text:
The carbonyl group is a C=O group. The carbonyl group is planar with bond angles of 120°, and consists of two sp2 hybridized atoms (C and O) linked by a strong σ bond and a weaker π bond. The carbonyl group is polarized such that oxygen is slightly negative and carbon is slightly posi-tive. In aldehydes and ketones, the substituents must be one or more of the following – an alkyl group, an aromatic ring, or a hydrogen.
Aldehydes and ketones have higher boiling points than alkanes of compa-rable molecular weight due to the polarity of the carbonyl group. However, they have lower boiling points than comparable alcohols or carboxylic acids due to the absence of hydrogen bonding. Aldehydes and ketones of small molecular weight are soluble in aqueous solution since they can participate in intermolecular hydrogen bonding with water. Higher molecular weight aldehydes and ketones are not soluble in water since the hydrophobic char-acter of the alkyl chains or aromatic rings outweighs the polar character of the carbonyl group.
The oxygen of the carbonyl group is a nucleophilic center. The carbonyl car-bon is an electrophilic center.
Ketones are in rapid equilibrium with an isomeric structure called an enol. The keto and enol forms are called tautomers and the process by which they interconvert is called keto–enol tautomerism. The mechanism can be acid or base catalyzed.
Aldehydes and ketones show strong carbonyl stretching absorptions in their IR spectra as well as a quaternary carbonyl carbon signal in their 13C nmr spectra. Aldehydes also show characteristic C–H stretching absorp-tions in their IR spectra and a signal for the aldehyde proton in the 1H nmr which occurs at high chemical shift. The mass spectra of aldehydes and ketones usually show fragmentation ions resulting from cleavage next to the carbonyl group. The position of the uv absorption band is useful in the structure determination of conjugated aldehydes and ketones.
Both aldehydes and ketones contain a carbonyl group (C=O). The substituents attached to the carbonyl group determine whether it is an aldehyde or a ketone, and whether it is aliphatic or aromatic.
The geometry of the carbonyl group is planar with bond angles of 120°. The carbon and oxygen atoms of the carbonyl group are sp2 hybridized and the double bond between the atoms is made up of a strong σ bond and a weaker π bond. The carbonyl bond is shorter than a C−O single bond (1.22 Å vs. 1.43 Å) and is also stronger since two bonds are present as opposed to one (732 kJ mol−1 vs. 385 kJ mol−1). The carbonyl group is more reactive than a C−O single bond due to the relatively weak π bond.
The carbonyl group is polarized such that the oxygen is slightly negative and the carbon is slightly positive. Both the polarity of the carbonyl group and the presence of the weak π bond explains much of the chemistry and the physical properties of aldehydes and ketones. The polarity of the bond also means that the carbonyl group has a dipole moment.
Due to the polar nature of the carbonyl group, aldehydes and ketones have higher boiling points than alkanes of similar molecular weight. However, hydrogen bonding is not possible between carbonyl groups and so aldehydes and ketones have lower boiling points than alcohols or carboxylic acids.
Low molecular weight aldehydes and ketones (e.g. formaldehyde and acetone) are soluble in water. This is because the oxygen of the carbonyl group can partic- ipate in intermolecular hydrogen bonding with water molecules. As molecular weight increases, the hydrophobic character of the attached alkyl chains starts to outweigh the water solubility of the carbonyl group with the result that large molecular weight aldehydes and ketones are insoluble in water. Aro-matic ketones and aldehydes are insoluble in water due to the hydrophobic aro- matic ring.
Due to the polarity of the carbonyl group, aldehydes and ketones have a nucleophilic oxygen center and an electrophilic carbon center as shown for propanal. Therefore, nucleophiles react with aldehydes and ketones at the carbon center, and electrophiles react at the oxygen center.
Ketones which have hydrogen atoms on their α-carbon (the carbon next to the carbonyl group) are in rapid equilibrium with an isomeric structure called an enol where the α-hydrogen ends up on the oxygen instead of the carbon. The two isomeric forms are called tautomers and the process of equilibration is called tautomerism (Fig. 4). In general, the equilibrium greatly favors the keto tautomer and the enol tautomer may only be present in very small quantities.
The tautomerism mechanism is catalyzed by acid or base. When catalyzed byacid (Fig. 5), the carbonyl group acts as a nucleophile with the oxygen using a lone pair of electrons to form a bond to a proton. This results in the carbonyl oxygen gaining a positive charge which activates the carbonyl group to attack by weak nucleophiles (Step 1). The weak nucleophile in question is a water molecule which removes the α-proton from the ketone, resulting in the formation of a new C = C double bond and cleavage of the carbonyl π bond. The enol tautomer is formed thus neutralizing the unfavorable positive charge on the oxygen (Step 2).
Under basic conditions (Fig. 6), an enolate ion is formed, which then reacts with water to form the enol.
The IR spectra of aldehydes and ketones are characterized by strong absorptions due to C=O stretching. These occur in the region 1740–1720 cm−1 for aliphatic aldehydes and 1725–1705 cm−1 for aliphatic ketones. However conjugation to aromatic rings or alkenes weakens the carbonyl bond resulting in absorptions at lower wavenumbers.
For example, the carbonyl absorptions for aromatic aldehydes and ketones are in the regions 1715–1695 cm−1 and 1700–1680 cm−1 respectively. For cyclic ketones, the absorption shifts to higher wavenumber with increasing ring strain. For example, the absorptions for cyclohexanone and cyclobutanone are 1715 and 1785 cm−1 respectively.
In the case of an aldehyde, two weak absorptions due to C–H stretching of the aldehyde proton may be spotted, one in the region 2900–2700 cm−1 and the other close to 2720 cm−1. The aldehyde proton gives a characteristic signal in the 1H nmr in the region 9.4–10.5 ppm. If the aldehyde group is linked to a carbon bearing a hydrogen, coupling will take place, typically with a small coupling constant of about 3 Hz. Indications of an aldehyde or ketone can be obtained indirectly from the 1H nmr by the chemical shifts of neighboring groups. For example, the methyl signal of a methyl ketone appears at 2.2 ppm as a singlet.
The carbonyl carbon can be spotted as a quaternary signal in the 13C nmr spec-trum in the region 200–205 ppm for aliphatic aldehydes and 205–218 ppm for aliphatic ketones. The corresponding regions for aromatic aldehydes and ketones are 190–194 ppm and 196–199 respectively.
The mass spectra of aldehydes and ketones often show fragmentation ions resulting from bond cleavage on either side of the carbonyl group (α-cleavage). Aromatic aldehydes and ketones generally fragment to give a strong peak at m/e 105 due to the benzoyl fragmentation ion [PhC=O]+.
The carbonyl groups of saturated aldehydes and ketones give a weak absorp-tion band in their uv spectra between 270 and 300 nm. This band is shifted to longer wavelengths (300–350 nm) when the carbonyl group is conjugated with a double bond. The exact position of the uv absorption band can be useful in the structure determination of conjugated aldehydes and ketones.
Copyright © 2018-2021 BrainKart.com; All Rights Reserved. (BS) Developed by Therithal info, Chennai.

domain: chemistry


text:
Palm Tree Breezes Metal Wall Hanging Trees Ocean Breeze
Palm Tree Breezes Metal Wall Hanging Trees Ocean Breeze through the thousand photos on the web with regards to Palm Tree Breezes Metal Wall Hanging Trees Ocean Breeze we choices the top libraries having ideal quality just for you all, and this images is one among photographs series in this best photographs gallery with regards to Palm Tree Breezes Metal Wall Hanging Trees Ocean Breeze, we hoping you might want it.
Metal Palm Tree Wall Decor. At Wayfair, we want to make sure you find the best home goods when you shop online. You have searched for metal palm tree wall decor and this page displays the closest product matches we have for metal palm tree wall decor to buy online.
Palm Wall Decor. By Bayou Breeze $90.99 $99.99 FREE Shipping Palm Tree Metal Wall Décor Palm Tree Metal Wall Décor By Bay Isle Home $68.99 $80.00 FREE Shipping Sale Palm with Boat Tile Wall Decor By Continental Art Center $20.99 $22.99
Amazon.com: Palm Tree Metal Wall Art. Amazon.com: palm tree metal wall art. Melissalove 40pcs Green Palm Tree Wall Decor Vinyl Stickers Wall Decals Kids Room Baby Room Wall Decals Nursery Room Wall Art Decor Mural A317 (Green) $9.98 $ 9. 98. Get it as soon as Wed, Aug 14. FREE Shipping on orders over $25 shipped by Amazon.
Amazon.com: Palm Tree Metal Wall Art. Amazon.com: palm tree metal wall art. Skip to main content. XINGAKA Large Sunset Beach Palm Tree Canvas Wall Art Live The Life You Love Inspirational Quotes Ocean Wave Seascape Picture Print On Canvas for Home Decor Stretched and Framed Ready to Hang. $79.99 $ 79. 99. $6.99 shipping.
Palm Tree Metal Wall. Find great deals on eBay for palm tree metal wall. Shop with confidence. Skip to main content. eBay Logo: Shop by category. Palm Tree Set Metal Wall Art Decor 18" and 14" tall. Brand New. $55.99. Buy It Now +$14.99 shipping. SPONSORED. Palm Tree Welcome Metal Wall Art Decor larger size by HGMW.
Metal Palm Tree Wall Art. Find great deals on eBay for metal palm tree wall art. Shop with confidence. Skip to main content. eBay Logo: Welcome Palm Tree's Metal Wall Art Decor 19" x 10 1/2" Brand New. $36.99. Buy It Now +$12.99 shipping. 11 Watching. Watch. Palm Trees in the Setting Sun Metal Wall Art Decor by HGMW.
Sunset Paradise Tropical Palm Tree Metal Wall Art. In a hand-finished, dimensional design, the metal wall art features a copper sun sinking behind the waves, taupe sailboat, and three palm trees with glittered aqua and deep gold fronds. Tropical palm tree wall art measures 32"Wx2"Dx40"H. • This item is our exclusive! • Palm tree metal wall art • Hand-finished in rich hues
Palm Trees, Flowers, Metal Wall Art. Palm Trees & Flowers Metal Wall Art; Sort by: Palm Trees & Flowers Metal Wall Art. Sort by: Creative designs in metal wall art by Florida Artist Joanne Ferrara of T.I. Design. Palm Tree Metal Wall Art, Palm Trees Decor unique and unusual designs for your home. Blooming Orchid Metal Wall Arch. $159.99 $139.99. Compare. Add To Cart.
Unique Collection Of Palm Tree And Leaves Metal Wall Art. Our palm tree metal wall decor collection will have you dreaming about palms swaying in the tropical breeze as you lounge aimlessly on a sandy white beach, sipping a margarita. Although some folks choose to build an entire motif for their home decor that pays tribute to the palm tree, there are other decor themes where palm leaves can be the
Tropical Palm Grove Metal Wall Sculpture. Relax as breezes from the ocean and the Tropical Palm Grove offer a respite from the heat of the sun. Dimensional wall sculpture of swaying palms is handcrafted of stainless steel with hand-brushed elements and has a bronze finish. Palm tree metal wall art is 51"Wx4"Dx29"H. • Tropical palm tree wall sculpture by M. Malizia

