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Dover-Foxcroft, Maine – “Combat Mission: Touch” allows you to command American and German troops during and after the invasion of Normandy, June 1944! It mixes fun and realism for a unique, hands-on, 3D wargame experience.
Available on the AppStore April 2, 2012, exclusively for the iPad 2 and The New iPad – the only mobile devices that are powerful enough to fully immerse you in the dramatic battles of World War 2 – for only $4.99.
“Combat Mission: Touch” is the result of a collaboration between Battlefront.com, the critically acclaimed creators of the genre defining Combat Mission series of wargames for now over 10 years, and Dromedary LLC. Using Combat Mission’s unique WeGo turn-based play mode of simultaneous planning and execution phases, and a vast 3D environment, it combines the fun of fast paced action with the strategy of turns. Make no mistake, fun as it is, “Combat Mission: Touch” is a true wargame, with a number of mind-blowing features that were available, until now, only on the desktop.
So, get down on the ground and get dirty, Private. The outcome of the next combat battle is in your hands. Literally!
“Combat Mission: Touch” Features:
* Full 3D view of the battlefield
* Smoothly zoom from bird’s eye for strategic control down to eye level for tactical awareness
* Command historically accurate vehicles and infantry units like the M4 Sherman Tank or the German Panther tank
* Play solo or head-to-head on the Internet
* Invite your friends on GameCenter
* Find opponents on the Internet automatically
* Watch replays of battles and share them with friends … or enemies
* Watch and replay every detail of the action from any angle
* Realistic ballistics and armor penetration algorithms; make no mistake, fun as it is, this is a true wargame!
* Realistically simulated weapons and effects
* Troop morale and fatigue
* Forward observers and artillery
* WEGO (as in: “we go together” simultaneous planning and action phases) – the fun of fast paced action with the strategy of turns
* Battle across vast distances (2km x 2km maps!)
* Play as Americans or Germans
* Fight on the beaches, hills, and bocage of France
* Includes 7 unique and detailed maps and historical combat missions: Uncle Red Beach, Morning of the 902nd, Panzer Ace, Off the Beach!, Crossroads, Battlegroup Scholze, Ravenstein’s Bridge
* More maps and missions will be made available in-app
* Includes tutorial video… you had better do what the Drill Sergeant $@*!% asks you to!
* iPad 2 Wi-Fi, iPad 2 Wi-Fi + 3G, iPad (3rd generation), and iPad Wi-Fi + 4G
* Requires iOS 5.0 or later
* 375 MB
Pricing and Availability:
Combat Mission : Touch 1.0 is $4.99 USD (or equivalent amount in other currencies) and available worldwide exclusively through the App Store in the Games category.
Battlefront.com is an independent developer and publisher for Superior War and Strategy games for PC, Mac and iPad for almost 12 years, and home to one of the web’s largest and fastest growing wargaming communities. Copyright (C) 2012 Battlefront.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Apple, the Apple logo, iPhone, iPod and iPad are registered trademarks of Apple Inc. in the U.S. and/or other countries.

domain: game


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Hello! I am Serena, an Australian adventure, travel and landscape photojournalist based in Iceland.
My home is always where my camera is. I find pleasure in the simple things in life and am constantly seeking these wherever I go. Some of my favourite things include slow mornings, long afternoons, pots of tea, cooking, trips away, small farms, seasonal foraging, markets, gardening and trekking about in the fresh air. I am inspired by the changing seasons, rainy days, big cities, expansive countryside, the sun on my face, driving on open roads, misty mountains, living organically, generous conversation and free-spirited people.
This is my space – a compendium of my adventure, travel and landscape ventures. My drive is to capture and share moments from a simple and slower pace of life. For me, photography is about appreciating and documenting the story from the ground up. Travel alludes to constant wandering, learning, as well as seeking to experience culture and adventure. In my world, meeting with others is the ultimate thrill – it is about the pleasure of emotional connection; understanding, watering and tending to the roots from which we grow.
I aim to be inspired and to know that it is possible to keep creating… to live a life that is dynamic, visionary and productive. I find a certain comfort in capturing what goes on around me and in appreciating the simplicity of single moments where being alive provides the ultimate peace. If you happen to connect with my work, then I would love for you to leave a comment somewhere – it always makes my day.
“I never found beauty in longing for the impossible and never found the possible to be beyond my reach.” – Ayn Rand

domain: artistic


Light meters, sometimes referred to as lux meters, are instruments that measure light levels or light pollution. You can find out more in our guide to light meters.
How is light measured?
Light can be measured in different ways with different light measurement instruments:
- Photometer – measures visible light or light intensity. Light intensity can also be measured in two different ways; one way is by using a luminance meter which measures the visible energy output of a light source, or another method is by using an illuminance meter that measures the visible energy falling on an object's surface
- Integrating sphere - collects electromagnetic radiation from a source completely external to the optical device
- Spectrometer – uses the light, breaks it into its spectral components and creates a digital signal in wavelength form
- Light Meter – measures light levels and is the most commonly used piece of equipment
Light meters usually return measurements in Lux (in Europe), foot-candles (in the US), or both. Typical models are handheld and feature an integrated light sensor or a sensor connected by a lead.
What are light meters and LUX meters used for?
Light meters are frequently used in workplaces, schools, hospitals and public places to test if there is an appropriate amount of light within the environment. This is particularly pertinent in the workplace, as there is a responsibility that employees work in an environment with suitable lighting.
They are also a key piece of light measurement equipment when it comes to working in photography, especially when using a camera in a studio, or in ambient light. A handheld light meter is often used to determine the proper exposure for a photograph.
Budget light meters can help to perform quick checks on light intensity where more advanced models have monitoring functionality as well as the ability to record, store and transfer data.
Key Benefits of a Light Meter and a LUX Meter:
- Portable and sometimes pocket-sized, they are a useful piece of equipment to have for any light measuring applications
- A meter that offers accuracy in measurement
- Easy to read displays with real-time results
Light Meters can help support a healthy building by improving Lighting


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text:
Florence Airport (FLR)
Airlines and Terminals
Florence Amerigo Vespucci Airport (FLR), Italy is served by many domestic and international airlines, flying to and from Florence en route to a range of destinations in Italy and throughout Europe.
With two main terminal buildings at Florence FLR Airport, airlines usually board from their designated terminals.
The Departures Terminal features a number of domestic airlines from around Italy and major international airlines, catering for approximately 900 passengers. The Arrivals Terminal caters for approximately 1,400 passengers.
Florence's airport contains two main terminal buildings, with 19 check-in desk and six gates, serving a large number of airlines.
- Departures Terminal - features a number of domestic airlines from around Italy and major international airlines, catering for approximately 900 passengers
- Arrivals Terminal - catering for approximately 1,400 passengers
The following Florence airlines information shows the principal airlines that operate throughout the terminal buildings of Florence Amerigo Vespucci Airport (FLR). Ticket and information desks at FLR terminal buildings are usually located nearby.
- Air Berlin
- Air France (Brit Air)
- Air France (CityJet)
- Austrian Airlines (Tyrolean Airways)
- Belle Air
- Brussels Airlines
- Czech Airlines
- Darwin Airline
- Lufthansa Regional (Air Dolomiti)
- Lufthansa Regional (Lufthansa CityLine)
- Meridiana Fly
- Swiss International Air Lines (Swiss European Air Lines)

domain: travel


KRAFTLOSS (Carlos Morales) DJ & Producer from Mendoza, Argentina. At 8 years old he discovered that tastyness in electro music, that make the adrenaline run in your veins. He make himself a HUGE fan of a lot of good producers in the electro world like: DAFT PUNK, NOISIA, The Chemical Brothers, NEOSIGNAL, The Prodigy and Fat Boy Slim. At 13 years old, KRAFT starts to play guitar, drums and piano by himself.Without any kind of knowledge in music production, at 18 years old, he starts to make some beats guided by his instincts in diferents DAW's in his laptop. But he get in love with Ableton.


