants' Study Group (New York:Group of Thirty,1980).
Hause, John C., “The Welfare Costs of Disequilibrium Exchange Rates,” Journal of Political Economy(Chicago), Vol. 74(August1966), pp. 333–52.
Hay, D.A., and D.J.Morris, “The Sterling Rate of Exchange and UK Profitability: Short Term Effects,” in The Money Supply and the Exchange Rate,ed. byW.A.Eltis and P.J.N.Sinclair(Oxford:Clarendon Press,1981), pp. 248–67.
Hieronymi, Otto,“The Impact of Floating Exchange Rates on Relative Prices, Uncertainty and Economic Activity” (mimeographed, Geneva:Battelle Institute,1983).
Helleiner, Gerald K.,The Impact of the Exchange Rate System on the Developing Countries (New York:United Nations Development Program,April1981).
Hodder, James E., “Exposure to Exchange Rate Movements,” Journal of International Economics(Amsterdam), Vol. 13(November1982), pp. 375–86.
Hooper, Peter, and Steven W.Kohlhagen, “The Effect of Exchange Rate Uncertainty on the Prices and Volume of International Trade,” Journal of International Economics(Amsterdam), Vol. 8(November1978), pp. 483–511.
International Monetary Fund,Annual Report of the Executive Board for the Financial Year Ended April 30, 19—(Washington:International Monetary Fund,various issues).
Johnson, Harry G., “The Case for Flexible Exchange Rates, 1969,” in Harry G.Johnson and John E.Nash, U.K. and Floating Exchanges: A Debate on the Theoretical and Practical Implications, Hobart Papers, 46 (London:Institute of Economic Affairs,1969), pp. 9–37.
Kafka, Alexandre, “The New Exchange Rate Regime and the Developing Countries,” Journal of Finance(Chicago), Vol. 33(June1978), pp. 795–802.
Kenen, Peter B., “Exchange Rate Variability: Measurement and Implications” (mimeographed, Princeton, New Jersey:Princeton University,June20,1979).
Kohlhagen, Steven W., “The Performance of the Foreign Exchange Markets: 1971–1974,” Journal of International Business Studies(Newark, New Jersey) Vol. 6(Fall1975), pp. 33–39.
Kreinin, Mordechai E., and H. RobertHeller, “Adjustment Costs, Optimal Currency Areas, and International Reserves,” Ch. 6 in International Trade and Finance: Essays in Honour of Jan Tinbergen,ed. byWillySellekaerts(London:MacMillan Press Ltd.,1974), pp. 127–40.
Lamfalussy, Alexandre,Opening Address at the Financial Times Conference on Foreign Exchange Risk-1983,February16 and 17,1983, London.
Lanyi, Anthony,The Case for Floating Exchange Rates Reconsidered, Essays in International Finance, No. 72, Princeton University (Princeton, New Jersey:Princeton University Press,February1969).
Lanyi, Anthony,Esther C.Suss, “Exchange Rate Variability: Alternative Measures and Interpretation,” Staff Papers,International Monetary Fund(Washington), Vol. 29(December1982), pp. 527–60.
McCulloch, Rachel,Unexpected Real Consequences of Floating Exchange Rates,Essays in International Finance, No. 153, Princeton University (Princeton, New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1983).
McKinnon, Ronald I., “Exchange Rate Instability, Trade Balances and Monetary Policy in Japan and the United States” (mimeographed, Stanford, California:Stanford University,1978).
Makin, John H., “Eurocurrencies and the Evolution of the International Monetary System,” in Eurocurrencies and the International Monetary System,ed. byCarl H.Stem, John H.Makin, and Dennis E.Logue(Washington:American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research,1976), pp. 17–52.
Marsh, John S., and Pamela J.Swanney,Agriculture and the European Community(London:Allen and Unwin,1981).
Masera, R.S., “Floating Exchange Rates, International Trade and Domestic Economic Stability,” in Floating Exchange Rates—The Lessons of Recent Experience,ed. byHenriFournier andJ.E.Wadsworth(Leyden, Netherlands:A.W. Sijthoff,1976), pp. 47–67.
Morita, Akio,“A New International Currency System,”Remarks at a Joint Forum of Keidanren and the Group of Thirty in Tokyo,April21,1983.
Mundell, Robert A., “The 'New Inflation' and Flexible Exchange Rates,” in The 'New Inflation' and Monetary Policy,ed. byMarioMonti(London:Macmillan Press Ltd.,1976), pp. 142–59.
Mussa, Michael, “A Model of Exchange Rate Dynamics,” Journal of Political Economy(Chicago), Vol. 90(February1982), pp. 74–104.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,The Effects of Exchange Rate Fluctuations on Trade,DES/NI(82)1.
