text:
versión On-line ISSN 1816-7950
versión impresa ISSN 0378-4738
Water SA vol.38 no.2 Pretoria ene. 2012
NA Rivers-MooreI, *; S MantelII; HF DallasIII
ISchool of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
IIInstitute for Water Research, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
IIIFreshwater Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa
Key aspects of a river's temperature regime are described by magnitudes, timing and durations of thermal events, and frequencies of extreme exceedance events. To understand alterations to thermal regimes, it is necessary to describe thermal time series based on these statistics. Classification of sites based on their thermal metrics, and understanding of spatial patterns of these thermal statistics, provides a powerful approach for comparing study sites against reference sites. Water temperature regime dynamics should be viewed regionally, where regional divisions have an inherent underpinning by an understanding of natural thermal variability. The aim of this research was to link key water temperature metrics to readily-mapped environmental surrogates, and to produce spatial images of temperature metrics: 37 temperature metrics were derived for 12 months of sub-daily water temperatures at 90 sites in the Eastern Cape and Western Cape provinces, South Africa. These metrics were correlated with 16 environmental variables. Correlations enabled development of multiple regression models which facilitated mapping of temperature metrics over the study area. This approach has the potential to be applied at a national scale as more thermal time series are collected nationally. It is argued that the appropriateness of management decisions in rivers can be improved by including guidelines for thermal metrics at a regional scale. Such maps could facilitate incorporation of a temperature component into management guidelines for water resources.
Keywords: classification, ecological Reserve, environmental surrogates, multiple regression modelling, water resources management, water temperatures
Measured stream temperatures are final values resulting from a number of complex assimilated physical processes. These can be grouped into drivers (which operate beyond the boundaries of the stream, and control the rate at which heat and water are delivered to the stream system); insulators (which influence the rate of heat exchange with the atmosphere) and buffers (which store heat already in the system, and integrate the variation in flow and temperature over time) (Poole and Berman, 2001).
Water temperatures, together with flow regimes, are equally important 'master variables' in explaining differences in invertebrate community structure (Jackson et al., 2007; Poff and Zimmerman, 2010). The importance of water temperatures to aquatic biota has been well documented (Claska and Gilbert, 1998; Eaton, 1996; Elliott, 1994; Sullivan et al., 2000), with temperature being a key factor affecting the number and kinds of species in a stream (Vannote and Sweeney, 1980). Annual thermal variation allows closely-related species to be sequenced temporally, and thus avoid competition, while diel temperature change increases the potential number of species which can coexist, as each one will be exposed to an optimum temperature during the day (Vannote and Sweeney, 1980). The degree of predictability in a stream's water temperatures provides an indication of the degree of structure and functional predictability of invertebrate communities (Vannote and Sweeney, 1980).
Changing the thermal regime of a river alters a primary component of the environment for which river organisms are adapted (Ward, 1985), and decreased values of ecological metrics typically mirror changes in temperature/flow metrics (Jackson et al., 2007; Poff and Zimmerman, 2010). In general, human activities tend to simplify the physical structure of aquatic systems, thereby eliminating natural buffers and insulators. Daily, seasonal and intra-annual temperature ranges all increase with the loss of temperature buffering and insulating processes, because maximum temperatures become higher and minimum temperatures become lower (Poole et al., 2001). Increased water temperatures have been associated with shifts from temperate to neotropical assemblages (Bogan and Lytle, 2007).
There has been a renewed interest recently in statistical analysis of water temperatures (e.g. Nelitz et al., 2007) and in the generation of temperature criteria for aquatic ecosystems. Mean daily water temperatures are inadequate on their own to be able to describe changes in river ecosystems, because such a metric fails to capture data on extreme events which lead to chronic/ acute ecosystem stress. Rather, it is helpful to think of stream temperatures in terms of a 'temperature regime', and to describe the regime based on its statistical characteristics. Temperature criteria typically have 3 key elements: (i) a threshold temperature that signals when adverse biological responses are likely to occur, (ii) temperature statistics within the amplitude of fluctuation (e.g. maximum, mean or minimum); and (iii) an averaging period that indexes the duration of exposure likely to trigger that response (Sullivan et al., 2000). To derive a meaningful biological measure for specific life-phase require-ments, careful consideration must be given to both magnitude and duration of temperature, since these factors together have great effect on the risk that temperature poses to aquatic biota (Sullivan et al., 2000).
The mean, median, maximum, minimum and variance should all be used to describe a temperature regime within the amplitude of fluctuation for a given length of stream over a given period of time. Measures of the time and location at which mean, maximum and minimum temperatures occur are useful as well (Poole et al., 2001). In perennial streams, summer maximum temperatures play a dominant role in the distribution of species (Dunham et al., 2003). A temperature regime describes the distribution of the magnitude of stream temperature, the frequency with which a given temperature occurs, the time of day or year when a given temperature occurs, and the duration of time for which a stream is above or below a given temperature (Poole et al., 2001). Biologically, it is the magnitude, frequency, timing and duration of thermal events that affect aquatic biota by impacting on their life history cues and fecundity (Olden and Naiman, 2010). Changes in the timing of maximum and minimum temperatures can occur with or without associated changes in the magnitude of maximum, minimum and mean temperatures. Understanding the predictability or cyclical constancy of water temperatures, and how this changes with downstream distance, is an important predictive tool in relating biotic responses to abiotic change.
Averaging periods range from an instantaneous maximum, to a 7-day average, seasonal average and monthly average (Sullivan et al., 2000). Averaging approaches typically use a 7-day moving window, for example, the average of daily maximum temperature of 7 warmest consecutive days (ODEQ, 1995), or the average of daily mean temperatures of 7 warmest consecutive days (US EPA, 1977). A 7-day moving average of daily maximum water temperatures has been related to fish distributions in the Sabie River (Rivers-Moore et al., 2005) and blackfly outbreak probabilities (Rivers-Moore et al., 2008a).
For water temperature time-series data to be meaningfully used as a management tool in river systems requires, firstly, that sites can be classified into thermal groups based on a classification of their metrics. A temperature classification offers numerous advantages to conservation and water resource managers, because it provides the spatial tool through which management programmes can be applied uniformly to broad geographic regions (Hart and Campbell, 1994). For example, it becomes possible to predict the natural biota from a modified river by extrapolating from a similar but unmodified river (O'Keeffe et al., 1994). A good classification forms a necessary prerequisite to select 'representative' river systems, reference sites and monitoring programmes (Hart and Campbell, 1994), and forms a necessary basis from which to undertake ecological and condition assessments (Hart and Campbell, 1994). While the criteria chosen for the classification are crucial to the utility of it, one classification will not satisfy all potential users (O'Keeffe et al., 1994).
Thermal regimes vary geographically in response to climate and catchment characteristics (geology, Strahler's stream order, topography, land cover) (Poff and Zimmerman, 2010). Given the general dearth of water temperature data in South Africa (Rivers-Moore et al., 2008b), it becomes necessary to use spatial surrogates which correlate with thermal metrics as a key to spatially map thermal metrics. Providing a spatial component to thermal metrics facilitates incorporation of thermal aspects into environmental flow management (Jackson et al., 2007; Olden and Naiman, 2010), and makes it possible to link modified sites to reference sites.
The aims of this research were to generate temperature metrics from sub-daily water temperature time series data to describe the magnitude, frequency, timing and duration of thermal events; to characterise and group sites using these metrics; to link these metrics to readily mapped environmental surrogates; and to spatially map selected metrics in the Eastern Cape and Western Cape provinces of South Africa. Mapping of these metrics could facilitate incorporation of a temperature component into improved management guidelines for water resources in South Africa.
Source data and data screening
Sub-daily water temperature data from a total of 90 sites in the Western Cape and Eastern Cape, representing 8 ecoregions (Kleynhans et al., 2005) and 7 river longitudinal zones (geomorphological classes) (Moolman, 2008), formed the core analyses basis for this study (Fig. 1). For the Eastern Cape, 1 year of hourly data for 2009 at 28 sites was analysed, and supplemented with 2-hourly data from 2008 at 15 sites in the Southern Cape (De Moor, 2010). For the Western Cape, 1 year of hourly data for 2009 was collected from 47 sites, including 16 sites with half-hourly data from the Table Mountain Aquifer region (City of Cape Town, 2009). Sites were separated into upper and lower river sites based on their longitudinal zone: upland (70 sites) = mountain streams, transitional and upper foothill sites; lowland (20 sites) = lower foothills, rejuvenated foothills, and lowland sites. The spatial distribution of sites was a trade-off between collecting data over as wide a range of river systems and longitudinal zones as possible, and at the same time providing data within individual river systems to describe change with downstream distance. Location of sites was not aimed at gaining representivity within catchments, and it is acknowledged that the spatial configuration of loggers could result in a degree of autocorrelation in time series at adjacent sites.
Data were screened for completeness of data records, where the criterion for best data was a full year's time series of hourly water temperatures where the logger had remained immersed for the full period of logging. Sites with data missing for 1 to 2 days, or where the logger was known to have been out of water for a limited period and therefore recording air temperatures, were identified. At these sites, data were in-filled using averages of hourly data from 1 to 2 days preceding and succeeding the event. Generally, a maximum of 1-2 missing data periods per site were encountered and corrected for in the dataset. Sites with longer gaps (< 1 month) in the data were included in the analyses, resulting in not all months having data from the full complement of sites. This was unavoidable, and the purpose of keeping these sites in the analyses was to have the greatest spatial spread of sites possible. Sites where gaps were longer than this (> 1 month), such as when loggers had been exposed, were excluded from the analyses. It is acknowledged that data gaps could have an averaging effect on data analysis, although these influences would be small given that hourly data is converted to daily data which were analysed over the period of a single year, and a 2-day infill as a maximum criterion represents 0.5% of the time series for a site.
