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Most of us, at some time in our lives, have periods when it is very hard to cope. This can be very distressing, health and happiness may suffer and other aspects of our lives may be affected. Often we can overcome life’s difficulties on our own or with the help and support of friends and family. Sometimes, however, we can feel overwhelmed by difficult feelings that won’t go away, or get stuck in patterns of thinking and behaviour which we can’t seem to change. Friends, no matter how supportive, don’t know how to help, or maybe we just don’t want to burden them with our problems.
If you are finding life difficult, with issues getting on top of you or perhaps you feel overwhelmed by problems you are not alone, as these are very challenging times. It may feel as if you have lost control of your life, but there are ways to regain a sense of control in your life.
Counselling can provide you with a safe, confidential, non-judgmental space in which you can come to understand yourself and your feelings more fully, and in which new perspectives and new possibilities for change can emerge.
My role as a counsellor is to facilitate self-exploration, change and growth. You won’t ever be told what to do or be pressurised into making changes you don’t want to make. I provide you with a warm, respectful, accepting environment which is based on support and confidentiality. This creates a trustworthy atmosphere where you can feel secure enough to work on any difficulties.
The service I offer is professional, understanding and caring. I will treat you with sensitivity and respect and provide a confidential environment where you can talk about your thoughts and feelings.
I believe that everyone has the capacity to grow and change. This means that as a therapist I will offer you acceptance, empathy, warmth and understanding and a place where you will not be judged.

domain: psychology


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FULTON — Jeptha Harrison, a minister who at one time was pastor of Aux Vasse Christian Church, wrote to Brig. Gen. John Schofield for the release of Samuel Laws, former president of Westminster College.
Laws had been taken to St. Louis after his arrest. Laws, a strong Southern sympathizer, had refused to take an oath of allegiance.
Harrison began his letter to Schofield by stating his own loyal credentials. "As a citizen of this state, I have not only ever been loyal to my country, but have taken the prescribed oath as a minister of the Gospel, and therefore trust you will not think I am out of the line of my professed calling in addressing you at this time," Harrison wrote.
Laws had many virtues despite his secession sympathies, Harrison wrote. Laws, he wrote, "is among the most accomplished teachers of our county; a man of very fine talents and good acquirements."
Laws' friends were willing to counter any testimony that he had actively assisted the rebellion, Harrison wrote. "I am not posted up as to the merits of his case but hope that the whole matter will be adjudicated by you at your earliest convenience," he wrote. "If innocent, he may be permitted soon to return to the bosom of his family in peace."
FULTON — Professor J.P. Finley defended Westminster College as a viable institution that was weathering the war.
The Fulton Missouri Telegraph had reported the previous day that Westminster was "nearly or quite broken up" with 25 students and "a skeleton of a faculty."
Finley reported that the actual enrollment was 43 and that the faculty was doing "all we can" to educate the students.
"Permit me, sir, to suggest that when so many of the colleges of our land have closed and are closing, it is bad policy for the friends of any institution to speak disparagingly of any honorable efforts that are made to keep the institution in operation, even if it is on a reduced scale," Finley wrote.
NEW ORLEANS — Old Glory was hoisted atop the Mint Building in this city as a U.S. Navy force of 13 ships held the Confederacy's largest port under its guns.
Flag Officer David Farragut had arrived the previous day, two days after his ocean-going warships had run past two forts guarding the approaches up the Mississippi River.
Maj. Gen. Mansfield Lovell, who had a force that consisted mainly of poorly armed militia, had evacuated the city after Farragut's fleet had passed the shore defenses and defeated a Confederate flotilla sent to oppose it.

domain: history


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Wall Decals Geometric Afterpay
|Include In Article|
Tmnt Wall Decals
|Published Date||Tuesday , November 20th , 2018 - 13:36:33 PM|
Decal Ideas. Tuesday , November 20th , 2018 - 13:36:33 PM.
Quote from Tmnt Wall Decals :
You will first have to figure out the sum of wall space you've got available, as sizes of course vary widely. Utilizing multipurpose furniture is a great means to use space. Needless to say, it's perfect for dorm rooms, offices and places of business too. A bed is the largest part of furniture in a dorm, and that's why it's absolutely critical to arrange it correctly. The truth is the bedroom must be set up and decorated in such a manner it lets you start and end your day in the best way possible. Look at Bedrooms Keep items at bedside which will enable an elderly individual to get them close at hand without needing to escape bed quickly. No matter if you stay in a high rise urban apartment or a two story suburban residence, you're able to easily make your own French country home.
You are able to find peel and stick wall decals in practically any form you desire. The fantastic thing about wall decals is you don't need any type of artistic ability whatsoever! Custom made wall decals are able to help you present a really special gift or transform a nursery, bedroom or other area with an extremely personal touch. Various forms of decals have to get put on the wall in a couple of different ways. Bigger decals may require the assistance of a few folks to make certain it becomes properly positioned onto the wall. Many decals may also be personalized. They can be repositioned slightly, so if you make a mistake, you'll likely be able to fix it. Wall decals for kids rooms are a fantastic and easy way to transform any room in only a couple of minutes.
Technically you can create your wall decal any customized shape you may want. For best outcome, the wall needs to be clean and grease-free to permit the wall stick ons to adhere to the surface. Freshly painted walls should be totally dry before applying the item. My Wonderful Walls makes the largest superior wall stickers on the industry. If you have just plain white walls, decals are a simple approach to set a color scheme that you can then decorate around. Wall hangings vary in proportion, design and price.
You need to understand how to apply wall decals so they persist for a long moment. Wall decals have a backing paper and a very low tack application tape.
Any content, trademark/s, or other material that might be found on this site that is not this site property remains the copyright of its respective owner/s. In no way does LocalHost claim ownership or responsibility for such items and you should seek legal consent for any use of such materials from its owner.

domain: design


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Washington Post – A son and a brother of Sen. Joseph R. Biden Jr. (D-Del.) are accused in two lawsuits of defrauding a former business partner and an investor of millions of dollars in a hedge fund deal that went sour, court records show.
The Democratic vice presidential candidate’s son Hunter, 38, and brother James, 59, assert instead that their former partner defrauded them by misrepresenting his experience in the hedge fund industry and recommending that they hire a lawyer with felony convictions.
The legal actions have been playing out in New York State Supreme Court since 2007, and they focus on Hunter and James Biden’s involvement in Paradigm Companies LLC, a hedge fund group. Hunter Biden, a Washington lobbyist, briefly served as president of the firm.
A lawsuit filed by their former partner Anthony Lotito Jr. asserts in court papers that the deal was crafted to get Hunter Biden out of lobbying because his father was concerned about the impact it would have on his bid for the White House. Biden was running for the Democratic nomination at the time the suit was filed.

domain: news


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Ambulances have been called to the Star Casino in Sydney 173 times a year on average since 2011, with suicide attempts and overdoses among the most common reasons.
Freedom of Information (FOI) data, obtained by ABC News from NSW Ambulance, shows in the past five years, paramedics were dispatched to the casino 48 times for abnormal and psychiatric behaviour, including attempted suicide, and 117 times for overdose or poisoning by ingestion.
Former Star Casino games dealer Sarah Sherwood alleged the 24-hour casino in the harbour-side suburb of Pyrmont pressured staff to encourage gamblers to continue betting, even if they showed signs of problem gambling.
“They don’t really focus on that sort of thing,” she said.
“They’ll do a quick seminar every now and then, but they generally want you to just have fantastic customer service skills.
“They want you to encourage people to play.”
Ms Sherwood said the ambulance data reflected behaviour she often saw in customers while working there.
“People there who can’t afford [it] … They lose everything,” she said.
Suicide risk highest after large loss: psychologist
Clinical psychologist at the University of Sydney gambling treatment clinic, Dr Christopher Hunt, said problem gambling could often lead to suicidal thoughts and attempted suicide.
“When people are most at risk of having suicidal thoughts or making a suicide attempt is after a large loss — particularly if they’re at a desperate point in their life,” Dr Hunt said.
He said problem gamblers could be hard to immediately identify at a venue like a casino, and their behaviour could go undetected.
“A lot of people say: ‘At the venue, it should be obvious who is the problem gambler’,” Dr Hunt said.
“But it’s not just about the money loss. It’s about the money loss relative to someone’s income.
“So it can be difficult to identify just by saying: ‘This person’s lost a lot of money’.”
Erratic, desperate behaviour ‘a common sight’
But Ms Sherwood said gamblers displaying erratic or desperate behaviours were a common sight at the casino.
“They’re irritable, they get angry over nothing,” she said.
“They blame the dealer a lot. They even get in arguments with the other players.
“They will be very antisocial in the way where they don’t speak to anyone, they won’t get up from the table.
“There have been cases of dealers being peed on. People actually … have [a bag] attached to them so they can just pee themselves at the table and don’t have to get up to go to the bathroom.
“Because they don’t want to lose their seat, they don’t want to lose a good run.”
‘They just don’t care’
While there are procedures in place to report such behaviour among gamblers to supervisors, Ms Sherwood said they were rarely followed through.
“They say if someone’s intoxicated, you must tell your supervisor and they will be asked to leave, but quite often that doesn’t happen. They just generally don’t care,” she said.
Ms Sherwood said the casino’s rules do not go far enough.
“You cannot exclude someone for problem gambling. They have to self-exclude,” she said.
“Because obviously they don’t want to lose a player that gives them so much money.
“They just basically want to avoid trouble at all costs.”
Dr Hunt said even though casinos could be dangerous at times as they were often designed to keep customers gambling, casino managers did not bear sole responsibility in curbing problem gambling among their customers.
In a statement, a Star Casino spokesperson rejected Ms Sherwood’s allegations and said the safety of its guests was a priority, but declined to be interviewed.
“The Star has a higher level of oversight and regulation than any other licensed venue in NSW.
“On problem gambling, we go well beyond our legislative requirements,” the spokesperson said.


