text:
Safety and sedative effect of intranasal dexmedetomidine in mandibular third molar surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Received 16 November 2018
Accepted for publication 15 February 2019
Published 23 April 2019 Volume 2019:13 Pages 1301—1310
Checked for plagiarism Yes
Review by Single anonymous peer review
Peer reviewer comments 3
Editor who approved publication: Professor Manfred Ogris
Shaopeng Liu,1,2,* Ye Wang,1,2,* Yong Zhu,1,2 Tingting Yu,3 Huaqiang Zhao1,2
1Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People’s Republic of China
*These authors contributed equally to this work
Objective: The focus of this meta-analysis was to assess the sedative effect and safety of intranasal dexmedetomidine (Dex) in mandibular third molar surgery.
Methods: The PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were searched for studies published until May 1, 2018. Eligible studies were restricted to randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials. The evaluation indicators mainly included the bispectral index, observer assessment of alertness/sedation scale, systolic blood pressure, and heart rate. Data for each period in the Dex and control groups were pooled to evaluate its sedative effect and safety.
Results: Five RCTs met the inclusion criteria. This study included 363 patients: 158 patients received intranasal inhalation of Dex before surgery, and 158 patients were negative controls. The pooled results showed a good sedative effect during tooth extraction when intranasal inhalation of Dex was performed 30 minutes before third molar extraction (assessment of alertness/sedation, Dex vs control SMD -1.20, 95% CI -1.73 to -0.67, I2=0, P=0.95; bispectral index, Dex vs control SMD -11.68, 95% CI -19.49 to -3.87, I2=89%; P=0.0001), and parameters returned to normal within 90 minutes after inhalation. During the operation, blood pressure and heart rate decreased to some extent, but the decreases did not exceed 20% of the baseline, and all patients returned to normal conditions within 90 minutes after inhalation.
Conclusion: Intranasal inhalation of Dex 30 minutes before third molar extraction can provide a good sedative effect, and large-sample multicenter RCTs are needed to evaluate the analgesic effect of Dex.
Keywords: intranasal dexmedetomidine, sedation, mandibular third molar, meta-analysis
Mandibular third molar extraction is a common procedure in the oral and maxillofacial region.1–3 Patients often have a high degree of fear and anxiety when facing tooth-extraction surgery.4 Many factors may cause or increase the preoperative nervousness or anxiety of patients. Common factors are visual (tooth extraction instruments, including various sharp needles and elevators), pain perception (pain when injecting anesthesia, discomfort when cutting tooth tissue, prolonged intraoperative mouth-opening time), auditory (sound of the high-speed air-turbine drill when cutting tooth tissue), and previous unpleasant dental treatment experience.5–7
Dexmedetomidine (Dex) is a highly selective α2 adrenergic receptor agonist that triggers and maintains natural sleeping status without eye movement by stimulating the locus coeruleus in the brain stem, which is the densest region of α2 receptors in the central nervous system.8,9 It produces sedative and hypnotic effects, and patients in this sedative state can be aroused by stimulation or language. Respiratory depression does not occur during the process of sedation.10 Dex is being used commonly in various specialties like surgery, anesthesiology, critical care medicine, neurosurgery, and dentistry for its anti-inflammatory and sedative effects.11–14 Intravenous injection is the standard method of Dex administration.10,15 However, studies have shown that intranasal inhalation of Dex can also produce good sedative effects, and the drug is widely used for general anesthesia induction in children.16,17 In recent years, some oral surgeons have evaluated the analgesic effect of intranasal inhalation of Dex during third molar surgery, but the results have not been consistent.
A literature search confirmed that no relevant meta-analysis had been conducted to evaluate systematically the sedative effect of intranasal inhaled Dex during the extraction of wisdom teeth. Moreover, a consensus has not been reached regarding the analgesic effect of Dex. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate systematically the analgesic efficacy and safety of intranasal inhalation of Dex in third molar surgery and provide theoretical support for its subsequent clinical application.
All studies that evaluated and compared the sedative and analgesic effects of intranasal inhalation of Dex and a control group undergoing mandibular third molar surgery were included in this study. We searched the PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases for literature published before May 2018 (Supplementary material). To ensure that the included literature was comprehensive, citations and related reviews were manually retrieved.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Studies had to meet the following criteria: randomized controlled trial (RCT), no language restriction, comparing the sedation and analgesic effects of Dex with placebo after third molar surgery in humans, and sufficient original outcome data to calculate standardized mean difference (SMD) or WMD with corresponding 95% CI. Inclusion criteria also included animal studies, case reports, in vitro studies, and reviews.
Quality assessment of the included studies was determined according to the Cochrane Collaboration tool, which comprises seven criteria: random sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding of participants and personnel, blinding of outcome assessment, incomplete outcome data, selective reporting, and other bias.18
Two authors independently extracted the data based on a previously designed data extraction table. Data extracted were author, country, experimental design, impaction type, age, operative time, and dose and evaluation indicators.
To assess the safety and sedative of intranasal Dex in mandibular third molar surgery, pooled WMD or SMD with corresponding 95% CI was calculated. Due to the variety of measures and different units used, SMD was employed.19 The level of statistical heterogeneity among studies was qualitatively and quantitatively assessed through Cochran’s Q test and I2 statistic, respectively.20 When I2<50%, a fixed-effect model was used. Otherwise, a random-effect model was used. To compare characteristics of subjects, interventions, and clinical outcomes among included studies, clinical heterogeneity was assessed.21 Methodological heterogeneity was determined with the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool.18 By omission of study data sequentially, a sensitivity analysis was implemented to explore potential intergroup heterogeneity. Funnel plots were used to evaluate publication bias.22 All statistical analyses were implemented using RevMan 5.3 (Nordic Cochrane Center, Copenhagen, Denmark). Two-sided P<0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.
Screening of the articles followed PRISMA principles, and the study inclusion process is shown in Figure 1. In the initial search, eleven articles were retrieved from PubMed, 18 from Web of Science, and 13 articles from the Cochrane Library. A total of 22 articles were excluded, due to duplication, Dex not being applied, or Dex not being applied for third molar extraction. For the remaining 14 articles, after examination of full texts, ten were excluded (Figure 1). In addition, one article retrieved from the CNKI database was included. Finally, five articles were included in this systematic review (Table 1).23–27 This study included 363 patients: 158 patients received intranasal inhalation of Dex before surgery, and 158 were negative controls. All articles were published between 2011 and 2016. Of the five articles included, except for Cheung et al (1.0 mg/kg dose of Dex),26 four used a 1.5 mg/kg dose of Dex.23–25,27 Regarding Dex-induction time, in four articles patients were injected with local anesthetic drugs 30 minutes after intranasal inhalation of Dex.23,25–27 After a sufficient anesthesia effect had been achieved, the third molar was removed. In one article, a local anesthetic drug was injected 20 minutes after intranasal inhalation.24 The results of the bias analysis are shown in Figure 2.
Figure 1 Study selection process.
Figure 2 Quality assessment of included studies.
Observer assessment of alertness/sedation scale
The patient’s degree of sedation was assessed by an observer using a modified observer assessment of alertness/sedation (OAA/S) score and recorded every 10 minutes. Three articles recorded OAA/S values23,25,27 (0–5 or 0–6), and SMD was determined. Compared to the control group, sedation occurred after 20 minutes in the group with intranasal inhalation of Dex (Dex vs control, SMD −1.20, 95% CI −1.73 to −0.67, I2=0; P=0.95). The peak of sedation was reached at 40 minutes (Dex vs control, SMD −3.19, 95% CI −3.95 to −2.43, I2=0; P=0.42), and the basal level was restored after 80 minutes (Dex vs control, SMD −0.65, 95% CI −1.43 to 0.14, I2=65%; P=0.12; Table 2).
Table 2 Pooled results of OAA/S
The bispectral index (BIS) is a number that represents mixed information obtained by analyzing the power and frequency of electroencephalography. BIS scores range 0–100, and larger values represent increased consciousness of the patient. A BIS value of 85–100 is generally considered normal, 65–85 sedated, 40–65 anesthetized, and a value <40 may result in burst suppression.28 Three articles included in this study evaluated sedation using BIS indicators recorded every 10 minutes.24–26 Pooled results showed that BIS values of the two groups were significantly different 20 minutes after intranasal inhalation (Dex vs control, MD −6.03, 95% CI −7.78 to −04.27, I2=0; P=0.84). The difference in BIS values between the two groups was greatest at 40 minutes after intranasal inhalation (Dex vs control, MD −11.68, 95% CI −19.49 to −3.87, I2=89%; P=0.0001). At this time, the Dex group had reached an obvious sedative state. At 90 minutes after intranasal inhalation, no significant difference in BIS values was observed between the two groups, indicating that the Dex group had returned to the basal level (Dex vs control, MD −5.14, 95% CI −18.99 to 8.70, I2=97%; P<0.00001; Table 3).