Calculation of temperature metrics
The development of families of temperature metrics is an extension of previous research in which 20 sites in 4 river systems in South Africa were classified using ordinations based on 16 temperature metrics (Rivers-Moore et al., 2008b). Sub-daily data for a full year (January to December 2009) were converted to daily data (mean, minimum, maximum and range). From these data, 37 metrics were calculated to describe water temperatures with respect to magnitude of water temperatures, frequency, timing and duration of thermal events (Richter et al., 1996, 1997; Olden and Naiman, 2010; Rivers-Moore et al., 2010) (Table 1).
Data were standardised/normalised for comparison of variables measured on different scales. Cluster analysis was then undertaken to define thermal groups (Clarke and Gorley, 2001) using the group averaging agglomerative option and Euclidean distance as the distance measure. The standardised/normalised data were then analysed by group using principal component analysis, and to determine which temperature metrics had the greatest influence on site groupings (McCune and Mefford, 1999; Clarke and Gorley, 2001).
Because of the short period of data analyses, concerns regarding the inter-annual stability (or relevance) of the metrics were addressed through comparisons of metrics for corresponding periods in a successive year (1 January - 31 December 2010) at 22 selected sites which represented all thermal groups identified in the classification above for the Eastern Cape and Western Cape provinces. Metrics which did not show high (> 0.8) degrees of correlation with other temperature metrics were compared for statistically significant differences using 2 approaches. In the first approach, metrics between 2009 and 2010 were compared using paired Student's t-tests for dependent samples (p < 0.05) (StatSoft, 2003). For the second approach, site pairs using a Principal Components Analysis (McCune and Mefford, 1999) (centred correlation matrix) were compared. Absolute differences between co-ordinates of sites for paired years for Axis 1 and Axis 2 were calculated, and mean deviances from zero difference were tested using a Student's t-test.
Sixteen environmental surrogates were selected because of published correlations with water temperatures (for example, Vannote and Sweeney, 1980; Ward, 1985; Sullivan et al., 1990; Rivers-Moore et al., 2008b) (Table 2). All 37 temperature metrics were correlated with environmental variables, to reduce the number of site characteristics for analyses and highlight environmental variables most important for spatial modelling. Principal component analysis (PCA), together with correlation matrices, was conducted to determine which variables were important predictors of groupings of sites (Primer 5 for Windows 2002; Clarke and Gorley, 2001), using the approach of Rivers-Moore and Goodman (2010). These correlative relationships were further explored using simple linear regression models for selected temperature metrics versus percentage downstream distance of river, latitude, altitude and stream order.
As a first step in the spatial modelling process, stepwise forward multiple linear regression models were developed for selected water temperature metrics and 5 environmental variables (latitude, altitude, ecoregion, geology and stream order). The thermal metrics were chosen based on their degree of correlation with other temperature metrics, and the degree to which they could be represented spatially.
Next, raster images for the independent environmental variables were derived. Of particular note, a national grid image of altitude was used from Schulze (2006). Stream order per quaternary catchment was calculated by assigning the highest stream order to occur in each quaternary catchment, based on input images of rivers (DWAF, 2005; Schulze, 2006). A latitude image was created from a quarter-degree point coverage which was interpolated using a raster-based geographical information system (GIS). The grid images were manipulated (using regression coefficients and algebraic procedures according to the multiple linear regression models) in a grid-based GIS (Clark Labs, 2009). To verify the reliability of the spatial images of selected metrics, modelled values were compared with values from the 22 sites previously mentioned. Metrics from 1 year's temperature data for 2010 were correlated with modelled values for the same 22 sites derived from the images.
Water temperature metrics and classification of sites
The range of the temperature values for the calculated metrics for the 90 sites (Table 3) showed large variation in recorded values for the 2009 data. Data were not available for all months at all sites, and this is acknowledged as potentially skewing some of the statistics on the metrics. Of the 14 metrics compared between years, 10 were not statistically different, while metrics reflecting variability (annual coefficient of variation and Colwell's (1974) predictability), together with June means and extreme maxima (maximum of the 7-day moving average of daily maxima), were significantly different between years (Table 4). For the PCA, sites between years generally showed small positional shifts in metric space (Fig. 2), although differences between paired years for Axes 1 and 2 were not statistically different from zero (Student's t-test, p < 0.05; 21 d.f.) (Table 5). Cumulative variance explained by PC Axes 1 and 2 was 47.81 and 72.28% (eigenvectors not shown).
Based on the cluster analyses, 13 thermal groups were derived, and 2 of these groups were excluded from the PCA because their membership was too small (i.e. n<2) (Fig. 3). Many of the thermal metrics were highly correlated, and a PCA based on 14 metrics adequately described sites in PC space (Table 6). Thermal groups were fairly discrete in ordination space, with little overlap between groups. Two group pairs (12 and 13; 9 and 10) shared the same parent group, which accounted for the overlap between groups in PC space. Thermal groups could be represented along gradients of selected thermal metrics, including water temperature means and coefficients of variations. Groups could be characterised based on how cool versus warm they were (PC1) and on their level of predictability (PC2). Group 7 was an 'average' group, while Group 4 was the coolest group and Groups 12 and 13 the warmest. The last-mentioned group consisted largely of sites along the Great Fish River, in the warmer Eastern Cape region, in a river system with regulated flows and in which temperatures were consequently not highly unpredictable. Group 5 had the most predictable thermal regimes. The coolest water groups (3 and 4) were largely upland river sites.
Of the 90 sites, downstream distance for 20 sites could not be calculated as they were on tributaries that were not indicated on the 1:500 000 rivers coverage. The analyses were thus conducted using site characteristics and metrics based on 1 year's data for 70 sites. A correlation matrix of the 16 site characteristics showed that 3 of them (secondary catchment, catchment perimeter (km) and total river length per secondary catchment) were highly correlated (correlation coefficient >0.8) with other characteristics and could be excluded from further analyses. These parameters were also not significantly correlated with the first 2 axes of a PCA conducted using all site characteristics (Fig. 4). From the biplot, the environmental variables contributing most to explaining site variance were altitude and stream order. Stream orders were correlated with downstream distances, and are less intensive to calculate than downstream distances. Correlation matrices between selected environmental and temperature metrics showed that different environmental predictors applied to upper versus lower sites. Furthermore, while catchment area, downstream distance and aspect were not significantly correlated with any of the temperature metrics, the most universal environmental surrogate for temperature metrics was altitude.
Selected thermal metrics (annual mean daily temperature, annual maximum temperature and mean annual daily range) were regressed against individual environmental variables, to enable generalisations in trends from the data. The annual means of mean daily temperatures increased with increasing downstream distance and stream order, and decreased with increasing altitude and distance from the equator (Eqs. (1a) to (1d)). The best correlations achieved were between mean daily water temperatures and stream order, followed by per cent downstream distance of stream channel. No correlations were found between the same environmental variables and maximum temperatures and mean daily range.
MAT is annual mean daily temperature
%DD is percentage downstream of total river length
Lat and Alt are latitude and altitude (-ve decimal degrees), respectively
SO is Strahler stream order
Five environmental variables (latitude, altitude, ecoregion, geology and stream order) were selected as predictor variables for estimating thermal metrics using multiple linear regression models. The predictor variables were chosen based on their level of correlation with the thermal metrics, and the ease with which they could be spatially mapped. Latitude and/or altitude were ubiquitous predictor variables in all 7 models developed, while ecoregion and geology were included in only one model each.
Multiple linear regression models (n=90, p < 0.0001) for mean annual temperature at 3 different levels of parsimony (Eq. (2a) - all terms: R2 = 0.67; Eq. (2b) - geology and ecoregions excluded: R2 = 0.64; and Eq. (2c) - only latitude and altitude included: R2 = 0.49 including and excluding stream order, respectively), standard deviation of mean daily water temperature (R2 = 0.29,p < 0.0001; Eq. (3)), coefficient of variation of mean daily water temperature (R2 = 0.23,p < 0.0001; Eq. (4)) and 7-day moving average for minimum (R2 = 0.45; p < 0.0001; Eq. (5)) and maximum temperature (R2 = 0.12, p < 0.0001; Eq. (6)) are provided. Mean annual water temperature (Fig. 5), MATSD, MATCV' Min7 and Max7 were spatially mapped, and reclassified into suitable class intervals. Verification using data was derived using data from 2010 for at least 1 site from the 13 thermal groups identified (n=22). Results showed mixed correlative values, ranging from R2 = 0.50 for mean annual water temperatures (Fig. 6; p = 0.0003), to 0.45 for Min7 (p = 0.0009) and 0.14 for annual coefficient of variation (p = 0.1).
Lat, Alt, Geo, SO refer to latitude (-ve values), altitude (m a.m.s.l.), geology and stream order respectively.
A river's thermal regime is a key, yet poorly acknowledged, component of environmental flows (Olden and Naiman, 2010). While environmental flows have been increasingly established and researched in South African rivers since the 1980s (King et al., 2003), water temperature research in South Africa has only started to gain more prominence in the past decade (see, for example Rivers-Moore et al., 2005). With the focus on river heterogeneity signatures gathering momentum in the aquatic conservation field of South Africa, it is important to bear in mind that, while rivers may be classified as having excellent habitat based on their flow and geomorphology signatures, they may be thermally polluted (Harris and Silveira 1995).