As the installation of speed bumps at the base of Henderson Bridge have become a consistent traffic and safety hazard, I would like to share with my constituents that I am working with City departments to mitigate this issue.
I have been in contact with the Department of Public Works and City Traffic engineer and we have directed them to explore all options to quickly fix this issue.
While many residents in this area have called for traffic calming measures here, and while we recognize that speed bumps and other traffic calming infrastructure are necessary to mitigate speeding and reckless driving in our City, these speed bumps are too high and must be rectified in a way that does not inconvenience or endanger drivers, vehicles, and pedestrians.
I will continue to work with community members and our City offices to find the best way to keep our streets safe and to ensure that these speed bumps are reduced in height and reconstructed as soon as possible.
Councilman, Ward 1
Providence City Council


LRG Wheels Wheel Center Cap 5246545550
Wheel Center Cap; Fits 102/ 106 Series Wheels; 5 x 127 Millimeter/ 5 x 5.0 Inch Bolt Pattern; Closed Style; Painted; Semi Gloss Black; Plastic; Snap On; Single
Out of stock
SKU: 5246545550 Categories: Lug Nuts Caps, Wheel Center Caps, Wheel Tire
In the early days of vehicle customization, you either ran a stock set-up or fabricated something of your own design. Such needs were the building blocks of the aftermarket manufacturing industry. From MOAB to BAJA, Pro Comp has taken a race-inspired philosophy to provide off-road enthusiasts with the best selection of suspension systems, tires, wheels and off-road accessories.


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You have searched for Guerrero
LAST UPDATED : Jun 15, 2018, 10:55 PM IST
- Anantapur's young female footballers train with Real Betis captain Guerrero
The La Liga Foundation invited Real Betis women team captain Irene Guerrero to conduct a three-day interactive clinic for young female players and coaches of the regions Rural Football League in Andhra Pradesh's Anantapur district.
- Football: Peru striker Guerrero has doping ban extended
Lima, Dec 5, 2017 (AFP) -Peru striker Paolo Guerrero has had a 30-day ban for doping extended by a further 20 days, Peru's football federation announced Tuesday. Federation president Edwin Oviedo told reporters in Lima that FIFA had informed them of the extension at the weekend.
- NASA's planet hunting probe launch delayed
The launch of a new NASA satellite, which will hunt for exoplanets that have the potential to harbour alien life, has been delayed to April 18. The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), was supposed to launch from Space Launch Complex 40 in Florida in the early hours today.
- Football: Peru striker misses Kiwi qualifiers after "abnormal" dope test
Lima, Nov 3, 2017 (AFP) -Peru's hopes of reaching the World Cup suffered a setback Friday when striker Paolo Guerrero was banned for 30 days for returning an "abnormal result" from a drugs test, ruling him out of his country's play-off against New Zealand.

domain: sports


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Children's Music Ministry
Deborah is thrilled to join the Messiah family. A recent graduate of Capital University, she received a Bachelors of Music in Vocal Music Education. She is currently teaching Elementary General Music grades 1-3 at Columbus School for Girls and private voice lessons at The Lex Center of Performing Arts in Sunbury. She has always loved music, but particularly at church. Her father is a United Methodist pastor, so she has had the ability to sing, ring, worship and fellowship in churches all around the West Ohio Conference. Music ministry has always been a passion of hers, and she feels blessed to have the opportunity here at Messiah.
Contact Deborah at email@example.com

domain: artistic


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Candy Klein Drawing Pages, 2020-05-25 07:24:08. The tone is extremely encouraging and the instructions are almost always very clear. Tasks with predictable outcome, including coloring or knitting, can oftentimes be calming. On the downside, it’s tough to drop color in more compact gaps. In general, Zen Coloring Book for Adults might be a little too tedious for kids, but it is a terrific alternative for adults who looking to relax during a tiny downtime. That’s so far as the pens go! It’s as easy as putting pen or pencil to paper and randomly sketching whatever springs to mind.
Aprille Potter Drawing Pages, 2020-06-03 07:06:28. Make sure that you are content with the digital copy before submitting. Mail in entries and the rest of the correspondences must be transmitted in the original and in the entrant’s individual handwriting. You might have to cover your registration on completion. The deadline cannot be extended, and entries received after the deadline won’t be considered. The submission may include a couple of series, as long as the two series are fit for a joint presentation in one exhibition. You may enter yet another submission at a price of 25.
Candy Klein Drawing Pages, 2020-06-03 07:06:27. As soon as you’ve drawn a line or some of your character, you can correct the lines to be a little more realistic and add a frame. Then make one particular line going up however it must be somewhat curved to the left part. You may want to write both above and beneath the line.
Aprille Potter Drawing Pages, 2020-06-03 07:06:26. Plus before each exercise you’ll receive a brief description of what you’re attempting to learn and why it’s critical. Further, you might not submit any personally identifiable details about any child below the age of 13. While the whole collection includes overs 100 pages, the absolutely free app supplies you accessibility to a little sampling from every theme. Though many of the coloring pages are somewhat more adult oriented, there are many pages which are kid friendly with broader coloring sections. Just thing of all of the fantastic autumn color you are able to use whenever coloring these leaf coloring pages. To color a section of the webpage, tap the color choice and then the part of the coloring page you wish to be filled. Also make sure you grab this peacock coloring page it is possible to allow it to be super colorful!
Alejandra Gallegos Coloring Pages, 2020-06-03 07:06:26. All you require is to pick the illustration you want and circulate it. However addictive these cartoons are, they will always discover a means to brighten up your child’s day. The cartoon coloring pages to print will certainly give your son or daughter a reason to sit down in 1 place and spend some joyful time off TV. These pictures are extremely close to them and any youngster would really like to receive one for their own. At length, all pictures we’ve been displayed on this website will inspire you all. This picture is going to be fun because it’s among the more recent cartoons.
Brittnee Gillespie Drawing Pages, 2020-06-03 07:06:28. When you donate, there’s the possibility to sign up for future updates. There are many career choices for students to pursue in these programs, based on the school. Here we’ll take a look at some of the other alternatives you might wish to consider, especially if searching for something more entry-level, or simply competent when it has to do with art and design.
Ivie Mercer Drawing Pages, 2020-06-03 07:06:27. Preparing to launch a new service or product is a great chance to run a quiz and do just a little teasing at the exact time! Offering prizes that draw a very extensive audience will drag off your reach in the very long run and won’t help your company. Drawing is a skill that’s learned and developed and this video course is intended to offer you the knowledge that you should draw better almost immediately!
Ivie Mercer Coloring Pages, 2020-06-03 07:06:27. Encouraging Creativity By getting your children participate in coloring activities like online coloring or printable coloring sheets you’re encouraging their creativity. It’s simple to add variety to your youngster’s play kitchen! Have each child make hand prints onto a sheet of paper utilizing paint. If your kid is really getting into discussing the differences in animals, you can chat about the differences in people. Children can learn a lot of things from the easy job of coloring. They will start by selecting the colors that they want to use for the 0 and the 1. Most children take pleasure in the activity of coloring.
Any content, trademark/s, or other material that might be found on this site that is not this site property remains the copyright of its respective owner/s. In no way does LocalHost claim ownership or responsibility for such items and you should seek legal consent for any use of such materials from its owner.

domain: hobby


One injured in Southland crash
At least one person suffered moderate to serious injuries after a car collided with a truck on State Highway 99 this afternoon.
Emergency services received a call at 3.45pm after the accident happened on the Riverton-Wallace Town highway in Southland.
The truck was on fire when emergency services arrived.
One person had to be cut out of a vehicle with the jaws of life and was taken to Invercargill Hospital.


