text:
The Potency of African Locust Bean Tree as Antimalarial
This study was aimed to evaluate the antiplasmodial and antipyretic activities of the stem bark of African locust bean tree. The stem barks of African locust bean tree were extracted with methanol to obtain methanol extract. The antipyretic, acute toxicity, chemical constituents, antioxidant properties as well as the trace metallic content of this extract were determined. The extract was also subjected to column chromatography to obtain four fractions, these fractions were preliminary tested for antiplasmodial potency and methanol fraction which gave the most potent effect was fully evaluated. Flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, saponins, sterols, phenols and reducing sugars as well as Mg, Ni, Ca, Fe, Zn, Na, K and Cu were detected in the extract. It also showed a strong free radical scavenging activity on DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl). An oral median lethal dose (LD50) greater than 5 g kg-1 in mice was established for the crude extract and a significant dose dependent antipyretic and inhibition of parasitaemia in suppressive, curative and prophylactic tests. The antiplasmodial and antipyretic activities of the extract were tracked to the methanol fraction when evaluated with rodent malaria model Plasmodium berghei berghei and clinical isolates of Plasmodium falciparum. studies have established sufficient evidence collaborating the antimalarial activities of the stem bark of African locust bean tree, though the active principles are yet to be identified, further studies to elucidate these are ongoing.
Received: April 06, 2012;
Accepted: September 05, 2012;
Published: September 14, 2012
Malaria is a potentially deadly tropical disease characterized especially by
cyclical bouts of fever, chills, shaking and sweating often accompanied by muscle
aches and headache. It is a mosquito-borne disease of humans caused by a protozoan
of the genus Plasmodium. Most of the lethal cases are caused by Plasmodium
falciparum, the most virulent of the four Plasmodia species that
infect humans. Infestation with P. falciparum is responsible for hundreds
of millions of cases and more than one million deaths each year (White,
The increased attention on malaria is mainly due to the continuing high mortality
and morbidity caused by this disease and has been related to both increased
resistance of the vector to most of the available insecticides and the causative
parasites to the commonly used antimalarial drugs (Marsh,
1998). To stem the challenge of resistance to antimalarials there has been
an intensified drive to develop new chemical entities with antimalarial potential
and the plant kingdom remains an in exhaustive source of biochemical entities
with useful pharmacological activities. A review of the medicinal plants used
in the northern central and southwestern part of Nigeria for the treatment of
malaria reveals the rich floral diversity of Nigeria (Idowu
et al., 2010).
African locust bean tree popularly known as the Parkia biglobosa
(Jacq.) R.Br. ex G. Don belongs in the family Fabaceae formerly Leguminosae
and the subfamily Mimosoideae have been used traditionally as food and medicine
and are of high commercial value in the south west and northern parts of Nigeria.
Many traditional medicine practitioners in Nigeria have identified the stem
bark and leaf of African locust bean tree as a condiment of great value in the
treatment of malaria (Shao, 2002; Builders
et al., 2011a). The stem bark is boiled and taken orally in form
of decoction for malaria fever; there are also reports on the use of the bark
of African locust bean tree, for the treatment of fever in Ghana (Asase
et al., 2005; Igoli et al., 2005; Kayode
et al., 2009). The establishment of its anti-inflammatory and analgesic
activities only partially collaborate the claimed efficacy by the Traditional
Medicinal Practitioners in Nigeria for the treatment of malaria (Gronhaug
et al., 2008).
The aim of this study is to evaluate the antiplasmodial and antipyretic activities of the stem bark of African locust bean tree so as to authenticate its wide spread use by Traditional Medicinal Practitioners, especially in north central Nigeria for the treatment of malaria.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sample collection and identification: The stem barks of African locust bean tree were collected in February, 2009 in Chaza village in Niger state of Nigeria. The identification and authentication were done by (Ethno botanist) Mallam Muazam Wudil of department of Medicinal Plant Research and Traditional Medicine of National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, (NIPRD), Abuja, Nigeria where a voucher specimen (NIPRD/H/6228) was deposited at the herbarium for reference. The stem barks were cleaned, dried at 50°C in a hot air oven (Salvis ISG 160, Germany) for 72 h and milled into a coarse powder.
Chemicals and reagents: All chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA.
Extraction of plant materials
Methanol extract: A 200 g quantity of the coarse powder was extracted
with 2 L methanol for 48 h using a Soxhlet apparatus (Quicket, UK). The extract
was filtered through Whatman No. 1 (Whatman International Ltd., Maidstone, UK)
paper and evaporated under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator to a yield
of 20.17% w/w referred as crude extract. The dried extract was stored at 4°C
Fractionation of the methanol extract: The methanol extract was fractionated
successively with hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. A total of 34 fractions
(100 mL each) were collected and combined into four main groups (MF1 to MF4)
on the basis of their Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) profiles. These combined
fractions (MF1 to MF4) were concentrated over water bath and allowed to evaporate
to dryness at room temperature. The fractions were preliminary tested for antiplasmodial
potency and MF4 (methanol fraction) which gave the most potent effect was fully
evaluated (Adzu et al., 2007).
Identification of the chemical constituents: The methanol extract and
the methanol fractions of the African locust bean stem bark were subjected to
qualitative chemical screening for the identification of the various classes
of chemical constituents using the method described by Builders
et al. (2011b). Identification of tannins and flavonoids was further
carried out by TLC using pre-coated silica gel 60G F254 Merck plates
with different eluting systems (Wagner and Bladt, 2004).
Antioxidant potential: Ascorbic acid was used as the antioxidant standard
and the methanol extract with methanol fraction were used for the antioxidant
assessment. The extract, methanol fraction and ascorbic acid at equal concentrations
of, 0.175, 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 m mL-1 in methanol were prepared. The
radical scavenging activities of the extract and methanol fraction against 2,
2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical were determined by UV spectrophotometry
at 517 nm (Ayoola et al., 2008), 1 mL of the
extract or methanol fraction was placed in a test tube and 3 mL of methanol
was added followed by 0.5 mL of 1 mM DPPH in methanol. A blank solution was
prepared containing the same amount of methanol and DPPH. The radical scavenging
activity presented as percentage inhibition was calculated using Eq.
where, Ab is the absorbance of the blank sample and Aa is the absorbance of the drug (methanol extract or methanol fraction or ascorbic acid).
Elemental analysis: The dried extracts 1.0 g was ashes in oven electric
muffle furnace maintained at 400 and 450°C, for about 6-7 h to destroy all
organic materials present in the sample. The crucible containing pure ash was
dried in a desiccator. Thereafter the ash was digested with triple mixture acid:
sulfuric acids: sulphuric: perchloric acid (11:6:3) to obtain a clear solution,
2.5 mL 6 M nitric added to ensure complete dissolution. The solution was then
made to 25 mL with double distilled water and read up with a flame absorption
spectrophotometer (Hitachi Model 80-80 polarize Zeeman Atomic, USA). Sodium
and potassium was determined by flame fluorimeter (Miroslave,
In vivo antiplasmodial study
Animals: Swiss male albino mice (20-25 g body weight) were obtained
from the animal facility centre of the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,
National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Abuja,
Nigeria and used for the study. The animals were fed ad libitum with
standard feed and had free access to water (Abuja Municipal water Supply). They
were also maintained under standard conditions of humidity, temperature and
12 h light/ darkness cycle. The animals were acclimatized for two weeks before
the commencement of the study. A standard protocol was drawn up in accordance
with the Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) regulations of the ENV (ENV/MC/CHEM,
1998). The principle of laboratory animal care was also followed in this
study (NIH Publication No. 85-23, 1985). The acute toxicity
of the extract was determined by evaluating its median lethal dose (LD50)
using the Lorke method (Lorke, 1983).
Antipyretics studies: The effect of yeast-induced pyrexia on albino
Wistar rats was evaluated by determining the body temperatures of the rats by
measuring Rectal Temperature (RT) at predetermined intervals (Al-Ghamdi,
2001). Fever was induced in the rats by injecting 15%w/v suspension of Brewers
yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) at a dose of 1 mL kg-1 body
weight subcutaneously. The rectal temperature of each rat was again determined
after 24 h of yeast administration. Rats that did not show a minimum increase
of 0.5°C in temperature 24 h after yeast infection were discarded. Thirty
five selected rats were grouped into five and immediately treated as follows:
group 1 received normal saline, group 2 received acetaminophen (150 mg kg-1
b.wt. p.o), while groups 3, 4 and 5 were received extract (25, 50 and 100 mg
kg-1 b.wt. p.o), respectively. The rectal temperatures of all the
rats were then determined by inserting a digital thermometer (Omron Digital
fever Thermometer, Omron Health Care, China) into the rectum of each rat at
30 min intervals for 120 min, similar protocol was employed for methanol fraction
at 12.50, 25 and 50 mg kg-1 doses.
Parasite inoculation: The malaria parasite used was a chloroquine-sensitive
strain of Plasmodium berghei berghei (NK-65), obtained from the National
Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Lagos, Nigeria and kept at the Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NIPRD, Idu, Abuja, Nigeria. The parasites were
maintained by serial blood passage in mice (Adzu et al.,
2007). Parasitized erythrocytes were obtained from a donor- infected mouse
