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Since the end of summer 2021, the whole of Europe has been hit by an unprecedented energy crisis. The causes are manifold, and geopolitical tensions have been perpetuating price developments.
A malfunctioning power market?
The high prices we currently witness in Europe hurt end-consumers and businesses alike. The wholesale power markets quickly moved into the focus of the public debate, with policymakers claiming the EU spot power market had become “inadequate” and its “malfunctioning” was to be blamed for the crisis. But in reality, this is not the case. Electricity is a commodity that cannot be stored efficiently. Therefore, EPEX SPOT operates short-term markets that balance supply and demand, with delivery of the traded electricity on the same or on the following day. These short-term markets with physical delivery are also referred to as spot markets. The derivatives market is another type of market where electricity is traded. It provides financial contracts to mitigate risks of changes in spot prices and trading takes place up to several years before delivery.
Power markets in general and the spot market in particular reflects a fundamental supply and demand situation expressed via a price signal. It is called price signal for a reason, since it contains important information.
In Europe, the price formation process of the spot power market follows a mechanism that favours the use of the least expensive generation technologies while securing supply for European end-consumers.
How is the wholesale spot price for electricity calculated? Why is the spot market price signal important and how do we cope with the crisis? Here are some answers to the most pressing questions.
The price formation process
This price for power is based on prices on the wholesale spot electricity markets, which are operated by EPEX SPOT. The wholesale power market brings together producers that sell electricity, and suppliers that buy electricity, to then have it delivered to their customers.
Source: ACER 2021
Marginal cost and merit order
Price formation on the EU Day-Ahead spot power market is based on marginal cost, which indicates how much it costs a producer to generate one additional MWh of electricity. Power plants are put on the market by the order of their marginal production cost, starting with the least expensive up to the most expensive plant, activated in that order to meet demand. The last activated plant sets the price. All producers are paid the same price €/MWh for the same product: electricity.
The least expensive marginal production costs are usually renewables, the most expensive plants are gas and coal plants. In addition, the use of coal and gas generation in Europe needs to be covered by CO2 certificates, creating a direct connection between electricity pricing and CO2 pricing, as well as prices for coal and gas.
The marginal cost pricing system
- ensures that demand is always met at the lowest possible cost, because cheap producers are dispatched first
- enables all generators to always cover their costs, ensuring security of supply. If producers know they can always cover they cost, then they have an incentive to run their units when they are needed.
- incentivises generators to offer their production at a price not higher than their actual operating costs. If they did offer electricity at a higher price than their true marginal cost, then they would risk not to sell at all, because orders of other producers who bid at their true marginal cost would be executed to meet demand.
The power market as a barometer
Unlike other commodities, electricity cannot be stored efficiently. This makes the electricity market an essential tool to balance the overall system and ensure that supply matches demand at all times. The Day-ahead and Intraday power markets operated by EPEX SPOT are physical markets. Unlike on financial markets, every single transaction on the power spot market leads to a physical delivery of electricity. The electricity price is determined by EPEX SPOT 24/7, and for the whole of Europe.
The electricity price surge we have been observing since Autumn 2021 has different causes, some of which are:
- High global gas demand as a consequence of the post-covid economic pickup
- Low supply, meaning low wind, lower-than-usual gas storage, hydro-reservoirs levels, and nuclear availability
- High CO2 prices, that drove up further the costs of ramping up conventional power plants.
The prices of the power market fully reflect these challenges that developed in the past two years. Instead of “breaking the barometer” by interfering in the price formation process, it is crucial to address the real causes of the price surge while taking measures to protect the vulnerable end-consumer.
Dealing with the energy crisis and the high prices
Build on the existing solid market infrastructure
Instead of throwing overboard what has been achieved over more than 20 years, stakeholders should focus on the following:
- To further integrate the European electricity market, as it is key for Europe’s energy security. This means offering new products – like Pan-European Intraday Auctions and developing further cross-border trading and flows. Europe’s power exchanges ensure the optimal use of all interconnections.
- To move away from fossil-fuelled generation by investing massively in renewables and flexibility sources and efficiently integrate these green energy sources in the market. Tailor-made trading solutions to achieve this already exist on all EPEX SPOT markets.
- To allow reliable and transparent price signals to emerge, to trigger investments in decarbonised technologies. Price signals should also help electricity consumers to adjust their consumption behaviour.
- To monitor measures such as a revenue cap on inframarginal technologies or a price cap on gas for bidding in the power market. Such measures do, theoretically, not directly impact the price formation process on the wholesale market, but if and how they have an indirect impact on the efficiency of the market highly depends on the details of their implementation.
- To protect vulnerable consumers – such measures are indispensable. They should, however, not undermine the efficiency of the wholesale market, because market distortion would in the end generate costs that would be passed on to the end-consumer. The European Commission has developed and implemented several proposals that provide relief for end-consumers, such as the REPower EU package
If governments suddenly change the rules on how prices are set, this would freeze all investments in renewable generation and as a consequence decrease security of supply. Furthermore, consumers should have sufficient information to choose their preferred level of risk exposure and be enabled to cover this risk.
The pan-European electricity market is the most efficient one in the world build up over more than 20 years and it acts as a model for other regions. EPEX SPOT is contributing to the well-functioning of the market and facilitates the energy transition by continuously working on innovations.
You can find more information on the characteristics and challenges of the European electricity market in our Factsheets.
The Energy Crisis - Q&A
Is the power market failing?
The market is not failing. It reflects the fundamentals of demand and supply as accurately as possible. In these times of turbulence, the market is providing strong price signals. The move away from fossil fuels has become even more pressing in the recent geo-political context.
Transparent and reliable price signals that correctly reflect market fundamentals are the best tool to trigger efficient production and consumption decisions and to drive investments in the right generation capacities. Measures to regulate or structure the market would not preserve this investment signal but distort it, necessarily leading to a standstill of the much needed transition.
What is the Merit order and why is it important?
The price formation process on the pan-European Day-Ahead market follows the merit order principle. This principle guarantees the lowest possible prices to satisfy demand on the power market, as the generation with the lowest costs (or the willingness to sell at the lowest price, to be more precise) is dispatched first.
According to the merit order principle, the most expensive unit that has to be activated to meet the demand sets the price. In turn, this also means that the cheapest units, often wind and solar, are dispatched first.
The actual market price is where the supply of power matches demand. In the Day-Ahead market, which also produces the settlement price for the derivatives markets, a uniform price is determined where the curves for supply and demand intersect, at a total volume that is derived from the optimisation of overall social welfare. Among the successful orders, this price represents the highest price that a buyer is willing to pay and the lowest price a seller is willing to accept. This allows generators that are able to produce at lower prices to recover their investment costs. When criticising high prices, one should also consider that they deliver investment signals, promote energy efficiency, and that they make additional public support unnecessary.
Should the gas and electricity prices be “decoupled”?
The question should rather be if they are truly coupled, and when? Only when demand cannot be met with the cheapest production methods, the higher priced units such as gas-fired units are activated. This means that there is no compulsory link between the electricity and the gas price. Gas units only set the electricity price in certain times, i.e., in hours, when all cheaper production units have been fully exploited. With more renewable generation able to satisfy demand, the expensive gas units would have to be activated later – or not at all.
Why is marginal pricing important for the energy transition? Should we abandon it because of the crisis?
The least expensive unit in terms of marginal costs are usually renewables, the most expensive plants are gas and coal plants. However, the initial investment and maintenance costs for renewable plants are rather high, while the investments and maintenance costs for coal and gas plants are one-time and rather constant. This is why it is important that also generators with low marginal costs like renewables can recover their investment costs.
The marginal cost pricing system enables all generators to cover their costs, ensuring security of supply, while incentivising generators to offer their production at a price not higher than their actual operating costs.
Only by reducing our dependence on fossil fuels, we can secure supply at reasonable prices for Europeans. Especially in a situation of scarce supply, the price formation mechanism has an essential function of information and coordination. It can reveal more efficiently than any other mechanism which use of the scarce resource energy has highest economic value. To deliberately discard or modify this information would be a huge loss.
Are we paying also for the energy bills of our European neighbours?
The integration of European markets (Market Coupling) creates net benefits for European consumers. It optimises the use of energy resources across borders and increases security of supply. In 2021 the European Union Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER) estimated the annual social welfare benefit for market coupling up to 34 billion EUR/year, which illustrates its importance.
Why are the energy prices so volatile at the moment?
In addition to the high prices, the electricity market has seen increased price volatility, which is an indicator for the need for more flexibility in the system. Flexibility is the capacity of actors to ramp up or down their demand or their supply.
Further flexibility in the system can be enabled in the form of even closer interconnection between the already well connected markets. It can also be in the form of incentives for certain established technologies, such as battery storage or demand-response units that can flexibly ramp up and down their production and consumption. With the right price signals, we can ensure that the flexibility is used in an efficient manner and that providers are remunerated.
Is the Iberian model a better option to regulate the electricity price? Shouldn’t we just extend this model to the whole of Europe?
The so-called Iberian model is a modification of the power market design that is specific to the Iberian Peninsula. It has been in place since June 2022 and mainly consist of a €40 MW/h cap on gas used for power generation, gradually increasing every month This cap has lowered electricity prices in Spain and Portugal, but only by 15%. In addition to this, gas usage is higher than before the crisis. The payments made to gas-fired production units to make up for the difference between the real gas price and the artificially capped gas price are financed by the end-consumer.
Could such a cap make sense across Europe? The answer is no. Especially if applied only by few EU Member States, this cap would distort cross-border flows of electricity, putting at risk security of supply and the optimisation of the European electricity system. Through Market Coupling, low supply in one country raises the power price, attracting power flows from the neighbours. A price cap would hide such supply shortage signal by making prices artificially lower. This artificially cheap European power would then mechanically be exported and flow to neighbouring countries, aggravating the supply shortage in Europe. In addition, the cap would burden taxpayers’ finances.
The same would happen if this mechanism was to be extended to the whole of Europe. The gas scarcity wouldn’t go away but it would be made worse because more artificially cheap- gas would be used than the produced electricity, which in the end would be exported to higher-priced regions outside of Europe.
A measure like this disrupts the meaningful price signal and Market Coupling mechanism at a European level and endangers the decarbonisation path not only in Iberia peninsula, but in the whole European market.
Should we change our pricing model from pay-as clear to pay-as bid?
Today, the price formation mechanism in the European Day-Ahead auction follows a pay-as-clear model based on marginal pricing. Via this mechanism, the cheapest generation capacities are always activated first (in the so-called “power generation merit curve”), ensuring demand is always met at the lowest possible cost. Power plants are put on the market by the order of their marginal production cost, starting with the least expensive up to the most expensive plant, and activated in that order to meet demand. The last activated plant sets the price. All producers are paid the same price €/MWh for the same product: electricity. Everybody receives the so-called Market Clearing Price in this pay-as-clear model.
This mechanism gives investment signals in new clean technologies and allows power generators to cover their costs, eventually ensuring security of supply.
An alternative market setup, as implemented on the Intraday continuous market (an adjustment market complementing the Day-Ahead reference market), is ‘pay-as-bid’. This means that sellers submit bids and as soon as a buyer accepts, the transaction is executed. The market reference price would then be seen as an “average bidding price” set by the market participant, as opposed to the marginal price set by generation costs.
If the pay-as-bid mechanism was applied in the Day-Ahead market, market participants would try to anticipate the market clearing price and bid above their marginal costs in order to maximize their profits. Hence, the power generation units activation priority would be based on the traders’ ability to best forecast the market price, instead of on their economic and environmental efficiency. This is why a shift from marginal pricing would generate negative consequences but not lower energy prices.
New Electricity Market Design
Against a silent revolution.
The enduring price crisis on Energy markets has prompted policy-makers to decide on changes to the Electricity Market. In addition to national aids and support schemes, the European Commission announced already in 2022 a plan to reform the Electricity Market Design. A consultation among stakeholders was conducted in February 2023. EPEX SPOT submitted a response outlining our main positions on improving the market setup, mainly arguing that the pan European Market should be further integrated to increase resilience, and that investments into renewable generation must be unlocked, in order to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels.
In March 2023, the EU Commission presented its proposal for a reform of the Electricity Market Design.
While the reform was supposed to focus on consumer protection and accelerating a surge in renewables, the proposal by the Commission suggests a complete overhaul of the setup of Market Coupling.
The proposal paves the way to implement a Single Legal Entity entrusted with the management of all national Electricity Markets. This centralising and anti-competitive provision has been introduced without any prior proper consultation, without any cost-benefit analysis and without considering the destructive effects this could have. It is highly criticised by all European Market Operators.
A further point EPEX SPOT has been firmly contesting is the proposed obligation for Power Exchanges to share order books at all times, even when no cross-border capacities are available, which is currently the prerequisite. This obligation would lead to a complete halt of innovation on the power market, at times where it is urgently needed to drive forward the energy transition. In no other industry or economic setup, exchanges - be it commodity exchanges or financial ones - are requested to share order books at all times, as it seriously hinders competition and introduces socialisation and free-riding.
The proposal of the EU Commission is a silent revolution of the short-term Electricity Market, which EPEX SPOT contests. Too much has been achieved in the past decade across the continent to now risk an overhaul rather than accelerating our efforts against climate change.


