William Kristol, a top Republican strategist and editor of the Weekly Standard is pushing Democratic senator Joe Lieberman for vice president, on the strength of Lieberman’s full‐throated support for the war without end. Pete Wehner, the leading intellectual in the Bush White House (OK, but still–that carries some weight in the Bush party), backs the idea in National Review.
True, Lieberman is one of the few Americans still solidly behind Bush’s war. But that couldn’t be sufficient for Republicans to put him a heartbeat from the presidency, right? He must share Republican values on other issues, right?
Not really. As Robert Novak pointed out back when Republicans were endorsing Lieberman for reelection,
Lieberman followed the liberal line in opposing oil drilling in ANWR, Bush tax cuts, overtime pay reform, the energy bill, and bans on partial‐birth abortion and same‐sex marriage. Similarly, he voted in support of Roe vs. Wade and for banning assault weapons and bunker buster bombs. His only two pro‐Bush votes were to fund the Iraq war and support missile defense (duplicating Sen. Hillary Clinton’s course on both).
Lieberman’s most recent ratings by the American Conservative Union were 7 percent in 2003, zero in 2004 and 8 percent in 2005.
I actually agree with him on a couple of those votes, though I wouldn’t expect that conservatives would. The National Taxpayers Union said that he voted with taxpayers 9 percent of the time in 2005, worse than Chris Dodd or Barbara Boxer. Maybe because of all the Republican love in 2006, he soared to a 15 percent rating.
In a previous speech, Lieberman called for a tax increase so that we could continue the war without “squeezing important domestic programs, as we have been doing”–his view of a period during which federal spending rose by one trillion dollars:
During the Second World War, our government raised taxes and we spent as much as 30 percent of our Gross Domestic Product to defeat fascism and Nazism. During the war in Korea, we raised taxes and spent fourteen percent of GDP on our military…Today, in the midst of a war against a brutal enemy in a dangerous world, we have cut taxes and are spending less than five percent of GDP to support our military…It is not an acceptable answer to push the sacrifice of this war against terrorism onto our children and grandchildren through deficit spending, as we have been doing. And it is not an acceptable answer to pay the costs of this war by squeezing important domestic programs, as we have been doing.
Only if you believe that continuing to support the war in Iraq outweighs all other issues combined–for the next five years–could a conservative reasonably support Joe Lieberman. And apparently some Republicans and conservatives are willing to toss aside his commitment to high taxes, higher spending, more regulation, and entitlement expansion in order to get a vice president firmly committed to long‐term entanglement in Iraq.
I think Cusack is a smart guy who has been misinformed. As Tom Firey notes, Cato scholars, like Cusack, are keenly interested in making it harder for Congress and the president to start wars. I recently offered a proposal for reforming veterans’ health care. One of the proposal’s main selling points, to my mind, is that it would force Congress to confront many of the costs of war that the current system hides.
I even agree with some of what Cusack said. Cato scholars certainly don’t have “any monopoly on insight into anything.” And I’m sure we come across poorly at times.
But do Cato scholars really want, as Cusack has written, “the total liberation of corporations”? If I were really a corporate tool, would I have just penned an oped where I smeared the entire health care industry as a pack of “rent‐seeking weasels”?
If Cusack could see how poorly we get along with most corporations most of the time, he might give Cato another look.
One fun little perk of working at the Cato Institute is the daily e‐mail from our media department listing recent press references. Often, these “Cato Clips” are sources of pride — a Cato scholar being quoted on a good point, or a member of the public citing Cato while making a thoughtful argument in a letter to the editor. Occasionally the clips can be disappointing, as when someone misrepresents or straw‐mans a Cato scholar’s position or misunderstands the institute’s philosophical perspective. (We’re sometimes identified as “ultra‐conservative” and “neo‐conservative.”)
And then sometimes a Cato Clip is just plain baffling. Case in point, yesterday’s clip of an interview with actor John Cusack that appeared in the Detroit weekly Metro Times. The piece includes this bit:
“Do you think all these people work at the Cato Institute?” he continues. “No. Even the people who work at these places, I’ve met them. They don’t have any monopoly or insight into anything. Where does their intellectual or moral clout come from? Nowhere. The guy’s talking in front of a camera, reading from a teleprompter, bitching at people. I know enough to be intimidated by serious men and women, but I won’t be cowed by people like that.”
I don’t know exactly what Cusack is on about here, but he doesn’t seem to like Cato very much. The question is why.
Earlier in the interview he argues that the U.S. should bring back the military draft because people would then be more inclined to oppose U.S. military action. There, he’s definitely at odds with at least one Cato scholar who worries that, by making military labor cheaper, the U.S. would be more inclined to military action. On the other hand, Cusack laments Republican politicians’ use of the threat of terrorism as justification for all sorts of dubious policies. Cato scholars have made this argument repeatedly, including this piece by Ohio State professor (and one‐time Cato visiting fellow) John Mueller.
Anyhoo, if you can explain Mr. Cusack’s comment about Cato, please drop me a line.
The Washington Post takes a swipe at Ron Paul, deriding his plan to abolish the income tax because revenues would fall to 1995 levels (rather than 2000 levels, as Dr. Paul mistakenly claimed in a recent Jay Leno appearance):
Expounding on his proposal for abolishing the income tax, Paul claims this would still leave the U.S. Treasury with roughly the revenues it had in 2000, in the final year of the Clinton administration. A post on the Paul campaign website explains that individual income taxes account for “approximately one third of federal revenue.” Unfortunately for the tax slashers, the one‐time Libertarian candidate for president is wrong on both counts. According to the Congressional Budget Office, individual income taxes represent between 45 and 49 percent of federal tax revenues, depending on the year. For financial year 2007, total receipts from individual income tax were in the region of $1.1 trillion dollars. If you eliminated all that revenue, the federal budget would shrink to the size it was around 1995.
The Post’s criticism is akin to condemning a book because the typesetting was not centered on a few pages. The real issue is whether America would be a stronger and more prosperous nation if government was reduced to the levels envisioned by the Founding Fathers. America climbed from agricultural poverty to middle‐class prosperity before the income tax was adopted, and federal government spending (with the exception of times of war) was a small percentage of GDP. The Post also fixates on whether the Paul campaign has identified $1.1 trillion of savings to match the forgone revenue from eliminating the income tax.
In attempt to figure out where the $1.1 trillion in annual savings is going to come from in a Paul administration, I talked yesterday afternoon to the candidate’s policy director, Joseph Becker. He pointed out that Paul has promised to bring troops home from Iraq and Afghanistan, eliminate foreign aid, eliminate agriculture subsidies, and get rid of the U.S. Education Department. A President Paul would, however, still have a military sufficient to defend the homeland.
Based on Paul’s rhetoric and record, this presumably is not a problem. The candidate almost certainly would favor the elimination (or transfer to the states) of the Departments of Agriculture, Energy, Education, Housing and Urban Development, Transportation, Labor, Commerce, and Health and Human Services. (What a joyous sentence to type!) Indeed, because he also would gradually turn entitlement programs into systems based on personal accounts (and shift welfare components back to the state and local levels), the long‐term savings would significantly exceed the amount of money collected by the personal income tax. Ron Paul may not be a realistic candidate in today’s America, but that is an unfortunate reflection on voters (and the forces that have shaped voter attitudes), not the candidate’s platform.
Scholars argue about what Shakespeare’s famous line in Henry VI really means, but I prefer to think that the wise playwright understood that law is a protection for the people and a constraint on rapacious rulers. Which brings us to the situation in Pakistan, where President/General Musharraf must be contemplating Shakespeare’s proposition. The glamorous Benazir Bhutto gets the headlines, but the real conflict is between Musharraf and the judges and lawyers who uphold the rule of law.
The latest crisis began last March, when Musharraf suspended Supreme Court Chief Justice Iftikhar Chaudhry. The rest of the Supreme Court then reinstated the chief justice. After questions arose about the legitimacy of Musharraf’s reelection, the general suspended the constitution and brought lawyers into the streets.
Lawyers. In the streets. In suits, as a Washington Post essayist noted. It’s not the usual image of a revolution. The people leading the rebellion against Musharraf’s undemocratic rule are not embattled farmers, or sans‐culottes, or proletarian mobs, or even Buddhist monks. They’re lawyers, people normally committed to quiet meetings, legal briefs, formal argument, and decisionmaking processes both judicial and judicious.
But as Husain Haqqani, a former adviser to three Pakistani prime ministers, wrote in the Wall Street Journal:
Pakistan’s burgeoning civil society, led by lawyers and encouraged by judges ousted from the Supreme Court, is refusing to be cowed. Protests are spreading despite thousands of arrests and the use of tear gas and batons against peaceful demonstrators. More than 1,700 attorneys have been jailed but still more are taking to the streets. University students have joined the lawyers, and former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto has vowed to violate a ban on public meetings by leading a rally on Friday.
There are a number of important reasons why Pakistan’s attorneys are leading the protests against Mr. Musharraf. They have a long tradition of activism for rule of law and human‐rights issues. In 1968–69, the lawyers started the campaign that resulted in the ouster of Pakistan’s first military ruler, Field Marshal Ayub Khan. They also were at the forefront of the campaign against Mr. Zia‐ul‐Haq, whose 11‐year military rule ended when he died in a 1988 plane crash.
The sympathies of Americans should be with the Pakistani people and the rule of law, not with any political player in the current struggle. It is not for the United States government to pick winners in Pakistan, but we should free ourselves of the belief that Musharraf is the only force capable of opposing radical Islamic terrorism in the country. Chief Justice Chaudhry, in Haqqani’s words, “has become a symbol of resistance to arbitrary rule — the man who refused to roll over and disappear, unlike earlier judges who cooperated with military rulers or simply went home when their conscience dictated otherwise.” He may one day be seen as the Joan of Arc or the George Washington of his country’s revival.
Haqqani writes, “Mr. Musharraf seems determined to put his own political survival before the rule of law — actions that warrant the label dictator. Pakistan’s attorneys, and increasingly the rest of its citizenry, seem equally determined to prevent this from happening.” Americans should wish them well.
Noting that over‐taxation will cause the geese that lay golden eggs to fly away, the International Monetary Fund’s former top economist says that a flat tax may be the only sensible approach. This, of course, is precisely why groups like the Cato Institute and the Center for Freedom and Prosperity are fighting to protect tax competition. Resource mobility is the enemy of greedy politiicans. Unfortunately, those politicians are not giving up without a fight. They are working through international bureaucracies such as the OECD to get the ability to track — and tax — flight capital. American lawmakers should resist this effort, both because the US is the world’s largest tax haven for foreign capital and because it is the right thing to do:
Many super‐earners are also super‐creative and bring enormous value. Places like the United Kingdom actively court wealthy foreign nationals through extraordinary preferential treatment of their investment income. The ultra‐rich are an ultra‐mobile group, too. If you are earning $540,000 an hour, it does not take too long to save up to buy an apartment, even in London. Anyway, there are limits to how much tax pressure the political system can apply to the ultra‐rich. …Rather than punitively taxing wealth, globalization strengthens the case for shifting to a flat tax on income (or better yet consumption) with a moderately high exemption. Aside from the usual efficiency arguments, it is just going to become increasingly difficult and costly to maintain complex and idiosyncratic national tax arrangements.
Pinocchio has some serious competition, but not from Bill Clinton. Today’s most truth‐challenged person is Lewis Hamilton, the race‐car driver who will lower his tax bill by about $8 million per year by moving from England to Switzerland. He claims he wants solitude, but with an annual income of about $20 million, he could have purchased a sound‐proof mansion. Too bad Mr. Hamilton is unwilling to boldly proclaim that he is escaping an oppressive tax system. The Mirror reports on the real reason for the move:
Lewis Hamilton will save more than £4million a year when he moves to his Swiss tax haven. The F1 driver, who missed out on becoming World Champion by just one point, will earn an estimated £10million next season. Lewis, 22, has rented a £3,000-a-month apartment next to Lake Geneva, claiming he is quitting the UK due to intrusions in his personal life. But he will avoid the UK’s 40 per cent tax — paying just £180,000 to the Swiss state of Vaud where foreigners pay five times their annual rent. The sports star, who will be living just 25 miles away from former McLaren rival Fernando Alonso, said: “I love England and I’m happy to pay tax if I live there. Money isn’t a decider — the quality of life is.”