by cardiac puncture in heparin and made up to 20 mL with normal saline. Animals
were inoculated intraperitoneally with infected blood suspension (0.2 mL) containing
107 parasitized erythrocytes on day zero. Infected mice with parasitaemia
of 5-7% were allocated to five groups of six mice each (Ishih
et al., 2004).
In vivo antimalarial assay: A series of experiments were carried
out to evaluate the in vivo anti-malarial activities of the methanol
extract of African locust bean tree stem bark at 25, 50 and 100 mg kg-1
doses as compared to control groups treated with 0.2 mL of normal saline and
reference groups treated with standard drugs (Chloroquine diphosphate 25 mg/kg/day).
Malaria infection was first established in male mice by the intraperitoneal
(i.p.) administration of donor male Swiss albino mouse blood containing about
1x107 parasites. The three different methods of treating malaria
infections, i.e., 4-Day suppressive test, curative and prophylactic methods
were applied according to Chung et al. (2009),
Chandel and Bagai (2010) and Okokon
et al. (2005), respectively. The laboratory tests were started with
oral administrations of the compound in the 4-day suppressive tests (early malaria
infection) and further screened for their curative (established malaria infection)
and prophylactic (residual malaria infection) activities. Thick blood smears
were prepared and blood films were fixed with methanol. The blood films were
stained with Giemsa and then microscopically examined with 100-x magnification.
The percentage suppression of parasitaemia was calculated for each dose level
by comparing the parasitaemia in infected controls with those of treated mice.
Similar protocol was employed for methanol fraction at 12.50, 25 and 50 mg kg-1
Patients selection: Three fresh blood specimens were collected
from three patients suffering from fever and other malaria symptoms with confirmed
infection by P. falciparum. Already prepared dried -in-acridine orange-stained
thin smears were examined for Plasmodium species identification. The
parasite density was determined by counting the number of infected erythrocytes
among 20,000 erythrocytes from each patient, 4 mL of venous blood was collected
in a tube coated with EDTA. Samples with monoinfection due to Plasmodium
falciparum and a parasite density between 1 and 2% were used for the
in vitro antimalarial tests (WHO, 2001).
In vitro test: The assay was performed in duplicate in a 96-well
microtiter plate, according to WHO method in vitro micro test (Mark III)
that is based on assessing the inhibition of schizont maturation. RPMI 1640
(Sigma Company, USA) was the culture medium used for cultivation of P. falciparum.
Dilutions were prepared from the methanol extract, MF4 and drug concentrations
in the wells ranged from 100-3.125 μg mL-1 for the methanol
extract, from 50 to 1.594 μg mL-1 for methanol fraction, from
0.1 to 0.03 μg mL-1 for chloroquine phosphate. Fifty micro liters
from blood mixture media was added to each well in plate and incubated in a
candle jar (with gas environment of about 3% O2, 6% CO2
and 91% N2) (Karou et al., 2003; Ogunlana
et al., 2009) at 37.0°C for 24-30. After incubation, contents
of the wells were harvested and stained for 5 min in an already prepared dried
-in-acridine orange reagent. The developed schizonts were counted in five fields
of vision (>200 total cells) using a fluorescence microscope (Partec cyscope
fluorescence microscope, Germany) at a magnification of 40.
Statistical analysis: Data were expressed as the mean±standard error of mean (SEM). Statistical analysis of data was carried out using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The IC50 values were determined graphically on a log dose-response curve (log concentration versus percent inhibition curves) by interpolation while those values for the antioxidant activities were calculated from the linear regression of plots of concentration of the test compounds (mg mL-1) against the percentage of inhibition of (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl).
Phytochemical tests: The result of the phytochemical screening of the crude methanol extract of African locust bean tree and methanol fraction is presented in Table 1. The analysis revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, terpenes, flavonoids and phenols, reducing sugars and sterols in the crude methanol extract while tannins, terpenes and flavonoids were found in the methanol fraction. However cardiac glycosides, resins, volatile oil and anthraquinones were absent.
Thin layer chromatography: The presence of tannins and flavonoids was further confirmed by thin layer chromatography and their Rf values have been presented (Table 2). Different screening systems were used to obtain better resolution of the components.
|| Phytochemical analysis of the methanol extract and methanol
fraction of African locust bean tree stem bark
|-: Compound not detected, +: Compound detected
|| TLC screening of methanol extract and methanol fraction of
African locust bean tree stem bark
|*:Catechin (tannin) and Rutin (flavonoid)
|| Elemental analysis of the methanol extract of African locust
bean tree stem bark
|Value are Mean±SE
||Antioxidant properties of methanol extract and methanol fraction
of African locust bean tree in relation to ascorbic aid
Antioxidant potential: Figure 1 shows the antioxidant potential of the crude extract of African locust bean tree and methanol fraction as determined by their inhibition of the free radical activities of DPPH. Ascorbic acid was used as the prototype antioxidant agent. The antioxidant activities of the methanol extract and methanol fraction were concentration dependent, increasing with concentration. The sensitivity of the antioxidant activity of the methanol fraction was higher than that of the crude un-fractionated methanol extract.
Elemental analysis: Table 3 shows the metallic elements
detected in the methanol extract of African locust bean tree. Magnesium was
the most abundant macro element (300.8 mg/100 g) closely followed by Calcium
(60.40 mg/100 g) and the least was Nickel (3.01 mg/100 g). Amongst the micro
elements, manganese was most abundant (18.10 mg/100 g) while the contents of
zinc and iron were (9.55 to 10.10 mg/100 g). The Arsenium and lead contents
were very low, Cadmium was not found in the extract.
Acute toxicity tests: There was no mortality in animals at all doses of the extract up to 5000 mg mL-1. The absence of death at doses up to 5 g extract/kg showed that LD50 of the methanol extract of African locust bean tree is greater than 5 g kg-1 p.o. Rubbing of nose and mouth on the floor of the cage and restlessness were the only behavioral signs toxicity shown by the animals, these disappeared within 24 h of extract administration.
Antipyretic studies: The methanol extract caused a reduction dependent decrease in rectal temperature at the highest dose of 100 mg kg-1, the effect became significant at 30 to 90 min. The reduction was comparable with that of acetaminophen. Methanol extract caused inhibition of the pyrexia induced yeast after 30 min at variable doses (25-50 mg kg-1, p.o). Methanol fraction exhibited a significant reduction in the yeast induced elevated temperature after treatment from 60-120 min, the inhibition was comparable with that of acetaminophen (Table 4).
In vivo antiplasmodial study: Figure 2 shows
the antiplasmodial activities of the crude methanol extract and methanol fraction
of the stem bark of African locust bean tree in relation to chloroquine. The
crude extract and methanol fraction exhibited dose dependent reduction in parasitaemia
at the different doses administered. Methanol fraction showed higher inhibition
(93.29±1.2%, 96.28±1.4% and 100±1.0) of parasitaemia.
|| Antipyretic properties of methanol extract and methanol fraction
of African locust bean tree stem bark
|M.: Methanol, PCM: Acetaminophen, *Significantly different
from the control at p<0.05, BBT: Basal body temperature
||In vitro suppressive, curative and prophylactic antiplasmodial
activities of methanol extract (ME) and methanol fraction (MF) of African
locust bean tree
||Mean survival period of mice treated with methanol extract
and (ME) methanol fraction (MF) of African locust mean tree
||Photomicrograph of the in vitro antiplasmodial activities
of the methanol extract and methanol fraction, (a) Complete RPMI medium,
(b) Untreated RPMI medium with O. falciparum, (c) RPMI medium treated
with methanol extract (d) and RPMI medium treated with methanol fraction
Mean survival time: Figure 3 shows the mean survival time for the extract and fraction treated mice were dose dependent and ranged from 23.4±1.6-30.0±1.0 days. Mice treated with 50 and 100 mg kg-1 extract survived the total duration of the study, similar observation was observed with mice treated with 50 mg kg-1 of the fraction.
In vitro antiplasmodial activity: The photomicrographs of the
in vitro antiplasmodial activities of the methanol extract and methanol
fraction are presented in Fig. 4. The crude methanol extract
and methanol fraction showed concentration dependent growth inhibition of P.
falciparum (Fig. 5).
||In vitro antiplasmodial activities of methanol (M.)
extract and methanol fraction of African locust bean tree
||In vitro antiplasmodial activities of methanol extract
(ME) and methanol fraction (MF) of African locust bean tree versus chloroquine
The IC50 of the crude extract and methanol fraction were 12.92 and
0.12 μg mL-1, respectively. The maximum plasmodia inhibitions
were 90±1.2% and 96.7±1.0 for the crude extract and methanol fraction
respectively and 98.5±1.0% for chloroquine phosphate (Fig.
Extraction was carried out to remove impurities or recover a desired product
by dissolving the plant materials in methanol which have certain selectivity
for the extracted materials. (Scholz et al., 2000;
Parekh et al., 2006). With sequential solvents
extraction by fractionation, which involves successive extraction with solvents
of increasing polarity from a non polar (hexane) to a more polar solvent (methanol),
a wide polarity range of compound was extracted (Kuntal
et al., 2010), it therefore possible to isolate the most active fraction
Traditionally used medicinal plants have recently attracted the attention of
the biological scientific communities. This has involved the isolation and identification
of secondary metabolites produced by plants and their use as active principles
in medicinal preparations (Taylor et al., 2001).
Therefore, the traditional use of the stem bark of African locust bean tree
for the treatment of malaria could be attributed to the presence of certain
phytochemicals that constitute the bioactive principles in the plant. Numerous
plants containing a wide variety of phytochemicals as their bioactive principle
