General Motors Chair and CEO Mary Barra announced that production of the Chevrolet Bolt EV and Bolt EUV would be halted by the end of 2023. This aligns with the GM's plan to transition the Bolt production line in Orion, Michigan, into manufacturing electric trucks.
During a Tuesday morning earnings call with investors, Barra confirmed the seven-year run of the Bolt would come to an end and be retooled for electric truck production:
"We've progressed so far that it's now time to plan the end of Chevrolet Bolt EV and EUV production, which will happen at the end of the year."
GM's decision to kill Bolt production comes after a series of battery fires over the last few years and at least one major recall (read: "After Multiple Recalls, GM May Be On The Verge Of Ending Production Of Its Chevy Bolt").
Barra acknowledged the loyalty of Bolt owners but noted that some customers were furious by the EV's defects, which led to battery fires. GM had to recall 142,000 vehicles as a result. Some Bolt customers faced delays in receiving new batteries, while others could not drive their vehicles due to the fire risk. This manufacturing mishap hindered GM's progress in the EV market.
In 2023, GM has three new EV models for mass-market across the Chevrolet brand, including the Silverado truck, Blazer, and Equinox. The new models might rekindle GM's EV growth strategy after the Bolt fizzle.


Orange County's 28 school districts all follow slightly different schedules -- some shortening their calendars with furlough days, some scheduling a week off at Thanksgiving or even three over winter break.
This year, 12 districts shortened their school year below the state's 180-day calendar – an option allowed by legislators as a way of coping with ongoing funding shortages – by implementing employee furloughs. These districts set between 175 and 178 instruction days.
Most have attached their furlough days before or after existing school holidays, giving students and staff longer breaks throughout the year.
Only Laguna Beach, with 181 days, exceeds the state's formerly standard minimum requirement.
Additionally, 14 districts have planned weeklong Thanksgiving breaks, Nov. 21-25. Four districts scheduled winter breaks of three weeks, Dec. 19-Jan. 5.
Most districts will alos consider additional adjustments should the state cut $1 billion or more from public schools due to shortfalls in revenue expectations
Review school calendars for all 28, including a look at the days off in the current month, in this database.
- Did a great white shark mistake swimmer for a sea lion? Or was it an aggressive sea lion?
- Beaches from Balboa Pier to Crystal Cove State Park remain closed following possible shar
- Palm Springs home seen in James Bond's 'Diamonds are Forever' is foreclosed, asks $8 mill
- Cal State Fullerton, Long Beach State headed to Mississippi State, Miami for NCAA basebal
- Police detain woman in Santa Ana hit and run, say she changed her appearance


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President Barack Obama arrived on Friday in Kenya, the birthplace of his late father, for his first official visit to the east African country.
Obama, at the start of a planned three-day visit, was greeted on the tarmac in Nairobi by President Uhuru Kenyatta and other top Kenyan officials, and received a hug from his half-sister, Auma Obama.
Forging closer trade ties with Kenya is a key item on the agenda for Obama's visit. Also likely to figure in discussions is the battle against the Somali-based al-Qaida-linked al-Shabaab extremist group, which has carried out attacks in Kenya, most notably a 2013 assault on a shopping center in the capital that resulted in the deaths of at least 67 people and an attack on a Kenyan university that killed 148 people.
Ahead of his fourth visit to Africa since taking office — the most for any sitting U.S. president — Obama spoke of the continent's hope and difficulties.
"Despite its many challenges — and we have to be clear-eyed about all the challenges that the continent still faces — Africa is a place of incredible dynamism, some of the fastest-growing markets in the world, extraordinary people, extraordinary resilience," Obama said, adding that he believes Africa "has the potential to be the next center of global economic growth."
As NPR's Gregory Warner says, Obama's mission "is to change the image of Africa in the West to encourage investment in fast-growing African economies without seeming to legitimize African leaders."
As The Hill notes, for Obama the trip "will bring into sharp focus his relationship with Barack Obama, Sr. — a complicated man who Obama barely knew."
According to Reuters: "Hours before Obama's arrival, police blocked major roads and emptied streets of traffic in the usually congested capital as part of a huge security operation. In the darkness, excited Kenyans lined parts of the route to his hotel, cheering Obama's cavalcade passed by."
USA Today described the capital as being "on lockdown":
"While his arrival is heavily anticipated because of his Kenyan roots, many in this capital city are already chafing under the tight security measures meant to reduce crime and minimize terrorist threats.
"Vendors can't sell trinkets, families can't buy vegetables and residents can't withdraw cash from banks. The government has told non-essential businesses in Nairobi to close and residents to stay home until Obama leaves Sunday for Ethiopia."
— Scott Neuman/NPR
Kenya's Twitterati send thousands of messages to Obama
Kenyans like to tweet.
The report "How Africa Tweets" says Nairobi is "the most active East African city on Twitter.
And this past week, Kenyans have outdone themselves. They're using the hashtag #KenyansMessageToObama to share their concerns with the president, who'll be visiting the country this weekend.
Most of the top tweets are related to the topic of gay rights. Some want the president to talk about the issue. Others disagree.
That's where "the country's online citizens mobilize themselves around an idea or ideal," says Mark Kaigwa, Kenyan digital strategist and publisher of The A to Z of Kenyan Twitter.
"The local and regional media houses can only interview so many people and this serves as the global town square, only this time it sees local Kenyans exchange points of view and collectively settle on those that resonate the most."
The tweets are "some of the biggest critics of the state of the country," he adds.
But they also have a good sense of humor. When CNN called the Kenyan region "a hotbed of terror" in advance of the president's visit, tweeters offered a different perspective.
Many of those tweets call out recent incidents in which the Ethiopian government has attempted to silence journalists, religious leaders, and others who have been critical of the current administration.
The big question: Is President Obama paying attention to all these tweets?
No comment from the White House.
— Aggi Ashagre/NPR

domain: news


cheap celine bags Hart happily agreed to play guinea pig.”We started experimenting with putting weights on my hands, and our first prototype was two packs of AA batteries strapped to my hand,” Hart recalled.After five weeks of tinkering, the Readi Steadi anti tremor custom glove was born.”It’s moldable and fitted to the patient’s hand,” Madere said as she slipped the glove on her own hand. “It’s fitted on the back of the hand. It does not restrict range of motion.
Have died, grandmothers have died all American gymnasts have died, he said. Walks of life are affected by this recall. Department of Transportation that this coalition has come together to take on this issue, to raise awareness and to get the repairs done.
If anything, the economic background has deteriorated in many parts of the world. In northern Europe, consumer sentiment continues to be eroded by fiscal tightening. In the South, countries are in varying degrees of crisis mode with no real sign of improvement anytime soon.
Sometimes he feared that would never get over the sorrow and the anguish of the past six months. And ultimately Westlife will suffer from it too. They had survived Bryan’s departure years before, but they needed to go on. Comment: Watt, who led the league with 20 sacks, is trying to become the first player to be voted NFL Defensive Player of the Year two seasons in a row. Smith is coming off his best season and recorded a career high seven sacks. Mitchell, who has excelled off the bench, is starting for the first time.
The following year, I was sent to the gorgeous and glamorous South of France, for the Cannes International Film Festival. I was hypnotized by its sweeping mountainous views and stunning, light green sea. The city was in pure decadence mode, too, as people from all over the world converged on Festival City to celebrate the best in film in the French Riviera..
Be more than ready. Be extremely more than ready. Your life depends on it.. Five easy steps were introduced to fifth graders in October: Five servings of fruit and vegetables each day, four glasses of water, three servings of low fat dairy, two hours or less of screen time and one hour of exercise. (Someone creative needs to turn this into a 12 days of Christmas type of musical piece). Students were asked to write essays about how they would encourage family fitness.
When it comes to style, opposites attract. Wear lingerie. She rather die, says Karen, laughing. Contact: Marilee Frazier, president, Brownsville Senior Center, 339 N. Main St. The wish list includes straw bales, 10 to 20 cattle panels, 6 foot metal stakes, manure, six 12 by 12 tarps, 1 by 6 shelves, 12 foot rebar, 12 foot wide concrete reinforcing wire.Save as favourite