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Review of Economics
Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftswissenschaften
Editor-in-Chief: Berlemann, Michael
Ed. by Haucap, Justus / Thum, Marcel
3 Issues per year
Schuldenbremse oder Schuldenschranke für die deutschen Bundesländer?
This paper studies two alternative budget rules to overcome the shortcomings of the current laws for the German Länder: The Swiss debt brake as well as a version incorporating a golden rule presented by the German Council of Economic Experts. A simulation analysis reveals the necessary consolidation path, the loss of benefits, and the recursive development of public debt. Extending the standard simulation method we present a politico-economic approach considering the budget rules in their full complexity. The Swiss debt brake yields stronger restrictions on public debt than the version incorporating the golden rule. Yet applying the simulation to both Länder and their municipalities leads to contrasting results.

domain: finance


Fifty Georgia veterans slammed Georgia Senate Democrat Raphael Warnock on Thursday, charging that his anti-military commentary was “despicable” and “flat-out wrong.”
Veterans spoke out against Warnock’s anti-military commentary on Friday; the Georgia Democrat said during a sermon in 2011 that Americans could not serve God and the military at the same time.
“America, nobody, can serve God and the military,” Warnock said in a 2011 sermon at the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, Georgia. “You can’t serve God and money. You cannot serve God and Mammon at the same time.”
The veterans charged that Warnock should build up communities rather than condemn and demean America’s military.
The veterans said in a joint statement:
Raphael Warnock’s comments about military men and women are despicable and flat-out wrong. Here in Georgia, true leaders recognize the service and sacrifice of all who have courageously defended our nation’s freedom. It’s sad to see Raphael Warnock is more interested in insulting and condemning our military than in building communities that support and protect them. We stand together in calling on Raphael Warnock to drop out immediately, and we remain grateful to those who honor our fellow men and women in uniform – and our Creator.
Warnock hopes to unseat Sen. Kelly Loeffler (R-GA) during the Georgia Senate runoff in January.
Sen. Marsha Blackburn (R-TN) said on Wednesday, “Raphael Warnock’s radical, anti-American views are disqualifying. He should withdraw from the #GASen.”
Sen. Tom Cotton (R-AR) wrote on Tuesday, “This is an insult to everyone who served. Raphael Warnock should withdraw.”
“Not shocked #Georgia Democrat Senate candidate Raphael Warnock said, ‘You cannot serve God and the military’ at the same time,’” Sen. Marco Rubio (R-FL) wrote on Wednesday. “These & even crazier things is what the radicals who control the Democratic party’s activist & small-dollar donor base believe.”
Sean Moran is a congressional reporter for Breitbart News. Follow him on Twitter @SeanMoran3.


New mobile shooting range is completely sound, bulletproof
Owners of Get Some Guns retail store in Clive are in the process of building a new 14-lane shooting range.
They wanted to continue allowing customers to shoot while that's being built, so they had to get creative. What they created is not your typical shooting range.
Rangemasters Training Center in Clive lets shooters like Adam Roarig aim at computer generated targets with live ammunition.
"They could be silhouettes. They could be traditional bull's-eye targets," said Roarig.
The gun range is on wheels, located in a 53-foot trailer.
"From the outside it's hard to understand because you say it's a semi-trailer. It's hard to imagine what it's like inside, but one you're inside and if you've done any kind of shooting at all, you immediately see the value," said Fritz Nordengren, a firearms instructor.
"You get to use your own guns and you get an actual recoil, and you know you get the full experience," Roarig.
The mobile shooting range is completely sound proof and bulletproof.
"When our customers are outside, what they notice is the sound from the automobile repair shop. The little impact hammers are louder than the gunfire inside the range. It's amazing," said Nordengren.
Two people can shoot side-by-side even play against one another while someone else sits in the back controlling the computers.
"It's safe, supervised and fun shooting environment for you. Know a couple of people or an individual who wants to learn more about shooting or just practice their skills," said Nordengren.
For now this mobile shooting range will stay put in Clive, but Nordengren isn't shooting down the idea of taking it to other towns just yet.
After that new 14-lane range opens, Nordengren is looking into making the 53-foot mobile shooting range available to law enforcement agencies so they can do indoor training right in their own parking lot.


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Flowers Wholesale from Israel
Flower Wholesaler in Israel
April Flowers is a family company that was set up in year 2002 and has grown to Israel's leading wholesaler and supplier of fresh cut flowers, foliage and exotics.
We specialize in growing, exporting and supplying bulk flowers all over the world. Our own production able to provide an extensive range GYPSOPHILA, EUSTOMA, RUSCUS, ASPIDISTRA, PIONE, COTTON, greens and other floriculture products.
Locally grown flowers and greens help us to afford fixed and competitive prices throughout the year.
Cooperation with the most reliable Cargo Agents and Airlines help us to provide fastest delivery all over the world and satisfy most exacting purchaser.

domain: agronomy


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domain: medical


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The Orioles are proud to once again support the Kennedy Krieger Institute and the Festival of Trees taking place at the Maryland State Fairgrounds. Pay a visit to the fairgrounds November 30 – December 1 and this lovely tree could be yours!
Want to play golf with current and former Orioles players and coaches while supporting a good cause? Join us for the 4th Annual OriolesREACH Birdland Golf Classic in Sarasota on February 17. More info: http://atmlb.com/I2kJy6
Adam Jones participated in a ribbon cutting ceremony for the new Technology and Learning Center at the Brooklyn O’Malley Boys and Girls Club. The club and community now have access to the latest technology thanks to an extensive renovation made possible by a $75,000 donation from Jones and OriolesREACH


Cassadaga: Florida’s psychic city By TAYLOR MUELLER, Special Sections writer
The residents of Cassadaga knew I was coming before I even got there. How did they know, you ask? The reason for their paranormal knowledge is because everyone in this quaint town is a resident medium. Yes, you heard correctly. Cassadaga is a town of spiritualists, psychics, palm readers, astrologists and healers. Self-dubbed as the place “Where Mayberry meets the Twilight Zone,” Cassadaga has long been a town of mystique and wonder to outsiders.
Top 5 ‘Weird Florida’ attractions
Let’s face it – the weird side of life intrigues us all. People the world over have spent decades pondering phenomenon like the Loch Ness monster, ghastly ghosts and flying UFOs. But Floridians need not go far to discover their own local oddities. From circus cities to the “real” Garden of Eden, the Sunshine State is full of mystique and local legends. Just in case you’re curious, we’ve brought the best of Florida to you with the Top 5 Weird Florida Attractions. So sit back and decide for yourself if our odd history is enough to awe the skeptics and wow the ultimate seekers of the supernatural.


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GE molecular diagnostics
This article was originally published in The Gray Sheet
General Electric reaffirms its interest in supplementing imaging with in vitro diagnostics Oct. 1 with a three-year agreement with Eli Lilly to develop molecular assays that help target cancer therapies. The multiplexed tissue tests being developed at GE Healthcare and GE Global Research aim to identify protein and gene signatures to predict whether Eli Lilly's drugs will be effective. The collaboration follows the collapse of GE's planned buyout of part of Abbott's diagnostics business for $8 billion in July (1"The Gray Sheet" July 16, 2007, p. 3)
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Abbott says it will continue to manage its core laboratory and point-of-care diagnostics business for the long-term following the collapse of an $8.13 billion deal to sell the unit to General Electric
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Minister Deenihan to travel to Berkeley today18 June 2015
Minister for Diaspora Affairs, Jimmy Deenihan T.D., will today travel to Berkeley, California, to express solidarity with those affected by the tragic accident which resulted in the death of six young Irish people and serious injury to seven others.
Speaking this morning in Dublin, Minister Deenihan said:
"The tragic loss of six young lives at the beginning of a summer in California which should have been filled with new experiences, new opportunities and new friends, is simply heart breaking.
"At this profoundly difficult time, on behalf of the Government, I want to stand with our young J1 community in Berkeley and express solidarity with the families of the bereaved, the injured and all those affected by this terrible tragedy."
Minister Deenihan will also meet with Irish community representatives and local US authorities to thank them and all those who assisted those affected by this tragic accident.
Minister Deenihan said:
"When I meet with representatives of the Irish community in Berkeley, local residents and the local US authorities, I will take the opportunity to express deep appreciation, on behalf of the Government and the people of Ireland, for the generous support and assistance they have offered to those affected by this devastating accident. Their cooperation with the dedicated team at our Consulate is enormously important in helping us to deliver practical support to those affected."
18 June 2015
Note for Editors
We would encourage any families who have remaining concerns about any loved ones who may be physically uninjured but may be very shocked and affected by this terrible tragedy to make contact with our Consular Response Team on +353 1 418 0200.


text:
Let me ‘splain.
If you want to know exactly where your dog is, you could put at GPS sensor in the middle of it’s body, perhaps near the pancreas. It would give you an average position for your dog, and would be most accurate most of the time.
If you put the GPS sensor on the tip of the dog’s tail, and used that to estimate where your dog is, you would be nearly wrong much of the time, even if over the long term this would be a good estimate for where your dog has been.
More importantly, if you wanted to measure the movement of your dog, the GPS sensor in the middle of the dog’s body would tell you pretty accurately if the dog is moving or still. But a GPS sensor on the tip of the dog’s tail would often indicate movement when the dog is, essentially still (but wagging its tail).
The question has been brought up: Is global warming stalled? People suggest this because atmospheric temperatures have not gone up as much as they might be expected to go up if we used a straight line matched to the last 30 or 40 years of data. Like this:
(That graph is from here.)
Thinking that this means that global warming has stalled, however, is like thinking that your dog is on the bottom step of your porch jumping up and down, when really, it is on the top step of your porch sleeping (and the dog’s tail is hanging down by the lower setp, wagging because it is having a happy-dream).
When the sun’s light reaches the earth, a certain amount of it bonces off shiny things and goes back into space. The light that does not bounce off is absorbed momentarily by atoms and converted to heat. That heat eventually goes out into out space as well, but it takes time. Greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere cause the departure of the heat to slow down. Increased greenhouse gasses have caused the entire system to heat up because the atmosphere does a poorer job conducting this heat to the upper reaches of the atmosphere and beyond.
But, only a tiny percentage of the sun’s energy that is converted to heat actually contributes to warming of the atmosphere and thus to things like how hot it is outside, or how much evaporation there is (which causes both drought and heavy rain, depending). About 93.4% of this energy actually goes into the ocean, 2.3% into the air, and the rest into other things.
For this reason, when you focus on just the heat in the atmosphere (or, for that matter, just the atmosphere and the surface of the sea), to measure or describe global warming, it is like tracking the tip of your dog’s tail to determine its location, instead of the body of the dog. It will work, and over time be a good approximation of global warming/dog location, but over shorter time scales, looking only at the atmosphere/tail will show more variation than is useful in answering the important questions.
Those important questions being “Is global warming continuing?” and “Where is my dog?”
Don’t let the tail wag the dog.