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1 page/≈275 words
Describe Issue in American Government and Politics (Research Paper Sample)
To discus some of the issues affecting American governance systemsource..
Issue in American Government and Politics
Teddy. O. Stephen
15th June 2015
Issue in American Government and Politics
The American government has been faced with multiple political and economic issues lately. President Obama is working to build a country and economy in which hard work is rewarded, fairness is valued and where each and every individual is held accountable for what they do. For all the states throughout the country this year, there is a common theme: a climate of uncertainty on the major issues that are facing the country currently CITATION And08 \l 1033 (Andrea, 2008). Although the government is currently facing the economic and political challenges with a bold and comprehensive plan, there are still very sensitive and critical issues that is greatly affecting the American population that should be handled with the seriousness that they deserve. We cannot dispute the fact that the country is experiencing more economic and political problems. However, some of this problems are more vital and comprehensive than others. In this essay, we shall focus mostly on the three major issues that are currently forming the headlines in the country which include: health care, minimum wage and immigration.
Minimum Wage Laws
The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) requires employers to comply with minimum wage laws of the state which might set the minimum wage rates higher than the federal rate. Currently, forty five states have their own minimum wages, of which eighteen of this state have their minimum wage higher than the federal minimum of about seven dollars. Only five of this state do not have their own minimum wage and rely upon FLSA CITATION Jam13 \l 1033 (James, 2013).
The efforts by President Obama to raise the federal minimum wage to $9 per hour seems to be bearing no fruit. Most Politian have held on to different opinions regarding the pending decision by the government to increase the minimum wage. Most critics believe that the idea held by most Americans that increasing the minimum wage is socially beneficial, is just a delusion. It is a short sited belief and ignores the reality. It is argued that workers who retain their jobs, as a result of an increased wage bill, are made better but only at the expense of unskilled, mostly young, workers who either cannot find a job at that legal minimum wage or in a worst case scenario lose their jobs CITATION Dav12 \l 1033 (David & Hall, 2012). A higher minimum wage attracts new entrance but does not always guarantee them a job. For instant if the minimum wage exceeds the prevailing market wage, some workers may have their hours cut or lose their jobs all together. There is proven evidence that a ten percent increase in the minimum wage always results to about three percent decrease in employment of workers who are low skilled CITATION Jam13 \l 1033 (James, 2013).
Despite the use of different models to understand the effects of minimum wages, all analyst have come to the agreement that business and corporates will have to adapt to the higher labor cost after a minimum wage increase. The high cost of labor caused by an increased minimum wage will in the long run be passed on to someone, the only question is who will that be? The fact that policy makers need to understand is that their decision to increase the minimum wage is not cost free, someone will have to pay for it. The higher the minimum wage relative to the competitive market wage level, the higher the level of employment loss CITATION Jam13 \l 1033 (James, 2013).
Although this decision has been received with much critic, raising the minimum wage still has its own advantages. One major advantages of raising the minimum wage is reduction of poverty. According to various findings, raising the minimum wage will reduce the level of poverty. Economic estimates state that if the country can raise the minimum wage to ten dollars per hour, the poverty level for non-elderly Americans will be reduced to fifteen percent from the current eighteen percent. This will draw about seven million Americans out of poverty CITATION Jam13 \l 1033 (James, 2013). Raising the minimum wage will have an overall positive economic effect apart from just lowering the poverty level. Economic analysis have pointed out that raising the minimum wage does not cause unemployment as claimed by most critics, instead it boost the countries productivity and at the same time address the growing concern of the rising income inequality in America CITATION Dav12 \l 1033 (David & Hall, 2012). It is important to note that the proposed increase in minimum wage is consistent with what the American economy can provide. While the value of the minimum wage has been lost in the inflation adjusted dollar, the overall American economy has grown considerably. Between the year 1968 and 2013, the country’s gross domestic product grew by an inflation adjusted 254 percent, from $4.6 trillion to 15.8 trillion CITATION Dav12 \l 1033 (David & Hall, 2012).
A common position in the fight for universal health care is to make the claim that the current health care system in America is, in its current state, a big failure. While the American government spent quite a lot in health care than any other developed nation, its life expectance and infant mortality rate is comparable to all the other developed nations. Presently, close to sixteen percent of the American population lack health insurance CITATION Nia09 \l 1033 (Niall & Cafarella, 2009). It is evident that most Americans do not get the care they need despite the fact that the government spent a lot of money per person on this issue than any other developed nation in the world. Preventive care is highly under-utilized, which results to more spending on advanced and complex diseases. Patients suffering from chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart diseases and hypertension often do not receive the effective and proven treatment such as self-management services and therapy to help them to manage their condition CITATION Sus15 \l 1033 (Susan, 2015). Research and studies have reported that about fifty percent of Americans believe that the current health care system require fundamental change, while thirty nine percent believe that the system need a complete change. Fifty nine percent of the American population believe that reducing health care cost be the first priority for congress and president Obama administration CITATION Sus15 \l 1033 (Susan, 2015).
In the year 2007, the spending on health care was $2.4 trillion which was about seventeen percent of the gross domestic product CITATION Nia09 \l 1033 (Niall & Cafarella, 2009). Although politicians want to control the cost of health care, they cannot agree on how to stem the tide of out lays or the increased cost of insurance. Some of them hold onto the hope than market completion will solve everything. The flip side of controlling cost is controlling demands. If Americans practiced a life style that is healthy in terms of diet and exercise, the health care cost would decrease as the demand on health care would decrease. However, most Americans still do not adhere to this practices. The proposed health care plan for Obama “strengthen employer coverage, make the insurance company accountable and ensure patient choice of doctor and care system without government interference.” What this proposal suggest is that if an individual likes his current health insurance, he or she can keep it. However, if one doesn’t have a health insurance, he or she will need to choose a health a health insurance that is managed by National Health Insurance Exchange CITATION Sus15 \l 1033 (Susan, 2015).
Many people, however, believe that the modern medical industry is successful, and that success is based on the competition and a consumer choice. They argue that making health care universal would threaten this democratic, capitalist sensibility. Also, universal healthcare critics state the argument that medical care are universally accessible , then people would request the same kind of universal access to food, shelter and water, and higher education which will in turn destroy the work ethic of America and the capitalist system that has been the foundation of the country since its establishment. The reforms in health care is still in its tender age and before all the plans stabilize it will take some time CITATION Nia09 \l 1033 (Niall & Cafarella, 2009).
Immigration into the United States fluctuated throughout the 20th century due to various economic conditions. However, what increased the number of immigrants allowed into the country was the Immigration refo...
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domain: sociology


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Ford Motor (F) China Sales Rose 15% in July 2016; YTD Sales up 6%
- Wall Street again marks new highs in post-election run
- Broadcom Ltd. (AVGO) Tops Q4 EPS by 11c
- Restoration Hardware (RH) Tops Q3 EPS by 4c; Guides Well Below the Street
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Ford and its joint ventures in China continued their strong sales performance with 88,189 vehicles sold in July, up 15 percent compared to July 2015. Year-to-date sales for Ford, Changan Ford (CAF) and Jiangling Motor Corporation (JMC) total 652,836 vehicles, up 6 percent compared to the same time last year.
July sales for CAF, Ford's passenger car joint venture, reached 69,074 vehicles, up 20 percent compared to July 2015. Year-to-date sales for CAF accelerated past the half million mark with 503,719 vehicles sold, up 11 percent compared to last year.
CAF’s strong performance was led by the Ford Escort, which saw July sales up 82 percent, and the new Ford Focus, with monthly sales up 13 percent.
JMC, Ford's commercial vehicle investment in China, sold 17,748 vehicles in July, up 6 percent compared to last year. Year-to-date sales total 139,262 vehicles, down 5 percent.
Ford Motor Company China Retail Sales Performance
|July 2016||January – July||July 2015||January – July|
|Imported Ford Vehicles||1,367||9,855||2,243||17,099|
Editor’s note: Ford reports retail figures versus wholesale figures. The chart above reflects retail figures. JMC figures reflect only sales in China and exclude export sales. Lincoln sales in China are reported on a quarterly basis.
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domain: economics


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RALEIGH, N.C. (WNCN) – More than $500,000 is going to Shaw University to rehabilitate one of the school’s historic buildings.
Friday, Congresswoman Deborah Ross, along with Shaw University President Paulette Dillard, presented a check to the school from the National Park Service African American Grant.
Dillard said the money will not only help them preserve Leonard Hall, but they also hope to use it to update and modernize the building for students.
“The building since 1883 has had some work done on it but we need to be able to modernize the building, upfit it so that we can put more technology in the building to support programs,” said Dillard.
She told CBS 17 this building has a lot of history.
Dillard said it was built in 1881 and was the first in the nation to have a four-year curriculum as a medical school.
The building currently houses three schools which include the School of Divinity, the Center for Racial and Social Injustice and the Black Church Leadership Academy.