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Beyonce's Internet-breaking video for her new single "Formation" showed just how invested the star is in social justice, with its powerful #BlackLivesMatter imagery. Her upcoming world tour will also have a social conscience: she's using it as an opportunity to fundraise for the water crisis in Flint, Michigan.
She'll do so through her charitable initiative #BeyGood, according to a press release. Her fans at all 40 tour stops will be able to donate to Flint residents, whose water supply has been poisoned by lead.
The superstar is partnering with two charities working in Flint: United Way of Genesee County -- which has been donating huge amounts of clean water and filters to Flint residents -- and the Community Foundation of Greater Flint -- a group with which Beyonce plans to create a fund to address the education and health needs of children affected by the water crisis.
The star has a long history of charitable giving, much of it surprisingly low-key. She's quietly given $7 million over the years to housing for the homeless in her hometown of Houston, Texas. Last year, she and Jay Z reportedly posted bail for a number of Baltimore activists protesting police brutality, and last week, Jay Z's Tidal music service announced it would donate $1.5 million to the Black Lives Matter movement and other social justice causes.
Also on HuffPost:

domain: celebrity


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Avocado oil is extracted from pressed avocados. Its oil holds many benefits for health. It has a large number of monounsaturated fats, avocado oil may help sharpen eyesight due to its high level of lutein. It also removes dangerous free radicals. The fatty acids in avocado oil may help support cardiovascular health by promoting “good” HDL cholesterol.
For cooking, avocado oil can make a great salad dressing, marinade, stir-fry oil, etc. All the impurities from Avocado oils are removed and thus allow you to cook your food at a higher heat. Extra virgin avocado oils are ideal for salad dressings and marinades.
2. Olive Oil
Among the best and healthy cooking oils, Olive oil tops the list. The oil is extracted from natural olives, and it has been shown to increase antioxidants, which means it is good for skin and eyes. It also lowers cholesterol levels in people who use it regularly. It has approximately 30% polyunsaturated fatty acid content which is lower than that of other vegetable oils, making it even healthier for us. It’s often used in heart-healthy cooking recipes with a high smoke point for the purer extra virgin olive oil.
3. Coconut Oil
Cooking with coconut oil helps to reduce weight significantly. Coconut oil naturally increases the metabolism rate of our body and make us more fit and active. It sheds away unnecessary stress on the pancreas, which helps to burn more energy and reduce weight. Coconut oil also has short — and medium-chain fatty acids, which does not let you gain weight. It is also easy to digest; you will also find that coconut oil helps keep your thyroid healthy. Coconut oil is readily available on every online site such as Big Basket and JioMart, where one can also get extra discounts. All you would need to do is apply a Big Basket coupon or JioMart Promo Code to get a great discount.
4. Red Palm Oil
It is a highly controversial food. Red palm oil has numerous health benefits. Red palm oil goes to the liver and burn calories in our body, and reduces health risks. This also increases metabolism. Red palm oil contains saturated fat, according to the studies; it helps keep the blood vessels open in the heart. Not everyone knows about red palm oil, and people rarely use this oil.
5. Macadamia Nut Oil
Macadamia oil is packed with a number of health benefits when a person uses it in cooking and as part of a balanced and healthy diet. Consuming macadamia oil may support heart health. It has high levels of monounsaturated fat. This oil is not easily available in-country. The oil is made from the Macadamia nut extraction process. It may cost you much, but this oil is perfect for health and skin too, and it is not readily available in India, but you can order it online.
It is really necessary to add healthy cooking oil to your food because it reduces health risks and helps make your body fit and active. Nowadays, most people get sick because of bad eating habits, and oil plays a significant role, so one should know which oil is good for their health.

domain: food


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Practical Load Balancing presents an entire analytical framework to increase performance not just of one machine, but of your entire infrastructure. Practical. The emergence of the cloud and modern, fast corporate networks demands that you perform judicious balancing of computational cal Load. Get this from a library! Practical Load Balancing: Ride the Performance Tiger. [ Peter Membrey; David Hows; Eelco Plugge].
|Published (Last):||14 December 2016|
|PDF File Size:||15.49 Mb|
|ePub File Size:||5.61 Mb|
|Price:||Free* [*Free Regsitration Required]|
Books by Peter Membrey.
You’ll see how to account for persistence and state, and how you can judge the performance of scheduling algorithms. Become familiar with implications of IPv6 and the cloud Improve SSL throughput and seamless application cookie insertion Who this book is for Network engineers, developers and IT managers.
No trivia or quizzes yet. Ernie rated it practocal it Aug 12, Return to Book Page. There are no discussion topics on this book yet. Hailing from the U. Load Balancing Essentials 7. Other editions – View all Practical Load Balancing: Load balancing situations I remember the author focussing too much on the Amazons and Facebooks out there while a lot more small I’ve read this book a long time before writing this review so my valancing might be a bit clouded, but I didn’t really like this book for it lacking too practical load balancing ride the performance tiger details on how to configure everything.
Practical Load Balancing: Ride the Performance Tiger
Michael Ladd rated it really liked it Sep 21, Practical Load Hte starts by introducing key concepts and the tools you’ll need to tackle your load-balancing issues.
Implications and concepts Ride the Performance Tiger Peter MembreyEelco PluggeDavid Practical load balancing ride the performance tiger ApressApr 4, – Computers – pages 0 Reviews The emergence of the cloud and modern, fast corporate networks demands that you perform judicious balancing of computational loads.
Database load balancing Load balancing in the cloud Eelco Plugge was born in in the Netherlands and quickly developed an interest in computers and everything revolving around them. No oractical available Apress. You’ll also explore load balancing in the modern context of the cloud.
Practical Load Balancing: Ride the Performance Tiger by Peter Membrey
While load balancers need to be configured for high availability once the conditions on the network have been created, modern load balancing has found its way into the cloud, where good balancing is vital for the very functioning of the cloud, and where IPv6 is becoming ever more important.
Andreas added it Dec 25, Common Terms and Concepts. Common Terms and Concepts Ilyas marked it practical load balancing ride the performance tiger to-read Mar 06, You’ll then learn how to avoid performance degradation and any risk of the sudden disappearance of a service on a server.
Ride the Performance Tiger liked it 3. Database load balancing Essential concepts you need to know 8. Ben added it Jun 16, Deepak Gupta rated it it was amazing Sep 12, Budi marked it as to-read Dec 11, You’ll also learn about individual servers, and load balancers that can practical load balancing ride the performance tiger cookie insertion or improve your SSL throughput.
What you’ll learn Judge network load balancing algorithms and when to use them Plan your network for optimal load balancing performance Configure single servers to take advantage of modern load balancing software Learning to use load balancing software like HAproxy, STunnel etc.
DNS based load balancing 5. How Web Sites Work.

domain: literature


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domain: finance


Black Box FA148A interface cards/adapter VGA
Quick Facts - Tap into and monitor active lines with a data scope. - Monitor RS-232, RS-422, or 802.5 communication. - Three DB9 connectors: (2) data connectors (MF) and (1) tap connector (F). - All nine pins are wired straight through. Further Details - Just plug your data cables into the straight-through connectors. Then link your data scope to the Tap Connector. - An economical solution for a "Y" or 3-way connector cable, temporary or permanent. - Also available in DB25 connectors with several gender options.


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For 37 years, Erni Friholt has been an activist in peace building and peace education, women's rights and solidarity, both locally and internationally in the Balkans, Bangladesh, India, and Ethiopia. She has been a journalist, speaker, volunteer and project manager, a demonstrator and organizer of an alternative solidarity fair trade café. For many years, she was editor-in-chief of the women's magazine "Vi Mänskor" of the Federation of Leftist Swedish Women and chair of the organization. She has participated in many international women's conferences, peace marches, and peace organizations.
In Erni and Ola’s Solidariskt summer café, there are cakes that Erni baked in the wee hours of the morning. A Rosa Luxemburg cake with rum, one with meringue and almonds that she calls Amandla Mandela, a cake with nuts and coffee cream called Mahatma Gandhi’s Dream, and the Elin Wägner bread, a homemade rye named for the feminist writer. The small handwritten tags offer guests interesting reading from the biographies of the namesakes. Since the 1990s, there has also been the Zitzer cake with red currants. How did this come about? During the war between Serbia and Croatia, 200 men from the village in Tresnjevac in the northern Serbian province Vojvodina were called up for military service. Prompted by the village’s school principal and the women, those who had been called up decided to refuse to go. They refused to shoot their compatriots simply because power-hungry politicians wanted them to. In the village’s pizzeria, The Zitzer, a peace camp was established. The government in Belgrade ordered numerous panzers to encircle the village. The peace camp lasted two months. Afterwards the village declared its independence from Belgrade and called itself “the Zitzer Spiritual Republic that has no territory and is a community of people who want peace.” Erni drove there with her husband to learn about the local peace movement and to refute the lies about the alleged violent nature of the Serbs. She was impressed with the spirit of peace that reigned there and supported the population. In autumn 1995, the peace movement on the island of Orust, Sweden, opened a Zitzer consulate. In Tresnjevac in 2001, Erni and Ola, as Zitzer consuls on Orust, received the Pro Urbe Prize, an honor awarded to those who had helped the town in its time of need. Today, the Zitzer Republic no longer exists, but it lives on in Erni’s heart. The sign “Consulate of Zitzer” still hangs on their house.
Svenska Kvinnors Vänsterförbund (SKV, Federation of Leftist Swedish Women) Women’s International Democratic Federation Swedish Women’s Council for Development

domain: history


text:
The world’s most politically volatile region, the Middle East, has been stabilised through the collective common sense of three Great Powers – the United States, Great Britain and Russia – applying regressive yet pragmatic foreign policy.
Post Tagged with: "Palestine"
Attempts at reconciliation should first begin by working to eliminate antagonism; namely by bringing two or more stories to the table and revealing to each party the perspective of ‘the other’.
Regarding existential, zero-sum struggles it matters which side has more options.
TransConflict is pleased to announce the lecture, “The Political Geography of Israel/Palestine: Apartheid or Confederation?”, organised by the Centre for Comparative Conflict Studies (CFCCS) on 2nd July
To think out-of-the-box is what we owe to the Palestinians and the Israelis more than ever, and the only real contribution we can make from outside to start transforming this conflict.
The recognition of Palestinian statehood would signal the birth of a peace process that would positively affect not just Israel and Palestine, but also the dynamics of the entire region.
Palestinians, already denied their right to self-determination, should not have to receive aid in ways that further undermine local priorities, capacities and ownership.

domain: geography


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Luxembourg is the uncontested leader in the cross border distribution of investment funds
Luxembourg is one of the world’s leading onshore domiciles where, over the last 30 years, it has become the default option for managers wishing to establish UCITS funds. It is, by size, the world’s second largest fund centre after the US, and, from a funds expertise perspective, offers managers everything they need; not just for UCITS funds but also unregulated or regulated alternative fund structures under AIFMD. Luxembourg’s funds do not just have European investor appeal; they are sold in more than 72 countries worldwide.
Several large investment managers have announced that they’ve chosen Luxembourg as their hub for Europe showing the impact that Brexit is now having, as large established managers look to set up operations on the mainland – Luxembourg or otherwise – to fully benefit from the passporting rights offered by UCITS and AIFM directives; something that cannot be guaranteed for the UK unless an equivalence agreement is achieved.