domain: geography


Meeting date: Wednesday, June 15, 2016
Meeting of the Parliament 15 June 2016
Agenda: Portfolio Question Time, Economy, Point of Order, Business Motion, Parliamentary Bureau Motion, Decision Time, Trade Union Membership
- Portfolio Question Time
- Point of Order
- Business Motion
- Parliamentary Bureau Motion
- Decision Time
- Trade Union Membership
Point of Order
On a point of order, Presiding Officer. The Cabinet Secretary for Economy, Jobs and Fair Work Keith Brown yesterday answered parliamentary question S5W-00367 and stated that 2,500 individuals and 100 employers were helped by the energy jobs task force. His amendment to the motion for today’s debate, lodged about one hour later, said that it was 8,800 individuals and 100 employers. Now, in response to question S5W-00369, answered by Jamie Hepburn today, the number is back to 2,500.
I ask that the cabinet secretary is invited to reflect on that discrepancy and come back to Parliament to correct the record.
I thank Ms Baillie for the notification of the point of order. I do not believe that it is a point of order, but the cabinet minister will have heard your point and will be in a position to reflect on it if he chooses to do so.


Although being one of the most popular strengthening techniques in reinforced concrete beams, the use of steel plates bonded to the soffit raises problems of ductility. This study aims at investigating the influence of the use of perforated steel plates instead of solid steel plates on the ductility of reinforced concrete beams. A total of nine reinforced concrete beams were tested. In addition to an unplated beam, eight beams with perforated steel plates of two different thicknesses (3 mm and 6 mm) were subjected to monotonic loading. Effect of bonding the plates to the beams with anchor bolts and with additional side plates bonded to the sides of the beam with and without anchors is also investigated. The use of bolts in addition to epoxy was found to greatly contribute to the ductility and energy absorption capacity of the beams, particularly in specimens with thick plates (6 mm) and the use side plates in addition to the bottom plate was found to be ineffective in increasing the ductility of a concrete beam unless the side plates are attached to the beam with anchors bolts. The thickness of the plate was found to have little effect on the bending rigidity of the beam.


