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Millions of people every year seek tax problem help. Some of the common tax problems are caused by unpaid taxes, unfilled returns or missing records. Get some tips on how to get tax relief and other tax resources.
Insurance Available With Tax Relief
At last you can buy life insurance and get tax relief. The breakthrough results from changes in the Gordon Browns' latest Budget speech but the tax relief is only available on a new special sort of life insurance policy. You can't get tax relief on your existing life insurance policies.
Gives Apartment Owners Tax Relief
Apartment owners can face staggering expenses to maintain
apartment communities. The upkeep of even a modest community
could involve groundskeeping, unit renovation, and replacements,
such as parking lot asphalt and fencing. Another steep
expense is federal income tax - and in some areas an
additional state tax on income - but through an innovative
study known as cost segregation, the depreciation of
property components can be used to help lower federal
- What Are The Tax Advantages Of Buying A Home?
Taxes can be complicated, and it is recommended that you learn about the benefits, the drawbacks and how to file your taxes properly. To enjoy the tax benefits, you can either wait for a big payout after you file your income-tax return, or adjust what is withheld from your paycheck each month.
Use Tax Credits To Help Finance Your College Education
5 Common Tax Myths That Are Costing You A Bundle
Students are always on the lookout for ways to help pay or offset the cost of their tuition. There are various government grants and scholarships available to you if you qualify. But what if you don't qualify for these government programs? Don't loose hope there are still options available to you that can help offset those tuition bills.
You are a small business owner or self-employed person (including home-based businesses and part-time entrepreneurial activities).

domain: economics


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Rather than shooting straight for party-store spooky look, skip the mass produced motorized witches and black cats and design your Halloween mantle decorations or dress up the foyer with a bit of stylish whimsy this year.
A blend of Autumn-inspired hues, staple seasonal pieces and a simple DIY bunting craft can transform your entryway or mantle into a stylish focal point that's festive without being tacky.
This ribbon bunting was easy to make and added a fun splash of color to our whimsical design. Merely tie lengths of ribbon in a single knot to a thin rope or ribbon the length that you want. That's it!
Pumpkins are a colorful way to welcome fall and they make a warm and friendly statement when placed in the entryway of your home. They're also the most popular Halloween symbol of all, so make sure you get plenty into your display.
Dress them up with some silk autumn leaves, a little raffia and a cheery ribbon to continue the more whimsical look of your design.
Floral stems are inexpensive and instantly transform your everyday items into something special for the season. To decorate my wrought iron candle holder, I simply tied a floral stem of fall leaves to the base with twine. Well, "Hello Fall!"
Gather up some of your favorite family pumpkin patch and Halloween pictures and display them in a group on the table in your entryway. It's a wonderful way to customize your space and remember past seasons with loved ones.
Look for some fun seasonal frames and then bring them out every Fall for a great way to welcome the season and add happy memories to your home. Guests to your home will linger in the entryway as they enjoy your family pictures!
Baskets add a natural texture to your space and are also the perfect place for a bouquet of silk autumn flowers and leaves. We merely draped this basket with some ribbon and popped in a couple of Fall floral stems. Use baskets as centerpieces on coffee tables or place them at the bottom of a larger staircase to finish off your space.
Blending natural elements of the fall season into your mantle or entryway design is the best way to create a look for your home that's simple, seasonal and chic.
Spooky black bats provide lots of inspiration for a Halloween party.
Add some spook to girl's night this Halloween. From cocktails to favors, we've got ideas!
This family-friendly Halloween party means fun for all.

domain: artistic


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Birds Voice - Valeri Leontiev* - Première. Valeri Leontiev Is Singing Alexander Morozovs Songs (Vinyl, LP, Album)
Label: Мелодия - C60 21545 002 • Format: Vinyl LP, Album • Country: USSR • Genre: Pop •
Let It Blow - DJ Unexpected & Hevehitta presents Bun B - Southern Royality (CD), Татьяна Кочергина и XX Век - Татьяна Кочергина и Рок-группа ;XX Век; (Vinyl, LP, Album), Adamord - Stars Of The Lid - Music For Nitrous Oxide (CD, Album), Barclay James Harvest - Stand Up (Cassette), Beware Of Darkness - George Harrison - All Things Must Pass (Vinyl, LP, Album), Another Suitcase, Another Hall - Ricky North - Piano Solo (CD), After The Rain - Nelson (4) - After The Rain (CD, Album), A Sunday Mystery - Aceyalone accompanied by RJD2 - Magnificent City (Vinyl, LP, Album), My Old School - Steely Dan - Countdown To Ecstasy (Vinyl, LP, Album), Sublimality (Old Skool Remix), Nursery Rhymes - September (8) - Ive Been Thinking... (Vinyl, LP, Album), Yearning - Brown (21) - The Dying of the Light (CDr, Album), Love That Burns - Bernie Marsden - Green And Blues (CD, Album), Aries - Dynamite (16) - Super Spook (Vinyl, LP)
9 thoughts on “ Birds Voice - Valeri Leontiev* - Première. Valeri Leontiev Is Singing Alexander Morozovs Songs (Vinyl, LP, Album) ”
Evening Urgant (Russian: Вечерний Ургант, romanized: Vecherniy Urgant) is a Russian late-night talk show hosted by Ivan Urgant on Channel One, a show based on .
Find Valeri Leontiev song information on AllMusic. Beginning of dialog window. Escape will cancel and close the window.
Welcome all to the official channel of Valery Leontiev! Valery Leontiev - the brightest representative of show business, Soviet and Russian singer, songwrite.
View the profiles of people named Valery Leontiev. Join Facebook to connect with Valery Leontiev and others you may know. Facebook gives people the power.
Only this spring, a folk artist bought a new villa in Miami. The singer spent a fortune to admire the ocean from the balcony. Only now the spouse and muse of the performer, Lyudmila Isakovich, suddenly decided to return to Moscow. At the opening of the “New Wave”, the artist said that Lyudmila was bored in the States and hopes to spend the next few months in the capital, writes.
The price listed is the cost for 1 Valery Leontiev ticket. All Valery Leontiev ticket sales are final. All Valery Leontiev tickets listed will be seated side by side unless otherwise noted. Please make sure to check the seating diagram for the exact location of your Valery Leontiev tickets within the venue. Valery Leontiev Payment Information.
Name: Valery Leontiev (Valeriy Leontev) Date of birth: 19 March Age: 67 years Place of birth: the village of Ust-USA Height: Activity: the Soviet and Russian singer, songwriter, actor. People’s artist of Russia Marital status: divorced. Valery Leontiev: a biography. Valery Leontiev was born in March in the small village of.
View credits, reviews, tracks and shop for the Vinyl release of Valeri Leontiev Sings on Discogs. Label: Мелодия - C60 • Series: Дискоклуб - 16Б • Format: Vinyl LP, Album • Country: USSR • Genre: Electronic, Pop • Style: Disco, Synth-pop/5(3).
Lyubov Uspenskaya, Valery Leontiev, Irina Allegrova, Irina Dubcova, Slava, Timati, MakSim "Various Artists. XXXL Maksimalnyy" Sbornik "XXXL 31 Maksimalnyy" - letniy, zharkiy, khitovyy! Kakie plany ni postroil by kazhdyy na predstoyashchee leto, opredelenno, v etom spiske budet khotya by odin strastnyy roman ili romanticheskoe uvlechenie.