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The Great Migration of Canada from 1815 to 1850, consisting largely of Irish, British and Scottish immigrants, broadened considerably the Canadian musical culture. 1844, Samuel Nordheimer (1824–1912) opened a music store in Toronto selling pianos and soon thereafter began to publish engraved sheet music. Samuel Nordheimers store was among the first and the largest specialized music publisher in the Province of Canada. They initially had the sole right to publish copies of Alexander Muir's "The Maple Leaf Forever" that for many years served as an unofficial Canadian national anthem.
Canadian artists and Canadian ensembles were generally forced to turn toward the United States to establish healthy long lasting careers during the 1960s. Canada would produce some of the world's most influential singer-songwriters during this time. Among the most notable is Winnipeg's Neil Young who has been inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame, Canada's Walk of Fame and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice. Leonard Cohen has been inducted into both the Canadian Music Hall of Fame and the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame and is also a Companion of the Order of Canada. Folk legend Joni Mitchell is an Alberta native, and has been inducted into both the Canadian Music Hall of Fame and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Walt Grealis of Toronto started in the music business with Apex Records in 1960, the Ontario distributor for Compo Company. He later joined London Records, where he worked until February 1964, when he then established RPM weekly trade magazine. From the first issue of RPM Weekly on February 24, 1964 to its final issue on November 13, 2000, RPM was the defining charts in Canada.
This multiple JUNO award winning singer-songwriter is the clear heir apparent to The Tragically Hip, both in terms of writing energetic folk-rock with lyrical homage to Canada and for in his relative obscurity outside of the country. Hailing from Halifax, Nova Scotia, Plaskett has a prolific output that spans more than 20 years and includes 17 studio releases both with his 90s hard-rock band Thrush Hermit, his solo recordings and then with his band, the Joel Plaskett Emergency.
In 1952, Dawson began a radio show and went on to national stardom as a singing cowboy of radio, TV and film. Slim Dusty (1927–2003) was known as the "King of Australian Country Music" and helped to popularise the Australian bush ballad. His successful career spanned almost six decades, and his 1957 hit "A Pub with No Beer" was the biggest-selling record by an Australian to that time, and with over seven million record sales in Australia he is the most successful artist in Australian musical history. Dusty recorded and released his one-hundredth album in the year 2000 and was given the honour of singing "Waltzing Matilda" in the closing ceremony of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. Dusty's wife Joy McKean penned several of his most popular songs.
This evolutionary link seemed so essential to groups like the Byrds and Buffalo Springfield that (perhaps influenced by Bob Dylan’s similarly inclined 1967 album, John Wesley Harding) they sought to import country’s vocabulary and instrumentation into their countercultural pursuit of psychological and formal adventure. Under the sway of Gram Parsons, the Byrds created country rock’s pivotal album, Sweetheart of the Rodeo (1968), the country-purist goals of which seemed somewhat avant-garde in a rock world that had come to disdain all things conceivably old-fashioned. To hear the Byrds perform the Louvin Brothers’ country standard “The Christian Life” was to enter a distanced, hyperaestheticized realm where 1960s counterculture assumptions about the preeminence of loud volume and the obsolescence of tradition were called into question. Because the movement’s very instrumentation—pedal steel guitars, fiddles, mandolins, Dobro guitars, unobtrusive percussion—promoted milder, generally acoustic sonic auras, country rock’s overall effect seemed drastically different.
The Jayhawks returned as backing band for Joe Henry’s Kindness of the World in 1992, just as the band was hitting its own stride. Together, the two acts perfected what they’d begun the year before on Short Man’s Room. The banjos, mandolins, violins, pianos, pedal steel, occasional harmonies and prevalent jangly guitars provided a rich, engaging aural landscape for Henry’s earnest voice and poetic wresting with the human condition. Kindness evidenced Henry as one of the most skillful and honest lyricists in popular music. His next release, Trampoline, commenced a string of sonic experiments that—combined with lyrical prowess that has only grown—have established him as one of most interesting and vital singer-songwriters working today. Though he would refuse to be constrained by the genre, Henry’s collaboration with the Jayhawks serves as an exemplar of the then-nascent genre.
Just on radio, the CBC has provided numerous outlets for both major label and independent artists. Any PR rep can attest that getting an artist interviewed on Radio 1’s q can be a major boost to their profile. On Radio 2, there are countless programs airing Canadian music that is unlikely to get much airtime elsewhere. Shows such as Radio 2 Morning and Drive, Vinyl Tap, Tonic, Tempo, and The Signal play established and lesser-known Canadian artists alongside major international acts for a national listenership.
Derived from the traditional Western and honky tonk musical styles of the late 1950s and 1960s, including Ray Price (whose band, the "Cherokee Cowboys", included Willie Nelson and Roger Miller) and mixed with the anger of an alienated subculture of the nation during the period, outlaw country revolutionized the genre of country music. "After I left Nashville (the early 70s), I wanted to relax and play the music that I wanted to play, and just stay around Texas, maybe Oklahoma. Waylon and I had that outlaw image going, and when it caught on at colleges and we started selling records, we were O.K. The whole outlaw thing, it had nothing to do with the music, it was something that got written in an article, and the young people said, 'Well, that's pretty cool.' And started listening." (Willie Nelson) The term outlaw country is traditionally associated with Willie Nelson, Jerry Jeff Walker, Hank Williams, Jr., Merle Haggard, Waylon Jennings, Joe Ely, Steve Young, David Allan Coe, John Prine, Billy Joe Shaver, Gary Stewart, Townes Van Zandt, Kris Kristofferson, Michael Martin Murphey, Tompall Glaser, Steve Earle, and the later career renaissance of Johnny Cash, with a few female vocalists such as Jessi Colter, Sammi Smith, Tanya Tucker and Rosanne Cash. It was encapsulated in the 1976 album Wanted! The Outlaws.
Rock and roll has usually been seen as a combination of rhythm and blues and country music, a fusion particularly evident in 1950s rockabilly. There has also been cross-pollination throughout the history of both genres; however, the term “country-rock” is used generally to refer to the wave of rock musicians of the late 1960s and early 1970s who began recording rock songs with country themes, vocal styles, and additional instrumentation, most characteristically pedal steel guitars. John Einarson states, that "[f]rom a variety of perspectives and motivations, these musicians either played rock & roll attitude, or added a country feel to rock, or folk, or bluegrass, there was no formula".
RCA released his first single in 1965 without the obligatory publicity photo -– unheard of for a new artist. But, Pride was unheard of -- an African-American man singing country music. However, it wasn’t before long that Pride quickly became one of the biggest stars in the format. He won the 1971 Entertainer of the Year award from the CMA, and his sales eclipsed everyone else on the RCA label for a time in the 1970s -– even Elvis Presley.
Vernon Dalhart was the first country singer to have a nationwide hit in May 1924 with "Wreck of the Old 97". The flip side of the record was "Lonesome Road Blues", which also became very popular. In April 1924, "Aunt" Samantha Bumgarner and Eva Davis became the first female musicians to record and release country songs. Many "hillbilly" musicians, such as Cliff Carlisle, recorded blues songs throughout the decade and into the 1930s. Other important early recording artists were Riley Puckett, Don Richardson, Fiddlin' John Carson, Uncle Dave Macon, Al Hopkins, Ernest V. Stoneman, Blind Alfred Reed, Charlie Poole and the North Carolina Ramblers and The Skillet Lickers. The steel guitar entered country music as early as 1922, when Jimmie Tarlton met famed Hawaiian guitarist Frank Ferera on the West Coast.
The greatest commercial success for country rock came in the 1970s, with the Doobie Brothers mixing in elements of R&B, Emmylou Harris (a former backing singer for Parsons) becoming the "Queen of country-rock" and Linda Ronstadt creating a highly successful pop-oriented brand of the genre. Pure Prairie League, formed in Ohio in 1969 by Craig Fuller, had both critical and commercial success with 5 straight Top 40 LP releases, including Bustin' Out (1972), acclaimed by Allmusic critic Richard Foss as "an album that is unequaled in country-rock" and Two Lane Highway, described by Rolling Stone as "a worthy companion to the likes of the Byrds' Sweetheart of the Rodeo and other gems of the genre". Former members of Ronstadt's backing band went on to form the Eagles (two members of band were from the Flying Burrito Brothers and Poco), who emerged as one of the most successful rock acts of all time, producing albums that included Desperado (1973) and Hotel California (1976). However, the principal country rock influence in the Eagles came from Bernie Leadon, formerly of the Flying Burrito Brothers, and the Eagles are perceived as shifting towards hard rock after he left the band in late 1975. The Ozark Mountain Daredevils had hit singles “If You Wanna Get To Heaven” (1974) and "Jackie Blue" (1975), the latter of which peaked at #3 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1975. The Belammy Brothers had the hit "Let Your Love Flow"(1976). In 1979, the Southern rock Charlie Daniels Band moved to a more country direction, released a song with strong bluegrass influence, "The Devil Went Down to Georgia", and the song crossed over and became a hit on the pop chart.
In Iran, country music has appeared in recent years. According to Melody Music Magazine, the pioneer of country music in Iran is the English-speaking country music band Dream Rovers, whose founder, singer and songwriter is Erfan Rezayatbakhsh (elf). The band was formed in 2007 in Tehran, and during this time they have been trying to introduce and popularize country music in Iran by releasing two studio albums and performing live at concerts, despite the difficulties that the Islamic regime in Iran makes for bands that are active in the western music field.
Though his father was one of the first major superstars of the genre, Hank Williams, Jr. marches to the beat of his own drummer. Much of his early hit output was in a traditional style, such as 1972’s “Eleven Roses,” but it was later southern rock-inspired hits such as “Family Tradition” and “Women I’ve Never Had” that proved that Junior was in a league of his own. Also adding to his legend was his stage show, which inspired a generation -- including Garth Brooks. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a1tqAmvaoyE