(2) This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/JLT.2017.2756558, Journal of Lightwave Technology. Chirped-pulse Phase-sensitive Reflectometer Assisted by First Order Raman Amplification Juan Pastor-Graells, Javier Nuño, María R. Fernández-Ruiz, Andres Garcia-Ruiz, Hugo F. Martins, Sonia Martin-Lopez, and Miguel Gonzalez-Herraez. Abstract— The use of linearly chirped probe pulses in phase sensitive-(Φ)OTDR technology has been recently demonstrated to allow for high-resolution, quantitative and dynamic temperature or strain variation measurements in a simple and very robust manner. This new sensing technology, known as chirped-pulse ΦOTDR, had a maximum reported sensing range of 11 km. In this paper, a 75 km sensing range with 10 m spatial resolution is demonstrated by using bidirectional first order Raman amplification. The system is capable of performing truly linear, single-shot measurements of strain perturbations with an update rate of 1 kHz and 1 nε resolution. The time-domain trace of the sensor exhibits a signal to noise ratio (SNR) in the worst point of >3 dB, allowing to monitor vibrations up to 500 Hz with remarkable accuracy. To demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed system, we apply <100 nε vibrations in the noisiest point of the fiber, with a frequency modulated from 70 Hz to 150 Hz over a period of 10 s. The results obtained in these conditions demonstrate a vibration detection SNR of >20 dB (with only 300 ms analysis window and no post-processing) and no evidence of nonlinearity in the acoustic response. The optical nonlinear effects that the probe pulse could suffer along the sensing fiber are thoroughly studied, paying special attention to potential distortions of the pulse shape, particularly in its instantaneous frequency profile. Our analysis reveals that, for proper values of peak power, the pulse does not suffer any major distortion and therefore the system performance is not compromised. Index Terms— Acoustic sensor, chirp modulation, distributed sensor, Rayleigh scattering, Raman amplification.. Manuscript received November xx, xxxx; revised Month xx, xxxx; accepted Month xx, xxxx. Date of publication Month xx, xxxx; date of current version Mont xx, xxxx. This work was supported in part by: H2020 European Research Council (ERC) (307441); Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) (608099); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) (TEC201345265-R, TEC2015-71127-C2-2-R); Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (H2020) (DOMINO); European Commission (EC) (MSCA-ITN-ETN722509); Consejería de Educación, Juventud y Deporte, Comunidad de Madrid (SINFOTON-CM Program: S2013/MIT-2790). The work of JPG, JN and SML was supported by the Spanish MINECO (FPI, “Juan de la Cierva” and “Ramón y Cajal” contracts, respectively). J. Pastor-Graells, J. Nuño, M. R. Fernández-Ruiz, A. Garcia-Ruiz, S. Martin-Lopez and M. Gonzalez-Herraez are with the Departamento de Electrónica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Madrid, Spain (e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org; email@example.com; firstname.lastname@example.org; email@example.com; firstname.lastname@example.org; email@example.com). H. F. Martins is with FOCUS S. L., C/ Orellana, 1, 1º Izqda, 28804 Madrid, Spain (email: firstname.lastname@example.org). Color versions of one or more of the ﬁgures in this paper are available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. Digital Object Identiﬁer 10.1109/JLT.2014.2308354. I. INTRODUCTION. D. optical fiber sensors (DOFS) have attracted considerable attention in the last decades due to their capability for the continuous monitoring of different physical parameters (temperature, strain, etc.) over long fiber distances . Particularly, DOFS based on phase-sensitive optical timedomain reflectometry (ΦOTDR) are commonly used for vibration detection with potential applications in pipeline surveillance and perimeter protection . Recent advances in this technology have allowed to perform high-resolution, quantitative dynamic temperature or strain variation measurements in a simple, robust and time-effective manner –, based on the use of linearly chirped probe pulses. This novel technique is named chirped-pulse phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (chirped-pulse ΦOTDR). As with traditional ΦOTDR, range and resolution are tightly related parameters of the system. In order to increase the measurable range, higher energy probe pulses are required. This could be achieved by increasing the pulse width, which translates however into a reduction of the sensing spatial resolution. On the other hand, the peak power of the pulse could be alternatively risen, but this solution is limited by the advent of nonlinear effects –. Usually, modulation instability (MI) is the first nonlinear effect that appears in a ΦOTDR-based sensor. Other nonlinear effects such as Brillouin scattering do not appear in the power regime in which ΦOTDR operates. MI generates two sidebands at each side of the probe carrier frequency. Furthermore, the use of traditional rectangular probe pulses generally induces a power exchange between the pump and the sidebands known as Fermi-Pasta-Ulam (FPU) recurrence . This effect is revealed in the trace as a visibility fading at certain specific positions and, consequently, a loss in the sensing sensitivity at those positions. A recent study indicates that Gaussian or triangular envelope pulses limit the effect of MI and mitigate the advent of the FPU recurrence . Still, this procedure cannot increase the measurable range of ΦOTDR sensors in a very significant amount. For a major increase of the ΦOTDR range, distributed amplification ,  or signal postprocessing  could be more suitable solutions. Over the last years, distributed nonlinear amplification techniques (Raman, Brillouin or parametric) have been extensively implemented in DOFS –. As the attenuation losses are compensated along the measuring fiber, ISTRIBUTED. 0733-8724 (c) 2017 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information..
(3) This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/JLT.2017.2756558, Journal of Lightwave Technology. the sensing range can be enlarged without compromising the resolution. Regarding sensors based on Rayleigh scattering, spatial resolutions of 10 m over sensing lengths exceeding 100 km have been demonstrated –. Nevertheless, when distributed amplification is to be applied to chirped-pulse ΦOTDR, it is important to consider that the nonlinear and chromatic dispersion effects that the pulse may suffer along the fiber will affect not only the pulse shape but also its instantaneous frequency profile. In this case, distortions in the linear frequency profile of the pulse can be detrimental for the proper operation of a chirped-pulse ΦOTDR system. For this reason, increasing the sensing range using nonlinear distributed amplification is not trivial, and deserves a careful study. To date, the maximum sensing range reported in this technique is 11 km  without distributed amplification. In this paper, the possibility of increasing the sensing range of chirped-pulse ΦOTDR by means of first order Raman amplification is studied. Additionally, we thoroughly analyze the possible distortions induced in the phase and intensity profiles of the optical probe pulse in its propagation along the sensing fiber. A sensing range of 75 km with 10 m spatial resolution and 1 nε resolution in the measurement of strain perturbations is successfully demonstrated. II. CHIRPED-PULSE ΦOTDR: GENERAL CONCEPTS In this technique, as in a traditional ΦOTDR, a highly coherent optical pulse is injected into a single mode fiber. The pulse generates a backscattered signal that is analyzed in the time domain. Since the scattering centers are positioned randomly along the optical fiber, the backscattered signal presents a noise-like pattern resulting from the coherent interference of the reflected light. This pattern remains constant over the time when no perturbation is applied onto the fiber. When a perturbation affects a fiber section, a refractive index change is induced in that particular location. In the traditional scheme, this refractive index change ∆n produces an intensity change in the corresponding section of the power trace, which is nonlinear with the undergone change. A linear recovery of the applied perturbation can be achieved by either scanning the frequency of the laser  or by measuring the phase of the backscattered field . However, these procedures imply a substantial reduction of the bandwidth of the applied perturbations or complexities in the detection and processing scheme. In contrast, in chirpedpulse ΦOTDR a refractive index change simply translates into a proportional temporal shift ∆t in the corresponding section of the power trace. The relationship between ∆n and ∆t is given by –:. n 1 p n 0 p. t . (1). where ν0 is the central frequency of the probe pulse, ∆ν p is the chirp spectral content, τp is the probe pulse temporal length and ∆t the measured temporal shift. Notice that ∆t is simply. measured by means of temporal correlations using single-shot intensity-only traces. Finally, the measured ∆n can be related to temperature (∆T) or strain (∆ε) changes in conventional single-mode fibers by the following relations :. n 6.92 106 T n n 0.78 n. (2) (3). where n is the effective refractive index of the fiber. Thus, the system allows for the quantitative measurement of distributed temperature or strain changes with no need for a frequency scan or the application of coherent detection methods. More information about the fundamentals of this sensor can be found in a previous work by the same authors . III. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP The setup used to measure vibrations over long fiber distances is presented in Fig. 1. It is based on a chirped-pulse ΦOTDR scheme – but including a continuous wave (CW) Raman pump. The Raman pump is applied at the two ends of the sensing fiber aimed at compensating the energy loss of both the probe pulse and the reflected trace along the fiber, and consequently achieving larger measurement ranges. The probe light source is a laser diode (LD) with a linewidth of 10 kHz emitting at 1549.35 nm and working in continuous emission. A standard current and temperature (I&T) controller is used to select the emitted central wavelength of the LD. A secondary current control generates a repetitive ramp signal to induce a linear chirp in the LD output. A semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA), fed by an electrical square signal, gates the LD output light creating linearly chirped optical pulses. The 2.5 ns rise/fall times and extinction ratio (ER) of >50 dB of the SOA allow us to generate 100 ns-width quasi-square-shaped pulses with high ER. This leads to a spatial resolution of 10 m in the phasesensitive reflectometer scheme , . The ramp signal is controlled so that the resulting linearly chirped pulse has a total spectral content of 630 MHz. The pulse power is boosted using an erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). In order to eliminate the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) added by the EDFA, a dense wavelength division multiplexer (DWDM) with a spectral width of 100 GHz is used. The remained ASE centered at the pulse frequency (distributed temporally outside the pulse), induces intra-band noise, which generally is an important limitation in phase-sensitive reflectometers . To avoid this, in addition to the optical filter, the pulse is temporally gated using an optical switch with rise/fall times of 100 ns and a typical ER of 25 dB. The three electrical signals used (i.e., the ramp applied at the secondary current control, and the square signals for the SOA and switch) are generated by the same signal generator (SG), what ensures a perfect synchronization between them. The generated linearly chirped optical pulse is then. 0733-8724 (c) 2017 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information..
(4) This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/JLT.2017.2756558, Journal of Lightwave Technology. Fig. 1. Experimental setup. Acronyms are explained in the text.. launched into the fiber under test (FUT). Previously, a tunable attenuator (TA) controls the power injected into the FUT to avoid nonlinearities in the fiber such as MI , . The FUT is composed of two fiber spools of 50 and 25 km respectively, constituting a total sensing fiber of 75 km. Vibrations were applied along 20 meters strapped around a PZT and situated after the first fiber spool at the kilometer 50, which is the point with less signal to noise ratio (SNR) when the bidirectional distributed Raman amplification is applied. The Raman pump is a CW Raman Fiber Laser (RFL) emitting at 1455 nm with a RIN (relative intensity noise) <-110 dBc/Hz, which can achieve emission powers of up to 2 W. In our scheme, the RFL was emitting a total power of ~700 mW. The RFL beam is divided by a 50/50 optical coupler resulting in two beams of 350 mW. A TA is employed to reduce one of the beams to 230 mW. Two wavelength division multiplexers (WDM) are used to inject the Raman pump into the FUT. The chirped probe pulse and the Raman pumps are conducted through the 1550 and 1450 ports of the WDMs, respectively (see Fig. 1). The 350 mW and 230 mW beams are co-propagated and contrapropagated with the pulse, respectively. This unbalanced bidirectional pumping scheme has been chosen as it provides a good trade-off between noise and nonlinear impairments. The light backscattered from the fiber is first filtered in using a tunable optical filter with a spectral width of 15 GHz to minimize the ASE generated by the Raman pump before detection. Then, the filtered backscattered signal is amplified by another set of EDFA and DWDM. Finally, the resulting backscattered signal is detected by a p-i-n photodetector with a bandwidth of 1 GHz and a high-speed digitizer with 40 GHz sampling rate. IV. ANALYSIS OF THE SYSTEM LIMITATIONS: SNR AND NONLINEAR EFFECTS. In this section, the SNR of the Raman-assisted chirped-. pulse ΦOTDR and the induced distortions in the propagating probe pulses are analyzed. As it was explained above, sensing over longer distances without distributed amplification implies increasing the amount of energy of the input probe pulse. This can be achieved by either increasing the temporal width of the input probe pulse or its peak power. Commonly, it is undesirable to reduce the spatial resolution, which happens when the temporal width of the pulse is increased. Thus, it is generally preferred to rise the peak power of the pulse, up to the limit of appearance of nonlinear effects –, particularly MI and its associated FPU recurrence. Practically this means that the distance range limit of conventional ΦOTDR schemes is in the order of 40-50 km with conventional spatial resolution values (in the order of several meters). Distributed amplification has proven to be a powerful tool to enhance the range of conventional ΦOTDR sensors, as the probe power along the fiber can be kept at a relatively high level all along the sensing fiber without reaching nonlinearities –. Nevertheless, the use of distributed amplification in these schemes requires a careful optimization of both the probe peak power and the Raman pump powers launched in both directions of the sensing fiber . The optimization is not evident, and it is generally done with two basic guidelines: (1) the power of the input pulse has to be kept low enough to avoid MI in the probe pulse and (2) the Raman gain is only interesting up to the point of overcoming the thermal noise limitations of the detector. Beyond that point, the expectable SNR increase is marginal, and moreover the relative intensity noise (RIN) transfer from the Raman pump to the detected signal starts to dominate, as it grows exponentially with the pump power. The theoretical models of signal and noise evolution used in this paper have been already described in the literature , , and the different component parameters have been adapted to our particular devices. Compared to a conventional Raman-assisted ΦOTDR, it is interesting to note here that the problem of optimization in the Raman-assisted chirped-pulse ΦOTDR case is quite different, as the bandwidth of the signal of interest is typically one order of magnitude larger than in conventional ΦOTDR. This implies that the photodetector bandwidth is much larger, and that the weight of thermal noise in the equations is substantially larger than in the conventional scheme. To illustrate which is the maximum range measurable in a non-amplified and in an amplified chirped-pulse ΦOTDR respectively, we provide a clarifying example in what follows. Fig. 2-top shows a trace obtained in our system by injecting 100 ns-width transform-limited square pulses with 150 mW peak power in a 75 km fiber. This value of peak power has been proven experimentally to be the limit for the onset on nonlinear effects in this case. As it can be observed, the maximum measurable range with a reasonable SNR in the detected trace is around 20 km. Here, the most important sources of noise are the thermal noise of the photodetector and the ASE noise introduced by the EDFA. Next, we examine the achievable range when using distributed amplification. For. 0733-8724 (c) 2017 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information..
(5) This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/JLT.2017.2756558, Journal of Lightwave Technology. Fig. 2. Detected traces in the experiment; Top - without distributed amplification and input peak power of 150 mW; Bottom - with distributed amplification and input peak power of 25 mW.. this purpose, we employ the configuration described in the previous section; namely, using first order Raman amplification. Fig. 2 – bottom shows the detected trace when the input pulse peak power is 25 mW (limit for the onset on nonlinear effects in this case, as proved below) and first-order Raman amplification is implemented. In this case, although the noise level is higher due to the Raman ASE, the entire trace shows a good SNR, which will allow for the monitoring of vibrations along the whole fiber (75 km). A deeper SNR analysis of the optimized Raman-assisted and the conventional configuration is subsequently developed and presented in Fig. 3. The average value of the experimentally obtained traces (in Fig. 2) is shown in black in Fig. 3, which has been obtained by calculating a moving average of the traces after 100 times averaging. The resulting curves have been normalized to the noise level of a single trace. As mentioned, a theoretical analysis of the evolution of the traces has been carried out using available models , , and the results are presented in red showing an excellent agreement with the experimental results. In the case without distributed amplification (Fig. 3 – top), an exponentially decaying trace is clearly visible, with an attenuation coefficient of αT ~ 0.4 dB/km. This corresponds to the double of the attenuation coefficient of the used fiber ( 0.2 dB/km), as expected from the fact that the pulse is attenuated in the forward direction while the backscattered light is attenuated in the backward direction (i.e. the net attenuation suffered by the optical trace is twice that of a single pass). On the other hand, the standard deviation of the different noise sources that affect the trace has been also included in the figure. In particular, the thermal noise induced by the photodetector and the ASE noise introduced by the used EDFA have been accounted for, resulting in a standard deviation of σEDFA+Thermal = 1.86 μW. It can be easily observed that the trace is completely buried under the noise after 25 km, and shows an SNR of 3 dB (minimum target SNR) at around only 17 km. However, regarding the case with distributed amplification (Fig. 3 – bottom), the trace SNR is always higher than 3 dB along the entire fiber (75 km). It is worth mentioning that this. Fig. 3. Detected traces and noise levels in logarithmic scale. The traces are normalized to their noise floor level. Top - without distributed amplification and input peak power of 150 mW. Bottom - with distributed amplification and input peak power of 25 mW.. value of SNR is enough to measure vibrations, as it will be shown in the following Section V. In this case, the theoretical signal and noise evolutions are obtained by considering the experimental input pulse peak power (25 mW) and Raman pump powers (350 mW and 230 mW co-propagating and counter-propagating to the pulse, respectively) , . Losses of around 1 dB have been estimated in the connection between the two fiber spools. Moreover, the noise produced by the Raman ASE has been added to the total noise, together with the ASE-ASE beat of the Raman pump . An excellent match between experimental and theoretical values is obtained, including the noise levels. In particular, the estimated noise generated by these two contributions from the Raman source is σRaman ~ 1.40 μW (an optical bandwidth of 15 GHz and detection bandwidth of 1 GHz were considered). Thus, the total noise is given by σT = √(σ2EDFA+Thermal + σ2Raman) = 2.28 μW. The estimation of σRaman is in good agreement with the value obtained experimentally for σT, which is ~ 1.32 μW. Next, the effects of MI on the proposed system were analyzed. For this purpose, probe pulses with different values of peak power were injected into the fiber, propagated along the 75 km fiber and subsequently analyzed with a spectrum analyzer. The results are presented in Fig. 4. The obtained results revealed that the pulses are spectrally distorted when their peak power is higher than 50 mW. In contrast, the effect of MI is negligible when the pulse peak power is 25 mW or below. Thus, a peak power of 25 mW seems in this case ideal to obtain the best SNR in the detected trace while avoiding nonlinear effects. In addition, as it was previously explained, it is essential to maintain the linearity in the pulse instantaneous frequency profile for the proper behavior of the sensor. Therefore, we finally study whether the instantaneous frequency profile is distorted during the pulse propagation along the fiber. Hence, the intensity and instantaneous frequency profiles of the probe pulse at the beginning and at the end of the FUT are measured by means of coherent detection . Recall that the pulse peak power is 25 mW and the fiber length is 75 km. The measurements are represented in Fig. 5. In particular, Fig. 5 – top shows the intensity profile of the pulse at the beginning of. 0733-8724 (c) 2017 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information..