have shown antiplasmodial activities (Francois et al.,
1996; Kim et al., 2004; Monbrison
et al., 2006).
Thin layer chromatographic studies showed the confirmation of active principles like tannin and flavonoids on 0.97 and 0.54 Rf values for methanol fraction which were more close to standards 0.97 and 0.54 Rf with prominent blue and greenish blue coloration in both.
Many secondary plant substances had been assessed either for in vitro activity
against P. falciparum or in vivo activity against P. berghei
(Saxena et al., 2003; Fidock
et al., 2004). Tannins, flavonoids and terpenes (Jimoh
and Oladiji, 2005; Alshawsh et al., 2007)
are the classes of compounds possessing antimalarial activities.
The presence of flavonoids and tannins in the African locust bean is likely
to be responsible for the free radical scavenging effects observed. Flavonoids
and tannins are phenolic compounds and plant phenolics are a major group of
compounds that act as primary antioxidants or free radical scavengers (Ayoola
et al., 2008; Al-Adhroey et al., 2010).
The antioxidant effect of the African locust bean may represent another mechanism
that contributes to its antimalarial activity.
Elemental analysis of the extract indicated the presence of pharmacologically
useful trace metal elements with established usefulness various body functions.
These elements are used extensively in chemotherapy and are essential in human
and animal health. The mineral Mg detected in this plants are involved in over
300 enzymatic reactions of the body involving glycolysis, Krebs cycle, nucleic
acid synthesis, amino acid activation, muscle regulations and protein synthesis.
Thus due to high content of Mg, African locust bean tree may have the potential
to cure malaria (Moses et al., 2002; Koche,
WHO recommends that medicinal plants which form the raw materials for the finished
products may be checked for the presence of heavy metals, further it regulates
maximum permissible limits of toxic metals like arsenic, cadmium and lead, which
amount to 1.0, 0.3 and 10 ppm, respectively (WHO, 1998),
these values are within the range found in our sample. Quinine- Zinc complex
had been confirmed to have 3 times antimalarial potency over Quinine sulphate
(Ogunlana et al., 2009) Iron, Manganese and copper
are important trace elements in the human body, they play crucial roles in haemopoiesis,
control of infection and cell mediated immunity (Anhwange
et al., 2004; Oluyemi et al., 2006),
therefore the presence of these minerals contributes to the antimalarial activity
of African locust bean tree.
The acute toxicity of African locust bean tree has been investigated to determine
any adverse effect that may arise as a result of a single contact or multiple
exposures in a short time within 24 h period. Though African locust bean tree
has been used by TMPs without any mortality due to toxicity, this claim has
been authenticated by the lack of death at oral treatment of over 5000 mg kg-1
b.wt. of the extract. The results thus suggest that the methanol extract of
the stem bark of African locust bean tree is has low toxicity (Subhan
et al., 2008; Builders et al., 2012).
The ability of African locust bean tree to reduce the experimentally elevated
body temperature shows that African locust bean tree possesses significant antipyretic
effect on yeast induced pyrexia. The reduction in yeast induced fever by African
locust bean tree might be due to its influence on the prostaglandin biosynthesis
since it is involved in the regulation of body temperature. In general, it is
believed that several mediators and multiple processes play a vital role in
the pathogenesis of fever. Inhibition of any of these mediators is said to bring
about antipyresis and as to how they interfere with PG synthesis is not clearly
established (Aronoff and Neilson, 2010).
Methanol fraction exerted similar suppressive, prophylactic and curative antiplasmodial activities with chloroquine by the extent of inhibition of parasitemia, the African locust bean tree extract also indicated similar antiplasmodial activities however to a lower potency. The extract with its fraction also exhibited dose dependent chemo-suppressive and curative activities and also enhanced the mean survival time period of the treated mice particularly the group administered with the 100 mg/kg/day of the extract.
The IC50 of the methanol extract and methanol fraction of African
locust bean tree were determined as 12.92 and 0.12 μg mL-1.
According to the norm that active extract has IC50< 5 μg
mL-1 and moderate active extract 5 μg mL-1<
IC50<50 μg mL-1 (Rasoanaivo
et al., 1992), the methanol fraction of African locust bean tree
could be considered active while the methanol extract is moderately active when
compared with that of the standard, chloroquine phosphate (0.050 μg mL-1).
The antiplasmodial activity of the plant was found to reside majorly in methanol
fraction, this may be indicative of a significant potential for isolating purer
The phytochemical assessments of the extract and purified fraction of the stem bark of African locust bean tree showed the presence of phytochemicals with established antimalarial activities. The high value of its LD50, antipyretic as well as its effective in vivo and in vitro antiplasmodial activities explains its safety and effectiveness in its use for the treatment of malaria. Our studies have established sufficient evidence collaborating the antimalarial activities of the stem bark of African locust bean tree though the active principles are yet to be identified, further studies to elucidate these are in progress in our laboratories.
This study was carried out in laboratories of Department of Medicinal Plant Research and Traditional Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology (National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development [NIPRD]), Idu Industrial area, Abuja, Nigeria. The authors are grateful to Prof. Osunkwo, U. A., for providing support and encouragement.
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22: Jimoh, F.O. and A.T. Oladiji, 2005. Preliminary studies on Piliostigma thonningii seeds: Proximate analysis, mineral composition and phytochemical screening. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 4: 1439-1442.
Direct Link |
23: Karou, D., M.H. Dicko, S. Sanon, J. Simpore and S.A. Traore, 2003. Anti-malarial activity of Sida acuta BURMF L. (Malvaceae) and Pterocarpus erinaceus POIR (Fabaceae). J. Ethnopharmacol., 89: 291-294.
24: Koche, D., 2011. Trace element analysis and vitamins from an Indian medicinal plant Nepeta hindostana (Roth) Haine. Int. J. Pharm. Pharmaceut. Sci., 3: 53-54.
Direct Link |
25: Kayode, J., O.E. Ige, T.A. Adetogo and A.P. Igbakin, 2009. Conservation and biodiversity erosion in Ondo state, Nigeria: (3). Survey of plant barks used in native pharmaceutical extraction in Akoko region. Ethnobotanical Leaflets, Vol. 2009.
Direct Link |
26: Lorke, D., 1983. A new approach for acute practical toxicity testing. Arch. Toxicol., 54: 275-287.
27: Marsh, K., 1998. Malaria disaster in Africa. Lancet, Vol. 352
28: Miroslave, R.V.B., 1998. Practical Environmental Analysis. The Royal Society for Chemistry, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
29: De Monbrison, F., M. Maitrejean, C. Latour, F. Bugnazet, F. Peyron, D. Barron and S Picot, 2006. In vitro antimalarial activity of flavonoid derivatives dehydrosilybin and 8-(1;1)-DMA-kaempferide. Acta Tropica, 97: 102-107.
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30: Moses, E.A., V.O. Ogugbuaja and V.C. Ogarawu, 2002. Enrichment of element of Nigerian bituminous coal fly ash and their effects on haematological parameters of exposed rabbits. Nig. J. Exp. Applied Biol., 3: 95-100.
31: NIH Publication No. 85-23, 1985. Respect for life. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences-NIEHS. http://www.niehs.nih.gov/oc/factsheets/wrl/studybgn.htm.
32: Ogunlana, O.O., O.E. Ogunlana and O.G. Ademowo, 2009. Comparative assessment of the antiplasmodial activity of quinine-zinc complex and quinine sulphate. Sci. Res. Essay, 3: 180-184.
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33: Okokon, J.E., K.C. Ofodum, K.K. Ajibesin, B. Danladi and K.S. Gamaniel, 2005. Pharmacological screening and evaluation of antiplasmodial activity of Croton zambesicus against Plasmodium berghei berghei infection in mice. Indian J. Pharmacol., 37: 243-246.
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34: Oluyemi, E.A., A.A. Akilua, A.A. Adenuya and M.B. Adebayo, 2006. Mineral contents of some commonly consumed Nigerian foods. Sci. Focus, 11: 153-157.
35: Parekh, J., N. Karathia and S. Chanda, 2006. Screening of some traditionally used medicinal plants for potential antibacterial activity. Indian J. Pharm. Sci., 68: 832-834.
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36: Rasoanaivo, P., A. Petitean, S. Ratsimamanga-Urverg and R.A. Rakoti, 1992. Medicinal plants used to treat malaria in madagascar. J. Ethnopharmacol., 37: 111-127.
37: Scholz, F., S. Komorsky-Lovric and M. Lovric, 2000. A new access to Gibbs energies of transfer of ions across liquid. Electrochem. Commun., 2: 112-118.
38: Subhan, N., M.A. Alam, F. Ahmed, I.J. Shahid, L. Nahar and S.D. Sarker, 2008. Bioactivity of Excoecaria agallocha. Braz. J. Pharmacognosy, 18: 521-526.
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39: Shao, M., 2002. Parkia biglobosa: Changes in resource allocation in Kandiga, Ghana. M.Sc. Thesis, Michigan technological university, United States of America.
40: Saxena, S., N. Pant, D.C. Jain and R.S. Bhakuni, 2003. Antimalarial agents from plant sources. Curr. Sci., 85: 1314-1329.
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41: Taylor, J.L.S., T. Rabe, L.J. McGaw, A.K. Jager and J. van Staden, 2001. Towards the scientific validation of traditional medicinal plants. Plant Growth Regul., 34: 23-37.
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42: Wagner, H. and S. Bladt, 2004. Plant Drug Analysis-A Thin Layer Chromatography Atlas. 2nd Edn., Thompson Press Ltd., New Delhi.
43: White, N.J., 2004. Antimalarial drug resistance. J. Clin. Invest., 113: 1084-1092.
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44: WHO., 1998. Quality Control Methods for Medicinal Plant Materials. 1st Edn., World Health Organisation, Geneva, ISBN: 978-9241545105, Pages: 115
45: WHO., 2001. In vitro micro-test (mark III) for the assessment of the response of plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine, mefloquine, amodiaquine, sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine and artemisinin. CTD/MAL/97.20.
46: Kim, Y.C., H.S. Kim, Y. Wataya, D.H. Sohn and T.H. Kang et al., 2004. Antimalarial activity of lavandulyl flavanones isolated from the roots of Sophora flavescens. Biol. Pharmaceut. Bull., 27: 748-750.
CrossRef | PubMed | Direct Link |