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Festival season is here but you don’t have to be lucky enough to have tickets for Glasto next week to rock the festival look. We all love a bit of boho, be it a tassel kimono down the beach or a maxi skirt for a picnic in the park and if, like me, you’re a sucker for floral crowns or headbands, then I’m going to tell you how to make one for yourself!
You will only need three components – wire, craft or florists tape and your chosen flowers. I used little paper flowers from docrafts Papermania as they have wire stems that can be easily attached to your crown. These can be picked up from craft stores and places like Hobbycraft and The Range. You can use this technique with real flowers too – just remember your floral garland won’t survive too long! If you want a more dramatic garland, just use larger blooms. A reel of wire and tape will allow you to make a few crowns so why not craft some together with a group of friends?
1) Wrap the wire around your head once or twice to create a ‘halo’ or ‘crown’ that fits snugly. Take the halo off your head and continue to create a couple more loops. When happy with the shape of the halo, twist the wire around the loop to secure.
2) Take three of the paper flowers and twist the stems together to create one larger flower. Repeat to create enough large flowers to fill your headband. I used a mix of purple and white paper roses.
3) Simply wrap the wire stems of the flowers around the wire crown, making sure they are evenly spaced and there are no sharp ends. I concentrated the flowers at the front of the band and added in a few single flowers for a more natural look.
I hope this has inspired you to give making a floral crown a go! I think floral headbands, crowns, garlands, whatever you want to call them are just so pretty and look great worn with a summer dress or just denim shorts and a t-shirt.

domain: hobby


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The DMC DeLorean is one of the most iconic cars ever made. Since its creation, there really hasn’t been anything else like it. Those immediately recognizable rear lights, the gull-wing doors, the retro yet futuristic look, the sleek windshield leading to an edgy front end…
It’s a sharp, timeless bullet of a car.
Taking this iconic car with such a famous design and turning it into one that fit into the chaotic and futuristic Grip: Combat Racing world was a bit of a challenge. We had to give it huge wheels without looking stupid. We had to bolster it with armor and bring it into the 27th century. We had to design a completely new other side that not only looked cool and unique, but fit well with the “top” side.
We also had to give it wings.
One interesting aspect of Grip’s vehicles is that their designs need to compliment axles for wheels as well as wings/thrusters that allow them to turn into anti-gravity ships. Rollers and Airblades, is what we call them. Two very different vehicle types dumped into one race. The DeLorean was no different – it needed to look great with both wheels and wings. You be the judge:
The first thing we did was center the vehicle in its huge tires and then bulk the car up with armor. You can see paneling on the hood, the windows (which are no longer glass), the bumpers, the roof, and pretty much every inch of surface on the car.
Then we had to find a place for the jet thrusters, while keeping the iconic rear of the car intact. We blasted some holes and stuck in some pipes to give the rear an even more powerful and rugged.
Next was the underside, which was a completely new addition to a DeLorean and required something that was a departure from the top, but still fit the overall themes well. What we came up with was something almost like a functional undercarriage.
Last were the wings, which were admittedly one of the hardest parts to do, as a car with wings can easily turn out a hideous monstrosity. As it turned out, the car doesn’t look ugly at all, and actually looks pretty damn awesome.
The DeLorean 2650 was a massively enjoyable but tricky endeavor. More design thought went into this car than probably any choice of three other cars from Grip’s roster. The results are a meticulous inception of what we thought an absolutely decked out, futuristic, armored up, jet powered, big wheeled or slick winged DeLorean would look like. e know people are going to love it as much as we do.


Who doesn’t love a good remix? Especially during the summer, nothing beats an exciting twist on your favorite song. Producer and DJ Kyle Girard, better known by his duo turned solo project Midnight Kids, seems to agree. He’s just released … Read More →
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Quantum Scalar Energy Pendant (Kuala Lumpur)
One of my friend will sell his stock of Quantum Scalar pendants.if any one need the Pendant pls contact with him.or u can text Protected content .
Email: Protected content
Quantum Scalar pendant is made from natural minerals that are fused and structurally bonded together at a molecular level. It produces scalar energy that helps to enhance the body’s biofield. Quantum Scalar Energy Pendant promotes positive flow of energy and helps to maintain energy balance. It helps to restore energy that has become weak in the body. By restoring the energy balance in the body this pendant helps one to maintain health and well-being.
Enhances blood circulation
Enhances immune and endocrine systems
Enhances cellular nutrition and detoxification
Enhances cellular permeability
Increases energy Has the ability to destroy viruses and bacteria
Helps to protect DNA from damage
Helps to retard the aging process & Helps to fight cancer cells
Strengthens the body's biofield
Preventing electro-magnetic waves from affecting one’s health
Increases focus and concentration

domain: biology


text:
This was taken last week at Little Talbot Island State Park – a super beautiful place that I plan to revisit often. I haven’t participated in selfy Sunday much lately and I’m not sure if I’ll do many this year but, I figured I’d at least put a current picture up for the new year. (Plus the theme is a fresh start.) 🙂
Check out the whole album here: http://bit.ly/1f5Yhnh
Happy Sunday everyone!
#selfysunday #selfysundayproject #amazingbeach