(6) This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/JLT.2017.2756558, Journal of Lightwave Technology. pulse degradation due to the pump depletion typically arises at peak powers much higher than the MI threshold, so we are always working within the safe operation range of the amplifier. V. VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS. Fig. 4. Measured spectrum after the propagation along the FUT (75 km) of pulses with 25 mW and 50 mW. The reference pulse spectrum is represented in black.. the fiber (in black) and after propagation (red). It can be concluded that the intensity profile remains almost unchanged after the propagation. Fig. 5 – bottom shows the instantaneous frequency profile of the pulse before (black) and after propagation (red). It is also possible to observe that the instantaneous frequency profile is not distorted and remains basically linear after the 75 km propagation. These results confirm that the employed optical pulse does not suffer from nonlinear effects along the FUT when its peak power is kept below 25 mW. Under this precondition, vibrations can be properly measured using the presented scheme, as we will demonstrate in the next section.. The feasibility of the presented sensor for dynamic measurement of strain with nano-strain resolution over 75 km of standard single-mode fiber is demonstrated in this section. A 20 m fiber section was strapped around a PZT in the 50 km of the FUT (which is the point with less SNR in the detected trace, namely 3 dB). The PZT was fed with a sinusoidal signal whose frequency was linearly modulated from 70 Hz to 150 Hz with a period of 10 s, thus applying a controlled vibration in the perturbed fiber section. The optical pulses were injected into the fiber with a repetition rate of 1 kHz, allowing us to measure up to 500 Hz vibrations, which is very close to the limit imposed by the pulse time of flight (700 Hz) . The optical pulse length is 100 ns, its spectral content is 630 MHz and the traces were digitized with 40 GSps sampling rate. With these parameters, the system has a spatial resolution of 10 m and strain resolution of 1 nε. Those values were experimentally verified in . It is worth highlighting that Raman assistance does not modify the spatial resolution of the ΦOTDR system. This has been experimentally validated by checking that neither the pulse width nor the chirp distribution are modified by the Raman amplification (see Fig. 5). The method employed to calculate the applied strain in the fiber section is fully described in . It is based on the measurement of the temporal shift induced by the perturbation by means of temporal correlations trace to trace. To provide a graphical example, Fig. 6(a) shows two temporal traces obtained at consecutive shots. The autocorrelation of the trace in black line is shown in black in Fig. 6(b). The crosscorrelation between the two traces in Fig. 6(a) is plotted in Fig. 6(b) in red line. In both cases, a correlation window similar to the pulse width has been employed. Hence, by comparing the correlation peaks, it is possible to measure a temporal delay between traces of 1.3 ns. The corresponding value of strain variation is obtained from the measured delay by using (1) and (3).. Fig. 5. Measured optical pulses for characterization of distortions induced in the propagation along the FUT (75 km). The input pulse and the transmitted pulse are represented in black and red, respectively. The intensity profile is represented in the top of the figure and the instantaneous frequency profile in the bottom.. Other important concerns of the use of Raman-assisted configurations are usually the RIN transfer from the pump to the signal and the pump depletion. Interestingly, in our system the effect of the RIN transfer is equivalent to the effect in a standard ΦOTDR, since the affected bandwidth remains essentially similar in both cases (for these distances, the RIN transfer problem is spectrally bounded below 100 MHz for standard fibers, so it fully enters into the bandwidth of standard ΦOTDR detection) . This means that there is basically no extra RIN noise in this case over the standard ΦOTDR case. Besides, simulations indicate that the temporal. Fig. 6. a) Detail of two detected intensity traces at consecutive shots; (b) Autocorrelation of trace in black in a) (black line), and cross-correlation between the two traces (red line). A temporal shift between traces of 1.3 ns is measured.. Following the described procedure, the resulting dynamic strain measurements are shown in Fig. 7. The applied vibration was measured along 20 s (two frequency modulation periods between 70 Hz and 150 Hz). Fig. 7(a) shows a detail. 0733-8724 (c) 2017 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information..
(7) This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/JLT.2017.2756558, Journal of Lightwave Technology. of the measured strain between the instants 4.6 s and 4.8 s. The observed vibration amplitude is ~50 nε. In this case, the measured strain is calculated by correlating all the measured traces always with the first one. Due to the fact that the maximum applied strain is ~50 nε, the maximum frequency shift is ~8 MHz, which is much lower than the spectral content of the pulse (630 MHz). For this reason, the measurement process is developed properly. Fig. 7(b) presents the spectrogram of the measured vibration along 20 s. The instantaneous frequency of the spectrogram was calculated using a moving window of 300 ms width. It is observed that the vibration is measured with an SNR >20 dB, which allows us to successfully detect and quantify the applied triangularvarying vibration signal. Here it is worth noting that in chirped-pulse ΦOTDR, the vibration measurement SNR relies on measurements of time shifts in the trace, rather. VI. CONCLUSION In this study, the authors have proposed a long-range chirped-pulse phase-sensitive reflectometer using first order Raman amplification. The spatial resolution of the proposed system is 10 m and the range is 75 km. In terms of measurement range, this implies a six-fold improvement over the previous best published result using this technique . Dynamic linear strain is measured with a resolution of 1 nε, allowing precise detection and characterization of vibrations up to 500 Hz. The system was tested with a vibration whose frequency was modulated from 70 Hz to 150 Hz with a period of 10 s. The system can measure those vibrations with 20 dB SNR in the position of worse SNR of the trace, which is obtained in km 50 of the FUT. To date, it is the first system capable to realize linear and dynamic strain measurements along such long distance without the need for coherent detection, to the best of our knowledge. Additionally, the authors have studied the power limits for the onset of nonlinear effects in the probe pulse during its propagation along the fiber. It is confirmed that the probe pulse does not suffer any distortion in its propagation along the FUT (neither in the intensity shape nor in the linear instantaneous frequency profile) whenever a proper value of input peak power is selected (below 25 mW in our particular setup). REFERENCES  . . . . Fig. 7. Measured strain variations when a vibration (with linearly modulated frequency from 70 Hz to 150 Hz with a period of 10 s) is applied by a PZT in 20 m of fiber around kilometer 50 of the FUT during 20 s. a) Detail between 4.6 s and 4.8 s. b) Spectrogram (logarithmic scale – dB) along 20 s (instantaneous frequency calculated using a moving window of 300 ms width of the measured dynamic strain.. than on intensity/phase variations in the trace. That is why it is possible to obtain a measurement SNR higher than the trace SNR. Also, as it has been previously demonstrated in  and revisited in Section II, chirped-pulse phase-sensitive reflectometers, unlike traditional phase-sensitive OTDRs, can provide absolute values of refractive index variations from the direct detection of the trace. This is well demonstrated herein, where the amplitude of the applied vibrations is well recorded and moreover, no harmonic component appears in Fig. 7(b). It is worth highlighting that the presented results are obtained with no averaging (single shot), using direct detection (no phase recovery) and in the fiber point with lower SNR, which clearly indicates the potential of this system..  . . . . . . X. Bao and L. Chen, “Recent progress in distributed fiber optic sensors,” Sensors (Basel), vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 8601–8639, 2012. J. Tejedor et al., “Toward prevention of pipeline integrity threats using a smart fiber-optic surveillance system,” J. Light. Technol., vol. 34, no. 19, pp. 4445–4453, 2016. J. Pastor-Graells, H. F. Martins, A. Garcia-Ruiz, S. Martin-Lopez, and M. Gonzalez-Herraez, “Single-shot distributed temperature and strain tracking using direct detection phase-sensitive OTDR with chirped pulses,” Opt. Express, vol. 24, no. 12, p. 13121, Jun. 2016. J. Pastor-Graells, H. F. Martins, A. Garcia-Ruiz, S. Martin-Lopez, and M. Gonzalez-Herraez, “Truly Linear and Dynamic Distributed Strain Sensor using intensity-only measurements,” in Advanced Photonics 2016, 2016, p. SeM3D.5. A. Garcia-Ruiz, H. F. Martins, J. Pastor-Graells, S. Martin-Lopez, and M. Gonzalez-Herraez, “Single-Shot True Distributed Strain Variation Measurements Over >10 km Using Phase-Sensitive OTDR with Chirped Pulses,” in Asia Pacific Optical Sensors Conference, 2016, p. Th3A.2. G. P. Agrawal, Nonlinear fiber optics. Academic Press, 2013. H. F. Martins, S. Martin-Lopez, P. Corredera, P. Salgado, O. Frazão, and M. González-Herráez, “Modulation instability-induced fading in phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry,” Opt. Lett., vol. 38, no. 6, p. 872, 2013. H. Izumita, Y. Koyamada, and S. Furukawa, “The performance limit of coherent OTDR enhanced with optical fiber amplifiers due to optical nonline - Lightwave Technology, Journal of,” Lightwave, vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 1230–1238, 1994. G. Van Simaeys, P. Emplit, and M. Haelterman, “Experimental Demonstration of the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam Recurrence in a Modulationally Unstable Optical Wave,” Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 87, no. 3, p. 33902, Jun. 2001. M. R. Fernández-Ruiz, H. F. Martins, J. Pastor-Graells, S. Martinlopez, and M. González-herráez, “Phase-sensitive OTDR probe pulse shapes robust against modulation-instability fading,” Opt. Lett., vol. 41, no. 24, pp. 5756–5759, 2016. C. G. Atkins, D. Cotter, D. W. Smith, and R. Wyatt, “Application of Brillouin amplification in coherent optical transmission,” Electron. Lett., vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 556–558, 1986. J. Bromage, “Raman Amplification for Fiber Communication Systems,” J. Light. Technol., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 79–93, 2004.. 0733-8724 (c) 2017 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information..
(8) This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/JLT.2017.2756558, Journal of Lightwave Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . Z. Qin, L. Chen, and X. Bao, “Wavelet denoising method for improving detection performance of distributed vibration sensor,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 542–544, 2012. M. N. Alahbabi, Y. T. Cho, and T. P. Newson, “150-km-range distributed temperature sensor based on coherent detection of spontaneous Brillouin backscatter and in-line Raman amplification,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 22, no. 6, p. 1321, Jun. 2005. X. H. Jia, Y. J. Rao, L. Chang, C. Zhang, and Z. L. Ran, “Enhanced sensing performance in long distance brillouin optical time-domain analyzer based on raman amplification: Theoretical and experimental investigation,” J. Light. Technol., vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 1624–1630, 2010. M. A. Soto, G. Bolognini, and F. Di Pasquale, “Optimization of long-range BOTDA sensors with high resolution using first-order bi-directional Raman amplification.,” Opt. Express, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 4444–4457, 2011. H. F. Martins, S. Martin-Lopez, P. Corredera, M. L. Filograno, O. Frazao, and M. Gonzalez-Herraez, “Phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometer assisted by first-order raman amplification for distributed vibration sensing over >100 km,” J. Light. Technol., vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 1510–1518, 2014. Z. N. Wang et al., “Phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry with Brillouin amplification,” Opt. Lett., vol. 39, no. 15, p. 4313, 2014. Z. N. Wang et al., “Ultra-long phase-sensitive OTDR with hybrid distributed amplification,” Opt. Lett., vol. 39, no. 20, pp. 5866– 5869, 2014. Y. Koyamada, M. Imahama, K. Kubota, and K. Hogari, “Fiber-optic distributed strain and temperature sensing with very high measurand resolution over long range using coherent OTDR,” J. Light. Technol., vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 1142–1146, 2009. A. Masoudi, M. Belal, and T. P. Newson, “A distributed optical fibre dynamic strain sensor based on phase-OTDR,” Meas. Sci. Technol., vol. 24, no. 8, p. 85204, Aug. 2013. H. F. Martins, S. Martín-López, P. Corredera, M. L. Filograno, O. Frazão, and M. González-Herráez, “Coherent noise reduction in high visibility phase sensitive optical time domain reflectometer for distributed sensing of ultrasonic waves,” J. Light. Technol., vol. 31, no. 23, pp. 3631–3637, 2013. J. D. Ania-Castañón and S. K. Turitsyn, “Noise and gain optimisation in bi-directionally pumped dispersion compensating amplifier modules,” 2003. E. Ip, A. Pak, T. Lau, D. J. F. Barros, and J. M. Kahn, “Coherent detection in optical fiber systems,” Electronics, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 861–866, 2008.. Juan Pastor-Graells received the physics degree from the University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain, in 2013 and the Master’s degree in advanced electronics systems from the University of Alcala, Madrid, Spain, in 2014. Since 2013, he has been working toward the Ph.D. degree in the Photonics Engineering Group, University of Alcala, Madrid, Spain. His current research interests include nonlinear fiber optics and fiber optic sensors. Javier Nuño received the M.Eng. in Telecommunication Engineering from Universidad de Valladolid (Spain) in 2007 and the M.Sc in laser technology from the Polytechnic University of Madrid, (Spain) in 2010. Afterwards, he was working towards the Ph.D. degree (2014) at the Optics Institute “Daza de Valdés”, CSIC (Spain) with focus on experimental and theoretical understanding of ultra-long Raman lasers and Raman polarizers. In 2015, he joined the ICB (France) under the supervision of Dr. Julien Fatome. His research activities focused on the polarization control and the nonlinear pulse shaping. Currently, he is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Photonics Engineering Group at the University of Alcalá, Spain.. Maria R. Fernández-Ruiz received her M.S. degree in Electronic Systems and Signal Processing from the University of Seville, Spain, in 2011. She received her PhD degree in Telecommunications from the University of Quebec, Canada, in 2016. Currently, she is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Photonics Engineering Group at the University of Alcalá, Spain. Her research activities focus on the development of novel techniques for enhancing the performance (resolution, range) of distributed optical sensing systems, and the development of simple, energy efficient techniques for characterization of complex-envelope optical signals. Andres Garcia-Ruiz received the physics degree from the University of Salamanca (Salamanca, Spain) in 2013. He is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in the Photonics Engineering Group (GRIFO) at the University of Alcala (Madrid, Spain). His main area of research covers distributed fiber optic sensors and he is also devoted to the development of their applications. Hugo F. Martins received his Ph.D. degree in Physics under jointly-awarded PhD program in the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal and the University of Alcala, Madrid, Spain, in 2014. His research career was mainly focused on distributed optical fiber sensing, mainly the use of phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry for distributed vibration/intrusions and temperature/strain detection along large structures/perimeters. Dr. Hugo F. Martins is currently the technical director at FOCUS S.L., a company specialized fiber optic distributed sensing applications. Sonia Martin-Lopez received the Ph.D. degree from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, in May 2006. She had a predoctoral stay at the Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. She has been involved as a Postdoctoral Researcher at the Applied Physics Institute and at the Optics Institute at the Spanish Council for Research for six years. She is currently a Postdoctoral Researcher at the Photonics Engineering Group, Universidad de Alcala, Madrid, supported by the “Ramon y Cajal” program. Her current research interests include nonlinear fiber optics and distributed optical fiber sensors. Miguel Gonzalez-Herraez received the M.Eng. and D.Eng. degrees from the Polytechnic University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain, in 2000 and 2004, respectively. While working toward the D.Eng. degree, he worked ﬁrst as a Research Assistant and then as a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Applied Physics Institute, Spanish Council for Research, Madrid, Spain, and had several long stays in the Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Switzerland. In October 2004, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electronics, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain, where he was promoted to an Associate Professor in June 2006. His research interests include the wide ﬁeld of nonlinear interactions in optical ﬁbers. He is a Senior Member of the Optical Society of America.. 0733-8724 (c) 2017 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information..