text:
VPD-BRIEF : FLAGVPD-BRIEF is a flag or parameter.
The default value for BRIEF when printing VP diagrams in a file.
Currently the options are:
T = no atom values will show in VP diagram
A = atom values but no labels will appear in VP diagram
NIL = atom values and labels will show in VP diagram
LT = atom values and labels and a legend will show in VP diagram
L = labels but no atom values will show in VP diagram,
and a legend will show both
B = boxed labels and atoms will show in the VP diagram.
BT = boxed labels will show in the diagram, and the atom values
will be listed below.
B and BT only work in TeX format (i.e. with the VPT command).
VPD-BRIEF takes values of type VPFORMAT.
It belongs to subjects JFORMS .
Its default value is L
Its current value is L.
TPS documentation homepage

domain: chemistry


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Hettich, hinge drilling jig.Small and easy to use, yet multifunctional. Simple hole-marking template: the perfect aid for on-site assembly whenever a fitting has to be mounted professionally without the use of large machinery. The Multi Blue double-sided hole marking gauge can be used for marking out: System 32 hole lines for:
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- Shelf supports Cup drillings dia. 35 and 26 with dimension C 4 mm for hinges Holes dia. 25 and 20 for connecting fittings See specification sheet for details.
Specification Sheet Hettich drilling jig specifications & instructions (489kb PDF file)


text:
Dr. Sarah huntsman Murray, writer of the newest publication “never from inside the vibe”
At worst, they’re “dogs.” At the best, they’re “stallions.” But what in regards to the dudes who fall outside that range? What about those that defy the stories attached with male sexual desire? When did we choose such a restricted collection of opinions with regards to boys and gender? And what type of harm might they need caused?
Dr. Sarah huntsman Murray, a commitment specialist and gender specialist, possess invested days gone by ten years digging upwards answers to these questions. This lady newer guide, never in the feeling: the fresh new research of males, gender, and Relationships brings to light many hidden subtleties involving male sex. Some findings: Men feel the need to do something like they’re constantly during the state of mind and emotional closeness is more important to guys than most envision (as is the requirement to become needed). Fatherly caught up with Murray to understand more about everything we bring completely wrong about boys and gender. Only a little quality, it appears, can go a considerable ways.
What initially inspired one explore the stories involving men sexuality?
I became talking with a sweetheart 1 day who shared that the girl spouse produced bull crap to several friends that “he got usually inside the disposition.” I got heard these comments enough period too — that people happened to be “always up for sex.” But I also realized that there comprise definitely exclusions to this rule. What i’m saying is, males aren’t robots.
Then questions stored flowing out-of me personally. I thought, “imagine if this label our company is so accustomed to watching into the media or hearing about in hockey locker room is not reflective of exactly what guys want? Exactly what do we actually know about men’s real experiences?” So I chosen I had to develop to maneuver off the presumptions many of us have discovered to trust about people and gender and commence inquiring some questions.
What type of effects carry out these stereotypes bring on men?
Males within my studies shown they happened to be frustrated by this easy label we’ve got about guys and intercourse. They mentioned it had been insulting become talked about like they performedn’t have attitude or that they comprise merely these sex-crazed animals. The boys within my research also spoken of how they often believed there is an expectation that men “should” need highest want and sometimes doubted on their own whenever their want wasn’t here. But, what I imagine was possibly the many unfortunate piece, had been that people in my own studies sometimes mentioned they might feign their attention in sex simply because they noticed it had been the thing that was forecast of those by culture and, way more, they thought their own feminine lover would judge all of them should they performedn’t.
This reasoning could would a huge disservice into the ladies in their unique everyday lives.
From my personal experience, women can be either frustrated by the stereotypical sex-crazed man or think boys should fit this stereotype and they are worried whenever their particular boyfriend or spouse does not reveal as much need for sex as she thinks the guy should and even turns lower her improvements.
But my analysis and medical findings claim that the male is much more touchy-feely than we’ve been identifying. Sometimes they aren’t certain just how to show the softer area of the sex. My personal results demonstrate that males want to be desired, they want to become vulnerable, they want to getting near and attached to their unique couples, hence intercourse is so a lot more than just bodily pleasure.
The most widespread response I listen to from ladies once they read about my research is they believe closer to her mate and sometimes even feel considerably intimately energized. They feel closer, better, and appreciated. Which’s an enormous good for ladies that happen to be in relations with men.
What exactly seems to extract people “out on the spirits” most frequently?
The prevailing concern that — except that queasy — is because they weren’t feeling emotionally near to their partner. This surprised myself some because it actually emphasized how mental men’s want is. Even when guys are sense in the vibe, they nevertheless might not want to be sexually personal if they are feeling a fight are unresolved or they have been too mentally distant from, or frustrated with, their unique companion.
Just what section of pursuit do you consider provides the most bit of attention for male people?
In my opinion nearly all guys are acquainted the stereotypical means guys are represented as wishing gender anytime, anyplace. Exactly what guys are not familiar with hearing is other men referring to whenever libido isn’t pulsating from their system. Or creating a decrease in desire with time. Or attempting to feeling wished. Or even the vulnerable side of gender and intimate rejection. I’ve started hearing from several males just who, after checking out concerning the stories offered in my guide, will say things like “it’s online sugar daddy so good to be noticed” or “I thought it was simply me personally, pleased I’m not the only one.” I believe a lot of guys possesn’t have to be able to listen to other boys talk about gender in non-stereotypical approaches and certainly will believe authenticated and started to note that their own experience are most likely rather regular and more usual than they possibly realized.
Your discussed to a lot of men and conducted a lot of research on men’s contrasting panorama of gender. What surprised the many?
Among issues that amazed me personally most about men’s want throughout my analysis ended up being that males desired to feel ideal. We’re accustomed to presenting boys realize, initiate, flirt, and drive for closeness while ladies are used to are about obtaining end of this attention. But people in my own data indicated that feelings intimately desired is a huge part of their unique libido. However, many boys furthermore shown that they considered their female partner wasn’t conscious this mattered to your or maybe performedn’t have the words to tell the woman that her flirting, complimenting their look or initiating gender affected him on such a deeper degree than simply a sexual one. That the lady showing desire to have him let him know that she watched him, wanted him, and needed him just as much as he demanded and desired this lady.

domain: psychology


- Special Reports
- Aircraft of the week
- Airport of the week
- Airline of the week
- Aviator of the week
The DARPA Falcon Project is planned to complete its second test flight today. The Falcon Project (Force Application and Launch from Continental United States) is a joint venture between the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and the United States Air Force (USAF).
The ICAO or NATO Spelling Alphabet, also called the phonetic alphabet, is the most commonly used spelling alphabet. The alphabet was developed by ICAO and later implemented by several other organizations such as NATO and FAA and has become the standard spelling alphabet.
China‘s stealth fighter, Chengdu J-20, made is first flight on 11th of January, 2011. The fifth generation stealth, twin-engine fighter aircraft prototype was developed by Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group for the Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force. It’s expected to be in service by 2017 – 2019. The Chengdu J-20 prototype was shown in flight to civilians and military personnel earlier this month. Photos of it began surfacing the internet last week.
The famous British Aerospace Harrier will retire next year from the UK military as a result of the Strategic Defence and Security Review. It made its last flight from an aircraft carrier on the 24th of November when four Harrier jets took off from HMS Ark Royal for the last time.