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Why doesn’t Spain use GMT?
According to the original 24-hour division of the world, Spain’s latitudinal position meant that GMT was the most natural time-zone for it to follow. Many in Spain believed that the clocks would eventually return to GMT when the war was over, yet this never happened.
Why are France and Spain in the wrong time zone?
Spain Has Been In The ‘Wrong’ Time Zone For 7 Decades : Parallels : NPR. Spain Has Been In The ‘Wrong’ Time Zone For 7 Decades : Parallels Spain’s dictator Francisco Franco set the country’s clocks an hour ahead in World War II in order to be aligned with Hitler’s Germany.
Why are England and Spain in different time zones?
In 1942, the Spanish dictator General Franco moved Spain onto Central European Time to follow Nazi Germany. The report says Spain should be in the same time zone as the UK and Portugal. Spain – on the western edge of Europe – is currently one hour ahead of GMT during the winter and two hours ahead in the summer.
Why does France have 12 time zones?
France: France has 12 time zones ranging from UTC-10 to UTC+12. This unusual span is due to France’s scattered national territories. The areas in French Polynesia in the Pacific Ocean are mainly responsible for this.
Is Spain always an hour ahead of UK?
Spain time difference to England
Spain and Malaga are 1 hour ahead of England but it should be the same. In Spain only Canary Islands have the correct time zone. In a near future Malaga and England will share the same time zone, when it happens I will be here to tell you.
Why is Portugal GMT?
Thus, in practice, Portuguese standard time was defined as the mean solar time at Lisbon Observatory longitude, which was later calculated as being GMT–00:36:45. In 1911, it was agreed that standard time in Portugal should be defined in accordance with the 1884 prime meridian system.
Is France in the wrong timezone?
Well, France is in a time zone that’s one hour ahead of the UK but geographically it’s slightly to the east, meaning the sunset actually reaches Paris before it reaches London, even though it exists in a time that’s later than the UK, so it’s already later when the sun sets.
Why are Portugal and Spain in different time zones?
Although the two countries share a border and share the Iberian Peninsula, they have different time zones. … The reason behind this is the fact that Spain is already more than 15º to the east of the Greenwich Meridian, and so (as explained above) it fits in that time zone.
Is all of Spain in the same time zone?
How Many Time Zones Are There in Spain? All of continental Spain, including the capital Madrid, observes the same time zone. However, the Canary Islands, off the coast of Morocco, add a 2nd time zone to the country. Here, the local time is 1 hour behind the mainland.

domain: geography


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AUSTIN -- A man arrested for assault is also suspected of pulling fire alarms on the University of Texas campus last month.
Police arrested Scott Allen Chatagnier, Jr., 42, and booked him into the Travis County Jail on two charges of assault with a deadly weapon. His bond was set at $7,500.
Police say they believe Chatagnier is responsible for pulling fire alarms in eight UT buildings on Sept. 10.
When he was arrested, Chatagnier had two outstanding warrants for false alarm report by UTPD and AFD. Police say the assault charges are unrelated to the fire alarms incident.

domain: law


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Welcome to Citizens Against Beltway Expansion
Why CABE Opposes the $11 Billion For-Profit Tollways on I-495/I-270
MD is pushing an $11 billion public-private partnership (P3) to expand I-495 and I-270 with up to four for-profit tollways. Tollway companies claim it will end rush hour congestion without costing taxpayers a dime. Here's the truth:
Luxury Lane P3s are designed to monetize bad traffic, not relieve it.
P3's pose high risk to taxpayers (Just look at the Purple Line.)
P3's rely on taxpayer subsidies despite claims there's no net-cost to taxpayers.
$50 tolls on I-270 are ahead per MDOT estimates.
Luxury Lanes are bad for pollution, parks, stormwater runoff.
CABE is pushing back. We're a coalition of civic associations, taxpayers, and other organizations demanding better, affordable commuter options for suburban Maryland.
Connect with CABE


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Add some brilliance to your world!
Care to capture the essence of a cardinal on your wall
Care to capture the essence of a hummingbird on your wall
Would you like this beautiful blue jay to cheer up your wall
A colorful butterfly to brighten up your wall
Ever heard a wolf howl for the moon?
Bringing a mountain bike ride into your home
An incredibly beautifully designed bear paw for your wall!
A little moonlight magic for your wall.
An incredibly beautifully designed wolf paw for your wall!
This little guy is showcasing a very friendly big foot family.
This bear contains a little bit of the Kootenay Life
A scene of a Moose in the Forest
Here is something for the wall for the one that got away.
First class - and she knows it!
An adorable butterfly kiss for this kitten is ready to display on your wall!
This cat is sure to wake up any wall
This cat will add a touch of sophistication to any wall
This cat fits nicely into a narrow space
This cute cat brings some fun to your home
A little hide and seek fun for your home
The butterfly is a flying flower!
Do you see magic on the wings of Dragonflies?
An incredibly beautifully designed hummingbird for your wall
Built for flight, designed for beauty.
This is one bird that has a lot going on.
Are you willing to soar with this Eagle
Who doesn't love an owl on your wall
An amazing set of love for your wall
Experience this hypnotic triquetra and feel more relaxed
Bring a sparkling diamond mandala to your wall
A starburst multilayer mandala design
A unique, and creative multilayer mandala design
One of the oceans most playful creatures
The majestic sea turtle is one of nature's most beautiful creatures
A very green and lacey turtle for your wall
A picture perfect portrait for you wall
Care to take this wavy mane home with you?
Strong. Proud. Regal.
An incredibly beautifully designed horse for your wall
This bear contains a little Canadian forest scene
This moose contains a little Canadian forest scene
This elk contains a little Canadian forest scene
This deer contains a little Canadian forest scene
This cougar is showing off the beauty of the Canadian nature
This wolf contains a little Canadian forest scene
This big foot contains a little Canadian forest scene
A popular best friend for your wall
Some best friend golden brilliance for your wall
A blue eyed beauty for your wall
A loyal Shepherd for your wall
An adorable dachshund addition for your wall
A curious dachshund for your wall
A proud and tall dachshund for your wall
Looking for a shepherd to look over you
An incredibly loyal collie for your wall
A wolf for your wall
An majestic lion for your wall
A peaceful addition to your wall
Looking for a sturdy, feathery dream catcher
True Dragons are among the Universe's most perfect beings!
Do you believe in dragons
This catch can proudly be displayed on Dad's wall
There is a lot going on with this fishing story
This is one colorful Siamese fighting fish
Do you hear nature calling?
Ever feel like escaping
Are you ready for some winter exploring


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Existing Verizon customers can save up to $540 when trading in for new iPhone ($440 trade-in rebate + an additional $100 credit for opening a new Verizon Visa credit card).
Save up to $440 off any Galaxy S21 series, Z Fold3, or Z Flip3 series when upgrading on any data unlimited plan with a qualifying trade-in (damaged trade-in accepted). You may trade-in an old or damaged phone free of battery damage (i.e. swelling, leaking or too hot to touch) within 30 days. Other terms and conditions apply. Get your trade-in promo credit over 24 or 30 months. Promo credit may change based on other Unlimited plans. For more information please visit your nearest Victra store or the Verizon website.
Customers who open a Verizon Visa credit card and spend $1 or more in same-day purchases with the card receive a $100 credit statement.
- Declined Verizon Visa Card applications
- Existing Verizon Visa Cardholders and new Authorized Users
- Apply for the Verizon Visa card and get approved.
- Use the credit card TODAY on a Verizon purchase of $1 or more (minus returns or adjustments during the offer period).
- The entire $100 credit is applied to the Synchrony statement within 2-3 bill cycles after use of the credit card.


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What a great place. Only 2 rooms, both newly decorated with a top end finish. Absolutely spotless with brand new furniture and really comfy beds. The shower was great, once again everything being spotlessly clean. The 2 guys who looked after us were great.
The breakfast is great. You get it in the restaurant downstairs from your room overlooking the harbour. Have the hot salmon and scrambled eggs, Really good! Great service seeing as there are only 2 rooms.
We also had a meal in the cornerstone restaurant below the b and b rooms one evening.
You've got to eat the seafood as you can see the boats that caught your food from the window.
Great place, go ahead and book. You'll enjoy.
- Also Known As:
- Cornerstone Mallaig, Scotland

domain: food


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Different Types Of Cotton Fabrics Used At zy-lk
But cotton isn’t harmful to the environment right? Wrong.
Cotton causes more damage to the environment than we credit it for. For instance, 99.3% of all the cotton cultivated on Earth represents 10% of global pesticide use and 25% of global insecticides. At zy-lk, we either use the .7% cotton that doesn’t require these harmful chemicals, or we use the recycled version of the 99.3% conventional cotton that would otherwise end up in landfills.
It’s Important To Know
Production of conventional cotton is harmful to the environment plus the people working with it.
• Up to 3% agriculture workers die and nearly 1 million are hospitalised every year due to acute pesticide poisoning.
• In a study of 97 cotton farmers over 5 months, they experienced 323 different incidents of sickness.
• Over 20,000 litres of fresh water are used to produce 1 kilo of cotton.
Different Types Of Cotton Fabrics
Cotton: The conventional kind that we have been using for centuries; the same that has been causing all the damage.
Organic Cotton: The .7% of cotton cultivated worldwide, without the use of harmful chemicals.
Recycled Cotton: The small part of all the cotton in the world, that actually gets recycled; the kind that saves 20,000 litres of water per kilo.
Types Of Cotton zy-lk Uses
The only types of cotton used at zy-lk are recycled cotton and organic cotton. As a circular fashion brand, zy-lk prioritises recycled cotton, for the fact that it something that’s already in existence. It’s also the most sustainable compared to the other types of cotton. But even under recycled cotton, there are two types:
Pre-Consumer Recycled Cotton: When cotton yarn is manufactured, there will be wastage. However, these discarded fibres are still worthy and usable. They are usually blended with stronger fibres like virgin cotton or polyester to make fabric. At zy-lk, the pre-consumer (aka post-industrial) cotton used is blended with organic cotton. The T-Shirts are knitted with 30% GRS certified pre-consumer recycled cotton yarn, blended with 70% organic cotton yarn for stability.
Post-Consumer Recycled Cotton: Landfill-bound cotton garments are shredded into filaments, spinning them back into yarns (like they once were) and then weaving it back into fabric is categorised as post-consumer recycled cotton. zy-lk predominantly uses this type of cotton in all the wovens- comprising 100% GRS certified post-consumer recycled cotton.
With recycled cotton, the amount of water, energy used and CO2 / fossil fuel emissions are reduced to half of virgin cotton production.
Are you ready to make the switch?