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text:
The mouth contains a wide variety of oral bacteria, but only a few specific species of bacteria are believed to cause tooth and gum infections. List the types of bacteria and issues associated with oral bacteria: Streptococci spp and Lactobaccilus acidophilus. Dental caries, also known as tooth decay or cavity, is a bacterial infection that causes demineralization and destruction of the hard tissues enamel, dentin, and cementum. This usually happens from the production of acid by bacterial fermentation of the food debris accumulated on the tooth surface. If demineralization exceeds saliva and other remineralization factors, such as from calcium and fluoridated toothpastes, these hard tissues progressively break down, producing dental caries cavities, holes in the teeth.
Are dental diseases examples of ecological catastrophes? Clin Vaccine Immunol ; 20 : — These conditions make the gingival sulcus an excellent environment for anaerobic microbes to inhabit. Also, eating foods that are known to promote healthy bacteria will help you Elanas model your teeth and mouth healthy for Oral bacteria species lifetime. The labial frenulum attaches the inside of your upper lip to the upper Oral bacteria species of your gums. The affect of supragingival plaque control on the subgingival microflora in human periodontitis. Heart J. Actinomyces naeslundii is a facultative anerobic pathogen that contributes to gingivitis, mild periodontitis, and root surface tooth decay [C17]. Oral streptococcal colonization of infants. Sultana, H.
Latex making an acknowledgement section. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Pornstar aspen bbw and fissure caries. International Dental Journal. Medicine portal Biology portal. It Oral bacteria species in your mouth and feeds on the Oral bacteria species and starches that you eat. Bacteria were first detected under the microscopes of Antony van Leeuwenhoek in the 17th century. Zehnder M, Guggenheim B. Subgingival microorganism those that exist under the gum line colonize the periodontal pockets and cause further inflammation in the gum tissues and progressive bone loss. Plaque is a biofilm on the surfaces of the teeth. Saitou, N. Dark field microscopy Impedance microbiology Microbial cytology Microbiological culture Staining. Enterococcus faecalis from patients with chronic periodontitis: virulence and antimicrobial resistance traits and determinants. The oral cavity of the newborn baby does not contain bacteria but rapidly becomes colonized with bacteria such as Streptococcus salivarius.
Thank you for visiting nature.
- Enterococci are considered as transient constituent components of the oral microbiome that may cause a variety of oral and systemic infections.
- Biofilms are masses of microorganisms that bind to and multiply on a solid surface, typically with a fluid bathing the microbes.
- Our purposes were i to utilize culture-independent molecular techniques to extend our knowledge on the breadth of bacterial diversity in the healthy human oral cavity, including not-yet-cultivated bacteria species, and ii to determine the site and subject specificity of bacterial colonization.
- Oral ecology refers to the organisms that live in a mouth.
Through recent advances in technology, we have started to unravel the complexities of the oral microbiome and gained new insights into its role during both health and disease. Perturbations of the oral microbiome through modern-day lifestyles can have detrimental consequences for our general and oral health.
In dysbiosis, the finely-tuned equilibrium of the oral ecosystem is disrupted, allowing disease-promoting bacteria to manifest and cause conditions such as caries, gingivitis and periodontitis. For practitioners and patients alike, promoting a balanced microbiome is therefore important to effectively maintain or restore oral health.
This article aims to give an update on our current knowledge of the oral microbiome in health and disease and to discuss implications for modern-day oral healthcare. Highlights existing strategies to preserve a balanced oral microbiome for practitioners and patients to follow.
Humans, like all complex multicellular eukaryotes, are not autonomous organisms, but biological units that include numerous microbial symbionts and their genomes. Together with our symbiotic microbial residents, we form a 'superorganism', or holobiont. The microbial component of the human holobiont is substantial, and at least equals the number of our own cells.
The relationship between microbiome and host is dynamic, and influenced by many aspects of modern lifestyle, such as diet, tobacco consumption and stress, which can alter our microbiome and its properties, and induce a state in which this finely tuned ecosystem is no longer in balance. To address this divergence and maintain a harmonious state to protect health and prevent disease, we must not focus on the host and its residents as separate units, but instead consider the holobiont as one.
Several distinct habitats within the oral cavity support heterogeneous microbial communities that constitute an important link between oral and general health. The purpose of this article is to update oral healthcare practitioners on our current knowledge of the oral microbiome in health and disease, to review how molecular methods of microbial characterisation have advanced our understanding, and to discuss potential implications for clinical practice.
For an introduction to key terms used throughout the text highlighted in bold , please see the glossary in Table 1. There is evidence that resident microbes have been performing metabolic functions in animals for at least million years. In humans, coevolution has also resulted in minor, but important, differences between ethnic groups. Throughout human evolution, our environment has continuously shaped the composition of our microbiome, increasingly so during Neolithic, industrial revolution and modern eras.
A study of calcified dental plaque samples from the time of transition from hunter-gather to Neolithic societies, and from the industrial revolution has proposed a compositional shift and declining microbial diversity around each of these evolutionary milestones.
Introduction of refined sugar to our diet in the early times of agriculture caused certain oral bacteria to genetically evolve their metabolism to adapt to 'post-agricultural' changes in our diet. For example, Streptococcus mutans was able to successfully compete against other oral bacterial species by developing defences against increased oxidative stress and resistance against the acidic by-products of its own new efficient carbohydrate metabolism.
Bacteria within a biofilm can communicate with each other by producing, detecting and responding to small diffusible signal molecules in a process called quorum sensing, which confers benefit for host colonisation, biofilm formation, defence against competitors and adaptation to changes in the environment.
The endogenous human microbial communities contribute to critical metabolic, physiological and immunological functions, including: 21 , 22 , 23 , Development and regulation of the immune system and fine-tuning of its reaction pattern, that is, the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes.
Perturbations to the function and composition of the microbiome can have significant consequences for human health. The composition of our microbiome shows great diversity between compartments in the body, and is highly variable within and between people. The mouth is not a homogeneous environment for the resident microbiota, but offers several distinct habitats for microbial colonisation, 30 such as teeth, gingival sulcus, attached gingiva, tongue, cheek, lip, and hard and soft palate.
These oral habitats form a highly heterogeneous ecological system and support the growth of significantly different microbial communities. A detailed study of 9 oral sites in 26 subjects using DNA sequencing revealed a mean of species-level taxa in each individual, while taxa were found among the 26 subjects unpublished data; Dr Floyd Dewhirst, personal communication. During birth, the mother transmits microbes to the child, and delivery mode vaginal versus caesarean is therefore a determinant for the type of microorganisms that a child is initially exposed to.
Once established, the oral microbiome is maintained by host- and microbe-derived factors, involving processes that are still not fully understood. Resident bacteria have both pro- and anti-inflammatory activities that are crucial for maintaining homeostasis at heavily colonised sites such as the oral cavity.
Both saliva and GCF provide nutrients for microbial growth and contain components with antimicrobial activities. A large number of salivary components, including secretory immunoglobulin A, lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, lysozyme, statherin and histatins, directly and indirectly regulate the microbiome, keeping it in balance. Hypothiocyanite exerts direct antimicrobial effects by inhibiting bacterial glycolysis.
Nitrite is further reduced to nitric oxide that can inhibit growth of cariogenic bacteria and thus may help to protect against caries. Proteins, including enzymes, lipids and other components carbohydrates, nucleic acids , mainly from saliva, but also derived from GCF, the oral mucosa and bacteria, form the acquired pellicle, which modulates attachment of bacteria to dental and epithelial surfaces and protects the tooth surfaces against acid attacks.
Saliva not only helps to maintain an environment that allows biofilms to flourish, but also modulates the layers of plaque with the help of numerous proteins, including enzymes and glycoproteins, and minerals, which control biofilm build-up and activity. A variety of conventional methods have been used to analyse the composition of the oral microbiome, including microscopy, cultural analysis, enzymatic assays and immunoassays. However, many oral bacteria are fastidious and slow-growing, and require complex growth media, specific atmospheric requirements and long incubation times.
Many oral bacteria are strict anaerobes, and expert care must be taken in sample collection, transport and incubation to prevent exposure to oxygen. Comprehensive cultural analysis of samples is difficult and only allows for the processing of small sample numbers.
Selective bacteriological media have proven useful for studying particular species of interest, but may have biased our understanding of microbial aetiology of oral disease, attributing disease characteristics to species that happen to thrive under such culture conditions, while others remain undetected. The advent of culture-independent methods has greatly improved the detection of microorganisms, many of which cannot yet be grown in culture. If a match for the sequence is found on the database, the microorganism can be identified; if there is no matching entry on the database, the sequence can be added as a record for a previously unknown phylotype.
The traditional method of 16S rRNA gene sequencing was costly, laborious and time-consuming. The advent of NGS methods such as pyrosequencing which is currently being phased out and Illumina MiSeq have enabled a massively increased sample throughput, with up to 27 million sequences being generated in a single run compared with a few hundred with the traditional method. The simplicity and relative affordability of NGS has led to enormous data generation and an explosion in publications, with accompanying challenges for data analysis and interpretation.
Great care has to be taken in the conduct of NGS studies to avoid contamination of clinical samples with bacterial DNA present in some extraction kits, laboratory reagents and sample collection tools, which can significantly influence the outcome of studies. Culture-independent methods have provided great insight into the diversity of the microbiome, but to investigate the properties and potential of an organism, it needs to be grown in culture.
Currently, up to a third of the species in the oral microbiome are only known by their 16S rRNA gene sequence, 62 and there is an ongoing quest to develop new methods for growing currently 'uncultivatable' microorganisms. The application of such novel culturing methods, along with emerging molecular biological and bioinformatics approaches and increased computational power, will not only grow our understanding of the oral microbiome, but also help us devise interventional strategies to maintain health and target disease in future.
The oral microbiota contributes to oral and general well-being Fig. An example of this is the effect of nitrate-reductase-expressing oral bacteria, which have been shown to catalyse the conversion of dietary nitrates to nitrite. After being swallowed, salivary nitrite is further converted to nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator with antimicrobial activity which plays a critical role in sustaining cardiovascular health.
The complex equilibrium between resident species in the oral cavity is responsible for the maintenance of a healthy state in symbiosis or a state associated with disease in dysbiosis. A dysbiotic microbiome is one in which the diversity and relative proportions of species or taxa within the microbiota is disturbed. In health, the majority of the bacteria have a symbiotic relationship with the host; for simplicity, these microorganisms are shown in green.
Potentially cariogenic or periodontopathic bacteria shown in red with dotted outlines have been detected at healthy sites at low levels that are not clinically relevant; they may also be acquired from close partners transmission , but again, their levels would be extremely low relative to the bacteria associated with health. In disease, there is an increase in the numbers and proportions of cariogenic or periodontopathic bacteria, and there may be increased biomass especially in gingivitis.
The factors driving this selection need to be recognised and addressed for adequate and consistent disease prevention. It is now an accepted concept that the bacteria historically considered as oral 'pathogens' can be found in low numbers at healthy sites, and oral disease occurs as a consequence of a deleterious change to the natural balance of the microbiota rather than as a result of exogenous 'infection'.
Alterations in the pattern of biofilm formation may result in dysbiotic microenvironments in the many distinct habitats in the mouth. The distinct, non-shedding structure of teeth smooth surfaces, pits and fissures, proximal sites and exposed root surfaces enables large masses of microbes to accumulate as dental plaque biofilm. Different theories on the relationship between plaque and dental disease have evolved over time.
Initially, the NSPH speculated that dental infections were caused by the nonspecific over-growth of all bacteria in dental plaque. The NSPH was further extended to stipulate that destructive periodontitis was the result of subgingival colonisation, favoured by ecological changes associated with plaque accumulation, gingivitis and gingival exudate. These changes increase the numbers of microorganisms and alter their proportions, but no single species appears in active sites that is not also commonly present in inactive sites.
The observation that kanamycin was particularly effective against caries-associated species, such as streptococci, led to the emergence of the 'specific plaque hypothesis', which proposed that only a few species in the oral microbiome are involved in the disease process, and that targeting these species with antibiotics could cure or prevent disease initially caries and later periodontitis. Following a renewed interest in the NSPH in the s, an ecological plaque hypothesis was proposed to explain the relationship between the resident oral microbiota, the host environment and oral diseases Fig.
In caries, carbohydrates are fermented to organic acids for example, lactic acid , which lower the local pH resulting in net demineralisation of the tooth surface.
This drives the selection of efficient acid-producing and acid-tolerating bacteria dysbiosis. The biofilm undergoes multiple pH cycles during the day, resulting in enamel de- and remineralisation showed by ion efflux and influx into the enamel in the diagram. If fluoride ions are present in the biofilm, F— is then taken up in the superficial layer of enamel during the remineralisation phase, slowing down demineralisation during the acid challenge. The ecological plaque hypothesis was further refined by the proposal that certain low-abundance microbial pathogens can cause inflammatory disease by interfering with the host immune system and remodelling of the microbiota, leading to gingivitis and periodontitis.
Figure 7 shows a contemporary model of host-microbe interactions in the pathogenesis of gingivitis and periodontitis. It is now recognised that complex interactions between immune response mediators and the biofilm are necessary requirements that lead to disease progression from gingivitis to periodontitis.
The resulting conditions are conducive for periodontitis-associated species such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans to survive and flourish.
Clinical health assumes some mild inflammatory changes that are proportionate to maintaining a resident 'health-promoting' periodontal microbiota. The relationship is symbiotic, with the host living harmoniously with its microbes.
For example, Porphyromonas gingivalis requires iron from haem and can start to establish itself and contribute to the dysbiosis, because as local inflammation increases it provides iron from gingival bleeding. In gingivitis, the host response remains proportionate, but due to the maturing biofilm, the associated inflammation does not resolve so easily and becomes chronic in nature, supporting the dysbiosis.
Dependent upon various genetic, environmental and lifestyle risk factors, some susceptible patients will progress to periodontitis. The latter is driven by disproportionate and exaggerated host inflammatory immune responses that cause the majority of host tissue damage and drive a frank dysbiosis with failed resolution of the chronic destructive inflammation. A vicious cycle develops that sustains the disequilibrium, but symbiosis may be restored by regular and thorough biofilm disruption to help resolve the inflammation.
The degree by which biofilm accumulation promotes periodontitis varies between individuals, 82 according to their risk profile.
In patients not susceptible to periodontitis, the inflammatory response in gingivitis is proportionate and self-resolving, but in susceptible patients, multiple genetic, epigenetic or patient-modifiable factors tobacco, alcohol, diet, unregulated diabetes, stress, etc can trigger an exaggerated, yet ineffective and chronic, non-resolving inflammation in the connective tissues supporting the teeth.
The coevolution to a harmonious coexistence is only valid as long microbes remain in their natural habitat and are not disseminated to other body sites, where they can cause disease. Dysbiosis in periodontal disease as a trigger of bacteraemia likely facilitates systemic dissemination of oral bacteria, and good oral hygiene is therefore crucial for controlling the total bacterial load.
It is well established that severe periodontitis adversely affects glycaemic control in diabetes and glycaemia in subjects who do not have diabetes. Severe periodontitis poses an increased risk for the onset of type 2 diabetes, and there is a direct and dose-dependent relationship between the severity of periodontitis and diabetic complications. Analysis of the oral cavity and its microbiome may be a useful tool to diagnose systemic diseases that have periodontal manifestations.
Good oral hygiene to control the total microbial load is important to prevent dissemination to other body sites. The diverse community that makes up the oral microbiome is finely tuned by nature to protect from disease, and it is of great importance to maintain its natural diversity.
Modern lifestyles can disturb and upset the natural balance of our oral microbiome, and our clinical goal should be to re-establish its symbiotic equilibrium by whatever means are necessary and appropriate in the individual patient. Thus, it is pivotal that both patients and healthcare professionals embrace the concept of a balanced oral microbiome and its importance in oral and systemic health.
For example, Lactobacillus or Leuconostoc are typically found in foods such as yogurt and wine. Other common preventative measures center on reducing sugar intake. PLoS One. Food Chemistry. Identity of viridans streptococci isolated from cases of infective endocarditis. Journal of Young Investigators.
Oral bacteria species. Navigation menu
As a result, S. In discussing the evolution of S. As humans evolved anthropologically, the bacteria evolved biologically. It is widely accepted that the advent of agriculture in early human populations provided the conditions S. These new foods introduced new bacteria to the oral cavity and created new environmental conditions. For example, Lactobacillus or Leuconostoc are typically found in foods such as yogurt and wine.
This new acidic habitat would select for those bacteria that could survive and reproduce at a lower pH. Another significant change to the oral environment occurred during the Industrial Revolution. This provided S. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Streptococcus mutans Stain of S. Scientific classification Domain: Bacteria.
Sherris Medical Microbiology 4th ed. McGraw Hill. In Baron S; et al. Baron's Medical Microbiology 4th ed. University of Texas Medical Branch. In: The Oral Environment, online tutorial". Archived from the original on Retrieved Canadian Journal of Microbiology. Archives of Oral Biology. PLoS Pathogens. Brock Biology of Microorganisms 11th ed. Prentice Hall. European Journal of Epidemiology.
Molecular Oral Microbiology. Caister Academic Press. Scientific Reports. Bibcode : NatSR Journal of Young Investigators. Archived from the original on 21 December Retrieved 21 December European Journal of Oral Sciences. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. Bibcode : PLoSO Journal of Medical Internet Research. BMC Oral Health. International Dental Journal. Journal of Dental Research.
Pediatric Dentistry. Journal of Dentistry. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India. Clinical Preventive Dentistry. Materia Socio-Medica. Mechanisms of action of fluoride for caries control. Monographs in Oral Science. Evidence-Based Dentistry. The Journal of the American Dental Association. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences.
Entwicklung eines quantitativen Testes zum Nachweis von Streptococcus mutans auf Basis der "Real-time"-quantitativen Polymerase-Kettenreaktion" [Xylitol-containing chewing gum and the oral bacterial flora. Junge Wissenschaft Young Researcher in German. Archived from the original PDF on 23 January Retrieved 23 January International Journal of Oral Science. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. Phytotherapy Research.