domain: artistic


text:
One of the most interesting corruption stories in China in recent weeks is that of Zu Daolin.
A low-level official in the Land Bureau of Binhai county in eastern China’s Jiangsu province, Zu is not the sort one would expect to register on the country’s corruption Richter scale, especially at a time when former high-level aides and fur-wearing tycoons are being dragged into the spotlight for alleged misdeeds. Even the bribes he allegedly took – roughly 80,000 yuan and $10,000 in cash, plus 5,000 yuan in gift cards – are relatively unremarkable.
What makes Zu special is the account of his crimes that he gave to prosecutors and that was widely published after he was found guilty and sentenced to six years in prison.
While state media regularly print the regret-filled mea culpas of fallen officials, Zu’s is unusual in explaining in some detail the process of his downfall.
In his confession (in Chinese), Zu notes that he was born in the countryside and joined the military—a common career choice among those who lack political connections. He says worked in various jobs in Binhai county, where he “made some contributions that gave the organizations high honor, winning the bureau awards for four consecutive years, with myself winning for two of those years.”
But then, Zu notes, he “began to relax and embarked on the illegal road.” His worldview shifted and he “wanted more.”
Zu doesn’t go into how he precisely he fell prey to influence-seekers, but he does catalogue how his thinking changed. First, he says, he lost respect for the law. “I knew that accepting bribes was criminal,” Zu admits, “but I could not resist the temptation of accepting other people’s money because I saw the law as something trifling and not awe-inspiring.”
Then there was the lack of shame, Zu notes. He began to feel that morality was a gray area, “a backward notion” that was “too negative” and held him back. “Here I was a 40-year employee of the county, 38 of those years with the Party and I lost my dignity and personality as a slave to money,” Zu laments. “I’m really ashamed,” he says, “that I received someone else’s money without blushing when I worked on projects.”
Zu goes on to catalogue his fear of being caught and the resulting hypocrisy, noting the “many times” he asked his subordinates “to be honest and upright, to be earnest” when it came to fighting against temptation and greed. “I used a flashlight to shine on others, but not myself,” he says. “I was afraid of losing face [by admitting to my own corruption] and was paralyzed…not unlike a doctor who gives a poor prognosis.”
Finally, Zu acknowledges a lack of self-restraint, saying his vigilance gradually relaxed over time. “When money was sent to me, I accepted, I didn’t blush, and it all slowly became a natural habit,” he says. “Unmonitored power will inevitably lead to corruption,” he argues, stating that because he helped oversee personnel matters as a chief adviser to the county party chief and could weigh in on the promotion of officials, he was vulnerable to cadres bent on promotion. Officials should take care, he warns, not to become “prisoners of money.”
Zu states that he “hopes that my repentance will educate others, and allow others to bear in mind ‘not to touch high-voltage lines”—not to make the same mistake” that he did.
So apparently does Party media, which recently carried two commentaries on Zu’s confession.
One essay (in Chinese) referred to Zu’s self-criticism as “an excellent negative example to cadres.” The Four Shortcomings that Zu referred to—“the lack of legal awe, the lack of shame about corruption, the lack of self-reflection, and the lack of self-restraint where power is concerned”—came too late for Zu, the author wrote, but should be the “start of a wake-up call for others.”
Another commentary took a broader and more critical view (in Chinese). Quoting extensively from Zu’s account, the writer said that “when avaricious officials repent, leading cadres should also take heed…especially those officials with power, who should not become sanctimonious [condemning corruption] and then act otherwise.”
In other words, it’s enormously difficult for Party cadres at lower levels to resist temptation when they see more than a few of their superiors succumbing.
Zu’s confession is clearly more than just another cautionary tale. It’s an indication of how deeply entrenched corruption is—that it’s not just large-scale looting by the well-connected. And the fact that Zu’s small fall is being re-broadcast may be a clue that an even wider crackdown is in the works, or that news of a larger political takedown is about to break.
Russell Leigh Moses is the Dean of Academics and Faculty at The Beijing Center for Chinese Studies. He is writing a book on the changing role of power in the Chinese political system.

domain: sociology


text:
A Toledo man accused of shooting at a car full of people was arraigned today in Toledo Municipal Court.
Rickey Harvey, 22, of 2718 Kendale Dr., is charged with felonious assault, weapons under disability, and improper handling of firearms in a motor vehicle. His bond was set at $175,000. He is to remain in the Lucas County jail.
Police allege that Mr. Harvey shot at a car with three people inside on May 12 at Inez Nash Park. One of the victims, Rico Dorsey, identified the suspect in a photo line-up, according to court records. Mr. Dorsey has been shot at numerous times in the last few years. Police said, in one instance, that his younger brother, Ramon Dorsey, was killed because the shooter missed Rico Dorsey. No injuries were reported in the May incident.
Mr. Harvey was charged with new offenses on Saturday -- the weapons-related charges -- when police allege he had a loaded gun in his car which he tossed out of a window when police tried to stop his vehicle.
Guidelines: Please keep your comments smart and civil. Don't attack other readers personally, and keep your language decent. Comments that violate these standards, or our privacy statement or visitor's agreement, are subject to being removed and commenters are subject to being banned. To post comments, you must be a registered user on toledoblade.com. To find out more, please visit the FAQ.

domain: news


Department of Energy Program
DOE Program Overview
Pursuant to State law T.C.A. § 58-2-106, the Tennessee Emergency Management Agency (TEMA) is “responsible for maintaining Tennessee’s comprehensive statewide program of emergency management.” Under this authority, TEMA coordinates the offsite planning and response activities for potential impacts from operations at the Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR) to include:
· Developing and maintaining a plan that provides for the coordination between the DOE, State and local agencies to ensure an effective offsite response to an emergency at the ORR.
· Conducting and coordinating training for State and local responders to a potential offsite incident at the ORR.
· Coordinating the States hazardous materials training certification.
· Providing maintaining, and calibrating radiation detection equipment for State and local responders to a potential offsite incident at the ORR.
TEMA also administers the State’s DOE exercise program to include monthly notification drills between DOE, State, and local agencies, and weekly and monthly communication tests ensuring connectivity with DOE’s computerized emergency information systems. TEMA also coordinates annual exercises simulating hazardous materials emergencies at ORNL or Y-12, sometimes involving hundreds of State and local response personnel. These drills and exercises ensure offsite responders maintain readiness to respond and implement protective actions to minimize the harmful impacts of a hazardous materials release from the ORR.