domain: agronomy


If you believe the steady stream of media reports, odd behavior is the norm in the Trump White House.
Stories make a big deal about things like the addition of a larger television in the Oval Office dining room (so President Donald Trump can watch cable news), his removal of President Barack Obama’s crimson curtains in the Oval Office for a gold set, and the fact that President Trump often spends his nights alone because First Lady Melania still resides in New York.
There’s no disputing that President Trump has ruffled a lot of feathers with the decisions he’s made in his early days.
But attempts to paint the Trump White House as exceptionally bizarre fall woefully short when compared to the behavior of some of the previous occupants of 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue.
It’s hard to believe what these men were capable of…
So Far, Donald Trump Is No Match for These Presidents
President Warren Harding: The Gambler
President Harding loved to play poker so much that his regular group of friends, which included several members of his cabinet, were known as the Poker Cabinet. The group played regularly at the White House, during which they drank illegal bootleg liquor (it was Prohibition, after all).
This post was published at Wall Street Examiner on February 8, 2017.


Warren, RI | Direct Hire
The Manufacturing Engineer is responsible for managing the day to day activities of the CNC Department. This includes maintaining the department schedule, overseeing the set-up and operating of all machines, supervising the department and ensuring all training and reviews of employees are conducted on time. The job requires a good working knowledge of CNC machines, the ability to read blueprints, use of all inspection equipment and the ability to apply knowledge of machining methods. Finally, this position is responsible for the quality of all parts produced as well as the safety of all employees.
Responsibilities & Accountabilities:
- Supervise and manage all aspects of the CNC Department. Assist in the hiring and training of all machinists and conduct annual reviews for employees within the Turning department.
- Schedule work centers and employees across multiple shifts to meet the demands of the master schedule.
- Ensure the quality of all parts produced in the department including first piece inspections and the handling of non-conforming parts. Make sure correct documentation is in place.
- Work directly with the QC department to verify that proper inspection techniques are being used at all times. Utilize inspection equipment, including micrometers, calipers, optical comparators and CMMs
- Ensure all machinists and machines are running as efficiently as possible.
- Cooperate and work with other areas of production to move parts through Production as expeditiously as possible.
- Attend the daily buffer meeting. Know where all parts are all times in the department.
- Work with the Sales department to understand and assist with customer demands and priorities.
- Maintain the preventative maintenance schedule for all Turning machines.
- Work across all areas of Tri-Mack and provide prompt and professional service as requested.
- Adhere and ensure all AS9100 requirements are met at all times.
- Create and maintain a safe work environment.
- All other duties as assigned.
Education, Skills & Experience:
- High School diploma is required, some college is preferred
- Minimum of 5 years in a CNC Machining environment is required.
- Demonstrated leadership skills with a minimum of 3 years experience in a manufacturing manager role is required
- Strong blueprint interpretation, understanding of tolerance specifications and good working knowledge of GD&T


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18 lokalinvånare rekommenderar
Drifttimmar statusÖppet · Stänger 10:00 PM
Tips från lokalbefolkningen
The MAC has open air cinema, arts crafts, dance classes, free activity classes for kids, art and cultural shows on all the time. It is also in Cannon Hill Park where you can walk around the lake or hire out a rowing boat. There is also an outdoor mini golf which is fantastic fun!
First opened in 1962, mac birmingham is a pioneering arts complex for everyone. Their mission; to make art an important part of people’s lives. Located in Cannon Hill Park, just two miles south of the city centre, the MAC attract over 850,000 visits every year, drawing audiences from across the UK…


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Aziz Muhammad Khan was born on July 1, 1931 in Hyderabad. His father, Mahmood Khan, was a government servant. He had a bent for poetry since chis childhood. Aziz Qaisi came to Mumbai in 1957. Here he made a name for himself in the field of poetry and literature. He also wrote movie songs and stories. Soon, his poems began to appear in magazines and newspapers, and some were even recited on radio. After coming to Mumbai, he wrote songs for many films. He didn't like it so he got a job in the daily Inqilab. However, his mercurial nature did not allow him to be stuck with one job all the time.
After leaving Inqilab, he wrote the story of the film ‘Hum Kahan Ja Rahe Hain’, followed by ‘Bansi Burju’, and ‘Dayavan’. He is, however, most remembered for his dialogue writing in the movie ‘Ankur’.
Books authored by him include, ‘Aaina-dar-Aaina’, ‘Gird-bad’, and the novel ‘Dusre Kinare Tak’, which became extremely popular. He drank excessively, something that all around him knew.
Aziz Qaisi was one of the most intelligent poets of the modernist mode. But he equally respected the classical tradition.
Read the author's other books here.See More
Curious what other readers are upto? Check this list of favorite Urdu books of Rekhta readers.See More
Find out most popular and trending Urdu books right here.See More


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Use Legal Music
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Casts: ‘Jayam’ Ravi, Trisha, Ponvanan, Prakash Raj
Music: Srikanth Deva
Music: Srikanth Deva
After being in the cans for about three years, ‘Booloham’ has finally seen the light today. With two out of three films turning out to be super hits, ‘Jayam’ Ravi has all reasons to anticipate another one to add to his winning list. With good star casts and exciting promos, did ‘Booloham’ manage to direct its punches accurately?
The film starts with a long-term rivalry among two clans of boxing generations in North Madras. However, when Booloham (Jayam Ravi) clench victory, a greedy TV channel owner (Prakash Raj) tries to rake in the ratings by pitting a reluctant local boxer against a notorious international champion who is known for killing his opponent in the ring.
Story – Screenplay
Kalayanakrishnan should be given a pat for crafting a script that highlights the corruptions and control in sports that are happening behind all the glitz and glamour. The message has lots of potential and the concept itself should be commended.
The best aspect of the writing must be definitely pointed at director S.P.Jananathan’s fiery and punchy dialogues that will make you stop and think about the business angle of sports in current society. During the scene where ‘Jayam’ Ravi and Prakash Raj have a verbal fight on the contractual clauses, Jananathan’s writing evokes a thunderous response in the theatre hall.
However there are too many forced commercial elements that make this concept loud, exaggerated and preachy. The film stays sceptical throughout on its objective. The tonal inconsistency of the film results in losing the audience gradually who might be confused to take this film as a thoughtful boxing film or a mindless parody. The devotional/motivational song looks funny and out of place despite intending to move the narration. Moreover, Trisha’s character and the love angle look forced too. Salsa dance as a practice for boxing? Seriously? This is juts one example of how a novel script gets buried down by certain sore portions.
Casting & Performance
‘Jayam’ Ravi has certainly worked very hard for the role, with chiselled, toned body and his raw dialogue delivery. He is extremely convincing as an aggressive local boxer from North Madras. The climax fight sequence is the biggest highlight of the film and Ravi has done a great job in it. However, the director could have avoided in making his character a little too exaggerated at parts.
Trisha has a very limited role has ‘Booloham’’s fiancé. Honestly a character that might be the most underwritten one in her career. Prakash Raj fits perfectly as the menacing TV channel owner. However, a little more closed arc for the character could have made the character more memorable.
Professional wrestler Nathan Jones is the best casting choice Kalayanakrishnan have made as he looks dangerous and threatening. His presence makes the film more interesting in the second half.
‘Booloham’ is technically satisfactory and offers what is needed for the narration.
Satish Kumar’s cinematography is exciting and raw, especially during the fighting segments. His desaturated colours and fast motions do add value to the concept etched out by the maker. Veteran editor, VT Vijayan moves the film in a quick and steady pace. The flashy TV graphics appearing throughout the film to give a TV programme treatment is interesting.
On the flipside, the biggest drawback that pulls the overall experience of the film down is Srikanth Deva’s loud music that is out of place. The repetitive BGM and uninspiring songs does not help the proceeding.
'Booloham' is a thoughtful boxing flick with lots of potential that goes undiscovered in the loud execution.
Rating : 2.75/5