Food Chemistry. Indian Journal of Dental Research. Biochip Journal. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. International Journal of Dental Hygiene. Current Microbiology. Journal of Bacteriology. Infection, Genetics and Evolution. Frontiers in Microbiology.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology. Molecular Biology and Evolution. August D Thesis. University of Glasgow. Viridans streptococci : S. Streptococcus iniae Cutaneous Streptococcus iniae infection. Bacillus anthracis Anthrax Bacillus cereus Food poisoning. Listeria monocytogenes Listeriosis. Clostridium difficile Pseudomembranous colitis Clostridium botulinum Botulism Clostridium tetani Tetanus.
Clostridium perfringens Gas gangrene Clostridial necrotizing enteritis. Peptostreptococcus magnus. Ureaplasma urealyticum Ureaplasma infection Mycoplasma genitalium Mycoplasma pneumoniae Mycoplasma pneumonia. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Erysipeloid. Biology portal. Subjects did not suffer from severe halitosis.
The periodontia were healthy in that all periodontal pockets were less than 3 mm deep with no redness or inflammation of the gums.
Subjects did not have active white spot lesions or caries on the teeth. The subjects had not used antibiotics for the last 6 months. Samples from the following nine sites were analyzed for each subject: dorsum of the tongue, lateral sides of the tongue, buccal fold, hard palate, soft palate, labial gingiva and tonsils of soft tissue surfaces, and supragingival and subgingival plaques from tooth surfaces.
Microbiological samples of supragingival and subgingival plaque samples were taken with a sterile Gracey curette. Other samples were collected with sterile swab brushes. Detection of species is dependent upon obtaining DNA that can be amplified. Thus, a difficult-to-lyse bacterium may not be detected. However, by using our lysis technique, we were able to detect many hard-to-lyse species, such as species of Actinomyces and Streptococcus.
The PCR primers do not necessarily include all bacterial species. Nevertheless, a wide range of phylogenetic types were obtained in this study and our previous studies by using this universal primer set 3 , 15 , 21 - DNA was stained with ethidium bromide and visualized under short-wavelength UV light. Transformation was done with competent Escherichia coli TOP10 cells provided by the manufacturer.
The primers used for sequencing have been described previously A total of 2, clones with an insert of the correct size of approximately 1, bases were analyzed.
The number of clones per subject that were sequenced ranged from 42 to 69, with an average of A sequence of approximately bases was obtained first to determine identity or approximate phylogenetic position. Full sequences of about 1, bases were obtained by using five to six additional sequencing primers 15 for those species deemed novel. For identification of closest relatives, the sequences of the unrecognized inserts were compared to the 16S rRNA sequences of over 10, microorganisms in our database and over , sequences in the Ribosomal Database Project 7 and the GenBank databases.
The similarity matrices were corrected for multiple base changes at single positions by the method of Jukes and Cantor Phylogenetic trees were constructed by the neighbor-joining method of Saitou and Nei Chimeric sequences were identified by using the Chimera Check program in the Ribosomal Database Project, by treeing analysis, or by base signature analysis. Species identification of chimeras was obtained, but the sequences were not examined for phylogenetic analysis.
The complete 16S rRNA gene sequences of clones representing novel phylotypes defined in this study, sequences of known species not previously reported, and published sequences are available for electronic retrieval from the EMBL, GenBank, and DDBJ nucleotide sequence databases under the accession numbers shown in Fig.
Bacterial profiles of the buccal epithelium of healthy subjects. GenBank accession numbers are provided. Bacterial profiles of the subgingival plaque of healthy subjects. Novel phylotypes identified in this study are indicated in bold. It has long been known that oral bacteria preferentially colonize different surfaces in the oral cavity as a result of specific adhesins on the bacterial surface binding to complementary specific receptors on a given oral surface 11 , Indeed, the profiles of 40 cultivable bacterial species differed markedly on different oral soft tissue surfaces, saliva, and supragingival and subgingival plaques from healthy subjects The purpose of this study was to define the predominant bacterial flora of the healthy oral cavity by identifying and comparing the cultivable and the not-yet-cultivated bacterial species on different soft tissues and supra- and subgingival plaques.
Based on the analysis of 2, 16S rRNA clones, the bacterial diversity of the microflora from nine different sites of five clinically healthy subjects was striking—a total of different bacterial taxa representing six different bacterial phyla were detected. Thirteen new phylotypes see Fig.
Aas, S. Dardis, A. Griffen, L. Stokes, A. Lee, I. Olsen, F. Dewhirst, E. Leys, and B. Consequently, it is important to identify both the cultivable and not-yet-cultivated bacterial flora in a given environment before we can ascribe association to health or disease status.
There is no evidence to suggest that the not-yet-cultivated segment is any less important than the cultivable segment. Bacterial profiles of the maxillary anterior vestibule of healthy subjects. Bacterial profiles for each site tested for each subject are shown in nine phylogenetic trees see Fig.
In these dendrograms, the distribution of bacterial species or phylotypes in each subject can be observed at a glance. For example, it is clear that Streptococcus mitis , S. Similarly, the predominant bacterial flora for the other eight oral sites was examined. In the maxillary anterior vestibule, S.
On the tongue dorsum, several species of Streptococcus , such as S. On the lateral tongue surface Fig. It is interesting that there were considerable differences in the bacterial profiles of the tongue dorsum and the lateral tongue surface.
For example, S. Conversely, S. This was not surprising, because these surfaces are known to be different in ultrastructure and function. For instance, the lateral side of the tongue has a smooth nonkeratinized surface, in contrast to the dorsum of the tongue, which is a keratinized, highly papillated surface with a large surface area and underlying serous glands. These anatomic differences likely influence the ecology of these habitats and create microbial environmental differences.
Bacterial profiles of the tongue dorsum of healthy subjects. Bacterial profiles of the lateral tongue surface of healthy subjects. On the hard palate, the predominant bacterial species included S. On the soft palate, S. The tonsil bacterial flora Fig. On the tooth surface, several species of Streptococcus , including Streptococcus sp.
Finally, in subgingival plaque, several species of Streptococcus and Gemella were often found Fig. Bacterial profiles of the hard palate of healthy subjects. Bacterial profiles of the soft palate of healthy subjects. Bacterial profiles of the tonsils of healthy subjects. Bacterial profiles of the tooth surfaces of healthy subjects. The number of cultivable and not-yet-cultivable species detected in each subject for each site is also shown in Fig.
For example, in Fig. A common question asked is how many bacterial species are present in the oral cavity of a single individual. Note that in this study, S. Both S. In addition, they are now recognized as frequent causes of infection in immunocompromised patients, particularly immediately after tissue transplants and in neutropenic cancer patients A high mortality rate for endocarditis by G.
As already discussed, several species, such as S. For example, R. Some species appeared to have a predilection for soft tissue, e. On the other hand, Neisseria spp. Simonsiella muelleri colonized only the hard palate. Indeed, S. For example, P. Prevotella sp. This clone was also found in lower proportions on the soft palate and tonsils of another subject Fig. Site specificity of predominant bacterial species in the oral cavity. In general, bacterial species or phylotypes were selected on the basis of their detection in multiple subjects for a given site.
In conclusion, there is a distinctive bacterial flora in the healthy oral cavity which is different from that of oral disease. For example, many species specifically associated with periodontal disease, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis , Tannerella forsythia , and Treponema denticola , were not detected in any sites tested.
In addition, the bacterial flora commonly thought to be involved in dental caries and deep dentin cavities, represented by Streptococcus mutans , Lactobacillus spp. As noted in this study on healthy subjects, some species are site specific at one or multiple sites, while other species are subject specific. As we have previously asserted 21 , to rigorously assess the association of specific species or phylotypes with oral health or disease, it is necessary to analyze larger numbers of clinical samples for the levels of essentially all oral bacteria in well-controlled clinical studies.
The bacterial complexes involved in periodontal disease as defined by Socransky et al. We are currently developing DNA probes for approximately known bacterial species and novel phylotypes for use in similar studies.
Boches, A. Lee, B. Paster, and F. Dewhirst, J. Our intent was to first establish the full bacterial diversity of the oral cavity and then to determine variation and reproducibility using the microarrays. It is necessary to first define the bacterial flora of the healthy oral cavity before we can determine the role of oral bacteria in disease. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List J Clin Microbiol v. J Clin Microbiol. Paster , 1, 3 Lauren N.
Stokes , 1 Ingar Olsen , 2 and Floyd E. Dewhirst 1, 3. Bruce J. Lauren N. Floyd E. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Phone: 47 Fax: 47 E-mail: on. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Sample collection. Sample lysis. Cloning procedures. Nucleotide sequence accession numbers. Open in a separate window.
TABLE 1. Number of predominant bacterial species per site and subject. Subject no. Total no. Albandar, J. Brunelle, and A. Destructive periodontal disease in adults 30 years of age and older in the United States, Beck, J. Garcia, G. Heiss, P. Vokonas, and S. Periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease. Becker, M. Paster, E. Leys, M. Moeschberger, S. Kenyon, J. Galvin, S. Boches, F. Dewhirst, and A. Molecular analysis of bacterial species associated with childhood caries.
Berbari, E. Cockerill III, and J. Infective endocarditis due to unusual or fastidious microorganisms. Mayo Clin. Bouvet, A. New bacteriological aspects of infective endocarditis. Heart J. C : Buduneli, N. Baylas, E. Buduneli, O. Turkoglu, T. Kose, and G. Periodontal infections and pre-term low birth weight: a case-control study.
Oral Bacteria in Mouth | Colgate® Oral Care
The dark, wet, and warm environment of the mouth, with the occasional meal running through it, makes it an excellent niche for microbes to live. Over the past 40 years, scientists have been arduously working to discover the over different species of bacteria in and around the mouth known today. The mouth is comprised of an oral cavity, which includes the teeth and gums, surrounded by the lips, cheeks, tongue, palate, and throat. Each of these habitats offers differing environmental conditions, and as such, is colonized by a different microbial flora.
The oral environment is constantly in flux. From birth to around age 12, when the permanent dentition is complete, the local oral conditions are continuously changing as teeth are shed and new ones erupt [A1]. In addition, environmental factors such as, nutrition, diet, hygiene, smoking, dehydration, and even stress, alter the ecological conditions of mouth. Saliva covers all surfaces and serves various important functions, mechanical and nutritional, digestive, swallowing, cleansing, lubricative, bactericidal, and excretory in the oral cavity.
The typical resting pH 6. While salivary flora does not necessarily represent the microbial composition of the different components of the mouth, it does impact which microbes can live within the oral cavity, and has recently been the target of research in early disease detection.
The bacteria within the mouth not only have to communicate with all the different species living within the biofilm, but they must obtain a strong adherence to a surface in order to not be washed away by saliva. These nutrients provide carbohydrates, proteins, and glycoproteins needed for the growth [B3]. The mouth conditions change throughout the day depending on saliva flow, food, and oxygen levels.
This fluctuation of oral conditions causes the population of the biofilm within the mouth to also change because it will affect the bacteria-bacteria interactions.
These prominent bacteria are responsible for the plaque formation due to their interactions with each other and the tooth surface. In the mouth, the tooth forms its own layer of protection known as the acquired pellicle. While protection is its main purpose, it also serves as lubrication for the enamel surface and acts as a semi-permeable membrane [B7].
Some of these proteins are the phosphoproteins: statherin, histatin, and proline-rich proteins PRPs. Although these have been commonly found to form the initial layer of the acquire pellicle, studies have shown that there may be other interactions, such as Van der Waal forces and hydrophobic interactions, that also play an important role in protein-enamel interactions.
Like the biofilm, the pellicle is constantly undergoing modifications depending on the host enzymes and microbial metabolites within the mouth. The pellicle is able to form a protective layer around the enamel surface because of its many antimicrobial components. The bacteria that live on the tooth surface form multi-specie communities known as a biofilm.
A biofilm can be called a community because the bacteria work together to organize themselves in such a way to maintain homeostasis by resisting changes in their environment. Biofilms can resist antimicrobial agents, bacterial enzymes, pH changes to some degree due to the different components of the overall structure of the biofilm and individual contributions each species of bacteria contributes [B3] [B6]. When the microbe is still some distance to the pellicle-coated enamel, long-rang physicochemical forces allow for weak, reversible attachment.
Adhesins are molecular components of the binding structures: pili, fibrils and fimbriae. This process happens through strong-range sterochemical forces. These bacteria must be able to withstand high oxygen concentrations and abrasion [B6].
As these attach themselves, they in turn provide new surface receptors that adhesin proteins of later colonizers can bind. These earlier colonizers deplete the oxygen within the local environment, and allow for anaerobes to bind to the biofilm [B3] [B10]. A notable secondary colonizer is Fusobacterium nucleatum which is important base for tertiary and further layers because it forms a bridge between the early and late colonizers.
This dictates the overall population and spatiotemporal formation of the biofilm. The biofilm is able to withstand environmental pressures because they form a protective outer layer. As the Streptococci and other primary colonizers begin their attachment they utilize sugars mainly sucrose to start polysaccharide production.
When sucrose is broken down it has two components fructose and glucose, further enzymes and bacterial reactions creates bonds between multiple fructose molecules forming fructan. The same is done with glucose which is called glucan. Glucan and fructan are than brought into the cell and can later be broken down and used as an energy source [B13]. The microbes also use these polysaccharides as a glue-like substance to further secure their attachment to the pellicle-coated enamel and also to form one of the staple components in any mature biofilm, the extracellular matrix [B1] [B12].
The matrix provides structural support that allows the microbes to attach in a columnar fashion and also gives the biofilm a strong attachment to the pellicle to prevent it from washing away. One would tend to believe that the extracellular matrix is a solid structure surrounding the cell, but on the contrary it is very open with channels and voids running along it. This is to help the biofilm retain nutrients and water; it also allows them to pass these nutrients in between the channels to other microbes in the community.
However, the biofilm is not just a simple community where bacteria can easily bind to nascent surfaces to build upon. The biofilm must maintain homeostasis, constant environmental conditions, in order to maintain a healthy mouth. The commensal bacteria compete with their neighbors in order to dictate the conditions of the biofilm [B3].
Studies are still ongoing to fully understand how the oral microflora is able to from such diverse and complex communities, but it is agreed that communication is essential. For the early colonizers, who withstand many factors from both the environment and their neighbors, they must have a variety of different receptors and adhesins to perform all their functions.
For example, S. Other early colonizers like actinomyces, capnoyctophagae, haemophili, prevotellae, propionibacteria, and veillonellae also recognize the components in the acquired pellicle through specific cell surface adherence proteins [B11]. However, studies have shown that individual attachment and growth of monospecies can survive within the mouth.
Bacteria-bacteria interactions increase their affinity for a communal lifestyle. Without coaggregation and coadhesion, the multi-specie biofilms would not be able to form. Coaggregation is the recognition and communication between bacteria in suspension that will clump together to form an aggregate that can bind to the biofilm; while coadhesion is the adhesion of individual bacteria cell in suspension with a cell that is already a member of the biofilm.
These interactions are mediated by complementary protein-adhesin and saccharide-receptors [B10]. Coaggregation between streptococci and actinomcyes, initial colonizers, help them bind to the acquired pellicle as well as manipulate spatiotemperoral development of plaque.
Cell-cell interactions are formed through lectin-like receptors; which involves a protein adhesion recognizing the streptococcal receptor polyscahharide RPS. Coaggregations also occur between different genuses; for example, Gn and G RPS on streptococci is recognized by the protein adhsin type 2 fimbriae on actinomyces [B15]. Without coaggregation, both S.
The earlier colonizers are essential to the formation of the biofilm because they change the environmental conditions for the next layer of bacteria to adhere. After S. The presence of these proteins promotes its ability to bind to salivary agglutinin as well as the coaggregation of S.
However, since S. The initial colonizers will determine which colonizers will be able to adhere later. For example, if S. Some interactions promote synergistic behavior. Some bacteria act as a bridge between bacteria that would not normally coadhere or coaggregate with each other [B9] [B2].
The bacteria send diffusible signals to their neighbors in order to communicate. One method, quorum sensing, involves the signaling molecule, autoinducer-2 AI-2 produced from the gene LuxS. This is frequently found in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and is suggested to have a wide range of functions for the community. In biofilms that do not have properly working AI-2 molcules, or those similar, are not able to maintain homeostasis.
Gene exchange allows the inhabitants the ability share. If a cell lyses, the free DNA can be up taken into a competent cell and incorporated into its own genome, can be used as a nutrient source, or just as a means of communication [B9].
The transfer of conjugative transposons, jumping genes, can allow for horizontal gene transfer, between different geniuses. Oral bacterial metabolism is not only important for one species growth and development but important for the entire biofilm as well. For example, Streptococci spp. Veillonellae in turn uses the lactic acid produced by Streptococci to promote its own growth. Studies have shown that when Streptococci are absent Veillonellae is not able to grow, so this shows that Veillonellae growth is dependent on Streptococci metabolism [B10].
Metabolism by bacteria in the mouth also produces by products that protect the mouth from incoming pathogens and acid build up. As mentioned already Veillonellae takes up lactic acid which prevents high build up of lactic acid and allowing the mouth to maintain a constant pH.
The elevated levels of hydrogen peroxide inhibit growth of A. Dental plaque is present in both a healthy and diseased mouth, but its only when homeostasis is not maintained that problems arise. Diseased mouth have a greater number of gram negative cocci, rods, filaments, and anaerobic bacteria [B3] [B6].
These changes allow the commensal bacteria to be taken over by the pathogenic bacteria. Now the pathogenic bacteria present in the dental plaque can begin to induce changes in neighboring bacteria gene expression that will allow itself to rapidly increase its own numbers to cause diseases [B3].
An example of this is when metabolic products of the bacteria lead to dental caries, better known as cavities. The increase in acids decreases the pH on the teeth. Once the pH has dropped below 5. The saliva is full of calcium and phosphate that is used to re-mineralize minor chips. However, if carbon sources are depleted and the saliva becomes unsaturated, the pH cannot readjust and neutralize leading to tooth decay [B18] [B3].
Changes in the supragingival plaque have been shown to influence the subgingival plaque as well. The biofilms in both the supra- and sub-gingival areas have many of the same bacteria with similar interactions. Many of the Streptococci spp. The mucus membrane that conceals the alveolar bone, or in other words, the gingiva, is affected by all the environmental and developmental factors which the oral cavity as a whole encounters. The Gingiva is divided into the free gingiva, attached gingiva, and alveolar mucosa by two imaginary lines at the base of the gingival sulcus also known as gingival crevice and the mucogingival junction, respectively.
The free gingiva is the epithelial tissue from the gingival margin to the imaginary line extending from the cementoenamel junction of the gingival sulcus. Width of the gingival sulcus usually ranges from 0.
Attached gingiva, comprised of the epithelial tissue, supraalveolar connective tissue, and alveolar bone, continues from the imaginary cementoenamel junction of the gingival sulcus to the mucogingival junction. Finally the alveolar mucosal covers the base of the alveolar bone and continues to the floor of the mouth and the vestibule. Its unique topography, position, and adjacent community of the teeth, serve as a mechanical retention of bacterial plaque, impervious to cleaning by a simple toothbrush [C3].
In addition, the gingival crevice has the lowest oxidation-reduction potential Eh , as well as a low overall oxygen level, and alkaline pH [C4].