Table 3 Pooled results of BIS
Three articles included in this study recorded the heart rate (HR) of patients.25–27 Pooled results showed that HR was 6.68 beats/minute lower than that of the control group 30 minutes after intranasal inhalation of Dex (Dex vs control, MD −6.68 beats/minute, 95% CI −11.55 to −1.80, I2=71%; P=0.03). The difference was greatest at 40 minutes after intranasal inhalation, when HR in the Dex group was 10.82 beats/minute lower than that of the control group (Dex vs control, MD −10.82 beats/minute, 95% CI −13.20 to −8.43, I2=45%; P<0.16). No significant difference was observed in HR between the two groups at 90 minutes after intranasal inhalation, suggesting that patients had returned to baseline (Dex vs control, MD −3.19, 95% CI −7.32 to 0.94 beats/minute, I2=66%; P=0.05; Table 4).
Table 4 Pooled results of heart rate
Systolic blood pressure
Three articles included in this study recorded patients’ intraoperative blood pressure.25–27 Pooled results showed that 30 minutes after inhalation of Dex, blood pressure was 7.47 mmHg lower than the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (Dex vs control, MD −7.46 mmHg, 95% CI −10.84 to −4.08, I2=0; P=0.80). The largest difference occurred 50 minutes after inhalation of Dex (Dex vs control, MD −10.20 mmHg, 95% CI −13.75 to −6.66, I2=0; P=0.84). Pooled results showed no significant difference in blood pressure between the two groups at 70 minutes after inhalation of Dex (Dex vs control, MD −2.73 mmHg, 95% CI −8.08 to 2.62, I2=57%; P=0.10; Table 5).
Table 5 Pooled results of systolic blood pressure
Four articles included in this study evaluated pain at different stages after surgery. Since evaluation time varied greatly, no meta-analysis was performed. Cheung et al noted that compared to the control group, the Dex group reported significant pain relief within 12 hours after surgery (either during mouth opening or at rest).26 In addition, Shetty et al suggested that intranasal inhalation of Dex can reduce pain during and after surgery.23 Ryu et al confirmed that the pain level of patients can be reduced 1–3 days after surgery by intranasal inhalation of Dex.24 However, Nooh et al suggested that intranasal inhalation of Dex did not improve pain after tooth extraction.25
Nooh et al reported several postoperative adverse events: six patients in the Dex group developed dry mouth after surgery, one patient had mild tremors, and two patients had mild dizziness. Two patients were reported to have postoperative dry mouth in the control group.25 Cheung et al reported that the incidence of postoperative dizziness in the control group was significantly higher than in the Dex group.26 Other studies did not report postoperative adverse reactions.
Results of pooled analysis showed that the funnel plot did not indicate publication bias.
In this systematic review, the five articles included evaluated five indicators (systolic blood pressure, HR, OAA/S, BIS, and pain). Four of these indicators were included in the meta-analysis. In the five articles, the doses in the experimental group were similar and postoperative evaluation methods were consistent. Results of the pooled analysis showed that the funnel plot did not indicate publication bias. Additionally, in this meta-analysis, the sensitivity analysis showed consistent results. Therefore, the pooled results of this meta-analysis are reliable.
Pooled results of the BIS analysis showed that 20 minutes after intranasal inhalation, the BIS value of patients in the Dex group was significantly different from the control group, suggesting a sedated status. The sedative effect was most pronounced at 40 minutes, and lasted until approximately 60 minutes after administration of the drugs. In the five articles, operation time was approximately 20–30 minutes. Therefore, a single intranasal administration provides patients with a good sedative effect during tooth extraction. Patients returned to the baseline state 90 minutes after drug administration. In addition, three articles used the OAA/S score to evaluate patients’ sedation status. Pooled results were similar to those of the BIS. Both findings suggested that a single intranasal administration can ensure a good sedative effect during tooth extraction.
Dex has a certain analgesic effect via the anti-inflammatory and antioxidation pathway.9,15,29,30 These results were not included in the meta-analysis, because of the inconsistent evaluation time in the five articles. Dex acts on the α2 adrenergic receptor, which inhibits norepinephrine release and sympathetic conduction, causing blood pressure to decrease and HR to slow.31 The pooled results of this study suggest that blood pressure and HR values in the Dex group were both significantly lower than those in the control group 30 minutes after intranasal administration. The largest difference occurred 40–50 minutes after drug administration, but differences did not exceed 20% of the baseline value. It is suggested that this drug should be used with caution in patients with slow HR and low blood pressure.32,33 Patient blood pressure and HR returned to baseline 90 minutes after drug administration, which is consistent with previous literature reports.34
Interestingly, mixing lidocaine with Dex can enhance the anesthesia effect and duration of lidocaine anesthesia in mandibular nerve–block anesthesia, and the effect is dose-dependent.35,36 Unfortunately, the five articles here did not evaluate differences in anesthetic effects of mandibular nerve–block anesthesia in the Dex and control groups.
The most commonly used drug for clinical sedation is midazolam, which has sedation, hypnosis, antianxiety, and anterograde-amnesia effects. Studies have shown that intravenous injection of Dex produces a sedative effect similar to midazolam during third molar extraction.37,38 An intranasal spray can produce local therapeutic effects or systemic therapeutic effects through nasal mucosa absorption.39 This method has the advantages of convenient use, accurate administration, uniform distribution, and low dose.40 However, a study found that intranasal administration of midazolam can cause adverse reactions, such as nasal mucosal irritation; therefore, it is not suitable for intranasal administration.41–43 Dex is a highly selective α2 adrenergic receptor agonist. It is colorless and odorless and does not irritate the nasal mucosa, which is ideal for intranasal administration.44 Additionally, Ryu et al compared the use of intravenous and intranasal administration of Dex in third molar surgery, and showed that the two modes of administration produced similar sedative effects.24 As a noninvasive method of administration, intranasal inhalation of Dex can produce good sedative effects and can be applied to dental patients with preoperative anxiety.
There are limitations of this systematic evaluation. The articles included described slight variations in the dose administered, difficulty of tooth extraction, and operation time. Regarding the administered dose, only one article applied 1 μg and the others 1.5 μg. Time for tooth extraction was generally 20–30 minutes, suggesting that extraction difficulty was similar among studies. However, impaction type was not explained in detail in the articles. The number of samples included was small: only 363 patients were included. Follow-up time was short in the articles, and adverse reactions and pain levels during the first a few days after surgery were not recorded, which prevented evaluation of the analgesic effect of intranasal inhalation of Dex. Subjects in the articles were all Asians. Therefore, in future, a rigorous multicenter, large-sample RCT should be designed to verify our conclusions.
Intranasal inhalation of Dex 30 minutes before third molar extraction can produce a good sedative effect and a certain degree of postoperative analgesia, and large-sample, multicenter RCTs are needed to evaluate the analgesic effect of Dex.
Tingting Yu and Huaqiang Zhao are to be considered co-correspondence authors.
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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#1: Molars, third: ti, ab, kw or “third molar”: ti, ab, kw or “third molars”: ti, ab, kw or “tooth, wisdom”: ti, ab, kw or “wisdom tooth”: ti, ab, kw or “teeth, wisdom”: ti, ab, kw or “wisdom teeth”: ti, ab, kw or “molar, third”: ti, ab, kw or “tooth, impacted”: ti, ab, kw or “impacted teeth”: ti, ab, kw or “impacted tooth”: ti, ab, kw or “teeth impacted” (2,432)
#2: PV-1440: ti, ab, kw or “MPV 1440”: ti, ab, kw or “MPV1440”: ti, ab, kw or “Precedex”: ti, ab, kw or “Hospira brand of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride”: ti, ab, kw or “dexmedetomidine hydrochloride”: ti, ab, kw or “hydrochloride, dexmedetomidine”: ti, ab, kw or “dexmedetomidine” (2,545)
#3: #1 AND #2 (13)
Web of Science
#1: TS = (molars, third OR third molar OR third molars OR tooth, wisdom OR wisdom tooth OR teeth, wisdom OR wisdom teeth OR molar, third OR tooth, impacted OR impacted teeth OR impacted tooth OR teeth impacted) (31,537)
#2: TS = (MPV-1440 OR MPV 1440 OR MPV1440 OR Precedex OR dexmedetomidine hydrochloride OR hydrochloride, dexmedetomidine OR dexmedetomidine) (8,195)
#3: #1 AND #2 (18)
#1: “dexmedetomidine”[MeSH] (2,814)
#2: (MPV-1440[Title/Abstract]) OR (MPV 1440[Title/Abstract]) OR (MPV1440[Title/Abstract]) OR (Precedex[Title/Abstract]) OR (Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride[Title/Abstract]) OR (Hydrochloride, Dexmedetomidine[Title/Abstract]) (105)
#3: #1 or #2 (2,855)
#4: “molar, third”[MeSH] (5,893)
#5: (Molars, Third[Title/Abstract]) OR (Third Molar[Title/Abstract]) OR (Third Molars[Title/Abstract]) OR (Tooth, Wisdom[Title/Abstract]) OR (Wisdom Tooth[Title/Abstract]) OR (Teeth, Wisdom[Title/Abstract]) OR (Wisdom Teeth[Title/Abstract]) (11613)
#6: #4 or #5 (11,935)
#7: #3 and #6 (11)
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A VISIT OF PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY TO WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE JUNE 1963SKU 01475B
Booklet/program from the visit of President John F. Kennedy to the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico, June 5, 1963. 6 1/2 x 9 1/2", 18 pages + cover. Includes a schedule of events, information about the missile range, and biographies of military notables involved with the missile range. Excellent condition.