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BY TERRY WARD
Road Trip Itinerary: New England Foliage
Roll down the windows and let that crisp autumn air come flowing inside — it’s the season for road tripping and leaf peeping in New England, the region of the United States that knows how to fête fall, above all. Get ready to enjoy a few days driving and discovering the coastal highlights of Rhode Island and Massachusetts before breaking inland for some of New England’s prettiest mountain views in the Berkshires, where the hillsides get carpeted with the hues of changing leaves.
Morning: Start the day enjoying sea breezes and coastal vies from the largest fort on the east coast, Fort Adams. It dates to the late-18th century and juts out into Newport Bay, with stunning views of the East Passage of Narragansett Bay.
Afternoon: Stroll Newport’s gilded age history, past century-old homes, with a meander along the 3.5-mile Cliff Walk on the city's eastern shore. When the leaves are changing, the stately mansions here get bathed in a golden glow. Pack a picnic and stop to eat someplace along the Cliff Walk. Or drive 15 minutes west to Castle Hill Lighthouse. The lighthouse is built right into the cliff face and you can spread out your snacks with a view overlooking Narragansett Bay.
Evening: The options are many for feasting on seafood in these parts. And wherever you dine, make sure you get a taste of Rhode Island’s famous calamari dish, loaded with zingy cherry peppers (it was designated the state’s official appetizer in 2014). One of the best versions of the spicy squid can be had at Brick Alley Pub & Restaurant, where you’ll also find 25 mostly-local beers on tap
Explore The Cape Cod Area
Where To Stay With RCI: The Edgewater Beach Resort #1877, The Soundings Seaside Resort #C788, The Breakers Resort #DC55, The Harwich Port #5008, Eastwood at Provincetown #5075
Morning: On the hook of Massachusetts, Cape Cod brims with natural wonders — and the upper region is less than 2 hours away from Newport. Come fall, breathe in that crisp Atlantic Ocean air during a beach stroll at Cape Cod National Seashore, where 40 miles of undeveloped beach and marshland are protected and there are 11 hiking trails to explore.
Afternoon: Mid-September marks the start of cranberry harvesting at the many bogs on Cape Cod, when the berries float to the water’s surface in a sea of crimson. You can head out on a tour in Harwich at the largest organic cranberry bog on the Cape to learn about the crop’s importance to the region while experiencing the colorful extravaganza set to a backdrop of changing fall leaves.
Evening: Spend the afternoon strolling the atmospheric streets of Provincetown, popping into galleries, wine bars, and pubs to suit your fancy. If it’s lobster you’re craving, don't miss The Lobster Pot, a longtime local tradition that overlooks the harbor where you can try the crustaceans whole or as lobster arancini, egg rolls, and more.
Morning: Drive four hours west of Cape Cod to the rolling mountains of the Berkshires, stopping off just before you reach Hancock in Lee, Massachusetts, to visit October Mountain State Forest. Here, you can catch the spectacle of the changing leaves along hiking trails within the state’s largest state forest (the Gorge Trail is a favorite).
Afternoon: Visit the Hancock Shaker Museum where you can walk pathways, trails, and boardwalks through the living history of a former Shaker commune that was active here from the late 18th century until 1960.
Evening: Just south of the Shaker village, the tasting room at Balderdash Cellars is open until 8 p.m. on Fridays and Saturdays and fronts a pretty lake. There’s often live music to enjoy while you sip on wines made from California grapes. Food isn’t served, but you're welcome to bring your own snacks for a BYO picnic onsite.