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Morton Halperin, the former National Security Council member who sued Henry Kissinger for having his phone bugged, and Daniel Hoffman, his colleague at the Center for National Security Study, spell out how the government secrecy system works, what's been done to reform it, what should be done to place the public interest over executive self-interest. A close review of the three leading cases of secrecy abused--the Pentagon Papers, the secret bombing of Cambodia in 1969-70, the secret intervention in Angola in 1975--demonstrates a pattern of deception concealed to avoid opposition. Had it been known, in the first instance, that the Tonkin Gulf incident was not ""unprovoked,"" that the Saigon government did not spontaneously ""request"" the introduction of US troops, support for escalating the conflict would have been jeopardized under Johnson, and for prolonging it under Nixon. The unsanctioned bombing of neutral Cambodia was never anything but ""TOP SECRET""--until William Beecher broke the story in the New York Times (triggering the wiretaps on Halperin and sixteen others) and, that disclosure unavailing, a repentant Air Force officer blew the whistle. The covert Angola intervention, post-Watergate, seals the authors' case for further reform: it can happen here still. They describe the executive and bureaucratic techniques of withholding information and the willingness of the press to conform; explain and evaluate the operative laws; and offer detailed proposals for legislated reform--by which certain information would be automatically released (e.g., on US forces or nuclear weapons abroad), some would be presumptively classified (weapons systems and technology), and the balance would be weighed in terms of national defense needs vs. the value of public debate. A precise, fully-documented brief, useful for students, invaluable for opinion-shapers and policy-makers.