domain: artistic


text:
|Publication number||US4316921 A|
|Application number||US 06/081,987|
|Publication date||Feb 23, 1982|
|Filing date||Oct 4, 1979|
|Priority date||Oct 4, 1979|
|Also published as||EP0039358A1, WO1981001042A1|
|Publication number||06081987, 081987, US 4316921 A, US 4316921A, US-A-4316921, US4316921 A, US4316921A|
|Inventors||Robert W. Taylor, Thomas E. Shell|
|Original Assignee||The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (10), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (6), Classifications (12)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
The United States Government has rights in this invention persuant to contract W-7405-ENG-48 between the United States Department of Energy and the University of California.
This invention relates to a process for lubricating solid surfaces, particularly to lubricating load bearing surfaces, such as the load bearing components in engines being operated at temperatures in excess of about 475° C.
To improve efficiency, methods are being sought for adapting heat engines, such as for example automobile engines, gas turbines and the like, to run at temperatures higher than now used. Ceramics are believed to be particularly suitable as materials for bearing surfaces within very high-temperature engines. However, a hindrance to high temperature engine operations, for example operations in excess of about 475° C., has involved lubrication of load bearing surfaces.
At lower engine operating temperatures various lubricants and their application are of course known. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 2,841,244 discloses a mixture of vaporized, relatively volatile non-carbon forming hydrocarbon lubricating liquids and air as useful lubricants for aircraft gas turbine engines; operating temperatures of about 315° C. are disclosed. U.S. Pat. No. 2,994,408 discloses another gaseous mixture for lubricating aircraft gas turbine engines subjected to temperatures of about 425° C. U.S. Pat. No. 3,423,929 discloses a lubricating system for components of missiles, rockets and the like, which system includes a high temperature gas having solid graphite and sulfur particles entrained therein.
To date, however, neither the above nor other prior art lubricating systems have been found satisfactory for use with load bearing surfaces in engines operating at, or exposed to, temperatures in excess of about 475° C., for extended periods or have proved not to be satisfactory for long term operation.
An object of the present invention is to provide a process in which a very pure, solid lubricant is deposited directly on a load bearing surface.
It is another object of the present invention that such deposited lubricant be suitable for lubricating a load bearing surface when said load bearing surface is at a temperature in excess of about 475° C.
Broadly, this invention is a process for lubricating load bearing surfaces with a solid lubricant. A gas phase is provided which includes at least one component which reacts within a predetermined temperature range to produce a solid reaction product having excellent lubrication properties. The load bearing surface is contacted with the gas phase and is maintained within the predetermined temperature range during the contacting. As a consequence, the lubricating solid reaction product is deposited directly on the load bearing surface.
More particularly, in one aspect of the present invention the gas phase is maintained at a first temperature which is lower than the determinable temperature range wherein the solid reaction product forms, for example lower than about 475° C.; in another aspect, the gas phase is at a second temperature which is higher than the determinable temperature range wherein the solid reaction product forms, for example higher than about 1125° C. In both aspects of the present invention, the solid reaction product which is deposited upon the load bearing surface has lubricant properties and forms a friable, relatively soft film on the load bearing surface.
The advantages of this invention over the prior art are as follows. The gas phase, being homogeneously gaseous until a temperature dependent reaction occurs, yields a very pure solid reaction product. This solid reaction product is substantially without undesirable solid materials such as would otherwise tend to cause wear of load bearing surfaces. Also, the present invention provides that the solid reaction product is deposited directly upon the load bearing surfaces to more efficiently lubricate such surfaces. Direct deposition of the solid lubricant is accomplished because it is the temperature of the load bearing surface which causes the formation of the solid reaction product directly on said surface.
The process of the present invention is particularly suitable to provide a solid reaction product such as carbon, molybdenum disulfide or tungsten disulfide, for load bearing surfaces operating at temperatures in excess of about 475° C. Where, for example, the load bearing surfaces are formed of refractory materials and are components of heat engines, the process of the present invention assists in providing efficient, long lived, very high temperature operations thereof.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 illustrates a detail of an engine embodiment incorporating a process in accordance with the present invention; and
FIG. 2 is an equilibrium phase diagram for carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide mixtures which illustrates aspects of the present invention.
Referring to FIG. 1, the invention will be better understood by reference to a typical embodiment in which it is useful. A radial flow compressor, or turbine, 10 includes a rotatable shaft 12. A plurality of load bearing surfaces are represented by two ball bearings 14 surrounding the shaft 12. Shaft 12 is thus supported concentrically with respect to an opening 18 in a bearing frame, or wall, 20. An annular inner race 22 of the ball bearings 14 is fitted on the shaft 12, and an annular outer race 24 is supported by an annular outer race housing 26. The outer race housing 26 includes a passageway 28 which communicates with the ball bearings 14. Another passageway 30 is spaced from the passageway 28 and also communicates with the ball bearings 14. The passageways 28,30 would, were a conventional lubricating process to be utilized, communicate a liquid lubricant such as oil through the passageway 28 and into a toroidal chamber 40 in which the ball bearings 14 are disposed, and then drain through the passageway 30 to a sump or the like. However in the process of the present invention, said passageways 28,30 are utilized to conduct the gaseous phase to the ball bearings 14, as will be further described hereinafter.
Ball bearings 14 are illustrative of a variety of load bearing surfaces and could be journal bearings and the like. Accordingly, ball bearings 14 will hereinafter be referred to as first surface 14, and the outer race 24 will hereinafter be referred to as second surface 24. Radial flow compressor, or turbine 10, is representative of an engine for operation at very high temperatures. For example, let us assume that shaft 12 is operated at temperatures of from about 900°-1100° C. First surface 14 will then normally be at temperatures of from about 700°-900° C., and second surface 24 will be at temperatures of from about 500°-700° C. This temperature gradient, or decrease, between shaft 12 and second surface 24 is due to heat loss which is typical of normal engine operations.
Because conventional load bearing surfaces, such as first surface 14, are metal and thus become brittle or incur metal fatigue at operating temperatures in excess of about 300° C., the components of very high temperature engines will normally not be of metal but rather be made of refractory materials. Suitable refractory materials are, for example, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, boron carbide and silicon dioxide. The bearing assembly comprising first and second surfaces 14,24 and shaft 12 will normally be made of such refractory materials. It is particularly necessary that the bearing assemblies in a ceramic engine be adequately and suitably lubricated for very high temperature operation. Such lubrication is necessary because ceramic shafts are usually relatively short in length as they tend to become brittle if too elongated. Thus, the bearing assemblies for ceramic shafts are closer to hot compressor vanes or the like, than are bearing assemblies for metal shafts and are subjected to even hotter temperatures than would otherwise be the case. Such bearing assemblies become quite hot due to heat transfer from the shaft and its associated compressor vanes.
Turning now to the invention, the inventive process provides lubrication of hard, load bearing solid surfaces, such as the first and second surfaces 14,24 of compressor 10. The process is suitable for engine operating conditions in excess of 475° C., even more preferably operations at temperatures of from about 525° to about 1125° C.
Referring to FIG. 1, the process provides a gas phase 42 from a source 44 into passageway 28. Gas phase 42 must be homogeneously gaseous when introduced into passageway 28, and gas phase 42 includes at least one component, or gaseous chemical species, which reacts within a predetermined temperature range to produce a solid reaction product. As hereinafter further discussed, the predetermined temperature range has a minimum value of about 475° C. This reaction is hereinafter sometimes referred to as the temperature dependent reaction of gas phase 42.
The particular component or components chosen to be included in gas phase 42 will depend upon the desired solid reaction product. The solid reaction product must have lubricant properties, for example properties as are suitable for reducing friction and wear between first and second surfaces 14,24. Among suitable solid lubricants for very high temperature lubrication are carbon (in graphite form), hereinafter referred to carbon soot, molybdenum disulfide, and tungsten disulfide. The most preferred solid lubricant is carbon soot.
A variety of chemical species are suitable for producing carbon soot in the temperature dependent reaction of gas phase 42. More particularly, fuel rich, carbonaceous gases such as methane, ethane, propane, and/or butane are suitable chemical species. These lower alkane gases will spontaneously decompose to form carbon soot in the temperature dependant reaction of gas phase 42. Carbonaceous gases such as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide are also suitable chemical species. A preferred chemical species for precipitating carbon soot in the temperature dependent reaction is a gaseous mixture of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.
Gas phase 42 is communicated from source 44 through passageway 28 at a first, or initial temperature. This first temperature is either greater than or less than the determinable temperature range. Referring generally to FIG. 1, the source 44 for gas phase 42 may be a variety of structures such as gas canisters or the like, and the origin of gas phase 42 from source 44 may be, for example, by diverting a small gaseous plenum from the exhaust gases of compressor 10. Structurally, source 44 may also include various conventional means such as pumps, metering components and the like. The gas phase 42, as it is pumped into passageway 28, may include various gases which do not participate in the temperature dependent reaction so long as such other gases do not interfere with the temperature dependent reaction yielding the desired solid lubricant.
Turning to FIG. 2, let us assume that gas phase 42 is at a first temperature less than about 525° C. FIG. 2 is an equilibrium phase diagram for mixtures of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. In a region 46 of FIG. 2, the carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide mixtures will be thermodynamically metastable, but homogeneously gaseous. Region 46 illustrates homogeneously gaseous mixtures of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide as a function of temperature. As represented by the logarithm of the partial pressure ratios of carbon dioxide with respect to carbon monoxide, plotted along the ordinate in values of from about -3 to about 1, such carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide mixtures will remain gaseous at temperatures below about 525° C.
A situation analogous to that just described will be obtained when gas phase 42 is at a first temperature which is higher than about 1125° C. This analogous situation is illustrated in FIG. 2 as region 52 therein. The temperature dependent reaction will now be more specifically described.
Returning to FIG. 1 and to the assumption that the gas phase 42 has carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide therein and that the first temperature is less than about 525° C., the gas phase 42 contacts first surface 14. First surface 14 is being maintained at a second, or operating temperature, of from about 525° to about 1125° C. When gas phase 42 contacts first surface 14, the carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide components react to produce carbon soot since the gas phase bathes surface 14 and is thereby heated to a solid carbon soot deposition temperature. This is an example of the temperature dependent reaction in practice of process 40, and is represented by equation 1:
2CO2.sbsb.(g) +2CO.sub.(g) →*C.sub.(s) +3CO2.sbsb.(g) (1)
Referring to FIG. 2, a thermodynamically stable region 48 is illustrated wherein the temperature dependent reaction represented by equation 1 is occuring and carbon soot is being formed.
Where the desired solid reaction product is a metallic sulfide such as molybdenum disulfide, then the temperature dependent reaction for molybdenum disulfide will be represented by equations 2 or 3:
MoO3(g) +3S.sub.(g) →*MoS2(s) 30 SO3(g) (2)
MoO3(g) +H2(g) +H2 S.sub.(g) →*MoS2(s) +3H2 O.sub.(g) (3)
Similarly, where tungsten disulfide is the desired solid reaction product, the temperature dependent reaction will be generally represented by equations 4 or 5:
WO3(g) +3S.sub.(g) →*WS2(s) +SO3(g) (4)
WO3(g) +H2(g) +H2 S.sub.(g) →*WS2(s) +3H2 O.sub.(g) (5)
Although the primary dependent variable for the temperature dependent reactions of gas phase 42, as illustrated by equations 1-5, is that of temperature, other, less significant variables will tend to affect the precise temperature value at which the formation of solid reaction product is initiated (or ceases), and will tend to affect the formation rate. These other variables, in approximate order of importance, include the particular chemical species and their stoichiometric relationship, the particular material which forms first surface 14, and the particular load conditions of first surface 14. In any event formation of the solid reaction product lubricants in accordance with the present invention will generally be initiated at temperatures in excess of about 525°±50° C. and will cease at temperatures in excess of about 1125° C.±50° C. The precipitation rate of solid reaction product lubricants in practice of process embodiment 40 is generally from about 250 to about 750 miligrams per hour, characteristically about 500 miligrams per hour.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the inventive process proceeds as the gas phase 42 is continuously pumped into passageway 28 and thus into communication, or contact, with first surface 14. Gas phase 42 is at a temperature less than about 525° C.±50° C. In this example, first surface 14 must be maintained at a temperature of from about 525° C. to about 1125° C. in order to initiate the temperature dependent reaction of the chemical species in gas phase 42 to form the solid lubricant deposit.
The contacting of first surface 14 with a relatively cooler gas phase 42 will cool first surface 14. Were first surface 14 to be cooled below about 525° C.±50°, then the solid reaction product would substantially cease to be formed. Thus, it is important to maintain first surface 14 within the predetermined temperature range for forming the solid reaction product. Normal, high temperature operating conditions of compressor 10 will usually be sufficient to maintain the temperature of first surface 14 within the predetermined temperature range. As previously noted, shaft 12 will normally be at a temperature of about 900°-1100° C. Due to heat transfer, and also due to heat generated by friction between first and second surfaces 14,24, the first surface 14 would thus be at a temperature of about 700°-900° C. prior to contact with relatively cooler gas phase 42. During the contacting, however, the heat transfer from shaft 12 and the friction generated between surfaces 14,24 will be normally sufficient to maintain first surface 14 at a temperature in excess of 525° C., more preferably at a temperature of at least about 600° C. Thus, the solid reaction product lubricant will be continuously formed during the contacting of gas phase 42 with first surface 14, for example as is illustrated by region 48 of FIG. 2.
As will be understood, as the contacting of first surface 14 with relatively cooler gas phase 42 progresses, such contacting then includes contacting first surface 14 while it has a very thin coating of already deposited solid reaction product thereon. Were such coating to become relatively thick, first surface 14 would tend to be insulated, and the temperature dependent reaction might cease. This condition does not, however, normally occur, primarily because frictional engagement of first surface 14 with second surface 24 wears away the coating, or film, of solid reaction product. Such frictional engagement may thus be said to assist in maintaining first surface 14 at the predetermined temperature range so that the solid reaction product deposits directly upon the first surface 14, or directly upon the very thinly coated first surface 14.
Now let us assume that gas phase 42 is at a temperature which exceeds the predetermined temperature range. With reference to FIG. 2, this is illustrated by region 52. This very hot gas phase 42 may be conveniently obtained by tapping small portions of partially combusted fuel adjacent the mouth of a turbine burner inlet above the flame thereof (not herein illustrated). In this example, gas phase 42 is relative hotter than the temperature of first surface 14, as first surface 14 is initially at a temperature within the predetermined temperature range of from about 525° to about 1125° C. Upon contact of gas phase 42 with first surface 14, formation of solid reaction product lubricant will be initiated. Such contacting acts to heat first surface 14. Were first surface 14 to be heated to above about 1125° C.±50°, then the solid reaction product would cease to be formed. Thus it is important to maintain first surface 14 within the predetermined temperature range for forming the solid reaction product. As previously discussed, shaft 12 will normally be at a temperature of about 900°-1100° C., and first surface 14 is at a temperature of about 700° C.-900° C. prior to contact with the gas phase 42. However, the gas phase 42 is now relatively hotter than first surface 14. During gas-surface contact, the heat loss through second surface 24 and housing 26 will be normally sufficient to maintain first surface 14 at a temperature less than 1125° C., more preferably at not greater than about 1000° C. Thus, the formation of solid reaction product lubricant upon first surface 14 is continuously provided, for example as is illustrated by region 48 of FIG. 2.
Whether gas phase 42 is at temperature in excess of about 1125° C. or less than 525° C. during contact between gas and bearing surface, the solid lubricant which is formed deposits directly upon first surface 14. This directly deposited lubricant is in the form of a friable, soft film, and significantly decreases friction between the surfaces 14,24. The relative softness of this friable film is due in large part to the very small size of the solid particles which form the film. Most of these solid particles are less than about 1 micron in size. It has been found that where gas phase 42 has components which react to form carbon soot, and surfaces 14,24 are formed of silicon carbide in rolling engagement with each other, friction therebetween is reduced by a factor of about 50%.
It will be obvious that if the process of the invention is followed as noted above, and if gaseous phase components are provided in accordance with one of equations 2-5 or analogous equations thereto, other lubricant solids such as molybdenum and tungsten sulfide may be deposited on the bearing surfaces.
In summary, utilization of process embodiment 40 in engines results in direct deposition of a solid lubricant upon bearing surfaces thereof. The deposited solid lubricant is in the form of a friable soft film. The deposited solid lubricant is extremely pure and does not contain undesirable solid impurities which might tend to cause wear of load bearing surfaces, since the solid lubricant is a reaction product from homogeneously gaseous chemical species. The process is particularly suitable for providing lubrication in ceramic engines operating at very high temperatures.
Other aspects, objectives, and advantages of this invention can be obtained from a study of the drawings, the disclosure and the appended claims.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US2392682 *||Jan 11, 1943||Jan 8, 1946||Little Inc A||Process for decreasing the permeability of fabricated carbon shapes|
|US2841244 *||Oct 18, 1954||Jul 1, 1958||Shell Dev||Process of lubricating engines with vaporous lubricants|
|US2971609 *||Sep 11, 1956||Feb 14, 1961||Shell Oil Co||Method of lubricating surfaces with a vaporous lubricant|
|US2994408 *||Sep 12, 1957||Aug 1, 1961||Shell Oil Co||High temperature lubricant|
|US3072574 *||Oct 27, 1960||Jan 8, 1963||Buckley Donald H||Gas lubricant compositions|
|US3423929 *||Jun 28, 1967||Jan 28, 1969||Sperry Rand Corp||Power transmission hot gas engine with ablative lubricant means|
|US3428519 *||Dec 22, 1966||Feb 18, 1969||Gen Electric||Method for making a coated silica fiber and product produced therefrom|
|US3485657 *||Mar 14, 1967||Dec 23, 1969||Lfe Corp||Carbon coating employing electromagnetic field|
|US3500525 *||Nov 28, 1967||Mar 17, 1970||Nasa||Method of lubricating rolling element bearings|
|US3711171 *||Dec 8, 1969||Jan 16, 1973||Kacarb Products Corp||Ceramic bearings|
|1||*||Taylor et al., "Ash Fouling and Erosion of Silicon-Based Ceramic Expanders in Coal-Fired Power Plants", Jan. 26, 1978.|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US4715260 *||Dec 22, 1986||Dec 29, 1987||General Electric Company||Seal|
|US5240741 *||Dec 20, 1991||Aug 31, 1993||United Technologies Corporation||Inhibiting coke formation by coating gas turbine elements with tungsten disulfide|
|US5327995 *||Jun 4, 1992||Jul 12, 1994||Koyo Seiko Co., Ltd.||Method of lubrication between two sliding members|
|US5327998 *||Sep 18, 1992||Jul 12, 1994||The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force||Lubrication by sublimation|
|US6517249 *||Jun 6, 2000||Feb 11, 2003||The Timken Company||Bearing with amorphous boron carbide coating|
|DE102006024350B3 *||May 24, 2006||Nov 22, 2007||Ab Skf||Method e.g. for lubricating and cooling bearing arrangement, involves having lubricant gaseous medium with excess pressure fed via pipe to depository of storage arrangement|
|U.S. Classification||427/249.1, 60/39.08, 384/907, 184/109, 427/249.18|
|International Classification||F16C33/66, F16N15/00|
|Cooperative Classification||F16C33/6696, Y10S384/907, F16N15/00|
|European Classification||F16C33/66S, F16N15/00|