text:
Nearly as easy to make as a boxed mix! This tried and true recipe is perfect for satisfying those intense chocolate cravings. ~ http://www.fromvalerieskitchen.com
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Receta de Gelatina Coconut
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Over 31 Magic Bar recipes!!
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domain: food


Landing approximately 2 inches above your ankle, this is the mid-point between our low and crew heights.
Additional cushioning throughout the sock for a more secure, comfortable fit with greater impact protection.
Lightweight fiber from Merino sheep, known for its superior thermal regulation and natural moisture-wicking properties.
The time to unwind is now. Get away from the 9-to-5 with a Little Creek in your life and reset yourself to nature.
- Machine Wash in 40 °C / 104 °F.
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text:
Julie sees ghosts that constantly tell her where the bad books are. Scott was a saint, but only for most of the day last Thursday. Good Story 198: The Curse of Chalion by Lois McMaster Bujold.
Download or listen via this link: |Episode #198|
Subscribe to the podcast via this link: Feedburner
Or subscribe via iTunes by clicking: |HERE|

domain: literature


If Samsung gets its ways, we may soon be seeing smartwatches that are more independent of paired smartphones. The Korean manufacturer is said to be preparing a certain Gear Solo, an incarnation of the Gear 2 smartwatch that is capable of housing a SIM, or USIM, card for its own mobile connectivity.
There is no doubt that smartwatches are now a thing. However, most, but not all, of them are more of intelligent accessories to smartphones and tablets rather than smart devices in their own right. This is especially true when it comes to data connection, as these timepieces are utterly dependent on the paired smartwatch for any form of Internet connection. There have, of course, been exceptions, with sometimes highly amusing results, but most follow this norm.
It seems that Samsung will be trying again to be different. It has been seen trying to trademark the name “Gear Solo” for a device that can not only make and take calls on its own but also use mobile data. Judging by the name, we know that it will be a smartwatch, or at least a wearable device. Rumors ramping up in Korea says that the Gear Solo takes its form from the Gear 2 rather than the Gear Fit sports-focused wristband. It isn’t known whether it will actually be more like the Gear 2 Neo and eschew the camera module as well.
Samsung is said to planning on testing the Gear Solo first in Korea to gauge market reception before expanding worldwide. Given that the Gear 2 and its siblings are just about to go on retail, it is likely that we won’t be seeing the Gear Solo in the US market until 2015. But then again, Samsung did out the Gear 2 just half a year after the original Galaxy Gear, so there might still be a chance that it will do it earlier depending on how well the Gear 2 and Gear Fit perform in the market.


Washington Edges Cal, 72-67
BERKELEY, Calif. - California played an inspired game but still came awaywith a 72-67 loss to Washington Saturday afternoon at Haas Pavilion. TheGolden Bears fall to 9-11 overall and 2-9 in the Pac-10, while the Huskiesimproved to 12-8 overall and 5-6 in the conference with their first Pac-10road win of the season.
'Our players were not satisfied with the way we came out against WashingtonState,' said Cal head coach Caren Horstmeyer. 'We came out much moreaggressive and played with passion and desire which was lacking againstWashington State.'
The game was tied at 61-61 with 7:35 to play when Washington's GiulianaMendiola took charge of the game. She scored seven of her game-high 28points down the stretch. The Huskies went up 70-65 following a three-pointplay by Mendiola with 2:15 remaining. A driving layup by Jacqueline Sanchezbrought the Bears to within three with 38 seconds left.
Cal knew that it could get the ball back with eight seconds on the clock,so it opted to play defense instead of fouling to put Washington on thefree throw line. Giuliana Mendiola missed her shot attempt, but herteammate, Andrea Lalum, corralled the rebound and scored to give theHuskies the win.
'Almost all of their shooters are way over 70 percent,' said Horstmeyer.'We're talking 80 percent or above. There was an eight seconds shotdifferential, and I thought we could get a stop, and we did. However, wedidn't get the defensive rebound. We have had a couple of games where wefoul, foul, and then we can't even have a chance to tie it in the end. Ithought our defense was good enough tonight.'
Cal shot 63.6 percent in the first half to lead 38-34 behind 10 points eachfrom junior forwards Kiki Williams and Leigh Gregory. Williams scored eightof her points on 4-of-4 shooting on jumpers in the first four minutes ofthe game. The Bears held their biggest lead of the game at 38-31 with 1:45until the break on a basket from Olga Volkova.
Neither team led by more than five points in the second half. Washingtonwas able to post its second win of the season when trailing at the half byshooting 58.6 percent after halftime and holding Cal to 39.1 percent. TheHuskies finished at 55.4 percent for the game, while the Bears shot 51.1percent, their fifth game over 50 percent from the floor this season.
Gregory led Cal with 16 points, while Williams finished with 10 points, andsenior guard Nihan Anaz also had 10.
The Bears forced the Huskies into 20 turnovers, while committing only 16.
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Doomerism has serious downsides, a recent study found, it doesn’t change beliefs or support for policies, is demoralizing, and fails to motivate action. Communication experts have long known that an “all is lost” presentation about any topic is ineffective—messaging is only really effective when it “increases a sense of efficacy and focuses on one-time behaviors.” One expert, asked for his thoughts on how to talk about climate change effectively, suggested an approach that provides 1) clarity of action and 2) appeals to morality and ethics. (Check out the full article at the link below to learn more about how morality is uniting and activating.)
Other stories tonight include
- RIP Primatologist and ethologist Frans de Waal
- Where the wild things went during the pandemic is not what we imagined.
- 17 astounding scientific mysteries that researchers can’t solve (yet).
- The hidden value of herbariums
- Oral bacterium migrates to gut, helps colorectal tumors grow
- Playing thriving reef sounds on underwater speakers ‘could save damaged corals’
- Sweat protein may be defender against Lyme disease
- Old-Growth forests know how to protect themselves from fire
- Utility-caused wildfires are becoming a national problem
- Eco-friendly bio breaks—NASA has a new idea about how to shit in the woods
The hidden secrets of a simple birdsong, explained
BirdCast can tell you how many birds flew over your home each night.
Video of California Condor Redwood Queen in her nest tree with her new mate and newly laid egg.
We compared this doom and gloom message to the other climate change messages on a highly diverse sample of over 59,440 participants. Since climate change is a truly global issue, we translated and tested these messages in 63 different countries...to see which messages worked best...within specific countries and cultures.
Our findings revealed that doom and gloom messaging was highly effective for stimulating...posting on the internet or social media, where negativity reigns … doomerism (ie negative emotions) was the single most effective strategy for increasing social media sharing.
However, doom and gloom messaging was the absolute worst for motivating action and among the worst for changing climate change beliefs or support for climate change policies. In fact, negative emotions backfired on effortful behavior—making people significantly less likely to take action for the environment compared to a neutral control condition.
Also consider these findings:
- “...doom and gloom can demoralize the public into inaction. We found that this strategy had no effect on policy support or climate beliefs. For these outcomes, writing a letter to future generations explaining one’s climate actions today or thinking about the consequences of climate change in one’s region were the most effective interventions.”
- “When faced with the enormous stakes of the climate crisis, personal actions—and perhaps even policy change—can seem futile. People withdraw or disengage.”
- ”...far more research is needed on the topic and why we all need to embrace greater intellectual humility around this issue.”
- What goes viral online doesn’t necessarily translate to the real world: “norms and incentive structures of social media are very different...messages that work online may be completely counterproductive offline.
- ”...different people responded differently to the various climate messages and that this varies across countries. To design the most effective messages, scientists and policy makers will need to tailor them to the right audience.”
CHECK IT OUT FOR YOURSELF
To see the effects of our interventions along dimensions such as country of residence, income level, age, ideological leaning, socioeconomic status, gender and also type of climate action targeted, visit our open-access user-friendly web app. Feel free to play around and find out what worked best (or worst) in your home country.
Frans de Waal RIP
De Waal was the most famous Dutch primatologist for decades. With his calm speech, great knowledge and undeniable love for our fellow animals, he was also a well-known figure outside of science. Often shown on television, often quoted in debates.
De Waal rose to fame in the 1980s with his book Chimpanzee Politics (1982). This book was based on his observations of the power struggle in the chimpanzee colony of Burgers Zoo in Arnhem. The book offers a radical new view of ape leadership: it is not brute force and the direct application of power, but rather the mediation of conflicts and careful management of alliances that characterize the life of an ape leader. The monkey world suddenly became very human. So humane that conservative Republican Senator Newt Gingrich recommended the book in the 1990s as educational reading for young members of Congress.
This is a common thread in De Waal’s work: apes are much more like humans, and humans are much more like apes, than we think. As he said in a speech about his work in 2014: “I have moved the monkeys up a little and the people down a little.”
In the early months of the Covid pandemic, when every bit of news seemed bleak, there was one heartwarming narrative that took hold: With humans stuck in their homes, the world was safe again for wild animals, which could now wander freely through cities, parking lots or fields that once might have been crowded with people.
But a new global study, which used wildlife cameras to track human and animal activity during the Covid lockdowns, suggests that the story was not that simple.
Really, science is about a big question: How do we know when we’ve completely learned something? … We’re drawn to questions because they are optimistic. They invite us to dream of a better world in which they are answered, where the gaps between questions and our capabilities to answer them are smaller. Scientific knowledge is a gift we can give the future. It’s worth getting right. [...]
1) What is the universe made out of?
2) How did life start on Earth?
3) How did dogs evolve from wolves?
4) Can animals feel grief?
8) How does sound become hearing?
12) What is the definition of “life”?
14) What did dinosaurs sound like?
17) How will everything end?
The Duke herbarium is perhaps the 6th largest university herbarium in the United States. And it is tied with Cornell. So it's very well known in the area of biodiversity research and climate change research, but it's stunning that now, it's being told it needs to find a better home...every herbarium is unique. It's a collection of dried plant materials that have been collected over time from various professors, students, researchers that have gone on explorations, and brought these treasures home. So no herbarium replicates what another herbarium has. It's unique to the history of Duke and the people who worked at the Duke herbarium.
And so our collection of 825,000 specimens is special only to, it's special to Duke. It's not replicated anywhere else.
Underwater speakers that broadcast the hustle and bustle of thriving coral could bring life back to more damaged and degraded reefs that are in danger of becoming ocean graveyards, researchers say.
Scientists working off the US Virgin Islands in the Caribbean found that coral larvae were up to seven times more likely to settle at a struggling reef where they played recordings of the snaps, groans, grunts and scratches that form the symphony of a healthy ecosystem.
“We’re hoping this may be something we can combine with other efforts to put the good stuff back on the reef,” said Nadège Aoki at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts. “You could leave a speaker out for a certain amount of time and it could be attracting not just coral larvae but fish back to the reef.”
Researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the University of Helsinki have discovered that a protein in human sweat may protect against Lyme disease. The findings could help patients whose symptoms linger months or years.
Their research was published in Nature Communications in an article titled, “SCGB1D2 inhibits growth of Borrelia burgdorferi and affects susceptibility to Lyme disease.”
“They say they’ll log this old-growth forest—this wet, green rainforest—to create fire resilience,” [Author/activist Rick Bass] says, “but these trees are already fire-resilient. This larch, for example, is not only meant to survive fire; it’s meant to prosper from it. These attributes, the species diversity here, the structural diversity of the forest—they need to be studied, not clear-cut. But the Forest Service says that by clear-cutting a, what, nearly 1,000-year-old forest, they’ll teach it to be resilient?”
Large wildfires started by power lines and other utility equipment were, not that long ago, considered something that happened mostly in California. But these disasters are increasingly happening in many more places as forces that are turbocharged by climate change such as extreme heat and drought wreak havoc on electric grids that were not built or upgraded to withstand them.
It’s been pop culture knowledge for decades that astronauts wear “diapers” on spacewalks, but the Maximum Absorbency Garment (MAG) used by astronauts is more than just a diaper, and now a polymer key to the underwear’s function is helping to keep campgrounds and parks clean. [...]
Patented in the early 1980s, the MAG uses a highly absorbent polymer compound sandwiched between layers of specialized materials designed to remove moisture and keep the astronauts dry while outside their spacecraft. The sodium polyacrylate polymer absorbs the urine, transforming the liquid into a solidified gel. The waste can then be disposed of much more simply than the complicated collection system of the Apollo days. [...]
Headquartered in Oceanside, California, Cleanwaste uses the same polymer utilized in the MAG to give people a more environmentally friendly way to dispose of waste. When it was founded in 1999, the company started by pitching its products to the military but later found a new market in people who like outdoor adventuring, such as kayakers, campers, and hikers – particularly in national parks.
Scientists believe that most male songbirds evolved to sing a variety of songs to demonstrate their fitness. Under that theory, the fittest songbirds will have more time and energy to work on their vocal stylings — and attract females with their varied vocal repertoire.
New research using machine learning shows finches may be sticking to one tune, but how they sing it makes a big difference. Published Wednesday in the journal Nature, the study reveals the complexity of a single zebra finch song — and what female songbirds might be hearing in their prospective mates’ seemingly “simple” songs.
Bird cast — check it out to learn how many birds were overhead last night where you live
A few days ago, Bird Cast reported nearly 400,000 birds flew over my area in one night, probably from the seasonal wetlands that host migratory waterfowl each winter.
BirdCast applies weather surveillance radar to gather information on the numbers, flight directions, speeds and altitudes of birds aloft in order to expand the understanding of migratory bird movement.