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" Gone are the days when you have to settle for bright neon-coloured round cakes with a couple of cream roses and leaves on top from bakeries. Baking supplies were unheard of and even basic pans were available only in metro cities. Now, you can get a Disney-themed cake for your daughter's first birthday, a key cake for your nephew's 21st birthday or tiered cake for your friend's wedding reception without stepping out of your home! Bake to your heart's content and decorate or mould them at home with all the necessary cake making supplies at Amazon India. Now you can get anything you desire and even set up a professional baking shop.
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domain: food


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57.7 UW ran 69 plays against Montana State with 43 runs and 26 passes. That qualifies as a balanced attack for the Cowboys compared to recent seasons. Sean Chambers, who completed 57.7% of his passes in the opener, had only averaged 11.3 passing attempts in his previous 13 gamed before finishing 15-for-26 for 197 yards with one touchdown and one interception against the Bobcats.
45.7 Ralph Fawaz, the Mountain West freshman of the week, had an impressive debut as UW’s punter, averaging 45.7 yards on six attempts with five punts inside the Montana State 20-yard line. Fawaz’s six punts went for: 43 yards to the MSU 28-yard line (fair catch), 54 yards to the MSU 14-yard line (-3-yard return), 33 yards to the MSU 1-yard line (no return), 53 yards to the MSU 11-yard line (no return), 44 yards to the MSU 11-yard line (fair catch) and 47 yards to the MSU 13-yard line (no return).
10-4 The Cowboys are now 10-4 (.714) in Chambers’ 14 career starts. One of the losses was during last year’s opener at Nevada when he suffered a season-ending leg injury on the third snap. All four losses came on the road. Chambers has led the Pokes to road wins at Colorado State in 2018 and Texas State in 2019.
8-4 This will be Wyoming’s 13th all-time game against Mid-American Conference teams dating back to a 42-28 victory over Western Michigan on Oct. 12, 1996. The Cowboys are 8-4 all-time against MAC opponents, including the 40-34 triple-overtime victory over Northern Illinois in the only previous meeting between the programs on Sept. 3, 2016. UW’s last game against a MAC opponent was a 37-14 win over Central Michigan in the 2017 Famous Idaho Potato Bowl.
7 Xazavian Valladay rushed for 77 yards and a touchdown in the opener, which moved the all-Mountain West first-team running back into the No. 7 spot on UW’s career rushing list with 2,288 yards. Valladay passed Gerald Abraham (2,278, 1984-87) last week and has his sights set next on Shaun Wick (2,533, 2012-16).