domain: chemistry


Madhya Pradesh Public Service Commission conducted the State Service Exam 2021 (Prelims) this Sunday and the Kautilya Academy in Madhya Pradesh has now released the answer key of all sets of the exam. The MPPSC SSE (Prelims) 2021 was conducted yesterday on July 25, 2021, in the offline mode in centres across the state. The unofficial solutions for SET A, B, C and D of the Paper 1 are now available on the website of Kautilya Academy i.e., kautilyaacademy.com.
Kautilya Academy is one of the most renowned private coaching institutes in Indore, Madhya Pradesh. The Academy provides coaching for various government exams including the MPPSC State Service Exam. This year, the Preliminary stage of the MPPSC State Service Exam was held last Sunday on July 25, 2021. Kautilya Academy has come up with expert solutions to the question paper of the Paper 1 exam. The direct links to download the Kautilya Academy’s MPPSC SSE Answer Key 2021 of the Prelims exam (Paper 1) are provided below.
Click Here to download MPPSC Answer Key 2021 by Kautilya Academy – All Sets (Paper 1)
MPPSC SSE Official Answer Key 2021
Madhya Pradesh Public Service Commission releases the MPPSC SSE Answer Key 2021 on the official website for the Preliminary exam. However, the official answer key is not released immediately after the exam. Based on the schedule of release of the answer key in the previous year, the Commission is expected to take a few week’s time to compile and release the MPPSC SSE Answer Key.
The unofficial answer key released by Kautilya Academy is available for now and it is expected that the official MPPSC Answer Key 2021 will release soon on the official website of MPPSC as per schedule. The MPPSC releases the official keys in two stages. At first, the provisional answer keys are released and candidates are invited to challenge the provisional keys in case they find any discrepancy in the answers indicated in the provisional answer key.
Challenging the MPPSC answer key 2021 is allowed under specified terms and conditions. These terms and conditions are expected to be clarified by the Commission with the release of the official answer key. As per the official notification of the exam, the key aspects of the terms and conditions for challenging the MPPSC Answer Key are as follows.
- Challenges must be submitted within 07 days from the release of the official answer key.
- Candidates have to pay a fee of Rs 100 and Rs 40 (portal fee) to challenge every question.
- Once the objection window closes, no more objections/challenges are accepted.
The MPPSC Official Answer Key releases on the official websites i.e., mppsc.nic.in and mppsc.com only.
MPPSC Result 2021
The MPPSC Result 2021 of the Prelims exam held yesterday on July 25, 2021, is expected to release soon in August 2021. The result releases in the form of a merit list of candidates qualifying through the Prelims exam. The merit list releases online on the website mppsc.com and mppsc.nic.in only. Candidates may note that the Prelims result is prepared on the basis of the final answer key only. In other words, the candidate response sheet of the MPPSC Prelims 2021 exam is evaluated on the basis of the MPPSC Final Answer Key only.