domain: artistic


Expressionist watercolors by Marian Christy
Reception with Artist: Sunday, January 24, 2:00 – 4:00 pm
Marian Christy, who had a distinguished career as a fashion editor and celebrity journalist at the Boston Globe for over 25 years and also authored four notable works of non-fiction, has always thought of herself first and foremost as a storyteller, no matter what the medium–paper and pen, or paints and canvas. As she notes on her website, she “feels compelled to fill in the white space with colors and images either from my brush or my pen. Either way, I am telling a story.”
A self-taught artist, Belmont resident Christy’s work features an unusual technique she developed using a palette knife instead of a brush, which gives her paintings a distinctly lush, textural quality. Christy has been painting daily in her small home basement studio the last several years perfecting this technique, which she believes gives watercolors a new dimension.
Among Christy’s many journalism honors is a “Distinguished Alumni Award” from Boston University’s College of Communication, where her papers, manuscripts and letters are part of the school’s prestigious Howard Gottlieb Archival Research Center. After her many years as a successful journalist, Christy dubs her unusual painting career “Chapter Two.”
Christy has been quietly exhibiting her paintings in non-commercial galleries without much media fanfare, while developing a reputation and following for her work. Since 2006, her paintings have been featured in 15 exhibitions nationwide. Private collectors have taken notice, especially of her unique “knifed” paintings, where she often uses a palette knife alone–or in combination with a brush. Earlier this year she showed solo at the prestigious Mellon Arts Center, with Robert Mellon serving as curator.
“Watercolor artist Marian Christy is making her mark with expressionist landscapes that are uniquely hers. Images spill forth from a lifelong journey as Marian releases her vivid spirit and energy through intensely saturated colors and graceful renderings with brush and palette knife,” says Nan Rogers, administrator of the Belmont Gallery of Art.
Boston-based real estate entrepreneur Rachel Goldberg agrees, choosing Christy’s work for the inaugural solo show in her new Oceola 32 Gallery in Stuart, Florida, just outside of Palm Beach last month. “Christy’s work is timeless, universal, enduring and inspiring,” says Goldberg.
That’s an opinion echoed by James Morris, curator of the Catuano and Company Art Gallery at Bentley University, where Christy’s paintings will be displayed next month. “While Ms. Christy’s work is firmly grounded in the French Impressionist tradition, it is her bold marking and aggressive use of the watercolor medium that gives the work its own voice.”
Belmont Gallery of Art visitors will have an opportunity to meet artist Marian Christy in person at a public reception for her One Woman: Many Perspectives II exhibit on Sunday, January 24, 2-4 p.m.
Marian Christy’s website.


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Thursday, November 4, 2010
Another friend of mine has published the absolutely quintessential book about Looney Toons. It's called (look at picture above and read title) and it's a big, hardback book with an unbelievable amount of pull-out stuff inside. It's like every other page is a gift pack of some sort. There are envelopes with stickers or posters or old scripts inside. There are tear-out valentines cards, a catalog of ACME products, a pop-up graphic dealy bobber, postcards, a wearable mask, all kinds of stuff. No kidding, look at these action shots...
Here is an old comic book reproduction within the book. You can leave it there or rip it out and run around the house with it:
Here are some script pages reproductions inside an envelope that's stuck in the book:
The whole book is very much an insider's look at the process and legend of all those decades of great cartoons with never-before-published production sketches and all kinds of stuff that makes the nerd in you get all twitchy. If you or someone on your gift list is a cartoon fan, he/she/you/they/it will love this dang thing.
I'm not kidding. If I was, I would be honest about it.
Here's a place to buy it. (I get no kickback, I just like the book and the author)