domain: history


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Printable Lotus Flower Coloring Pages – People can get coloring pages for any size, so whether you want a coloring page of a dollhouse, a little flower in a vase, or a large scale flower, you will find them on the web. Flowers arrive in a variety of colors and you could get colors that will work in any situation, indoors or out. They are ideal for any occasion, from your daughter’s first working day of school to a Christmas party or a birthday party.
If you’re searching for coloring pages for just about any type of event, climate it is birthday party decorations, your initial house, or simply for enjoyable, you will find coloring pages that you adore on the internet. No matter what you’re searching for, you will discover it. It might be much more convenient to go to your local library, but you have the benefit of having the ability to discover numerous various kinds of coloring pages at one time.
Whether you’re searching for coloring pages for decorating a dollhouse or how to color flowers, you can find precisely what you require and more. There are coloring pages for every kind of event, and even if you intend to make a decorative flower head, there are sites which have all the basics you require. You can even find flower coloring pages that have a fantastic deal of detail to them. Coloring pages are just like stickers; you can put them on a wall and allow it to be your personal.
Flowers may be placed anywhere, but you may also include designs to them. For instance, you can produce a pattern by placing a flower on a vase, you can use stunning colors to create the flowers pop, or you can use wonderful shapes to create a flower as large as you want it to be. The possibilities are limitless with regards to flower coloring pages.
The internet is complete of coloring pages which will assist you learn how to color flowers. Flowers may be something from pink roses, to redress, to white roses, to large blooms. All you need to do is find the site that has the coloring page which will fit the event that you are planning to utilize it for. You can find coloring pages for every event.
Colors do not have to become difficult to get, and so they don’t have to be costly. You can discover the coloring pages for all the types of flowers on the internet, and the prices are not bad either. If you require a coloring page for the child’s initial working day of school, or for your next yard sale, coloring pages for all the flowers you can believe of are easy to find.
You just need to make sure that you’re coping with a trustworthy company. There are plenty of people who are not as reputable as they should be, so you wish to appear for websites that offer very distinct pictures of the coloring pages that they provide. Also appear for sites that offer suggestions and hints regarding how to color flowers, so you can make certain that you’re obtaining the best outcomes.
You can certainly discover flower coloring pages on the internet, so you do not need to be worried about going to the library or a craft store. You can find your favorite coloring pages and after that get coloring sheets for all the events that you need them for.

domain: artistic


Winner: Max Verstappen of RED BULL won the 2023 Australian Grand Prix 2023.
Table of Content
The Australian Grand Prix, consisting of 58 laps, is one of the most awaited races in the Formula 1 2023 season. This thrilling race is set to take place in Melbourne on April 2nd at Albert Park Circuit in Melbourne.
Are you wondering how to watch the Australian GP live stream from anywhere worldwide? Worry not; we have everything you need to know, from free streamings to the latest news about the track! Let’s dive in!
FORMULA 1 ROLEX AUSTRALIAN GRAND PRIX 2023 – RACE RESULT
How to stream Australian GP 2023 Online
If you want to watch F1 races for free in your country, then ServusTV or ORF are your options. ServusTV and ORF shared the 23 races, which can be watched for free with ExpressVPN connected to the Austria server.
Disclaimer: The commentaries available on both of these services are in the German language.
In 2023, there will be no commercial breaks in the coverage of any Formula One session (including practice and qualifying sessions or the Grand Prix itself).
Formula One practice, qualifying, and the 2023 Grand Prix are all shown live, and there are no commercial breaks during the races.
Every Formula One practice, qualifying session, and 2023 Grand Prix is broadcast live, with no commercial breaks.
Live coverage of the Australian Grand Prix exclusively
How to watch the Formula 1 Australian Grand Prix live Stream
Formula 1 fans worldwide always look for ways never to miss a single moment of the race. For these dedicated fans, F1 TV is the perfect solution that offers an unbeatable Formula 1 streaming experience.
F1 TV Pro offers live streaming in six languages in more than 80 territories.
With F1 TV, you can access the most comprehensive viewing angles, live feeds from any of the 20 onboard cameras, and uninterrupted live streaming for every track session, including all GPs, F1, F2, F3, and Porsche Super. Additionally, F1 TV provides all of these perks without the nuisance of advertisements, ensuring an immersive and uninterrupted live-streaming experience.
You can watch Formula 1 on demand, including full race replays, highlights, and on-demand access to all F1 onboard cameras. And that’s not all!
F1 TV offers two different plans for its users, F1 Access and F1 TVPro, for which details are mentioned below.
F1 TV Pro
Live race coverage
No live races, only race highlights
Live coverage of all races, qualifying sessions, and practice sessions
Access to onboard cameras
Live timing and telemetry
Access to F1 archives
Yes, including classic races and documentaries
Number of devices
One device at a time
Two devices at a time
Price (per year)
F1 TV Pro English Commentators
Here’s a list of the most prominent names of F1 TV Formula 1 commentators. These skilled professionals are known for their ability to provide insightful analysis and commentary, keeping viewers on the edge of their seats during every race.
Note: Check if F1 TV pro app is in your region. If not, you might need ExpressVPN to watch races on ServusTV, ORF, RTBF or RTL Zwee.
Watch Australian Grand Prix on Servus TV
Servus TV is an Austrian free-to-air television network that broadcasts the 2023 Grand Prix Formula 1 races in the German language. To watch Formula 1 on Servus TV, you can start by visiting their website and signing up for a free account. You must provide basic information like your name, email address, and country of residence.
Once you have created an account, you can access the ServusTV livestream by clicking on their website’s “LiveTV” section. The live stream will be available in high definition, and you can enjoy it on your desktop or mobile device.
If you don’t speak German, don’t worry. Servus TV offers English commentary for their Formula 1 coverage through their website or mobile app.
It’s important to note that Servus TV is a free-to-air television network, so you won’t have to pay anything to watch their Formula 1 coverage. However, you may need to use a ExpressVPN to access their live stream outside Austria.
Why you need ExpressVPN to watch Formula 1
Formula 1 streaming is only available for free on ServusTV(Austria), ORF(Austria), RTBF(Belgium) and RTL Zwee(Luxembourg). These services are geo-restricted, so you can’t access them outside their region.
For example, if you try to access Servus TV, you may see this error:
““Dieser Inhalt ist Ihrem Land nicht verfügbar” in Engish “This content is not available in your country”.
If you’re wondering how to watch F1 on Servus TV in your country. Follow these below given 3 easy steps:
Ten teams participate in every Formula 1 season, with two drivers in each squad, currently making 20 drivers and 10 teams. The 2023 season of Formula 1 will showcase the following teams and drivers.
Haas F1 Team
Red Bull Racing
Nyck de Vries
F1 2023 Australian Driver
F1 2023: Australian Grand Prix Preview
The 86th edition of the Australian Grand Prix is set to bring the Formula 1 traveling circus to Melbourne once again. However, the landscape vastly differs from the last time the fastest cars in the world roared around Albert Park. One noticeable absence from the grid is Australian driver Daniel Ricciardo.
In his place, 21-year-old local talent Oscar Piastri will debut in the papaya alongside Lando Norris for McLaren, following a very public contract dispute that saw Ricciardo removed from the team. Meanwhile, Red Bull, reigning constructors’ champions, face their driver dispute as tensions reach boiling point between Max Verstappen and Sergio Perez. The Dutchman’s disagreements with his teammates are no strangers to the sport.
Fernando Alonso, the two-time world champion, is experiencing a late-career resurgence with Aston Martin at 41.
Meanwhile, Max Verstappen, the two-time world champion, returns to Albert Park with a fast Red Bull, with Lewis Hamilton describing it as the fastest car he has ever seen. There have been multiple team and driver changes since last year’s race, with Nico Hulkenberg taking Mick Schumacher’s spot at Haas, and Logan Sargeant replacing Nicholas Latifi at Williams.