domain: news


'No one's listening': As opioid-related deaths surge in Canada, advocates say there's little gov't support
Ontario, federal governments say they're committed to tackling opioid crisis
Zoe Dodd knows how painful it is to lose someone to the opioid crisis. In the past week and half alone, three people she knew died of an overdose.
The Toronto-based harm reduction worker said she's been so traumatized by the opioid crisis this past year that she had to take three months off of work.
"The overwhelming nature of the grief and the just complete abandonment of people that have to respond to this crisis, as well as COVID and the housing disaster … really took a toll on me," said Dodd, who works with the Toronto Overdose Prevention Society.
"There's no time to heal because then somebody else, you know, dies, and no one's listening to us. We're just, like, in these trenches screaming, yelling for many years now."
According to a new report released Wednesday, opioid-related deaths in Ontario have increased by 76 per cent over the last year. A total of 2,050 people died between mid-March and December of 2020, compared to 1,162 during the same period in 2019, the report found.
And it's a trend that's mirrored across the country. In B.C., 2020 was the worst year on record for the opioid crisis, as the province saw a 74 per cent jump in overdose deaths from the year before. In Manitoba, the surge in deadly overdoses was even worse — an 87 per cent increase from 2019 to 2020.
But despite the new report on the surging death toll in Ontario, Dodd and other advocates say they have little faith that governments will take action to stem the tide.
"We are in an emergency; we've been in it for a decade," Dodd told The Current's Matt Galloway. If things were going to change now, then "we wouldn't be throwing cups of water at the largest raging fire," she said.
Pandemic compounding opioid crisis
Garth Mullins, who used heroin for more than a decade and is now in a methadone program, said he's watched the opioid crisis worsen throughout his life, as the illicit drug supply has become more contaminated and drugs become more potent.
But COVID-19 has "really notched it up," said Mullins, who also hosts the podcast Crackdown.
"The pandemic has forced closures of some harm reduction places," he explained. "But also so have the politicians in some provinces, you know, either been openly hostile to harm reduction, like ... in Ontario and Alberta, or been really dragging their feet about it, like in British Columbia, where I am."
A spokesperson for B.C.'s Ministry of Mental Health and Addictions said the province has "accelerated" its overdose response since the start of the pandemic, including making a 2021 budget commitment to spend $330 million over the next three years on substance use care and expanding B.C.'s prescribed safe drug supply.
The province has also made a request to the federal government to become the first province to decriminalize the possession of small amounts of illicit drugs, a statement from the ministry said. Meanwhile, B.C. "is opening 17 new supervised consumption services and 12 new inhalation services in communities hardest hit by the overdose crisis," the statement added.
In a statement, an Ontario Ministry of Health spokesperson said the province is dedicated to addressing the problems surrounding opioid use, addiction and overdose, and has committed to investing more than $300 million in mental health and addictions supports during the pandemic.
"The government has taken a number of steps to support people who use opioids during COVID-19, including supporting Consumption and Treatment Services (CTS), the Ontario Naloxone Program and the Ontario Naloxone Program for Pharmacies and harm reduction programs," the statement said.
Feds haven't done enough, says Dodd
But Dodd argued hotel shelters set up to help people during the pandemic have separated drug users from services they need, as well as their communities and friends, leaving them feeling isolated.
According to the report on the opioid crisis in Ontario, 30 per cent of deaths that occurred in hotels, motels, or inns, were in those designated to provide shelter or COVID-19 isolation services.
Dodd blames the federal government for not doing enough to step in and address the opioid crisis in the provinces as well.
Federal Health Minister Patty Hajdu's office told The Current that all levels of government need to strengthen their efforts to save lives, and that it's committed to helping respond to "regional needs."
"Our approach has focused on harm reduction, including supporting the Good Samaritan Drug Overdose Act, funding programs to divert people who use drugs from the criminal justice system, and enhancing access to safe consumption sites, safer supply, and expanded treatment options," the minister's office said in a statement.
Thomas Kerr, a professor in the department of medicine at the University of British Columbia and senior scientist at the BC Centre on Substance Use, said the pandemic has demonstrated just how quickly people can mobilize to address a health crisis.
He just wishes that kind of bold action — including daily updates on death tolls and hospitalizations — would be applied to the opioid crisis, he said.
"But the problem is … we've criminalized drug use and people who use drugs for so long, we're having a very hard time shaking that," he said.
"I think future generations will look down upon us for the lack of action taken during this time."
Written by Kirsten Fenn, with files from CBC News. Produced by Rachel Levy-McLaughlin and Joana Draghici.
Hear full episodes of The Current on CBC Listen, our free audio streaming service.


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domain: medical


A Study on Recognition of Handwritten Character Images
||International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT)||
|© 2014 by IJCTT Journal|
|Year of Publication : 2014|
|Authors : Shri Praveenkumar Katigar|
|DOI : 10.14445/22312803/IJCTT-V12P124|
Shri Praveenkumar Katigar."A Study on Recognition of Handwritten Character Images". International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) V12(3):123-125, June 2014. ISSN:2231-2803. www.ijcttjournal.org. Published by Seventh Sense Research Group.
This document deals with study on recognition of handwritten character images.
 J. pradeep, E. Strinivasan, and S. Himavathi, Neural network based handwritten character recognition system with feature extraction.
 W. Wu and Y. Bao, Online handwritten magnolia words recognition based on multiple classifiers.
 C. L. Liu, K. Nakashima, H. Sako, and H. Fujisawa, Handwritten digit recognition: investigation of normalization and feature extraction techniques, Pattern Recognition,
 C. Y. Suen, C. Nadal, R. Legault, T. A. Mai, and L. Lam, Computer recognition of unconstrained handwritten numerals,
 R. M. Brown, T. H. Fay, and C. L. Walker, Handprinted Symbol Recognition System, Pattern Recognition,
 B. T. Mittchell and A. M. Gillies, A Model-Based Computer Vision System for Recognizing Handwritten ZIP Codes, Machine Vision and Applications, vol. 21, iss.4, pp.231-243, 1989.
 Y. Tao, R. C. M. Lam, and Y. Y. Tang, Feature Extraction Using Wavelet and Fractal, Pattern Recognition Letters vol. 22, iss. 1, pp. 271-287, 2001.
 M. Shi, Y. Fujisawa, T. Wakbayashi, and F. Kimura, Handwritten Numeral Recognition Using Gradient and Curvature of Gray Scale Image, Patter Recognition, vol. 35, iss. 10, pp. 2051-2059, 2002.
 L. N. Teow and K. F. Loe, Robust Vision-Based Feature and Classification Schemes for Off-Line Handwritten Digit Recognition, Pattern Recognition, vol. 35, iss. 1, pp. 2355-2364, 2002.
 D. Decoste and B. Scholkopf, Training Invariant Support Vector Machines, Machine Learning, vol. 46, iss. 1-3, pp. 160-190, 2002.
 C. L. Liu, K. Nakashima, H. Sako, and H. Fujisawa, Handwritten Digit Recognition Using State-of-the-art Techniques, Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwritten Recognition, Ontario, Canada, pp. 320-325, Aug. 2002.
 E. Kussul and T. Baidyk, Improved Method of Handwritten Digit Recognition Tested on MNIST Database, Image and Vision Computing, vol. 22, iss. 12, pp. 971-981, 2004.
 E. Kussul, T. Baidyk, and D. C. Wunsch II, Image Recognition Systems with Permutative Coding, Proceedings of International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, Montreal, Canada, pp. 1788-1793, Aug. 2005.
 J. X. Dong, Speed and Accuracy: Large-Scale Machine Learning Algorithms and Their Applications, Doctoral thesis, Computer Science Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Oct. 2003.
 E. Avci, D. Hanbay, and A. Varol, An expert Discrete Wavelet Adaptive Network Based Fuzzy Inference System for digital modulation recognition. Expert Systems with Applications, vol.33, pp. 582-589, 2007.
 M. Hosoz, H. M. Ertunc, and H. Bulgurcu, An adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system model for predicting the performance of a refrigeration system with a cooling tower. Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 38, pp. 14148-14155, 2011.
 A. Keles, A. Keles, and U. Yavuz, Expert system based on neuro-fuzzy rules for diagnosis breast cancer. Expert Systems with Applications, vol.38, pp. 5719-5726, 2011.
Hand written Characters, neural network, Fuzzy logic.


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Foreclosure Expert Witnesses
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William R. Nicholson has over 35 years of commercial, mortgage and investment banking experience. Prior to joining Heritage Capital Group, Mr. Nicholson worked with BSE Management, a private equity firm focused on acquiring failed banks. In this role, he managed the due diligence and bank target processes. At...
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domain: finance


text:
|A piece featuring my WD OC, Jeanie Hepburn, alongside the inimitable Daryl Dixon.|
TWD: The World Changed, Not Us - Chapter 4Chapter 4 - RaceTWD: The World Changed, Not Us - Chapter 4 by ~Minty-Nutmeg
Slowly trickling down, glinting in the morning light, skipping over the chunks of bile coagulating on the smooth steel blade, the murky drop of walker blood fell to the ground, staining the sidewalk as they continued on. Looking vaguely behind them, eyes darting about distractedly as he kept an eye out for the signs of a mob on their tail, Glenn softly edged Jeanie's trembling arm further over his shoulder, letting loose a gentle whoosh of air as she tripped over an abandoned suitcase, instinctively shifting closer to him for support.
In truth, she was holding him up as much as he was holding her, both still exhausted and b
TWD: The World Changed, Not Us - Chapter 3Chapter 3 - HaltTWD: The World Changed, Not Us - Chapter 3 by ~Minty-Nutmeg
Blinking up at the heavy clouds dragging by, diluting the intensity of the beam of light burning the ground beneath him, Glenn felt his leg quiver with a sudden shot of tenseness, a crick in his neck quickly forming as he grunted quietly, blood leaking lightly from a scratch on his arm, dripping onto his shirt. Beside him, absently trailing her wounded fingers over her bloodstained arm, Jeanie stayed quiet, her head leaning awkwardly against a stray brick, legs haphazardly folded over each other as they trembled minutely, supported by her bulging bag full of supplies.
For a while, they had been sitting there, falling back f


text:
At the end of Being and Nothingness...[,] Being in-itself and Being for-itself were of Being; and this totality of beings, in which they were effected, itself was linked up to itself, relating and appearing to itself, by means of the essential project of human-reality. What was named in this way, in an allegedly neutral and undetermined way, was nothing other than the metaphysical unity of man and God, the relation of man to God, the project of becoming God as the project constituting human-reality. Atheism changes nothing in this fundamental structure.
A man loses contact with reality if he is not surrounded by his books.
Franois Maurice Mitterrand
To believe is to know you believe, and to know you believe is not to believe.
Life is the sum of all your choices.
You are one of the forces of nature
One day the years of struggle will strike you as the most beautiful.
What is tolerance? -- it is the consequence of humanity. We are all formed of frailty and error; let us pardon reciprocally each other's folly -- that is the first law of nature.