In this study it was demonstrated that sub-daily temperature data from sites covering a range of ecoregions and longitudinal zones can be successfully disaggregated into metrics that describe the magnitude, frequency, timing and duration of thermal events. These metrics permit measurement of departure from reference conditions, whereby a reference condition describes a (statistical) distribution rather than a single absolute value, i.e. temporal and spatial variability that is inherent in any measure chosen to represent the natural state of environmental systems (Stoddard et al., 2006).
Practical examples on the use of temperature metrics include applications in research in aquatic disease vectors and freshwater conservation efforts. In the former case, better prediction of mosquito larval survival is achieved through diurnal water temperature dynamics (minimum and maximum) rather than mean daily water temperatures in understanding mosquito larval dynamics (Paaijmans et al., 2008). In the latter case, Mohseni et al. (1999) demonstrated, based on projections of air temperature increases, that most streams in the United States will have maximum temperature increases by 2050 in spring, with considerable negative impacts on cold-water stenothermic fish species particularly.
Thermal metrics and thresholds only begin to form a holistic management approach once incorporated into a spatial framework. Correlation with environmental variables which can be spatially represented provides the 'Rosetta Stone' to spatially represent water temperature metrics. Mixed success was achieved in spatially mapping individual metrics in the Eastern and Western Cape. Given the complex interactions between drivers, buffers and insulators at each site, this is not surprising, and similar trends in modelling metrics for lotic systems have been observed elsewhere. Wenger et al. (2010) were able to successfully model several ecologically relevant aspects of the hydrological regime, although predictions for sites with strong groundwater influence were not as good as for surface-water-driven systems. The range of success varied in correlations between predicted and observed data for various metrics, with mean annual flows being predicted with good accuracy (Wenger et al., 2010).
Uncertainties and mixed success in spatially modelling thermal metrics are to be expected, given that establishing causative relationships between changes in water temperature signatures and natural cycles is difficult, because of the compounding effects of anthropogenic influence (Nelitz et al., 2007). Human impacts change the amount (magnitude) or timing of the heat load delivered to the watercourse or by modifying the flow regime (Poole and Berman, 2001). Additionally, streams differ in their sensitivity to modifications, and the relative contribution of heat inputs changes seasonally, i.e. the impacts of modified drivers and insulators are not constant during the year (Webb et al., 2008). Any reduction in the buffer efficiency leads to larger swings in cyclical response patterns, resulting in higher maxima and lower minima (daily and seasonal) (Poole and Berman, 2001), which may not be accounted for in predictive models. Model performance may have been improved by incorporating local-scale insulators (shading), but this presents problems because such local variables are difficult to represent spatially at a regional scale. Future research could focus on sensitivity analyses for the multiple regression models to estimate different thermal metrics.
Given the lack of comprehensive regional and long-term data, a pragmatic approach for mapping thermal metrics is to follow an atlas-based approach (sensu Schulze, 2006), whereby a series of images for different temperature metrics is produced. Images could be reclassified into classes, for example by defining class intervals as mean ± n standard deviations. Given longer-term collection of water temperatures at a national scale, such expanded maps could be used to indicate baseline reference conditions and associated natural ranges of variability. A second approach is to divide South Africa into thermal regions, using, for example, mean annual temperatures as the classifier. Whichever approach is adopted retains the utility value of these maps, which will facilitate a regional approach in deriving temperature guidelines for rivers in South Africa.
To reduce the chances of mismanaging the condition of a river requires taking cognisance of the full spectrum of flows together with thermal regimes, including their temporal and spatial variability (King et al., 2003). To date, no proposals have been developed for the water temperature component of the ecological Reserve, a legislated framework for securing water quality and quantity for the environment as a legitimate user of water (SA National Water Act; RSA, 1998), although the importance of water temperatures in maintaining river systems is now recognised. While there is legislative provision for a river's ecological Reserve which includes flows and, theoretically, temperatures, inclusion of water temperatures into the Reserve still requires considerable research.
For wiser decision-making on behalf of aquatic ecosystems, it is necessary to be able to describe expected responses of river thermal regimes to anthropogenic influences (Poole and Berman, 2001). Direct and indirect impacts on water temperatures occur through reductions in flows (groundwater and surface water) and catchment land use (indirect), all of which affect a river's natural thermal regime (Olden and Naiman, 2010). Since the primary source of energy for warming streams is the sun, increasing or decreasing the amount of energy reaching a stream causes increases in maximum temperatures (Brown and Krygier, 1970) or decreases in minimum temperatures. For example, the forest canopy (shading) modifies the amount of solar radiation influencing stream temperatures: Johnson (2003) showed that, for conditions at midday in summer, an open reach under full sun experienced a net energy gain of 580 Wm-2, but a reach under full shade had a net loss of 149 Wm-2. Surface-subsurface exchanges (typically expressed as groundwater inflow rate: m3s-1km-2) of water have also been recognised as significantly influencing the heat budgets of small streams, because groundwater inflows add to heat storage capacity, and moderate annual variation.
Detecting responses of thermal regimes to anthropogenic influences requires establishing long-term monitoring of water temperatures based on the temperature groups and spatial map, and analyses to detect trend(s) over time. Observed trends (departure from baseline conditions) should act as triggers of management intervention through exceedance of defendable thresholds. Such an approach would require monitoring at selected sites, and annual updates of the temperature metrics to identify trends (Esterby, 1996). In monitoring networks, data are collected at several locations over time, primarily to detect trends but also spatial patterns. One year of data, which shows stability over a 2-year period, is not enough to start drawing conclusions on thermal changes in rivers. What is required is ongoing monitoring of water temperatures at key sites, to detect possible trends.
The establishment of baseline water temperature monitoring sites at a national level, on a long-term basis, will be a step towards achieving thermal metrics maps at a national scale. With long-term time series, ongoing research would be able to focus on more extensive validation and verification of maps, and ultimately work towards a national classification of water temperature regions. A significant benefit of such datasets, if collected in conjunction with ecological data, is to measure thermal trends with time, including potential climate change impacts, and link this to observed changes on aquatic community patterns.
We gratefully acknowledge the Water Research Commission for funding this research. Ferdy de Moor (Albany Museum, Grahamstown) and TMGA - Ecohydrological Monitoring Alliance (TMGA-EMA) (GEOSS, Freshwater Consulting Group, Coastec) are thanked for provision of some of the temperature data. Craig Morris (ARC/ UKZN) is thanked for assistance with multivariate analyses. Comments from 2 anonymous reviewers on an earlier manuscript draft are gratefully acknowledged.
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RICHTER BD (2009) Re-thinking environmental flows: From allocations and reserves to sustainability boundaries. River Res. Appl. DOI: 10.1002/rra.1320. [ Links ]
RIVERS-MOORE NA and GOODMAN PS (2010) River and wetland classifications for freshwater conservation planning in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Afr. J. Aquat. Sci. 35 61-72. [ Links ]
RIVERS-MOORE NA, HUGHES DA and DE MOOR FC (2008a) A model to predict outbreak periods of the pest blackfly Simulium chutteri Lewis (Simuliidae, Diptera) in the Great Fish River, Eastern Cape province, South Africa. River Res. Appl. 24 132-147. [ Links ]
RIVERS-MOORE NA, HUGHES DA, MANTEL S and HILL TR (2008b) First steps in the development of a water temperature model framework for refining the ecological Reserve in South African rivers. Water SA 34 (5) 1-12. [ Links ]
RIVERS-MOORE NA and JEWITT GPW (2007) Adaptive management and water temperature variability within South African rivers: What are the management options? J. Environ. Manage. 82 39-50. [ Links ]
RIVERS-MOORE NA, JEWITT GPW and WEEKS DC (2005) Derivation of quantitative management objectives for annual instream water temperatures in the Sabie River using a biological index. Water SA 31 473-481. [ Links ]
SCHULZE RE (ed.) (2006) South African Atlas of Climatology and Agrohydrology. WRC Report No. 1489/1/06. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa. [ Links ]
STODDARD JL, LARSEN DP, HAWKINS CP, JOHNSON RK and NORRIS RH (2006) Setting expectations for the ecological condition of streams: The concept of reference condition. Ecol. Appl. 16 1267-1276. [ Links ]
SULLIVAN K, TOOLEY J, CALDWELL JE and KNUDSEN P (1990) Evaluation of prediction models and characterisation of stream temperature regimes in Washington. Timber/Fish/Wildlife Rep. No. TFW-WQ3-90-006. Washington Dept. Nat. Resources, Olympia, Washington. 224 pp. [ Links ]
SULLIVAN K, MARTIN DJ, CARDWELL RD, TOLL JE and DUKE S (2000) An analysis of the effects of temperature on salmonids of the Pacific Northwest with implications for selecting temperature criteria. Sustainable Ecosystems Institute, Portland, Oregon. URL: http://www.sei.org/downloads/reports/salmon2000.pdfX Accessed 10 September 2010). [ Links ]
US EPA (1977) Temperature criteria for freshwater fish: protocol and procedures. Ecological Research Series. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development, Environmental Research Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota. EPA-600/3-77-061. 130 pp. [ Links ]
VANNOTE RL and SWEENEY BW (1980) Geographic analysis of thermal equilibria: A conceptual model for evaluating the effect of natural and modified thermal regimes on aquatic insect communities. Am. Nat. 115 667-695. [ Links ]
VEGTER JR (1995) Geology map of South Africa with simplified lithostratigraphy for geohydrological use. (Simplified lithostratigraphy digitised by A Havenga, Council for Geosciences, 1994). WRC Report No. TT 74/95. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa. [ Links ]
WARD JV (1985) Thermal characteristics of running waters. Hydrobiologia 125 31-46. [ Links ]
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WENGER SJ, LUCE CH, HAMLET AF, ISAAK DJ and NEVILLE HM (2010) Macroscale hydrologic modelling of ecologically relevant flow metrics. Water Resour. Res. 46 WO9513. doi:10.1029/2009WR008839. [ Links ]
Received 14 December 2010;
accepted in revised form 2 April 2012.