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- - This kit does not include a lifetime warranty. Aluminum is much more elastic that DOM and will serve you better on the rocks, however it is not indestructible and we cannot guarantee that these links will hold up to all forces applied to them.
- - This kit does not require any drilling/reaming of the knuckles or pitman arm. It will bolt right in.
- - Stock wheels will require 1.5" wheel spacers, or you will need a 17" wheel with 4.5" of backspacing or less
- - Depending on the design of some aftermarket wheels additional spacers or steering stop adjustments could be needed.
- - Steering Stabilizer brackets that mount outside of the stock location may run into clearance issues. This kit is designed to work with steering stabilizers that mount in the factory location.
- 1 Aluminum Tie Rod
- 1 Aluminum Drag Link
- 3 1 Ton Tie Rod Ends
- 1 1 Ton Drag Link End
- 1 Steering Stabilizer Bracket
- 1 Tapered Steering Knuckle Insert


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Come to a home you deserve located in Duluth, MN BlueStone Flats has everything you need Call (218) 935-1332 today!
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The central point of Gliwice includes a 73 × 74 m Main Square outlined in the latter half of 13th century, with two streets leading from each of its corners. The Main Square was the centre of local political, economic and social life of the city ever since its creation. It was here that city patricians dabbling in trade and entrepreneurship lived, it also hosted various events. The medieval buildings of the Main Square no longer exist. Most of the current tenement houses were built during later centuries – mainly during 19th and 20th centuries – loosely resembling Renaissance or classic styles. It is an effect of the post-war restoration of some tenement houses of the Gliwice Old Town under the supervision of architect Franciszek Maurer. He is the reason why the Main Square retained its nature and its tenement houses gained arcades we can admire today.
During archaeological studies in 2010, preceding the planned modification of the Main Square, a modern well was discovered, together with relics dating back to brick structures used around the Main Square in modern times.

domain: history


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Joss Baker: 32 Rue Vandenbranden at Melbourne Festival
Hosts Rachel Iampolski and Osman Erciyes chat to dancer Joss Baker about the extremely physical 32 Rue Vandenbranden, a collaboration of international artists that has been touring the world for six years.
32 Rue Vandenbranden showed October 8 – 11 as part of Melbourne Festival.
More by Art Smitten
With the arts industry still in lockdown and premieres on-hold, Art Smitten is continuing to present a retrospective of our favourite releases, exhibitions and otherwise […]

domain: artistic


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Just a few days until we get back on stage again, and we can’t wait. On Wednesday April 17th we will perform at Fjällkyrkan in Sälen. This kicks off a gig season that will take us to Stockholm, Visby, Hamburg…
We're currently planning Mary Read's touring schedule for the summer and fall of 2019. Are you interested in booking us for a venue or festival, or maybe even thinking about organizing a house concert? Drop us a line or give us a call - we'd love to hear from you!
About Mary Read
Mary Read mixes electronic sounds and beats with the mournful melodies of Nordic folk music. They take inspiration from dark ambient, EBM, traditional Swedish fiddle tunes and many other genres.
Currently, Mary Read is preparing to tour with their new project Dunsany Dreaming, where they combine poems by the early 20th century author Lord Dunsany with original compositions and Swedish folk melodies.
They can also be heard as guest artists on the upcoming album of Rozalind MacPhail, a Canadian flutist and electroacoustic performer, currently nominated for ECMA’s “electronic recording of the year”.
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domain: entertainment


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PATRICK MOLNAR TAKES US BACK TO ATLANTA
Pat Molnar continues to capture the bold and beautiful misfits of Atlanta. His personal project, ATL, tells an ongoing story about real folks with unique voices. Pat's newest additions to the project include colorful and intimate portraits of Atlanta's free-spirited youth. Click here to see more from Pat Molnar.