Transcript for Supreme Court strikes down restrictive abortion law in Louisiana
This is a need BC news special report. Now reports. George Stephanopoulos. Good morning we're coming on the air right now because the Supreme Court has made a major decision on abortion rights the court has struck down. A Louisiana law which requires doctors who provide abortion services and admitting per trip Kevin getting privileges at a local hospital. Want to bring in Terry Moran for more on this right now Terry the opinion by Justice Breyer he said basically. That this was the same as the Texas law which the court struck down in 2016. Exactly George might have deja Vu about this case because it is the exact same case that the court ruled on for years ago the difference. Justice Anthony Kennedy has left the court. And justice Neil gore such oh has joined just Brett Cavanaugh joined the court but in this case just as in the Texas case the Supreme Court found. Because district court's holding trials hearing evidence found. That this kind of restriction on abortion. Limiting abortions to providers who have admitting privileges at hospitals within thirty miles. Does not help. Women's health it actually doesn't partly because abortions are very safe procedures very rarely are there complications requiring hospitalizations and most of them occur afterwards so women. Would go to hospitals nearest them the facts in this case is worried that this law would restrict. The abortion providers in Louisiana to one in New Orleans. For the nearly 101000 women every year who seek abortion services and that the court decided. Places an undue burden. On women seeking abort abortion on the right that women have under Roe vs. Wade and planned parent mrs. Casey. To seek abortion and because it is an undue burden it's unconstitutional. States can restrict abortions in some ways. Waiting periods and other matters like that but not one that doesn't so much that it will make it so difficult for women. To seek abortions. That they can't achieve the right that the constitution guarantees that. This is an opinion written by five Justice Breyer for his fellow liberals just chief Justice Roberts joins it but only because he respects the precedent. From four years ago from that Texas case so this is a blow to those who are seeking to restrict abortions. And a vindication. For those who want to guarantee a women's right to abortion based. On a precedent it's only four years old Supreme Court essentially saying here just because one president picks a different justice doesn't mean the law automatically changes general Cutera let me bring her legal consultant Kate chopped fresh acacia and gave -- a -- little bit more about the chief justice's decision. Right there he voted to uphold the Texas law that says precedent is precedent. That's why I'm George W Robert cares a great deal about the court appearing to operate out shined up. Politics and it into the court to change course basically to take a look at the exact same law that struck down four years ago appeared differently constituted between march 12 hole about walk. Just beautiful and the message could be quickly the court is no more than politicians in the world to sit and Robert even has the couple won't about a fat content starting to tight at the court's abide by their prior decision they didn't extinguishing the judicial branch political branches and WW few Robert basically explaining. If he was taken opponent when actually he would probably vote to hold a Louisiana law could of course he's not and with the law already on the books. Odd that you child to Tokyo mutually develop a liberal. To strike down debt clock leaving very much open the possibility -- in another type of abortion restriction one that didn't look shell like one accord had previously reviewed might get it fresher look and could potentially. Be allowed to let. And secede they get the White House president trump in his conservative supporters have been proud of these choices for the Supreme Court is appointments to the Supreme Court. But this is usually one more reason to be unhappy with cheese Justice Roberts. That a number of them in the last few days Georgia including doc about a week or so ago I'm but the campaign has. Has been touting the president's pro life agenda this is going to be a key battleground in the race for 20/20 you'll remember back in 2016 the president. Promised and pledged appoint justices of the Supreme Court who would automatically overturned Roe vs. Wade. We are far from looking at that on the ruling here today but they have been really touting as you said his appointments to conserve conservative. A judge is to the berries benches around the country this is a big push for them. And frankly it Planned Parenthood has called this. The election that is a light for death one when it comes to this issue of course they have cited in their endorsement with Joseph Biden coming up but George the polling. On this has been pretty consistent 61% say abortion should be legal in all or most cases to see Vegas thanks very much again a major decision from the Supreme Court upholding abortion right.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.


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We have all heard that Jews went like lambs to the slaughter during the Holocaust. Not true. Listen to some of the stories of bravery and brilliant strategy from the wonderful book, Beyond Courage: The Untold Story of Jewish Resistance during the Holocaust, written by Doreen Rappaport. Tune in to Tell Me a Story on Saturday April 26, 2014 at 9:30 am, repeated Sunday, April 27, 2014 (Holocaust Remembrance Day). This program is suitable for adults as well as for children from 10 years old up.
After you have listened, please send your thoughts and comments to email@example.com

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Turn to Firestone Complete Auto Care at the first sign of steering or suspension problems with your 1992 GMC C2500. From shocks to ball joints, your GMC will be in good hands. Schedule an appointment today.
During the first few years you had your 1992 GMC C2500, you probably enjoyed a smooth and steady ride. Now, however, things are starting to feel a little rough. Maybe your C2500 bounces, leans to one side, or makes noise whenever you turn or drive over a speed bump. The first sign of problems is a good time to bring your 1992 GMC C2500 in for suspension and steering service. We can pinpoint the source of the trouble.
The technicians at Firestone Complete Auto Care will start with a suspension inspection to diagnose your vehicle. We will examine the front and rear end suspension, shock absorbers, coil springs, struts, bushings, CV joints and axles, chassis components, wheel bearings, and power steering system parts. We’ll get to the source of your car problems and, if your C2500 suspension system needs repair, we'll explain all of your options and the potential cost. If parts of your GMC C2500 suspension or steering system need to be replaced because they're worn or damaged, we may also suggest a wheel alignment because installing new steering and suspension components may alter wheel angles and ride height.
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Speech Verhofstadt - Jet Airways
Embargo till 14.30 pm
Speech given by Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt for the launch of Jet Airways at Brussels Airport.
Brussels, 2 may 2007
Embargo till 14.30 pm Speech given by Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt for the launch of Jet Airways at Brussels Airport. Brussels, 2 may 2007
Dear Mr Patel, Dear Mr Goyal, Excellencies, Ladies and gentlemen, To become a gateway to the world. That is the dream of every ambitious airport. And certainly for Brussels. As the airport of the capital of Europe, this ambition hardly seemed feasible. To see the great parts of the world, especially towards Asia, you first have to fly from Brussels to Frankfurt, London, Paris or Amsterdam. That will change today. Starting today, Brussels Airport and Brussels Airlines are taking a major new step forward towards making its dream come true. Thanks to Jet Airways. In early November 2006 I was on a tour of India to promote notional interest deduction. During my last stop, in Mumbai, I made two new friends. First of all the Minister for Civil Aviation, Praful Patel. Just like in Belgium, where the loss-making Sabena was replaced by the private and profitable Brussels Airlines, Mr Patel deregulated the aviation industry in India. He privatised the airports, permitting domestic airlines to operate to international destinations. This paved the way for making the Brussels Inc project possible. I met Mr Naresh Goyal not once, but several times in Mumbai. Mr Goyal is an impressive man. With over 37 years' experience in the civil aviation industry he became founder and chairman of Jet Airways, India's premier airline. He was also the first chairman of a private airline in India to be elected to the prestigious Board of Governors of the International Air Transport Association. During our lunchtime discussion about cooperation between Jet Airways and Brussels Airport, I was not only convinced that we would soon be partners, but also good friends. That is why I am proud to be able to announce today a great moment for both Jet Airways and Brussels Airport. As of today, Brussels is the European hub for Jet Airways. With this move, Brussels will become the gateway between the Americas, Europe, Asia and Africa. As of today, Jet Airways is our connection to Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore and Ahmedabad, on the one hand, and New York, Toronto, Chicago and Los Angeles on the other. Via India, we also have a platform for other destinations, such as Singapore, Bangkok and, in the longer run, Shanghai and Hong Kong. For its part, Brussels Airlines is the connection to a multitude of destinations in Europe and Africa. In short, with today's cooperative venture the world is linked via Brussels. More specifically, as of August there will be four return Mumbai-Brussels-New York and Delhi-Brussels-Toronto flights per day. Starting in 2008, that will rise to six flights. The ultimate goal is ten flights per day. That means 3,200 passengers per day. Or one million extra passengers per year for Zaventem. This new global network is not only attractive for tourists or businessmen, who want to waste less time. It is also a lifeline for Belgian trade. Globally, Belgium is the number three location for Indian investments. Our country is also one of India's top three European trading partners. Last year, India invested more than one billion US dollars in Belgium. Not bad. But that is going to rise. This agreement is the way towards greater mutual investment and therefore more jobs. I learned that Mr Goyal also has plans use our flight Academy in Brussels to train approximately 150 pilots. But Mr Goyal also has other creative plans. He wants to set up a travel product for transit passengers. Instead of letting them just sit around waiting in the airport, he wants to offer them a sightseeing tour of Brussels. I can only welcome these ideas. They are a great way of promoting our country. And they also create hundreds of direct and indirect new jobs. Ladies and gentlemen, The capital of Europe will become a major European hub. This is a dream come true. Cooperation between Jet Airways, Brussels Airways and Brussels Airport is a major new impetus for our economy and employment. It offers us a new window on the world. To all Indians, Americans and Canadians, I would like to say "Welcome to Belgium!" And to all Belgians, I would like to say "Go to India!" It is a fantastic and intriguing country. Take it from me. I've been there and I will definitely be going back. Thank you.