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Dorian Gray is a dramatic fantasy thriller which was first screened in 2009. It was directed by the British auteur Oliver Parker who had his first go at directing a film, different from a romantic comedy. However, in 112 minutes he succeeded in presenting the pain of the forever young Dorian, reflected in the countless intercourses he has with prostitutes, unfamiliar, married, older, under-aged women and men.
What Happenes is…
The plot of the movie is based on the only published novel of Oscar Wilde—The Picture of Dorian Gray and it was adapted by Toby Finlay. In the core of the story is Dorian, a young, still pure, man who arrived in London and directly enters the high society. He becomes the subject of a painting of his friend Basil, who later becomes obsessed with his beauty but is one of the few positive characters. The young handsome boy makes a wish in front of the painter’s finest work, praying that he would forever look as he does in his prime and that the painting would age instead of him. His wish is fulfilled only to backfire at him later. Under the bad influence of Lord Henry Wotton who introduces Dorian to brothels and vices like alcohol, smoking, cheating, and deceiving, he is caught up in a whirlpool of meaningless sex, murders, never ending lies. Ironically, when, supposedly, true love comes, the forever handsome boy meets his death, never knowing what true affection is like.
Throughout the entire movie Dorian’s moral downfall and, eventually, regret for his wasted life in sin, is portrayed very vividly by the objectification of women. The more egocentric and dangerous the protagonist would get, the more women would be illustrated as unable to sustain his presence. Not only that, but he never offers his protection to a female character, but quite the opposite. Mr. Gray’s cold behavior causes the death of a young theater actress, which again is illustrated as women’s weakness—she commits suicide, because she cannot accept she is not being loved back by Dorian. This suggests that women cannot deal with mental pressure and are always ready to give in.
What to expect
From the beginning of the movie, the viewer is prepared that the film would contain elements of sexism, because of the fact that Dorian accepts Lord Henry as his mentor. He is a morally deprived person who is part of the prestigious society in London. He is married and has a daughter but this never slowed him down from being a regular at a brothel, situated on a street with bad reputation. He treats his wife as a tool to maintain his reputation in front of the society and the viewers see her only when scenes of balls and receptions are shown. Dorian, on the other hand, not only does adhere to every advice of Henry but ends up exceeding him beyond the Lord’s imagination.
First steps towards the Dark Side
After the protagonist realizes that his wish came through and that his picture will age on his behalf, he gradually turns into a monster without any morals. All of the women he encounters he treats as erotic objects, disregarding their feelings and desires. Sometimes he does not even bother to converse with them. The culmination of the objectification of females is when Dorian and the Lord are at a cotillion of a young lady, being first introduced into society. The protagonist takes the virginity of the girl in her bedroom while the reception is still in progress downstairs.
The viewers are not shown the act or any foreplay. The high point comes when her mother enters the room, looking for her daughter. She enters angry and insulting Mr. Gray but then he charms her with a few words and takes her into the same bed he made sex with her daughter while she is still under it, able to hear everything. This time around the audience is shown some erotic moments in order to amplify the tension and diminish even more the importance of women in this movie. The voyeuristic manner in which the scene is presented perfectly reveals how women are taken only as passive sexual objects, unable to resist men. This example, as well as many others in Dorian Gray suggests that every woman can be treated like, more or less, a prostitute if the man is handsome and high class. Due to these qualities, the protagonist never faces any difficulties in having any woman despite her age, social or marital standing.
Dorian Gray, although based on a novel which was written in a different time, is a classical example how mainstream Hollywood movies even nowadays can disregard feminism. The film contains everything that an emancipated and proud woman does not want to be perceived as. It depicts females as weak willed, erotic objects, whose feelings are not important to the dominating man. The way in which the handsome Mr. Gray is able to persuade them to blindly follow him into purely sexual relationships and even orgies with just a couple of words, truly illustrated women as the weaker gender.


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No official offer despite club’s policy of allowing transfers.
“Fiorentina are ready to part ways with Sofiane Amrabat but have yet to receive an official offer from Manchester United,” Italian outlet La Repubblica reported on Thursday (June 6).
United have been on the hunt for a new midfielder this summer. United boss Eric Dier wanted to bring in a quality midfielder to play alongside Bruno Fernandes and Christian Eriksen.
The signing came quickly. United signed Mason Mount from Chelsea last month. Now they’re looking to add Amrabat to the mix.
Amrabat deserves to be at United. He proved his worth at the World Cup in Qatar, where his work rate and seamless transition of play helped Morocco reach the quarterfinals.
United’s interest in Amrabat wasn’t just a rumor. Amrabat’s brother, Nordine Amrabat, who is also her agent, recently said on air that “Ten Hagh is very fond of my sister”.
“He’s watching him,” he added, “and he has a good relationship with him. He has a good relationship with him,” leaving the door wide open for a move to United.
The player himself has put United at the top of his list of options. He has reportedly rejected offers from other clubs, including Saudi Arabia’s Al Ahli, to join United this summer.
Fiorentina didn’t hold out for Amrabat either. According to the report, Fiorentina informed United that they would only allow Amrabat to leave if they received a base transfer fee of €25 million plus a €5 million bonus 스포츠토토.
Despite the transfer window being wide open, United have yet to make a move. “United have yet to make a formal offer for the player. If no offer is made, nothing will change,” the source said.
It is speculated that the funds are not yet available. United have already spent a lot of money on Mason Mount, Andre Onana, and Rasmus Højlund.
It is expected that a formal offer will be made for Amrabat after the sale of surplus resources such as Fred and Donny van der Beek.

domain: news


text:
CONFIRMATION CASE NO. 288 OF 2003
In the First Grade Magistrate’s Court sitting at Mwanza
Being Criminal Case No. 87 of 2003
CORAM: HON. JUSTICE F.E. KAPANDA
Phiri (Mrs), Principal State AdvocateMaida (Ms), Official Interpreter
Sinalo, (Mrs), Court Reporter
Date of hearing : 11th November 2004Date of order : 11th November 2004
The Defendant, Harry Chimweta, appeared before the Mwanza First Grade Magistrate to answer a charge of Robbery as provided for in Section 301 of the Penal Code. The particulars of the offence averred that the Defendant robbed the complainant, W. Napala, a wrist watch. It was further alleged that immediately before or immediately before the time of the said robbery the convict used or threatened to use actual violence to the said complainant in order to obtain or retain the said wrist watch or to prevent or overcome any resistance from the said complainant.
The Defendant pleaded not guilty to the charge. Consequently there was full trial of the criminal action.
From the witnesses who testified before the court the following facts are not disputed:
The Defendant was one time married to the complainant’s wife. As it were they were on separation and the lady entered into another marriage with the complainant. It so happened that during night in question the two men met at the lady’s house and a fight ensued. During the said fight the complainant lost his wrist watch. The complainant then went to report to Mwanza Police that he had been robbed of a wrist watch by the Defendant. Hence, the arraignment before the court and the conviction.
This court agrees with both the Reviewing Judge and the State that this conviction is unsafe. The facts do not come anywhere near showing that the Defendant stole a wrist watch from the complainant. It is well to remember that the two people were fighting over a woman and one of them lost a wrist watch. That is not robbery at all. It is unfortunate that the complainant got confused and lost his wrist watch but that is not per se robbery. Accordingly, this conviction must be set aside. It is so ordered. The Defendant is to be set at liberty unless he is being held for some other lawful reasons.
Pronounced in open Court this 11th November 2004 at the Principal Registry, Blantyre.

domain: law


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If you love the feeling of the wind in your hair and the sun on your face as you embark on a new adventure, then you know that there’s no better way to experience the outdoors than driving with your furry best friend by your side!
We understand the joy and excitement that comes with exploring the world around us. The freedom of the open road, and the unconditional love of your furry companion – it doesn’t get much better than that.
This bold design celebrates the unique bond between you and Dog. Whether you’re on a weekend camping trip or taking a scenic drive, remember… Never Ride Alone.
- 90% Cotton, 10% Polyester
- Preshrunk, Jersey knit
- Standard unisex sizing
- Machine wash cold ONLY — Non-chlorinated/color-safe bleach when needed. Tumble dry medium heat. Do NOT iron or dry clean.

domain: travel


text:
Lloyd Christmas Is About To Lose His Mind Again
The Ryan Gosling and Claire Foy-led ‘First Man’ from 2018 revisited the historic Apollo 11 mission that culminated in the United States landing on the moon on July 20, 1969. The film’s director Damien Chazelle and his set crew beautifully recreated the moon’s surface and chronicled the first step by Neil Armstrong as well as a surprise, deeply reflective walk that personalized a grand moment that is now–impressively–more awe-inspiring.
Hollywood can dramatize and expertly recreate historic events. And yet a documentary tells a true story in masterful, artistic ways that are, at times, indescribable.
‘Apollo 11’ is one of these realities.
Director Todd Douglas Miller and major motion picture distributor Neon aims to do just that with its recent official trailer.
An exact release date has not been determined for ‘Apollo 11.’ Although it’s fair to say that people will surely mark their calendars when this exciting and informative documentary finally takes off into a theater near you.
Posted on February 5, 2019, in Uncategorized and tagged American history, Apollo 11, documentary, new movie trailer, space. Bookmark the permalink. Leave a comment.
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domain: entertainment


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Clover Health is a unique health insurance plan focused on driving down costs and producing improved health outcomes.
Clover is reinventing health insurance by working to keep people healthier.
Clover is a Medicare Advantage plan that uses technology to help doctors improve the health of our members.
We currently provide direct clinical care to many health plan members with serious illness and limited life expectancy. To improve advanced care planning in this population, we and our research partners at Harvard have received funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to test if a video decision aid educating patients about resuscitation options such as CPR and hospice improves patients’ quality of life.
We’re looking to hire a clinical research coordinator who will have primary responsibilities for study coordination including identifying potential study participants; working with doctors and other clinicians to recruit these patients; administering screening instruments, interviews, and surveys with patients; managing data; assisting with preparation of manuscripts; and completing other special projects in collaboration with the study investigators.
As a Clinical Research Coordinator, you will:
- Verify patient study eligibility via medical record reviews.
- Discuss potential study participants with their clinical providers before outreaching these patients.
- Recruit patients for study participation and obtain informed consent via both telephonic, video-based, and in person (field) visits, as needed.
- Ensure a high level of member engagement and retention by engaging in extensive dialogue with members to understand their motivations and reservations about participating in research.
- Coordinate study visits with patients and clinical providers.
- Perform data collection (e.g., face-to-face surveys, chart reviews) and data quality assurance checks.
- Monitor study devices (e.g. iPads) to ensure their proper function.
- Maintain study data using REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) or other programs.
- Prepare study reports, annual reviews, and Institutional Review Board documentation.
- Monitor and evaluate protocol compliance.
- Assist with data analysis and preparation of manuscripts and conference presentations.
You will love this job if:
- You have excellent customer service skills, and are a strong communicator dedicated to building the best possible patient and provider experience in all research activities.
- You are committed to helping patients achieve better health.
- You are highly organized.
- You can quickly learn all the details of a new process, be innovative, and grow in a dynamic team environment.
- You thrive in an entrepreneurial environment.
- You are self-motivated and driven to make things better.
You should get in touch if:
- Have a background in customer service preferably in the area of healthcare.
- Have strong social skills and enjoy communicating thoughtfully, effectively and patiently with customers.
- Have experience working with an elderly and ethnically diverse population.
- Have experience with conducting researching studies or have aspirations to do so.
- Are willing to work independently with minimal supervision, and have the ability to prioritize work.
- Enjoy engaging with patients and their family members, including in their homes.
- Have a “can-do” attitude and are focused and persistent in getting things done.
- NJ Location required - North/Central preference. Willingness to visit members in home (COVID restrictions permitting).
- Fluency in English and Spanish, required
- Basic computer skills, including with word processing and spreadsheet programs, required.
Pursuant to the San Francisco Fair Chance Ordinance, we will consider for employment qualified applicants with arrest and conviction records. We are an E-Verify company.
About Clover: We are reinventing health insurance by combining the power of data with human empathy to keep our members healthier. We believe the healthcare system is broken, so we've created custom software and analytics to empower our clinical staff to intervene and provide personalized care to the people who need it most.
We always put our members first, and our success as a team is measured by the quality of life of the people we serve. Those who work at Clover are passionate and mission-driven individuals with diverse areas of expertise, working together to solve the most complicated problem in the world: healthcare.
From Clover’s inception, Diversity & Inclusion have always been key to our success. We are an Equal Opportunity Employer and our employees are people with different strengths, experiences and backgrounds, who share a passion for improving people's lives. Diversity not only includes race and gender identity, but also age, disability status, veteran status, sexual orientation, religion and many other parts of one’s identity. All of our employee’s points of view are key to our success, and inclusion is everyone's responsibility.