text:
Type IV collagen is a major structural component of all basement membranes in vertebrates.1–3 Type IV collagen consists of 6 distinct α-chains (α1–α6).4–13 All α-chains are composed of 3 domains, the N-terminal 7S domain, the middle triple helical domain and the C-terminal globular noncollagenous (NC1) domain.14 The α-chains self-assemble into helical trimers via their NC1 and 7S domains and further form a 3D scaffold.15, 16 This scaffold interacts with other basement membrane constituents, such as laminins and nidogens, to form a network. This network is essential for tissue function by providing structural and endothelial cell support, serving as ligands for cell receptors and regulating angiogenesis.6, 17–25 While the α1 and α2 chains are ubiquitously found in all human basement membranes,3, 5 the other 4 chains are expressed in a tissue and organ specific distribution.1, 3, 26
Because of limited diffusion of oxygen in tissues, almost all cells in the body are found within a maximum radius of 100–200 μm around a blood vessel.27–29 Without neovascularization, tumors usually cannot exceed a size of 1 mm3 and therefore cannot develop an invasive phenotype.27, 29 Angiogenesis, the formation of new capillaries from preexisting blood vessels, is critical to many normal physiological processes.30, 31 Mammal angiogenesis is highly regulated, and it occurs during development, reproduction or wound healing processes.29, 32 Angiogenesis is essential for the progression of various pathological disorders including diabetic retinopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, as well as tumor growth and metastasis.27–31 The switch to an angiogenic phenotype requires both the upregulation of angiogenic stimulators and the downregulation of angiogenesis inhibitors.31, 33, 34 The precise molecular mechanisms leading to the “angiogenic switch” are not yet completely understood.27–29, 35, 36 In this regard, more than 20 stimulators of angiogenesis and more than 30 angiogenesis inhibitors have been identified.27, 34
An angiogenic phenotype of tumors requires upregulation of angiogenesis stimulators, and downregulation of angiogenesis inhibitors.31, 33 VEGFs, Angiopoëtins and Ephrins effect primarily the vascular system.28 Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) are among the major inducers of angiogenesis.27, 28, 35, 37 To date, a number of endogenous angiogenesis inhibitors have been identified, and certain factors such as Angiostatin,38 Endostatin,39 Canstatin,18 Arresten17 and Tumstatin,6, 19, 40 are proteolyzed fragments of larger proteins and are likely generated in vivo. In cancer and several other diseases, uncontrolled capillary growth can have dramatic consequences, and our understanding of the role of these endogenous angiogenesis inhibitors in this setting is still evolving.
Several studies have shown that inhibitors of collagen metabolism have anti-angiogenic properties; this supports the notion that basement membrane collagen synthesis and deposition is crucial for blood vessel formation and survival.6, 17 Additionally, NC1 domains of type IV collagen have been identified as novel integrin ligands and regulators of endothelial proliferation, migration and angiogenesis.4, 26, 34, 41, 42 Here, we study the function of the NC1 domain of the α6 chain of type IV collagen (α6NC1) in the regulation of angiogenesis and tumor growth.43
Material and methods
Wild type C57Bl/6 mice were purchased from The Jackson Laboratories (Bar Harbor, ME: http://www.jax.org). Transgenic Rip1Tag2 mice were obtained from NCI mouse models of human cancers consortium (MMHCC: http://www.cancer.gov). The generation and phenotypic characterization of Rip1Tag2 mice have been described previously.44 Mice were maintained at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center animal facility under standard conditions. The standard chow of all β-tumor-bearing mice was supplemented with glucose pellets (Harlan Teklad) beginning at 8 weeks of age, to prevent hypoglycemia because of hyperinsulinemia from developing insulinoma. All animal studies were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.
Recombinant production of α6NC1 in E. coli
Human α6NC1 was produced in E. coli as a fusion protein with a N-terminal poly-histidine tag. The sequence encoding α6NC1 was amplified by PCR from a commercial cDNA library (CLONTECH, Palo Alto, CA) using the following primers: 5′-GCT AGC GAG CAT GAG AGT GGG CTA CAC G-3′ as forward primer and 5′-GGG CCC GTG GCA GGT GCC ACC CTA CAG GC-3′ as reverse primer. The primers for the α6(IV) NC1 domain were designed based on published sequences for human type IV collagen chains.45, 46 The resulting cDNA fragment was inserted into pET-28b(+) vector (Novagen, Madison, WI) after the N-terminal poly-histidine tag. Plasmid constructs encoding α6NC1 were first transformed into NovaBlue competent cells (Novagen, Madison, WI) and then transformed into BL21 (DE3) for protein expression (Novagen). For protein expression, an overnight bacterial miniculture was used to inoculate a 1,000 ml maxiculture Luria-Bertani (LB) medium containing Kanamycin (30 μg/ml). This culture was grown for ∼4 hr until the cells reached an OD600 of 0.6. Protein expression was induced by adding 1 mM isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). After about 2 hr of induction, cells were harvested by centrifugation at 10,000g and lyzed by resuspension in 6 M guanidine, 0.1 M NaH2PO4, 0.01 M TRIS-HCl (pH 8.0) and 1.5% TritonX-100. Resuspended cells were incubated for 1 hr at +4°C on a shaker, then briefly sonicated and centrifuged at 12,000g for 30 min at +4°C. The supernatant was passed over a 2 ml Ni-nitrilotriacetic acid-agarose column (TALON metal affinity resin, BD Biosciences) 4–6 times at a speed of 2 ml/min. Nonspecifically bound protein was removed by washing with both 6 M guanidine and 8 M urea in 0.1 M NaH2PO4, 0.01 M TRIS-HCl, 1.5% TritonX-100 (pH 8.0). α6NC1 protein was eluted from the column with 3 concentrations of imidazole (50, 125 and 250 mM) in 8 M Urea, 0.1 M NaH2PO4, 0.01 M TRIS-HCl (pH 8.0). The eluted protein was dialyzed twice against PBS at 4°C, a part of the total protein precipitated during dialysis. Dialyzed protein was collected and centrifuged at 5,000g; pellet and supernatant were collected for further analysis. Protein concentration in each fraction was determined using the BCA assay kit (Pierce) according to the manufacturer's recommendations. The purity of the protein was determined by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. The total yield from 1-l culture was ∼600 μg of soluble, and ∼3,200 μg of insoluble α6NC1, respectively. Endotoxin levels were determined using the QCL-1000® Chromogenic Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) Endpoint Assay (Cambrex, East Rutherford, NJ) according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Contamination with bacterial endotoxin in all of the protein preparations was <13 endotoxin units (EU)/mg protein (equivalent to <0.39 EU/ml). It has been shown that addition of exogenous endotoxin at a concentration of 0.5 EU/ml (1 EU/ml equals 0.1 ng/ml lipopolysaccharide) to the cell culture media does not inhibit endothelial cell proliferation nor affect cell viability in a 48-hr incubation period. Polymyxin B (5 μg/ml) was used to inactivate endotoxin, and no difference of the inhibitory effect could be detected in experiments lacking Polymyxin B.
HPLC reversed-phase chromatography
HPLC reversed-phase chromatography was performed as previously described.47 In brief, 5 μg of Ni-NTA purified recombinant human α6NC1 protein expressed in E. coli (see above) was loaded onto a NovaPak 3.9-mm C-18 column (Waters, Milford, MA) and developed with a linear gradient of 10–80% acetonitrile during 45 min. Two-milliliter fractions were collected, lyophylized, resuspended in SDS sample buffer and analyzed by immunoblotting.
The LLC cell line (Lewis lung carcinoma cells) was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD), and cells were maintained in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM, Gibco), supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Gibco) and 100 μg Plasmocin (InvivoGen, San Diego, CA) at 37°C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere.
In vivo tumor studies
Lewis lung carcinoma tumor burden study
Lewis lung carcinoma cells were harvested from cell culture and 1 × 106 LLC cells (in sterile PBS) were injected subcutaneously into 8- to 10-week-old male wild type C57Bl/6 mice. The mice were divided into 2 groups as a tumor volume of ∼100 mm3 was observed. Mice in each experimental group received a daily intravenous injection of α6NC1 (1 mg/kg BW [30 μg/ml]) in a total volume of 100 μl 10% DMSO in PBS. The control group received equal volumes of 10% DMSO in PBS without α6NC1. Mice were sacrificed after 10 days or when a tumor volume of 3,000 mm3 was observed. Tumor volume was measured every other day starting on Day 0 (beginning of treatment). Tumor length and width were measured using a digital Vernier caliper, and tumor volume was calculated using the standard formula for approximating the volume of a spheroid (length × width2 × 0.52).17, 39 Volume ± SEM was plotted over the treatment period. Additionally, on the day of sacrifice the tumors were weighed, and tumor weight ± SEM was plotted.
Regression trial in Rip1Tag2 transgenic mice
The mice in these studies were males and females of the RIP1Tag2 transgenic mouse lineage (C57Bl/6J background). Mice were treated from 12 to 16 weeks.48 Mice in the experimental group received a daily intravenous injection of 1 mg/kg BW α6NC1 [30 μg/ml] in a total volume of 100 μl 10% DMSO in PBS. The control group daily received equal volumes of 10% DMSO in PBS.
Assessment of tumor burden in RIP1Tag2 transgenic mice
Mice (6 per group) were sacrificed at the end of the trial and tumors were microdissected from freshly excised pancreas. Tumor length and width were measured using a Vernier caliper, and tumor volume was calculated using the standard formula for approximating the volume of a spheroid (length × width2 × 0.52).39, 48
Matrigel plug assay
In vivo Matrigel plug assay was performed as previously described.49 Matrigel™ (BD Biociences, Franklin Lakes, NJ) was thawed overnight at 4°C. Before injection Matrigel was mixed with 20 U/ml Heparin (Pierce, Rockford, IL), 150 ng/ml basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF; R&D, Minneapolis, MN) and 30 μg/ml α6NC1 (1 mg/kg BW). Control groups received no angiogenesis inhibitor. The Matrigel mixture was injected subcutaneously into the back of 10- to 12-week-old male C57BL/6 mice (each group n = 10) using a 21-gauge needle. Ten days after Matrigel injection, mice were sacrificed and the Matrigel plugs removed. After fixation in 10% formalin, the Matrigel plugs were embedded in paraffin, sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE). Sections were examined by light microscopy, and the number of blood vessels from 10 different high-power fields (HPFs) was counted and averaged. Photomicrographs were taken using a Zeiss Axioscop 2plus fluorescence microscope and Axiovision digital imaging software (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany).
Cell proliferation and viability assay
Cell proliferation was determined using the colorimetric WST-1 cell proliferation assay (Roche Applied Systems GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Calf pulmonary artery endothelial cells (CPAE) were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville, MD), and were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM, Gibco), supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Gibco) and 100 μg Plasmocin (InvivoGen, San Diego, CA) at 37°C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. CPAE cells were seeded at a concentration of 4 × 103 cells/well into a 96-well plate in 100 μl DMEM containing different concentrations of α6NC1. Polymyxin B (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) at a concentration of 5 μg/ml was used to inactivate endotoxin.50 After incubation for 48 hr at 37°C and 5% CO2, 10 μl of cell proliferation reagent WST-1 was added into each well and incubated for 4 hr at 37°C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. The absorbance was measured at 450 nm against a blank background control using a microplate reader. All experiments were performed in quadruplicate.
Pooled human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were obtained from Cambrex (East Rutherford, NJ) and were maintained in EBM media (Cambrex) supplemented with the EGM-2 BulletKit® (Cambrex) at 37°C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. Cells of passages 2 through 6 were used for all experimental procedures. HUVECs were seeded at a concentration of 4 × 103 cells/well into a 96-well plate in 100 μl EGM-2 containing different concentrations of α6NC1. Polymyxin B (Sigma) at a concentration of 5 μg/ml was used to inactivate endotoxin.50 After incubation for 48 hr at 37°C and 5% CO2, 10 μl of cell proliferation reagent WST-1 was added into each well and incubated for 4 hr at 37°C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. The absorbance was measured at 450 nm against a blank background control using a microplate reader. All experiments were performed in quadruplicate.
Gel electrophoresis and Western blotting
Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was performed as previously described.47, 51 For reducing SDS-PAGE, 30 μg protein were diluted with SDS sample buffer, boiled for 5 min and separated on 10% SDS polyacrylamide gels. Gels were either stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue, or proteins were transferred to Immobilon P membranes (Millipore, Billerica, MA) by semidry blotting. Unspecific binding sites were blocked with blocking solution (5% milk in TBST) for 30 min at room temperature (RT). Primary antibodies (polyclonal rabbit anti-α6NC1antibody; monoclonal anti-His-Tag antibody) diluted in blocking solution) were used at a 1:2,000 dilution, and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (Promega, Madison, WI) were used at a 1:10,000 dilution (in blocking solution for 1 hr at RT. Immunoreaction was visualized by enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL; Amersham, Freiburg, Germany) and film exposure (Denville, Metuchen, NJ).
Immunofluorescence labeling was performed as described previously.6, 47, 51 In brief, frozen sections of LLC tumor xenografts were analyzed for intratumoral microvessel density (MVD). Rat anti-CD31 antibody (Pharmingen, San Diego, CA) was used at a 1:50 dilution (in blocking solution 1% BSA) and applied for 1 hr at room temperature, followed by Rhodamine-conjugated anti-rat IgG (1:200 in blocking solution) for 1 hr at room temperature. CD31 positive blood vessels in 10 randomly selected high-power fields (HPF) were counted and averaged. Photomicrographs were taken using a Zeiss Axioscop 2plus fluorescence microscope and Axiovision digital imaging software (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany).
All values are expressed as mean ± SEM. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine statistical differences between groups using SPSS software. Bonferroni Post Hoc analysis was performed, when equal variances were assumed. Dunnett's T3 Post Hoc analysis was performed, when equal variances were not assumed. A level of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Human α6NC1 was produced in E. coli as a fusion protein with a N-terminal poly-histidine tag using pET-28b(+) bacterial expression plasmid and was purified by Ni-NTA agarose column chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis of the purified protein revealed a monomeric band of about 25 kDa (Fig. 1a). The α6NC1 protein was analyzed by Western blot using a rabbit polyclonal antibody raised against the NC1 domain of the α6 chain of type IV collagen (α6(IV) NC1) and a monoclonal anti-polyhistidine tag antibody (Fig. 1b). HPLC reversed-phase chromatography of the purified protein revealed 1 major peak at a retention time (RT) of 33.2–35.2 min using a linear acetonitrile gradient (51.6–54.75% acetonitrile) (Figs. 1c and 1d). The recombinant human α6NC1 protein had endotoxin levels <13 EU/mg protein (equivalent to <0.39 EU/ml) in all of the protein preparations, as analyzed by the QCL-1000® LAL Endpoint Assay. These levels are considered below the threshold of any activity against eukaryotic cells.
During the process of angiogenesis, endothelial cell proliferation is required to form new blood vessels. Therefore, we assessed the inhibitory effect of α6NC1 on endothelial cell proliferation. In proliferation assays, a dose-dependent inhibition of 10% serum-stimulated calf pulmonary artery endothelial cells (CPAE) was detected with an ED50 (Effective dose, 50%) of 5 μg/ml (Fig. 2a) using soluble protein produced in E. coli. Furthermore, human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) proliferation was also inhibited by α6NC1 in a dose-dependent fashion (Fig. 2b). Polymyxin B (5 μg/ml) was used to inactivate endotoxin, and a difference in the inhibitory effect was not detected (Figs. 2a and 2b).
To test the in vivo activity of α6NC1, we performed Matrigel plug assays52 in normal C57Bl/6 mice. Matrigel™ was injected in the presence of bFGF with or without α6NC1. A 50% reduction in the number of blood vessels was observed at a concentration of 1 mg/kg of α6NC1 (Fig. 3).
Next, 2 established mouse tumor models were used to test the antitumor activity of α6NC1. α6NC1 inhibits the growth of LLC tumors when compared to placebo-treated mice (Fig. 4). α6NC1was also used for a tumor regression trial using Rip1Tag2 transgenic mice, which develop spontaneous pancreatic carcinoma. α6NC1 significantly suppresses growth of pancreatic carcinoma in Rip1Tag2 mice when compared to placebo-treated mice (Fig. 5). The inhibition of tumor growth was associated with a significant decrease in the microvessel density in the tumor tissue (Fig. 6).
Recombinant human α6NC1 protein inhibits endothelial cell proliferation and in vivo neovascularization. α6NC1 also suppresses the tumor growth in 2 different mouse models of cancer.
To date, a number of matrix derived endogenous angiogenesis inhibitors have been identified, such as Endostatin,39 Canstatin,18 Arresten,17 Tumstatin6, 19, 40 and Endorepellin.53, 54 Endostatin was identified as the NC1 domain of the α1 chain of type XVIII collagen; Canstatin, Arresten and Tumstatin are derived from type IV collagen chains.6, 17–19, 40 The α1, α2 and α3 NC1 domains of type IV collagen were identified as inhibitors of angiogenesis and tumor growth, whereas the NC1 domains of the α4 and α5 chain did not reveal this anti-angiogenic property. In this study we demonstrate that the α6NC1 domain exhibits an anti-angiogenic property and inhibits tumor growth. Several type IV collagen NC1 domains exhibit anti-angiogenic property and have been given unique nomenclature to highlight such novel function. Therefore, we propose that the α6NC1 domain be designated Hexastatin, to highlight the fact that this NC1 domain is derived from the α6 chain of type IV collagen and causes “stasis” of angiogenesis and tumor growth.
Arresten binds to α1β1 integrin on proliferating endothelial cells, and its antiangiogenic activity is mediated by this integrin.17, 55 Canstatin binds to ανβ3 and α3β1 integrin on proliferating endothelial cells,18, 43, 56, 57 and Tumstatin binds to endothelial cells via ανβ3 integrin and α6β1 integrin,6, 58, 59 respectively. Thus, it is likely that α6NC1 also binds to an endothelial cell integrin, and that its activity maybe mediated by an integrin. Future studies will likely shed more light on the mechanism of α6NC1-mediated inhibition of angiogenesis.
This work was supported by grants from the US National Institutes of Health DK55001 (R.K.), DK62987 (R.K.), DK61688 (R.K.), AA53194 (R.K.), a research fund from the Division of Matrix Biology at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, the Stop and Shop Pediatric Tumor Foundation (H.S.). T.M.M. is supported by the German Research Foundation DFG (MU 2298/2-2).