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Catacombe di Santa Domitilla
Mausoleo delle Fosse Ardeatine
This moving mausoleum is dedicated to the victims of Rome’s worst WWII atrocity. Buried here, outside the Ardeatine Caves, are 335...
Catacombe di San Callisto
These are the largest and busiest of Rome’s catacombs. Founded at the end of the 2nd century and named after Pope Calixtus I, they...
Basilica di San Sebastiano
Founded in the 4th century, this basilica atop the Catacombe di San Sebastiano mainly dates from the 17th century. It preserves one of...
Ristorante Cecilia Metella
Near the catacombs of San Callisto, the outside seating at Cecilia Metella is great, set on a low hill under a vine canopy and with...
Via delle Sette Chiese 283 · interesting places nearby
Catacombe di Santa Domitilla information
Among Rome’s largest and oldest, these wonderful catacombs stretch for about 18km. They were established on the private burial ground of Flavia Domitilla, niece of the emperor Domitian and a member of the wealthy Flavian family. They contain Christian wall paintings and the haunting underground Chiesa di SS Nereus e Achilleus , a 4th-century church dedicated to two Roman soldiers martyred by Diocletian.


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NCAA staff members may be called in as witnesses in college basketball fraud case
Sat Nov 18, 2017
If the college basketball fraud case reaches trial, prosecutors may call as witnesses NCAA staff members versed in the association’s complicated rule book, according to a letter sent by the U.S. Attorney’s office to judges handling the case. It is the most significant acknowledgement to date of how NCAA rules, which are industry regulations but not criminal laws, could play a role in the case.
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Related: Other News
Recent ACC & NCAA News:Vontae Davis explains why he retired from the NFL in the middle of a Bills gameSaturday September 22, 2018The Top 10 Toughest Arenas for Opponents in College BasketballFriday September 21, 2018FIU coach Butch Davis preparing for challenge of facing a special and familiar foe: MiamiFriday September 21, 2018Mavs' owner Mark Cuban escapes harsh penalties, but damaging report soils reputationFriday September 21, 2018Watch Grid guide to college football’s best Week 4 gamesThursday September 20, 2018

domain: news


text:
Michelle Stober loaded up valuables at her home on Wrightsville Beach to drive back to her primary residence in Cary, North Carolina.
Ten miles (16 km) away in Wilmington, wind gusts of 20 to 25 mph (32-20 kph) were stirring up frothy white caps into the Cape Fear River, although no rain had yet fallen.
At 2:20 a.m. EDT (0230 UTC) on September 13, Moderate Resolution Imagine Spectroradiometer or MODIS instrument aboard NASA's Aqua satellite analyzed Hurricane Florence in infrared light. The hurricane center also adjusted its projected track, but kept it north of what most computer models were showing, to provide some continuity with past forecasts.
Mayor Joe Benson said the storm will batter the oceanside town through two high tide periods.
"There's the storm surge, 9 to 13 feet, that has not changed from yesterday even though they have downgraded the storm".
"Do you want to get hit with a train or do you want to get hit with a cement truck?" said Jeff Byard, an administrator with the Federal Emergency Management Agency. "Flooding is nearly guaranteed".
It is still expected to bring a storm surge of up to 13ft (4 metres), plus waves, at the North Carolina coast on Thursday before slowing down and dumping a huge amount of rain, triggering damaging flooding further inland.
Hurricane Florence is now a category 2 hurricane, with winds of close to 110mph (177km/h).
The zone where these intense winds occur will be narrow and they will last just a few hours, but the effects will probably be severe, similar to a tornado.
That's because the weather systems that usually push and pull a storm are disappearing as Florence nears land around the border between North and SC.
The National Hurricane Center's best guess was that Florence would blow ashore as early as Friday afternoon around the North Carolina-South Carolina line, then slog its rainy way westward with a potential for catastrophic inland flooding that could swamp homes, businesses and farm fields. When and where it will make landfall is unclear.
"I ask all Georgians to join me in praying for the safety of our people and all those in the path of Hurricane Florence", Deal said.
North Carolina and SC are bracing for the onslaught, which could bring storm surges as high as nine feet and rainfall of as much as 40 inches in some areas.
An estimated 10 million people live in areas expected to be placed under a hurricane or storm advisory, according to the U.S. Weather Prediction Center.More news: Meghan Markle Lets Her Dog Poop on Kensington Palace Grounds
But the biggest danger could be life-threatening storm surges.
As the hurricane closed in, some residents wondered whether to ride it out.
In Wilmington, Richard King, 64, said Wednesday that he, his wife and perhaps 60 of their neighbors planned to stay.
Florence's winds dropped from a peak of 140 miles per hour to 105 miles per hour early Thursday.
"We're a good community up there".
"I don't care if this goes down to a Category 1", CNN meteorologist Chad Myers said on Thursday.
People on barrier islands or peninsulas were running out of time Wednesday to retreat by bridge or ferry.
Tim Terman's house in Southport, North Carolina, is about 20 feet above sea level. One North Carolina woman packed flowers to leave on her son's grave. "Everyone was sold out", she said.
"Historical rainfall amounts from #Florence are possible with UNPRECEDENTED flooding", according to the National Weather Service office in Newport and Morehead City, on North Carolina's coast.
The contraflow will end Thursday at noon on 501 and at 6 p.m. on I-26.
"Pets are not allowed inside Red Cross evacuation shelters", McMaster said.
While the storm's maximum sustained winds edged lower on Wednesday, tropical-storm-force winds have expanded, extending 195 miles outward, putting more people at risk when it finally makes landfall.
The Federal Emergency Management Agency warned that storm surge watches and warnings are in effect Wednesday for the entire North Carolina coast and parts of SC. It urged residents to heed evacuation orders.
Emergency declarations were in force in Georgia, South and North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland and the District of Columbia. "If God's coming for you, you can't run from him".
Subtropical Storm Joyce, which formed in the North Atlantic Tuesday, is also not expected to hit the U.S. It is forecast to become a tropical storm in the next day or so while drifting to the southwest.

domain: geography


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Therapist Shabree Rawls says she was fired after negative attention from a Tiktok video pleading with Black men to seek therapy. The post Social Media Reacts To Firing Of Therapist On TikTok Who Urged Black Men To Seek Therapy appeared first on NewsOne.
A Subway manager is jobless after stating via text message that they didn’t want Black employees. Katelyn Simmons thought that a job at Subway would be a great way to earn money over the summer. She had a friend who worked at a Houston-area Subway and applied to work at the same store. The employee […]
America awoke to the news that Matt Lauer of NBC’s The Today Show, had been fired after allegations of sexual misconduct. Page Six is reporting that Lauer allegedly assaulted a female NBC staffer Sochi Winter Olympics in 2014. According to reports, the woman went to Human Resources for NBC on Monday. Lauer was fired on Tuesday night. Page […]
White House communications director Anthony Scaramucci as Envoge would say,”He’s out the Door”. Scaramucci was fired after fewer than 10 days in the position. The former Wall Street financier had drawn sharp criticism after his foul-mouthed tirade to a New Yorker journalist on Thursday. Social media and late night TV is having a field day. […]
The Georgia principal who chastised “all the Black people” after a handful of individuals prematurely left a graduation ceremony has been terminated, the Atlanta Journal-Constitution reports. After her…
“You’re our hero!” Support for the now-suspended New Jersey teacher who allowed her third-graders to write get-well letters to former Black Panther Mumia Abu-Jamal was…
Wendy Williams recently revealed that she talked about the Bill Cosby rape allegations on the radio years ago. Actually, this took place in 1990. Cosby, according to Wendy, wasn’t happy with her talking about it and tried to have her fired.
What would you do? Let’s say that you get an email at work saying that ALL employees must get a flu shot by the end of the week. No exceptions. How do you respond? Foxy’s Karen Clark got a flu shot. Then this happened….
Dang, Black people can’t win. Especially not this Canadian woman who was fired for NOT being Black enough. Listen to the latest Jazzy Report in the…
A former Hooters waitress has sued the restaurant chain in federal court, alleging she was pushed out of her job after brain surgery left her with buzz cut hair and a healing scar that made it too painful to wear a wig. Sandra Lupo, 27, had worked as a waitress at a St. Peters, Mo., […]

domain: sociology


Broward County Commissioners have turned down the plan behind the mass transit sales tax. This is one road block transit proponents didn't need.
Tuesday's 5-4 vote threatens a necessary attempt to set up a local dedicated source of revenue to reduce traffic gridlock, fix the county's obvious transportation shortcomings and plan for future needs.
The concept remains sound; the execution, turning concept into reality, though is now in trouble.
Transit proponents put forth a plan that promises $14 billion in improvements over the next 25 years, which includes new light rail transit lines, doubling the number of buses and creating express bus lanes on several heavily travelled streets. Sounds good.
Given the widespread grousing over taxes, any call for higher taxes is a dicey proposition. It is troubling that proponents didn't get more support for their plan from county commissioners earlier.
Transit isn't the only need demanding more resources. Taxpayers will also be asked to pay for a new county courthouse, and although it's not on the ballot, the school district wants a future bond referendum to help relieve overcrowded schools. All this at a time when taxpayers feel taxed to the max and aren't in the mood to approve more government spending.
Concerns over the validity of cost estimates, location of new routes, and the amount the federal government will actually contribute should have been aired and addressed, say, back in January rather than now, just three weeks shy of the vote.
The plan is essential. It's the key to boosting the public's confidence that their leaders have a clue in resolving gridlock and that they will spend taxpayers' dollars effectively in doing so. The project's last minute implosion at the county is not reassuring.
Proponents had better salvage the mass transit plan and win a convincing show of support from the commissioners. Voters may scoff at a tax hike, but the county really can't afford a defeat that sets back badly needed solutions to an enduring problem.
BOTTOM LINE: Salvage the plan -- now!


