|Publication number||US5025219 A|
|Application number||US 07/409,058|
|Publication date||Jun 18, 1991|
|Filing date||Sep 19, 1989|
|Priority date||Sep 20, 1988|
|Also published as||DE3931395A1|
|Publication number||07409058, 409058, US 5025219 A, US 5025219A, US-A-5025219, US5025219 A, US5025219A|
|Inventors||Jean R. Gaspard|
|Original Assignee||Pechiney Recherche|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (23), Classifications (14), Legal Events (4)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
The invention relates to an apparatus and a method of precise continuous measurement in a dynamic cell of the electrical conductivity o of liquid media, either in solution or in the pyrogenic phase, in a range of temperatures that can extend from cryogenic temperatures to approximately 2000° C., and more particularly between ambient temperature and approximately 1000° C. It is the result of work performed in the Department of Materials Physics of the University of Lyon, Laboratory associated with the CNRS, No. UA 172.
It may apply in particular to the molten (mineral or organic) salts used among others in the processes for obtaining metals such as aluminum, magnesium, sodium, lithium, titanium, and rare earth metals by electrolysis, but this listing is not limiting.
It also applies to the precise measurement cf conductivity of certain molten metals (such as alkali metals), aluminum, magnesium and pyrogenic media comprising mixtures of salt and metal, such as mixtures of potassium and potassium chloride. It is particularly well suited to tracking the development over time of the conductivity of a liquid or molten medium as a function of various internal and/or external parameters.
The precise, continuous measurement of the conductivity of liquids and its development over time is a delicate operation, above all when aggressive media such as mineral salts or molten slags are involved, at temperatures which may be between several hundred and 1000° C. and even far beyond that.
In the literature, numerous measuring instruments have been described which are all characterized by the use of static cells with a fixed k constant, that is, where the electrodes are disposed in a fixed manner with respect to both the measurement cell and the liquid tested. The difficulty with this system is that it is difficult to separate the resistance of the liquid from the parasitic resistances of the system. If these parasitic resistances develop uncontrollably, then the actual conductivity of the liquid cannot be determined. In that case, the solution to the problem comprises making a statistical analysis of a large number of results, and calibrating the cell in order to determine k.
The measuring methods most often used at present and the apparatus with which they are associated are essentially as follows:
The impedence measuring bridge, a precise means with which the actual impedences R and complex impedences Z can be balanced, but it is impossible to use for continuous measurement, or for measuring a developing conductivity.
Impedometry, generally based on a measurement of the measuring current phase displacement with respect to the voltage. The most sophisticated equipment of this kind enables obtaining the values for dynamic resistance R, reactance X and phase displacement φ. The performance of such equipment is often limited by the inadequate level of the signal-to-noise ratio and by the inadequate separation between R and X.
Synchronous detection methods are little used, because they require relatively sophisticated signal processing means. Nevertheless, because they have an excellent signal-to-noise ratio, they make it possible to attain high measurement precision and above all excellent separation between the actual and imaginary terms R and X, respectively, and it is this last method upon which the present invention is based.
A first subject of the invention is an apparatus for precise, continuous measurement of the resistivity σ of a liquid and its development over time, at a temperature T which may be between low temperatures and approximately 2000° C., including in combination:
a dynamic measurement cell 2 provided with at least one conduit 5 of electrically insulating material, in which a conductive electrode 6 can slide by an alternating periodic motion of amplitude Δ1, the lower portion 5A of the conduit being calibrated over a length equal to at least Δ1 and having a cross section s, said cell 2 being immersed in a crucible 3 containing the liquid L;
a generator 22 of periodic current of frequency f, connected in series with the cell 2 that it supplies at an effective intensity i;
a device 10 for controlling, adjusting and measuring the amplitude of the phase displacement of each electrode 6;
a means 8 for measuring and adjusting the depth to which each conduit or group conduits 5A is immersed in the liquid L;
a device for adjusting and measuring the speed of displacement Δ1/Δt of the electrode 6 in the conduit 5A;
a means of measuring the variation in impedence and extracting the ohmic resistance R of the cell as a function of the displacement of each electrode ΔR/Δ1, on the basis of the voltage u at the terminals of the cell and the intensity i penetrating it, by synchronous detection;
the value of the conductivity σ of the liquid L is deduced, as follows: ##EQU1## where n is the number of electrodes 6 of the cell 2 and s is the cross section of the conduit 5A.
The apparatus further includes at least one means 9 for measuring and optionally adjusting the temperature, disposed at the level of the conduits 5A in proximity with the interface between the electrode 6 and bath L; the positioning of this means is preferably synchronized with that of the electrodes 6.
The apparatus that is the subject of the invention may include a single electrode 6, with the reverse current being effected either via an auxiliary fixed electrode, or a conductive crucible 3, but in general it includes two electrodes 6 that are movable in two adjacent, parallel conduits 5. It may also have more than two electrodes, which are even or odd in number.
A second subject of the invention is a method of precise, continuous measurement of the conductivity of a liquid cryogenic medium performed with the apparatus that is the first subject of the invention, and comprising:
sending a periodic current, which is preferably perfectly symmetrical, of frequency f and effective intensity i, through said cell, the electrodes 6 of which are excited by an alternating periodic motion of amplitude 1;
measuring the voltage u at the terminals cf the cell;
processing these signals u and i by synchronous detection to obtain the value of the ohmic resistance R of the cell, which is the outcome of the in-phase ratio u/i;
determining σ by applying the ratio
where n is the number of electrodes of the cell, Δ1 is the amplitude of the motion of the electrode in the conduit 5A, and s is the cross section of the conduit 5A.
FIGS. 1-8 illustrate the invention.
FIG. 1, in vertical section, shows the following: on the left in the portion 1A, the entire measurement cell that is the subject of the invention, and on the right 1B, the detail on a larger scale of the conduits and electrodes, and also, at 1C, a cross section taken along the line AA.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the principle on which the measurement is based.
FIG. 3 shows the mechanical apparatus that assures the motion of the, crucible containing the liquid medium in such a manner as to assure and maintain its homogeneity.
FIG. 4 shows the measurement cell disposed in a thermostatic oven for operation at elevated temperatures on metals or slags or molten salts, for example. The lower portion is immersed in the molten medium for which the measurements are made.
FIG. 5 shows an application to measurement of the conductivity of a circulating liquid.
FIG. 6 illustrates the general principle of sampling and analysis of the signals in the measurement cell.
FIG. 7 shows a variant of the signal processing system with which a very high number of data can be obtained based on the data picked up, in particular the reactance of the cell.
FIG. 8 shows the apparatus with which a highly reactive substance, such as an alkali metal, can be introduced into the crucible outside of contact with air.
In the entire description that follows, "the liquid" (reference letter L in the drawings) designates the liquid or molten media: an aqueous solution or a simple or complex pyrogenic medium, in which the measurement electrodes are immersed and for which the measurements of electrical resistance are proposed to be made. Similarly, "the cell" (reference mark l in the drawings) designates the entire apparatus (electrodes and accessories) immersed in "the liquid", the electrical resistance of which is measured, and which comprises a dynamic cell.
The measurement cell 1 includes one main element, which is the measurement device 2 per se associated with a device 10 for automatic control, or slaving, of the position of the electrodes.
The measurement device 2 comprises a tube 4 of electrically insulating material, selected for its resistance both to temperature and to the nature of the medium in which it functions, examples being glass, silicon dioxide, and ceramic. It is immersed in the liquid contained for example in the crucible 3, which is represented simply by its outline in dotted lines, up to a level represented by the horizontal line BB'. The tube 4 includes at least one conduit 5, parallel to the axis of the tube (in the case shown there are two conduits 5), this conduit being calibrated and having a known, constant cross section s at least in its lower portion 5A, which corresponds to the measurement zone scanned by the electrodes, while the upper portion, which is not directly involved in the measurement, may have a substantially larger cross section. Inserted into each conduit 5 is a measuring electrode 6, which can slide freely in this conduit. This electrode is of material that is a good conductor, preferably metal, and must comprise a metal resistant to the liquid L under the conditions of use, such as tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, nickel or platinum depending on the case. It may also comprise a conductive ceramic, such as titanium diboride, tantalum carbide, or tin dioxide, these examples not comprising any limitation of the invention.
The tube 4 also includes a supplementary conduit 7, in which a movable electrode 8 is disposed that is intended for measuring (and adjusting) the depth of immersion of the cell in the liquid that is the subject of the measurement.
One or two further conduits 9 enable the disposition of one or two thermocouples at the height desired, in order to monitor and as applicable adjust the temperature of the liquid in which work is done. The position of the thermocouples is preferably slaved to the position of the electrodes, such that at any moment the temperature measurement is indeed performed in proximity with the electrode/bath interface. In the case of highly aggressive liquids, the housings 9 of the thermocouples are stoppered in their lower portion.
The upper portion of the device 2 includes an automatic control means 10 for the electrodes which are subjected to a vertical alternating motion, the amplitude 1 and the speed Δ1/Δt of which are predetermined and adjustable. It also includes a means for automatic control of the depth of immersion of the cell, comprising a differential amplifier connected to the electrode 8, which translates the position of this electrode when it comes into contact with the liquid into an electrical signal.