domain: literature


text:
By Mervyn McLean
Read Online or Download Traditional Songs of the Maori PDF
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Additional info for Traditional Songs of the Maori
Traditional Songs of the Maori by Mervyn McLean

domain: entertainment


text:
After a string of high profile suicides in recent memory, from Avicii to Kate Spade to Anthony Bourdain, mental health awareness has been increasingly pertinent on everyone’s minds. International DJ Illenium, who has been very public about his battle with depression, has recently joined a new suicide prevention campaign.
The mega-DJ announced on Facebook last Thursday that he will be partnering with NV Concepts, an entertainment company, and Wicked Halloween to raise money for Suicide Prevention Lifeline. According to his post, for every 15-second video someone submits on Instagram for their reasons on staying alive and positive, NV Concepts will donate $1 to Suicide Prevention Lifeline.
Accordingly, Illenium has opened up about his own battle with addiction and depression through making his song ‘Take You Down’. Through it, he expresses his sorrows and his dark journey through heroin addiction and succumbing to depression.
Thus from his journey, it is clear that Illenium cares deeply about this issue. If you would like to submit a video for the cause, make sure to use the hashtag #Awake and tag @illeniummusic and @NVConcepts for the video to be counted.
Check out his full Facebook post below:

domain: celebrity


text:
Small Intestine Bacterial Overgrowth is a hot topic in the functional medicine world. SIBO can be defined as an increase in the number or the type of bacteria in the small intestine leading to many unpleasant GI symptoms like bloating, abdominal pain, constipation and diarrhea [i] Opinions on how to effectively treat SIBO seem to differ widely among practitioners. When I was diagnosed with a mild case of SIBO, I dove head first into the online SIBO communities and the functional health blogosphere to unearth the best strategies to eradicate the unwelcomed visitors in my small intestine. But, instead of clarity, my research into the matter yielded utter confusion. Many leaders in the field seemed to endorse radically different SIBO protocols; which created heated and polarizing debates in the online communities. Amidst this SIBO universe fray, the contestation around probiotic use during treatment seemed especially volcanic.
The probiotic haters believe that probiotics during SIBO treatment will only add fuel to the fire (or bacteria to the overgrowth). They believe that a damaged Migrating Motor Complex inhibits the patient’s ability to successfully move the bacteria to the large intestine. The Migrating Motor Complex (MMC) stimulates the wave like contractions within the GI tract that cleanses your digestive system to prepare for its next meal.[ii] A break down in the MMC decreases motility allowing bacteria and food to sit in the small intestine leading to fermentation and the development of SIBO.[iii] You can think of the MMC like a broom that sweeps the small bowel clean after a meal. The anti-probiotic camp believes that even when the overgrowth in the small bowel is cleared with antibiotics that a compromised MMC will likely cause relapse in patients. The probiotic advocates seem to present the argument that SIBO is usually rooted in dysbiosis (an imbalance of bacteria) within the large intestine. They believe that recurrence of SIBO is eminent if large intestine dysbiosis is not addressed. These practitioners tend to use probiotics in conjunction with herbal or natural antibiotics (usually prescribing a round of probiotics following their antibiotic regiment). When trying to figure out whether to use a probiotic during my own treatment, I often felt torn between the two arguments. And nothing is worse than uncertainty when treating a medical problem as unpleasant as SIBO. Luckily, a little research led me to a clearer understanding of probiotics and their impact on SIBO treatment. I’m hoping that this blog can help some other confused sufferers come to a better understanding as well! Lets dig into it!
What does the research say?
The research on probiotics and SIBO is still in its infancy, but there have been some interesting studies directly looking at treatment of SIBO with probiotics. Most of the current research seems to show positive outcomes from probiotic use during SIBO treatment. A pilot study aimed at exploring the efficacy of probiotics in SIBO treatment analyzed a group of thirty people who had positive hydrogen breath tests.[iv] The researchers split the participants into two groups, an experimental group and a control group. Both groups received a three-week regiment of broad spectrum antibiotics followed by a fifteen-day maintenance antibiotic therapy. During the maintenance antibiotic therapy, the experimental group took a probiotic supplement containing Bacillus coagulants and the control group took the antibiotic alone. Six months after the study, 93% of the probiotic group had a negative breath test compared to only 67% of the control group. In addition, 100% of the probiotic group compared to only 47% of the control group reported being pain free. Bloating, belching and diarrhea also were much lower in the probiotic group versus the control group. Although the study was small, the probiotic group showed better long-term outcomes. The probiotic advocates might even argue that the probiotic could have corrected the underlying imbalance in the large intestine leading to more negative breath tests and better symptom outcomes in the experimental group.
There have also been a number of studies that have shown positive outcomes with probiotic treatment alone for SIBO treatment:
- A small pilot study compared the effectiveness of a five-day treatment of probiotics versus an antibiotic (Flagyl), which resulted in 82% of the probiotic group reporting symptom improvement after the study compared to only 52% of the antibiotic group fifteen days post treatment.[v] The strains used in this study were Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Streptococcus faecalis and Bifidobacterium brevis. It is also important to note that both groups were also on a diet that limited legumes, alcohol, leafy greens and dairy.
- Another small pilot study treated SIBO patients with a six-week course of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus casei. This resulted in a negative breath test in 64% of the participants.[vi]
- Forty SIBO sufferers with an abnormal glucose breath test were given two billion spores of Bacillus clausii three times a day for one month.[vii] 47% of the participants produced a negative breath test with only one patient experiencing side effects (constipation). 47% may not seem super high, but it is a comparable normalization to some broad-spectrum antibiotic treatments for SIBO.
It is also important to note that other than the Flagyl vs. probiotic study, all the research was conducted without diet or lifestyle changes during the experimental period. Normalization of breath test would have probably been higher if participants had adopted a more primal diet during treatment. Also, it would be interesting to see if a study that used herbal antibiotics in conjunction with probiotics would produce an even higher rate of breath test normalization.
In general, the literature is pretty sparse when it comes to direct research involving SIBO and probiotics. There is a wider body of research involving treatment of IBS with probiotics that could provide some meaningful insights since research has shown between 75-84% of people with IBS have SIBO. [viii][ix] In a recent meta-analysis that reviewed data from 9 different clinical trials, the researchers concluded that: “probiotics reduce pain and symptom severity scores. The results demonstrate the beneficial effects of probiotics in IBS patients in comparison with placebo.”[x] When looking at the various studies within this meta-analysis, it seemed that probiotics either significantly reduced IBS symptoms or they produced no change in symptoms. Adverse effects were rare in these studies. Leaving me to believe that it is safe and usually beneficial for someone with IBS, and by association probably SIBO as well, to try probiotics. All of the available research on the matter seems to suggest that while there is no guarantee of effectiveness necessarily, there isn’t anything to suggest harm in giving them the old college try.
Why might probiotics be helpful in SIBO treatment?
Based on the limited evidence we have reviewed so far, it seems like there is more evidence backing the probiotic camp, but I think it is important to take a closer look at the anti-probiotic argument. This camp argues that the disturbed MMC in SIBO patients will inhibit the person’s ability to clear the probiotics from the small intestine leading to an even bigger overgrowth. Although there is research that proves SIBO positive people have delayed motility, I was unable to find research that supported the argument that probiotics delay motility further. There are, however, some interesting studies on rats showing that the colon’s bacteria play an integral role in a healthy MMC response.[xi] The researchers recorded MMC activity of rats that were manipulated to be “germ free” (without any gut bacteria). The researchers then inoculated the same rats with gut flora from other rats and recorded MMC activity again 7-10 days later. The MMC intervals decreased by 56% after the rats had been inoculated, a process, which was associated with faster transit through the small bowel. In other words, once the rats had a healthy population of gut bugs, the broom like action of the MMC increased the number of sweeps resulting in increased motility. In a follow up study, the same researchers found that certain strains of bacteria affect the cleansing waves of the MMC.[xii] Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum strengthened the MMC response and increased transit while E Coli and Micrococcus luteus inhibited the MMC resulting in delayed small intestine transit.9 These studies indicate the importance of colonic micro biota in producing a healthy and functioning small bowel. Considering these findings, it seems illogical to think that you could treat SIBO without addressing the gut imbalances in the large intestine. Probiotics serving as powerful vehicles to re-establish the balance in the large intestine seems to be crucial to the eventual restoring of proper function in the small intestine.
Probiotics help establish a healthy balance through three main mechanisms. First, probiotics have been shown to play a powerful role in modulating the guts immune system.[xiii] There is a high prevalence of SIBO in individuals that have immune-compromised conditions making the immune modulating effects of probiotics valuable in treatment.[xiv] Second, probiotics produce anti-microbial compounds that can help eliminate pathogens.[xv] These antibiotic compounds can attack the overgrowth in the small intestine head on. Probiotics also produce enzymes that contribute to the production of short chain fatty acids that reduce the pH of the lumen creating an unfriendly environment for pathogenic bacteria.xv Third, probiotics strengthen the guts mucosal barrier and inhibiting adherence of pathologic bacteria to the walls of the GI tract.xv
Why might some people react negatively to probiotics?
Based on the research, I am led to believe that there is no harm in giving probiotics a try if you have SIBO. Does that mean everybody with SIBO is going to benefit from probiotics? Absolutely, not. Treating SIBO is complex and every case is different. Probiotics might be very effective for one person and not effective in another. But, I don’t think you should be afraid to try them. Also working with a functional practitioner would help you to determine the right timing and probiotic that is most appropriate for your individual case. Here are some other important things to consider when choosing a probiotic:
- Bacterial strains used. The bacterial strains have different effects. Chris Kresser has stated that many of his patients with histamine issues react negatively to lacto-based probiotics. But, he has also said that many of his SIBO patients do well with spore-based probiotics like Prescript Assist. I have also seen countless positive reports on the SIBO Facebook group about the effectiveness of MegaSporeBiotic; which like Prescript Assist is a spore based probiotic.
- Source of bacteria. People with histamine issues seem to have problems with fermented foods and would most likely tolerate a supplement better.
- The prebiotic content of different probiotics. Some individuals might react negatively to the prebiotics that are often found in probiotic supplements such as FOS. In that case, you could try a probiotic that doesn’t contain any prebiotics. If you find that you can’t tolerate any probiotics, then you may benefit from focusing on repairing your MMC and reintroducing probiotics later.
- Timing. In the defense of the anti-probiotic argument, some people don’t tolerate probiotics at the beginning of treatment due too severely compromised gut motility. But, I don’t agree with the argument that they should avoid probiotics forever considering their impact on bacterial balance in the large intestine. These patients may tolerate probiotics much better after antibiotic treatment. However if they still are having issues, then it might be best for them to focus on repairing the MMC and reintroducing probiotics later. Exercises to stimulate your Vagus Nerve like gargling and humming can help strengthen your MMC response.[xvi] Prokinetic supplements such as Iberogast and Motilpro that help stimulate motility may also be helpful.
Bottom Line: Research has shown positive outcomes with the use of probiotics in SIBO treatment. Probiotics are essential in restoring healthy balance of good bacteria in the colon that which is necessary for healthy small intestine function. Working with a functional practitioner to determine the proper strains, the right sources and the optimal timing of probiotic implementation will increase the effectiveness of treatment.
[i] Bures J, Cyrany J, Kohoutova D, et al. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome. World Journal of Gastroenterology : WJG. 2010;16(24):2978-2990. doi:10.3748/wjg.v16.i24.2978.[ii]Telford GL, Sarna SK. The migrating myoelectric complex of the small intestine. Chaos. 1991 Oct; 1(3):299-302 [iii] Miyano Y, Sakata I, Kuroda K, et al. The Role of the Vagus Nerve in the Migrating Motor Complex and Ghrelin- and Motilin-Induced Gastric Contraction in Suncus. Covasa M, ed. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(5):e64777. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064777.
[iv] Khalighi AR, Khalighi MR, Behdani R, et al. Evaluating the efficacy of probiotic on treatment in patients with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) – A pilot study. The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2014;140(5):604-608.
[v] Soifer LO, Peralta D, Dima G,Besasso H. Comparative clinical efficacy of a probiotic vs. an antibiotic in the treatment of patients withintestinal bacterial overgrowth and chronic abdominal functional distension: a pilot study. Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam. 2010 Dec;40(4):323-7
[vi] Barrett JS, Canale KE, Gearry RB, Irving PM, Gibson PR. Probiotic effects on intestinal fermentation patterns in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. World Journal of Gastroenterology : WJG. 2008;14(32):5020-5024. doi:10.3748/wjg.14.5020.
[vii] Gabrielli M, Lauritano EC, Scarpellini E, Lupascu A et al. Bacillus clausii as a treatment for small intestine bacterial overgrowth. The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2009: 104:1327-1328. doi:10.1038/ajg.2009.68
[viii] Pimentel M, Chow EJ, Lin HC. Normalization of lactulose breath testing correlates with symptom improvement in irritable bowel syndrome: a double blind, randomized controlled study. Am J Gastroenterol.2003;98:412-419.
[ix] Nucera C, Lupascu AM, Gabrielli M. et al. Sugar intolerance in irritable bowel syndrome: the role of small bowel bacterial overgrowth. Gastroenterology.2004;126(4[suppl 2]):A511.
[x] Didari T, Mozaffari S, Nikfar S, Abdollahi M. Effectiveness of probiotics in irritable bowel syndrome: Updated systematic review with meta-analysis. World Journal of Gastroenterology : WJG. 2015;21(10):3072-3084. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i10.3072.
[xi] Husebye E, Hellstrom PM, Midtvedt T. Intestinal microflora stimulates myoelectric activity of rat small intestine by promoting cyclic initiation and aboral propagation of migrating myoelectric complex. Dig Dis Sci. 1994 May;39(5):946-56.
[xii] Husebye E, Hellstrom PM, Sundler F et al. Influence of microbial species on small intestinal myoelectric activity and transit in germ-free rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2001 Mar;280(3):G368-80.
[xiii] Plaza-Diaz J, Gomez-Llorente C, Fontana L, Gil A. Modulation of immunity and inflammatory gene expression in the gut, in inflammatory diseases of the gut and in the liver by probiotics. World Journal of Gastroenterology : WJG. 2014;20(42):15632-15649. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i42.15632.
[xiv] Grace E, Shaw C, Whelan K et al. Review article: small intestinal bacterial overgrowth – prevalence, clinical features, current and developing diagnostic tests, and treatment. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2013:38(7):674-688
[xv] Patel R, DuPont HL. New Approaches for Bacteriotherapy: Prebiotics, New Generation of Probiotics, and Synbiotics. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2015: 60(2): S108-S121


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This is a specialist veterinary product. We will ask you a simple set of questions to confirm that you are buying the correct medicine for your pet and know how to use it safely
Order by 3pm for Express Courier Delivery
Some of the items we sell are a bit too bulky to fit on our delivery vans so we offer our customers Next Day Delivery via courier.
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Thomas® Cat Litter will meet the highest demands of your feline friend. It is highly absorbent and effectively reduces unpleasant odour. It has a special blend of natural minerals and is absorbent and hygienic making it simply clean, reliable and good quality. The specific size of the granules means they do not stick to your cat's paws or coat so your home stays as clean as your cat does.