domain: geography


text:
Can Brad Stevens Lift Boston Over Cleveland:
The Boston Celtics defeated the Philadelphia 76ers last night, 114-112, and are now advancing to their second straight Eastern Conference Finals. Boston has looked like one of the five best teams in the NBA all season long, but it’s remarkable that they’re 8-3 in the playoffs without Kyrie Irving, who was their leading scorer during the regular season. Most people (including myself) expected the 76ers to dispatch the Celtics, but Brad Stevens’ team was well prepared and dominated Philly in nearly all facets of the game. Stevens was able to draw up a game plan that essentially made Ben Simmons a non-factor. Now the Celtics will get another shot at dethroning the Cavaliers.
Lebron James has helped get Cleveland to four straight Eastern Conference Finals, winning each and every one of them. In fact, he’s reached the NBA Finals in seven straight years. But if anyone in this league can take down James, it might just be Stevens. He has shown a knack for putting his players in the best positions to win. And it’s not like this team doesn’t have athletes who will try to make James as uncomfortable as possible. Jaylen Brown is 6’7 and 225 pounds. Jayson Tatum is 6’8 and 205 pounds. While neither can match James’ experience, strength, or talent, they have the makeup to defend him better than most other players. It remains to be seen if they can stop him.
In the Eastern Conference Finals last season, the Cavaliers were far and away the better team. It was over pretty quickly as Cleveland won both road games to start the series. Despite avoiding a sweep with an Avery Bradley buzzer-beater, the Celtics were ousted in Game 5. But the Cavaliers had Irving last season, and obviously, they do not this time around. Cleveland is more vulnerable this year than ever before, but it’s still going to take a village to eliminate James. Stevens should have an idea on how to defend Lebron, while continuing to play through Al Horford on offense. Game 1 is set to start on Sunday afternoon in Boston. Lets see if Stevens can take out The King.
Photo Credit: Celtics Life.

domain: news


Patrik Berglund and David Backes scored goals 1 win over the Anaheim Ducks.
The Blues moved to 7-1 in their last eight games for an NHL-best 93 points -- two more than the Eastern Conference-leading New York Rangers.
They took a four-point lead over idle Detroit for first place in the Central Division.
"We're absolutely having fun," said Backes. "You're winning hockey games and you're coming to the rink and having success for the work you're putting in and that's what it's about is getting rewards for the efforts and for committing to that all for one type of goal."
Backes also scored the first goal for the Blues, who rattled off three unanswered after falling behind early in the second period. Jaroslav Halak made 24 saves in the win.
Corey Perry scored for Anaheim and Jonas Hiller gave up three goals on 27 shots. The Ducks have lost four of their last six.
Andy McDonald, a former Duck, set up Berglund's go-ahead goal at 4:47 of the third period with a pass from behind the end line that found his teammate in front for a tap-in on the right side.
Backes' second power play goal of the night -- he was in the slot to get a piece of Kevin Shattenkirk's slap shot from the point -- gave the Blues their 3-1 lead at 6:48.
Anaheim went 0-for-3 on the power play.
"We're not working as a unit as much as we need to and it's tough," said Ducks forward Ryan Getzlaf. "We're doing a couple of different things than we're used to doing and we're not responding the way we need to."
Earlier, Hiller got nine saves and Halak had five in a scoreless first period. Perry gave the Ducks a 1-0 lead 4:18 into the second on a wrister from the right side, but Backes tied it at 11:38 with a tip-in on the power play.
The Blues, who beat Chicago on Tuesday, are 13-4 in their last 17 games and 2-0 on a three-game homestand that ends Saturday in Columbus with the opener of a home-and-home against the Blue Jackets.
Sunday's game at Columbus starts a seven-game road trip for the Blues, who will actually play nine of their last 13 games of the season on the road.
The Ducks started a three-game road trip that continues on Saturday at Dallas...The Blues were 2-for-4 on the power play.


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text:
Ep. 193: Vikram Chandra on a New App to Keep Your Writing Organized
Vikram Chandra’s latest book is Geek Sublime: The Beauty of Code, the Code of Beauty. He has also written the novels Sacred Games and Red Earth and Pouring Rain and the short story collection Love and Longing in Bombay. In July 2018, Netflix released a series based on Sacred Games. In 2019, this series was included in The New York Times’ list of The 30 Best International TV Shows of the Decade. His honours include a Guggenheim fellowship, the Commonwealth Writers Prize (Eurasia), the Crossword Prize, and the Salon Book Award. He teaches creative writing at the University of California, Berkeley. His work has been translated into nineteen languages. He is a co-founder of Granthika, a software startup that is building a next-generation tool for fiction writers.
Vikram’s Character Creation: https://blog.granthika.co/on-character/
How Do You Write Podcast: Explore the processes of working writers with bestselling author Rachael Herron. Want tips on how to write the book you long to finish? Here you’ll gain insight from other writers on how to get in the chair, tricks to stay in it, and inspiration to get your own words flowing.
Join Rachael’s Slack channel, Onward Writers.
See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

domain: artistic


text:
Jane Eyre: Plot Overview
Jane Eyre may be a young orphan being raised by Mrs. Reed, her cruel, wealthy aunt. A servant named Bessie provides Jane with a number of the few kindnesses she receives, telling her stories and singing songs to her. One day, as punishment for fighting together with her bullying cousin Reed, Jane’s aunt imprisons Jane within the red-room, space during which Jane’s Uncle Reed died. While locked in, Jane, believing that she sees her uncle’s ghost, screams and faints. She wakes to seek out herself within the care of Bessie and therefore the kindly apothecary Mr. Lloyd, who suggests to Mrs. Reed that Jane be sent away to high school. To Jane’s delight, Mrs. Reed concurs.
Once at the Lowood School, Jane finds that her life is way from idyllic. The school’s headmaster is Mr. Brocklehurst, a cruel, hypocritical, and abusive man. Brocklehurst preaches a doctrine of poverty and privation to his students while using the school’s funds to supply a wealthy and opulent lifestyle for his circle of relatives. At Lowood, Jane befriends a lass named Helen Burns, whose strong, martyrlike attitude toward the school’s miseries is both helpful and displeasing to Jane. a huge typhus epidemic sweeps Lowood, and Helen dies of consumption. The epidemic also leads to the departure of Mr. Brocklehurst by attracting attention to the insalubrious conditions at Lowood. After a gaggle of more sympathetic gentlemen takes Brocklehurst’s place, Jane’s life improves dramatically. She spends eight more years at Lowood, six as a student, and two as an educator.
After teaching for 2 years, Jane yearns for brand spanking new experiences. She accepts a governess position at a manor called Thornfield, where she teaches an active French girl named Adèle. The distinguished housekeeper Mrs. Fairfax presides over the estate. Jane’s employer at Thornfield may be a dark, impassioned man named Rochester, with whom Jane finds herself falling secretly crazy. She saves Rochester from a fireplace one night, which he claims was started by a drunken servant named Grace Poole. But because Grace Poole continues to figure at Thornfield, Jane concludes that she has not been told the whole story. Jane sinks into despondency when Rochester brings home a gorgeous but vicious woman named Blanche Ingram. Jane expects Rochester to propose to Blanche. But Rochester instead proposes to Jane, who accepts almost disbelievingly.
The wedding day arrives, and as Jane and Mr. Rochester prepare to exchange their vows, the voice of Mr. Mason cries out that Rochester already features a wife. Mason introduces himself because of the brother of that wife—a woman named Bertha. Mr. Mason testifies that Bertha, whom Rochester married when he was a young man in Jamaica, remains alive. Rochester doesn’t deny Mason’s claims, but he explains that Bertha has gone mad. He takes the marriage party back to Thornfield, where they witness the insane Bertha Mason scurrying around on high-low-jack and growling like an animal. Rochester keeps Bertha hidden on the third story of Thornfield and pays Grace Poole to stay his wife in check. Bertha was the important explanation for the mysterious fire earlier within the story. Knowing that it’s impossible for her to be with Rochester, Jane flees Thornfield.
Penniless and hungry, Jane is forced to sleep outdoors and beg for food. At last, three siblings who sleep in a manor alternatively called Marsh End and Moor House take her in. Their names are Mary, Diana, and St. John (pronounced “Sinjin”) Rivers, and Jane quickly becomes friends with them. St. John may be a clergyman, and he finds Jane employment teaching at a charity school in Morton. He surprises her at some point by declaring that her uncle, John Eyre, has died and left her an outsized fortune: 20,000 pounds. When Jane asks how he received this news, he shocks her further by declaring that her uncle was also his uncle: Jane and therefore the Riverses are cousins. Jane immediately decides to share her inheritance equally together with her three newfound relatives.
St. John decides to visit India as a missionary, and he urges Jane to accompany him—as his wife. Jane agrees to travel to India but refuses to marry her cousin because she doesn’t love him. St. John pressures her to reconsider, and she or he nearly gives in. However, she realizes that she cannot abandon forever the person she truly loves when one night she hears Rochester’s voice calling her name over the moors. Jane immediately hurries back to Thornfield and finds that it’s been burned to the bottom by Bertha Mason, who lost her life within the fire. Rochester saved the servants but lost his eyesight and one among his hands. Jane travels on to Rochester’s new residence, Ferndean, where he lives with two servants named John and Mary.
At Ferndean, Rochester and Jane rebuild their relationship and shortly marry. At the top of her story, Jane writes that she has been married for ten blissful years which she and Rochester enjoys perfect equality in their life together. She says that after two years of blindness, Rochester regained sight in one eye and was ready to behold their first son at his birth.