Haryana Police has released a job opportunity for male and female aspirants who want to join the Police department. In its latest recruitment drive, Haryana Police invited a job opportunity for the post of Constable and SI on its official website.
As per the notification, the Haryana Staff Selection Commission released a total of 6400 vacancies for the posts of Constable and Sub Inspectors.
To apply for the vacancies, candidates will have to visit at hssc.gov.in.
Earlier, the last date to apply for the vacancies was June 26, which has now been extended to July 11, 2019, till 11:59 pm. Therefore, candidates are advised to apply for the posts before the closing of the huge recruitment drive. Also, the last date to submit the application has been extended to July 15, 2019.
Before participating in this recruitment drive, applicants should go through the official website of HSSC to read the eligibility criteria for posts of SI and Constable.
As per the notification, HSSC released the online application form for the posts of Male Constables (General Duty), Female Constables (General Duty) and Sub Inspector (Male).
Check post-wise vacancy details released by Haryana Police:
- Male Constables (General Duty) – 5000 posts
- Female Constables (General Duty) – 1000 posts
- Sub Inspector (Male) – 400 posts
For Male Constables and Female Constables (General Duty) posts –
Candidates should have passed class 12th or its equivalent from a recognized board/institute. Also, an applicant should have studied either Hindi or Sanskrit upto Class 10th.
Age Limit for this post:
18 to 25 years
Sub Inspector (Male) posts –
Applicants should have completed their Graduation in any discipline from a recognized institution. Candidates also have studied Hindi or Sanskrit as one of their subjects in Class 10th.
18 to 25 years
Note: To more vacancy details, kindily visit the official website of HSSC at hssc.gov.
Also Read: Haryana Power Recruitment 2019: Jobs for Engineers! Apply through GATE 2019 score; salary upto Rs 1 lakh


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Central East Coast Location
By the Numbers
Central North Carolina Location
As the population and business/industry presence grows in Clayton, so does the Towns workforce, and there are many resources to support that workforce pipeline, from middle school students all the way to active job seekers of any age.
The JoCo Works initiative is an industry-led collaborative for eighth grade students supported by education, business, civic, and government partners created to meet the Johnston County, North Carolina workforce needs of the future.
The 30,000-square-foot Workforce Development Center (WDC) supports educational and technical skills training in business and the sciences. The WDC is a collaborative effort between Johnston County, Johnston County Public Schools, Johnston County Economic Development and the College, as well as local industries.
Capital Area Workforce Development (CAWD) is dedicated to working with businesses in Johnston and Wake Counties that are in search of candidates with the appropriate skills needed for open positions. Concurrently, they work alongside job seekers no matter what career stage they are in. From recent grads to working professionals looking for something new, they deliver rewarding career opportunities, skill development and preparedness resources, creating a seamless cycle of employment and growth throughout the region. There is an NCWorks Career Center located in Clayton.
Clayton and its residents are blessed to have some of the world's most admired corporations in and around town. Not only do they provide outstanding jobs, they are also very involved in our community - supporting local schools, charities and area non-profits. Clayton is especially know for its connection to the life sciences and manufacturing industries. As part of the BioPharma Crescent of Eastern North Carolina, Clayton is home to many world-class and innovative industry partners., including the single largest manufacturing investment in North Carolina.
Learn more about the industry presence in Clayton here.
Utilities and Infrastructure
Clayton prides itself as a community that operates reliable, high-quality electric, water, and sewer infrastructure. Through strong public-private partnerships, our business community works with Town staff and elected officials to ensure that public facilities and services required for current and future growth are in place and in the works to keep up with demand. The Town of Clayton can provide all of your electric, water, sewer, waste collection, and irrigation services, depending on your location within our jurisdiction. Learn more about the Town of Clayton's Utilities and Infrastructure here.
The Town of Clayton and Johnston County are both able to create appropriately aggressive, performance-based incentives, which take into account a company's capital investment and job creation plans. The Town also supports various state and local incentives. Learn more here, and give the Economic Development Department a call to further explore options.
Projects and Development
Learn more about current proposed, approved and/or completed projects and Developments using the Town of Clayton's online development maps. Here you can explore the development, zoning, future land use, transportation planning, and environmental maps.
- Estimated population: 51,478 (36,433)
- Median household income: $66,700 ($58,980)
- Growth rate: 6.80% (11.55%)
Demographic data represents 10-minute drive time from downtown Clayton. Data compiled by Retail Strategies based on publicly available information.

domain: economics


Barely 3 days after the commencement of the screening exercise by the Ministerial Committee for the recall of teachers on Kano state government’s payroll that were posted to Private, Voluntary and Community Schools in the state, 3,268 have been discovered.
The Committee which is under the chairmanship of Dr. Ibrahim Bichi (Executive Secretary, Kano State Library Board) has further uncovered that some of the identified staff, have spent more than 10 to 15 years serving in private schools, while enjoying monthly salaries from either state or local government pay rolls in addition to furthering their studies for higher degrees ranging from M. Sc and Ph D certificates.
A statement signed, Tuesday, by the Chief public relation officer of the Ministry, Aliyu Yusuf, said the committee also discovered that while on such postings, the teachers are enjoying their consistent promotions up to directorate cadre.
According to the interim report of the Committee, it was similarly gathered that a private school has more than 50 teachers posted from government schools over the years, a negative development that must be put to a halt to address the lingering problem of teachers’ shortfall in public schools in the state.
Parents and members of the general public are therefore advised to be patient, as the whole exercise was aimed at sanitizing the state education system for the better.


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Marchelle Surname Ancestry Results
Our indexes 1000-1999 include entries for the spelling 'marchelle'. In the period you have requested, we have the following 1 record (displaying 1 to 1):
marchaundise marchaunt marchaunte marchaux marchavile marchay marchaye marchband marchbank marchbanks marchdene marche marcheal marcheaunt marcheden' marcheford marcheforde marchegay marchel marchell marchelrwy marchemond marchemont marchena marchenleye marchent marchenton marchenville marchepair marchepais marcher marches marchesden marchese marchesi marchesini marchesley marchesleygh marcheston marchet
These sample scans are from the original record. You will get scans of the full pages or articles where the surname you searched for has been found.
Your web browser may prevent the sample windows from opening; in this case please change your browser settings to allow pop-up windows from this site.
Research your ancestry, family history, genealogy and one-name study by direct access to original records and archives indexed by surname.

domain: library


text:
Gangnam what? The Harlem Shake has become the latest dance craze and viral sensation, with Baauer's single "Harlem Shake" making its way to the top of iTunes download list. The song's fast rise to popularity followed a viral video featuring a bunch of costumed guys doing a dance to it, which has since been mimicked and revised in various videos that followed, including one that uses EA's popular game The Sims.
For reference, here's the video, which was posted earlier in February and features the song with four guys dancing to it.
EW noted the song's #1 spot on iTunes on Sunday, pointing out that the song, which debuted last May (2012), managed to rise above One Direction's "One Way or Another (Teenage Kicks)," Macklemore and Ryan Lewis' "Thrift Shop" and Rihanna's "Stay." In addition to the video above, EW post a few other of the thousands of follow-up videos that have been posted, including one featuring firefighters and another set underwater.
With so many attempts to capture the dance with some added originality, it's hard to imagine what anyone will come up with next. But I personally love this one, which uses the video game The Sims 3 to recreate the dance.
If you're familiar with the game, then you know that the simulation video game and the various expansion packs that have followed include costumes and supernatural characters, which is how the creator of this video was able to get especially creative, beginning with a room full of people and one helmeted dancer, taking the traditional solo portion of the dance. That leads into a party of costumed and supernatural Sims dancing. The llama man is fittingly at the center, but there's also a zombie, a costumed hot dog man, a costumed gnome guy and a mummy. You can also see the Grim Reaper rocking out in the background. I think there might've also been a horse in there somewhere.
Kelly joined CinemaBlend as a freelance TV news writer in 2006 and went on to serve as the site’s TV Editor before moving over to other roles on the site. At present, she’s an Assistant Managing Editor who spends much of her time brainstorming and editing feature content on the site.
Your Daily Blend of Entertainment News
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sale $44.96 $59.9525% Off
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casual, hiking, road running, trail running, training, yoga