domain: health


text:
Talk: Surabaya’s Pro-Poor Shelters
The transformation of Surabaya’s pro-poor shelter effortsA Talk by Dr. Ashok Das, Assistant Professor at the Department of Urban and Regional Planning, UH Mānoa. January 17, 2017 12:00 – 1:30pm Tokioka Room, Moore Hall 319
The city of Surabaya counts as a pioneer of pro-poor shelter efforts in the developing world for its effective upgrading of urban poor settlements. This presentation synthesizes multiple strands of Dr. Das’s continuing, decade-long research on Surabaya’s settlement upgrading interventions toward urban poverty alleviation. He will illustrate how, with the “local” emerging as the primary locus of governance and planning in a heavily decentralized and democratized post-authoritarian Indonesia, the city’s approach to improving/providing/designing shelter and services to the poor has also transformed, albeit less encouragingly. He attributes achievements and shortcomings of the city’s key efforts to the nature of the spaces that spawned them, shaped by evolving institutional environments and arrangements. He posits that the transformations in planning and design for shelter for the poor lie on a trajectory with three distinct phases: 1) the pre-decentralization phase of the [benevolent, local] developmental state (the New Order, late 1960s-1998); 2) a decade of post-decentralization flux (1999-2009); and 3) an ongoing phase of intensifying influences of neoliberalism and civil society. During the authoritarian era a strong and exclusive local institutional arrangement formed in Surabaya that fostered innovative shelter design and spatial planning for effective settlement upgrading; its sustained implementation and wide replication certainly empowered the hitherto marginalized urban poor. Yet, post-decentralization, this entrenched aspect of the local institutional environment has failed to catalyze state-civil society-community synergy – essential for making new pro-poor, community-driven initiatives effective and empowering. That and deepening neoliberal forces have stymied further local innovation in shelter and settlement design, and augur a continued attrition of the city’s pro-poor disposition in shelter interventions. From this analysis, he suggests “dos” and “don’ts” in the path ahead for Surabaya.