domain: library


text:
13Oct2009 Choosing new postcards Posted in Uncategorized by Ruth Singer These are some of the options. Any preferences? Leave me a comment or email me, thanks! Share this:MoreTweetLike this:Like Loading... Related
6 thoughts on “Choosing new postcards”
I really like the bottom right hand one, but have you thought about doing a montage rather than one image? Just a thought.
I love the yo-yo'sToni
Top left hand lovely colours, oh dear this is probably not helping? it must be cos they are all great!
Is it really unhelpful to say that I love the grid as is and would it be far to anti-minimalist to showcase all the images in one card??
I agree with using the grid as any one picture doesn't represent the breadth of your work

domain: hobby


text:
We all make mistakes in relationships—and a majority of the time, we don’t even realize we’re making them.
Here are three of the deadly mistakes most people don’t even know they’re making—and how to turn them around to make your relationship incredible.
1. Taking your partner for granted
Taking our partners for granted generally doesn’t become an issue until months if not years in but it’s easy to slip into this mindset if we aren’t careful. This is definitely a relationship killer.
Show your appreciation and acknowledge your partners effort for the little and not so little things they do for you. The more you show your appreciation, the better your partner feels and the more often he or she will do nice things for you. Win win.
2. Decrease communication
Some people are under the assumption that once you’ve been in a relationship for a while, there’s nothing new to say. Wrong. When you lessen the amount of communication between the two of you, your connection and lessens also.
You both need to create a safe space to open up and share what you’re thinking and feeling without hesitation or concern that you’ll be judged or that it can be held against you.
Set time apart with your partner with no interruption to check in about work, friends, family, anything internal and your relationship.
3. Trying to change your partner
Changing your partner into whatever YOU want them to look like, act like or be like never works.
When you attempt to change someone, a couple things happen:
First, you’re clearly letting him or her know you don’t accept them for who they are. Second, they will either change and resent you for it, or they won’t change and you’ll up disappointed, frustrated and unhappy.
People have to choose to want to change, it comes from within. You wanting to change someone isn’t going to get them to want to do it.
You either need to accept you partner for who they are, keeping their not so good qualities and habits in mind—or you need to end your relationship.

domain: sociology


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text:
Two of the world’s top genealogical speakers are heading downunder, and are coming to a city near you.
Unlock the Past, together with Chris Paton (Scotland), and Dirk Weissleder (Germany) are travelling around Australia and New Zealand over a three week period during August, and are headlining a program that will feature both British Isles research topics, and European research (with a German focus). In Canberra these will be held as two streams running in parallel.
No matter if you are just getting started, or have been researching your family history for years, you will find the information that they can provide will be invaluable to your research.
49 Jerrabomberra Avenue, 2604
Narrabundah, Australian Captial Territory
(08) 8263 2055Contact event organiser


text:
Dream about Job Interview signifies joy, light hearted fun and pleasure. You are a team player and work well with others. You want to convey your feelings to them. This dream is an indication for independence and freedom to do what you want. Your life is in balance and in harmony.
Job Interview is sometimes possibilities and potentials. You need to start preparing for the real world. You will be rewarded for your hard work. This dream suggests strength and durability. You will achieve your goals slowly but surely.
Dreaming of Job and Interview
Job in your dream denotes your desires to knock others out of your path in order to achieve your own goals. You need to be better organized. Ou may need to take things more seriously. The dream is a sign for your repressed energy and inhibitions. You are acknowledging and releasing emotions you have repressed.
Job in this dream means the untamed and uncivilized aspects of yourself. You are trying to put up a happy facade in order to avoid confrontation. You are seeking some advice, guidance, or knowledge. The dream expresses a loss of someone or something. Perhaps you need to separate yourself from some issue or some aspect of yourself.
Interview in dream is a signal for your tendency to go with the crowd. You need to get rid of the old in order to welcome in the new and better. You are struggling with some moral issue or inner demons. The dream is a signal for being too buttoned up or refrained. You need to be more flexible in your thinking.
Interview dream is a metaphor for fire, inspiration, spirituality, action, initiative and the Psyche. You need to express some of your primal urges. You may be trying to shed light on your deeper thoughts and subconscious feelings. This dream signals your anxieties about exercising a control. You are being honored and recognized.
Dream about both “Job” and “Interview” is a clue for infidelity, either by you or someone else. You are overly concerned with how others perceive you. You are wasting away some aspect of your life. The dream indicates your lack of respect for someone or some matter in your life. You need to be prepared for any dissent and backlash.
Dream about job interview points at their power over the situation. You are opening yourself up to a new situation and allowing yourself to be vulnerable. You have a high sense of self worth. Your dream is a signal for your winning spirit. You are working on a fresh self-image.

domain: psychology


text:
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domain: medical


A Fiat Multipla that doesn’t look bad
When Fiat launched the Multipla back in 1998, it was met with a lot of negativity based purely on look. Granted, it wasn’t the best looking MPV at the time, it even won Top Gears ‘ugliest car’ of 2000. But like it or not, a new envisioned version has been created that makes it look like a proper contender for ‘fastest and ugliest car’.
The creation was made Alan DeRosier, a visual artist who rendered an idea from a fellow petrolhead. The idea was to take the Multipla and a 1000 horsepower engine, and bolt the two together. A lot of French designs have been incorporated in the high powered machine, it’s quite obvious to see a lot of stylings have been taken from the Renault Clio, but still retains its roots in the Italian people carrier.
The beauty of this, is that the creators have raised a significant amount of money through crowdfunding, that this proposed model could soon become reality. Although the real world car will most likely change from the design concept, it’s still going to be an exciting thing to see on any drag strip. We will have to wait and see if it does ever become more than drawings, but it will be something to behold. Hopefully we will see the 1000tipa soon.


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In our never-ending need to assign letters to people younger than us, the Kaiser Family Foundation hereby dubs the recent crop of kids: Generation M. As in media. Why?
Children and teens are spending an increasing amount of time using ?new media? like computers, the Internet and video games, without cutting back on the time they spend with ?old? media like TV, print and music, according to a new study released today by the Kaiser Family Foundation. Instead, because of the amount of time they spend using more than one medium at a time (for example, going online while watching TV), they?re managing to pack increasing amounts of media content into the same amount of time each day.
The study, Generation M: Media in the Lives of 8-18 Year-olds, says that kids are becoming masters of multitasking and although the KFF doesnt know if thats good or bad for their health, itll certainly help them in the hectic modern workplace.
The study focuses young peoples consumption of media and raises some interesting concerns regarding media in the bedroom and parental supervision.
In addition to these findings on their media consumption, Id like to see more studies about how much media young people are producing via blogs, zines, podcasts, etc. Somewhere in there, I feel, we will find a healthy balance of consumption and production by those rascally Gen-Mers.