domain: travel


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This page presents study materials to complement the lecture notes, slides, and assigned readings.
1-D Heat Equation and Solutions (PDF)
MatML Grapher: This visualization tool for materials properties can assist in the selection of the best material based on mechanical or thermal properties.
Pizza Model (XLS)
Moin, P., and J. Kim. "Tackling Turbulence with Supercomputers." Scientific American 276, no. 1 (January 1997): 62-68.
This paper contains information helpful for Problem Set 7:
Powell, A., P. Minson, G. Trapaga, and U. Pal. "Mathematical Modeling of Vapor-Plume Focusing in Electron-Beam Evaporation." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 32A, no. 1 (2001): 1959-1966.

domain: literature


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A little about Lake Malawi
Lake Malawi is often quoted as containing hard alkaline water. This isn't so, the water in Lake Malawi is relatively soft when compared with other large lakes in the African Rift Valley.
The difference in pH is accounted for by differing levels of CO2 found in the water. Deeper water and sheltered bays may have higher levels of CO2 and so the pH will be lower. Wind swept shallow water will have a better gas transfer at the surface and so will contain less CO2 making the pH higher.
Lake Malawi contains approx only one third of of the dissolved mineral level of nearby Lake Tanganyika and so chemically the two lakes are very different and this is one reason why it is a bad idea to keep fish from the two different lakes in one aquarium.
Melanochromis: Greek, melas, melanos = black + Greek, chromis = a fish, perhaps a perch
Melanochromis auratus is one of the cichlids which as a group are called Mbuna which is an African word meaning rock dweller. All the Mbuna come from just one lake in the East African Rift Valley, Lake Malawi. The Mbuna are mostly blue or yellow with just a few other colours but they make a very striking display when housed in a biotope aquarium. All Mbuna are aggressive with most of the Melanochromis genus being among the most aggressive.
Wild Melanochromis auratus feed on 'aufwuchs' which is algae along with all the organisms which live on and among the algae. In captivity Melanochromis auratus is a very bold feeder which will accept all the food it is offered. Spirulina based flake or pelleted food is ideal along with algae, cucumber, occasional bloodworm, daphnia and cyclops (live or frozen) will together form the basis of a good diet. No Mbuna should be mixed with other fish, they are generally far to aggressive and they have very particular needs which other fish don't have.
Sexing Melanochromis auratus couldn't be easier. Adult males loose their golden colour and replace it with black. Females and juveniles of both sexes all look the same.
Healthy Mbuna don't need any encouragement to breed, they will all spawn quite freely in a Mbuna community tank. All Mbuna are mouth brooders which means that one of the adults (mostly the female) will collect the fertile eggs in her mouth and keep them there for protection until the fry are at the free swimming stage. It is because of the mouth brooding that so many cichlids can be housed together, most cichlids need a large territory to raise a brood but this doesn't apply to Mbuna. It is also the reason why over stocking other non-Mbuna cichlids in order to try to curb aggression doesn't work.
The fry are 'born' at a very advanced stage and are quite large and easy to care for. Once released by their mother the fry are fully independant and able to care for themselves, they will instinctively head for some nooks and crannies in the rock work and even in a busy Mbuna community it isn't unusual for some fry to reach adulthood without any help. But if you want to raise a brood you will need a separate aquarium. After spawning has taken place leave the fish as they are for a few days in order to allow the female to bond with the eggs or she may spit them out if caught to soon, but don't leave it to long because there is a chance that the fry may be harmed in the transfer if they have hatched, two to three days is about right to make the transfer.
Some breeders insist on trying to extract the eggs from the female and raise them artificially, this risks injuring the female and there really is no advantage to raising the eggs this way, female Mbuna have been making a great job of it for thousands of years so it is best just to let them get on with it.
Brooding female Mbuna don't eat while brooding, so don't offer any food to fish in the brooding tank. A month without food is a long time and it is normal for a brooding female to lose some condition during brooding. But it is surprising how quickly this is regained once back in the community tank. Try not to disturb brooding females to much as this will force them to use up important reserves of energy, just leave them quietly to themselves.
Melanochromis auratus is widespread throughout the southern end of Lake Malawi and under no immediate threat.
H: 7.6 - 8.4
dGH: 7.8 - 8.5
Temperature: 23 - 28°C (74 - 82°F)
Size: 10cm (4in)
Min tank size: 225 litres
Difficulty level: Difficult
Aquarium type: Mbuna Community
Swimming level: Middle
Origin: East Africa, Endemic to Lake Malawi.
Habitat: Rocky reefs in shallow water from the surface to 10m.
Species: M. auratus, (Boulenger, 1897)
Synonyms: Tilapia aurata, Pseudotropheus auratus, Chromis auratus

domain: hobby


|Grade||Genuine Rolex||AAAAA Clone||AAA Replica||A Replica|
|Movement||Rolex Calibre 3235||Genuine Swiss Clone 3235 movement||Swiss 2836 Movement||Asian 2813 Movement|
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|Warranty||2 Years||Up to 5 Years||Up to 3 Years||Up to 1 Years|
|Dial Color||Pink Floral Dial|
|Engine||Rolex Calibre 2836/2813|
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Case Back: Solid. The water resistance of the solid case back is better than that of the transparent case back. A waterproof sealing ring is added to the through-bottom watch, which makes it difficult to seal.
Crystal: Sapphire Crystal. For watches, crystal is a very important part. Sapphire has higher impact resistance, air tightness and hardness than other materials, and its processing cost is also high, so most of it is used for top watch brands. Tips: The A Replica is applied with mineral glass instead of sapphire.
Hand: Silver-tone. The style of the watch’s hands is silver-tone, which is the same color as your case color. It fits the watch well.
Dial Markers: Arabic Numeral. The watch uses some clear numbers as dial markers unlike a normal dial, you can see the time by looking at the arabic numeral.
Bezel Material: Diamond Bezel. The diamond material is one of the best materials for watches. It is more noble and elegant. It makes you improve your taste from the inside out. Tips: not real diamond.
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Function: Date, Hour, Minute, Second. The replica watch has a functional timer, the watch has a indicate date to measure time, the minute dial is used to estimate the current time, and the stop dial is used to estimate the time after the interval.


Federal officials arrested former Riggs Bank Vice President Simon P. Kareri and his wife yesterday afternoon, according to sources familiar with the case and are the only people to be arrested in connection with an 18-month investigation into Riggs’s international private-client and embassy banking business.
Riggs Bank will pay a $16 million fine (1.3 billion shillings) to avoid being prosecuted for failing to monitor suspicious financial transactions. The settlement will enable the Bank to complete a merger with PNF financial services, but will also sacrifice Kenyan banker Simon Kareri in the process. “Riggs will continue to cooperate with investigators as they pursue some former executives, and the agreement allows federal prosecutors to bring separate criminal charges against them.” The agreement will include descriptions of several transactions involving Equatorial Guinea (Kareri’s portfolio) and officials of that West African country, including its president, a dictator accused by human rights advocates of pocketing much of that nation’s $500 million a year in oil revenue, sources said.
The guilty plea is a rare one for a commercial bank. In recent cases of criminal settlements with the Department of Justice, banks have agreed to what is known as a deferred prosecution. That means the bank pays a fine but does not technically plead guilty — agreeing instead to certain facts that could result in a prosecution in a period of one or more years if the bank fails to make good on its commitments to clean up its act.
Following in the successful steps of Equity Bank, Family Finance Building Society announced plans to convert into a bank. They have a customer base of 60,000 and 12 branches, and will become the third microfinance institution after Equity and K-Rep to become a full commercial bank.
The European Investment Bank will open a regional representation office in Nairobi by April 2005. It will be third such office on the continent, after Senegal and South Africa, and will serve East and & Central Africa – giving potential investors a point of contact and advice on EIB operations and financing availability within the region.
Standard Chartered Bank has raised its base-lending rate to 13.75%
In a change of tactics, to increase pressure on former Riggs Bank vice president Simon P. Kareri, the U.S. attorney halted efforts to seize his money and land, an indication the government is preparing criminal charges against him.
Instead of going after the owners, or the top executives of Riggs Bank, prosecutors are targeting Kenyan Banker Simon Kareri of Washington DC,
After 9/11, it was discovered that some money that the terrorists received had come from the household of the Saudi Ambassador. Subsequent investigations revealed that the President of Equatorial Guinea had been the bank’s main customer for many years and had moved billions of the country’s petro-dollars through the Bank with Mr. Kareri as his personal banker. Since Saudi Arabia are America’s friends, diplomats have immunity, and Riggs Bank is revered in Washington, it seems only that managers like Mr. Kareri (who was a ‘lowly’ VP) will be left out to hang. He has not been charged with any crime, and yet they want to seize his property.