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- More than 70 percent of Indians are excited about being able to travel internationally
- Three-quarters of Indians have plans to travel internationally in the foreseeable future and more than a third of those plan to do so in the next six months.
- Almost 50 percent of Indians considering travel to Asia Pacific destinations, with Australia, Thailand and Indonesia topping the chart as the most searched destinations by Indians in the region
- Almost three-quarters of Indians who are currently working would like to combine work and travel while abroad
- Almost 6 out of 10 Indians surveyed said they were more open to travelling internationally during off-peak times of the year than they were before the pandemic
More than two years since the beginning of the pandemic, Indian travellers are dreaming about their next international trip, new research shows. International border restrictions have been gradually easing over recent months, inspiring many to start planning their next international getaway. New research undertaken by YouGov and commissioned by Airbnb has found that almost three-quarters of Indians have plans to travel internationally in the foreseeable future and more than a third of those plan to do so in the next six months. More than 70 percent of Indians are excited about being able to travel internationally.
International travel corridors have long played a major role in bolstering the economic vitality of destinations throughout the globe, and Airbnb is committed to working together with governments across to help ensure it continues to do so. Airbnb also remains focused on empowering our guest community to embrace the travel revolution, as many travellers look to make the most of their newfound flexibility and the blurring lines between travel and living.
Almost three-quarters of working Indians say they’d consider combining work and travel, underscoring the fundamental changes in how people are living and working since the pandemic.
Key findings from the research include:
Many Indians are excited about travelling internationally again and plan to do so more often
- More than 70 percent of Indians surveyed reported being excited about once again being able to travel internationally, with more than a third (37 percent) strongly agreeing with this.
Many Indian travellers are looking to make that next international trip a reality very soon
- A vast majority of Indians surveyed (75 percent) reported having plans to travel internationally in the foreseeable future.
- More than a third of those (34 percent) planning to travel internationally plan to do so in the next six months.
- The majority of respondents in India also expressed a desire to travel internationally as soon as they’re able to.
The Asia-Pacific region is front of mind for many Indian travellers
- Almost half of the Indians (48 percent) surveyed said they would consider visiting international destinations within the Asia-Pacific region when they’re able to.
- Australia, Thailand and Indonesia are the most searched for destinations in the Asia-Pacific region by Indians.
As the travel revolution continues to unfold, the way we think about international travel is also changing
- Throughout the pandemic, we’ve seen major shifts in the way that people think about travel and living, with the lines between them continuing to blur. For many, that also appears to apply to international travel.
- In India, more than half of those surveyed (59 percent), said they were more open to travelling internationally during off-peak times of the year than they were before the pandemic.
- Moving forward, many people who are currently working are also open to the idea of combining work and travel while abroad. That was the case for almost three-quarters of Indian respondents.
- Many Indian travellers believe that international travel remains an important means of expanding their horizons and connecting with other cultures
- That’s true for more than half of the Indian respondents (51 percent).
- Almost a third of Indians (32 percent) surveyed also noted that international travel plays an important role when it comes to connecting with their friends and family.
- A significant number of those respondents looking to travel internationally also expressed a desire to experience off-the-beaten-path destinations they hadn’t visited before. This included more than a quarter Indian respondents (27 percent).
Amanpreet Bajaj, General Manager – Airbnb India, Southeast Asia, Hong Kong, said: “As border restrictions gradually ease across many countries in the region, we’re seeing a lot of enthusiasm for cross-border travel. After being unable to travel abroad for so long, many people are excited to take that long-awaited overseas trip – something we’ve seen reflected in the searches on Airbnb, following a number of border reopening announcements. We’re committed to continuing to work collaboratively with governments and communities around the world to rebuild tourism and maximise the benefits of this travel revolution for our community of Hosts. We’re incredibly excited to welcome travellers’ to an Airbnb Home and make their much awaited international trip a memorable one. We continue to focus on innovation so guests can experience both well-travelled and new destinations in fresh ways.”
This press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the “safe harbor” provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 about us that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this press release, including, but not limited to, statements about our future performance, prospects, plans and objectives are forward-looking statements.
In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as “may,” “will,” “plan,” “could,” “potential,” “objective,” or “continues” or the negative of these words or other similar terms or expressions that concern our expectations. Although we believe that we have a reasonable basis for each forward-looking statement contained in this press release, we cannot guarantee that the events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur at all.
Forward-looking statements are subject to a number of known and unknown risks, uncertainties, assumptions, and other factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from the objectives expressed or implied in this press release. Therefore, you should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those indicated in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the effects and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic on us, the travel industry, travel trends, geopolitical tensions and the global economy generally; any further and continued decline or disruption in the travel and hospitality industries or economic downturn; changes in political, business, and economic conditions; and the other risks listed or described from time to time in Airbnb’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), including Airbnb’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 and any subsequent Form 8-Ks, which are on file with the SEC and available on the investor relations page of Airbnb’s website.


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QuarterToDoom: Totally cheating as you're creating something new out of two separate images so its not photography and more in line with art/graphic design. Whats next on DPR, how to design sales flyers?
Except of course, this sort of stuff was done in the old darkroom days.
jkjond: Proscriptive composition? Is that the real deal?
All too many articles about composition fall back on the same old principles, crazily referred to as rules. It genuinely saddens me. Composition is a creative thinking process, not a database driven procedure straight jacketing subjects to fit a mould. People end up believing this stuff - not only using it to control their own shots, but applying it to their enjoyment of other images.
Forget the articles - concentrate on your subject and its environment and enjoy a little creativity and freedom.
"What are you going to do today Brian?""I'm going to take a creative photograph by placing my subject on the thirds intersection"
I can't wait.
please read the last paragraph.
Very well written article, clear, simple instructions and very easy to follow.

domain: design


The suggestion of late nights and early morning light is never far from possibility as these smoky, emotionally soulful rhythms seduce you while celebrating the labels 100th release. Los Tambores Te Llaman is presented in an array of mixes (including the Osunlade original) and is now accompanied by an English language version, but whatever your choice may be the depths of Carlos Mena’s spoken word are truly satisfying. The sound of brisk drums lift the grooves alongside a gentle sprinkle of atmospheric keys and percussionist Tony Rosa adds fire to the imagination with the Casamena mixes hitting heights. Alternatively if you want it stripped down to bare basics then both acapella’s are included in all their glory.
Release: March 6


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We are excited that for the 2023 season, we are farming our dessert fruit in partnership with Tillington Top Fruit.
Our partnership with Tillington Top Fruit allows our farm to continue producing high quality fruit with our focus on sustainable farming and the environment around us. Tillington Top Fruit brings their extensive production expertise and improved efficiency and modern automated picking equipment.
At Stocks Farm we grow 3 main varieties of dessert apples, Gala, Junami and Red Windsor.
Gala Apples: English Gala are now the market leading dessert apple in the UK. We grow a mixture of Gala variants across our orchards and we also have a section of the farm orchards dedicated to new varieties and trials. You can read more about them HERE
Junami: Delicious juicy, fruity, crunchy flavour with yellow and burgundy skin. Junami are our latest picked variety, known for it’s long storage capabilities. Junami is able to extend the British Apple season, meaning you can pick up delicious British Apples nearly all year round
Red Windsor: This is an apple that was discovered in our village and one that we are very excited about. Red Windsor is special not just because it is British but also because it has a wonderful sweet and tangy taste. Red Windsor is picked before Gala and is one of the first apples to look out for at the start of the British apple season. It is much more complex in flavour than most red eating apples today. It has a wonderful dark red skin and is a more robust apple. It is perfect for eating in the hand or for using in recipes and goes especially well with pork.
The beautiful photos below were taken by Chris Sandys, a local photographer. The 2012/13 winter was notable because the UK experienced a larger influx than usual of Waxwings due to the failure of the berry crop in Scandinavia. The birds enjoyed feasting on the Gala apples left in our orchards. Apples are left unpicked if they do not meet the retailer specification for colour or size.