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Nobody would fault Marine Atlantic for taking a “safety first” approach to the recent ferry cancellations across the Gulf. It’s not worth risking life and limb in the interest of time.
It does, however, point to the desperate need for a reliable and consistent road transportation system to and from the province.
The Straits tunnel - “Strunnel” - as I call it, is the only reliable solution to fix the problem once and for all.
It doesn’t matter how much money is thrown at Marine Atlantic to try to resolve the myriad of issues that the company faces, the fact is that it is still a ferry.
However you cut it, it will never provide the level of service that the province needs.
We are a rapidly growing economy, thriving on the oil industry and tourism.
How much lost tourism business have we suffered as a result of travellers not prepared to cross the Gulf, due to delays, cost, level of service, etc? We hear or read about the stories almost daily.
By combining a transportation tunnel together with the ability to carry hydropower, it could justify the megaproject over time.
A private-public partnership with all the key players could make it cost effective. It would certainly make a great election issue.
On CBC recently I was interested to hear that Olivia Chow was here to consider transportation issues affecting this province.
This could be just the time to bring the issue to the forefront and I will forward a copy of this to Ms. Chow.
In the 21st century, we need a transportation system, full time, on time and all the time.
Perhaps this is the time?


The total number of infections with Coronavirus (Covid-19) amounted to 153, after seven new positive cases were confirmed in the national territory, reported the President of the Republic, Nicolás Maduro. From the Miraflores Palace, located in Caracas, he explained that the recent cases are distributed in the states of Aragua (1), La Guaira (2), Miranda (1), Barinas (1) and Trujillo (2). “Venezuela’s curve remains flat. We must maintain this effort, which is an advance for all of Venezuela, but we cannot claim victory”, he stressed. The Dignitary indicated that two deaths were registered due to the infectious disease, the victims of which are men residing in Maracaibo (Zulia) and San Bernardino (Capital District) who presented complications in their clinical symptoms. Thus, the death toll rises to seven since the detection of the first two cases, which occurred on March 13. The statistics of recovered patients are located at 52. Meanwhile, 31 cases are registered in home isolation, 30 in Comprehensive Diagnostic Centers (CDI), 20 in public hospitals and 13 in private clinics. COVID-19 registers 1 million 093 thousand 103 infections in 204 countries, while the recovery rate amounts to 228 thousand 039 patients and the death rate to 58 thousand 729.


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Homelessness is an isolating experience. It can cut you off from friends and family, and make you feel like you’re doing it alone.
It takes more than just a roof over your head to move on from that. It also takes supportive relationships and meaningful connections.
That’s why at Evolve, we don’t just provide somewhere safe to stay. We also help people to build those relationships and connections. With each other, with family and friends, and with new opportunities.
By doing so we not only help people stay off the streets, we also set them up for new lives, where they leave homelessness behind for good.
Please donate this Christmas, to help us provide more than just a roof for Londoners who are homeless.


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"We don't mind helping, but we can't trust the government with our cash," a Sri Lankan doctor in Australia told AFP, asking for anonymity. A Sri Lankan software engineer in Canada said he had no confidence that the money would be spent on the needy.
Dozens of Sri Lankan lawmakers walked out of the ruling coalition on Tuesday, leaving President Gotabaya Rajapaksa's government in a minority in parliament as it struggled to quell protests amid the country's worst economic crisis in decades.
Barely hours after Rajapaksa fled the country, hundreds of people were demanding the resignation of the prime minister as well and fighting street battles with security forces, some armed with assault rifles.
Rajapaksa emailed a letter of resignation to the speaker of the country's parliament late on Thursday, two sources said. In commercial capital Colombo, troops patrolled the streets to enforce a curfew.
"We would urge the Sri Lankan parliament to approach this with a commitment to the betterment of the country, not any one political party," US Secretary of State said at a news conference in Bangkok.
After he was sworn in by the chief justice as interim president, Wickremesinghe vowed to start moves to increase parliament's powers and reduce those of the president, as demanded by protesters.
Gotabaya Rajapaksa was provided on Saturday with an official residence and security by the government after he returned to the country he had fled in July during economic unrest, two senior officials said.
Amarakeerthi Athukorala opened fire and critically wounded two people blocking his car in the town of Nittambuwa, police said, adding that one of the victims died of his injuries.
Mahinda Rajapaksa's resignation came hours after clashes broke out in Colombo, where supporters of the ruling party stormed an anti-government protest camp and were beaten back by police using tear gas and water cannon.
Ranil Wickremesinghe wants to privatise the loss-making national airline as part of reforms aimed at solving the country worst economic crisis in decades. Wickremesinghe said the airline lost about $123m in the 2020-2021 fiscal year.