domain: geography


text:
People with hemorrhoids know very well how difficult it is to get rid of this ailment. Sometimes no medicine, no candles, no ointments help. But how many of us think about the fact that the true cause of the disease is malnutrition? That is why it is impossible to fight with manifestations of hemorrhoids, not observing a diet specially designed for such cases.
The role of diet in the therapy of hemorrhoids and anal fissures
The correct diet for anal fissures and hemorrhoids is very important, because the occurrence of these phenomena is directly related to the functioning of the colon – the terminal section of the gastrointestinal tract, where the undigested food remains.
Diet in the treatment of the disease performs the following functions:
- reduces the flow of blood to the perineal region,
- allows you to normalize the stool,
- strengthens the immune system and the body as a whole,
- Fighting obesity and reducing body weight.
Reducing the flow of blood to the region of the anus, and as a consequence, the swelling of the hemorrhoids – this is one of the most important tasks of the diet. It’s not a secret that some products can cause a similar effect. Therefore, they must be excluded from the patient’s menu.
Many believe that the opposite of constipation is diarrhea, with the disease is not dangerous. However, it is not. After all, a loose stool, especially if it happens several times a day, irritates the inflamed place, promotes the rapid multiplication of bacteria on it. In addition, the liquid stool, which comes into contact with the mucous membrane of the anal opening, leads to its inflammation and drying and the appearance of anal fissures and paroproctitis.
In addition, the diet for hemorrhoids should aim to strengthen immunity and the body as a whole. The diet should contain the necessary amount of vitamins and microelements for the body. This is important because it is necessary to achieve rapid healing of inflammation. It’s no secret that the inflammation of the hemorrhoidal nodes is often accompanied by bleeding. A similar phenomenon can also occur with a crack in the anus. And this means that the diet should be chosen so as to prevent the appearance of symptoms of anemia.
Finally, one of the causes of the disease is overweight. It should be borne in mind that in both men and women, fat deposits occur mainly in the lower part of the abdominal cavity. And this significantly increases the pressure on the intestine and worsens its blood circulation. Therefore, one of the purposes of a diet is to help a person lose weight, or at least not to gain extra pounds.
Thus, the strategic goal of the diet is to improve the patient’s condition and prevent the recurrence of the disease.
Types of diets with hemorrhoids
Diet for various types of disease – acute and chronic, has its own characteristics. In addition, a special category should include a diet, which should adhere to the patient who underwent surgery to remove the nodes. This diet is the most strict.
How to choose the best food
Picking the right diet can be quite difficult. Of course, the patient can come up with himself that he has and test the diet on himself. Thus, by trial and error, he can choose the optimal nutrition. Although this diet may not take into account the characteristics of the disease, as well as food allergies and food intolerance. Therefore, it is best to seek advice from a dietician, gastroenterologist, proctologist or therapist. If such an option does not exist, then it is necessary to adhere to the diet. It includes products with a predominance of dietary fiber of plant origin. The energy value of the diet is 2900-3600 kcal, the amount of plant proteins in it is 50-60 g, the same number of animal proteins, fats – 100-110 g (of which 30% of plant), carbohydrates 400-450. Salts must be consumed not more than 8-10 g per day.
The diet should contain enough iron, magnesium and potassium. Magnesium and potassium have a beneficial effect on intestinal contractions, and iron prevents the development of anemia caused by bleeding.
General principles of nutrition mean, first of all, fractional food. This means that you should abandon the traditional three-time meal-making system in the form of breakfast, lunch and dinner and replace it with 5-6 one-time meals. Of course, portions in this case should be reduced. This achieves a milder load on the gastrointestinal tract, the absence of its overvoltage. It is also desirable that food be taken at a strictly defined time every day. Breaks between meals should be approximately the same.
The last meal should be no later than 1,5-2 hours before going to bed, and it’s best to have supper for 3-4 hours before going to bed.
Food should be neither too hot nor too cold – both are too irritating to the intestinal wall. The optimum temperature is + 37-40 ° C.
Another important factor affecting the effectiveness of the diet, are the rules for food intake. As the heroes of the famous novel have said, chewing food carefully, you are helping society. And this is really so, thoroughly chewing food, a person helps, at least to himself and his health. After all, food on the run, in a hurry, swallowing huge chunks – this is also one of the reasons for irritation of the intestine and, as a consequence, the onset of the disease. Therefore, such bad habits should be eliminated.
Do not forget about drinking enough water. And it is desirable to use pure non-carbonated water, not tea, juices, or other drinks. This volume should be approximately 1,5-2 L per day. A sufficient amount of water makes it possible to moisturize the feces well and avoid the occurrence of constipation. It should be noted that lack of water can not only negate the entire positive effect of the diet, but also cause an opposite reaction, in particular, increased constipation. On the other hand, the use of water should be approached with caution to those people who suffer from kidney failure or cardiovascular diseases.
Consumption of salt, on the contrary, should be limited, since salt promotes the expansion of blood vessels.
The food should be balanced. For example, the consumption of even low-fat meat without vegetable side dishes, or with a garnish of pasta and potatoes can lead to a stool delay.
In the first place, this category includes products that provoke a rush of blood to the pelvic organs. These are all kinds of spices, including pepper and mustard, alcohol, smoked, fried and spicy dishes, pickles and marinades. Also banned are fatty kinds of meat – duck, goose, pork.
In addition, it is unacceptable to drink beverages that contain a large amount of gases, or promote fermentation – highly carbonated beverages, especially sweet, kvass, beer. Whole milk containing poorly digestible lactose should also be excluded from the diet.
It is also recommended to abandon foods containing starch and simple sugars, as they can also provoke fermentation in the intestine.
It is also not advisable to eat plants of the legume family – peas and beans because of their ability to cause severe flatulence.
Do not drink drinks that contain a lot of caffeine. These include coffee, cola and its analogs, as well as strong tea. Tea should not be discarded altogether, since the enzymes contained in it help to improve digestion, however, green tea or high-quality black tea with a not very strong degree of brewing should be preferred.
Most fruits are allowed, however, only mature fruits should be eaten. Perereznye or immature specimens should not be eaten.
Also it is undesirable to buy products from semi-finished products, with a lot of food additives.
The ban also includes mushrooms – these unconditionally delicious gifts of nature create too much strain even for a healthy gastrointestinal tract and are almost never fully digested.
What else is prohibited:
- saturated meat broths;
- refractory fats (lamb and lard);
- fat cottage cheese;
- buns, puffs and buns;
- pasta from the highest grade flour;
- mucous soups;
- canned food;
- fried eggs and hard-boiled eggs;
- cocoa and chocolate;
- confectionery products with cream;
- fast food, chips and fried croutons;
Consumption of berries and fruits should be limited:
In the acute form of the disease, you should not eat vegetables that contain too coarse fiber – white cabbage, turnip, radish and vegetables containing too little fiber, for example, potatoes (especially in the form of mashed potatoes). Do not use too sour greens, for example, sorrel.
What foods are recommended?
In the treatment of the disease, the primary task is to improve the peristalsis and work of the intestine, the formation of ductile stools. This task is well handled vegetable fiber, contained in vegetables and fruits.
Vegetable fiber also performs a number of other functions:
- promotes the removal of toxins and toxins,
- normalizes the level of cholesterol in the blood,
- maintains the optimal level of intestinal microflora.
However, it is necessary to avoid products that provoke excessive fermentation in the large intestine and cause flatulence.
Preferably soft fiber, which can be found in dried fruits – prunes, dried apricots.
Also the use of vegetable fiber does not mean that the patient should switch to a vegetarian diet. After all, the disease is characterized by heavy bleeding, in which much iron is lost. Its deficiency can be easily replenished only in products of animal origin – meat, fish and dairy products, which must be included in the diet in sufficient quantities. In addition to meat products, iron is also found in nuts and some green vegetables. However, in itself a high content of iron in foods – that’s not all. It is necessary that it is well absorbed. For the assimilation of iron should, in turn, take foods high in vitamin C. It is also useful to eat uneaten sunflower seeds (especially pumpkin seeds).
If a person is not used to adhering to a diet containing a large amount of vegetable fiber, then, of course, you need to move on to it gradually.
In some cases, the consumption of a large amount of natural fiber found in fruits and vegetables can cause the patient’s fermentation processes. In this case, the fiber can be replaced with wheat bran purchased at the pharmacy or store. Men need about 35 g bran a day for women, 25 for women. Too much wheat bran, however, you can not consume too, their maximum daily volume is 60. Regular consumption of bran can satisfy the body’s requirements for plant fiber in 75%. Bran can be added to any dish, or diluted with water and taken during meals.
Vegetables can be consumed in a large, but reasonable amount, in cooked or raw form. Also, vegetables can be cooked for a couple. Mostly vegetable should be a diet during the exacerbation. Vegetables, the consumption of which is most useful:
- cauliflower and broccoli,
It is very useful to eat with locks of sea kale – laminaria, although, strictly speaking, it does not apply to vegetables. It is recommended to add it to all vegetable salads.
You can eat and greens (parsley, green onions, dill), with the exception of its sharp varieties.
Onions and sweet peppers can be eaten in a thermally processed form and in moderate amounts.
Not recommended for eating vegetables containing a large number of essential oils – spinach, hot pepper, sorrel, as well as legumes, containing some digestive system not digestible. However, a small amount of green peas can be added to the dishes.
In general, a day is recommended to consume up to 400 g of vegetables and fruits.
Pasta, especially made from high-grade flour, is prone to cause stool and constipation. Therefore, their use should be limited. You can only eat a small amount of pasta from durum wheat.
Soups can be used as an excellent means to normalize the stool and a source of a sufficient amount of liquid. Soups are best prepared on vegetable broth or on a secondary meat or fish broth. Especially useful will be soup, borsch, beetroots, colds, soups with pearl barley, that is, those categories of first courses that contain a large amount of fiber. They are not recommended to put a large amount of potatoes (and it is better to do without it)
Fruits, like vegetables, are a source of vegetable fiber, as well as many vitamins, microelements and biologically active substances necessary for the body.
When a disease associated with frequent constipation, it is preferable to eat fresh fruits that have a mild, relaxing effect. This apricot, watermelon, plum, melon, peach, nectarine, banana, apples, persimmon. Also useful are dried fruits containing soft fiber – figs, apricots, dried apricots, prunes. They need to be consumed up to 10 pieces per day.
But when dealing with fruits, one should be careful, since immature or overripe fruits can cause severe diarrhea. Also, do not eat too acidic or too sweet fruit. Consumption of the following varieties of fruits and berries should be limited:
- Red currant,
- tangerines and oranges,
It is useful to combine berries and fruits with kefir or cottage cheese.
Meat and fish are sources of high quality protein, so they are needed by any organism. On the other hand, an excessive amount of protein in the menu increases the likelihood of constipation. Therefore, the percentage of animal proteins in the disease should be lower than in the usual diet.
But what sorts of meat and fish should I choose for food? Fat types of meat and fish are not recommended, because they create a big load on the intestines. Therefore, it is best to give up pork, you should carefully include beef and lamb in the diet. The most fatty varieties of meat are duck and goose. Therefore, the best types of meat and poultry such as veal, chicken breast and turkey are suitable. From fish it is best to choose pike-perch, hake, bream, carp, cod, pike.
An important factor is also the method of preparing meat products. They are best cooked steamed or baked in the oven, in foil, however, so that the surface does not form a crust annoying the intestines. Fried meat or fish should be excluded from the diet.
It should be remembered that any meat is more difficult to digest than fish. Therefore, it is undesirable to eat meat daily, enough to eat meat 2-3 times a week.
Chicken eggs soft-boiled or in the form of omelets can be consumed in small quantities (up to 2 pieces per day). Eggs hard-boiled or in the form of eggs are not recommended.
A large amount of fiber is found in porridges – buckwheat and oatmeal, barley and pearl barley. However, cereals from the processed grain (ground rice, semolina) are not suitable for feeding patients, since they contain too little fiber. Therefore, there is a great risk that such porridges will lead to constipation.
Fresh vegetable oils are useful at any time, but with the disease of the large intestine, their consumption as food becomes an urgent necessity. They have an enveloping effect, stimulate intestinal peristalsis and promote smooth passage of fecal masses through the anus. Preference should be given to flax and olive oil. Oils can be used in a pure form in the amount of several table spoons, and as a dressing for cereals and salads, instead of mayonnaise. To combat constipation, you can drink before eating a tablespoon of vegetable oil, diluted in kefir or any other sour milk product.
Nevertheless, consumption of vegetable oils is contraindicated in cholelithiasis.
Sour-milk products are very useful for nutrition in case of illness. They should pay special attention, since they contain many organic acids, as well as lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, which help restore intestinal microflora. The list of useful fermented milk products includes:
- yoghurt (unsweetened and without fillers),
- fermented woman,
Sour-milk products should be consumed daily, including, and during an exacerbation. Especially it concerns natural products. Kefir is best to drink at night.
Whole milk is best excluded from the nutrition scheme. Low-fat cottage cheese and sour cream, and also butter can be used in small quantities. You can also prepare dishes from cottage cheese – puddings and casseroles. It is allowed to eat fresh cheese.
Drinks are suitable for mineral water with a high content of sulphates and magnesium, natural juices (plum, apricot, tomato, carrot, beet, pumpkin), broth of wild rose. Fruits, mild tea, coffee-substitutes will also suit. Of course, you should drink a lot of and simple, still water. But from soda water is best to give up. Many doctors advise drinking a glass of plain water on an empty stomach immediately after awakening.
Drinks containing caffeine – coffee, cola, strong tea, are excluded from use, since caffeine promotes stagnation of fecal masses.
You should also stop using alcoholic beverages. The whole point is that alcohol contributes:
- drawing fluid from the lumen of the intestine,
- blood thickening,
All this can not but affect negatively the patient’s condition. Although a glass of light wine or beer, drunk during a feast during the remission of the disease, is likely not to hurt.
Do not drink tea or water directly during meals, it is best to wait for some time after it ends, for example, half an hour. Cold drinks are best served before meals, and warm drinks after meals.
It is not necessary to exclude bread from the food scheme altogether. However, preference should be given to coarse-grained bread, bread from flour 2 grade, bread with bran, since it contains the most fiber. It is not necessary to consume products from refined white flour – white bread, buns. Fresh bread is also undesirable, it is best to eat yesterday’s bread.
Confectionery products in most cases contain a lot of sugar and other simple carbohydrates. Consequently, they provoke strong fermentation in the intestines and flatulence. Therefore, they are not suitable for nutrition in case of illness, and confectionery consumption should be limited. Especially strictly this prohibition should be observed during the exacerbation of the disease.
It is possible to use the following products from sweets:
- cookies (uneatable and unsweetened varieties).
The number of sweets should be limited for another reason. After all, they contribute to a set of excess weight, especially in people with sedentary lifestyles. And excess weight, as indicated above – one of the factors contributing to the development of the disease.
Fasting is not included in the main arsenal of treatment of the disease. Moreover, prolonged fasting with her is contraindicated. After a prolonged inactivity of the intestine can lead to persistent constipation after the end of the fasting period. Nevertheless, in a number of cases it can be used, but not more than within one day. Usually fasting is used during an exacerbation, or immediately after the operation to remove nodes. Nevertheless, even if the patient does not eat, he is shown a plentiful drink.
Also, unloading days can be used – for example, days with the use of only juices or fermented milk products. Such methods of therapy can sometimes be prescribed by doctors to patients who are overweight.
In the chronic form of the disease, the recommendations are not so strict. Sometimes the patient can give himself the opportunity to relax a little and use a little unwanted products, for example, sharp or smoked dishes. This can happen, for example, during a feast, when it is uncomfortable to refuse refreshments. In this case, you can carry with you a tablet of enzyme preparations, such as Creon or Festal, which could help to digest heavier food more easily.
It is also possible in moderate amounts, not more than once a week to eat the following foods from the banned list, of course, in moderate amounts:
- potatoes and dishes from it,
- semolina porridge,
- sweet pastry.
Thus, a diet in the disease does not imply any serious limitations and allows you to easily vary the composition of products.
Features of the diet after the operation to remove nodes
In the first day after the operation, one should refrain altogether from taking any food, limiting oneself to drinking a large amount (several liters) of water. This is necessary so that the patient does not have a chair, because the fecal masses can easily damage the surgical suture. However, on the second day, the patient is allowed to eat small portions, 5-6 once a day. Preference is given to the porridges, however, not liquid, but crumbly. Buckwheat and millet porridge are best. You can also use:
- dairy products,
- dried bread from wheat flour,
- lean meat,
- vegetables and fruits (except white cabbage, turnips, radishes and legumes, radishes, grapes, citrus fruits),
- vegetable oils.
Of great importance is also the cooking regime. You should consume only boiled or stewed dishes or those that were cooked for a couple. In the first few days after the operation, the dishes are recommended to grind further. Thus, it is best to make soufflé, meatballs and cutlets from meat, and from vegetables – mashed potatoes and salads. And fried foods should be completely eliminated until the body is fully restored after the operation. But even in this case, fried foods can only be consumed in very limited quantities.
In addition, in post-operative rehabilitation, the mode of eating is of great importance. Breaks between meals should be small, an average of 2,5 hours, and portions should be small. This will avoid overloading the digestive system.
It is also recommended to strengthen intestinal peristalsis to drink on an empty stomach an infusion of prunes, water with honey, broth of wild rose. These drinks should be consumed in a cold form.
In the first week after the operation, the menu is recommended to be limited to the following products:
- low-fat cottage cheese and yogurt,
- steam cutlets,
- vegetable soups.
Within a month after the operation, a strict ban on:
- Fruits and vegetables with coarse fibers (radish, cabbage, apples, citrus fruits);
- carbonated and caffeinated drinks (tea, coffee, kvass, cola, lemonades);
- vegetables containing irritating substances of the intestine (radish, onion, garlic);
- lamb, pork;
- seafood (except lean fish);
Features of the diet for exacerbation of the disease
With this condition, both constipation and diarrhea are equally dangerous. The diet in this case is in many respects similar to that used after the operation to remove the nodes. On the first day after an exacerbation it is best to starve. However, the patient should drink enough water.
On the second day you can start eating crumbly porridge. Buckwheat, barley or oat porridge are most suitable in this case. Porridge should be given in small portions, it should not be filled with butter.
Then, in the diet of the patient, you can gradually add fresh fruits and vegetables, soups-mashed potatoes on vegetable broth. On the third day, you can add sour-milk products, and then boiled meat and fish. Meat broths are banned in this period.
Also smoked and fried foods, spices, mayonnaise, ketchups are strictly forbidden. All these products can cause blood flow to the pelvic organs, and as a result, aggravate the bleeding characteristic of the period of exacerbation.
Below is a menu with a five-fold meal, made for patients with chronic disease, taking into account the above recommendations. Of course, this menu option can vary within a fairly wide range and be adjusted to take into account the patient’s addictions, food intolerance and other limitations.
The advantage of this diet is its low cost, as its basis is available vegetables and fruits, and meat and fish are used about once a day.