domain: agronomy


text:
Category: Research article
article id 7813, category Research article
Autumn versus spring planting: the initiation of root growth and subsequent field performance of Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings. Silva Fennica vol. 52 no. 2 article id 7813. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.7813
Highlights: Conifer seedlings planted after mid-September generally have poor rooting, which causes poor root egress during the following spring; Although Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings planted in late autumn may have a slightly reduced growth, it is possible to plant them if weather conditions are favorable in late-autumn, without increased mortality.
There is a need to extend the planting season of conifer regeneration into periods where the soil remains unfrozen due to a lack of available labor and the mechanization of planting. This study investigated how the summer- (August) and autumn-, especially late autumn (mid-September to mid-October) plantings affect the field performance of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings. This study examined the timing of root growth just after planting, shoot flush and the start of root growth the following spring, and subsequent field performance. Seedlings of both species were planted in a nursery field trial, and in a clearcut reforestation site from August to October and the following May. The root growth of planted seedlings declined in September and ceased after mid-September. In the following spring, seedlings which were planted in early-autumn started their root growth faster than late-autumn-planted seedlings in both species. There was no difference in the timing of shoot flush for various planting dates. During the initial two years after planting, the shoot growth of spring-planted seedlings was lower, compared to autumn-planted seedlings. In conclusion, it is possible to plant conifer seedlings in the boreal forest zone up to October under non-limiting field conditions.
article id 105, category Research article
Nutrient loading of Norway spruce seedlings hastens bud burst and enhances root growth after outplanting. Silva Fennica vol. 45 no. 3 article id 105. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.105
We studied the effects of late season nutrient loading (NLOAD) on the timing of bud burst, growth and changes in nitrogen (N) concentrations in the first growing season after seedlings were outplanted. Two-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings with three foliar nitrogen concentration levels (NLOAD levels 11.3, 22.5 and 27.5 g N kg-1 for L, M- and H-seedlings, respectively) were examined in the following three experiments: root growth capacity test (RGC), rooting experiment in the field and soil fertility experiment (‘rich’ or ‘poor’ soil) in the field. Bud burst in RGC was monitored daily and foliar N concentration (field experiments), height and root growth (rooting experiment) at monthly intervals. With respect to the RGC test, no differences in root growth were observed among the three NLOAD levels, but buds of H-seedlings burst 2–6 days earlier than others. In the rooting experiment, nutrient loading increased height and root growth but did not affect the timing of height growth. In the soil fertility experiment, foliar N of H- and M-seedlings decreased rapidly, but the decline was slower in rich soil. Current-year needles had more N in seedlings growing in rich soil and the N concentration declined until height growth ceased whereafter it increased until autumn. Improved growth from nutrient loading seems to last only for the first season after planting and the greatest benefits are enjoyed by seedlings planted in poor soils.
article id 361, category Research article
Extending the planting period of dormant and growing Norway spruce container seedlings to early summer. Silva Fennica vol. 39 no. 4 article id 361. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.361
In order to make mechanized planting economically viable, the present spring planting period for Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings in Scandinavia needs to be extended. To evaluate the possibilities to extend the planting period, six field experiments were established in four years during which frozen-stored, dormant seedlings and actively growing seedlings targeted for spring planting were planted regularly from mid-May to mid-July or the end of August. The survival of actively growing seedlings did not differ between planting dates from mid-May to mid-July. For dormant seedlings, however, the later in summer they were planted the lower was the survival. Oversized seedlings grown in the nursery in containers of too small volume, which were usually planted after mid-June, resulted in reduced growth of seedlings after planting. Root egress (growth of roots from root plugs into the surrounding soil) was most rapid in July and early August and slowest in May and September. Results showed that with dormant seedlings the planting period can be extended from May to mid-June without increasing mortality or reducing growth. The planting period for seedlings stored outdoors and those seedlings that were already growing in June for the purpose of spring plantings can be extended even longer, but it must be kept in mind that the risk of mechanical damage and reduced growth increase due to brittleness of the shoot and increased height. Further research is needed to evaluate the risks in practical scale plantings and with seedlings that are specially targeted for planting after mid-June.
article id 684, category Research article
Root electrolyte leakage and root growth potential as indicators of spruce and larch establishment. Silva Fennica vol. 32 no. 3 article id 684. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.684
The relationship between the condition of bare-rooted 2-year-old seedlings of Sitka spruce and larch at the time of planting and their survival and growth after 2 years was examined. Data were analysed for 2 experiments using seedlings lifted and stored at +1 °C throughout the winter for planting in April and also for 2 experiments using seedlings planted directly on different dates without cold storage. Electrolyte leakage from the fine roots of spruce was closely correlated to survival following direct planting at different times from September to April and fine root leakage was a more accurate indicator of spruce performance than root growth potential. However the pattern of larch survival of directly planted stock was more closely related to root growth potential than to root leakage. When seedlings were cold-stored, root electrolyte leakage and root growth potential were modified during storage and following cold storage, the performance of both species was more closely related to root electrolyte leakage than root growth potential. These results are interpreted as meaning that successful establishment of bare-rooted seedlings requires a functional nursery root system that is capable of both supplying adequate water for a limited period immediately after transplanting and of producing roots to meet the seedling’s increased water demand later in the growing season.
article id 696, category Research article
Redistribution of 14C-labelled reserve carbon in Pinus sylvestris seedlings during shoot elongation. Silva Fennica vol. 32 no. 1 article id 696. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.696
This study examined the later use of 14C reserves formed in previous autumn in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings. The seedlings were allowed to photosynthesise 14CO2 in early September when shoot and needle growth was over. The following spring the seedlings were harvested in five samplings during the shoot growth period. The distribution and concentration of 14C were determined and the results were compared with the growth data. It was observed that reserves were not used markedly for the new growth. Most of the 14C was found in one-year-old needles (30–40%) and in the root system (40–50%) which was due to both their high activity as a storage sink and their large sink size. The high initial 14C-activity in the finest roots decreased indicating respiration of reserves. Only a small percent of the reserve carbon was found in the new shoots which indicated that reserves are of minor importance in building a new shoot. An allocation of about 15% of the autumn storage to the stem suggested that in seedlings the stem is of minor importance as a storage organ.
article id 5529, category Article
Patterns of dry matter partitioning and 14C-photosynthate allocation in 1.5-year-old Scots pine seedlings. Silva Fennica vol. 28 no. 3 article id 5529. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.a9169
Change in dry matter partitioning, 14C-incorporation, and sink 14C-activity of 1.5-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings grown in growth chamber conditions were studied during a 91-day experiment. On five sampling dates, seedlings were labelled with 14CO2 and whole-plant allocation patterns were determined. Intensively growing shoots modified the dry matter partitioning: during shoot growth the proportion of roots decreased but after that it increased. Based on their large proportion of dry matter, the needles (excluding current needles) were the strongest sink of carbon containing 40% of the incorporated 14C. Despite their small initial sink size, the elongating shoots (current main shoot + current branch) and their needles were the second strongest sink (30–40% of the total 14C) which reflects their high physiological activity. The proportion of 14C in the current year’s main shoot increased during shoot growth but decreased as the growth began to decline after 70 days. 10–20% of the total assimilated 14C was translocated to the roots. Laterals above 2nd order were the strongest sink in the root system, containing twice as much 14C as the other roots together. Alternation between shoot and root growth can be seen clearly: carbon allocation to roots was relatively high before and after the period of intensive shoot growth. Changes in root sink strength resulted primarily from changes in root sink activity rather than sink size.
article id 7086, category Article
Beobachtungen über das Wurzelsystem der Kiefer im Moorböden. Acta Forestalia Fennica vol. 25 no. 11 article id 7086. https://doi.org/10.14214/aff.7086
English title: (1923). Observations on the root system of pine on marshy soils.
The data has been collected during 1919 and 1920 in different region of Finland. The studied peatlands varied from fuscum pine swamps to pine swamps and partly to better sedge pine swamps.
The study presents five different forms of root systems. The root growth of pine on peatlands seems to vary strongly from the root form on mineral soils. On the peatlands, where the ground water near to soil cover is, can the roots grow only near the soil surface where the conditions are suitable. For the pine typical tap root is in most cases absent or grows along the soil surface. Also the frost heaving, snow and characteristics of peat affect the root system.
article id 5409, category Article
Istutustaimen juuriston alkukehitys kasvupaikalla. Silva Fennica vol. 24 no. 1 article id 5409. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.a15561
English title: (1990). The early development of seedling roots at the planting site: A literature review.
The structure and functional responses of roots in planted seedlings when acclimatizing at the planting site are reviewed. A wide range of methods for classifying roots has been employed, and the terminology used is not uniform. Roots can be classified by their morphology, origin, and function. The temporal and spatial variation of soil temperature, moisture, structure, and concentration of nutrients are among the most important properties to which root systems acclimatize. In order to reliably describe the function of the root system, several parameters usually have to be measured. Studies on the root-soil interface have indicated that roots are not necessarily in continuous contact with soil. The control mechanism of root growth is inadequately known and theoretically formulated. Generally, only the mass needed for water and nutrient uptake has been allocated to the roots. However, the amount of photosynthates allocated to the roots is high. Acclimatization of seedlings out at the planting site is a complicated process which is influenced by the growing conditions at both the nursery and at the site. The function, distribution and structure of roots are controlled by the environment in a way similar to the shoot, but the control mechanism is imperfectly known.
The PDF includes an abstract in English.
article id 5384, category Article
Syyskoulinnan ajankohdan vaikutus männyn taimien kuiva-ainepitoisuuteen, neulasten pitolujuuteen ja juurten uudistumiskykyyn. Silva Fennica vol. 23 no. 3 article id 5384. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.a15541
English title: (1989). The influence of autumn transplanting date on the dry matter content, needle retention values and root regeneration of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings.
The experiment was performed in 1982–85 at the forest tree nursery in Suonenjoki, Central Finland. There were four to five transplanting dates ranging from the beginning of August to the end of September. The dry matter content, root regeneration and needle retention value of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings were examined. Development of the needle retention value in autumn was followed in nurseries at Suonenjoki, Rantasalmi, Mäntyharju and Taavetti in 1982.
Root regeneration was usually the worse, the later the seedlings were transplanted in the autumn. The dry matter content was generally lowest in the seedlings transplanted later in the autumn, and also to some extent in the seedlings transplanted at the beginning of August. The needle retention value increased as autumn advanced. Early transplanting in autumn had an adverse effect on the development of needle retention, and the values were highest in the seedlings transplanted later in the autumn.
The PDF includes an abstract English.
article id 5360, category Article
Maan lämpötilan vaikutus kuivuusrasitukseen perustuvassa taimien laatutestissä. Silva Fennica vol. 22 no. 4 article id 5360. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.a15517
English title: (1988). Effect of soil temperature in drought exposure-based test of seedling quality.
The effect of root exposure on the shoot and root development of Pinus sylvestris (L.) seedlings was studied at two soil temperatures. Roots of bare-rooted three-year-old seedlings were exposed to the temperature of 32°C at relative humidity of 50–40% for 85, 155 and 270 minutes which corresponds to accumulated water pressure deficit of 24, 47 and 91 mbar·h, respectively. Thereafter, seedlings were grown for 65 days at the soil temperatures of 12 and 23°C. Drought exposures inhibited new root initiation, delayed shoot elongation, and reduced shoot and needle growth. The stronger the exposure the larger the proportion of needles from the lower part of current shoot that remained undeveloped. Low soil temperature increased the effect of exposures so that needle elongation and initiation of new root tips of seedlings in cold soil with the longest exposure were inhibited totally. Root growth assessments made in warm soil may overestimate the acclimation potential of planted seedlings.
The PDF includes an abstract in English.
article id 5137, category Article
Effects of field exposures to SO2 on Douglas fir, Agropyron spicatum and Lolium perenne. Silva Fennica vol. 15 no. 4 article id 5137. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.a15364
Grasses Agropyron spicatum Pursh, Lolium perenne L. (S23) and 2-year old Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) were exposed to low SO2 concentrations under field conditions for approximately eleven weeks. SO2 was released continuously via manifold delivery systems, and provided treatment mean concentrations of 0.007 (ambient air), 0.042, 0.106 and 0.198 ppm. The concentrations in each treatment were approximately log-normally distributed, with standard geometric deviations ranging from 2.58 to 3.24. In both grass species, 0.198 ppm SO2 caused substantial reduction of total growth. In L. perenne, this was largely the result of impaired root growth, whereas both shoot and root growth of A. spicatum were reduced. 0.106 ppm SO2 had no significant effect on A. spicatum growth, but reduced root growth of L. perenne. Growth of Douglas fir was reduced in each of the tree highest concentrations, with root growth being markedly diminished, particularly on trees which showed chlorotic and necrotic injury. However, in these trees the shoot and total leaf weights tended to increase at the highest SO2 concentrations, suggesting that in these plants injury to leaves stimulated further shoot growth at the expense of root development.