domain: medical


March 9, 2018
With most work on board now complete, I loaded most of the gear back on board.
The riggers asked me to remove and send to them the masthead sheaves, which were to be replaced, so I headed out to the mast where, despite a recent large snowfall, the weather was surprisingly pleasant and benign. The two sheaves and aluminum divider plates were held in place with a single bolt, and the assembly came apart easily. I packaged up the sheaves and shipped them off.
In order to remove the sheaves, I first had to remove the existing all-wire main halyard, which led to an old Barient #3 reel winch that the owner planned to replace. One thing led to another, and while I’d not planned on doing much in the way of mast work till better weather in a few weeks, once I got looking at the winch I decided to try removing it now.
Disaassembly was straightforward. There was a single screw inside the winch handle socket on top of the drum, and after removing this the drum came off with minor prying from beneath, as the surfaces were dry with age. Six machine screws held the base to the raised platform om the mast, and happily these came out without trouble, releasing the winch. This left behind some piles of aluminum-y corrosion, but later I scraped clean the original winch pad and found it to be acceptable for re-use.
The “new” winch, a recycled Lewmar #16 self-tailer that I’d had on hand, fit the winch pad well, and I laid out, drilled and tapped the fastener holes for 1/4=20 machine screws. I lightly coated the base of the winch with Tef-Gel, and coated all the fasteners as well during installation.
The cast mast base was just loose inside the spar, as someone had drilled out the old fasteners sometime, and I found I could slip it right out. As with the other work this day, one thing led to another, and I decided that with the base loose and the sheaves removed from the masthead, it was a perfect opportunity to at least run in some messengers for the new wiring I needed to install.
First, though, I used a drum sander to open up an existing wiring exit hole near the bottom of the mast so it would fit my new fitting. For this mast, since I knew the wiring hole would be accessible from inside the mast, I chose a basic plastic through hull fitting for the other end of the mast wiring conduit. Sometimes I use surface-mount fittings, but here it was easy to install the fitting from inside. I chose plastic for this end because I’d need to modify the fitting to accept the hose leading to the deck fitting, and in any event strength wasn’t an issue here. Since the full length of a through hull with hose nipple would be too long here, I chose this fitting based on the size of the threaded portion, which was a close match to the 1-1/8″ pipe nipple on the deck fitting. By cutting off the hose end of a 1″ plastic through hull, I could (after installation) pare down the threads (overall diameter about 1-3/16″) accordingly to accept the other end of the hose securely. For now, I just installed the fitting. Later, when I had a piece of hose, I’d sand down the threaded portion to fit.
I finished up my bout of mast work for now by running in messenger lines for the masthead lighting and VHF, as well as spreader lights and the steaming light further down the mast. I used a wire snake to pull in the small messengers, and I’d use these messengers later to pull in the wires. I find the small messenger lines to be easier to pull wires through tight mast spaces than the unwieldy metal snake. I was tempted to just run in the wires now too, but decided to wait till another time.
Later, the new anchor roller I’d ordered to fit the owner’s Rocna 20kg anchor arrived, and I went ahead with the installation. The roller, a Kingston KR-2025, was a great fit for the anchor, one of the few designed specifically for this brand and size, and featured a long, deep channel that would protect the bow platform from damage from the anchor shank.
Because of the stem fitting at the end of the platform, the roller couldn’t be absolutely perfectly aligned with the windlass and remain parallel with the platform itself. I used a length of line to determine the most practical lead for the roller, and with just a slight misalignment from the edge of the platform, I was able to provide a lead that would work well for the anchor chain later.
Installation was straightforward with three bolts through the after end of the roller.
I test-fit the anchor in place afterwards. This roller provided two mounting locations for a pin at the aft end: one further aft, designed to go through a shackle or link of chain aft of the anchor itself, and one further forward (shown in use here) that fit perfectly through the eye at the end of the anchor shank to pin it in place. When chain through the windlass, this roller would hold the anchor tightly against the dual rollers at the forward end to prevent movement.
Total time billed on this job today: 5.5 hours
0600 Weather Observation: 30°, partly clear. Forecast for the day: Clouds and sun, light wind, low 30s


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Diagnosing ADHD in adults: limitations to DSM-IV and DSM-V proposals and challenges aheadAuthor(s): Lily Hechtman, Lisa R French, Monica Mongia , Mariya V Cherkasova
ADHD is increasingly being diagnosed in adulthood. The current criteria for diagnosis of ADHD (DSMâIV) have been developed and validated for children and are inappropriate for adults. However, since DSMâIV criteria are currently the main recognized diagnostic criteria in use, clinicians are left with little alternative. This review explores the issues that complicate the diagnosis of ADHD in adulthood. It outlines the limitations of the DSMâIV regarding the diagnosis of ADHD in adults, describes how DSMâV proposes to address some of these limitations and discusses the challenges of differential diagnosis and comorbidity. Suggestions for dealing with these challenges and future perspective for improving the diagnostic validity of ADHD in adults are provided.

domain: library


text:
Ridgeland might never have existed had the citizens of the village of Grahamville, about one mile east, not objected to the railroad being routed through their community. The small railroad station began to attract homes and small businesses. The community was first named Gopher Hill for the “burrowing” tortoise that inhabited the area.
(Jasper County; 2020 pop. 3,868). The town of Ridgeland grew around a depot established by the Charleston and Savannah Railroad, which was completed in 1860. Ridgeland might never have existed had the citizens of the village of Grahamville, about one mile east, not objected to the railroad being routed through their community. The small railroad station began to attract homes and small businesses. The community was first named Gopher Hill for the “burrowing” tortoise that inhabited the area.
The depot was burned during the Civil War and was rebuilt almost a mile north of its initial location. Because the station was on the highest ridge between Charleston and Savannah, the railroad named it Ridgeland. The small town was incorporated on December 24, 1894, with a population of 271. The railroad separated Beaufort and Hampton Counties, with Ridgeland astride that line. The charter stipulated that the town limits included all property within a one-mile rectangle surrounding the railroad depot. When Jasper County was formed by the state in 1912 from parts of Beaufort and Hampton Counties, Ridgeland, the largest and most central town in the new county, became the county seat. Its courthouse was completed in 1915 and remained in use at the beginning of the twenty-first century. The town’s city limits have been extended several times over the years by annexations.
After the Civil War, Ridgeland and the surrounding area were left in abject poverty. Most former rice and indigo plantations passed into “yankee” ownership and became hunting preserves, while small farmers began raising cotton and corn. Ridgeland catered to both the hunting clubs and area farms. Sawmills contributed to the early growth of the town, but the railroad, by then the Atlantic Coastline Railroad, remained at the center of town. As the automobile became more prevalent, Ridgeland’s location on U.S. Highway 17, the main route between New York and Florida, made the town a natural stopping place for travelers. The railroad dwindled in importance after World War II, and the Ridgeland depot closed in 1972. Railroad-related businesses, such as the cotton gin, sawmills, and the small hotels that faced the tracks, have long since disappeared.
The 1970s brought Interstate 95, while the 1980s brought a new interchange and shopping center. Ridgeland’s three interstate exits attracted motels, restaurants, service stations, and numerous small businesses. In the 1990s several new industries came to Ridgeland along with an expansion of Palmetto Electric Cooperative’s offices and maintenance facility. Major beautification projects costing in excess of $500,000 revitalized Main Street. The short commute from Ridgeland to Beaufort, Hilton Head, and Savannah made Ridgeland an increasingly popular location for many to live. The 1995 opening of the Ridgeland Correctional Institution, a medium-security prison, added some one thousand residents to Ridgeland’s population in the 1990s. New projects in the Ridgeland vicinity at the start of the twenty-first century, such as the SCANA Generating Plant, a planned University of South Carolina campus on the Beaufort-Jasper county line, a new hospital, and a proposed new seaport at the mouth of the Savannah River, promised additional growth.
Harvey, Bruce G. An Architectural and Historical Survey of Jasper County, South Carolina. Atlanta: Brockington and Associates, 1996.
Perry, Grace Fox. Moving Finger of Jasper. [Ridgeland, S.C., 1962].