domain: food


text:
Hellcat was almost magical that morning. Warblers were everywhere! Numerous yellow, black & white, yellow-rumped, northern parula, black-throated green, black-throated blue, magnolia, and Nashville warblers filled the trees and shrubs. Blue-headed vireos were all over, as well. Everyone had excellent views at these colorful mites of the bird world. I think the bird that stole the show was the blackburnian warbler, with its fiery orange throat gleaming off its black and white patterned body. Honorable mentions have to go to the two scarlet tanagers we encountered. One was an orange shade of red, but the other lived up to its brilliant scarlet name-both stunning birds to behold! The orioles and rose-breasted grosbeaks also drew many “oohs- and-aahhs.” It was one of those awestruck mornings that we didn’t really want to end. But our time was up and we had to pull ourselves away from the spectacle around us. This same front brought hummingbirds and orioles to backyard feeders last weekend.
Many customers reported seeing “their” birds return on Mother’s Day weekend. These birds continue to move in with each weather front where southwest winds aid their journey north. So if “your” birds haven’t shown up yet, don’t despair, there is still a lot of May, and migration to go. I stopped at the Oak Hill Cemetery a couple of days ago before work and found the oak trees around the water tower filled with warblers. The majority were yellow-rumped warblers, but there were several other species mixed in. Even the resident great-crested flycatcher had arrived, filling the air with his loud “wheep” call. Isn’t spring migration great!

domain: biology


text:
Sault Ste. Marie only saw 2.2mm of rain yesterday, but more is on the way for today according to Environment Canada, the Sault and area remain under a special weather statement:
5:15 AM EDT Tuesday 04 April 2017
Special weather statement in effect for:
Sault Ste. Marie – St. Joseph Island
Searchmont – Montreal River Harbour – Batchawana Bay
Total rainfall amounts of 15 to 30 millimetres are expected today across Northeastern Ontario.
Periods of rain will continue today and then taper off this evening. The rain may change to wet snow briefly this afternoon or this evening, with a 2 to 4 cm snowfall possible tonight in areas near the Quebec Border.
These rainfall amounts are below the criteria of 50 mm in 24 hours required for a rainfall warning.


Secure your loads with Dunnage Bags
Dunnage bags are the perfect solution to secure your loads in transit. No matter how you place your loads in a container, there will always be gaps between the cargo and the side walls. There will also be several voids between the pallets themselves. This will result in freight movement forward to backward during transit.
Dunnage Bags are made of Kraft paper with an inner layer of woven PP cloth for additional resilience and durability. The inside bladder is made of PA film, which enables quick inflation and deflation. An innovative inflation valve seals the bladder that can be inflated with an air-inflator gun.