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Are you considering adding a Labrador and a Poodle to your household but unsure if these two breeds will get along?
Or perhaps you already have a Labrador or a Poodle and want to understand how they typically interact with each other?
If so, you’ve come to the right place!
Here’s Whether Or Not Labradors & Poodles Will Get Along In Brief:
Labradors and Poodles can coexist harmoniously if their unique needs are met. This includes managing their energy levels, understanding their play styles, and controlling their prey drives. Training and socialization are crucial, as they help manage size differences and temperaments as well.
However, if these factors are overlooked, it could lead to conflict. Therefore, while Labs and Poodles have different characteristics, with proper care and understanding, they can live together peacefully. But, pet owners must be prepared to invest time and effort to ensure a harmonious relationship between these two breeds.
In this article, we’ll go over the 7 main factors that determine their compatibility as well as walking you through the most effective way of properly introducing them for a guaranteed compatibility for the long run.
Failure to ensure compatibility between Labradors and poodles can lead to constant conflicts, limited socialization opportunities and challenges in training and household dynamics which can create stressful and disrupted living environment for all.
Note: Our articles are comprehensive and in-depth. Feel free to expand the table of contents below and skip ahead to sections that interest you.
7 Factors That Determine The Compatibility Between Labradors & Poodles
I. Breed Tendencies Comparison
1) Energy Levels
Labradors are known for their high energy levels. They were originally bred for physically demanding jobs, such as retrieving game for hunters, and they have the high energy that goes along with being a working breed.
They require a significant amount of daily exercise, including walks, games, and time off-leash in a secure area. On the other hand, Poodles, originally bred for water retrieving, are also an energetic breed.
However, their energy tends to be more focused on mental challenges. Poodles are more likely to enjoy puzzle toys and advanced obedience or agility training.
The difference in energy focus can potentially lead to compatibility issues, with the Labrador’s physical energy overwhelming the Poodle’s more cerebral approach.
However, if both dogs’ energy needs are met appropriately, they can coexist happily.
For instance, a Labrador might enjoy a long game of fetch, while a Poodle might prefer a challenging puzzle toy. It’s essential to understand and cater to these individual needs to ensure both dogs are happy and fulfilled.
While there might be a difference in the type of energy and stimulation each breed requires, with proper understanding and care, a Labrador and a Poodle can live together harmoniously.
Both Labradors and Poodles are renowned for their intelligence. Labradors are known for their “working intelligence,” or trainability.
They are eager to please and quick to learn, especially when training involves tasks that align with their retrieving instincts. Poodles, on the other hand, are often cited as one of the most intelligent breeds.
They excel at problem-solving and can be highly trainable, with a keen ability to learn and perform complex tasks.
The shared intelligence of these breeds can be a boon to their compatibility, as they can keep each other mentally stimulated.
However, it also means that both breeds need plenty of mental stimulation to prevent boredom and associated behavior problems.
For example, both breeds might enjoy learning new tricks or commands, which can be a great bonding activity and a way to provide mental stimulation.
The shared intelligence of Labradors and Poodles can contribute to a strong bond and mutual understanding, enhancing their compatibility.
Labradors are known for their adaptability. They can thrive in various living situations, whether it’s a house with a large yard or an apartment, as long as they get sufficient exercise.
Poodles, particularly the smaller varieties, are also quite adaptable and can do well in different environments. However, Poodles may be more sensitive to noise and chaos than Labradors.
This shared adaptability can lead to a harmonious living situation as both breeds can adjust to changes in their environment.
However, the potential sensitivity of the Poodle may require a more controlled environment than the Labrador might need.
For instance, if you live in a busy urban environment, a Poodle might require more quiet time and a safe space to retreat to than a Labrador.
While there are differences in the adaptability of Labradors and Poodles, these can be managed with understanding and appropriate care, leading to a harmonious living situation.
4) Affection Levels
Both Labradors and Poodles are known for being affectionate breeds. Labradors are often described as “people-oriented” dogs who love to be around their human family members.
They are known for their friendly and outgoing nature. Poodles, while sometimes seen as aloof, are actually very loving towards their families. They can be reserved with strangers but are typically affectionate and loyal to their families.
This shared trait can foster a strong bond between the two breeds, enhancing their compatibility. However, the Poodle’s potential reserve might initially clash with the Labrador’s more outgoing nature.
Despite their differences in expressing affection, both Labradors and Poodles are known for their loyalty and love towards their families.
With understanding and respect for their individual personalities, these breeds can form a strong bond.
II. Individual Personality Comparison
Labradors are renowned for their friendly and outgoing nature. They are known to get along well with humans and other animals alike. This breed is often characterized by its lack of aggression and willingness to make friends with everyone they meet.
Poodles, on the other hand, are also friendly dogs but can be a bit more reserved, especially with strangers. They are known to be loyal to their families and can be very affectionate with those they know well.
The Labrador’s outgoing nature and the Poodle’s more reserved demeanor could potentially cause some initial misunderstandings.
However, with proper introductions and positive experiences, these two breeds can get along well.
For instance, a Labrador might approach a Poodle with enthusiasm, which could be off-putting for a more reserved Poodle.
However, with time and positive interactions, the Poodle can learn to appreciate the Labrador’s friendly overtures.
While their approaches to friendliness may differ, both Labradors and Poodles are generally sociable breeds that can get along well with each other given the right circumstances and proper introductions.
2. Sensitivity Levels
Labradors are known to be quite resilient and adaptable. They are generally not overly sensitive to changes in their environment or to different types of handling.
Poodles, however, are often more sensitive. They can be more reactive to changes in their environment and may require more gentle handling and a stable routine.
The difference in sensitivity levels could potentially cause some misunderstandings between a Labrador and a Poodle.
A Labrador might not understand a Poodle’s more sensitive reactions, and a Poodle might find a Labrador’s more robust play style overwhelming.
For example, a Labrador might enjoy a rough-and-tumble play style, which could be too much for a more sensitive Poodle.
It’s important for owners to monitor their interactions and ensure that both dogs are comfortable with their play style.
While Labradors and Poodles may have different sensitivity levels, with careful management and understanding of each breed’s characteristics, they can learn to interact in a way that respects both breeds’ comfort levels.
3. Tolerance for Solitude
Labradors are social dogs that generally enjoy being around people and other dogs. They are not known for tolerating long periods of solitude well and can become anxious or destructive if left alone for too long.
Poodles, while also social, can tolerate being alone for slightly longer periods. However, they also thrive on companionship and can become distressed if left alone for extended periods.
The need for companionship in both breeds could potentially enhance their compatibility. They can provide each other with the social interaction they crave when their human family members are not available.
For example, if both dogs are left alone together, they can keep each other company, reducing the potential for anxiety or destructive behavior due to loneliness.
With that said, both Labradors and Poodles are social breeds that do not enjoy being left alone. Their shared need for companionship could potentially enhance their compatibility and make them suitable companions for each other.
Both Labradors and Poodles are known for their playful nature. Labradors, with their high energy levels and love for games like fetch (Amazon) , are often seen as one of the most playful breeds.
Poodles, while perhaps not as boisterous as Labradors, also enjoy play and can be quite lively, especially when engaged in activities that challenge them mentally.
The shared playfulness of Labradors and Poodles can contribute positively to their compatibility. They can enjoy engaging in play activities together, which can help to strengthen their bond.
For example, both breeds might enjoy a game of fetch, with the Labrador likely enjoying the physical aspect of retrieving the ball, while the Poodle might enjoy the challenge of figuring out the trajectory of the throw.
All in all, the shared playfulness of Labradors and Poodles can be a positive factor in their compatibility.
Their love for play can provide common ground and opportunities for positive interactions, which can help to build a strong bond between the two breeds.
In conclusion, while there are differences in the individual personalities of Labradors and Poodles, these differences do not necessarily mean that the two breeds cannot get along.
With understanding, patience, and proper management, Labradors and Poodles can coexist harmoniously and even form strong bonds of friendship.
You might also be interested in Do Labradors & Cockapoo Get Along Well? (9 Factors Explained)
III. Prey Drive Comparison
1. Inherent Prey Drive
Labradors, originally bred as hunting dogs, have a natural prey drive. They were used to retrieve game, particularly waterfowl, and this instinct can still be seen in the breed today.
They are known to chase after small animals and birds, and this can sometimes lead to them being distracted or running off during walks.
Poodles, on the other hand, were also used as hunting dogs, specifically as water retrievers. However, their prey drive is generally considered to be less intense than that of Labradors.
They are more likely to be interested in playing with a toy than chasing after small animals.
The difference in prey drive can potentially lead to compatibility issues. If a Labrador and a Poodle are living together, the Labrador’s stronger prey drive could potentially cause stress for the Poodle, especially if the Poodle is of a smaller variety.
However, this is not a given and depends heavily on the individual dogs.
For instance, if a Labrador and a Poodle were to spot a squirrel during a walk, the Labrador might be more likely to try and chase after it, potentially pulling on the leash and causing distress for the Poodle.
However, with proper training and socialization, this issue can be managed effectively.
While there is a difference in the inherent prey drive of Labradors and Poodles, with proper training and management, they can coexist peacefully.
It’s important to remember that individual variations within a breed can be significant, and not all Labradors or Poodles will conform to breed standards or expectations.
2. Exercise Requirements and Prey Drive
Labradors are high-energy dogs that require a lot of exercise. If they do not get enough physical activity, they can become bored and may channel their energy into chasing small animals due to their inherent prey drive.
Poodles also require regular exercise, but they are often more interested in mental stimulation. They are less likely to chase after small animals if they are bored, but they may become anxious or destructive.
The difference in exercise requirements and the way these breeds react to a lack of exercise can affect their compatibility.
A bored Labrador might become more interested in chasing small animals, which could cause stress for a Poodle in the same household.
For example, if a Labrador and a Poodle are left alone in a yard for an extended period, the Labrador might start to chase birds or squirrels due to boredom.
This could cause the Poodle to become anxious, especially if they are not used to this kind of behavior.
It’s important for potential dog owners to understand the exercise needs of their pets and to ensure that they are met.
If a Labrador and a Poodle are both given the appropriate amount of physical and mental stimulation, they can live together without any major issues related to prey drive.
3. Prey Drive and Socialization
Both Labradors and Poodles have a certain level of prey drive, which is a natural instinct to chase and capture prey.
However, the intensity of this predatory instinct can vary greatly between individual dogs and is influenced by their breed, training, and socialization experiences.