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Congratulations to cricketer Virat Kohli and actor Anushka Sharma! The couple is expecting their first child in January 2021. Anushka posted the news of her pregnancy in an Instagram post in which she was showing off her baby bump while standing next to Virat. “And then, we are three! Arriving in January 2021, ”he wrote.
Anushka’s colleagues in the film industry congratulated him. Alia Bhatt, Varun Dhawan and Dia Mirza dropped heart emojis in the comments section. “Congratulations are great,” wrote Pariniti Chopra. Other stars including Taapsee Pannu, Sanya Malhotra, Kiara Advani and Pooja Hegde have also sent congratulatory messages. The sports fraternity, including KL Rahul and Sania Mirza, despised her.
After being in Virat and Anushka tied the knot at a key-key event in Italy in December 2017. In a previous Instagram Live with football star Sunil Hettri, he admitted that he never mentioned formality.
He said, “Anushka’s statement is absolutely true. We never thought we would do it. We knew we were going to marry each other. There were no doubts about that. So once we know that everything is going smoothly, we are excited to start our lives together. And things progressed organically. ”
Recently, Virat and Anushka took a fun quiz on Instagram to test each other’s knowledge of their careers. They answered questions about how well they knew each other.
On the work front, Anushka was last seen on the big screen in Anand El Roy’s Zero and has yet to sign her next project as an actor. However, she has her hands full with her production ventures, including the recently released Amazon Prime Video series, Patal Lok and the Netflix movie Bulbul.

domain: celebrity


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What to think about when a Liberal tells you about America’s “gun culture”.
A list of GOP Senators that voted “NO” for the Obamacare repeal
The Constitutional solution to the “Healthcare Horror’.
The inconvenient truth about “free speech zones”.
Mainstream Media harpoons great lie that Trump is suppressing the free press yet remained quiet when Obama actually put sources and whistle blowers in jail.