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Hunger Games: Predictive Programming?
At a time when the US government talks of food shortages yet is doing nothing to ensure food for its people but is doing numbers of things that seriously increase the threat and leave people more helpless, it is relevant to look at again at the famine in Ireland in the 19th century, considered “one of the darkest chapters in world history.” This matters because the famine appears now to have been caused intentionally.
The list of things that the government has done or has put in place that would only exacerbate or even cause food shortages are many and they run side by side with policies that prevent ordinary people and especially the poor from growing their own food.
An article http://foodfreedomgroup.com/
Primarily using recent corporate “food safety” laws as the weapon to curtail people’s producing or sharing or selling food themselves, laws have been put into place and police actions have been occurring that expose a pattern of
- Cities are passing “food safety” ordinances making it a crime for people to give food to the homeless.
- Cities and states are using armed agencies to attack local food producers, having turned misdemeanors around such minor infractions as certification, into felonies and even conspiracies to sell fresh food. Worse, people are being accused of breaking laws that are not even in existence.
- The FDA is attacking organic farms and food producers, especially around access to raw milk, even as the CDC puts out false information on it that is at odds with the CDC’s own data which show it to be as much as 35,000 times safer than other foods. It is the only real milk in the country.
- The USDA has shut down most small local meat processors across the country – despite no history of contamination – and left the biggest corporate processors in place, despite an on-going history of illnesses and deaths from contamination. In shutting down local processors, the government has cut local communities off from control over local food, and left them at the whim of the big processors to deliver meat at all.
- Having gotten rid of the small operations, the multinationals have just demonstrated why they put “food safety” laws into place. The food safety agency in Canada (with USDA’s help) just brought a major slaughtering operation to destruction in only a few days and with no means provided for the company to correct any alleged problem – setting it up for easy picking by the multinationals.
- The food safety division of the FDA has been directly asserting in court that people have no right to choose their own food, or to contract with each other, and even no right to their own health.
- Corporate lawyers have gotten food redefined as “stuff” knowing that GMOs do not fulfill the definition of food. The basic of nutritional aspect of food is entirely missing as is its capacity to heal, and support fertility.
- The EPA is one step closer to approving Dow’s Agent Orange pesticide , and thus opens up the possibility of the FDA declaring an infestation or contamination on organic farms and ordering aerial spraying with this new Agent Orange “pesticide,” thus wiping out normal agriculture in the US and truly killing the soil, animals, insects and ultimately, people. This scenario is folded into the food safety law, designed by Monsanto’s VP Michael Taylor who is now running the FDA’s food safety division using that law, putting Monsanto in charge of all farms in the US. Given that the DHS has declared organic crops bio-threats, and the USDA has listed earthworms – the indication of a healthy ecosystem – as an invasive species, the door is open to the FDA ordering the spraying of Agent Orange pesticide on private local organic farms and even gardens.
- The food safety law allows for the shut down of food into cities if contamination is declared, without it having to be proven, and as though absolute starvation were preferable to contaminated food. These provisions codify how the government behaved in New Orleans after Katrina, shutting off delivery of food and water (even donated by citizens), and preventing people from leaving the area, and gunning down unarmed people who broke into stores to obtain food.
- The government is moving ahead rapidly with GMO approvals despite emergency warnings from agricultural experts that farm animals are going sterile and agriculture itself could collapse here.
- In Michigan, the Department of Natural Resources, leaving all logic – except the profit of industrial agriculture – behind, has declared small farmers’ heritage pigs, which are raised behind fences, and raised on pasture, “feral” and “invasive” and has ordered they all be destroyed and farmers raising them, declared felons. This is bringing home to the US a similar US agribusiness attack on pigs that occurred in Haiti to force US hogs that require huge expensive inputs of USDA commodities on the country. The US used the threat of swine flu to destroy the special breed of Haitian pigs, leaving Haitians without the food and income the non-demanding little pigs provided. In the UK and Korea and across, US agribusiness has profited from fear of foot and mouth disease (harmless to people) arranging for military to slaughter millions of farmers’ animals. In Asia, the hoax of avian flu was used. In both cases, the slaughters left countries dependent on imports by the giant multinationals, and much less food secure. Local sources were wiped out and then laws put in place putting in place a financial bar to raising animals. Biodiversity is wiped out and it is biodiversity that provides a food system its resilience and security.
- Recent Presidential orders include the seizure of all farms, all livestock, all farm equipment and all food. How such removal of food production from the American people is protective of them or the country is unclear.
This is a very short list of the things the US government is doing which ensure the American people would have little means to feed themselves if food shortages occur, or are arranged. Certainly, Michelle Obama is not following Eleanor Roosevelt in urging people to plant home gardens. Michelle Obama has her own organic garden but she has not once encouraged people to do the same by growing their own organic gardens at home, or suggested that this would be a major solution for getting local fresh food to poor children. Instead, she supports school food programs that leave children of the poor eating USDA’s GMO-commodities. For the federal program, full of noble words and “sustainable” PR, writes itself an out – local food will be served in schools, if it feasible.
Once Americans grasp that bankers control industrial ag, and in 2008, manipulated the market in grain commodities and made a fortune on starvation, and that they want a dramatic decrease in population (while calling themselves “the Good Club”), the Irish Famine takes on new significance, as do the mega coffins the CDC has been storing outside Atlanta.
That the British appear to have engineered the Irish Famine is a valuable warning that provides direction. People must provide for their own food locally and fend off all city and state laws that are obstacles, however “sustainably” disguised, that would deprive them of that human right . Food must be in the hands of the public.
This can be done rapidly. Nurseries only need to sell pots of mixed vegetables, as they sell pots of mixed herbs or mixed lettuces.
Many crops such as kale, cabbage, beets, carrots, spinach, collards, Chinese cabbages, parsley, etc. grow well during the winter and can be grown in 5 gallon pots by anyone. 3 such pots for a family would provide nutrients for daily soups for a family. In a neighborhood, everyone might contribute, including meat and eggs and any beans they may have stored. In short order, and at little cost (perhaps $10 a pot for organic soil and three vegetables seedlings per pot), the entire country could become food secure very rapidly, even people in apartments. An example of what might be grown in the pots.Pot 1: spinach, red cabbage, chard, skirted with parsley
Pot 2: broccoli, kale, collards, skirted with purple sage
Pot 3: chives or bunching onions, lettuces, rosemary, thyme,
In apartments with little light, turnips from the grocery can potted up (or placed in bottles so their long tail can develop roots again), and will produce greens all winter from the energy stored in the root. The greens simply need to be cut when needed and will grow back. With enough turnips grown indoors in this way, a family would have greens regularly. This is true of beets as well.
It is not too late to provide such things to one’s family and to make connections with neighbors around food, so people are once again looking after each other. The Famine Plot: England’s Role in Ireland’s Greatest Tragedy has provided a useful overview of how food, when controlled, has been used to harm, and one can see numerous actions by the US government that are worrisome. Common sense and wisdom suggest that people and local communities must control their own food. In Russia, families are providing more than half of the food in the country, so there is proof that the US does not need to depend on Industrial agriculture to survive. This decentralized food system makes a country more secure and independent. Whereas the risk of depending on globalized industrial agriculture run by elite with their own agendas, presents obvious and severe risks

domain: news


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Jose Mourinho and Rafa Benitez have never been the closest of friends and the Portuguese has re-opened the war of words.
It’s been a season of gloom for Benitez. He was sacked by Real Madrid in January and this week suffered relegation from the Premier League with Newcastle United.
Mourinho can’t claim to have had much better of a year - he’s been out of management since December since being dismissed by Chelsea - but that didn’t stop him aiming a sly dig at his old foe.
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The former Porto boss was discussing Real Madrid’s season, which Zinedine Zidane has done a wonderful job to turn around, and without mentioning Benitez’s name, managed to rub salt into the Newcastle boss’s open wounds.
Please, Jose. Hasn’t Benitez suffered enough this year?
The unemployed coach spoke at FIFA Congress on Friday, where he heaped praise on Zidane.
He said, per Goal: “Zidane arrived late during the middle of the season but has been instrumental in transforming the dynamic at the club.
“If Zidane wins the Champions League then everyone will forget about the problems that the club experienced pre-Christmas before the change of coach and the enduring memory will be that of an 11th European Cup win.
“Zizou has got his team to the Champions League final and for a team with an indifferent start that presents a massive opportunity to gloss over the season as a whole.”
Problems behind the scenes
Behind the scenes, there was problems. A rift developed between Benitez and Cristiano Ronaldo and falling out with the star man was the beginning of the end.
However, on it, Benitez’s side wasn’t scintillating but by no means did Los Blancos struggle. They were third in the table at the time of his sacking and four points behind then-leaders Atletico Madrid.
Benitez needed a miracle to save his job and a 2-2 draw against Valencia on January 3 wasn’t it. He was shown the door the following day.
But 13 days prior to his sacking, Madrid president Florentino Perez referred to Benitez as the “solution”, not the “problem”. That said, he isn’t regretting his decision to sack the 56-year-old given how the second half of the season has panned out.
Mourinho and Benitez’s rivalry stretches back to their days at Chelsea and Liverpool. After a few jibes from Mourinho in 2005, the Spaniard hit back after the two clubs drew 0-0 in a dull Champions League group game in 2006.
“To me, Arsenal play much better football. They win matches and are exciting to watch," he opined. "Barcelona and Milan too. They create excitement so how can you say Chelsea are the best team in the world?"
And neither has held back since that comment. “How many championships has Benitez won since he joined Liverpool? None,” Mourinho has asked, per Sky Sports.
“At Liverpool, with a squad half of the value of Chelsea, we twice knocked his Chelsea side out of the Champions League,” Benitez has argued.
It’s quite a shame they won’t be facing each other next season, unless Mourinho fancies a job in the Championship.