Multi-slice ptychography (MSP) is a fast three-dimensional ptychography technology developed on the basis of conventional ptychography. With this method, three-dimensional imaging can be achieved without rotating the sample. The prototype multi-slice algorithm can only reconstruct three-dimensional samples with a limited number of slices, which greatly limits the depth range and resolution of sample imaging. Here we reported a virtual depth-scan scheme of MSP in which a thick sample is scanned virtually in the depth direction across its whole thickness range within the reconstruction process, thereby eliminating the restriction on slice number and potentially improving the depth resolution of MSP. This new approach also improves the flexibility of multi-slice ptychography. Both the simulation and experimental results validate the feasibility of our new approach.
© 2021 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement
With the development of X-ray source and detector technology, novel X-ray microscopic methods are emerging continuously, and the spatial resolution is improved accordingly. With the rapid progress of third-generation and fourth-generation synchrotron radiation sources, X-ray coherent diffraction imaging (XCDI) has become increasingly popular in many fields because of its ultrahigh resolution. XCDI is a lensless imaging technique that can reconstruct object information from its far-field diffraction pattern and achieve a diffraction-limited resolution. Its resolution is mainly limited by the maximal diffraction angle and X-ray wavelength [1–5]. Ptychography is an important scanning variant of CDI and inherits all its merits [6–19]. In this method, a sample (object) is illuminated by a spatially confined beam (called probe) to produce a far-field diffraction pattern, and the object is moved step by step (or continuously) with a small step size (a fraction of the probe diameter) to obtain a series of diffractive patterns. Then, the dataset is reconstructed iteratively to generate the probe and object images simultaneously. This method has various variants and strong robustness because of the redundant data resulting from the large overlap between adjacent probed areas. The redundant data contain much information more than the 2D object and probe images, such as the partial coherence of the probe, the correct sample positions of ptychography scan, and some information about the third dimension of the object, which results in the emergence of a multi-slice ptychography (MSP) algorithm [14,20–23]. It is certain that part depth information is encoded in each single diffraction pattern . However, the overlapping scan encodes the depth difference information between different slices by different moving rates of the projected (or diffracted) signals across the detector plane. Moreover, the correlation of neighbored diffraction patterns in ptychography makes it easier to extract depth information .
2D ptychography assumes that the thickness of sample is negligible, thereby it cannot handle multiple scattering effects within thick samples . However, the multi-slice algorithm provides a good way to resolve the problem, and it can extend the traditional 2D ptychography to 3D imaging without changing the original experimental setup . In this algorithm, a thick sample is divided into several virtual slices perpendicular to the optical axis and each slice is treated as a thin sample with negligible thickness. The wavefront from the upstream slice propagates freely to the next slice and interacts with it (multiplies with it), which is repeated until the last slice is reached. Then, the exit wave from the last slice propagates freely to the detector plane in the far field. After updating the wave function on the CCD plane, the wavefront is transmitted back through each slice sequentially and updated together with each slice, with the updating equations being the same as that of the 2D ptychography (Fig. 1). In conventional 3D imaging, such as ptychographic X-ray CT (PXCT), the sample thickness is largely limited by the depth of focus . For another 3D imaging method, confocal 3D microscopy , it is essential to use a focusing element of higher performance to obtain a smaller depth of focus (DOF) for better resolution in depth. However, in MSP, the depth resolution is basically determined by the X-ray wavelength and the maximal scattering angle, not strictly limited by DOF. The maximal scattering angle is often closely related to the numerical aperture (NA) or the DOF of the divergent probe. Therefore, a high-quality focusing lens (zone-plate) with a small DOF is also necessary for multi-slice 3D ptychography in the experiment.
In recent years, the multi-slice algorithm has been demonstrated and applied in visible light and X-ray regimes. Maiden et al. demonstrated multi-slice imaging of Spirogyra algae with visible light [14,20]. Akihiro Suzuki applied this algorithm in the imaging of a two-layered object with a 105 µm gap using hard X-rays . This method was also used with the focusing optics of Laue lenses in hard the X-ray regime . Furthermore, this algorithm was combined with tomography to achieve a much higher depth resolution [28–30] but using a much smaller dataset (much smaller number of rotation angles) compared to the conventional CT.
There are several limitations to the multi-slice ptychography, including the small number of slices that can be reconstructed, the high overlap degree or redundancy of the dataset required [31,32]. If there are many slices, reconstruction will be difficult or even impossible. In the frequently-used 3PIE multislice algorithm , because the update process of the object and the probe starts from the slice close to the detector, the reconstruction quality of upstream slices depends on the reconstruction accuracy of downstream slices, and the convergence speed of the upstream slices will be slower or even stagnated.
Therefore, the prototypical multi-slice method can only work for a limited slice number, usually less than ten in X-ray regime. The optical sectioning technique employing a way of progressively inserting slices during reconstruction can effectively increase the slice number for visible light MSP . However, the effectiveness of this technique is greatly reduced for X-ray MSP, due to the much lower scattering intensity and much fewer diffraction signal amount of X-ray than that of visible light. Here we developed a new approach, the virtual depth-scan multi-slice ptychography, to solve this problem and achieve the full 3D reconstruction of thick samples, with an effectively improved resolution in the depth direction.
2. Reconstruction algorithm
In 2D ptychography, the object and probe interact by a simple multiplication, forming an exit surface wave that propagates to the detector in the far field. A series of diffraction patterns Ij measured by a CCD detector with a distance d from the sample can be expressed as:
However, the premise of 2D ptychography is that the specimen can be considered as a 2D thin sample. When the specimen thickness is non-negligible or its 3D structure needs to be characterized, this algorithm is no longer valid. The multi-slice ptychography is a recently developed method for modeling the interaction between the probe and the thick object [14,21], and the first proposed MSP algorithm is called 3PIE . In this model, the sample is split into several slices perpendicular to the optical axis, each of which can be viewed as an approximation of a 2D thin sample. The propagation of illumination between adjacent slices is considered to be free-space propagation and is modeled by the angular spectrum method . The performance of the algorithm depends to a large extent on the accuracy of this propagation model and the redundancy of the dataset. The diffraction patterns measured by the detector can be expressed as follows :
Here, Δzn = zn+1-zn denotes the distance between the nth and (n+1)th slices, and TΔzn is the angular spectrum propagator over the distance Δzn, which can be described as
The resolution of MSP is limited only by the wavelength and the NA of the detector (the effective NA is related to the maximum diffraction angle measurable). The 2D and depth resolutions (in the x and z directions) can be expressed, respectively, as 36]. When the signal-to-noise ratio of the high frequency signal is higher, we can theoretically reconstruct a 3D sample image with a better depth resolution.
For this algorithmic scheme, if a 10 µm thick specimen is split into three slices that are spaced at 3.3 µm distances, then the depth resolution can only be given as approximately 3.3 µm, and the specific resolution cannot be discussed at all. If the photon energy of the X-ray is 600 eV, the pixel size of a 2048×2048 CCD is 13.5 µm×13.5 µm, and the distance between the detector and the sample is set to 70 mm, which ensures that the measured diffractions are in the Fresnel diffraction regime, then the depth resolution can be calculated as 109 nm according to Eq. (5). This value is much smaller than the depth resolution determined by the slice spacing, as the algorithm usually performs.
We proposed a new scheme of MSP based on 3PIE algorithm to overcome one of the above-mentioned shortcomings of MSP, that is, the limited number of slices, and improve the depth resolution to be close to the theoretical limit of Eq. (5). This new scheme is called virtual depth-scan multi-slice ptychography (VDSP). It will be a promising complementary technique to multi-slice ptychography, hopeful to extend the capability and application of MSP.