The common Valley Oak (Quercus Lobata) is found endemically in California and is well adapted to the Mediterranean climate of wet winters and hot dry summers. It is easily characterized by its large velvety round-lobed leaves and arc-like branches. The purpose of this paper is to describe the anatomy, development, growing habits, reproduction and ecology of this species of oak and relate how evolution has caused its structure to follow functions necessary for survival and propagation.
Q. lobata is a deciduous tree with lobe-shaped leaves (about 5-10 cm in length)(Munz, 1973). Each leaf is covered with tiny hairs giving it a velvety texture. The tree itself can exceed 2-3 meters in diameter and be over 30 ft. tall (Munz 1973; Bolsinger 1988). Acorns from this species are 3-5 cm. long and are slenderer than other species (Munz 1973; Bolsinger 1988). Q. lobata is a part of the Lepidobalanus lineage of oaks, often termed white oaks (Tilson & Muller 1942). These oaks are characterized as having short styles, less tannin content in acorns, basal abortive ovules, equal cotyledons and leaves with either broadly rounded lobes or pointed with tooth-like mucronate tips (Tilson & Muller 1942). The bark of this lineage tends to be soft and grey as opposed to the dark-colored bark of Erythrobalanus the red oaks (Tilson & Muller 1942). One difference between these two lineages is that Erythrobalanus tends to have a thick-walled and rounded summerwood vessels (vessels found in the darker denser growth of the tree) whereas the summerwood vessels in Lepidobalanus can be characterized either as either thin-walled and angular or thick-walled and circular (Tilson & Muller 1942). Furthermore, Lepidobalanus tends to have more numerous vessels than does Erythrobalanus (Tilson & Muller 1942). Tyloses are much more common in the wood of white oaks than in red oaks (Tilson & Muller 1942). Tyloses, which are outgrowths of parenchyma cells, push through the pits of vessel members and block water movement. This makes the wood of Lepidobalanus better for watertight crafts such as wine casks or ship hulls. Q. lobata is a species that has thin walled numerous summerwood vessels unlike those of Erythrobalanus oaks (Tilson & Muller 1942). Q. lobata can be distinguished from other species of oak from the appearance of its leaves, bark, acorns, and summerwood vessels.
In Lepidobalanus, acorns are produced yearly. Fertilization occurs 1-2 months after the deposition of pollen. Once acorns are fertilized maturation takes another 3 months and then the acorns fall (Ducousso, Michaud & Lumaret, 1993). Seeds do not need a period of dormancy (due to the mild California winters) but usually require a depth of 5-10 cm for successful seed germination in soil (Griffin 1971; Tietje, Nives, Honig &Weitkamp, 1991). Q. lobata exhibits hypogeal germination-meaning that seeds germinate underground and do not need light for germination (Tietje et al. 1991). Shallowly buried or surface acorns are prone to desiccation or predation (Tietje et al. 1991). Seedlings grow best in partial shade where moisture is adequate (Griffin 1980). Seedlings are susceptible to herbivory and to competition from fast-growing annuals and generally have slow growth and long life-spans (Danielsen and Havorson 1991; Griffin, 1976).
Q. lobata is a phanerophyte--which means that it bears perennial buds at least 25 cm above the soil (Munz, 1973). Generally, Quercus sp. has very broad crowns and a highly branching growth habit (Griffin, 1976). Broader trees tend to gather more sunlight and outcompete their neighbors and also tend to have the requisite energy to produce more acorns. Q. lobata typically has many taproots going as deep as 30 meters thus requiring a water table within 30 m of the surface (Griffin 1977;1973; Barbour 1987). Historically the water table would be replenished from periodic inundations of rivers in the Central Valley (Granholm, Henry, Kanemoto & Palmer 1988). These oaks also have extensive networks of horizontal roots that access water from winter rains (Griffin 1977;1973). Q. lobata is intolerant of heavy salts; trees within 4 miles of the coast tend to have smaller leaves, are weakened and prone to disease (Ogden, 1980).
Q. lobata is a monoecious angiosperm that relies on the wind for pollination (Ducousso, Michaud & Lumaret, 1993). Each tree has unisexual catkins that require the pollination of a different tree for the formation of acorns (Ducousso, Michaud & Lumaret, 1993). Catkins of different sexes have different inflorescences. Staminate flowers are characterized by their formation on the inner bud scales on the lower portions of branches. They start forming in late spring; the following spring meiosis occurs immediately before the emergence of newly formed catkins. Pistillate flowers are characterized by their formation on the axils of new leaves; they often emerge a few days after male catkins. They develop during late winter and upon emerging 3-5 styles appear and become red and sticky (Ducousso, Michaud & Lumaret, 1993). Fertilization occurs when the pollen tube enters the ovule through the micropyle; only one ovule in the ovary is allowed to develop into a seed (Ducousso, Michaud & Lumaret, 1993). Oak trees have their first crop of acorns at and yield generally correlates with the size of the tree (Ducousso, Michaud & Lumaret, 1993). The process of fertilization allows the oak to establish more genetic diversity in its offspring than it would be able to do via self-fertilizing.
Q. lobata is distributed from Shasta County to Los Angeles County predominating in lower elevations, in the foothills and valleys beside the Coast Ranges and Sierras (Bartoleme, 1987). It is tolerant of both drought and floods (both conditions are characteristic of the Mediterranean climate of California) (Bartolome, 1987). These oaks dominate two distinctive plant communities in California: the valley oak woodland and valley oak riparian forest (Holstein, 1984). The valley oak Woodland is characterized by grassy savannahs with widely dispersed oaks (Holstein, 1984). These grasslands historically were populated by perennial bunchgrasses (Heady 1977). The now prevalent annuals compete with juvenile oaks for moisture often suffocating them (Danielson and Havorson 1991). Near waterways, on levees, and floodplains the valley oak riparian forest predominates (Hehnke and Stone 1979; Holland and Roye 1989). This plant community is characterized by a heavier understory of bushes grasses and vines including sumac, blackberries and grasses (Bolsinger, 1988). Historically it extended .6-5 miles on either side of major waterways (Hehnke and Stone, 1979; Barbour 1987). Q. lobata favors the rich deep silty loam and alluvial sand provided by regularly flooding rivers (Holland, 1986). It is also well adapted to periodic fires. While mature trees are fire-resistant, seedlings can sprout from the root crown after burning (Griffin, 1980 ). Fire does not burn buried acorns and it clears competing plants that might take moisture and suffocate new oak seedlings (Griffin, 1980). Q. lobata has a symbiotic relationship with many bird and mammal species providing nesting space and food (Carmen, Koenig and Mumme, 1987). It is dependent on cavity caching animals such as the scrub jay and the ground squirrel which often bury acorns at the requisite depth for germination and forget their caches (Carmen, Koenig and Mumme, 1987). Scrub Jays in particular tend to bury caches in recently burned areas which coincidentally allows the seedling to establish themselves with lower levels of competition (Odion, Bornstein & Carroll, 1988 ).
Recent changes brought by Euro-American settlement have created challenges to the propagation of Q. lobata forests. The damning of major rivers prevents the replenishment of nutrients in alluvial soils while also lowering the water table (Rossi, 1980). Fire control prevents the cyclical clearing of forests needed for the success of seedlings (Griffin, 1980). Feral pigs and cattle eat new seedlings before they have a chance of establishing (Havorson and Clark, 1989). Q. lobata is a prime example of how changes in environment and ecology can either force a species to evolve or go extinct. Since many of these changes are anthropogenic, changes in forest management can help preserve Californian oak forests.
Bolsinger, Charles L. (1988). The hardwoods of California's timberlands, woodlands, and savannas. (pg. 148) Resour. Bull. PNW-RB-148. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Barbour, Michael G.(1987). Community ecology and distribution of California hardwood forests and woodlands. Proceedings of the symposium on multiple-use management of California's hardwood resources;1986 November 12-14; San Luis Obispo, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-100.(pg. 18-25) Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest, and Range Experiment Station
Bartolome, James W. (1987). California annual grassland and oak savannah. Rangelands, 9(3) 122-125
Carmen, William J., Koenig, Walter D., Mumme, Ronald L. (1987). Acorn production by five species of oaks over a seven-year period at the Hastings Reservation, Carmel Valley, California. In: Plumb, Timothy R.; Pillsbury, Norman H., technical coordinators. Proceedings of the symposium on multiple-use management of California's hardwood resources; 1986 November 12-14; San Luis Obispo, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-100. (pg. 429- 434) Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station
Danielsen, Karen C.; Halvorson, William L. (1991).Valley oak seedling growth associated with selected grass species. In: Standiford, Richard B., technical coordinator. Proceedings of the symposium on oak woodlands and hardwood rangeland management; 1990 October 31 - November 2; Davis, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-126. (pg. 9-13) Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station
Ducousso, A., Michaud, H., & Lumaret, R. (1993). Reproduction And Gene Flow In The Genus Quercus L. Annales des sciences forestières, 50(Supplement), 91s-106s.
Griffin, James R. (1971). Oak regeneration in the upper Carmel Valley, California. Ecology. 52(5): 862-868.
Griffin, James R. (1973). Xylem sap tension in three woodland oaks of central California. Ecology. 54(1): 152-159
Griffin, James R. (1976). Regeneration in Quercus lobata savannas, Santa Lucia Mountains, California. American Midland Naturalist. 95(2): 422-435
Griffin, James R. (1977). Oak woodland. In: Barbour, Michael G.; Malor, Jack, eds. Terrestrial vegetation of California. (pg. 383-415) New York: John Wiley and Sons
Griffin, James R. (1980). Animal damage to valley oak acorns and seedlings, Carmel Valley, California. In: Plumb, Timothy R., technical coordinator. Proceedings of the symposium on the ecology, management, and utilization of California oaks; 1979 June 26-28.(pg. 242-245) Claremont, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-44. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest, and Range Experiment Station
Halvorson, William L.; Clark, Ronilee A. (1989). Vegetation and floristics of Pinnacles National Monument. Tech. Rep. No. 34.(pg. 113) Davis, CA: University of California at Davis, Institute of Ecology, Cooperative National Park Resources Study Unit.
Heady, Harold F. (1977). Valley grassland. In: Barbour, Michael G.; Major, Jack, eds. Terrestrial vegetation of California. (pg. 491-514) New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Hehnke, Merlin; Stone, Charles P. (1979). Value of riparian vegetation to avian populations along the Sacramento River Sy. In: Johnson, R. Roy; McCormick, J. Frank, technical coordinators. Strategies for protection and management of floodplain wetlands & other riparian ecosystems: Proc. of the symposium; 1978 December 11-13;(pg. 228-235) Callaway Gardens, GA. General Technical Report WO-12. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.
Holland, Robert F. (1986). Preliminary descriptions of the terrestrial natural communities of California. (pg. 156) Sacramento, CA: California Department of Fish and Game.
Holstein, Glen. (1984). California riparian forests: deciduous islands in an evergreen sea. In: Warner, Richard E.; Hendrix, Kathleen M., eds. California riparian systems: Ecology, conservation, and productive management: Proceedings of a conference; 1981 September 17-19; Davis, CA. (pg.2-22) Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
Munz, Philip A. (1973). A California flora and supplement. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Odion, D., Bornstein, C., & Mary, M. (1988). Revegetation in the Santa Barbara region: enduring dilemmas and potential solutions. Proceedings of the second native plant revegetation symposium; 1987 (pp. 76-91). Madison Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Arboretum, Society of Ecological Restoration & Management.
Tillson, A. H., & Muller, C. H. (1942). Anatomical And Taxonomic Approaches To Subgeneric Segregation In American Quercus. American Journal of Botany,29(7), 523.
Ogden, Gary L.(1980). Sea-salt aerosol damage to Quercus agrifolia and Quercus lobata in the Santa Ynez Valley, California. In: Plumb, Timothy R., technical coordinator. Proceedings of the symposium on the ecology, management, and utilization of California oaks; 1979 June 26-28. (pg. 230-237) Claremont, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-44. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest, and Range Experiment Station:
Rossi, Randall S.(1980). History of cultural influences on the distribution and reproduction of oaks in California. In: Plumb, Timothy R., technical coordinator. Proceedings of the symposium on the ecology, management and utilization of California oaks; 1979 June 26-28; Claremont, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-44. (pg. 7-18) Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest, and Range Experiment Station
Tietje, Willaim D.; Nives, Sherryl L.; Honig, Jennifer A.; Weitkamp, William H. (1991). Effect of acorn planting depth on depredation, emergence, and survival of valley and blue oak. In: Standiford, Richard B., technical coordinator. Proceedings of the symposium on oak woodlands and hardwood rangeland management; 1990 October 31 - November 2; Davis, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-126. (pg. 14-20). Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station
Capital Punishment and Vigilantism: A Historical Comparison
Pancreatic Cancer in the United States
The Long-term Effects of Environmental Toxicity
Audism: Occurrences within the Deaf Community
DSS Models in the Airline Industry
The Porter Diamond: A Study of the Silicon Valley
The Studied Microeconomics of Converting Farmland from Conventional to Organic Production


text:
1. Who is your primary audience? Do you have a secondary one?
- Primary audience is people who want to follow recipes or are interested in sharing their recipes with others though a recipe data base. Secondary audience are people who might be interested in cooking but are archiving ideas not necessarily following a recipe. So meal planning people.
2. What are the top three objectives for your app?
- create a user friendly app environment that make a customizable experience for the user
- create a very clear, UI system that makes sense for the content of the app
- to be able to contain a lot of information with out overwhelming the user
3. What are all of the features that related apps have? Are there any that you have thought of on your own? List as many as you can.
- I think it would be helpful to also have a grocery list for adding ingredients that you need to buy for a recipe.
- None of the apps I found had some kind of origin of food mapping, I would like to include that, one could pick their cuisine preference and go from there
- Video library maybe for some of the recipes
- organizing a step-by-step instructions for the recipes
- recipe library
- nutritional value of a recipe
- scan bar code for adding “unknown” ingredients
4. What is the bare minimum in functionality that your web app should be able to do?
- Users should be able to search for a specific recipe and find the one they want, click it, and read the instructions/ingredients
5. What features are unnecessary or don’t lead directly to the objectives you listed above?
- I think it’s important to have professional photographs of the food, people want to see the final product and if it looks mouthwatering or looks good could be key reasons why they are looking up a recipe in the first place
6. What is your “Call to Action” (The first thing a user should do)?
- select a recipe or search for one
I want to remake an interface for a recipe library for project 2. After looking at the best recipe iphone apps I was surprised at all of the options. However, there wasn’t one app that seemed to have a really excellent user interface. The one that was closest to being ok was this one.
However, it lacks some details I would like to include in my app design. As far as user interface this one wins for less cluster and more usability. I would like to include a way to categorize food by adding some additional information such as culture/origin of the recipe. I would also include a way to scan bar codes for creating one’s own recipes or substituting ingredients in a recipe.
All of these have a pretty solid library, it’s just the way the user navigates through them that makes them more or less desirable. This app shows a narration of a chef helping the user step-by-step including video tutorials. Not sure if I want the actual chef narration but the video could be helpful for people, and should be included.
Having a really good library that holds all of the recipes clearly will be crucial in the re-make of this app design. Also considering including HD photography or going with icons, or both. Something that shows the user what they are looking for in their library with out the over clutter and extremely small food images.
Including a grocery list component for collecting ingredients would be wise. Letting the user quickly add items to a master list that can be used outside of the recipe section of the app. The idea would be to have the user add to there list in the app by selecting specific ingredients in the recipe.
This recipe app should include, recipe library, editable recipes, create your own recipe, sharing components, ratings, comments, following others, grocery list, bar code food scanning, nutritional value of recipe, serving sizes, video component, difficulty level, cultural/origin of food.
Hey I accidentally pre-ordered two of these, anyone want my extra one? (It’s the newest and latest revised edition)
You can have it for $12.00.