The principle on which the measurement method is based is schematically shown in FIG. 2: The alternating motion of the electrodes 6 in the calibrated conduits 5A, having an amplitude 1, engenders in each conduit a corresponding variation of the impedance equal to Za for one conduit and Zb for the other conduit. If the electrodes and conduits are properly calibrated, Za and Zb are substantially equal. Hence a variation Za+Zb corresponds to a variation in amplitude Δ1, and the variation Za +Zb can be assimilated to 2Za without risk of major error. Thus the resistivity Zc of the liquid located between the ends of the two conduits, and all the other resistances of the system, do not come into play.
A mechanical system makes it possible to assure a certain agitation of the liquid in the crucible 3, with a view to assuring its homogeneity; it is shown in detail in FIG. 3, in a particular embodiment, which comprises merely a non-limiting example:
The bottom 11 of the crucible 3 of the measurement cell is supported on a rigid rod 12 coupled to a threaded rod 13 of adjustable length, the lower portion 14 of the latter rod comprising a cam that cooperates with an eccentric element 15 the rotation of which is controlled by a rack-geared motor 16 of adjustable speed. Its rotational speed may be adjusted, for example, between 0.1 and 10 revolutions per second. The amplitude a of this motion is adjustable, for example between 0.2 and 30 mm.
This motion of the crucible creates a kind of flux and reflux of the liquid in the conduits, which assures the homogeneity of the liquid being measured and eliminates any risk of thermal gradient, concentration gradient and polarization of the electrodes in the liquid contained in the conduits 5A.
As a variant, it is possible to obtain agitation of the liquid by rotating the crucible 3 slowly or via a mechanical vibration of adjustable amplitude and speed.
When the cell 2 is disposed in an oven at elevated temperature, the entire mechanical portion (12-16) is disposed outside the oven, which is penetrated by the rod 12 via at least one gasket 17 of suitably selected material, such as fluorocarbon polymer, or expanded and recompressed graphite.
In the ensuing description, the hypothesis applied is the one in which the cell contains two electrodes disposed in the conduits of a tube of insulating material, as is most often the case.
Further embodiments are possible without departing from the scope of the invention.
In a first variant (which appears in FIG. 3), each electrode 6 is placed in a separate insulating tube, the two tubes being fixed to a common support 17' placed in the upper portion of the cell; this support 17' also serves to position the clad thermocouple or thermocouples 9 and the electrode 8 for measuring the depth of immersion.
It is also possible to use only a single measurement electrode, with the reverse current taking place then via the crucible 3 that contains the liquid L, and which crucible must then be of a current conducting material, or via a fixed auxiliary electrode. The system with two electrodes, as shown in the drawings, nevertheless has the advantage of feeding back the lines of measurement current between the two electrodes 6 at the ends of the tubes 5, which eliminates perturbation due to the walls and bottom of the crucible.
In another embodiment of the invention, more than two electrodes, of even or odd number, are used; these electrode/conduit systems form "unit cells" having k constants that are identical to or different from one another.
One way to proceed comprises associating two pairs of electrodes and conduits, that is, electrodes 6A-6B and 6C-6D having an equal or different constant k. If the constants k of the two pairs are equal, then by performing measurement alternatingly for one or the other pair, a means of verification that there is no difference between the results of measurement is available. Nevertheless, it is more worthwhile to introduce a difference between the two pairs, which may for example bear upon the nature of the conductive metal or compound comprising the electrodes, or upon the constant k, by using conduits 5A of different diameter for each pair, with the diameter and nature of the electrodes remaining identical; consequently a different free space is available between the surface of each electrode and the inside wall of the conduits 5A. In that case it is possible to detect any hydrodynamic effects in the conduits 5A as a function of the viscosity of the liquid L or the mass of the liquid in question.
FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of the invention adapted for measurement at elevated temperatures.
The cell is immersed directly in the liquid up to a level marked by the horizontal line CC'. This immersion is adjusted and automatically controlled by the slaving device 10 connected to the movable electrode 8. To obtain elevated measurement precision, it is indispensible to reduce the thermal gradient over the entire height of the cell. To do so, the upper portion, which is not immersed in the liquid, is surrounded by an electric oven 18, the heating resistors 19 of which may preferably be separated into two or three groups 19A, 19B, 19C, with the primary adjustment bearing on the central group (19B in the case shown) functioning as a "master", while the two groups 19A and 19C are adjusted as "slaves", by a well-known method. Two thermal screens 20A, 20B monitor the flows of heat in the direction of the slaving system and the measuring zone.
This apparatus is particularly well suited to direct measurement of the conductivity of the electrolyte in industrial tanks, for example for the production of metals such as aluminum, sodium, lithium, magnesium, or rare earth metals, by pyrogenic electrolysis.
FIG. 5 shows a variant embodiment in which the measurement cell is placed in an isothermic container 21 in which the liquid, the conductivity of which is to be measured, circulates. It may function continuously, in once-through fashion, or semicontinuously for successive volumes of liquid.
To proceed to measurement of volatile or oxidizable liquids, the measurement cell is placed in a sealed container E in such a way that work can be done at an inert gas pressure that may attain 0.5 MPa, for example, or prior to melting of the electrolyte, in a vacuum that may attain 1 Pa. The sealing means are conventional and are not part of the invention,
As a variant, the crucible/cell assembly is disposed in a container E under excess pressure, contained in an oven having five distinct heating zones, which assures overheating above the liquid/gas interface, in such a way as to prevent the escape of volatile ingredients from inversion of the flow of metal vapors (FIG. 3, thermal profile).
Further improvements may also increase the precision of measurement, which is the case for following:
slaving between the speed of displacement of the electrodes and the integration of the output signal as a function of the scanning frequency and the size (sensitivity) selected for the measurement apparatus;
the slaving between the temperature profile determined along the conduits (FIG. 3) and adjusting the various zones of the oven.
The measurement of electrical resistance R of the cell is performed on the basis of the method known as synchronous detection.
The principle of this method will be briefly recalled: The measurement current i, the frequency of which is adjustable, passes through the cell. The voltage drop u is measured at the terminals of the cell and the intensity i that passes through it is measured at the terminals of a non-reactive precision resistor 23B having a resistance of 1 Ω±10-5 Ω. Hence u/i=R, the resistance of the liquid in the conduits of cross section s.
The conductance σ is deduced from the ratio of the pairs of measured magnitudes: Δ1 and ΔR; this ratio equals 2·Δ1/ΔR·s, in the case of a two-electrode system.
To be able to state that Z (as measured)=R, the formula Z=R+jX must be used to extract the value of R, the real portion of the complex impedance Z. The value of R is deduced directly from the ratio u/i, strictly on the condition that u and i are measured rigorously in phase. This is the primary role of the synchronous detection.
To do this, the measurement chain includes the following devices (see FIG. 6):
a generator 22 of sinusoidal intensity i supplying a circuit including two precision resistors 23A, 23H, disposed in series with the cell; the generator 22 used may furnish a periodic, generally sinusoidal current at a frequency f between 1 and 105 Hertz at an effective intensity between 10 μA and 1A. It is also possible to superimpose a continuous polarization that is adjustable between 1 V and 10V.
two synchronous detectors 24, 25, fixed or the current i (yielding the phase reference), respectively measure the values of the effective intensity i at the terminals of the resistor 23B and of the voltage u at the terminals of the cell; these two detectors 24, 25 furnish the following, respectively: a continuous image signal of the current i in constant phase relation with the reference signal, and a continuous image signal of the voltage u measured at the terminals of the cell in phase with the current i.
These synchronous detected image values of u and i make it possible, by using a precision ratiometer 26, to track the development of ΔR (=Δu/Δi in phase) as a function of the variation Δ1 of the position of the slaved electrodes 6.
A second precision ratiometer 27 makes it possible to obtain the conductivity σ directly from the values of R and 1, which are introduced after amplification in the amplifiers 28 into each of the input routes of the ratiometer 27, which furnishes the value σ=Δ1n/ΔR·s, where Δ1 is the amplitude of the motion of the electrodes 6; n is the number of electrodes, hence 1 or 2, or more; R is the resistance; and s is the cross section of the tube 5 in the calibrated zone 5A.
Simultaneously, conventional measuring instruments display and preferably record the conditions under which the measurements are performed: temperature of the liquid; possible pressure of the insert gas in the container holding the cell and crucible assembly, if the measurement conditions require it; frequency and wave shape of the current; composition of the liquid, if it comprises a mixture; and so forth.
Optimum replicability and precision of measurement can be obtained by adjusting the speed of displacement of the electrodes in the conduits with the dynamic of the measurement system. This dynamic in fact differs depending on whether the conductivity of a melted salt is measured (on the order of 1 Ω-1 cm-1) or of a liquid metal (on the order of 105 Ω-1 cm-1), because the voltage u at the terminals of the cell becomes weaker and weaker for the same current i when the conductivity σ increases. To maintain a good signal-to-noise ratio, the integration speed of measurement should be increased, and hence the speed of displacement of the electrodes in the conduits 5 should be decreased. When the frequency f of the measurement current furnished by the generator 22 is increased, it is preferable to reduce the integration time of the measurement.
To monitor the quality of this dynamic relationship between the cell and the measurement chain, the values of the pairs ΔR/Δ1 are recorded with a similar material having a suitable pass-band.