domain: history


Last year, we briefly mentioned the electricity shortage in China, one of the worst in many years. Price cap for electricity and rising coal prices meant that power plants were loss-making, so electricity shortage probably more about price control than lack of production capacity. On top of that, drought last year meant that hydroelectric power production was affected, giving more pressure for thermal power stations.
This year, coal prices fell mainly because of slowing economy. Even though lower input prices should help power plants, slowing economy means slowing demand for electricity, while hydroelectric power production is picking up on better weather condition.
According to Yicai, China Southern Power Grid will reduce the procurement of electricity generated from thermal power plants (i.e. coal) both because of the slowdown of the economy and cheaper hydroelectric power. For the first half of the year, China Southern Power Grid has sold less than 3% more electricity compared to a year ago, which was about 5 billion kWh less than originally budgeted.By Eynamelop (Own work) [ CC-BY-SA-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
This is consistent with what we have heard earlier that not only are inventories of coal rising in ports, inventories of coal at power plants in various power grid level have reached unusually high level.
Although production of hydroelectric power picks up this year, it accounts for roughly 12% of total power output so far this year according to figures published by the National Bureau of Statistics, thus it does not look likely that pick up in hydroelectric power production is going to change the overall weak picture of electricity output and consumption. And if electricity consumption is indeed a more reliable indicator for economic activities, this piece of news does not bode well for GDP growth in the near term unless dramatic policy easing is in-place.
This article originally appeared here: Demand for thermal power weakens in China as economy slows Also sprach Analyst - World & China Economy, Global Finance, Real Estate
Read more posts on Also Sprach Analyst »


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An ingredient long used in self-defence pepper sprays, analgesics and hot sauce is now gaining interest as a feed additive ingredient. Capsaicin, a hot bioactive, brings the “hot” sensation to chili peppers.
While valued foremost for its spicy taste, capsaicin is used in practical applications far beyond the kitchen or first-aid cabinet. When ingested, capsaicin has been shown to deliver health benefits to humans and animals, and it is no surprise that capsaicin is now also being used in the feed additive sector to improve gut health, well-being and livestock productivity.
Below, we review the health and performance benefits of capsaicin that make it an interesting feed additive ingredient to reduce inflammation, help digestion and to improve immune/infection resistance. We also consider modes of action and provide supporting examples from peer-reviewed scientific literature.
Inflammation is a process by which the immune system fights an irritant to protect the body against injury or infection. Bacteria, endotoxins (i.e. lipopolysaccharide, or LPS), and even some feed components or their metabolites can trigger inflammation. The immune activation associated with inflammation is a complex process requiring the well-orchestrated interaction of a wide array of specialised immune cells. In livestock, inflammation can lead to energy losses, poor feed efficiency, reduced performance and general morbidity.
Inflammatory processes are regulated by small intercellular protein messengers called cytokines. The pro-inflammatory cytokines maintain and amplify inflammation, while the anti-inflammatory cytokines dampen it. Using pig immune cells, researchers have shown capsaicin can regulate cytokine production and influence inflammatory processes. In the absence of an LPS challenge, capsaicin normalised the inflammatory processes, and when the LPS challenge was applied, it reduced the pro-inflammatory response. These findings were confirmed in another study where the anti-inflammatory effect of capsaicin was mediated by inhibition of the pro-inflammatory signalling pathway (NF-κB).
Pathogens & Preventions – special publication
Diseases are always just a stone’s throw away from any livestock herd/flock and producing healthy and safe animal products is key for a successful business. In this special we focus on how to keep diseases at bay.
Both a healthy gut and efficient digestion begin in the mouth. Fluids excreted in the mouth of pigs and in the crop or proventriculus of poultry will bind and lyse viruses and bacteria, offering a first line of defence against pathogens. These fluids contain enzymes that initiate the breakdown of lipids and starches. Data from research shows that the concentration of the starch-digesting enzyme, α‐amylase, increases with the fluid flow rate, while capsaicin has been shown to increase fluid production and enzymatic activity. Other studies show that capsaicin increases bile acid secretion, promoting fat digestion.
The small intestine screens and controls:
The small intestine carefully screens and controls which molecules can enter the bloodstream of the host. It also trains the immune system to correctly recognise and respond to any possible threats that entered the gut. Epithelial cells lining the intestines are held together by proteins that line the tight junctions that help maintain gut homeostasis through regulating or blocking passage of pathogens, molecules and ions. Research data shows that capsicum oleoresin (a concentrated oil extract of capsaicin) alters the activity of ileal mucosa cells, as measured by the patterns of gene expression. Specifically, there is an increase in expression of genes related to integrity of epithelial cell membranes and tight junctions, which are both indicative of enhanced gut mucosa health.
Villi increase absorption capacity:
The lining of the small intestine is covered by villi, which are finger like projections that increase the surface area and absorption capacity. Between the villi are crypts (of Lieberkuhn), which extend down to the mucosae. Longer villi and smaller crypts characterise healthy intestines.
Finally, a coating of protective mucus comprises the top cover. Research data has shown an improvement in mucus production in chickens fed capsaicin (in a mix with carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde) as well as a thicker mucus layer covering the glandular stomach and jejunum. This effect results in a better protection of villi and increased villi length, especially in animals fed maize based diets. Longer villi are also shown to increase nutrient absorption and the thicker mucus layer provides an enhanced barrier against pathogens.
Gut health – special publication
Managing gut health is very complex with many parameters to consider. This special issue covering monogastrics and ruminants highlights specie-specific topics.
Generally speaking, innate immunity involves non-specific immune responses and the stimulation of barrier and defence mechanisms, including mucus. In the chicken gut, the mucogenic effect of capsaicin supplementation has been shown to reduce the numbers and the risk of pathogenic bacteria adhesion (Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens). In turn, adaptive humoral immunity is more specialised and mainly involves antibodies (immunoglobulins), which are secreted by immune cells present in blood.
Stimulate immune response:
There is experimental evidence that a feed additive containing a combination of carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, and capsicum oleoresin stimulated the innate and the adaptive (humoral) immune response. Researchers have also shown that chickens fed the capsaicin-containing additive were more immune to coccidiosis, which is also considered to be one of the main predisposing factors for necrotic and bacterial enteritis (dysbacteriosis).
Protective mechanism against infections:
The protective mechanism of capsaicin against infections, including both bacterial and necrotic enteritis, may be partially explained by the modulatory effect on the gut microbiome of the host and for effects on intestinal barrier function. The gut microbiome consists of a highly diverse ecosystem of mostly beneficial bacteria. These good bacteria help the host digest food and battle pathogen invasion via colonisation resistance. One study showed that a blend of capsicum and curcuma oleoresins reduced the negative consequences of necrotic enteritis infection on body weight and intestinal lesions, in part, through alteration of the gut microbiome. However, the authors also noted the degree of this effect was dependent on the breeds of commercial broilers used in the study.
Necrotic enteritis has a major impact on health and mortality in broilers. Many factors can predispose birds to develop necrotic enteritis, but the most common are the concurrent infection with Eimeria maxima (coccidiosis) and Clostridium perfringens (an anaerobic, spore forming, α-toxin producing bacteria). Using a necrotic enteritis disease model in broiler chickens, researchers tested the effect of a blend of capsicum oleoresin and turmeric oleoresin and found that this blend had a number of beneficial effects. It not only improved the infection resistance of the birds, but also reduced the number of lesions and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the intestines. It also lowered the infiltration of the α-toxin into blood serum and improved body weights of the infected animals.
Accumulating research explains the mechanisms and beneficial properties of capsaicin to help fight infections, modulate immune response, aid digestion and improve animal well-being and productivity. This hot bioactive is now also included in Trouw Nutrition Gut Health feed additives. Researchers are optimising combinations of capsaicin at relatively low inclusion levels along with other ingredients to benefit gut health. You might say the secret is in the sauce.
References available on request
Yvonne van der Horst – Trouw Nutrition Global Product Manager Presan
Klaudyna Borewicz – Trouw Nutrition Innovation R&D researcher

domain: literature


International Journal of Applied Research
Vol. 5, Issue 7, Part E (2019)
Digital image processing: A review
Dr. Mukesh Singla
The edge detection process is used to find the strong edge feature of an image. The edge feature is used to denote the image and provides space for extra opportunities to reveal corners, lines and shapes etc. Corner detection is the foremost step of various computer vision system building tasks such as real-time tracking, simultaneous localisation and mapping, image matching and recognition. The design and efficiency of a corner detector is important as it determines the scope whether the detector if combined with further data processing tools can operate at a particular frame rate. For real-time frame rate applications, it appears necessary to deploy a fast speed detector that overcomes the computational complexity of traditional detectors like Harris, Moore’s and SUSAN.
How to cite this article:
Dr. Mukesh Singla. Digital image processing: A review. International Journal of Applied Research. 2019; 5(7): 328-330.


text:
I'm back today with another Christmas card. Today I have used one of the cuties from Wild Rose Studio which are available at Bizzy Becs; I am loving this stamp range and they have heaps of cute Christmas themed images. My sentiment is from Whimsy Stamps and I embossed it. My Christmas baubles are stamps and dies from Heartfelt Creations.
Enjoy the rest of your day!