domain: pet


June 15 (Bloomberg) -- Megan McGrath, an analyst at MKM Partners LLC, Alex Bernal, a market technician at
KeeneOnTheMarket.com, and Bloomberg's Dominic Chu talk about the outlook for shares of U.S. homebuilders and their investment strategies.
They speak with Trish Regan on Bloomberg Television's
"Street Smart." (Source: Bloomberg)


text:
Tuesday, December 18, 2012 14:29 IST
Sunny Leone is extremely particular about the kind of paintings she purchases to do up her new apartment in the city
Looks like Sunny Leone is in a hurry to make sure her swanky new apartment starts to feel like home. The adult film actress, who recently retuned from the US, has been busy shopping for furniture and art pieces
with her husband Daniel Weber for her new flat. Sources say the actress wants to be back in New York in time for Christmas.
A source close to Sunny says, `She and her husband recently bought an Italian marble dining table, a sofa and a carpet. She has already shifted into the flat and is now setting it up.`
celebrities, Sunny apparently decided not to hire an interior decorator and instead do up the place herself. Apparently the couple is using a lot of white, black and grey shades in the house.
`I am very excited to start staying here in Mumbai. I have two beautiful dogs in the US but here I will not have to be bothered about them chewing on the furniture and couches! I am very particular about the art pieces
that I finally select, ` says the actress. The actress is apparently also asking her friends to pitch in with ideas.
Sunny and her husband have also welcomed home a new luxury car that she hopes to beg
By arrangement with Mid-Day.com
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Ground-based observations of the 11.072-GHz line of ozone were made from January 2008 through the middle of September 2011 to estimate the maximum in the nighttime ozone in the upper mesosphere at an altitude of about 95 km for a region centered at 38°N, 290°E. The measurements show seasonal variation with a high degree of repeatability with peaks in ozone concentration about a month following each equinox. A significant increase in ozone concentration above the yearly trend occurred in 2010 from mid-November until the end of December, which the authors attribute to delay in the start of the meridional circulation for the austral summer of 2010.
Ground-based observations of the relatively weak microwave line of ozone at 11.072 454 5 GHz (Pickett et al. 1998) in the upper mesosphere using low-cost satellite TV electronics have been made by the education project known as “The Mesospheric Ozone System for Atmospheric Investigations in the Classroom” (MOSAIC). Along with the primary goal of providing locally acquired data to aid in the teaching of data analysis methods and statistics to high school students, MOSAIC provides an ongoing source of data on mesospheric ozone, which is publicly available online (at www.haystack.mit.edu/ozone). The ozone in the upper mesosphere is measured by MOSAIC using a satellite TV low-noise block downconverter followed by an intermediate frequency downconverter and analog-to-digital converter. The antenna, at each participating site, is directed at an elevation of 8° toward a region at 38°N, 290°E where the beam intersects the upper mesosphere. The ozone at this altitude is observed as a relatively narrow line where the width is dominated by the thermal Doppler broadening, thereby allowing separation from the ozone at lower altitudes, which is predominantly pressure broadened. The ozone concentration in the upper mesosphere is estimated from the amplitude of a model spectrum, derived from radiative transfer of the thermal emission due to the line optical depth, which fits the observed spectra best in a least squares sense. The spectrum is derived by a fast Fourier transform of the digitized data and returned via the Internet. A simplified block diagram of the ozone spectrometer is shown in Fig. 1a.
A complete description of the instrument along with measurements of the seasonal and diurnal variations of ozone near the mesopause for data of 2008 was reported by Rogers et al. (2009) and the details of the model spectra fit to the data are described in the next section. In this paper we extend the results of Rogers et al. (2009) to cover more than 3 years of data during which additional sites were added.
A strong motivation for the study of mesospheric ozone is the potential for the study of the interhemispheric circulation (Houghton 2007) in the mesosphere. In this circulation of the upper atmosphere there is meridional flow from the summer to the winter pole via the mesosphere with reversal at the equinoxes. The simple chemistry of the ozone in the mesosphere makes its concentration largely dependent on the atomic hydrogen from the photodissociation of water vapor (Smith and Marsh 2005).
2. 11-GHz ozone spectrometers
The data reported here were obtained from six spectrometers located at the sites given in Table 1. The data for five of the six sites were obtained for a period of almost 3 years with less than 1 week of data at each site lost because of power failures or heavy rain. The data reported here starts 26 January 2008 with the first site and ends 12 September 2011 with all six sites operating. All spectrometers are pointed at an elevation of 8° ± 1° and with an azimuth that intersects the atmosphere at 100-km altitude about 400 km off the coast of Maryland at approximately 38°N, 290°E. The low elevation as illustrated in Fig. 1b is employed to increase the pathlength and hence the optical depth of the ozone in order to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the weak 11-GHz line.
3. Observing and data analysis technique
Figure 2a shows a sample ozone spectrum for 10 days of nighttime data taken from all six sites, while Fig. 2b shows a sample ozone spectrum for a single night’s data from the Haystack spectrometer. Despite the limited nightly sensitivity of a single spectrometer, the sensitivity of six spectrometers is 0.9 mK over 10 nights corresponding to an approximate error of 0.5 ppm by volume (ppmv) in the nighttime ozone near 95 km.
The ozone concentration expressed as a mixing ratio in units of ppmv for ozone above and below 80 km is derived by fitting a two-parameter model to the data as described in Rogers et al. (2009). The two-component approach consists of one model spectrum for a constant volume mixing ratio of ozone from 50 to 80 km and another model spectrum for a Gaussian distribution of mixing ratio full width at half maximum of 10 km centered at 95 km. This two-parameter model fits the spectral data within the noise as illustrated in Figs. 2a and 2b and provides the best height resolution achievable with the available SNR. This two-component modeling results in the retrieval of the average mixing ratio above 80 km weighted by the assumed Gaussian. For example, the model spectrum that fits the sample spectrum in Fig. 2a is that of a Gaussian with peak mixing ratio of 14 ppmv seen as the difference between the solid and the dashed curves.
The ozone concentration below 80 km is not well determined by the 11-GHz spectrometers, and so we limit the results in this paper to the ozone above 80 km. The model spectra are computed for the 11-GHz line using the spectroscopic data from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) tables (Pickett et al. 1998). The line strength value of 10−6.9997 nm2 MHz at 300 K, lower state energy of 8.0217 cm−1, and the ratios of the total internal partition sums were used to obtain the line intensity corrected to 190 K using Eq. (A11) from Rothman et al. (1998). The instrumental spectral response width of 9.8 kHz was convolved with the line profile based on a collision line width of 2.6 MHz hPa−1 at 296 K, with a 0.71 temperature coefficient taken from the 2004 High-Resolution Transmission Molecular Database (HITRAN04: Rothman et al. 2005), and a Doppler line width and thermal emission assuming temperatures of 190 and 210 K above and below 80 km, respectively. A fixed relation between pressure and altitude with 0.001 hPa at 92 km was assumed for the conversion from volume mixing ratio to the concentration in number density.
Finally, the model spectra are derived by adding up the contributions of all the layers at different heights taking into account the geometry of the curved surface of the earth. We note that, in the calculations by Rogers et al. (2009), there was an arithmetic error in the conversion from number density to volume mixing ratio and an error in the temperature correction of the line intensity. These errors, which made the values of mixing ratio higher than they should have been by a factor of 2, have been corrected in the results reported in this paper. In addition we centered the Gaussian at 95 km rather than 92 km and changed the assumed temperature to 190 from 175 K. Both of these changes were made to make the Gaussian weighting and the temperature of the peak of the mixing ratio more consistent with the ozone data from the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument aboard the Thermosphere, Ionosphere, and Mesosphere Energetic and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite. We assumed zero Doppler shift from winds in the mesosphere since the estimated frequency shifts are much smaller than the resolution. Details of the calculation of the model spectra from the spectroscopic parameters of the 11 GHz line are given in the appendix.
4. Seasonal changes in ozone above 80 km
Figure 3 shows the seasonal variation of the mesospheric ozone concentrated above 80 km from 26 January 2008 through the middle of September 2011. The uncertainties are reduced results as the data from additional spectrometers are averaged, as indicated by the errors bars, which are based on the thermal noise. The data points are 10-day averages of all the available spectrometers plotted every 10 days for nighttime data, defined as when the sun was below −10° elevation to ensure nighttime conditions at 100 km.