The optimum is obtained when the traces ΔR=f(Δ1) coincide over several cycles, and when the relationship is linear. When these conditions are attained:
a) good measurement of the true conductivity o of the liquid contained in the conduits 5 is attained, as the outcome of the true real value R of the impedance Z, by cutting off all the parasitic impedances, as a result of the motion of the electrodes 6.
b) the signal-to-noise ratio, the criterion of measurement quality, must be high. At the limit, our method of measurement by synchronous analysis is capable of discovering and measuring a signal at a relative level of 1 in a noise level of 300,000.
c) the replicability of the measurement is entirely correct under identical and constant physical and chemical conditions (pressure, temperature, concentration, and purity of the reagents).
As a variant of the mode of signal processing that has just been described, it is possible to simultaneously obtain the values Z (complex impedance), R (pure ohmic resistance), X (reactance) and φ (phase displacement) as a function of the variation of the frequency f of the measurement current i, without having to re-perform the adjustment of phase and quadrature of the synchronous detectors. To do so, a third synchronous detector 29 is disposed at the terminals of the cell, or in a variant, the synchronous detector 25 is replaced with a double detector. This third detector 29, adjusted in quadrature with the measurement current i, makes it possible to read the voltage Ux in quadrature with the current. By using a second ratiometer 30, the value of the reactants X=Ux/i is obtained directly, and for a given frequency f the value of the complex impedance is deduced: Z=R+JX. A third ratiometer (not shown) makes it impossible to obtain the phase displacement tg φ which is equal to X/R. It is important to stress here that the displacement of the electrodes makes it possible to completely separate the static and dynamic impedances. In effect, they are static impedance Z=R+JX for the cell and the liquid over a length 1, and dynamic impedance, ΔZ=ΔR+JΔX, which is the impedance of the only liquid located in the conduits 5 over Δ1.
If it is now desired to obtain these same values as a function of the frequency, then the current generator 22 is supplemented with a device for varying the frequency as a function of time (31). To avoid having to re-perform the adjustments of the phase of the synchronous detectors when the frequency varies, a fourth synchronous detector 32 is provided, functioning by automatic phase control, which makes it possible to maintain the phase fixing with respect to the current over a very wide range of variation of the frequency f.
As a variant of the mode of signal processing that has just been described, it is possible, with a view to further increasing the quality of the signal-to-noise ratio, to use a method of shifting the measurement signal spectrum toward generally highly elevated frequencies, so as to be able to amplify this signal at a frequency in which the background noise of the entire physical-chemical system is weakest.
To do so, the search for the minimum noise level at the terminals of the call is performed directly by the measuring device within the frequency range used, that is, between 1 Hz and 105 Hz in the absence of the measurement signal i. It is important to recall here that the measurement device known by the term "synchronous analysis" is a true Fourier correlator analyzer, and has the same phase precision as synchronous detection.
In another variant, the solid electrodes 6 may be replaced with coaxial electrodes. By way of non-limiting example, the cell having two conduits and two electrodes becomes a measurement cell with four electrodes.
Advantages: The possibility of increasing i without perturbing the measurement of u brings about a major increase in the signal-to-noise ratio and hence in the measurement power.
In another variant, the current electrodes may be fixed; in this case, they comprise metal cylinders immersed above the calibrated portion of the conduits, while the voltage electrodes are movable and insulated by sheaths of sintered aluminum or some other equivalent insulating material.
In another variant, the cell may also be supplied with a pseudo-random or "noise" signal. In that case, the impedance measurement Z=R+JX is accomplished by RFT (rapid Fourier transform) analysis. This method has the advantage of permitting rapid detection of the electrical characteristics of the cell and of the liquid, within a very wide frequency range. It also makes it possible to obtain the impedance characteristics cf the cell in a very global manner, but with low precision.
The employment of the method and apparatus that are the subjects of the invention makes it possible to perform measurements of conductivity within a range from 10-4 to 10+6 Ω-1 ·cm-1, and at temperatures from ambient temperature to approximately 1050° C. (with the possibility of extension to cryogenic temperatures and up to 2000° C.). These limits are dictated by the oven technology and the aggressivity of the medium. Replicability and precision can attain 10-3 of the value measured. This precision requires the use in the measurement chain of equipment (current generators, synchronous detectors, ratiometers) that themselves have proportionate precision. Nevertheless, for industrial measurements that require only low precision (2 to 3%, for example), it is possible to use equipment of lesser precision, while the replicability of the measurements remains nevertheless unchanged.
The invention has been employed to study the conductivity of mixtures of metal potassium and potassium chloride, over the entire range of concentration from KCl=100% to K=100%, at a pressure of 5.105 Pa, over the entire temperature range from the melting point of potassium (63.5°) to the melting point of potassium chloride (770° C.), and particularly in the vicinity of the zone of immiscibility of the two liquid phases, with a maximum at 790° C. These measurements of conductivity were performed up to 950° C., following the profile of the phase diagram.
The very high reactivity of potassium with air necessitated very special precautions for introducing this metal into the crucible containing the potassium chloride, in argon, by means of lock chamber provided with a novel device, as seen in FIG. 8, making it possible to open the glass ampule containing the potassium in a vacuum and pour it directly into the previously chilled crucible.
This device, which is mounted on a lateral branch conduit 41 of the sealed container E in which the measurement cell is located, includes a glass ampule 33 into which the sealed ampule 34 has been introduced, the neck of which has an incipient fracture 35.
The ampule 33 includes an external electric heating means 36, which makes it possible to bring the potassium to its melting point. Pushing on the rods 37 and 38 makes the print break, and the point drops into the bottom of the ampule, while the liquid potassium drains via the tube 39, the upper end of which is flared, into the crucible 3. A lateral tap 40 makes it possible to create a vacuum in the ampule 33 and then fill it with inert gas. The same device also makes it possible to introduce a salt or any other component into the crucible 3 without its coming into contact with the air.
It has been confirmed that between pure KCl and KCl40/K60 (in moles), the equivalent conductivity Λ changes from 102 to 105 Ω-1 cm2. This is the index of the gradual passage from a complete ionic bond with a coordination number=6, to an open ionic bond structure with a coordination number=4. This change in structure is accompanied by the change in slope of the function dΛ/d Θ (Λ being expressed as Ω-1 ·cm2).
With 60 to 80% K (in moles), the variation of dΛ/d Θ remains low, because the metallic organization of the network is increasingly approached with a structure having a coordination number=4 (stable tetrahedron). The change in coordination number was determined by neutron diffraction with isotropically substituted mixtures.
Outside this application, the purpose of which was above all to test the method and apparatus under particularly severe conditions, and to verify with precision the theoretical data for mixtures of metals and alkaline salts, the invention has numerous applications in theoretical and industrial electrochemistry.
Among others, the following can be named:
the study of the development of specific impedance of various pyrogenic media (slags or industrial electrolytes) during electrolysis or during a metallurgical process (reduction, refining, etc.). Thus the development of an electrolyte can be tracked without perturbing the process: for example, the cryolithic bath in the tanks for aluminum production by the Hall-Heroult process, or pyrogenic electrolysis. In particular, in tracking the evolution of the impedance of the bath, the appearance of dissolved metal in the electrolyte can be detected and a correlation can be established with the optimal operating conditions.
The dissolution of an oxide in a mixture of molten fluorides can also be tracked, or the attack of a refractory lining by a molten salt or a slag, or the progressive exhaustion in a bath of molten salts of one of its components, such as of NaCl in molten NaCl--CaCl2 baths for the production of sodium by electrolysis.
The fact that the measurements performed according to the invention are not influenced by any of the parasitic signals makes it possible to work in highly perturbed media, where this type of measurement was unattainable by conventional methods; this is the case in industrial electrolysis cells, where the electrical noise level is considerable.
Thus entirely replicable measurement has been possible of the conductivity of cryolith-based electrolysis baths used in industrial cells for the production of aluminum by the Hall-Heroult process. The operating conditions were as follows:
temperature of 960° C. to 1020° C. (constant during the measurement)
bath composition: sodic cryolith Na3 AlF6 with 6% CaF2 and an increasing quantity of AlF3 (respectively, 3, 6 and 9% by weight) added
alumina content: from 1 to 9%, by 1% increments.
The values obtained, with precision and replicability on the order of 0.5% relatively, are between 0.300 and 0.500 Ω·cm.
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|DE102014005430A1||Apr 9, 2014||Oct 15, 2015||Technische Universität Ilmenau||Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur berührungslosen Ermittlung der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit einer elektrisch leitfähigen Substanz|
|EP1089072A2 *||Sep 5, 2000||Apr 4, 2001||PharmaSerV Marburg GmbH & Co. KG||Conductivity sensor|
|EP1089072A3 *||Sep 5, 2000||Jul 25, 2001||PharmaSerV Marburg GmbH & Co. KG||Conductivity sensor|
|U.S. Classification||324/447, 324/444, 205/775, 324/439|
|International Classification||G01N27/26, G01R27/22, G01N27/07, G01N27/06|
|Cooperative Classification||G01N27/06, G01R27/22, G01N27/07|
|European Classification||G01R27/22, G01N27/07, G01N27/06|
|Apr 9, 1990||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: PECHINEY RECHERCHE, FRANCE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:GASPARD, JEAN R.;REEL/FRAME:005289/0844
Effective date: 19891004
|Jan 24, 1995||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|Jun 18, 1995||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|
|Aug 29, 1995||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 19950621