domain: hobby


text:
|Application ||FC, ICC, IP|
|Host||Purified From Concentrated Hybridoma Tissue Culture Supernatant.|
|Application Note||FC,Functional Application, Inhibition (blocks TRAIL-R1 mediated killing if applied in solution),ICC,IP,|
|Calculated MW||50089 Da|
|Other Names||TRAIL Receptor 1; DR4; APO2; TNFRSF10A; CD261|
|Target/Specificity||Recognizes human TRAIL-R1. Does not cross-react with human TRAIL-R2, -R3 or -R4.|
|Format||Liquid. In PBS containing 10% glycerol and 0.02% sodium azide.|
|Reconstitution & Storage||Stable for at least 1 year after receipt when stored at -20°C.|
|Precautions||Functional TRAIL-R1 (human) Antibody, mAb(preservative free) is for research use only and not for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.|
|Synonyms||APO2, DR4, TRAILR1|
|Function||Receptor for the cytotoxic ligand TNFSF10/TRAIL. The adapter molecule FADD recruits caspase-8 to the activated receptor. The resulting death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) performs caspase-8 proteolytic activation which initiates the subsequent cascade of caspases (aspartate-specific cysteine proteases) mediating apoptosis. Promotes the activation of NF- kappa-B.|
|Cellular Location||Membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein|
|Tissue Location||Widely expressed. High levels are found in spleen, peripheral blood leukocytes, small intestine and thymus, but also in K-562 erythroleukemia cells, MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells and activated T-cells|
Thousands of laboratories across the world have published research that depended on the performance of antibodies from Abgent to advance their research. Check out links to articles that cite our products in major peer-reviewed journals, organized by research category.
firstname.lastname@example.org, and receive a free "I Love Antibodies" mug.
Provided below are standard protocols that you may find useful for product applications.
TRAIL-R1 is a receptor for the cytotoxic ligand TRAIL. The adapter molecule FADD recruits caspase-8 to the activated receptor. The resulting death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) performs caspase-8 proteolytic activation which initiates the subsequent cascade of caspases (aspartate-specific cysteine proteases) mediating apoptosis. Promotes the activation of NF-kappa.
If you have used an Abgent product and would like to share how it has performed, please click on the "Submit Review" button and provide the requested information. Our staff will examine and post your review and contact you if needed.
If you have any additional inquiries please email technical services at email@example.com.