Figure 3 shows that the general seasonal variation repeats quite well from year to year, but some points in December 2010 are significantly higher than the usual seasonal variations. Figure 4 shows the averaged seasonal variation for each site separately, from which it is apparent that the general seasonal trend is present in the data from each site and the data from December 2010 for sites 1 through 5 (site 6 was not in operation before 2010) are generally higher than other years (although only marginally so at sites 1 and 5).
In Fig. 5a the seasonal variation from all sites (as in Fig. 2) is plotted against time along with the best-fit Fourier series of a constant plus sine and cosine terms up to the ninth harmonic of a 1-yr period, and in Fig. 5b the residual seasonal variation is plotted after subtraction of the best-fit Fourier series. This series representation was needed to remove the long- and medium-term variations that are not well fit with only annual and semiannual terms.
For comparison we also plot in Fig. 5 the seasonal variation of ozone from SABER. The SABER data were obtained for a period from January 2008 through May 2011 for a latitude range of 37°–39°N. The results plotted are a weighted average for nighttime data (sun’s elevation below −10°) for all longitudes. The altitude weighting function used was the same Gaussian (full width half maximum of 10 km centered at 95 km) as used for the model spectrum in the MOSAIC data. The points plotted are 10-day averages with errors taken from the standard deviation of the data from each day. A few hundred out of the millions of data points in the SABER 1.07 data archive used for the plot in Fig. 5 had a mixing ratio over 100 ppmv. These data, most of which came from 3 January 2009, were assumed to be bad and were excluded from the average. The comparison of SABER and MOSAIC data is discussed further in the next section.
5. Sources of systematic error
There are a number of systematic errors associated with the MOSAIC data as follows in approximate order of increasing significance.
MOSAIC sites sample only approximately the same region of the mesosphere. However, all sites sample a region within 1° in latitude and longitude so the differences should be small. Furthermore, averages of the SABER data over longitude showed little change with a 1° change in latitude and no discernible change when averaging over different quadrants of longitude.
The conversion from the observed MOSAIC spectrum to the ozone concentration assumes the specific model described in section 3. While it is hard to estimate the error introduced by the model, we note that a typical profile of ozone observed by SABER follows a mixing ratio with approximately Gaussian shape centered around 95 km with about 10 km full width at half maximum (Smith et al. 2008). The retrieval of the mixing ratio from MOSAIC measurements is also sensitive to the assumed temperature owing to the substantial change of line intensity with temperature. A decrease of 10 K in the assumed temperature from 190 to 180 K drops retrieved mixing ratio by about 10%. However, the temperature from the SABER data at 95 km at 38°N averaged over longitude is close to 190 K and shows no discernible seasonal variation at the level of 2 K.
MOSAIC spectrometers are not automatically calibrated and rely on a constant noise temperature of the low noise amplifier between infrequent manual calibrations using an absorber as a “hot load” and the sky as a “cold load” with an assumed temperature that is weather dependent. The absorber calibrations result in system noise temperatures close to 100 K for each spectrometer. A signal loss of 25% due to the “spill-over” of the feed illumination of the dish results in an antenna beam efficiency of 75%, which is incorporated into the ozone mixing ratio estimates. The main effect of variations in spectrometer calibration is differences in scale between spectrometers, which remain constant with time.
Weather conditions affect the attenuation in the atmosphere of received signals measured by MOSAIC, and in the case of light rain there is added attenuation for which there is no correction. We have minimized these problems, though, since during heavy rain the noise temperature is raised by a large enough amount to be detected in the software, and which then excludes these data from the spectral averaging. A 1-dB increase was chosen as the criteria for the rejection of data due to rain.
The weather dependence is the largest source of MOSAIC systematic error especially on the short time scales associated with the tropospheric weather. The attenuation change at 11 GHz due to water vapor for a path through the troposphere at 8° elevation is estimated from Shambayati (2008) to go from 0.01 dB for extremely dry conditions to about 0.1 dB for 20 g m−3 surface water vapor density or 70% relative humidity at 30°C. A 0.1-dB increase in atmospheric attenuation raises the 100-K system noise by 7 K (7%) and reduces the signal by 2%, which results in a net decrease in the measured concentration by 9%. One advantage of distributed sites is that poor conditions are seldom present at all sites so that the average from all sites is less affected by the weather.
Considering these factors, we estimate that the sources of systematic error due to possible sampling of different regions, conversion of the spectra to concentration and uncertainty in calibration amount to ~10%. Adding this in quadrature to the typical noise brings the total estimate to ~15%, which is close to the level of the differences between the curves in Fig. 4. The actual error bars plotted in the figures are estimated from the noise alone. Some of the very low points for site 1 are the result of a combination of poor weather not excluded from the data and noise. Additionally, there are some variations in the ozone concentration derived from the data on time scales shorter than the plotted 10-day average. These variations may be significant but are not discussed in this paper.
6. Comparison with other data
Seasonal variation of mesospheric ozone showing maxima at the equinoxes was first reported from ground-based observations at 23°S by Kirchhoff et al. (1981) and later by Takahashi et al. (1992) at the same location. Thomas et al. (1984) and Thomas (1990) show the seasonal variation of ozone from the Solar Mesosphere Explorer (SME) above 80 km altitude to be very repeatable from year to year. The SME data, which cover a wide range of latitude, show a higher concentration in the spring equinox than in the fall for 45°N latitude, although the concentration becomes more equal at each equinox at 38°N. The ozone data from the SABER instrument reported by Smith et al. (2008) shows high ozone mixing ratios above 18 ppmv in April and late October each year. The comparison of the SABER and MOSAIC data shown in Figs. 5a and 5b shows fairly good agreement within the expected errors in the MOSAIC data discussed in the previous section. In addition, the deviation in the yearly trend in late 2010 is clearly present in both sets of data. However, the minima in January each year are less pronounced in the MOSAIC data.
Observations of the semiannual variations of ozone from the Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars (GOMOS) instrument on the Envisat satellite for 2002–08 are shown by Kyrola et al. (2010). The results shown in Fig. 9 of Kyrola et al. (2010), for a latitude range of 40°–50°N, show a peak number density of about 6 × 108 cm−3 at the peaks following the equinoxes, corresponding to 11 ppmv at 90 km assumed for a fit based on an assumed temperature of 190 K and pressure of 0.001 hPa at 92 km. These results have an annual signature whose maxima and minima match those from MOSAIC to within about 5% after a scale adjustment of about 25%. The minima in January are in much better agreement with those of the MOSAIC data than with the SABER data.
We also note Kyrola et al. (2010) find that the peak ozone concentrations are a little higher following the autumnal equinox, as is seen in the SABER and MOSAIC data. We explored the latitude and longitude dependence of the SABER data and found that averaging over 40° to 50°N, as in the GOMOS data from Kyrola et al. (2010), raises the minima in January by about 10% which is less than the 20% needed to make the annual signature from SABER agree with that of the MOSAIC and GOMOS data.
We found no significant dependence on longitude in the SABER data, and the significantly higher mixing ratio seen in the MOSAIC data in late 2010, discussed further in section 8, is seen in the SABER data for each quadrant of longitude.
7. Seasonal variation model
The Research for Ozone in the Stratosphere and its Evolution (ROSE) model of Smith and Marsh (2005), which is based on primitive equations with interactive chemistry, predicts the ozone concentration at night from the balance between the creation via collisions of atomic oxygen with molecular oxygen and a third catalytic molecule, such as nitrogen, and destruction by reactions with atomic hydrogen. During the day mesospheric ozone above 80 km is almost completely destroyed by solar ultraviolet radiation which breaks ozone into atomic and molecular oxygen. The chemistry of the ROSE model predicts that seasonal variation of ozone will be largely controlled by the seasonal variation in atomic hydrogen. Takahashi et al. (1992) obtain semiannual variations of atomic hydrogen and ozone, from observations taken at 22.7°S, 45.0°W, with opposite phase from the upper mesospheric airglow emission intensities of atomic oxygen, sodium (NaD lines) and OH. Lossow et al. (2008) show a semiannual variation in mesospheric water vapor, suggesting that the variation of atomic hydrogen is due to the seasonal variation of water vapor, which is broken into atomic hydrogen and the hydroxyl radical by solar ultraviolet radiation during the day. The ROSE model, which is supported by the observations of Takahashi et al. (1992) and Lossow et al. (2008), agrees with the general trends of the seasonal variations of mesospheric ozone seen in the data from MOSAIC, SABER, and GOMOS.
8. Higher ozone concentration in late 2010