text:
Observations from the Cocktails & Crimpers Field Day
February 27, 2014
Participants in the field day discovered that cover crop mixtures and reduced tillage practices increase and balance the ecosystem services provided by cover crops.
Penn State receives $2.3 million organic agriculture research grant
November 1, 2011
UNIVERSITY PARK, Pa. -- Researchers in Penn State's College of Agricultural Sciences have been awarded a $2.3 million grant by the U.S. Department of Agriculture to investigate how certain cover crops and rotations can improve production of organic commodities. The study's goal is to determine whether diverse cover crop mixtures -- as opposed to a single-species cover cropping -- can enhance ecosystem functions in a corn-soybean-wheat cash crop rotation that produces organic feed and forage, according to project leader Jason Kaye, associate professor of soil biogeochemistry.
Organic Grower Network Tours Milton Grain Farm
September 1, 2011
Organic milk, meat, poultry and eggs represent some of the fastest growing sectors of the organic market. Because agricultural feed ingredients in the diets of certified livestock must be organically produced, growth in the retail organic market has resulted in increasing demand for organic feed grains and forages, creating opportunities for Pennsylvania growers. Typically, there is a price premium for organic feed grains. In the past, prices for organic feed grains have reached 50 to 150% above conventional prices.

domain: food


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The UN Committee of Experts on Public Administration, created by ECOSOC in 2001, meets on an annual basis. There are 24 experts from various backgrounds who are appointed by the UN for a period of 4 years. The latest CEPA meeting started Monday and DGG Director was invited to speak in one if the opening sessions (for details see: http://www.unpan.org/DPADM/CEPA/12thSession/tabid/1544/language/en-US/Default.aspx).
CEPA prepared a paper on governance and the post-2015 development agenda (see CEPA – Annex 8) which tackled several issues including the MDGs, local governance, e-government and ICT for development. UNDP was supposed to provide inputs on this paper at the panel. I was requested to provide feedback with very little time.
This is what I submitted.
1. Governance: Governance in indeed a critical enabler for the achievement of the MDGs and the upcoming post2015 agenda. But governance, specially democratic governance can also be seen as en end itself, a necessary one to support long term sustainable development. We cannot simply say for example that once the MDGs are achieve governance stop being a factor in the development equation.
2. MAF. UNDP along with the UNDG developed the MAF in 2010 to accelerate the achievement of the MDGs. UNDP has produce over 100 MAF reports on the situation in developing countries which should be taken into account not only for this paper but also for the post-2015 agenda. These reports, completed by local partners to support national ownership, contain values information on good practices, lessons learned and current challenges and failures on the implementation of the MDGs. We need to learn from the past to avoid making the same mistakes in the future ( I am attaching my paper on ICTS and MAF which I presented at the Global MDG Meeting – MDG-innovations-ICTs).
3. Localization. Around 2006, UNDP launched a global campaign and programmes to localize the MDGs, in response to the apparent lack of national
ownership. Over 80 countries were involved and some even developed their own MDGs. Again we should learn about this to beef up the recommendations that the paper makes on this topic. We must build on the shoulders of those who did plenty of on the ground work here.
4. Data at the local level. This is indeed an excellent point but one that need to be addressed properly. Nowadays, it is quite easy and affordable to get stakeholder inputs at the local level using new ICTs. Big data has become a buzz word and local governments need to be prepared to handle this. (link to the next point)
5. Transformational government/e-government. First, we should consider calling this transformational governance as the core issue is not only to transform government institutions but mail to have innovative governance mechanisms where citizens and stakeholders are on “equal” foot vis-a-vis governments in making decisions, overseeing processes, fostering transparency and accountability. Second, participation is thus the key governance factor that needs to be strengthened at all levels. Third, the rapid diffusion of new ICTs since 2000 have put in the hands of billions of people, specially the emerging middle classes in developing countries, new information and communication tools that are now being used to make additional demands on governments. The latter however are still ill prepared to handle this effectively. Governments, specially local one, need to build this capacity to ensure adequate response, target key service delivery and foster oversight by all parties. This entails not only the use of new ICTs as tools but also requires a new governance framework where the participation of local stakeholders is effectively institutionalized (but not co-opted!).

domain: sociology


A B-52 Stratofortress Heavy Bomber
Photograph - Photograph
A B-52 Stratofortress heavy bomber of the U.S. Air Force takes off from Fairford Air Force Base, United Kingdom.
April 28th, 2013
Viewed 114 Times - Last Visitor from Charleston, WV on 09/20/2020 at 1:44 PM


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text:
The U.S. has "retired" and its European allies quit
Sohu Education Gezhi plans to release the Top10 list of content in December
The dark horses of the European Cup: Danish fairy tales and Greek myths will be in the annals of history; Czechoslovakia beats the Netherlands and Germany to win the cup
Huawei releases MateStation B515 desktop
Israel: Airline cancels all international flights, the number of confirmed cases of new crown pneumonia increases to 50
WHO: The global cumulative number of confirmed cases of new crown reached 129,902,402
Is it true that Eriksson was sold off by Tottenham? Tottenham sells Eriksson at a price of 40 million or was rejected by Mourinho?
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domain: news