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Symach announced that CARSTAR Fredericton in New Brunswick, Canada has opened a new location utilizing Symach’s complete body shop solution. This includes the FixLine equipment repair process and Spraytron paint booth.
“When you make a deal with Symach, you’re not just buying body shop equipment,” said Steve Knox, general manager of CARSTAR Fredericton. “You are buying an entirely different business model.”
“Symach equipment is designed to drastically reduce the cost of repairs and increase efficiency,” said Osvaldo Bergaglio, CEO of Symach. “We helped CARSTAR Fredericton set up a new body shop using the FixLine repair process, which will help the business increase throughput and reduce labor cost per repair.”
CARSTAR Fredericton operates two locations and is owned by Roy Kennedy. Since installing the Symach equipment at their new location in July, Knox said they’ve already experienced more efficiency at the repair facility.
“One of the biggest benefits is time,” said Knox. “A conventional shop might schedule two-and-a-half to three days to complete a 10- to 11-hour job. With Symach equipment, that same vehicle can now be repaired by lunchtime the day it’s dropped off.”
He said every step of the repair process is accelerated.
“It’s not through harder work or more labor-intensive ways of doing things, but through the smart use of their equipment. It’s incredible,” he said.
Knox said that cars built today are not the same as the ones built 20 or 30 years ago. Because they are so much more sophisticated, he said it’s important to set up a repair facility that can meet those needs and Symach equipment has helped them do that.
The CARSTAR Fredericton team has been especially impressed with Symach’s Spraytron paint booth, which helps pull everything through the paint booth rather than having everything pushed toward the booth.
“The SprayTron is one of the industry’s newest generations of spray booths on the market,” said Bergaglio. “It is high-performing, automated and it is built with the best burner, the best fans and the best material available. It can work as a conventional spray booth using hot air from the burner or with radiant waves using a robot and will typically produce 8-10 paint cycles per day.”
CARSTAR Fredericton has also found that customers are impressed with how clean and professional the facility looks.
“It’s when they see the shop that they really get ‘wowed’ and they feel confident and excited about their car being there compared to what a shop would normally look like,” he said. “It looks like a hospital operating room; it’s so clean, lighting is good, and everything is bright.”
Knox said there’s a finish to every surface that makes you want to run your finger along it.
“When you deal with Symach, they build a shop that is so visually beautiful that you want every customer to come in through the back door, rather than the front,” said Knox. “It’s gorgeous; it looks like a showroom of their equipment but at the same time, it’s our actually functioning shop!”
He said it even smells good due to the Symach vacuum system they installed.
By setting up a super clean, beautiful environment that is also ergonomic, Knox said they have had no problem hiring new employees.
Every stall has its own hoist that is flush with the floor. When it is raised, the car is at chest-level, so technicians no longer have to kneel during a repair.
“Many of the older guys in this industry have problems with their knees and backs,” said Knox. “The Symach equipment allows technicians to work at a comfortable level so this is no longer an issue.”
The original CARSTAR Fredericton location was opened in the late 1980s. Knox said it was one of the first CARSTARs in Canada. As the business grew over the years, they realized the need to expand the business to support the volume of business.
The opening of the second location on the opposite side of Fredericton provides the business good geographical coverage.
Roy Kennedy first learned about Symach equipment two years ago from some CARSTAR business associates. They shared the benefits of the Symach system including how it helped with production.
When Knox joined the company shortly after, Kennedy asked him to manage the existing and new locations. Recognizing the industry was changing, Knox said that he was glad to join a progressive company.
He traveled to Toronto to tour some other body shops utilizing the Symach equipment.
“While I was there, I interviewed the owners and asked what their successes or failures were,” said Knox. “I soon learned that it was pure success. Both of the shops I talked to said if they had it to do over again, they wouldn’t hesitate.”
That was a big endorsement for the team at CARSTAR Fredericton and they decided to invest in the full suite of products. Once the building was prepared, it took less than a month to set up the new 10,000-square-foot shop.
Over the last month, the team has been in training mode and becoming more comfortable with the equipment and the business flow.
“I can see now why those shops we talked to have that outlook,” said Knox. “It’s true. Everything Symach’s marketing says it can do, it can.”


Out Today by The Orchard: G Herbo, Like Pacific & More
July 27, 2018
As you turn your fans to top speed and try to avoid the mid-summer humidity, we’ve got some fresh new tunes to help you cool things down. First, Chicago rapper G Herbo releases his new album, which is even more playful than his last. Next, punk band Like Pacific is back with their sophomore album. Lastly, get… Read more »
The post Out Today by The Orchard: G Herbo, Like Pacific & More appeared first on The Daily Rind.


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Nip tuck. Getting a little work done. The way we talk about plastic surgery doesn’t do the profession any favors. Or the physicians who take their work seriously—as opposed to those who will do absolutely anything a patient requests. Maybe it’s the way that ‘plastic’ seems to overshadow the word ‘surgery’. Or the number of celebrity faces gone bad. But speaking to Jeremy Warner, MD FACS puts a whole new (forgive the pun) complexion on the matter.
“Within the world of medicine, plastic surgeons are known as the ‘marines of surgery,’ notes Dr. Warner. “We operate from head to toe, and work to restore deformities resulting from birth, trauma, or cancer, as well as change lives through aesthetic surgery. To be able to navigate, with anatomic mastery, through the entire human body and solve whatever problem came my way. has been a fulfilling journey, from repairing injured nerves, to breast reconstruction after cancer, to microvascular surgery to transplant tissue from a leg to a scalp, and everything in between.”
Born in Utah, Dr. Warner lives on the North Shore with his wife Brittany and their three young sons. And avid skier, surfer, fisherman and golfer, he has completed two full Ironman triathlon races and proposed to Brittany at the finish line after she completed the same event in 2017.
On staff at the University of Chicago Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dr. Warner is double board certified by the American Board of Plastic Surgery and the American Board of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. He studied at the George Washington University of Medicine, completed his residency at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and undertook an additional year of training in aesthetic and reconstructive surgery at the University of Toronto.
Today, Dr. Warner specializes in facial surgery at The Warner Institute in Northfield, where he offers a range of surgical and nonsurgical procedures, including the SWIFT LIFT, an innovative technique of his own invention that reduces recovery time and is performed in the office under local anesthetic. But he still goes into battle, tackling cases that can be profoundly life changing as Mission Director of the Nepal Surgical and Medical Mission under the Face the Future Foundation.
Every year, he and a team of doctors travel to Kathmandu to provide medical care for children born with craniofacial differences. “While my practice in the U.S. is a mix of cosmetic and reconstructive work, going to Nepal is just simply jam-packed with complex reconstructive procedures that help solve problems for patients who would otherwise not have access to this type of care.”
For any physician, care is the foundation of the job. And that includes being a good listener and a good communicator. And all surgeons must be one part therapist, assessing a patient’s understanding of what they are about to submit to and making sure that they are doing it for the right reason.
“I was a psychology major in college and this has come to serve me extremely well in my field,” shares Dr. Warner. “Whether it’s for reconstructive or cosmetic reasons, the majority of procedures we perform are in some way shape or form elective—meaning it’s not an emergency to perform the procedures immediately. On top of that, plastic surgery is a field that lends itself to more creativity compared to other fields. There are almost always multiple solutions to a given problem, so we spend more time counseling patients on what those different options are, as well as a detailed discussion of the pros and cons related to each option.”
There is an art, one could argue, to any sophisticated surgical procedure. But while a coronary bypass may be exquisitely executed, a thing of beauty to the surgeon, it is hidden away from everyone else, including the patient. But plastic surgery is often a highly visible affair, a matter of aesthetics, and the surgeon must be in full control of the composition.
A cut here may dictate a cut there to achieve the proper balance. The art of his practice, says Dr. Warner, is a combination of “personal principles, view of the world, and very importantly—experience. These play out even as he performs as common a procedure as a rhinoplasty.
“There are many surgeons who see an ‘ideal’ nose in their minds and their goal is create that ideal nose in every patient,’ he observes. “I, along with many other rhinoplasty experts, have a different approach. I prefer to listen to what bothers the patient and tailor an individual plan to meet their specific goals. I treat many patients who don’t want their nose to look overdone or would prefer to keep a specific quality to it so that they don’t look like a totally different person. While I think an individualized approach takes more skill, it’s also more fun for me because it creates an endless amount of problem solving. And the work never gets boring!”


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cat lover gifts
Showing all 3 results
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Custom Made Huggable Cat Shaped Photo Pillow
This custom handmade, personalized cat photo gift pillow is made in the USA and is a perfect Christmas, birthday or "welcome" gift for new cat owners. Give a wonderful, one of a kind gift to your favorite cat owner or someone who is missing their beloved kitty. I can create a pillow with any pet image!
Huggable Personalized Pet Photo Gift Pillow
This custom pet photo gift pillow is made from your personal photo right here in the USA. A pet photo pillow make Christmas, birthday or new pet owner gifts. Give a wonderful, one of a kind gift to your favorite dog or cat owner or pet lover. They are also heartwarming pet bereavement gifts that will show you care.
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domain: pet


GRAND RAPIDS CITY BUDGET
This week, we are taking a look at some of the city’s budget issues as Grand Rapids leaders prepare to adopt a 2013-2014 spending plan. Here is what we have planned:
• The city's general fund no longer runs a deficit, but it also no longer funds public services enough
• Are you embarrassed by the city's parks? City leaders ponder the future of greenspace in Grand Rapids
• Parks advocates want city to pursue a dedicated millage
• Keeping lights on and drains working: How the city hopes to pay for street lighting and storm water systems
• A look at how Grand Rapids is moving toward LED street lights
• The city is getting rid of its wading pools Now, what's going to replace them?
• A list of $40 million in capital projects included in the city's budget
• A look ahead to capital budgets in future years
Friday: Live chat on the Grand Rapids budget with City Manager Greg Sundstrom
GRAND RAPIDS, MI – The city plans to expand its utilization of LED fixtures in public street lights, deploying higher-volume installations of the technology in three areas: around the new Downtown Market, along Monroe Avenue at Riverside Park, beneath U.S. 131 by Grand Valley State University.
Grand Rapids currently has an estimated 100 LED street lights, and the city will evaluate whether all 18,000 lights in the system should get the fixtures.
“We are looking at an asset management strategy to consider just that,” said Christopher Zull, the city’s traffic safety manager. “We’re likely going to find a spot where that makes good business sense” as LED technology improves and costs come down.
“We’ve moved from the small-scale 3- and 6-fixture (installations) to a more large-scale 40-fixture test. As we’re upgrading street lighting for areas such as around the Downtown Market, we’ve asked for an LED option for that contract.”
Grand Rapids started installing LED street lights several years ago, but officials were disappointed with early results. With LED illumination having improved, the city now will hire a consultant to inventory street lights and lighting levels to assess the merits of broader LED installations.
Zull said citywide LED street light deployment could reduce electricity use by an estimated $425,000.
“This will not close the (budget) gap entirely,” he said. “The current business model (for street lighting) will not be able to achieve a complete sustainability state.”
Grand Rapids officials said they are budgeting $3.9 million for street lighting in the upcoming fiscal year, including about $1.8 million on electricity. The city projects about $1.8 million in direct revenue from street lighting services.
Grand Rapids leaders three years ago considered charging a fee for street lighting, but backed off.