Officer, Lawrence H., “The Purchasing-Power-Parity Theory of Exchange Rates: A Review Article,” Staff Papers,International Monetary Fund(Washington), Vol. 23(March1976), pp. 1–60.
Pigott, Charles, RichardSweeney, and Thomas D.Willett,“Some Aspects of the Behavior and Effects of Exchange Rate Flexibility,”paper presented at Konstanz Conference, June1975.
Rana, Pradumna B., “Exchange Rate Risk Under Generalized Floating: Eight Asian Countries,” Journal of International Economics(Amsterdam), Vol. 11(November1981), pp. 459–66.
Richardson, Gordon, “British Economic Policy over the Last Decade,” Bank of England, Quarterly Bulletin(London), Vol. 23(June1983), pp. 194–99.
Schultz, George P.,“Statement,”in Global Economic Outlook: Hearings, U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on International Economic Policy, 98th Congress, 1st Session, February 15 and 23, 1983(Washington:Government Printing Office,1983).
Shields, Roger,EdwardTower, and Thomas D.Willett, “Revaluation can be Inflationary: An Analysis of the Inflationary Impact of Demand Shifts in a Simple Policy Dilemma Model,” annex to Richard JamesSweeney, and Thomas D.Willett,“The Inflationary Impact of Exchange Rate Changes: Some Theoretical Considerations,”in The Effects of Exchange Rate Adjustments,ed. byPeter B.Clark,Dennis E.Logue, and RichardJames Sweeney,Proceedings of a Conference Sponsored by OASIA Research, Department of the Treasury, April 4 and 5, 1974(Washington,1977).
Spitäller, Erich, “A Model of Inflation and Its Performance in the Seven Main Industrial Countries, 1958–76,” Staff Papers,International Monetary Fund(Washington), Vol. 25(June1978), pp. 254–77.
Thursby, Marie C., “The Resource Reallocation Costs of Fixed and Flexible Exchange Rates: A Multi-Country Extension,” Journal of International Economics(Amsterdam), Vol. 11(November1981), pp. 487–93.
Thursby, Marie C.,Thomas D.Willett,“The Effects of Flexible Exchange Rates on International Trade and Investment: Historical Views and Current Analysis” (mimeographed, Ohio State University and Claremont Graduate School).
Thursby, Marie C., and Jerry G.Thursby,“The Uncertainty Effects of Floating Exchange Rates: Empirical Evidence on International Trade Flows.”It is scheduled to be published by Ballinger in Exchange Rates, Trade, and the U.S. Economy,ed. bySven W. Arndt,Richard J.Sweeney, and Thomas D.Willet.
U.S. International Trade Commission,“The Effect of Changes in the Value of the U.S. Dollar on Trade in Selected Commodities,”USITC Publication, Number 1423(Washington,September1983).
Wanniski, Jude, “The Mundell-Laffer Hypothesis: A New View of the World Economy,” Public Interest(New York), No. 64(Spring1975), pp. 31–52.
Warner, Dennis, and Mordechai E.Kreinin, “Determinants of International Trade Flows,” Review of Economics and Statistics(Cambridge, Massachusetts), Vol. 65(February1983), pp. 96–104.
Westerfield, Janice M., “An Examination of Foreign Exchange Risks under Fixed and Floating Rate Regimes,” Journal of International Economics(Amsterdam), Vol. 7(May1977), pp. 181–200.
Willett, Thomas D., “The Causes and Effects of Exchange Rate Volatility,” in The International Monetary System: A Time of Turbulence,ed. byJacob S.Dreyer,GottfriedHaberler, and Thomas D.Willett (Washington:American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research,1982), pp. 24–64.
Williamson, John,The Exchange Rate System (Washington:Institute for International Economics,September1983).
Witteveen, H. Johannes, “Inflation and the International Monetary Situation,” American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings (Nashville), Vol. 65(May1974), pp. 108–14.
While for an individual transactor the cost of forward cover may appear to be the discount from the spot rate, it should be remembered that this discount is matched by a premium facing those wishing to make transactions in the other direction. The net cost facing traders in the aggregate is the difference between the discount in one direction and the premium in the other (i.e., the spread).
Occasional Papers of the International Monetary Fund
*1. International Capital Markets: Recent Developments and Short-Term Prospects, by a Staff Team Headed by R.C. Williams, Exchange and Trade Relations Department. 1980.
2. Economic Stabilization and Growth in Portugal, by Hans O. Schmitt. 1981.
*3. External Indebtedness of Developing Countries, by a Staff Team Headed by Bahram Nowzad and Richard C. Williams. 1981.
*4. World Economic Outlook: A Survey by the Staff of the International Monetary Fund. 1981.
5. Trade Policy Developments in Industrial Countries, by S.J. Anjaria, Z. Iqbal, L.L. Perez, and W.S. Tseng. 1981.
6. The Multilateral System of Payments: Keynes, Convertibility, and the International Monetary Fund’s Articles of Agreement, by Joseph Gold. 1981.