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domain: artistic


Every day we are exposed to unprecedented levels of environmental pollution. Many people’s individual genetic blueprint may result in an inability to cope with the burden of toxins. When the body is unable to clear toxins, metabolic imbalances and build-up of waste products can lead to illness.
We are exposed to external, or environmental, toxins from conception creating detoxification challenges throughout our lives.
Never before in human history have we been exposed to such levels of industrial and environmental pollution, heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, genetic modification of our food and electromagnetic challenges.
Endocrine disrupting chemicals have a devastating effect on humans – men and women alike – as well as animals.
Some of the toxins our bodies are exposed to daily include:
All these pollutants challenge our body’s natural ability to clear waste products.
In addition to the ever increasing level of toxicity we are exposed to, our genetic predisposition has also become compromised over generations leading to DNA changes called SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) which may affect our enzymes, functional processes and body biochemistry.
In order to ensure proper detoxification, both the external and internal problems need to be addressed.
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- Brain ‘fog’ or unexplained, ongoing fatigue
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- Have excess weight you can’t shift
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Growing up in Edinburgh I could occasionally watch hot air balloons rise over the city from the park opposite my house. This design is ode to Edinburgh, a city of history and grandeur.


text:
I’ve always known of Bdellium Tools in iHerb because I stumbled upon the brand when I was searching for blending brushes last year. Bdellium Tools Studio Line, if you know Bdellium well, is the most well-known brush line due to it’s striking and unique yellow handle. I’m not a fan of yellow. I cannot see myself using yellow brushes and I didn’t know what Bdellium Tools brand is all about. When I watched CoffeeBreakwithDani haul on Bdellium Tools, I WANT THEM. I do not care if it’s yellow. It was her repurchase as spare brushes so I knew these brushes must be good. I guess luck was on my side because iHerb had a weekly 20% special on Bdellium Tools! I hauled back six Bdellium Tools Pink Bambu Series last week and this is what I think about Bdellium Tools brushes so far.
I have a lot of face brushes including a few new Zoeva brushes which are still sitting in the box comfortably so my purchase was mainly on the eye brushes. Having said that, I’m also on the lookout for a dupe of my most favourite powder brush of all – the Real Techniques Buffing Brush, which is not available to purchase individually. I thought I’ve found the perfect dupe a few months ago with ELF Studio Powder Brush but it was not quite the same. Needless to say, that brush’s ferrule came off from the handle and I’ve repurchased a new one, which is still sitting in the drawer because I want to find one similar to Real Techniques Buffing Brush before breaking into the new ELF Studio Powder Brush.
Bdellium Tools Pink Bambu Series 957 Precision Cheek Brush ($15.30, approximately RM56.78)
Between 957 Precision Cheek Brush and 959 Powder Blending Brush, I settled with 957 because I would prefer a flat top. 957 Precision Cheek Brush description in iHerb is described as a brush that has extra soft and dense flat bristled head that picks up all types of formulas for a uniform application and buffing makeup to a flawless finish. So it wasn’t just a cheek brush after all. In fact I didn’t notice the name of the brush until I read it just now lol.
After using the brush everyday for the past one week, I must say this is the closest dupe to Real Techniques Buffing Brush that I’ve tried so far. The ultra-soft bristles pick up just the right amount of powder, without over stuffing the product into the bristles and the buffing did not move my foundation at all. Some brushes tend to cake up the face after a few usage but not this one. I repeatedly used the same brush to apply my finishing powder every single day and the result is as flawless and as smooth as the first day. In fact the Real Techniques one will cake up my face if I didn’t spot clean it after three usage. The finishing using Bdellium 957 is air-brush alike thanks to the soft bristles.
When I do a side by side comparison between Bdellium 957 Precision Cheek Brush with Real Techniques Buffing Brush, they sure do look similar.
Bdellium Tools Pink Bambu Series 785 Tapered Blending Brush ($9, approximately RM33.40)
I bought two Bdellium Tools Pink Bambu Series 785 Tapered Blending Brush because if I buy two, there is an additional discount. Now that I look back, iHerb had forgotten to deduct the additional 10% discount for two items *facepalm*
Zoeva 228 Crease Brush is my favourite brush to use to apply transition shade on the crease. I used an application technique learnt from Chrisspy and it works perfectly with this brush. I have since gotten a backup of the Zoeva 228, just in case it was discontinued. The Bdellium 785 looks very similar to the Zoeva 228 except that Bdellium bristles are stiffer and not as fluffy as the Zoeva. However I find that I can’t use Chrisspy’s technique with the Bdellium 785 because the stiffer bristles doesn’t allow me to. Lucky for me I don’t have to use the technique because this Bdellium 785 allows me to apply transition shade as it is.
Bdellium Tools Pink Bambu Series 776 Blending Brush ($7.65, approximately RM28.39)
I bought two Bdellium Tools Pink Bambu Series 776 Blending Brush as well because I’ve been searching for the exact dupe for Sigma E25 Blending Blush as Sigma price now is ridiculously expensive. I stopped using Sigma E25 for quite some time because it was shedding badly and I don’t like the line it created on my crease. It makes blending extremely hard when it does leave a deep shadow line. I then went on Zoeva 227 Luxe Soft Definer but it was so huge and fluffy for my tiny eye lid that the eye make up literally occupied the whole mobile lid, although the brush gave a soft blended look. So I went back to Sigma E25.
I’ve learnt how to use the Sigma E25 according to my eye shape and I absolutely love it. The brush was shedding so badly that I knew I have to find a backup. Bdellium 776 is the closest dupe so far. It does the job as good as the Sigma and better. It doesn’t leave a harsh line on my upper crease therefore lesser blending is required. However, I find that the brush doesn’t pick up a lot of product so I have to layer my eyeshadow to achieve the payoff that I want. I have no problem with that as I always build the shadow intensity anyway. If it wasn’t because of the shedding, both brushes would have the same amount of hair lol.
I was happy when I found out that Bdellium Tools actually has Pink brushes, eventhough I was so ready to grab the yellow Studio Line. The Bambu Series comes with four different colours – Green Bambu, Yellow Bambu, Pink Bambu and Purple Bambu. This series features eco-friendly makeup brushes with sustainable bamboo handles and all vegan soft synthetic bristles and an anodized aluminum ferrule. The bristles are in dual-tone shade and some are in full pink. I’m so glad the pink is at the tip as I don’t fancy white bristles because some stronger shadow tend to discolour the bristles.
What is missing from this review is the 781 Crease Brush. I’ve yet to use the brush so I can’t review the brush here. Initially I bought it because I needed to refine the inner crease line because 776 tend to give me a huge splash of shade on the inner corner. I was also hoping that it’s a dupe for ELF Blending Eye Brush but it wasn’t. I think it will work great for the crease 🙂
Disclaimer: This is not a sponsored review. I bought the product on my own.

domain: hobby


From Staff Reports
The captivating spectacle of “Dracula” promises to transfix audiences as the City Youth Ballet puts this gothic tale on stage just in time for the Halloween season.
The ballet is set for Saturday, Oct. 15, at The McKinney Center at Booker T. Washington School, 103 Franklin Street in Jonesborough. Two performances will be held at 2 p.m. and 6:30 p.m.
From the entrance of the first vampire to the last bite of Dracula, the ballet is a thrilling adventure. It tells Bram Stokes’ story of a quaint village entangled in the eerie and deadly presence of vampires.
“We love to perform this ballet because it’s so dramatic and we use a medium that people often think of as only tutus and all daintiness,” said Susan Pace-White. “Dracula stretches our dancers to become not only proficient in ballet but also storytellers via their movement.”
Darien Chancellor, owner with his wife, Tiffany, of Johnson City Ballroom, portrays Dracula. Choreography was created by Darien, Pace-White, and her daughter, Kassi White.
General admission tickets are $10 at the door with payment of cash or checks appreciated. For more information, call the City Youth Ballet at 434-2195, find us on Facebook, or visit us at www.cityyouthballet.org. A public performance is also set for Nov. 4 at Founders Park during downtown Johnson City’s First Friday festivities.


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CIEGO DE AVILA, Cuba, May 29 (ACN) The Ceballos Agro-industrial Company, one of the leading companies in Ciego de Avila(central Cuba) and in Cuba, assures the exports in times of the COVID-19 with the objective of supporting the effective financial capacity that the national economy really needs.
Domingo Escalante Perez, director of foreign trade in the entity, which heads the export branch in the province, reported that the income until May 20 is due to the export of 144 tons of aseptic mango puree, 79 of pineapple MD-2, 47.8 of hot chili habanero pepper, two of fresh mango and 6,726.6 of coal, which together total about 7,000 tons.
Although those quantities represent 58 percent of the export plan until late May, there are another 3,192 tons of charcoal ready to be shipped, and during the last days of the month several quantities of fruits and vegetables are being booked to destinations in Spain, Canada and France, he added.
We are working to guarantee this industry's presence in the weekly air trips to those places, because due to the COVID-19 pandemic, customers abroad cancelled practically all orders, due to the eventual closure of supermarkets, restaurants and hotels where Cuban products are sold, the executive continued.
Agroindustrial Ceballos contributed to foreign sales in 2019 with aseptic and concentrated mango pulp, aseptic banana and guava puree, concentrated white grapefruit juice and sulphited papaya.