It is found that the result reconstructed by the multi-slice algorithm is closely related to the initial estimate of a defocused probe, and is largely dependent on the defocus length (the distance between the focus and the sample plane) setting of the initial probe. For example, if we use a model probe with a 1 µm diameter downstream of the focus as the initial probe, which corresponds to a defocus length of 14.5 µm at the depth position z along the optical axis, the first slice of the reconstructed sample can be considered as the 2D cross section of the sample at this depth position z. This slice contains the structural information within the adjacent thickness range of the specimen near this z plane. Therefore, if this defocused position or depth position of the cross-section is virtually moved (in the reconstruction algorithm) through the sample in the optical axis direction (i.e. in the depth direction) by sequentially setting a series of defocus lengths of the probe for a series of multi-slice reconstructions, then, slice images at any depth position of the specimen can be obtained, and the restriction on reconstructed slice number can be removed. During this process, it is only necessary to constantly adjust the defocus distance of the initial probe for a series of independent multi-slice reconstructions to obtain a large number of slice images that fill the entire specimen space (Fig. 2). This process is similar to several virtual planes scanning across the entire sample in the depth direction; therefore, this reconstruction approach can be called virtual depth-scan ptychography.
By fully exploiting (scanning) the third dimension information buried in the redundant ptychography dataset, this new scheme of MSP can effectively improve the resolution of 3D reconstruction. Because we still use a small number of slices to reconstruct a thick sample every time a new defocus length value is set, it means that each slice is actually a projection of the sample volume within a certain thickness onto a 2D plane perpendicular to the optical axis. Within this sample volume, the parts that are closer to this 2D plane will gain a relatively clearer projection, which is similar to the focus/defocus phenomenon. To further improve the lateral and depth resolution of our reconstruction approach, we can remove blurry features that are originated far away from the given slice from the image by using an algorithm called focal stack imaging [37,38].
A full flowchart of the virtual depth-scan ptychography algorithm is outlined in Fig. 3. At each depth position, an N-slice ptychography reconstruction is performed (N usually less than 10). The result of individual N-slice reconstructions is completely dependent on the defocus position or depth position of the initial probe, which leads to different few-slice (N-slice) reconstructions in different z positions within the thick object. By picking out the phase image of the middle slice from each few-slice reconstruction result, and combining these picked middle-slice images at different depths, a 3D reconstructed image can be realized. The focal stack method can be used to process all these phase images by thresholding them with a properly selected or calculated threshold, to further improve the reconstruction quality and depth resolution of the final 3D image.
Before applying VDSP to a real-world specimen, we performed a relevant soft X-ray simulation to verify its effectiveness. First, a 3D fiber specimen model with mutually interlaced filaments was constructed (shown in Fig. 4(a)). These filaments were set as cylinders with a diameter ranging from 60 nm to 140 nm and were randomly distributed within a cuboid but perpendicular to the optical axis. The size of the cuboid was 5 µm×5 µm×10 µm, and the sampled 3D matrix had 512×512×512 voxels. The probe was generated by a 200-µm-diameter Fresnel zone plate (FZP) with a centerstop of 50 µm diameter and an outermost zone width of 10 nm. The incident photon energy was chosen as 600 eV to model a soft X-ray experiment with a photon flux of 109 photons/s. The focal length of the FZP was calculated to be 968 µm. We chose an FZP with a small focal length to demonstrate good imaging results, although this is difficult to implement in realistic experiments.
A CCD detector of 512×512 pixels with a pixel size of 54 µm was used to capture diffractive patterns, which results in a 27.65 mm × 27.65 mm detecting area for reciprocal space signals. The detector was placed 70 mm downstream of the sample, meeting the far-field diffraction condition. The theoretical limit depth resolution was calculated as 104.9 nm based on NA of CCD detector. A 1 µm diameter incident probe was modeled by the Fresnel-Kirchhoff diffraction theory [34,35] and used to illuminate the specimen. Diffraction patterns were generated from illuminated positions of a slightly distorted 10×10 raster grid with a random offset amplitude of 75 nm (To meet the overlap requirement of ptychography, the moving step size was set to ∼0.2 µm). To fully exploit the depth information of a ptychographic dataset, the virtual depth scanning step of VDSP was set to be 50 nm, which was smaller than the theoretical resolution of MSP (Eq. (5)). For each depth position, a reconstruction of 3-slice ptychography with a slice spacing of 2 µm was performed for 100 iterations. The total time spent for the data production and reconstruction was about 12 hours using a Python implementation of VDSP accelerated with a GPU.
Six 2D phase images of the reconstructed slices in the simulation are shown in Figs. 5(a–f). They are 4 µm, 5 µm, 7 µm, 8 µm, 9 µm and 10 µm away from the front surface of the sample, respectively. By comparing the two slice images Figs. 5(a–b), it can be observed that Fiber 1 in Fig. 5(a) is more clearly displayed than that in Fig. 5(b), indicating that Fiber 1 is closer to the depth position of slice 5(a) than to that of slice 5(b). On the contrary, Fiber 2 is closer to the depth position of slice 5(b) than to that of slice 5(a).
Figure 4(b) shows a 3D reconstructed image obtained using the VDSP algorithm. It is also animated in a video (Visualization 1). Within this 3D image, the distance between adjacent reconstructed slices was 50 nm, which is equal to the depth scanning step of VDSP. The 3D matrix of this image had 512×512×200 voxels, and was obtained by combining all the second slices extracted from their corresponding 3-slice ptychography reconstructions at their respective depth positions. After interpolation, the voxel size became consistent with the pixel size of the 2D slice images. It can be observed that the reconstructed 3D image is in agreement with the original sample model, and many fairly fine fibers were reconstructed very well. The depth resolution and lateral resolution were calculated as 0.59 µm and 10.85 nm, respectively, by Fourier line correlation (FLC) and Fourier ring correlation (FRC) analyses [39,40], as Figs. 6(b) and 6(d) show.
To verify the experimental applicability and robustness of the VDSP algorithm for real data, a soft X-ray ptychography experiment was carried out at the scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) endstation of Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF). An X-ray beam of 540 eV photon energy was used to illuminate a sample which was a film consisting of cellulose nano-fibrils (CNF), similar to the modeled sample in the above simulation. In the experiment, we used a Fresnel zone plate with a diameter of 240 µm and an outermost zone width of 35 nm to focus the X-ray, and a CCD of 1024×1024 pixels with a pixel size of 27 µm to record the diffraction data. The detector was placed 58.5 mm downstream of the sample. A set of diffraction patterns were collected from a grid of 26×26 scan positions on the sample with a probe of 2-µm nominal diameter and a step of 0.2 µm. The theoretical limit depth resolution was calculated as 81 nm according to the NA of CCD chip.
According to the VDSP algorithm, a total of 300 slice images with a depth scan step of 152 nm were obtained by combining all the third slices extracted from 300 five-slice ptychography reconstructions with 50 iterations for each 5-slice reconstruction at its corresponding depth position. The total time consumed for the reconstruction was about 115 hours using a Python implementation of VDSP accelerated with a GPU. For the 5-slice reconstruction at each depth, the distance between adjacent slices was set to 10 µm. As a result of the weak absorption and noise, the quality of the reconstructed slice amplitudes was rather poor. Therefore, the phase images of the reconstructed slices were chosen to form the final 3D reconstruction. Six representative slice phase images are shown in Fig. 7. We can see that Fiber 1 is more clearly displayed than Fiber 2 in Fig. 7(d), indicating that Fiber 1 is closer to the depth position of 34.29 µm away from the front sample surface than Fiber 2, while Fiber 2 is closer to the depth position of the slice shown in Fig. 7(e). Figure 7(f) shows that both fibers are severely blurred or almost disappear, indicating that these two fibers are far from the slice in Fig. 7(e). These characteristics show the high resolution of the VDSP imaging method in the depth direction.
Since the constant phase offset in the object does not affect the diffraction pattern on the detector but may disturb the quantitative analysis of the final image, the phase images need to be normalized based on the phase sampling of the object-free area. After normalizing and registering these slice images, the 300 slices were combined in the depth position sequence and thresholded by focal stack processing to form a 3D structure. After rendering the visualization, the 3D CNF structure with interlaced nanofibers is shown in Fig. 8(a). It is also animated in movies (Visualization 2 and Visualization 3). It can be observed that the sample is approximately 45 µm thick, which is obviously too thick to be measured by TEM. The depth resolution and lateral resolution were calculated as 1.34 µm and 9.48 nm, respectively, by an FLC and FRC analysis (Fig. 8(c, e)). A more accurate thickness determination of the sample can be achieved via the curve of the reconstruction error versus the depth position of the virtual multi-slice object or the defocused probe (Fig. 8(f)). Convergence of ptychography is typically monitored by computing the summed squared error [14,21] between the predicted intensity and measured intensity. When the given slices are all inside the sample, the reconstruction error is minimal and almost constant. As the number of slices inside the sample decreases, there will be fewer slices to model the multiple scattering within the sample, and thus the reconstruction error will gradually increase until all slices are located outside the sample. Then the error reaches maximum and starts to remain constant. The sample thickness can be determined as 42.67 µm by the difference of the depth positions where the error curve turning occurs (at a high level of the reconstruction error, as denoted by the red arrows in Fig. 8(f)) with the slice gaps subtracted.