Well, I got my air conditioner aux fan working properly, that series resistor was burned out. I couldn't get the parts fastlane to let me buy a part, I mean I would click on buy, and nothing would happen, and nothing was in my shopping cart at checkout. I had tried to get a part somewhat local, but no one has any benz parts in my neck of the woods. So, I got one from another source, but I really wanted to get my parts here. What am I doing wrong for the online buying?


text:
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Simply Sewing (Kids Can Do It)by Judy Ann Sadler
Synopses & Reviews
Sewing is a skill that's both fun and functional, and there's no better way toand#160;get startedand#160;than with jolly Miss Patch! She learns how to thread a needle, cut patterns, and sew a fine seam by hand. With the help of Miss Patch, and the book's many diagrams and amusing drawings, beginning sewists can learn to make a pillow, a bag, a patchwork quilt, an apron, and even simple clothes. Originally published in 1969, this is a timeless introduction to the pleasures of sewing.
In this book in the Kids Can Do It series, kids can learn to sew and make fun and useful projects.
Originally published in 1969, this adorable book teaches kids to sew alongside the jolly Miss Patch. With its sweet retro look and easy step-by-step instructions, it will appeal to kids and adults alike.
This book in the Kids Can Do It series features breezy wraps and terrific tote bags for the beach, neat trims for plain clothes or a skirt made from worn-out jeans — Simply Sewing has these and many other projects all stitched up Includes sewing-machine basics, hand-sewing stitches and fabric facts. Step-by-step instructions with full-color illustrations and photos make it sew simple
Breezy wraps and terrific tote bags for the beach, neat trims for plain clothes or a skirt made from worn-out jeans--Simply Sewing has these and many other projects all stitched up! Includes sewing-machine basics, band-sewing stitches and fabric facts. Step-by-step instructions with full color illustrations and photos make it sew simple!
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domain: library


text:
Hochul says second booster is available at vaccination sites in New York
Governor Kathy Hochul announced Saturday that New Yorkers age 50 and older who received a booster shot at least four months ago, or adults who received the Johnson & Johnson vaccine, are currently receiving a booster shot. eligible for a second booster dose. New Yorkers 12 years of age or older and with moderate to severe immunodeficiency are also eligible.
“Getting vaccinated and up to date with all recommended doses is the most effective way to prevent serious illness and hospitalization, and move forward safely through this pandemic,” Ms. Hochul said.
New Yorkers can Make an appointment for a free booster shot at one of more than a dozen public immunization sites, including Medgar Evers College in Brooklyn; Queensbury Aviation Mall-Sears in Queensbury; State Fair Art and Home Center in Syracuse; and University at the Buffalo South Campus at Harriman Hall in Buffalo.
The booster shots are one dose of the mRNA vaccine – Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna.
At a news conference Friday at City Hall, New York City health commissioner Dr. Ashwin Vasan also encouraged city dwellers to get booster shots and wear masks in public indoor places, indicated that he was wearing a mask while reporting. conference. People can find free vaccination sites and schedule vaccination appointments at New York City Department of Health website.
The governor’s announcement comes as health officials estimate that BA.2 – The most contagious version of the coronavirus unidentified – accounts for more than half of all new virus cases in the United States, The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said this week. Sub-variable Omicron accounts for about 70 percent of cases in the region including New York, New Jersey and Puerto Rico.
Although BA.2 is more contagious than BA.1, it has not been shown to cause more severe illness.
Health experts fear that BA.2, which has fueled a surge in cases in Europe and Asia, could lead to another wave of pandemics in New York and possibly the whole country. They believe the true number of cases in New York may be higher than the figures suggest, because many people are testing at home, with no official report on the results.
That has prompted health officials to urge New Yorkers to stay vigilant.
“As we have seen with the recent increase in BA.2 sub-Omicrons, Covid remains with us,” Dr. Mary T. Bassett, state health commissioner, said in the statement Saturday. “These safe and effective vaccines are still available free of charge, including the second booster.”

domain: medical


text:
In the 2020 Ag Growth Summit hosted by the KS Department of Agriculture (KDA), it was noted that Ag Equipment Manufacturers do not have the type of organized support that other agricultural sub-sectors have in Kansas. In an effort to address this issue, the Great Plains TMC, K-State TDI, Kansas Manufacturing Solutions (KMS) sought partnership with KDA to create networking opportunities for ag equipment manufacturers in this sector.
Please view the information below for more details about our engagements and future events.
View the 2022 Ag Equipment Manufacturing sector document provided by the KDA.
Sign up for our upcoming events related to ag equipment manufacturer.
Stay tuned for the next event!


FRA 2005 - key findings
Primary forests account for 36% of forest area - but 6 million hectares are lost or modified each year
On a global average, more than one-third of all forests are primary forests (defined as forests of native species where there are no clearly visible indications of human activities and where the ecological processes are not significantly disturbed). The rapid decrease of primary forest area reported for the 1990s continued in 2000-2005. This decrease stems not only from deforestation, but also from modification of forests due to selective logging and other human interventions.
A number of countries registered positive change rates in the area of primary forests, including several European countries and Japan. This is possible because forests with no human interventions can evolve over time to meet the definition of primary forests used in FRA 2005.
Plantation forests are increasing but still account for less than 5% of total forest area
Forests and trees are being planted for many purposes and at increasing rates. Plantation forests - a subset of planted forests defined as those consisting primarily of introduced species - make up an estimated 3.8 percent of the total forest area, or 140 million hectares. Productive plantations, primarily established for wood and fibre production, account for 78 percent of the plantation forests, and protective plantations, primarily established for conservation of soil and water, for 22 percent. The area of plantation forests has increased by about 2.8 million hectares per year during 2000-2005, 87 percent of which are productive plantations.
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Wide variation in number of native tree species: from 3 in Iceland to 7 780 in Brazil
Despite the large number of native tree species in many countries, relatively few tree species account for most of the standing wood volume. In most regions and subregions, the ten most common tree species (by volume) account for more than 50 percent of the total wood volume. Exceptions are West and Central Africa, South and Southeast Asia and Central America, where the tree species diversity is particularly high. Rare tree species and those highly valued for wood or non-wood forest products (NWFPs) are often in danger of becoming extinct within parts of their range. On average, 5 percent of the tree species native to a country are either vulnerable, endangered or critically endangered.


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So adorable! This is the tiniest hand carved shell cameo pendant I have ever seen.
Set in 14k Gold, it measures only 9mm by 7mm, not including the rings on the setting.
Makes a perfect charm for a cluster or bracelet too.
Overall pendant height including the bail is 14mm.
15″ long 14k Gold chain included.
Vintage 1960’s, looks unworn.


text:
Thanks to Gopher, who sent this really interesting article, “Clause and Effect,” an op-ed by Adam Freedman. Wow!
Last month, the Supreme Court agreed to consider District of Columbia v. Heller, which struck down Washington’s strict gun ordinance as a violation of the Second Amendment’s “right to keep and bear arms.”
This will be the first time in nearly 70 years that the court has considered the Second Amendment. The outcome of the case is difficult to handicap, mainly because so little is known about the justices’ views on the lethal device at the center of the controversy: the comma. That’s right, the “small crooked point,” as Richard Mulcaster described this punctuation upstart in 1582. The official version of the Second Amendment has three of the little blighters:
A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.
The decision invalidating the district’s gun ban, written by Judge Laurence H. Silberman of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, cites the second comma (the one after “state”) as proof that the Second Amendment does not merely protect the “collective” right of states to maintain their militias, but endows each citizen with an “individual” right to carry a gun, regardless of membership in the local militia.
How does a mere comma do that?
MRP asks that question all the time. Here’s another outtake,
Refreshing though it is to see punctuation at the center of a national debate, there could scarcely be a worse place to search for the framers’ original intent than their use of commas. In the 18th century, punctuation marks were as common as medicinal leeches and just about as scientific.
I know you’re dying to read more, so here’s the astonishing conclusion.

domain: politics