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Russia and China are negotiating possible deliveries of light Il-103 aircraft (“air taxi”). However, the process is very slow, General Designer of Ilyushin Company Nikolai Talikov told RIA Novosti at MAKS-2015 airshow.
Il-103 is the five-seat (pilot plus four passengers) single-engine piston passenger aircraft or an air taxi, which is used as a trainer aircraft. “We are in talks with the Chinese party; they want to purchase documentation for Il-103, but the process is rather slow,” Talikov said and added that Ilyushin Company has no joint projects with China, but the company is interested in them.
Talikov reminded that 27 Il-103 aircraft were delivered to South Korea; the vehicles are operated by a flight school. However, Seoul is not going to place any new orders: “The aircraft is good, they have been in operation for many years. So far they are satisfied; they operate 27 vehicles of the type and don’t need more,” Talikov explained. Moreover, six Il-103 aircraft were sold to Belarus and Peru, but a possibility of upgrading the aircraft has not been considered yet.


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One Pot Chili Mac
One of our most repeated meals. It’s the perfect recipe for when you know you have a busy week ahead and won’t have the time to cook or even think about what I want to eat for lunch or dinner. Make this big batch on Sunday night and you’ll be good to go until Friday. This one is perfect if you are not a fan of beans – they are hidden perfectly among the veggie meat, macaroni, and flavours of the taco seasoning. It also freezes beautifully.
What You’ll Need:
2 cloves garlic
1 pack Yves veggie meat; italian style
1 packet taco seasoning
1 can pinto beans; rinsed and drained
1 can kidney beans; rinsed and drained
1 can diced tomatoes
2 cups dry macaroni noodles
1.5 cups veggie stock
1 cup cheddar style cheese
chopped cilantro to serve
How To Make It:
Chop up your garlic and onion, and rinse and drain the pinto and kidney beans.
Fry the garlic, onion, and veggie meat together on medium-high until browned. Add the packet of taco seasoning.
Add in the beans, the can of diced tomatoes, the macaroni, and the veggie stock.
Let simmer for 10-12 minutes.
Mix in the cheddar style cheese.
Chop up the cilantro and add it on top when serving.


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1 of 3
The film marks the third time collaboration of Balakrishna and Nayanthara, who had previously worked in "Simhaa" and "Sri Rama Rajyam".
2 of 3
C. Kalyan is bankrolling the project and the makers are eyeing early next year release.
3 of 3
Meanwhile, Balakrishna's upcoming Telugu action entertainer "Paisa Vasool" is slated for September 1 release.


text: and logo style ,we can provide printed wristbands ,debossed colorfilled wristbands and so on .In addition to these nomal silicone bracelet ,we can also produce the glow in the dark silicone wristband for customer .About the logo style ,it can be of any kind ,the customer can choose to customize printed wristbands with glow in the dark effect or customize embossed printed wristbands or other band style .Different from the normal silicone wristband ,the glowfree rubber bracelets in the dark silicone bracelet can shine in the dark when it absorb enough light .Do you know why the glow in the dark silicone bracelet can shine in the dark when it absorb enough light ? When we produce the normal silicone wristband ,we only use the pure silica gel to produce it .But when we produce the glow in the dark silicone bracelet ,we will add some noctilucent powder to the pure silica gel .In fact ,it is noctilucent powder that shines.So ,if we want the luminous effect of the glow in the dark silicone wristband to be good enough ,the color of the rubber bracelet needs to be light enough ,otherwise the noctilucent can’t absorb enough light .About the color of glow in the dark ,we can provide green color ,blue color ,red color ,white color to customer to choose . &nfree rubber braceletsbsp; silicone-wristbandsblank-wristband eal green jewelry with wear-resistant , high temperature resistance, no deformation and no side effects on body. Silicone bracelet has certain care function while some funcional materials such as negative ions added into the bracelets Many people are wondering how to make the embossed or debossed effect on the silicone wristband customized. Now show you how the come into being. The important difference in the production process from a normal plain silicone wristband is to make the embossed or debossed mould first. This kind of mould is made from copper with the logo inside. When it extruded the silicone , the logo will be one the band. So easy it is. What printing method is applied for printed silicone bracelets? The answer is silk screen printing. Modern screen printing technology is making screen by photoengraving method using photosensitive material ,oil paintings, prints, posters, name card, binding covers, packaging, commodity, textile printing and dyeing, glass and metal plane carrier. And also this is the printing method for the printed silicone bracelets.

domain: chemistry


text:
In the year 2023, the concept of living in a futuristic modular spaceship home on metal legs has become a reality. This innovative and imaginative housing solution offers a unique and exciting way to experience living in the future. Combining cutting-edge technology, sustainable design, and sleek aesthetics, these homes are revolutionizing the way we think about residential architecture.
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A: Yes, the modular nature of these homes allows for easy customization of the interior layout, allowing you to create a space that reflects your personal style and preferences.
Q: Are modular spaceship homes energy-efficient?
A: Yes, these homes are designed with energy efficiency in mind, incorporating renewable energy sources and advanced insulation systems to minimize energy consumption.
Q: How long does it take to build a modular spaceship home?
A: The construction time can vary depending on the complexity and size of the home, but modular construction typically offers faster build times compared to traditional construction methods.
Q: Are there any limitations to the customization of modular spaceship homes?
A: While these homes offer a high degree of customization, there may be some limitations due to structural considerations and building regulations.
Q: Can I add more modules to my modular spaceship home in the future?
A: Yes, the modular design allows for easy expansion, so you can add more modules as your needs change or your family grows.
Q: Are modular spaceship homes suitable for all climates?
A: Yes, these homes are designed to withstand various climates, with advanced insulation and ventilation systems to ensure comfort in all seasons.

domain: design


text:
NB: Well, as I suggested
earlier on in the programme, you never know who you are going to meet.
It's not necessarily the runners and riders of the Awards show who are
here, a lot of people I'm seeing are old friends. One of those is
Raul Malo from the Mavericks, who has joined us. Raul, what brings you
RM: Well, I think the free beer brings me along to the Awards show! No, actually it's a great place to see the old buddies, we don't get to see one other... People think that just because you live in Nashville you get to see all your friends all the time, but no, everybody's working, everybody's touring and you never see any of your old pals, so I came out to hang out.
NB: How are the Mavericks coping with their low nominations in this year's Awards?
RM: Oh, we're doing just fine actually, we're OK with it, you know. It's..they've never been that important to us, just because music is a much more special thing than an awards show and any particular award. We've been lucky to win a couple in the past and I'm grateful and right there that's more than most people ever get, so in a sense, you know, its not like I feel weird about it at all I'm relieved, I'm glad somebody has the pressure to answer questions this year and all that stuff.
NB: It is a pressure isn't it?
RM: Yeah it does put on a.... you know you can't really enjoy yourself that much, you know, and this year, you know, I'm just having a ball.
NB: And we're getting very excited about this tour that you've got planned starting October 19th in the UK. Not the Mavericks, but you with, with whom...?
RM: Well I'm gonna be playing acoustically and I'm gonna be doing some songs that people have heard, some that they haven't, some of my favourite covers. Kim Richey is going to be joining me, yeah, she's going to be opening up the shows and she'll be playing her set, and then we'll probably do a couple of duets together and whatnot, and its a lot of fun. During the Mavericks shows there's a part in the performance where we break it down and I do a couple of songs acoustically and I always get asked by fans 'why don't you do more?', 'why don't you do a show like that?' Because here in Nashville there's a place called the Bluebird that's kind of a haven for songwriters and the shows are real intimate and you can tell stories about the songs and that kind of thing, and fans really get a kick out of it and this tour just came about just really from fans requesting it and that kind of thing so we were like 'alright, we'll just go out and do it'.
NB: I've heard some rumours about songs you are covering, like a Peter and Gordon song! I thought they were long dead and buried, those songs.
RM: Well they were and then, you know, somebody suggested 'you know, maybe you guys should do this song' and we took a listen to it and we were like 'yeah well let's do it this way' so we changed it around a little bit, kind of made it more fit our style, but it still is a great song
NB: Which one is it?
RM: World Without Love
NB: It is a good song. It is a great song.
RM: It's written by McCartney, Lennon & McCartney, so I mean it's not too bad a song. It really worked out well. I like the version that we did, it's quite different.
NB: We're looking forward to it. Have a good time tonight and we're looking forward to seeing you next month
RM: Thanks, thank you