The lower absorption rate of carbon nanofibers makes absorption-based methods, such as STXM, difficult to utilize. Compared to the tomography method, this new 3D imaging approach does not require rotation of the sample, and the required data amount is quite small, just as small as that of a 2D ptychography. Therefore, the new approach will significantly decrease the measuring time and operational complexity for 3D imaging of thick samples if a high depth resolution is not required.
It can be found from Eq. (5) that the depth resolution of MSP is determined by the maximum scattering angle and X-ray wavelength. Experimentally, a probe with a smaller DOF means a more divergent incident light wave which is more conducive to increase the scattering angle of diffraction signal than low-divergence or parallel light probe, thereby significantly improving 3D imaging quality of MSP  and VDSP. This is the reason why Eq. (5) is very similar to the DOF definition:
A smaller DOF or a larger divergence angle will cause the wavefront to change faster during propagation between slices, or undergo significant propagation effect over a smaller distance, making the wavefield interacting with adjacent slices be more different, which allows the slices with a closer spacing to be more easily disambiguated by the phase retrieval algorithm. Therefore, if one wants to obtain a reconstructed image of MSP with sufficiently high quality, i.e. without much crosstalk between adjacent slices, the slice spacing should be well larger than 1 DOF, usually several times of DOF. This is also a major reason why the traditional MSP is difficult to reconstruct a 3D structure with a large number of slices. It should be pointed out that this does not mean DOF is a rigorous limiting factor to the depth resolution, as the maximal scattering angle detectable in the experiment is also closely related to the scattering properties of the sample. As a consequence, the VDSP technique proposed in this study could potentially go beyond the DOF limitation.
If the imaged sample is very thick, the boundary slice for a certain probe defocus might be very far away from the exiting/incident plane of the object, which may cause a great difference between the free-space propagated wavefront (probe) and the actual wavefront at the boundary slice of the virtual N-slice object. If this difference is too large, it probably results in poor reconstruction quality with many artifacts. Yet these artifacts should mainly exist in the boundary slices, so we can extract only the middle slices of respective five-slice reconstructions for the final 3D image assembly to avoid this problem. In such case, boundary slices are supposed to approximate the diffraction between themselves and the object boundary as transmission functions (one or two slice functions), thus they are not considered as the correct slice images. Therefore, if one boundary slice is not enough to approximate the transmission process of the thick “slice-less” portion, we would use two slices to approximate the process, then the third slice will be adopted for the final assembly, just as what we did for the experiment data processing. We can use more slices in each N-slice run to further decrease the influence of the problem. Another solution to the mismatch of initial probes and actual probes is to compute the defocused probe by doing a multislice propagation using the previously reconstructed upstream slices, though the computation burden can be significantly increased.
The major limitation of VDSP is the much lower depth resolution than the lateral resolution. The depth resolution of this technique is usually limited by the DOF of the probe for weak-scattering samples, or by the NA of diffraction signal for strong-scattering samples. To further improve the depth resolution of VDSP to the scale comparable to the lateral resolution, it must be combined with sample rotation or tomography, which will in turn help the ptychographic tomography to reduce the rotation angle number and increase the data acquisition efficiency.
The property of the sample, such as the sparsity or absorption rate, is also a limitation of the technique to some extent, but this limitation can be relaxed in some ways. The VDSP is indeed more applicable to sparse samples or low-absorption samples. If a part of a non-sparse object is too absorptive, it will occlude a cone of light behind it, which can cause artifacts in the reconstructed slice image, and the artifact generation is closely related to the slice spacing . With the slice distance increasing, the quality of the individual slices improves. The dark cone due to the strong absorbent only affects the imaging of the downstream parts close to the absorbent, and the parts that are far from the strong absorbent can be illuminated by the scanning probe in other positions, thus not affected by the strong absorbent. Therefore, we can improve the reconstruction quality for non-sparse or strong absorbent samples by increasing the slice spacing to ensure that all slices can be adequately illuminated at least in part of the scanning positions. Another way to relax the low-absorption limitation is to use a probe of smaller DOF, which will effectively reduce the absorbed photons by a single strong absorbent. Although the sample sparsity is not a necessary condition for VDSP in theory, it is still a relatively weak constraint or limitation to our technique and an object with a higher sparsity or homogeneity can be reconstructed better and easier.
In this study, we proposed a virtual depth-scan ptychography approach for 3D imaging of thick samples based on the multi-slice ptychography method. This new approach could potentially achieve a better resolution in the depth direction than the prototype MSP by eliminating the limitation to the slice number within the sample thickness and fully exploiting the depth information hidden in the redundant diffractions. This is a unique 3D imaging scheme that does not require rotation of the sample, and the required data amount is as small as that of the 2D ptychography, indicating high efficiency and operational simplicity in experiment. We demonstrated this approach using experiment data from a soft X-ray synchrotron radiation beamline, achieving a real 3D structure of a carbon nanofiber sample with a micro-scale resolution in depth and nanoscale resolution in lateral directions. If a Fresnel zone plate with a higher focusing power (a larger NA of the probe) is used, the depth resolution of the approach can be expected to improve further.
VDSP is a promising complementary technique to MSP and ptychographic tomography. It originated from the MSP technique, helping to extend the capability and application of MSP. On the other hand, VDSP method can be combined with the tomography technique, which will greatly improve the depth resolution of VDSP to be comparable to its lateral resolution, and significantly reduce the rotation angle number in ptychographic tomography. The combination way of the two methods should be similar to that of conventional MSP with ptychographic CT as reported in the references [28–30]. The work presented here would provide some guidelines for 3D imaging of thick samples with low absorption contrast that are difficult to image by other methods, such as STXM and Transmission X-ray microscopy.
Appendix - Cellulose nano-fibrils microscopic image by STXM
Here we show the cellulose nano-fibrils images (Fig. 9) obtained using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM). The two images show sample structures at locations different from that of VDSP images shown in Fig. 7, but we can see that the structure in STXM images is quite similar to that in VDSP images, and they can be thought to be qualitatively equivalent. Therefore, the two STXM images can be used to justify the results of VDSP reconstruction, though their quality is much worse than that of VDSP images.
National Natural Science Foundation of China (11875316, U1832146, U1832154, 51971160); Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (2017YFA0403400, 2016YFA0400902).
Authors thank BL08U1A beamline of Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility and soft X-ray spectro-microscopy (SM) beamline (10ID-1) of Canadian Light Source for providing beamtime. They also thank Jinyou Lin (Shanghai Advanced Research Institute) for providing the specimen used in the experiment.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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There is one town in Gwynedd, Wales, that takes the cake for the “crazy real estate market.” That settlement is Fairbourne. Because of climate change and infrastructural collapse, the little town is likely to be flooded by 2054 — but that isn’t stopped people from buying houses and holiday rentals there.
Home prices in the community have risen by 35% since 2019 alone. Despite the fact that many residences will be demolished in the next 30 years, as will infrastructure such as gas and electricity.
It appears like the folks driving up housing prices in Fairbourne have calculated that by the time it’s submerged, they’ll be dead. They accept what will happen here, but they are of an age where they may not be here in 25 years.
The hamlet barrier will no longer be maintained after 2054, leaving it completely exposed to sea level rise.
Fairbourne is far from the only fading hamlet, but it is one of the few that has both accepted the impending calamity and is still prospering, due to the fact that climatic disaster is not expected to occur during the lives of present owners.
Some major cities, such as Jakarta, have chosen to relocate to less flood-prone areas, while others, such as Miami, have chosen to ignore sea level rise entirely.
Reference- Evening News, North Wales Live, Manchester Evening News.