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Wednesday, February 13, 2013
OL depth is coming for Michigan
By Tom VanHaaren
In the past two recruiting classes, Michigan has landed more ESPN 150 offensive linemen than the previous four combined. Depth was key for Michigan, but adding quality players in the trenches is going to pay dividends for the offense in the very near future.
It was crucial for Michigan to have success along the line, not only because depth was thin but because it was a necessity for Michigan's offensive transition to a pro-style offense.
The main focus has been at quarterback, wide receiver and running back, but the offensive line is just as important for Michigan to have success going forward. Having the right type of lineman was essential for the coaching staff with these past two recruiting classes.
Having Taylor Lewan back at tackle for his senior season will help in the transition for Michigan's offensive line.
"The two common threads are that these kids all finish and play nasty. Almost every one of the kids we’ve gotten the past two years have played defense at a high level," offensive line coach Darrell Funk said. "That mentality you love as a line coach. I’ve had some really good offensive linemen who were really complacent and really didn’t have that stinger. But man, if they had that little extra edge to get after people, it helps you because when you’re trying to play physical, that mentality comes up."
The 2012 and 2013 recruiting classes were so vital because outside of those players, Michigan only has four scholarship offensive linemen. That means that some of the younger members of the team will already be among the two-deep on Michigan’s depth chart.
That also means there will be plenty of inexperience along the line this coming season for the Wolverines. Moving players around isn’t abnormal, but finding the right chemistry is what’s key early on.
“The hard part of it is they are all inexperienced and all playing next to each other. As long as you can get the center right, then you’ve got two tackles to guide the guards a little bit. That’s huge,” Funk said. “The good part of it is if we identify the three that are going to be there and they rep and they rep and they rep. You think about it and they’ll all at least have three years of eligibility, if not four, and you’re going to be talking about how midway through the season how well they’ve jelled and talk about next year.”
Having young players initially might come with a learning curve, but it gives Michigan a chance to have some consistency for the next few seasons.
That factor will help in future recruiting as it will mean Michigan is caught up in terms of depth. The coaches have taken 10 prospects in the last two classes, something Funk says is not a trend that is likely to continue.
“I don’t think that’s ever the norm: four, five or six guys. When you get to healthy numbers up front, and I mean, there were a couple voided classes -- I think it’s the junior class with no scholarship guys,” he said. “We addressed that and we told the kids we should be at 15 or 16 scholarship linemen, and when we got here we were at eight or nine. So we’ve addressed it and now you get in that healthy mode, then you kind of take enough just to keep a class going, whether it’s two, three or maybe the occasional four.”
Going into the next season Michigan will have 14 scholarship linemen, so the coaches have gotten very close to that healthy 15 number. The offense will lose Taylor Lewan and Michael Schofield after next season, which means the number will be back down to 12.
That leaves three or four spots for the 2014 class. Despite the lower numbers, the coaching staff is still hoping to reel in top-ranked prospects to continue building competition. There are no 2014 offensive line commitments as of now, but as spring and summer gets closer, Michigan could once again boast a top-ranked offensive line haul.


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05 Sep 2011
Outside of obvious starters, trying to decide on the last few spots for week.
Here are the choices
0.5 PPR league. Need my RB2, WR2, and flex.
RB: Forte (ATL), Felix Jones (@NYJ), J Stewart (@ARI), F Jackson (@KC)
WR: Holmes (DAL), Britt (@JAC), Floyd (MIN), L Moore (@GB).
Leaning towards Forte, Holmes, Britt.
I drafted Felix Jones fairly high, but @ Jets with the Dallas line, not sure if he's a better start than say Britt going against the Jaguars secondary. Of course that's also assuming Britt's hammy isn't too much of an issue.
2 replies , Last at 11 Sep 2011, 12:41pm by hokieneer