domain: entertainment


text:
Senate gets committee on Electoral Act
Senate President, Bukola Saraki, on Thursday announced a six-man committee to reconcile the Senate’s version of the amended Electoral Act with the version passed by the House of Representatives.
The Senate’s conference committee has the Chairman of the Senate Committee on the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC), Senator Suleiman Nazif, as chairman.
Other members of the committee are – Senators Shehu Sani, Biodun Olujimi, Hope Uzodinma, Dino Melaye and Peter Nwaoboshi.
The committee is expected to meet with the House of Representatives to harmonise the version of the amended electoral bill before being sent to President Muhammadu Buhari for his assent.
The Senate had in 2017 passed an amended version of the 2010 Electoral Act.
While the House of Representatives had on Tuesday amended the Electoral Act to change the 2019 general elections time table.
This came barely a month after the INEC released the time table for the general elections.
With the amendment, the National Assembly election will take place first, followed by gubernatorial and state assembly polls.
The presidential election will be conducted last.
The amendment was made at the Committee of the whole House, presided over by the Deputy Speaker, Yussuff Lasun.

domain: law


Rosie Lugole, 18, has lived on Regina Road in a tower block in Croydon, south east London, for most of her life. When a leak appeared from the bathroom ceiling a few years ago, her family contacted the council – who owned the block – for help, but they never heard back. As the leak became worse, the family emailed the council, rang them up, and even got Lugole’s school involved to try to get help for the water damage, which was now a safety hazard. Three years later, with still no fix from the council and mould, damp, and mushrooms growing throughout the accommodation, Lugole and her family are still living in a block that’s been dubbed the worst social housing in the UK.
“For three years we’ve had [leaks], and for three years we’ve been ignored,” says Lugole. They’ve never done anything, they’ve never come. When the leak was happening, there was a maggot coming up on the wall. It was disgusting.”
In video footage that went viral, Lugole’s father is shown picking mushrooms off the mould-sodden wall, almost in tears at the state of the flat. Despite the coverage, Lugole says Croydon council have still not fixed the issues. After an independent report into the flats, the council said that it was “totally resolved to addressing the issues found.”
While the issues facing Lugole’s family are extreme, as a Black family living in substandard social housing in the UK, they are not alone. According to the most recent English Housing Survey, overcrowding is currently at its worst ever for both the social housing sector and for private renting. Nine percent of social housing tenants experience overcrowding, the highest it’s been since records began. Black people are more likely to live in social housing, making up 44 percent of social housing tenants.
Why, in a rich democracy like the UK, is race still impacting the search for a secure home?
Inequality and racism in the UK have long impacted opportunities for people of colour. In post-war Britain, desperate for a new workforce, the government introduced the British Nationality Act of 1948, which allowed those from Commonwealth countries to live and work in the UK. When this Windrush Generation arrived to fill jobs like those in the newly launched National Health Service, however, they faced significant racism – encountering signs outside homes like “No Blacks, Dogs, Irish” and rogue landlords overcharging for poor-quality housing. Decades later, this generation would encounter further discrimination as part of the “Windrush Scandal”, after the Home Office lost important immigration paperwork for thousands of citizens. As a result, the Home Office deported or threatened to deport many Black people with the right to live in the UK. Some were refused medical treatment or evicted from their homes.
That 2018 scandal was the result of a growing hostility toward migrants (or those incorrectly considered migrants) in the UK. Five years earlier, in 2012, former Prime Minister and then Home Secretary Theresa May introduced a swath of laws known collectively as the Hostile Environment policies, which made it harder for migrants to access basic rights. While these laws don’t explicitly discriminate against Black or Asian people, they disproportionately affect non-EU migrants and therefore disproportionately affect people of colour. No Recourse to Public Funds, for example, stops non-British citizens from accessing welfare support no matter how long they’ve lived here legally or paid tax. Right to Rent, another Hostile Environment policy, penalises landlords if they rent to those without the legal right to stay, making them more likely to discriminate against people they suspect are undocumented.
But the Hostile Environment isn’t the only reason discrimination permeates the housing sector. Even if you’re able to access benefits and legally live in the UK or are a citizen, estate agents and landlords can exclude those using benefits to pay rent, a policy that housing charities say is discriminatory. And finally, even if you’re not a migrant or on benefits, racism still permeates the rental sector, where bias and discrimination are hard to prove.
Housing has been particularly critical this past year when people were stuck inside their homes during numerous lockdowns. The disproportionate impact of the pandemic on ethnic minorities in the UK, where Bangladeshi people were twice as likely to die from COVID, and the finding that “people of Chinese, Indian, Pakistani, Other Asian, Black Caribbean and Other Black ethnicity,” were 10 to 50 percent more likely to die, was even directly linked to housing.
The modern housing crisis has only exaggerated racism in the sector, making it harder for people like Lugole’s family to secure good housing. Under Margaret Thatcher’s 11 years of Conservative rule, the controversial Right to Buy law saw vast numbers of social housing sold off and never replaced, contributing if not directly fuelling the UK’s housing crisis. Today, with limited social housing, the private sector is now oversubscribed, expensive and under-regulated, and the social housing sector is hard to access and inadequate. Black people, along with those who identify as Asian or from mixed and other minority ethnic backgrounds, often have the least housing rights or access to support – 24 percent of Bangladeshi households, 18 percent of Pakistani households and 16 percent of Black African households experience overcrowding – compared to only 2 percent of white British households.
Mary, who came to the UK from the Caribbean to escape domestic violence, is a victim of this country’s Hostile Environment. Growing up in a former British colony – first in Trinidad and Tobago, then in Saint Vincents and the Grenadines – she had learnt about Thatcher, Queen Victoria, and the understated neoclassical architecture of Buckingham Palace. What surprised her when she arrived in the UK in 2007, then, wasn’t the country’s underwhelming snow or its monarch’s homes, but the people.
“They make you know that you’re Black,” says Mary, who spoke on the condition of anonymity so as not to jeopardise a pending immigration application. “They make you know that you are not equal. So they kind of discriminate against you in a very subtle way. I felt like I wasn’t equal, like I was overlooked, in a sense. I was called an immigrant, I was [told] that I didn’t have the right to be here.”
Despite having ancestors from Ireland and Scotland, Mary had no legal right to stay in the UK. Under the UK’s official Hostile Environment policy for – usually non-white – immigrants without leave to remain, Mary wasn’t entitled to work, rent privately, or apply for benefits. Her status meant she could only do cash-in-hand jobs, which left her open to exploitation from employers. Feeling like she had no other choice, she quit her job and then spent a year and a half sleeping rough on the N15 night bus that ran from Trafalgar Square in central London to Romford in the northeast corner of the capital, or living under an external staircase, where she would lay her clothes on the ground for a bed and use her bag as a pillow.
“I think I blanked it out,” says Mary. “My mind was just blank. I didn’t know what I was doing. It was like I was in a trance because… I would have had a mental breakdown on that particular day. It was just too difficult.”
In the UK, Black people are disproportionately affected by homelessness. Though they make up just 3 percent of the total population in England, 14 percent of those registered as homeless are Black.
“Many of the policies that make the housing system tick over are, at least in a secondary way, disproportionately affecting people of colour,” Matt Downie, head of policy for homeless charity Crisis, says. “We also know that the link between homelessness and poverty is absolute. And you’re extremely more likely to be experiencing poverty if you’re Black.”
Whether you understand the complexities of the UK’s housing system or not, it’s clear there is an issue. “Working for a homeless charity, where you walk through a reception every morning that is full of people in that local area who are experiencing homelessness – you see almost no white faces – you can’t escape the fact that this is an issue that affects every population but does discriminate in terms of affecting non-white people more or less. It’s one of those things where we don’t need every single fact to tell us that we’ve got a big problem.”
That “big problem” was never more obvious than in 2017, when a 24-storey council tower in Kensington and Chelsea, London’s richest borough, caught fire in the early hours of the morning. Due to Grenfell Tower’s illegal flammable cladding, the fire spread at an alarming speed, resulting in the deaths of at least 72 people and injuring 70. Despite Grenfell’s residents raiding safety concerns, the majority of whom were ethnic minorities, fire safety issues were not dealt with before the tragedy. An ongoing public inquiry into the tragedy revealed that the borough’s head of housing had failed to check with the building’s management team whether issues flagged by London Fire Brigade, such as a lack of fire doors, were dealt with. Later, it emerged that the council responsible for the building, Kensington and Chelsea, received £55 million in rent from the tenants but had only spent £40 million on council housing. In 2014, three years before the fire, the council had handed back £100 to residents in the top band for council tax after reporting a surplus. Housing for the less wealthy was not a priority.
It’s not just structural issues that affect people of colour in the UK. Direct racism and discrimination can affect access to housing, such as in the rental sector, where it’s easy for landlords or estate agents to discriminate, despite it being illegal. A 2013 BBC investigation discovered 10 estate agents in north west London who were willing to stop Black people from letting a flat after the organisation sent an actor to pose as a discriminatory landlord. Estate agents were willing to tell potential Black tenants that someone had already rented the property, or insincerely promise to call them back about the home.
Instances of racial profiling can take place on online letting spaces like Spare Room, a website that advertises rooms to tenants in the UK. As the profile on the website comes with photos attached, homeowners can discriminate when people apply to view rooms, despite the website explicitly stating that it’s illegal to do so.
Lola, a Black woman based in south London, has struggled with renting in the past.
“I was on SpareRoom, and on SpareRoom you use your picture,” says Lola, who spoke on the condition of anonymity to avoid issues when letting in the future. “I found a nice place for two people posted maybe two days before. I messaged just a very standard message, like, ‘Hey, is the room available?’ with a little bit about me, and no reply.”
Lola thought nothing of this until she saw the listing for the room appear on a Facebook group advertising rooms in south east London the following day. She sent another message, but again received no response. Starting to grow suspicious, she asked her white housemate to contact the person advertising the room. Her housemate was able to set up a call with the person advertising the room with little issue. Another white friend of Lola’s also reached out about the room and received a reply.
“Everyone but me got a reply,” says Lola.
Lola also feels estate agents treat her slightly differently when they assume she is less likely to afford a nicer room. “I feel like [I get] showed a lot of crap if I don’t go with the people I’m gonna live with, who are often a range of races.”
In an emailed statement, Matt Hutchinson, SpareRoom director, said: “SpareRoom is firmly committed to equal opportunities and our moderation team monitor all ads to make sure there’s nothing discriminatory in them. We investigate every report of discrimination we receive and, if we find anyone to be acting in a discriminatory way, either in ads or in the messages they send, we remove them.”
“Discrimination is rife in the private rented sector with many landlords and letting agents turning away people who depend on benefits to pay their rent,” Dan Wilson Craw, deputy director of Generation Rent, told VICE World News. “We should also remember that the wider problems in the rental market disproportionately affect people of colour, who are more likely to rent from private landlords, receive housing benefit, face eviction, and live in overcrowded conditions, than the wider population.”
Mary now lives in temporary accommodation thanks to the support of charities like St Mungos and Crisis, but she’s still fighting for legal immigration status. Although she tries to keep positive, she’s angry about the situation she’s faced.
“The law in this country is completely messed up,” she says. “They don’t acknowledge immigrants. They aren’t aware of what they have done for this country, what our forefathers have done. You took people from a different place and worked them until they died. Do you not have a little remorse?”
Despite the difficulties she’s faced, she’s found solace in writing poetry and acting, something she’s been able to do thanks to courses offered by Crisis.
“Poetry is literally a lifesaver,” she says. “I try to keep a light out. Even though it’s all dark. I try to have a positive outlook because it can save my life.”