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Job description: Counsel emerging and growing companies, venture capital firms, and angel investors from how and when to form a company, how to finance or structure investment in a company, how to protect and leverage intellectual property, forming joint ventures, and recruiting and compensating the executive management team. I also counsel companies and investors with respect to the sale or initial public offering of a company and other methods of monetizing an investor's investment. I also work with technology companies to find sources of government funding.
Clients he's worked with on tech/biotech issues: Global Velocity Inc., Aura Renewable Energy Inc., Convergence Communications, Graphic Surgery Inc., iMobile Access Technologies, Lori Coulter LLC, MediNiche, Computer Solutions, MedBox and Kansas Technology Enterprise Corp.
Biggest professional accomplishment: Helping the founders of a company here in St. Louis form and finance their company in the fall of 1994, grow it to a national company and take it public in the fall of 1996, and then sell the company for a substantial return for the shareholders in the fall of 1998. It was a very fast ride.
Expectations for tech/biotech field: On the information technology side, I see tremendous growth for companies that can provide information security solutions. On the biotech side, I predict we will see medical breakthroughs from research on adult stem cells.
Not many people know: My passion for the game of golf and my inability to play the game well.

domain: finance


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Casein and milk proteins are two of the toughest proteins to digest naturally. The only way to break down casein, a major component of milk, is to use large doses of antibiotics. Unfortunately, many people with weak immune systems, or who have other health problems, cannot take antibiotics for very long because of the harmful side effects that can occur. Fortunately, there are new products from Casein and Milk Protein that allow those people to consume Casein and Milk Protein without the side effects.
Casein and milk proteins both provide excellent amounts of protein, but there are differences in the way that they are digested. Casein is more easily broken down and absorbed into the bloodstream. This makes it ideal as a nutrition supplement and especially for people who need to recover quickly after strenuous exercise or extensive illness. NitroTech Casein Powder contains 24 g of high quality protein derived from a number of premium casein sources, most of which is mousellar casein. This means that there is even less likely for your body to encounter gastrointestinal problems when using this product.
Casein and milk proteins contain similar ingredients, including casein and whey protein. However, they differ in how they are processed by the body and absorbed into the bloodstream. In addition, casein is a complete protein while whey protein is a combination of proteins that will not break down well. As a result, casein and whey protein casein protein powders are better for people who need to recover from intense physical activity or are recovering from illnesses like cancer or kidney disease.
Another unique difference between Casein and Milk is that EKO pura organic casein protein powder is completely natural and organic, with no artificial preservatives, flavors or colors. It has been created exclusively for consumption in food by lactose intolerant individuals. Casein on the other hand is manufactured through the use of animal biotechnology.
The best casein protein powders will contain Casein, whey, egg, chicken, fish and vegetable protein sources. A minimum daily intake of 1 g of protein per pound of body weight is recommended. To help with rebuilding damaged muscle tissue, it is also important to add a good amount of carbohydrates and fats to your diet as well. These are all added benefits that you will get from nutrition, and should always be included in your nutrition plan to achieve optimal results.
If you are looking for the best powder to give you the best nutritional benefits, then you should consider muscletech, as their nitro-tech casein protein powders are formulated for those who need complete protein supplementation without any extra calories. Nitro-Tech is also one of the few nutrition companies that have dedicated nutritionists. With this, you can be sure that you get to choose the best products to suit your unique needs. With their products, you can enjoy a rich and balanced meal, while getting all the essential amino acids your body needs. Their products are made from the finest ingredients, which come directly from the plant life. Therefore, when choosing nitro-tech casein protein powders, you are ensuring that you get the best nutrition at an affordable price.


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JACKSONVILLE, Fla. – A team of 24 local women will compete Saturday and Sunday during the International Breast Cancer Paddlers’ Commission Dragon Boat Festival in New Zealand. Every member of the teams selected to participate in the competition is a breast cancer survivor.
The members of Team Mammoglams, founded by Jeri Millard, have been training for five years for the event, which was delayed by the pandemic.
Millard, founder of In The Pink, a nonprofit organization created to help cancer survivors, founded the Jacksonville Dragon Boat Club to offer a support system to breast cancer survivors. The club is located at Beach Marine off Beach Boulevard and practices in the Intracoastal Waterway.
“It really has become the best support group I can imagine,” said Millard. “We know the type of healing that can take place on the water.”
Dragon Boat paddling has become a rehabilitation therapy for women and men around the world who have been diagnosed with breast cancer.
Paddlers sit forward facing in a boat designed like a dragon. The pace is set by a drummer, who is positioned facing the paddlers at the bow of the boat. A steersperson stands in the stern, using an oar, to control the boat’s direction. Boats have either 20 or 10 paddlers.
Wykina Harris has been a member of Team Mammoglams since 2019. She joined as she finished treatment for breast cancer, a diagnosis that shook her to her core.
“I have a large family and nobody ever had any type of breast cancer at all,” she explained. “I’m the first one.”
Harris had been perfectly healthy -- a military veteran who exercised was a vegetarian and had just turned 40 years old -- when she was diagnosed after her doctor suggested she be screened for breast cancer since the screening age starts at 40.
The breast cancer diagnosis triggered a flood of emotions for the single mother.
“My first mind was, I would not see my baby graduate,” she explained tearfully. “He was in the 11th grade so I was like, I know I have to do this for my baby. I know I have to do this for him and I need to do it for me. I still wanna live.”
Harris spent months receiving treatment, which included chemotherapy, radiation, a lumpectomy, and breast reduction surgery.
“It was rough, it was rough,” she said. “I tell everybody, ‘Make sure you have positive people around you, you don’t want to have any negativity.’”
She said her family and friends were her rock.
Harris also found a unique form of support when she discovered the Dragon Boat Paddle Club.
“They were so welcoming,” she explained about meeting the group for the very first time.
The team is serious about its competition, but during training breaks, they are each other’s support system.
“We’re sisters. There’s an immediate bond,” Millard said.
Both women said time spent on the water in the boat is therapeutic and peaceful. While paddling may look hard, both said anyone can do it, regardless of age. They have a team member who is in her 80s.
When asked what the secret is to paddling, Harris said, “‘Dancing,’ as coach Drew would say, ‘It’s like we’re all dancing to the same beat.’”
Wykina is excited about competing in New Zealand. She is in remission and was there when her son graduated from high school.
Team Mammoglams will compete on Lake Karapiro in Cambridge, New Zealand, starting Saturday. The festival involves 240 IBCPC member teams from 30 countries. Team Mammoglams is the only team in Jacksonville.
They are always looking for more team members. If you are interested, you can learn more here: https://www.mammoglams.com/.


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Now you can Watch Dragon Ball Super Episode 101 English Subbed Online. Last time we saw some awesome action from Universe 6 Saiyans, also from Jiren. Most of the people are still mad at Kale beating up Goku even in his SSJB form. So these are some episodes where random fighters are fighting each for universal survival. In episode 101 we’ll see pride troopers in action.
Watch Dragon Ball Super Episode 101 English Subbed Online
You are watching Episode 101 English Sub of Dragon Ball Super Subbed. If you enjoy watching stuff on Dragon Ball English, then consider liking our Facebook page and sharing it. You can always report errors and help to manage the website. Download links can be requested via comments sections. Also, don’t forget to read the episode’s general description below.
- Title: “The Impending Warriors of Justice! The Pride Troopers!!”
- Release Date: 29th July 2017
- Season 5: Universal Survival Arc
Thanks for watching “Dragon Ball Super Episode 101 English Subbed” Online. If you liked then please share your awesome thoughts below.

domain: entertainment


The game Glitch is shutting down. This game was never really out of beta, and it was one of those “explore the world” type games. By all accounts, it was amazing, but they couldn’t make it profitable.
They have a FAQ about the shutdown, and it includes this question which I found interesting from an engineering perspective.
Why don’t you give the game away or make it open source or let player volunteers run it?
Glitch looks simple, but it is not. Any massively multiplayer game is several orders of magnitude more complex than a multiplayer game (and those are usually an order of magnitude more complex than a single player game). The state of the world changes hundreds of thousands of times a second, and each of those changes has to be immediately saved in a way that is safe and redundant. Most of those changes — decrease in a chicken’s lifespan, the regeneration of a rock, the health of a tree, the movement of every player — have to be sent from server to server and from server to player’s local computers. If you’re in a busy place in Glitch, your computer might be receiving hundreds or even thousands of messages about stuff that’s happening around you every second.
It takes a full-time team of competent engineers & technical operations personnel just to keep the game open. Even if there was a competent team that was willing to work on it full time for free, it would take months to train them. Even then, the cost of hosting the servers would be prohibitively expensive.