domain: biology


1 CABINET Meeting date: 27 November 2014 From: Corporate Director Environment and Community Services RESPONSE TO SOUTH LAKELAND DISTRICT COUNCILS COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE LEVY REGULATION 16 CONSULTATION 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.1 The purpose of this report is to inform Cabinet Members of the consultation on the Draft Charging Schedule, the supporting Infrastructure Delivery Plan and the viability assessment for South Lakeland District Council s emerging Community Infrastructure Levy (CIL). It also seeks endorsement of the proposed Corporate County Council response to this consultation. 1.2 CIL is a per metre charge to be applied to development to fund infrastructure improvements. The development of a CIL by SLDC is to be welcomed because it represents an appropriate means to deliver necessary infrastructure requirements. It is also considered that the proposed CIL is consistent with important County Council priorities. 1.3 Notwithstanding this support, it is recommended that: Following its adoption, the infrastructure schemes to be funded by CIL be frequently updated to reflect latest evidence of infrastructure priorities; and The charging rates for development should be kept under regular review to ensure it is most appropriate. 1.4 This report and supporting appendix has been informed by the inputs of corporate colleagues and Local Members, the views of whom were sought at a workshop following the meeting of South Lakeland Local Committee on 30 September 2014.
2 2.0 STRATEGIC PLANNING AND EQUALITY IMPLICATIONS 2.1 The County Council s policy on spatial and planning matters is set out in the Cumbria County Council Planning Obligations Policy, the Cumbria Local Transport Plan, the Cumbria Economic Ambition, the Cumbria Minerals and Waste Local Plan, the Cumbria Strategic Partnership s Cumbria Sub Regional Spatial Strategy and the Cumbria County Council Area Plan for South Lakeland. It is important that district Development Plans link with these policies and strategies to ensure development is co-ordinated throughout Cumbria. 2.2 The development of Planning Policy has linkages with the priorities for the County Council as set out in the County Council s Plan ( ). The Council Plan includes the priority of promoting sustainable economic growth and more specifically the engagement and collaboration with South Lakeland District Council to deliver a Community Infrastructure Levy. 2.3 In relation to equality, the preparation of the CIL must follow detailed procedures for public engagement that South Lakeland District Council will have to adhere to. Various media forms are used to advertise opportunities for consultation, and documents are available in various formats as there are a wide range of consultees involved, crossing all equality strands. It is also important to note that there could be differing views expressed at all levels of engagement throughout the consultation due to the potential impacts on individuals and groups. 3.0 RECOMMENDATION 3.1 Members agree the strategic response outlined in this Report and agree to submit this together the technical response contained in Appendix 1 and the Local Member comments in Appendix 2 to South Lakeland District Council to assist the further development of the Community Infrastructure Levy. 3.2 That Members agree to Cumbria County Council signing a joint statement of intent with South Lakeland District Council setting out how both Councils will continue to work together to identify, prioritise and fund the infrastructure necessary to support development proposed in the South Lakeland Local Plan.
3 ADVICE OF CORPORATE DIRECTOR - ENVIRONMENT AND COMMUNITY SERVICES 4.0 BACKGROUND 4.1 South Lakeland District Council commenced consultation on its draft CIL charging schedule on 18 September This report sets out; the context for SLDC s decision to pursue CIL; the main proposals within the proposed CIL; the County Council s previous engagement in the development of CIL; and the key elements of the proposed County Council s response contained in Appendix 1 to this report. 4.2 It should also be noted that to meet SLDC s statutory consultation requirements, a holding response has been submitted to SLDC. This will be substituted by the Cabinet agreed response. Context for CIL 4.3 The planning system in England is plan led, whereby it is a statutory duty for Local Planning Authorities to prepare a land-use Development Plan. The Development Plan or Local Plan should seek to guide both decision making in relation to planning applications and investment decisions for infrastructure provision. On 17 December 2013, SLDC adopted its Allocations of Land Development Plan Document (DPD); this is the element of their Local Plan responsible for allocating specific areas of land for development and follows the 2010 Core Strategy, responsible for establishing strategic policy. 4.4 In line with the Coalition Government s National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) March 2012, the development of this policy document required that there be an assessment of: what infrastructure is needed to support the sustainable development of the district; the cost of this infrastructure; and an understanding about how this may be delivered (and funded). 4.5 This assessment of capacity and need was undertaken through SLDC s Infrastructure Delivery Plan (IDP). This identifies the social and physical infrastructure required to deliver the growth ambitions of the Local Plan. The County Council contributed to the drafting of the IDP and this helped to ensure it acknowledged the need for developer contributions to fund the delivery of important strategic infrastructure; such as highways and transport improvements around Kendal, school places and adult social care across the district. 4.6 When considering how infrastructure may be delivered, it is the case that Section 106 Agreements (legal agreements to deliver planning obligations secured under Section 106 of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990) will
4 be effective for site specific mitigation. However, they are far less effective in cases where strategic infrastructure is required. This is because the requirements of Regulation 122 of the Community Infrastructure Levy Regulations 2010, limit the ability of Local Authorities to pool Section 106 Agreements to deliver a piece of strategic infrastructure. 4.7 In line with this consideration, and to ensure the deliverability of the infrastructure needed to support the Local Plan, SLDC is undertaking the development of a CIL. This operates as a square metre charge that would be applied to most developments based on the viability of development, and how much money is needed to deliver the infrastructure required to support the growth of an area. It would not apply to the parts of the SLDC administrative area that fall within national parks. Money raised by CIL would be kept in a single pot and spent on a range of specified infrastructure schemes. Parish and Town Councils would receive 15-25% of the CIL raised in their areas and up to 5% of the CIL raised can be used to fund its administration by SLDC. Infrastructure to be funded by CIL cannot be also funded by S106 or S278 agreements. 4.8 CIL will help deliver the infrastructure needed to support sustainable development and would be part of a toolkit of funding mechanisms such as; S106, S278 and Local Growth Fund amongst others. On this basis, the decision to prepare CIL in South Lakeland is welcomed. 4.9 Moreover the Cumbria County Council Plan ( ) Delivery Plan promotes the need for engagement and collaboration with South Lakeland District Council to deliver a Community Infrastructure Levy. A key identified target in achieving this is continued participation in consultation exercises relating to its ongoing development. Consultation 4.10 The current consultation relates to the Draft Charging Schedule for CIL, the updated Infrastructure Delivery Plan and Viability Assessment. Following this stage of consultation, these documents will be subject to further amendments before submission to the Secretary of State whose Inspector will examine their appropriateness. This Examination will give particular attention to whether there is a need for CIL to fund infrastructure, and if the rate of CIL to be charged will prejudice the viability of development In May 2014, the County Council responded to an earlier consultation on the Preliminary Draft Charging Schedule for CIL. Within the response to this consultation, the County Council advised how the development of a CIL would represent an appropriate means to deliver infrastructure needed to support the sustainable development of South Lakeland District. Moreover, it was considered that the proposed CIL correctly acknowledged important County Council priorities Notwithstanding this support, the County Council recommended: a) The IDP and CIL itself should be frequently updated so that there are live workable documents that could align with the County Council s
5 priorities, Area Plan and deliver the infrastructure needed to implement the aspirations of the Local Plan. b) There should be fuller recognition of the potential for other funding streams such as Local Growth Funding secured by the LEP through a Growth Deal for Cumbria. c) The 150 Levy rate proposed for sheltered / extra care housing schemes should be reviewed, given their importance in meeting the housing needs of an ageing population in South Lakeland District. Current Proposals Charging Rates 4.13 Since the March 2014 consultation; SLDC has revised the proposed charging rates for development. Most significant among these changes are: the proposal to not charge extra care housing CIL; the significantly reduced charge proposed for sheltered housing; and the 10 reduction in the charge to residential development. The cautious approach is to ensure the viability of development is not prejudiced (figure 1); this is a key consideration when the Government Inspector considers the appropriateness of the CIL In addition to these reduced rates, viability evidence indicates that some forms of development, most noticeably, employment land cannot be viably charged CIL. Figure 1 - Proposed CIL Charging Rates Development Type Proposed Kendal and Ulverston Canal Head regeneration areas Residential Croftland Strategic Housing Site Agricultural Workers Dwellings Supermarkets and Retail Warehouses Hotels Sheltered/Retirement Housing Extra Care Housing All other uses Levy Rate / m2 0/m2 50/m2 20/m2 0/m2 150/m2 0/m2 50/m2 0/m2 0/m It is estimated that by 2025, CIL may viably generate circa 17,750,000 from development. It must be recognised that money raised by CIL alone will not be able to fund the entire range of infrastructure needed to deliver sustainable development in South Lakeland. The cumulative cost of this infrastructure is estimated to be circa 47 million. Despite this apparent funding gap, CIL has an important role in delivering strategic infrastructure alongside established means such as S106 and S278 to deal with site specific matters There may also be opportunities to combine CIL with other funding streams such as the Local Growth Fund, Cumbria Infrastructure Fund and/or European funding. In this context, the emerging CIL and adopted Local Plan have assisted the Cumbria LEP in being awarded 8.7m of funding within South Lakeland District for the years 15/16 and 16/17.
6 4.17 While the proposed CIL rates are currently considered appropriate, it remains the case that the level of CIL to be charged to development is kept under review in light of changing economic circumstances. Therefore, if the viability of development improves, higher rates of CIL should be levied. Current Proposals Infrastructure to be funded through CIL 4.18 The South Lakeland IDP has a key role in establishing what infrastructure is needed to support the implementation of the Local Plan and it is this that enabled identification of the infrastructure schemes that should be wholly or part-funded by CIL, these are identified in Figure 2. Where infrastructure is not listed, it will still be possible to secure a contribution through Section 106 or Section 278 Agreements. For example, the provision of primary school places outside of Kendal and Ulverston would continue to be secured through the use of Section 106 Agreements in line with the County Council s Planning Obligations Policy. Figure 2 - Infrastructure projects proposed to be wholly or part-funded by CIL A package of junction and sustainable transport improvements in Kendal as identified in the Kendal Highways Improvements Study, September Primary School Places in Kendal and Ulverston, and Secondary School Places in Kendal, Ulverston and Cartmel (presently excluding the specific requirements of the Kendal Broad Locations and Kendal Canal Head sites) Highways infrastructure (provision of necessary access arrangements) to support delivery of significant employment allocations at the following sites: Highway access from the A6 to land at Scroggs Wood Milnthorpe Road, Kendal Highway access from the A65 to Land East of Burton Road, Kendal Highway access from the A590 to land at Lightburn Road, Ulverston Highway access improvements from the strategic road network to land adjacent to Mainline Business Park, Milnthorpe Highway access from Gatebeck Lane to Land North of Gatebeck Lane, Endmoor Highway access improvements from A590 to land at Ulverston Canal Head Ulverston and Ulverston Canal Head Business Park employment area. Health Centre in Kendal (medical and dental) Regeneration including Public Realm/Environmental/Historic Environment Projects
7 Open Space Improvements to strategic publicly accessible areas at following locations: Lightburn Park Ulverston, Abbott Hall Park, Castle Hill, Bowling Fell and Nobles Rest, Kendal 3 P s in Grange Over Sands Promenade, Park Road Gardens and Ornamental Gardens Strategic Green Infrastructure e.g. green corridor improvements for example Lancaster Canal Multi-functional trail Community, cultural and leisure facilities The following highway and transport infrastructure schemes with strategic benefits Arnside Viaduct Cycle / Pedestrian Link Grange to Lindale footway link Car sharing lay-bys at various locations including the A6 and A The list of infrastructure to be funded by CIL is considered to be consistent with many County Council priorities, and at this stage changes are not considered imperative. Nevertheless, the infrastructure evidence contained within the IDP will need to be kept under review, and through this process additional CIL schemes may be identified (e.g. new flooding or transport measures). Governance of CIL and Next Steps 4.20 The creation of effective arrangements, through which the spending of CIL money is managed, will be important. To date, County Council officers have developed a constructive yet informal working relationship with SLDC. We are now seeking to agree a statement of intent between the authorities and it is anticipated that a protocol on the operation of CIL and the continuing development of the IDP will be presented for endorsement at a future Cabinet meeting It is intended that these arrangements will help to ensure the County, District and Parish and Town Councils will have a framework for future working together to deliver important local and strategic infrastructure. Local Member Engagement 4.22 Appendix 2 contains the notes from a workshop held with Local Members on 30 September Feedback from Members included: Concerns about the how the Governance arrangements for CIL would operate; The need for specific schemes to be funded by CIL should be subject to ongoing review;
8 There was some concern about the principle of CIL being utilised to deliver access to specific employment sites; and Concerns that in some parts of the District, the rates of CIL to be charged to development needs to be subject to ongoing upward review. 5.0 OPTIONS There are three options: 5.1 Option 1: That Members endorse the response outlined in this Report and agree that the technical response contained in Appendix 1 is forwarded to South Lakeland District Council to assist the ongoing development of their CIL. 5.2 Option 2: to review the response, and add further comments. 5.3 Option 3: not to respond. However, this would undermine any opportunities to influence the CIL s development and protect the County Council s interests and responsibilities. 6.0 RESOURCE AND VALUE FOR MONEY IMPLICATIONS 6.1 South Lakeland District Council is consulting on a Community Infrastructure Levy policy which will facilitate infrastructure development in South Lakeland. 6.2 The use of CIL to facilitate such development would impact on County Council services such as Education, Highways and Adult Social care although the level of impact will only crystallise as the planning and development process continues. 6.3 CIL will be paid to SLDC but infrastructure projects may be joint funded through CIL as well as through Local Growth Fund, Cumbria Infrastructure Fund, and European funding, which the County Council may already act as lead authority or accountable body for. A robust governance framework will be needed to ensure that development of infrastructure projects which will impact on the County Council meet the strategic aims of the Council; to ensure that where there is a mix of funding streams the spending and delivery criteria of each stream are met; and to ensure that the monitoring and delivery of schemes is undertaken across the relevant authorities in a way which minimises any administrative burden. 6.4 The development of an effective governance framework will have resource implications for the County Council in respect of staff time to work with officers from SLDC. 7.0 LEGAL IMPLICATIONS 7.1 The Community Infrastructure Levy Regulations 2010 provides for charging authorities to set out a list of those projects or types of infrastructure that it intends to fund through a Community Infrastructure Levy (Regulation 123). When a charging authority introduces the Community Infrastructure Levy,
9 section 106 requirements should be scaled back to those matters which are directly related to a specific site and not set out in a Regulation 123 list. 7.2 Section 106 Agreements made under the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 will be continued to be used to mitigate the site specific impacts of the development which are not covered in the Regulation 123 charging schedule list. 7.3 To ensure that the County Council s need for infrastructure provision is included in the charging schedule, the County Council should be fully engaged with SLDC. 7.4 Part 3 of the Constitution provides that one of Cabinet s main responsibilities is to agree responses to consultation papers where appropriate. 8.0 CONCLUSION 8.1 The preparation of a CIL and the IDP in South Lakeland is welcomed as it represents an important and appropriate means to deliver the necessary infrastructure requirements needed to support the sustainable development of land (outside of the national parks) in South Lakeland District. 8.2 The County Council is not raising any significant issues with the proposed CIL Charging schedule; however this does not remove the need for CIL to be kept under continual review. 8.3 It is imperative that a protocol establishing the operation of CIL in South Lakeland is put in place. Dialogue about this important issue is ongoing and there is confidence that appropriate arrangements can be arrived at. Jim Savege Corporate Director Environment and Community Services 27 November 2014 APPENDICES Appendix 1 County Council Response to Regulation 16 Consultation on SLDC CIL Appendix 2 Local Member comments from workshop on 30 October 2014 Electoral Division(s): Excluding the National Parks, all in South Lakeland * Please remove whichever option is not applicable Executive Decision Yes* Key Decision No*
10 If a Key Decision, is the proposal published in the current Forward Plan? N/A* Is the decision exempt from call-in on grounds of urgency? No* If exempt from call-in, has the agreement of the Chair of the relevant Overview and Scrutiny Committee been sought or obtained? N/A* Has this matter been considered by Overview and Scrutiny? If so, give details below. Has an environmental or sustainability impact assessment been undertaken? Has an equality impact assessment been undertaken? No* No No PREVIOUS RELEVANT COUNCIL OR EXECUTIVE DECISIONS Cabinet response on Regulation 15 Consultation on SLDC CIL s Preliminary Draft Charging Schedule May 2014 CONSIDERATION BY OVERVIEW AND SCRUTINY Not considered by Overview and Scrutiny BACKGROUND PAPERS No background papers RESPONSIBLE CABINET MEMBER Cllr John McCreesh - Cabinet Member for Environment REPORT AUTHOR Contact: Michael Barry, Senior Planning Officer,


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