The departure from the average yearly signature in late 2010 MOSAIC is the most significant deviation from the yearly trend observed on this averaging scale. The increased ozone concentration over the average signature persists for each 10-day average from mid-November 2010 until the end of December 2010. On average, the increase is about 25% over the same period in previous years. To explore the extent of this anomaly the residual variation after removal of the annual signature in the SABER data was studied for a range of latitudes, longitudes, and altitude. Figure 6a shows the fractional deviation from the annual signature for five 30° wide bands of latitude centered at 60°S, 30°S, 0°, 30°, and 60°N for an altitude of 95 km. From this plot it is clear that the anomaly extends from high latitudes in the north down to about 30° south. Below 30° south the high ozone in late 2010 appears to split into a double feature with anomalously high ozone in August 2010 while data in late 2010 is noisy owing to the reduced duration of nighttime data in the austral summer. Figure 6b shows that there is no significant change in the high ozone in late 2010 with longitude as the anomaly appears about equally in four 90° wide bands centered at 0, 90, 180, and 270 degrees for a band of latitude from 30°S to 60°N. Figure 6c shows the deviation of the annual signature obtained from global average SABER data for altitudes centered at 70, 80, 90, and 100 km. Figures 6a,b,c show that the higher than normal ozone in late 2010 is of global extent and covers a range of altitudes from 80 to 100 km.
One possible mechanism for the significant duration above the otherwise highly repeatable yearly signature is a global change in the atmospheric circulation. Sassi et al. (2004) show that the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon influences the general circulation in the middle atmosphere and has effects extending into the mesosphere. Both the Southern Oscillation index (SOI) and the Niño ENSO indices point to a strong La Niña event in late 2010, with the Oceanic Niño index (ONI) running below −1.0°C for the months of September 2010 through February 2011.
Effects of strong sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events have also been reported to influence the ozone concentration in the mesosphere by Sridharan et al. (2012), but there is no evidence for a major SSW event in November or December 2010 so it is unlikely that the increased ozone seen in late 2010 is due to an SSW event. Space weather events, like solar proton events, are also known to affect the ozone concentration in the mesosphere. However, these events are very unlikely to have any effect at midlatitudes and these events are likely to deposit increased numbers of protons in the mesosphere, which would reduce the ozone concentration rather than produce an increase as observed (Jackman and McPeters 2004).
It may be significant that the increased concentration comes at a time when the ozone concentration is declining most rapidly, possibly as a result of water vapor carried by the meridional flow from the southern pole. If this flow was delayed compared with other years, the ozone concentration would be higher at this time. An indication of a delay in the meridional flow comes from SABER data of the temperature at 90 km above the southern polar region. These data show that temperatures in the 160-K range are only reached at the end of November 2010 whereas in 2008 and 2009 160 K is reached at least 10 days earlier. To examine this possibility further we obtained temperature data from the Earth Observing System (EOS) Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) for the mesosphere above the Antarctic. This MLS data provides full coverage the southern polar region compared with the limited data from SABER. Figure 7 shows the departure of temperature from the annual signature obtained from the residuals to a Fourier series with 1-yr period in the same manner as used to illustrate the higher than normal level of mesospheric ozone in observed in late 2010. This clearly shows that the normally low temperatures above the Antarctic in the austral summer arrived later in 2010 than in other years. Since these low temperatures are produced by the adiabatic expansion of the rising air from the summer pole on its way to the winter pole via the mesosphere the late arrival of low temperatures indicates a delay in the meridional flow.
The increased ozone concentration at 38°N in late 2010 could also be due to a lower than normal temperature in the region. The ratio of temperature dependence T of ozone creation (via the three-body collisions) to the destruction (via reaction with atomic hydrogen) from Smith and Marsh (2005) is
This implies that a drop in the average late November temperature from 180 to 170 K at 90 km would result in a 30% increase in nighttime ozone. However, we could find no evidence for significant differences in temperature, at the level of 2 K, from SABER data in the 90–95-km range at 38°N for November/December 2010 compared with 2008 and 2009. We also examined the variation of the height of the maximum in ozone mixing ratio above 80 km in the SABER data and found no significant change associated with the increase in late 2010.
The seasonal variation of ozone above 80 km is very repeatable from year to year with asymmetric peaks in April and late October each year for a latitude of 38°N. The times of these peaks coincide with minima in the concentration of water vapor in the high mesosphere, and are consistent with models in which the concentration is largely determined by atomic hydrogen, formed from the breakdown of water vapor during the day by solar ultraviolet radiation. The ozone concentration in December 2010 is significantly higher than the largely repeatable yearly signature and an examination of the ozone concentration in the mesosphere derived from the SABER shows that this anomaly is of global scale. If the ozone concentration is controlled by water vapor carried by the interhemispheric meridional flow, then a significant delay in establishing the meridional flow from the South Pole in late 2010, as suggested by the temperature data, would result in the observed increase of ozone over the yearly average. The cause of the change in flow is most likely the result of changes in the circulation of the lower atmosphere, although further study of the coupling is needed.
This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation Grant DUE-0535839. We thank the students and staff of the participating schools and universities for their contributions in the acquisition of the data. We also thank Jason Soohoo and Richard Crowley for their help in setting up the automated retrieval of the data each day via internet connections. In addition, we also thank M. Lekberg, J. Cadigan, and M. Needles for their work in starting the MOSAIC project. We are deeply indebted to the reviewers of our paper who motivated us to obtain the large SABER and MLS datasets for comparison. We acknowledge and thank the SABER and EOS MLS teams for making their data available via the Internet.
Calculation of Model Spectra
a. Radiative transfer
If we assume the ozone is in local thermodynamic equilibrium with the kinetic temperature , the brightness temperature of a ray entering the ozone is attenuated by the optical depth , while the ray acquires the fraction of the kinetic temperature so that the outgoing ray has the brightness temperature given by
Since the optical depth of the 11-GHz line is very small and is close to the 3-K cosmic microwave background temperature, the brightness temperature due to the line optical depth is approximately
using the Taylor series expansion.
b. Path through the atmosphere
The pathlength, in kilometers, through a layer of 1-km thickness at a height h is given by the difference of the pathlength to the upper and lower boundaries of the layer from the derivative
where φ is the antenna elevation, and R is the radius of the earth as illustrated in Fig. 1b. For low altitudes the pathlength is approximately or 7.2 km. At an altitude of 95 km the pathlength is reduced to 4.5 km owing to the curvature of the earth.
c. Doppler-line shape
The line shape from the free motion of the ozone molecules is given by
where f is the frequency, and w is the half-power half-width given by
where is the ozone line frequency, k is Boltzmann’s constant, T is the kinetic temperature, m is the molecular weight of ozone, and c is the velocity of light. The half-power half-width is 7.9 kHz at 190 K.
d. Line shape
The line shape is the convolution of the Doppler shape with the Lorentz shape
where is the pressure width.
e. Integrated line intensity
The integrated line intensity at 300 K is 10−6.9997 nm2 MHz from the JPL tables.
f. Line intensity corrected for temperature
The line intensity from the JPL tables is corrected for temperature using the factors of Eq. (A11) of Rothman et al. (1998). At 11 GHz the expression becomes
where I is the integrated line intensity, is the total internal partition function, is constant 1.4388 cm K, and E is the energy of the lower state of 8.0217 cm−1.
g. Conversion from volume mixing ratio ppmv to number density
where n is the density (molecules cm−3), P is the pressure in atmospheres, V is the volume mixing ratio in ppmv, 6.022 × 1023 is Avogadro’s number (molecules mol−1), 1.293 × 10−3 is the weight of 1 atmosphere of air at 273 K (g cm−3), and 28.97 (g mol−1) is the total molecular mass of air. Here, for the model spectrum below 80 km and
for the model spectrum above 80 km.
h. Adding up the layers
The layers of the atmosphere are added with an integral which is approximated with the sum
where is obtained from the product of the line intensity , the line shape, and the ozone density n obtained from Gaussian weighting function assumed for the ozone mixing ratio
where the numerical factors of 10−14 and 105 convert nm2 to cm2 and km to cm, respectively.
i. Ozone spectrum
The ozone spectrum in kelvins is then derived from the product of brightness temperature and the beam efficiency :