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Make a family of super cute Pumpkin Softies! This PDF has pattern pieces and full instructions. Make small, medium, or large sizes. Pattern pieces included for pumpkin shapes, leaves, and stem.
You'll need quilting cotton fabric for your pumpkins and felt for the leaves and stem. I like to add Spanish Moss to the top of mine, to hide stitches and look extra Autumnal.
Other needed items: Polyfill, rice for filling at the bottom, spices for smells, DMC floss or Pearl thread, hand needle, and hot glue gun.
Watch the Facebook LIVE demonstration here.
There is also a VIDEO walk through for you YAY!!!! Thanks for subscribing to my channel. https://tinyurl.com/sewhungryhippievids
I loved making these cute little pumpkins! Used fun prints and colors and the grandkids and moms loved them. Actually went together quicker than I thought and look great. Delightful Fall Decor.
Super duper love this easy pumpkin!!!
Absolutely love this pattern!!
Great pattern! A very enjoyable sew with fantastic directions.
Loved the pattern the instructions were easy to follow. Perfect for scraps…I went a little crazy and made 12 in 2 days🎃

domain: artistic


RULE 84. APPENDIX OF FORMS
The forms contained in the Appendix of Forms are sufficient under the rules and are intended to indicate the simplicity and brevity of statement which the rules contemplate.
The forms in the Appendix suffice under these rules and illustrate the simplicity and brevity that these rules contemplate.
Rule 84 was amended, effective _______________.
Rule 84 is identical to Rule Fed.R.Civ.P. 84, FRCivP. The forms contained in the Appendix are intended for illustration only. They are limited in number, as no attempt has been made to furnish a manual of forms.
Rule 84 was amended, effective _______________, in response to the December 1, 2007, revision of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The language and organization of the rule were changed to make the rule more easily understood and to make style and terminology consistent throughout the rules.
Sources: Joint Procedure Committee Minutes of ________________; January 17-18, 1980, page 12; Rule Fed.R.Civ.P. 84, FRCivP.


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#DonaldTrump: How Do You Feel About Trump Allowing Troops to Use #LethalForce?Most Americans and others across the world would band together mentally and arguably agree that Donald Trump allegedly lost his mind. America was built on the fundamentals of allowing immigrants in the country for the purpose of having a better life and equal opportunity as Americans to make something of themselves and help their immediate families. President Trump recently closed the border between the United State...
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#NewYork: Man Slashed in Face in Brooklyn @ #HoytStreetWe're seeing revelations in today's world that the world is slowly coming to an end. A man in downtown Brooklyn at the Hoyt Street subway station on the 2 IRT line was unfortunately slashed in the face nearby Fulton street, not far from the old Albee Square mall....
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Did You Know #Pinterest Redesigned Their Feed to Possibly Help Marketers Get More Sales?Pinterest, if you haven't been using it to drive traffic to your affiliate links, blog posts, or webpages is a great source of free referral organic traffic. The good news about using Pinterest for marketing is it's not mandatory to spend money to promote your site or affiliate links. All that's required on your part is effort and consistency. And a long-term visionary mindset where you desire your business to be in the next 5 to 10 years if you can hang in there that long and keep plugging away at your online business by promoting it on Pinterest and across multiple social networks. A few awesome benefits about using Pinterest for your business:...
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Next week marks my husband and my five-year anniversary.
As I reminisced about the last several years, I began to think about when Aaron and I met about 10 years ago and became friends.
In 2010, I quit my job as a political analyst for a lobbying firm in Mexico City to become a missionary. I attended a missionary training in Singapore. The first leg of that initial trip made a three-week stop in Louisiana – my first trip to the states.
As one of three missionaries on our way from Mexico to Singapore, we were invited to a lunch/newspaper interview with “Mr. Williams.”
A local homeschool family from one of the churches we visited told us that she had been taking journalism classes given by the local newspaper’s editor, Mr. Williams. We quickly became friends and stayed in touch throughout the years. Every time I came back to the U.S., he was on my list of friends I would try to meet up with. We also stayed in touch through Skype, emails, postcards and FaceTime.
At the time, my English was not very good and I lacked any confidence in the language, so I didn’t think I could correctly pronounce his first name, Aaron, so I simply always called him “Mr. Williams.”
Our friendship lasted years, and eventually bloomed into the love we now share.
During that initial trip, there was a long list of things locals told me I needed to do – and on the top of that list was to eat certain foods, one of which was jambalaya.
That is when I learned that people in the South, especially in Louisiana, take pride in their food. And Louisiana offers a unique blend of flavors and foods.
The first time I tried jambalaya was in the city of Gonzales, at a little place called The Jambalaya Shoppe. The rice dish reminded me a little bit of Arroz Con Pollo, a Venezuelan dish, but its appearance was a bit dry. The color wasn’t the same either. And it came with bread – it didn’t make sense to me. None of my food experiences told me I would enjoy this.
But I looked around to see how others enjoy the dish. Some added salt and pepper, some added Tabasco sauce, some even placed the rice in the bread; but one thing seemed unanimous, it was good. So, I grabbed a spoon and ate it. It was moist and exploded with flavor.
I found myself eating jambalaya at nearly every event I attended around the Baton Rouge area during that trip and throughout my stays in Louisiana over the years.
I realized that every jambalaya was different. Every time I had a taste of the dish, there was something new, something different and beautiful – just like the personalities of the chefs that prepared them.
So, today I humbly offer a new take on this Louisiana staple: it’s a cacophony of Cajun flavors with rice and meat, but I threw in hints of my Mexican-Venezuelan ancestry and a dash of personality. My husband jokingly calls it “Joha-mbalaya.”
(feeds 2-3 people)
1 lb of Smoked Sausage, sliced
1/2 Red Onion, cut
2 Stalks of Green Onion finely chopped
2 Cloves of Garlic finely chopped
1 Tomato, cut
1 Stalk of celery
1/2 lb Mushrooms cleaned and cut in half.
1 Cup of rice
1 Cup of Chicken Stock
A pinch of Cumin
A pinch of Cayenne pepper
1 tsp of Worcestershire Sauce
In a big pan, on medium-high heat, sauté the smoked sausage until browned. Take out of the pan and keep aside.
In a separate pot, pour 2 cups of water and bring to boil. Add rice and some salt, and bring the heat to low and put on lid. Let cook for about 10 minutes. Once it is tender, turn off heat.
In the pan where the sausage was cooked, with the grease still in the pan, sauté the red and green onion, celery and mushrooms for about 4 minutes. Then add the garlic (I didn’t add it at the beginning because it tends to burn if it is fried too long). Cook down to give vegetables a light brown color.
Add tomatoes, sausage, cumin, cayenne pepper, Worcestershire sauce, fresh parsley, salt and pepper and about 2 Tbsp of chicken stock.
Combine the cooked rice and vegetable mix. If the mix seems too dry, add more chicken stock little by little, giving it time to be absorbed. Cover for about 5 minutes on low heat. Taste to check flavor and consistency.
Remove from heat, add more salt if necessary and serve with some cornbread and hot sauce!


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|Apk name||Football Strike|
|MOD info||Unlimited Money|
|Rated for:||3+ years|
|Get it on|
The description of Football Strike
Fans and fans of soccer with pleasure took this unique sports simulator, in which they can now show all their skills and skill in kicks and tactics. You too can download Football Strike mod apk on android and play this kind of amazing soccer, which has no originals. Take part in competitions with other multiplayer players or invite your friends to have a competition for the best footballer. Score lots of goals from all directions. You will have access to shots from the penalty area and other places to earn yourself a great reputation.
Play in a variety of modes, including multiplayer and career modes and advance in the footsteps of a soccer player. When you can download Football Strike hack for android take part in effective soccer duels and meet other players around the world. Many unique online modes await you, on which you can earn as many bonus points as possible and advance further. Become the best in one-on-one games and take turns playing as both goalkeeper and scorer. The main goal is to learn how to take professional shots and score from any point faster than your opponent.
The player will be able to choose initially one player for each position on the field. Thus, you will need one goalkeeper and a striker. Your playable character will be able to be completely personalized both in appearance and in characteristics. After that, try the challenges in career mode and drive around the world to pass the tests. Earn soccer trophies and rewards to go further across continents. You’ll love the interesting gameplay of mod Football Strike, which will draw you into endless soccer battles around the world.
Features Football Strike mod:
- Simple and straightforward game play;
- Bright and lively gameplay;
- Two online modes: Penalty Kick and Time Game;
- Ability to control the ball with one finger and the display;
- Career mode with obtaining medals;
- You can be a representative of your favorite team. Choose: Zenit or Barcelona? A large selection of famous teams of the world;
- The ability to strengthen your players using special equipment.


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Senior lecturer in literature and public engagement, University of East Anglia
B.J. Epstein is a lecturer in literature and public engagement at the University of East Anglia in England, where she specialises in children's literature, queer literature and literary translation. Her new book, Are the Kids All Right?, is about how LGBTQ characters are portrayed in children's literature and what this says about society. It is available at: http://www.hammeronpress.net/page20.htm. She is also the author of a book on how figurative language is translated in children's literature and a textbook for use in English as a foreign language classrooms and she is the editor of a book on Nordic translation. B.J. is also a writer, editor, and Swedish-to-English translator. She has published over 160 articles, essays, reviews and short stories in a variety of publications and has translated a number of books and many other texts. She can be reached through www.awaywithwords.se and is on Twitter as bjepstein.
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domain: literature