Dec 16, 2012, 9:30 PM EDT
It will never be as annoying as Call Me Maybe or some Southern California teenager singing about her favorite day of the week, but with close to one billion views on YouTube, it’s safe to say Korean Rap Sensation® Psy’s “Gangnam Style” has had it’s moment in the sun. And in the two months that have passed since the song saw that light of day, we’ve be scarcely worse off for its absence.
That doesn’t mean there aren’t some circumstances that don’t justify another 90 more seconds of that insidious scourge. For example, what if I were to tell you that there’s a version of the video that features Clint Dempsey’s notorious “Deuce Face” on top of Psy’s? So you get Jamaica-taunting Deuce barking Korean rap out of an animated mouth?
Yeah, I couldn’t resist it, either.
Thanks to Dan Wiersema at Free Beer Movement (a project dedicated to promoting the growth of soccer though, as far as I can tell, giving away free booze), “Gangnam Style” has been redeemed. At least, for a few days:
Jul 6, 2015, 11:10 PM EDT
The youngest ever player to score in Turkey’s Super Lig will now try to find the back of the net at the Etihad.
2015 Gold Cup: With the rest of CONCACAF making strides, this is USMNT’s chance to show they are, too
Jul 6, 2015, 10:14 PM EDT
While the rest of CONCACAF closes the gap on the USA and Mexico, it’s time for the USMNT to show they’re still improving, too.
Jul 6, 2015, 9:56 PM EDT
Are Abby Wambach and Carli Lloyd the next athletes to be seen parading down the Canyon of Heroes?
Jul 6, 2015, 9:12 PM EDT
The only question is, who’s willing to pay the price?
Jul 6, 2015, 8:17 PM EDT
Will Abby Wambach play at the 2016 Olympics in Rio? She hasn’t yet said.
Jul 6, 2015, 7:20 PM EDT
The goalkeeper’s agent has said Casillas would like a move to Portugal, but Real is playing hardball.
Jul 6, 2015, 6:26 PM EDT
In the world of South American football, everything is coming up Chile.
Jul 6, 2015, 5:31 PM EDT
After a failed spell at Tottenham, the French midfielder is now a Hornet.
Jul 6, 2015, 4:37 PM EDT
The Gold Cup kicks off tomorrow as Jurgen Klinsmann and the USMNT look to repeat as champions of CONCACAF.
Jul 6, 2015, 3:43 PM EDT
A strange clause in the contract allows Barca to sell the midfielder back to Atletico by July 20.
Jul 6, 2015, 3:22 PM EDT
Like the heavily-redacted Garcia report, you can’t help but think we won’t have details until we’re watching the court cases and trials of the arraigned.
Jul 6, 2015, 2:19 PM EDT
The striker has signed a three-year deal with the second division side.
Jul 6, 2015, 1:46 PM EDT
The Cosmos B can afford to trot out Nash, considering they are 8-0-1 with a plus-34 goal differential under head coach Alecko Eskandarian.
Jul 6, 2015, 1:09 PM EDT
Plenty of other names are having a waltz through the gossip mill.
Jul 6, 2015, 11:01 AM EDT
Pirlo says an American arrival has been in the cards for a while.
Jul 6, 2015, 10:21 AM EDT
Your move, NYCFC.com. Surely the MLS side is not pleased by the “leak” of the widely-speculated signing, but we bet it’s pretty jazzed to have Pirlo.
Jul 6, 2015, 9:51 AM EDT
Plenty more flag-waving winners, emotional players, and post-World Cup couple smooches leap off the Women’s World Cup wire. Shall we look at a few?
Jul 6, 2015, 9:17 AM EDT
The U.S. women are World Cup champions for the third time thanks to a full team effort that belied its star-first reputation.
Jul 6, 2015, 8:23 AM EDT
CONCACAF lawyer Sam Gandhi’s tone hits all the right conciliatory notes, something that FIFA has been unable to do it in its response under Sepp Blatter.
- 2015 Gold Cup: With the rest of CONCACAF making strides, this is USMNT’s chance to show they are, too 3
- New York City mayor could give USWNT ticker tape parade in Manhattan 1
- After Women’s World Cup triumph, Wambach, Ellis face questions about 2016 Olympics 0
- 2015 Copa America: Champions Chile dominate Team of the Tournament 0
- 2015 Gold Cup preview: United States look to defend title 0
- Official: Andrea Pirlo announces his arrival at New York City FC (video) 9


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To the Southeast of Howard University you will find the neighborhood of LeDroit Park. Bounded by W Street, Rhode Island Ave, Florida Ave, Second Street NW and Georgia Ave, this tight-knit community is a wonderful place to live. You're going to find gorgeous Victorian homes from the 1870´s all the way to the newer architectural styles of today. Here home searchers can choose from different choices for searching homes throughout Ledroit Park, whether it´s utilizing the Search for Homes
access to completely explore the market, view Featured Local Listings
, request a Dream Home Finder
search where I search for you, or contact me now for personal expertise. Prospective homebuyers can explore Ledroit Park or other cities by reading resource pages on Ledroit Park, its attractions, amenities, nearby schools and colleges and more.
Education Ledroit Park
The District of Columbia Public Schools District serves countless students from kindergarten through 12th grade in Ledroit Park. A long time ago, the residents of the area voted to form a unified school district, joining the elementary, middle and high school districts, now referred to as the District of Columbia Public Schools District. The District of Columbia Public Schools District of Ledroit Park has a extensive history of nobility that continues to grow, our success is based on the accomplishments of our students, teachers, staff and family participation. Each of the high schools in our District offer programs to provide students opportunities for development. As we move forward in these demanding times, it is more important than ever to keep our focus on student progress. Our goals include: Student success, safety, participation and enlightenment. All of our students of Ledroit Park plus family members, local business, and youth members are encouraged to browse through our website periodically for information on our schools and district.
Buying and Selling in Ledroit Park
You can use this website to find the tools you need to buy or sell a home in LeDroit or any Washington, D.C. area. Browse our featured listings
, read up on local schools, obtain a current market snapshot and much more.
Contact Terry Brown, Ledroit Park Realtor with the experience and professionalism you can trust.


The Synth/Rock/Pop duo, Camp Crush has been making waves over the last year with their anthemic and flashback-inducing sound. Shortly before the band released the “She’s Got It” EP, front woman Jen Deale was my co-host for the evening. During this broadcast we celebrated women in music with an all-female playlist featuring influences from both Jen and I. In the podcast you will hear Jen talk about their recent tour dates, her outlook on the PDX music scene, and the inspiration for the single “November Skin”. To hear this and much more click the podcast below. Special thanks to Jen for stepping in as co-host for the evening.
Please enjoy the show!
At my core, I am a musician, songwriter, producer, studio owner/engineer, and, most importantly, a lover of all things music. It is my goal to help connect listeners to local artists. I believe we should all be searching for the next thing that inspires us.
I am originally from Arizona, where over many years, I played in several different independent bands in the Phoenix and Tucson areas. I put in many, many hours of grassroots-style promotion in order to get my bands heard. I am excited to be a part of Portland Radio Project where I can provide an avenue to local Portland musicians to share their art.


News in brief.
Confidence has fallen in both the business and professional and consumer sectors according to the CBI/Deloitte & Touche monthly service sector survey. The consumer sector has been particularly badly hit with business optimism dropping and volumes falling the greatest extent ever recorded and overall profitability falling for the first time in the survey’s history. Foot-and-mouth has had serious knock-on effects on sectors reliant on tourism and difficult times are ahead, says the survey.
Read more at: www.deloitte.co.uk.


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During a morning walk down of the garden the other day, I saw this small broccoli plant laying on its side. Completely. Well, I grabbed it and it turns out something caused it to break off its roots. It had a small floret of broccoli. We decided to harvest it and it made a decent snack.
|the broken end of the plant|

domain: agronomy


The Ministry of Interior in Saudi Arabia decided to allow entry into the Kingdom for those coming from 11 countries, and remaining 9 countries still remain suspended due to high cases of Covid-19.
Also Read: Expats requires Institutional Quarantine upon arriving to Saudi Arabia
International Entry Temporary Suspension by Saudi Arabia for 9 Countries
The Saudi government still not revoke ban on travelers coming from 9 out of 20 countries from entering into Kingdom, excluding nationals, diplomats, health practitioners and their families.
Most Trending: India Extends ban on International Flights until June 2021
The list of countries from where the entries are banned:
- South Africa
For the latest updates, you can like our Facebook page
Join our Facebook Food Group Foodaholics - Riyadh and share your experience there.
Have a question to ask? Send message on Facebook.