domain: sports


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Kubicle’s online learning platform is focused on upskilling individuals and organizations in leading data analytics solutions such as Excel, Tableau, Power BI, and Alteryx.
To redesign a complex structure of interconnected courses, projects, and subjects, improving the user experience, increasing conversions and reducing the cost per acquisition.
- Increasing conversions
- Reducing cost per acquisition
- Visual Design
- Design System
A combination of analytics, user recordings, and personas helped to define actionable strategies that could significantly improve the user experience.
The user flows were restructured considering the role of each page along the conversion funnel, being divided into awareness, consideration and decision phases.
This approach helped us to define what type of content (ie. testimonials, social proof, certifications, etc) could address user concerns, provide reassurances, and communicate transparency and credibility.
KEY SOLUTION ELEMENTS
Tone of Voice
© 2023 Breno Martins. Made with love.

domain: design


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Ayslinn Dynasty is a web manga created in March 2020 by Canadian Axel Denault and Congolese Elglish Kangou.
The web serie is updated every Tuesday.
The story follows Ayslinn Katsburrow, a genius underachiever stuck in a rigid monarchy. Noble enough that she never has to work but not related enough to the king to have an actual position, she decides to take mater in her own hands and overthrow the king. With the help of her best friends Alar, Mélina and Renji, she plunges into an uncertain future as the world collapse into civil war where ships collide, alliances shift, and great mind meets.
Where to read


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My Dad is a Tree by Jon Agee – at a glance
The School Reading Lists’ five word review: engaging, direct, subtle, thought-provoking.
Children’s book title: My Dad is a Tree.
Children’s author: Jon Agee.
Genre: Picture book.
Published by: Scallywag Press.
Recommended for children aged: 4+ year-olds.
First published: Hardback May 2023.
This children’s book is ideal for: imaginative infants.
To see the latest price or order, click on the book cover image.
Madeleine stands in her garden, pretending to be a tree. Her father asks her what she’s up to and she persuades him to join her, ‘because a tree gets to stand outside all day long.’
As they stand there, a small owl flies down to perch on his arm. Then a robin starts to make a nest in his hair. Chicks land on his other outstretched arm and start chirruping away. Soon afterwards, a butterfly and a ladybird join the others. A spider spins its web under his arm. A squirrel stuffs an acorn into his shorts pocket. A kite gets tangled around his head. When it starts raining Madeleine gets an umbrella and stands on a ladder with her Dad, assuring him that trees don’t mind getting wet. They have to stand out there all night because these various creatures have made them their home and, as Madeleine explains, trees aren’t afraid of the dark or bothered by the rain.
I read it with my five-year-old grandson, who is well used to books and these days probably leans a little more to moving images.
But he was really engaged by this. A trick I think all writers for children have to appreciate is how to reveal the illogical, eccentric and absurd side to life and people. I’m sure very young children are wired to see this, and it’s only the pressures of the conformity-world which squeezes it out of them.
The drawings are straightforward and direct, but also subtle. We were able to discuss how a slight change of shape or direction of the characters’ eyes made a difference to what they appeared to be thinking. And we are both now experts in drawing rain!
Many thanks to Scallywag Press for the review copy.
To order a class set of this book, please click below to order via uk.bookshop.org, an organisation that supports local bookshops, or Amazon.co.uk.
Disclosure: If you buy books using the buttons above: we may earn a commission from Bookshop.org, whose fees support independent bookshops; as an Amazon Associate schoolreadinglist.co.uk earns from qualifying purchases.
If you like My Dad is a Tree by Jon Agee you might also like: our reviews of Forwards Always by Matthew Hodson, Free Kid to Good Home by Hiroshi Ito, Pops by Gavin Bishop, The Little Thing by Nick Cave, NO! said Rabbit by Marjoke Henrichs, I say Oh, You say No by John Kane and our list of books for year 1.
Browse our list of books for KS1.


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The Last Valley (DVD)
Directed by James Clavell
From acclaimed writer/director James Clavell (Shogun, The Great Escape, To Sir, with Love, The Satan Bug), the stirring war epic The Last Valley stars screen greats Michael Caine (The Ipcress File, Kidnapped) and Omar Sharif (Juggernaut, Doctor Zhivago). As the Thirty Years’ War rages through 17th-century Germany, a fierce captain (Caine) lays waste to any village his army encounters. But when he arrives in an undisturbed valley where he meets a beautiful peasant girl (Florinda Bolkan, Flavia the Heretic), his long-dead memories of peace and happiness are reawakened. As war closes in, will he heed its call... or fight for the new life he has found? This powerful film is both a magnificent spectacle and an intensely personal story of love, friendship and loss. Co-starring Nigel Davenport (Mary, Queen of Scots), Per Oscarsson (Endless Night) and Arthur O’Connell (Anatomy of a Murder), with a rousing score by the great John Barry (The Lion in Winter) and top-notch cinematography by Norman Warwick (The Abominable Dr. Phibes) and John Wilcox (Dr. Who and the Daleks).
DVD Extras Include:
Brand New HD Master
NEW Audio Commentary by Film Historians Howard S. Berger, Steve Mitchell and Nathaniel Thompson
Optional English Subtitles
"Genuine noir... an essential and previously missing link in mid-20th-century cinema." –' @EddieMuller' //…' https://t.co/8gjsJwfjlp'
RT' @IndieWire': Luca Marinelli won the Best Actor prize at Venice for his performance in #MartinEden (opening Oct. 16). Watch the official n…
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RT' @OliverSacksDoc': That feeling when OLIVER SACKS: HIS OWN LIFE opens tomorrow at virtual cinemas nationwide and you can watch it from the…
RT' @KLStudioClassic': Coming December 1st! ATTACK (1956) • Original Theatrical Trailer There’s dissension in the ranks during the Battle o…
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That was a strange story and I dont know if I will believe it or not. But I heared same story as yours. Anyway if it happens to me I will accept it because it is love why we had kids and it is love why I marry him.
Wah, its weird and creepy, how it will happen in true life? Anyways if that's the case I still love the ghost, I love her and nothing can change it. True love is true love we can't define it in simple words.


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Add instant depth and natural reflection to your space with this round, wooden accent wall mirror. With it's thick, rustic frame it will accentuate your home. Works well in any style decor from modern industrial, to rustic, to farmhouse, to country cottage style. Hang it in your living room, hallway, bedroom, or bathroom.
Round, wooden accent wall mirror has thick wood frame. Rustic darker colored wood blends with many decors, from modern, to rustic, to farmhouse or country cottage. Perfect for living room, hallway, bedroom, or bathroom.
This product can expose you to chemicals including lead, which is known to the State of California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm. For more information, go to https://www.p65warnings.ca.gov/


The 2011 NewsChannel 7 Golf Classic is just days away.
It's happening at Greenwood Hills in Wausau July 21st through the 24th.
It's the 51st year for the event.
For more information on the event, just click the video link above.
We'll have complete coverage on the event next weekend.


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Rock Band Series Explodes, Harmonix Founders To Benefit
If you're a fan of really big numbers, pay attention.
See, back in 1995, two college buddies from MIT - Alex Rigopulos and Eran Egozy - founded Harmonix, and it was their goal to bring the world of popular music into the growing world of video games. They brought us Frequency, Karaoke Revolution, Guitar Hero (initially) and the most recent, Rock Band franchise. The latter has proven quite lucrative: according to GameSpot, Viacom (owner of Harmonix parent company MTV Games) has revealed that both Rock Band and Rock Band 2 have now wold 7 million units in 13 different countries worldwide. Said Viacom president Philippe Dauman- "We have a tiger by the tail in Rock Band and our growing games business." All this, and the PlayStation 3 version of Rock Band 2 wasn't included in these figures, as it just released last month. Overall, the two games have generated nearly $574 million in U.S. retailers alone, and this doesn't include any revenue from the new Rock Band music store, which allows gamers to purchase single songs and track packs for the games.
However, while there's no money figure attached to this as of yet, Dauman says there have been around 26 million songs downloaded so far, so the store is off to a flying start. All of this has made Viacom a lot of money, and they're not about to ignore the guys who started it all: in a SEC filing, the company said that during the third quarter, it had paid "$150 million...under an earn-out agreement related to the 2006 acquisition of Harmonix Music Systems Inc." In addition, Viacom will toss out another earn-out payment next year, which - not surprisingly - should "exceed this year's payment." So...given that Viacom payed $175 million for Harmonix in the first place, it seems Harmonix is projected to earn around $500 million in only three years time. How's that for a yearly salary?
11/11/2008 Ben Dutka


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Eastern State Hospital
Eastern State Hospital is based in Lexington, Kentucky - 40511. Eastern State Hospital can be reached at 859-246-8000.
Eastern State Hospital allows Private Pay, Medicaid Public Insurance, Medicare Public Insurance, Private Insurance for Drug Rehab , Military Insurance Coverage, Sliding Scale Fee Payments for Rehab, Low Cost Addiction Treatment for these treatment approaches: Individual Addiction Therapy, Group Psychotherapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.
All of these programs are provided for these types of care: Rehab for Mental Health Disorders.
We can help you find the right treatment facility that best fits your overall needs and financial requirements.

domain: medical