7. International Capital Markets: Recent Developments and Short-Term Prospects, 1981, by a Staff Team Headed by Richard C. Williams, with G.G. Johnson. 1981.
8. Taxation in Sub-Saharan Africa. Part I: Tax Policy and Administration in Sub-Saharan Africa, by Carlos A. Aguirre, Peter S. Griffith, and M. Zühtü Yücelik. Part II: A Statistical Evaluation of Taxation in Sub-Saharan Africa, by Vito Tanzi. 1981.
9. World Economic Outlook: A Survey by the Staff of the International Monetary Fund. 1982.
10. International Comparisons of Government Expenditure, by Alan A. Tait and Peter S. Heller. 1982.
11. Payments Arrangements and the Expansion of Trade in Eastern and Southern Africa, by Shailendra J. Anjaria, Sena Eken, and John F. Laker. 1982.
12. Effects of Slowdown in Industrial Countries on Growth in Non-Oil Developing Countries, by Morris Goldstein and Mohsin S. Khan. 1982.
13. Currency Convertibility in the Economic Community of West African States, by John B. McLenaghan, Saleh M. Nsouli, and Klaus-Walter Riechel. 1982.
14. International Capital Markets: Developments and Prospects, 1982, by a Staff Team Headed by Richard C. Williams, with G.G. Johnson. 1982.
15. Hungary: An Economic Survey, by a Staff Team Headed by Patrick de Fontenay. 1982.
16. Developments in International Trade Policy, by S.J. Anjaria, Z. Iqbal, N. Kirmani, and L.L. Perez. 1982.
17. Aspects of the International Banking Safety Net, by G.G. Johnson, with Richard K. Abrams. 1983.
18. Oil Exporters’ Economic Development in an Interdependent World, by Jahangir Amuzegar. 1983.
19. The European Monetary System: The Experience, 1979–82, by Horst Ungerer, with Owen Evans and Peter Nyberg. 1983.
20. Alternatives to the Central Bank in the Developing World, by Charles Collyns. 1983.
21. World Economic Outlook: A Survey by the Staff of the International Monetary Fund. 1983.
22. Interest Rate Policies in Developing Countries: A Study by the Research Department of the International Monetary Fund. 1983.
23. International Capital Markets: Developments and Prospects, 1983, by Richard Williams, Peter Keller, John Lipsky, and Donald Mathieson. 1983.
24. Government Employment and Pay: Some International Comparisons, by Peter S. Heller and Alan A. Tait. 1983. Revised 1984.
25. Recent Multilateral Debt Restructurings with Official and Bank Creditors, by a Staff Team Headed by E. Brau and R.C. Williams, with P.M. Keller and M. Nowak. 1983.
26. The Fund, Commercial Banks, and Member Countries, by Paul Mentre. 1984.
27. World Economic Outlook: A Survey by the Staff of the International Monetary Fund. 1984.
28. Exchange Rate Volatility and World Trade: A Study by the Research Department of the International Monetary Fund. 1984.
International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C. 20431, U.S.A.
Telephone number 202 473 7430
Cable address: Interfund

domain: finance


Exposures is an entity that Velocity creates for every Velocity service.
It is generated automatically from your Kubernetes Service Port definition (referencing the defied port number and the port name) and can be extended with application properties such as username, password, and scheme to construct generic URI templates used to connect your Velocity Services.
For example, if your configuration includes an environment variable that points to a static address, it will not be suitable for creating ephemeral environments. Therefore, Velocity allows you to replace it with a generic Velocity Template that will be resolved automatically upon environment provisioning:
The template contains a Port Identifier that tells Velocity which service and port definitions should be used when constructing the URI.
Velocity automatically generates unique referencable Service Port Identifiers (exposure) for each defined service port. The identifiers are presented when running
env createwith the
--dry-runflag and they are based on your Kubernetes port definitions.
<port_name>- is used as an identifier if defined in your manifest.
<port_number>- is used as an identifier.
In some scenarios when there are name conflicts or port number conflicts, Velocity generates a hash that helps to reference a specific port definition. In these cases, the port identifier will be
To enable Velocity to generate URIs in the form of
schema://user:[email protected]you need to explicitly define the application parameters when exposing a port.
This can be done by adding the following Velocity Annotations to your Velocity Service definition:
- 1.Constant values
You can also use a shorthand:
2. Values specified using a Kubernetes resource path
velocity.tech.v1/exposures-<port_id>-user: path="<path in k8s resource>"
velocity.tech.v1/exposures-<port_id>-password: path="<path in k8s resource>"
velocity.tech.v1/exposures-<port_id>-scheme: path="<path in k8s resource>"