domain: chemistry


10 Oct Placemaking with PPS
Finally we are awakening to the idea that public spaces are for people and are really important places for community well being and identity and not just a remnant of poor architectural space planning.
It hardly seems probable that this circumstance even came about. Perhaps it was the desire for the simple, clean and compartmentalized design of the modernist movement that our city planners forgot that the public realm is actually for and about – PEOPLE.
However a campaign is gathering pace, shifting the focus of the public realm back to people and place ensuring a vibrancy and liveliness. This democratic and anthropological approach, grounded in the aspirations of the community, has been branded as place making. Place making is emerging as an important part of the early planning of space and the question of what attracts people to place is no longer being left to chance.
Fred Kent and Kathy Madden from Brooklyn based ‘Project for Public Space’ (PPS) are pioneers in place making. Since 1975 they have been working with communities across the globe to help transform public space into vital places. The groundswell for a meaningful approach to public space has enabled them to work with hundreds of communities bringing a unique place based approach to planning and design. Through their work they have developed several tools that guide the process and help communities evaluate their own spaces. Two key tools are the ‘Place Game’ and the ‘Power of 10’.
In Perth we have our fair share of empty space surrounded by brutalist architectural form driven by building function, economic and minimalist factors without any appreciation of public activity. Whole generations of architects were trained to believe that buildings alone would solve our city problems. Years later we wonder why these spaces are unused, and only the bravest will venture through them especially after dark. The Perth Cultural Centre is perhaps the most obvious of city spaces to fall into that category.
Over the last six months PLACE Laboratory has had the opportunity to work with Kathy and Fred in the development of the Perth Cultural Centre Place Plan – a long-term vision to return this part of the city into a vibrant people focused destination. PPS’s role on the Cultural Centre started several years ago when the East Perth Redevelopment Authority invited leading Perth design consultants, stakeholders and the public to play the place game. The evaluation tools used by PPS highlighted the deficiencies of the Cultural Centre but also identified key opportunities for its revitalization.
The PPS mantra of ‘Quicker, Cheaper, and Lighter’ has seen a range of immediate improvements – seating, shade, lighting, retail pods, an urban orchard and native wetland. The new vibe of the space has seen a dramatic shift in the public’s perception of the Cultural Centre.
Fred talks about these being initial steps in a catalytic process that will see the Perth Cultural Centre become a vital part of our city and cultural identity. He likens the process to a campaign driven by community, stakeholders and the government to express the importance of our culture and to create a place like no other.
Let the campaign begin.
If you would like to know more about PPS visit their website. ;


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