Labradors: Labradors were originally bred for retrieving game for hunters, which required a moderate level of prey drive. However, their strong desire to please their human companions often makes them easier to train and control.
They are known for their friendly and outgoing nature, which when combined with proper socialization, can help to moderate their prey drive. This means that a well-socialized Labrador can be taught to live peacefully with other animals.
Poodles: Poodles were also originally bred for retrieving waterfowl, which required a certain level of prey drive. However, they are highly intelligent and trainable dogs.
They are often described as having a low to moderate prey drive compared to other breeds. Poodles are generally friendly and sociable dogs, and with proper socialization, they can learn to control their instinctual behaviors as well.
With that said, the prey drive in both Labradors and Poodles can be managed effectively with proper training and socialization. This means that despite their inherent instincts, both breeds can learn to get along well with each other.
However, it’s important to remember that individual dogs within a breed can vary greatly and much will depend on the individual dog’s personality and experiences.
For instance, a Labrador that has been well-socialized and trained from a young age to interact positively with other dogs is likely to get along well with a Poodle.
Similarly, a Poodle that has been taught to control its prey drive can coexist peacefully with a Labrador.
While the prey drive can present a challenge, it does not necessarily determine whether a Labrador and a Poodle will get along.
With proper training and socialization, both breeds can learn to control their instincts and live together harmoniously.
IV. Sociability & Training Comparison
1. Unsocialized vs Socialized
Unsocialized Labradors and Poodles may exhibit fear, anxiety, and aggression towards unfamiliar people, animals, and environments. They may also have difficulty adapting to new situations.
On the other hand, socialized Labradors and Poodles are typically more comfortable and confident in various situations. They’re more likely to interact positively with other dogs and people, and adapt well to new environments.
The level of socialization can significantly impact the compatibility between a Labrador and a Poodle.
Unsocialized dogs may have difficulty getting along due to fear or aggression, while socialized dogs are more likely to interact positively and form a strong bond.
For instance, a socialized Labrador and Poodle may enjoy playing together at the dog park, while unsocialized dogs may feel overwhelmed and react negatively to the same situation.
Hence, proper socialization is crucial in ensuring compatibility between Labradors and Poodles. It helps them interact positively and adapt to living together.
2. Untrained vs Trained
The training level of a Labrador or a Poodle can also greatly influence their behavior and interaction with each other. Untrained Labradors and Poodles may exhibit unpredictable behaviors, such as excessive barking, chewing, or even aggression.
They may not understand basic commands which makes it challenging to manage their interactions.
Conversely, trained Labradors and Poodles are more likely to exhibit controlled behaviors and follow commands, making them more manageable and predictable for the long run.
All things considered, the compatibility between a Labrador and a Poodle can be significantly influenced by their training level.
Untrained dogs may struggle to interact positively due to their unpredictable behaviors which can potentially lead to conflicts.
On the other hand, trained dogs are more likely to respect each other’s boundaries, leading to a harmonious relationship and co-existence together.
For example, a trained Labrador may understand the command “leave it,” preventing it from taking the Poodle’s toys, while an untrained Labrador may not understand this command, leading to potential conflicts which are a detriment to their compatibility.
In a nutshell, the training level of Labradors and Poodles plays a crucial role in their compatibility. Proper training can help them understand and respect each other’s boundaries — promoting a peaceful coexistence.
V. Size Comparison
1. Size Variations
Labradors are a medium to large breed, with males typically weighing between 65-80 pounds and females between 55-70 pounds. They stand about 22.5 to 24.5 inches tall at the shoulder for males, and 21.5 to 23.5 inches for females.
Poodles, on the other hand, come in three size variations – Standard, Miniature, and Toy. Standard Poodles are similar in size to Labradors, Miniature Poodles are smaller, and Toy Poodles are the smallest, weighing only 4-6 pounds.
The size difference between Labradors and Poodles, especially if the Poodle is a Miniature or Toy, could affect their compatibility.
A larger Labrador might unintentionally harm a smaller Poodle during play due to the size and strength difference.
For instance, a Labrador might play rough, as is their nature, which could be overwhelming for a smaller Poodle.
This could lead to the Poodle becoming fearful or aggressive, which would negatively impact their relationship.
So, it’s crucial to consider the size variation when introducing a Labrador and a Poodle. Standard Poodles are recommended for better compatibility.
Proper supervision and training can also help manage the size difference and ensure both dogs can interact safely.
2. Physical Space Requirements
Labradors, due to their size and high energy levels, require a lot of physical space. They thrive in homes with large yards where they can run and play.
Poodles, depending on their size, might require less physical space. Standard Poodles are active and will appreciate a good amount of space, but Miniature and Toy Poodles can manage well even in smaller apartments.
For example, a Labrador in a cramped space might become anxious and start to exhibit destructive behaviors like chewing furniture or excessive barking.
This could create a stressful environment for a Poodle, leading to tension between the two dogs.
According to Dr. Nicholas Dodman, a veterinary behaviorist, dogs in cramped spaces can develop a condition known as “barrier frustration,” leading to behavioral problems. He recommends providing dogs with ample space to move and play.
When considering compatibility between a Labrador and a Poodle, the available physical space is a crucial factor.
It’s important to ensure that the living environment can accommodate the needs of both breeds to promote a harmonious coexistence.
When considering the gender dynamics between Labradors and Poodles, it’s generally observed that opposite sexes tend to foster a more peaceful coexistence. This observation is not only backed by expert opinions but also by my personal experiences.
Neutered breeds of opposite sexes often exhibit better compatibility compared to same-gender pairs. When two males are in the same household, there’s an inherent need to establish a pack order.
This hierarchy, characterized by dominance and submission, can lead to conflicts if neither dog is willing to yield. Such disputes can potentially alter their personalities over time, with one becoming excessively dominant or submissive, which could lead to long-term distress.
Contrarily, a pair of females can result in even more severe conflicts. Female dogs, known for their independent streak, are less likely to compromise when it comes to establishing a pack order.
Disputes between females can escalate to dangerous levels, sometimes even resulting in fatal outcomes. Moreover, conflicts between female dogs often result in physical harm, leading to hefty veterinary bills.
In contrast, fights between males are usually more about posturing and less likely to cause serious injury.
However, it’s important to note that these are general observations and there can always be exceptions. Some female dogs can form amicable, lifelong bonds with each other, but such cases are not the norm.
Therefore, when considering the gender combination for Labradors and Poodles in the same household, it’s generally safer to opt for a male and a female.
VII. Age & Health
It’s advisable for you to get a second lab/ poodle puppy or a young dog once your current dog (whether it be a Lab or a poodle) is fully grown at minimum 2~3 years of age.
This is because this is the age when your existing pooch is physically mature and coincides well with the development of dog selectivity, reactivity and aggression.
That way you’ll know your current dog’s temparament like the back of your hand and you’d be wise enough to pick a second companion that matches your dog’s breed and personality.
Or you could easily train a second puppy to get along well with your current dog which always works out great.
Hence, you shouldn’t get both labs and poodles as puppies as they might grow up to be total opposites and not get along despite being close as puppies. They may also suffer from littermate syndrome if raised as puppies together.
Furthermore, it will be best for you to fully train and socialize your current dog in order for it to be well mannered and friendly for a second dog later.
Fully trained dogs are more likely to bond well with other dogs of different breeds, and plus they have many more good habits to teach young dogs.
Besides, they can be a little less high maintenance if you ever decide to get a second puppy.
However, you should never introduce a second young dog/puppy to a current old dog that has past their prime years. Senior dogs and young puppies don’t get along well in the slightest.
Those rambunctious pups will be too much for an old dog with health issues to handle.
How To Effectively Introduce A Labrador & Poodle To Each Other For Guaranteed Compatibility
Introducing a Labrador and a Poodle to each other for the first time is a crucial step that can significantly influence their future compatibility.
It’s not just about putting them together and hoping for the best; it requires a thoughtful and careful approach.
Exercise both dogs individually before the meeting. This could be a walk, a game of fetch, or a training session. This helps to burn off excess energy and can make the dogs more relaxed.
For example, you could take your Labrador for a run in the park or engage your Poodle in a game of fetch.
Dr. Stanley Coren, a renowned dog behaviorist, emphasizes the importance of exercise before any potentially stressful situation.
2. Neutral Territory
Choose a location that neither dog is familiar with. This prevents any territorial behavior from either dog. A local park or a friend’s backyard could serve as neutral territory.
Dog trainer and behaviorist Victoria Stilwell suggests that neutral environments can help prevent resource guarding behaviors from developing.
3. Leashes and Harnesses
Use leashes (Amazon) and harnesses for control, but avoid tension on the leash as dogs can pick up on this, leading to increased stress.
Harnesses are often recommended over collars as they give better control and don’t put pressure on the dog’s neck. A no-pull harness (Amazon) can be particularly effective for larger, stronger dogs like Labradors.
4. Parallel Walks
Start with the dogs walking side by side but at a safe distance. This allows them to get used to each other’s presence in a non-threatening way.
Dog behavior expert Cesar Millan often uses this technique in his training. You could start with a distance of about 10 feet and gradually decrease the distance as the dogs become more comfortable with each other.
5. Body Language
Understanding canine body language is crucial. Look for signs of relaxation such as loose body movements, wagging tails, and relaxed ears.
Signs of tension could include stiff body movements, raised hackles, and intense staring.
If you notice any signs of tension, increase the distance between the dogs and try to redirect their attention to something positive.
6. Controlled Sniffing
Dogs communicate largely through scent. Allowing them to sniff each other can help them get to know each other.
However, these interactions should be kept short at first to prevent any potential escalation.
You could allow each dog to sniff the other’s rear end, as this is a common way for dogs to greet each other.
7. Positive Reinforcement
Rewarding good behavior with treats, praise, or petting can help to reinforce positive interactions.
For example, if your Labrador remains calm and relaxed when the Poodle approaches, you could reward him with a treat or praise.
Renowned dog trainer Zak George emphasizes the importance of positive reinforcement in dog training as it activates a positive feedback loop.
8. Supervised Play
If the dogs seem relaxed, you can allow them to play under supervision. Keep these sessions short and always end on a positive note.
For example, you could allow the dogs to play with a toy (Amazon) together for a few minutes, then end the play session and reward both dogs with treats.
9. Gradual Home Introduction
When introducing the dogs to each other’s home environment, it should be done gradually. One technique is to have one dog in a crate or behind a gate (Amazon) while the other dog explores, then switch.
This allows each dog to get used to the other’s scent without the pressure of a direct interaction.
10. Consistency and Patience
Building a positive relationship between dogs takes time. Consistency in routine and interactions can help build a sense of security for both dogs.
Patience is key in this process. For example, it might take several weeks of consistent positive interactions before the dogs are comfortable with each other.

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