text:
Your Search Returned 18 tagged news reports
The green dress Nas holds on the cover of his 10th album is a piece of the gown his former wife Kelis wore on their wedding day...Life Is Good , but frequently seems to question whether life is in fact all that great -- or if it may even be terrible.
Shawn Corey Carter (born December 4, 1969), better known by his stage name, Jay-Z, is an American hip hop artist and businessman. He is the former CEO of Def Jam Recordings and Roc-A-Fella Records...He is one of the most financially successful hip
NYThere was quite the buzz of anticipation that was filling Carnegie Hall for the last of a two-night charity event that would go down as being quite historic. Guests were mingling on the floor, ushers were smiling as they sat patrons around the
The Sundance Film Festival became the unlikely center of hip-hop's latest feud when actor-turned-rapper Drake and rapper-turned-actor Common came to town. Common was promoting his role in upcoming family drama "LUV," while Drake was performing at one
Rap lyrics are some of the most powerful popular poetry of the past three decades. Studying rap music in a classroom is kind of a drag compared to studying rap music, say, in a car full of weed smoke, but hey, it's not the worst thing you could do in
A decade after he changed his mind about calling one of his albums I Am The Autobiography, the rapper will write an actual autobiography called It Ain't Hard to Tell, in collaboration with music journalist Toure. "This is hip-hop history," Toure
I recently came across Zack O'Malley Greenburg's book " Empire State of Mind: How Jay-Z Went from Street Corner to Corner Office ." I have to admit that I didn't know if a hip-hop icon had much to teach me (aka a regular worker) about succeeding in
58 p.m The invite said the doors would open at 8. But by then, the line in front of The Box, Serge Becker's reservations-only, bordello-meets-sideshow nightclub, was already snaking down Chrystie Street...White guys in nice suits; a black girl out of
16 p.m The Brooklyn Museum "When were you introduced to, as a hustler," Charlie Rose asked Jay-Z last night at the Brooklyn Museum, "crack cocaine?" Jay-Z rose from the back of his low leather chair onstage, hands cycling:"Growing up at the time we'
If you were to scroll down a list of things I will never become tired of you may come across the words "Jay-Z" and "the Internet." Sure, there may be items between these like ice cream and a good laugh, but the point is, I have been a fan of both

domain: celebrity


The long-standing conflict in Jammu and Kashmir has seriously affected the population, with women suffering the most: physically, psychologically, socially and economically. But the state, as well as the central government, have taken a number of important policy measures to empower women in the valley to rethink their problems and solve their problems with appropriate solutions. Gianna Ganci, a member of the European Parliament from Italy, prepared a report according to which one of the main causes of the suffering of women in the valley is a patriarchal society, leading to a stereotypical mentality, gender discrimination, different types of objectification, and in this sense the valley is no different from the rest of India. But ironically, the women of Kashmir are destined to face even more victimization as natives of a violent conflict zone.
“Resilience and empowerment are intertwined. Forced and acquired resilience is a long discussion, but quite understandable. Empowerment increases resilience, and requires both internal and external support. The women of the valley are resilient, but more because of the inherent hardships they face and not because of the measures the system is taking to empower them” – the Asian News International report was quoted as saying.
For example, in order to provide loans to poor women affected by violence, the Jammu and Kashmir Women’s Development Corporation has been designated the channelling agency of Rashtriya Mahila Kosh. Those below the poverty line will receive microloans at an interest rate of 9.5% versus an 8 percent interest rate charged by Rashtriya Mahila Kosh. The corporation could charge the beneficiaries at 12% per annum, but given the economic situation of the country’s poor female artisans, the Board of Directors set the same rate at 9.5%.
Another example of government intervention in this stalemate is the Swayam Sidha Women’s Empowerment Program (SWEP). It is a comprehensive scheme for the empowerment of women and is mainly designed to form women into self-help groups,
According to Gianna Ganci, the women of Kashmir have become hardy and have learned to live with their destiny, preserving the culture and traditions of Kashmir. After decades of suffering in the conflict zone, the old generation has adapted to it, but at the same time they fear for the next generation, their daughters and granddaughters. At the state level, their fate is just as important. Women are a pillar of society and government should focus on girls’ education, health issues, especially women’s mental health.
“I emphasize that in this case the results will be amazing, beyond imagination. Incentive skills development programs, especially aimed at women with no interest or very low interest rates, are another very important way of empowerment. Empowerment in education, health and economics, legal and psychosocial counselling, combined with campaigns against stereotypical patriarchal mentality, can change the future of the valley”, – said a member of the European Parliament from Italy.
Natalia Sviderska, Democratic Action NGO