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In 1976, inspired by a trip on the Valley Railroad in New England with his children, Andrew Lloyd Webber wrote a few songs for a proposed cartoon feature about animated trains. The cartoon was never produced but the ideas stayed alive.
In the early 1980s, drawing inspiration from R&B, rock ‘n’ roll, jazz, rap and country and western music for his upbeat score, Lloyd Webber took those initial songs and ideas and composed a full length musical about trains. Eventually, he teamed up with lyricist Richard Stilgoe, expanding upon the concept of his lifelong fascination with trains and Starlight Express came to life.
The world’s only musical performed entirely on roller skates, the show premiered at the Apollo Victoria Theatre, London in 1984. The show went on to achieve international success with productions on Broadway, in Las Vegas, Japan, Australia, a North American tour and in a purpose-built Starlighthalle in Bochum, Germany where it is still playing after 29 years and has been seen by more than 16 million people.
Starlight Express returned to London for three concert-style workshop performances in September 2017 with an aim to explore the score and lyrics, responding to audience reaction and feedback.

domain: entertainment


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i think i may be the black sheep with this, but after years of tournament fishing and light line angling it is just imbeded in my head. i just try to rig everything i possibly can, below the gunnels. on our tournament SKA boat we didn't even have bow rails, on my current lake and bay tournament boat, the platforms dont have so much as a toe-catcher, and in the kayaks, i feel the same way. i've had too many instances where a trophy or or money fish made a wild run under the bow or down the waterline, and anything in the way can catch a rod, or even worse, part a line.
in this mindset, i prefer to mount the electronics below the gunnel line (or at least as low as i can). in the PA 14, the Lowrance Elite-5 DSI is mounted on a 1" Ram mount system, that ends up thru-bolted on the port side deck. Thru the center deck hatch there is ample room to locate and tighten the SS ny-lock nuts. in this position, it is close enough to be within reach for any adjustments, but is still low enough not to be in the way of rods, fishing line or the bag of the landing net. I prefer the Ram mount also, because it can be quickly adjusted where the Lowrance Elite-5 can be faced nearly face-down, and is then nearly completely out of sight, out of trouble and out of the way. This PA is a 2010 model, so the DSI transducer is epoxied to the hull just aft of the sail fitting, inside the forward hatch.
it may not be the most popular way, but for our needs, it's a sure thing.
Cathedra Mea, Regulae Meae.


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I've just been informed that Mourinho is going to flout the critics this coming season by playing some creative football. The evidence to qualify his words? Check out this truthiness:
Club America 1 - 2 Chelsea - SSN
Uploaded by FootballHeaven
Malouda notches a goal and an assist in his first match wearing blue.
I'll chalk this up to his skill as an individual, but what really stood out to me, watching those goals, was some excellent team chemistry. And that's why the rest of the Premiership still regards Chelsea as the team to beat in spite of their pointed lack of summer spending. For a player such as Malouda to come into a team and gel so quickly is nothing short of transfer genius from Jose Mourinho. I'll say this: when world-class stars convene on a pitch, it is not always an attractive thing; what makes or breaks the team is how they cooperate. And it would appear that Chelsea FC is cooperating supremely well.
(And let me just say, it really does me some good to see Chelsea celebrating as a team, as a whole team, Malouda included. CFC is a real, total, complete goddam team and I love it. Well, that, and it's just damn funny to see John Terry try something remotely like samba.)
Mourinho's promised that he wants to play some creative (read: attractive) football in the coming season. And, get this, he's issued it as a warning to Michael Ballack. Apparently the style of football Mourinho wants to play, and specifically the formation he wants to play it with, doesn't suit Ballack's imposing physicality and technical prowess.
But really, with world-class wingers like Florent Malouda and Joe Cole and Solomon Kalou, playing a style of play which favors the wings makes plenty of sense.
Can't wait to see it once the season starts.

domain: sports


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The Changing Face of Dance: Televisual Excursions into the World of the Aesthetic
Through an analysis of sample works from Paul Hunter, Spike Jonze, and Michel Gondry I show how music videos and commercials employ dance to capture the cultural currency of art.
||Dance, Art and Advertising, Television
The International Journal of the Arts in Society, Volume 1, Issue 4, pp.9-14.
Article: Print (Spiral Bound).
Article: Electronic (PDF File; 1.646MB).
Currently, Dr. Dunagan is an Assistant Professor of Dance at the California State University, Long Beach. She holds a Ph.D. in Dance History and Theory from the University of California, Riverside. Her main research interests are dance philosophy/aesthetics and dance in film and television. Dunagan's dissertation examined the tradition of 20th Century Western dance aesthetics from the perspective of post-structuralist critical theories in order to reveal how dance challenges Romantic and Enlightenment notions of art and author. In a recent publication, “Dance, Knowledge, and Power”, she recuperates Susanne Langer’s philosophy of dance through a merging of Langer's ideas with elements of phenomenology and pragmatism. Currently, Dr. Dunagan's research looks at the proliferation of dance in commercial formats, specifically the presence of dance in commercials. Investigating links between Western theatrical dance practices and dance-based commercials, she examines how dance contributes to popular culture and serves the advertising format as a meaning-maker. Her research has been presented at SDHS, CORD, and the Popular Culture Association.
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Hans Zauner - March 29, 2022
A team led by scientists from Monash University have completed a major milestone towards achieving the rescue of the critically endangered helmeted honeyeater. They have deciphered the bird’s genome and created a high-density genetic linkage map, thereby introducing new tools that will be helpful in conservation efforts. You can read the GigaScience Data Note, presenting […]
Chris Armit - March 15, 2022
Author Q&A with Tom Edinburgh on his new GigaByte paper presenting Sepsis-3 criteria in AmsterdamUMCdb, an Intensive Care database.


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About Dr. Ajay Singh Rajpurohit
(Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopaedics)
* B.D.S. from HKE’s Dental College, Gulbarga, Karnataka
* M.D.S. from Jaipur Dental College, Jaipur, Rajasthan
* Assistant Professor, Jaipur Dental College, Jaipur
* Member of Indian Dental Association & Indian Orthodontic Society.
Dr. Ajay Singh Rajpurohit, who is a well-known doctor and having an experience of eight years in the medical line. He has an expertise in the Dental care field where he took the B.D.S., M.D.S. degree of specialization in Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics through which they are treating the patients in a wonderful manner. In the present Dr. Rajpurohit is the owner of the well equipped with latest and hi-tech machines dental clinic in the Bikaner along with Dr. Divya Rajpurohit.
- Deals with correction of irregular teeth by braces (metallic, ceramic).
- To treat any type of bad bites that harm the form, function & appearance of teeth & jaws.
- Orthodontics checkup should begin at 7 yrs of age.
- Treatment begin between age of 9 yrs. -14 yrs. (best time of treatment).
- Today Orthodontic treatment is possible & successful at any age.
- Correction of facial profile is also done by an Orthodontist.

domain: health


Expatriate CEOs, many of whom have made Mumbai their first homes, may be unnerved by the three-day terror strike in Mumbai, but none of them feel Mumbai or other parts of India have become unsafe to live and work in.
"This is a dreadful attack but not unprecedented. In Bali, for instance, only foreigners were targeted. There have been major terrorist attacks in many cities of the world -- Madrid, London, New York," said Alan Rosling, executive director, Tata Sons, adding, "By world standards, Mumbai is a very safe city to travel around, even late at night and for women."
Many expat CEOs Business Standard spoke to echoed these views. "I have always felt safe in Mumbai. Unfortunately, today we live in world where these events happen everywhere. Terror has become a part of our life," said Wolfgang Prock-Shauer, CEO, Jet Airways, who has been living in India for three years.
KR Kim, vice-chairman and MD of consumer electronics firm Videocon Group, who lives in Delhi and Mumbai with his wife, said India is a big country with leaky borders and incidents, small or big, could happen.
"Politically, India is a stable country. In Thailand, there have been 19 coups. I have stayed in many countries, including in Latin America," he pointed out.
"It was brutal attack but just because of this we cannot say Mumbai or India is becoming dangerous," he added.
"In daily life, we don't feel insecure. These kinds of events are exceptional," said Kim, a former CEO of LG India who made the Korean brand a household name in India.
Not everyone feels as secure. Gary Bennett, the Indian CEO of insurance major Max New York Life, has spent nearly 1,000 nights between the Taj Mahal Hotel and Oberoi-Trident.
But he shudders at the thought of bringing his family to Mumbai. "I have been an expat for 14 years, stayed across Asia. Mumbai is part of my life� but I will think twice before bringing my wife and daughter to Mumbai," said Bennet.
Friends and family have been calling up, some asking them to come back. "Of course, mothers, wives and children will be concerned. But this can happen in London or New York; you need to take sensible precautions," said Rosling.
"Mumbai is incredibly resilient; the local community will get on with life. We appreciate this 'can-do' attitude," he said.


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