domain: hobby


text:
A gun rights group is taking aim at an Obama administration plan to ban a popular form of ammunition, arguing it’s really a disguised effort to achieve gun control the American people reject.
The Second Amendment Foundation’s media campaign targets the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms proposal to ban the M8555 5.56 cartridge on the grounds that it can penetrate protective armor worn by law enforcement officers.
To gun rights supporters, the argument is a decoy.
“The president has long supported a ban on semiautomatic rifles and their magazines,” foundation founder Alan Gottlieb said in a news release.
“Now his administration is going after the ammunition. Evidently, they’ve decided that rifles and magazines won’t be a problem if people have no ammunition to put in them.”
The campaign against the ban will be high profile, with the Second Amendment Foundation buying ads and making media appearances geared to conservative audiences.
“We are buying several hundred thousand dollars worth of TV and radio time,” Gottlieb told the Washington Free Beacon. “We will be on Fox News and Glenn Beck’s Blaze Network.”
The group has picked up support from Kentucky Republican Sen Rand Paul, a potential contender for the party’s presidential nomination next year. In a Facebook posting, he called the proposed ban a “backdoor route to imposing President Obama’s gun control.”
In the release, Gottlieb said the White House is getting pressed for time.
“There are less than two years remaining in Barack Obama’s presidency,” Gottlieb said. “He’s scrambling to create a legacy, and a big part of that is effort is to establish himself as the man who brought restrictive gun control to America. He has weakened our military, eroded our diplomatic credibility and now he’s scrambling to destroy the Second Amendment. We’re giving Americans the voice to stop him.”
DONATE TO BIZPAC REVIEW
Please help us! If you are fed up with letting radical big tech execs, phony fact-checkers, tyrannical liberals and a lying mainstream media have unprecedented power over your news please consider making a donation to BPR to help us fight them. Now is the time. Truth has never been more critical!
- Pelosi goes off the deep end when asked if a baby is human; ‘might be the dumbest response in history’ - October 1, 2015
- GOP congressman, whose mom died of breast cancer, explodes: ‘I’m tired of getting lectures from Democrats!’ - October 1, 2015
- Undercover sting catches Hillary worker breaking law: Hispanic voter sign-up using ‘Trump’s ‘bi**hface’ - October 1, 2015
We have no tolerance for comments containing violence, racism, profanity, vulgarity, doxing, or discourteous behavior. If a comment is spam, instead of replying to it please click the ∨ icon below and to the right of that comment. Thank you for partnering with us to maintain fruitful conversation.


This steering spring set is designed to be used with the T3-01 (Dancing Rider Kit) chassis. These springs replace the kit standard MC10 parts in the top of the front fork. By using these stiffer options, it will help adapt your machine to different surface conditions and model speed.
． Steering Spring (Medium) x1
． Steering Spring (Hard) x1
． Sponge Tape (15x150mm) x1
． Compatible with T3-01 chassis models.


text:
Southwest Airlines Kicks Off New Service
Southwest increases service options for California travelers. By December, Southwest plans to offer up to 98 California departures daily to more than two dozen...
9 hours ago - Global Traveler
Gladden is the Most Private Island Resort in the World
Located in Gladden, an island fringed with coral and white sand in the heart of the Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System, this is the perfect island resort to get away from it all
4 days ago - Luxuo
Play at being Robinson Crusoe on this remote island in Belize
Bird Island is located on an atoll in Belize, with a colourful private retreat accommodating six guests. The quirky property is currently available to rent via Airbnb.
6 days ago - Mail Online
For the Record
FTC lawsuit: In the Nov. 9 Business section, an article about a federal lawsuit against a Belize real estate development included a caption that referred to the Federal Trade...
8 days ago - LA Times
Massive real estate scam based in Irvine bilked people out of $100 million, FTC alleges
The Federal Trade Commission announced Thursday that it's looking to shut down the “largest overseas real estate investment scam” it has ever encountered: an unfinished luxury...
10 days ago - LA Times
Travel deals of the week: Tours, cruises, more
Savings on a South Africa safari; single supplement fees waived on a Belize tour.
12 days ago - Newsday
Belize's 7 greatest wildlife experiences
Central America's pocket marvel is blessed with an array of astounding creatures, from whale sharks to toucans and jaguars. Here's how to discover Belize's best wildlife hot...
26 days ago - Wanderlust
Flyfishing and Photography in Belize
Experience Belize's natural beauty and learn how to record it with a new, week-long tour to Amergris Caye from Frontiers International Travel , led by award-winning...
29 days ago - Global Traveler
U.S., Belize ink Open Skies pact
The agreement replaces the U.S.-U.K. air services agreement, known as Bermuda II, that has applied to U.S.-Belize air services since 1977.
1 month ago - Travel Weekly
4 spectacular ways to experience Belize
From first timers and chilled out beach goers, to culture vultures and nature lovers, there's a trip to suit everyone in Belize. Get inspiration from our itineraries that...
1 month ago - Wanderlust
The headlines of Very International People
9 winter sun adventures you'll want to book now
As temperatures drop and the days shorten, these tours offer the chance to throw off the woolly jumpers and enjoy an active, sunny winter adventure
Photo gallery: 11 otherwordly landscapes of Iceland that will make you want...
From majestic waterfalls to illuminating northern lights, Iceland beholds some of the world's most breathtaking scenery and natural wonders. Take a glimpse through the lens of...
Nashville is the city that tops the country music charts
Graham Boynton took advantage of British Airways' new direct route from London to Nashville and checked out the city's country music scene.
How to spend 48 hours in Luxembourg
Luxembourg may not be everyone's go-to place for a long weekend right now. But it turns out it has quirks, cafes and culture at every turn, says Neil Simpson.
Great British Boltholes: A review of The Village Pub, Cotswolds
The Village Pub is located within sleepy Barnsley, a few miles east of Cirencester. The rooms feature ‘yummy boxes' stocked with Cotswolds lager and bubbly.
Ex-Blue Peter presenter Janet Ellis recalls her holidays of a lifetime
Ex-Blue Peter presenter Janet Ellis discusses her love affair with Japan - and recalls taking her daughter, now pop star Sophie Ellis-Bextor, on her honeymoon to Bali.
10 cracking Christmas holiday packages across the UK
If you fancy spending Christmas at a relaxing hotel, wherever you choose has to feel very special - so we've selected the best deals on offer to help you pick a winner.
Former military lookout point perched on the Rock of Gibraltar is...
Built on the foundations of an anti-aircraft base used during the Second World War, the incredible viewing point stands taller than The Shard in London.
Nerve-wracking footage from the cockpit shows pilots landing during...
The pilots' bodies can be seen juddering in the turbulence, with torrential rain resulting in zero visibility before the runway in Spain gradually comes into view.
Half of the world's annual precipitation falls in just 12 days, new study finds
Government researchers analyzed data collected at weather stations across the globe for the find, and found the rainiest days are set to get rainier.


NEW Automatic Liquid Sampler for GC Systems - 209 Positions
The system is fully self-contained and can be easily installed on all the GC and GC/MS systems available in the market, because of flexibility and modular configuration. It can be configured to serve up to two injectors in most supported GCs. The rotating tower leaves the injector port free for manual injection or maintenance. In addition to avoiding any complicated sample vial transfer procedures, this approach keeps the samples away from any heated source. In fact, the sample rack is mounted away from the GC oven to prevent exposure to high temperatures, which could cause degradation or condensation in the sample vial. The self-aligning “plug and play” Liquid GC Autosampler mounts in seconds, without tools. It can be easily moved between GCs when workloads change, due to its easy positioning, repositioning and easy removal.
Due to its 209 2mL sample vials, the Liquid GC Autosampler is setting a new standard in the market. Samples are organized in two racks that can be easily removed for sample loading or preparation, or to be stored elsewhere. An integrated Bar Code Reader can be available with every Liquid GC Autosampler unit, offering full and detailed sample tracking. The Liquid GC Autosampler features the innovative SyringeID, a proprietary technology based on RFID tags. The SyringeID is able to identify syringes in an univocal way; thereby preventing errors when mounting a syringe, preventing syringe volume mismatching and keeps track of the syringe consumption (preventive maintenance counters). The SyringeID system is able to provide you with a level of confidence never previously achieved by identification systems based on syringe carriers.
- Fits most GCs and GC/MSs
- Compatible with ChemStation
- Comparable to Agilent & CTC samplers
- Easy to use
- Lowest total cost of ownership in the industry
Full Service Reseller of New & Used Lab Instruments
We are not equipment brokers. Our 60,000 square foot facility houses an extensive multi-million dollar inventory ready to be installed in your lab. We staff knowledgable sales manager who are committed to helping you get the right instrument into your lab. Experienced chemists and expert service engineers are available for all your service needs and instrument questions.
- Tested & Warrantied Used Laboratory Instruments
- Large Inventory of Tested & Warrantied Parts
- Purchase, Lease and Rent Financing options
- Lifetime Phone Support & Remote Troubleshooting
- Delivery and Installation
- Customized Training
- Service & Repair
The GenTech Difference
Since 1996 GenTech Scientific has served laboratories globally with integrity, focused on the details that are specific to each individual customer. Every lab is different and our goal is to provide you with exactly what you need for the best value. We are a laboratory equipment dealer of a variety of new products such as Atomic Absorption Spectrometers (AA), UV-VIS Spectrophotometers, Vacuum Pumps, Gas Generators, Mass Spec Quiet Boxes, Water Chillers, Degassers, Workbenches and more.
Get cash or purchase credit for your unwanted laboratory assets!
GenTech buys a wide range of equipment from Agilent, Thermo, Waters, AB Sciex, Shimadzu, Perkin Elmer, and More! Since 1996 GenTech Scientific has purchased used laboratory equipment to refurbish and resell with 1 Year warranties. Our refurbished equipment comes fully tested, and supported long after the manufacturers! If you have old or unused lab equipment in your laboratory that you are looking to sell, contact GenTech and see how we can help you!
Trade-In for Purchase Credit
Apply your trade-in value towards your next purchase! Learn more about Trade-In's.
If you have a trade-in complete the quote request form including the instruments you wish to purchase and the equipment you have to trade. Click here to Request a Quote.
Sell Your Lab Equipment
GenTech is currently interested in purchasing GC, HPLC, MS, LC/MS, ICP/MS equipment and laboratory accessories! Click Here to see a complete list.
To sell your equipment please include the make, model and pictures of the instruments you have to sell. Click here to Contact the Purchasing Department.