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I am writing today from the beautiful Tampa Bay area.
In my ministry I have met people who claim the Adventist church is Babylon. I have also met people who think the Adventist church is infallible. Both ideas are wrong. The Adventist church is not Babylon, but it is not infallible either. Just because the Adventist church is not Babylon does not mean it does not make mistakes. Remember at the cross it was not Babylon crying out “Crucify Him!” It was God’s chosen remnant people. The commander of the Lord’s army realized the fallibility of God’s chosen people when He met Joshua one day.
When Joshua was near the town of Jericho, he looked up and saw a man standing in front of him with sword in hand. Joshua went up to him and demanded, “Are you friend or foe?” “Neither one,” he replied. “I am the commander of the Lord’s army.” Joshua 5:13-14 NLT
“Neither one?” Seems like the Commander was taking a neutral stance on the situation. We can’t assume just because we are God’s chosen people that He is always on our side. Sometimes we are right. Sometimes we are wrong. Sometimes we make mistakes. Sometimes our foes do the right thing. God loves everyone in the world, not just us. I believe it was Abraham Lincoln who is credited with saying, “The question is not if God is on my side but rather if I’m on His.”
Throughout history God had to punish His own people. Today when people tell me how “corrupt” the church has become, I ask them, when was the church ever perfect? When harlots got their business at the temple doors during Eli’s day? When God had to let Babylon destroy His holy nation because of their habitual apostasy and idolatry? When people tell me the Adventist church has strayed too far from what it used to be, and we need to go back to how it was in the days of Ellen White, I ask them, “You mean when God had to destroy the Adventist publishing house with fire because they would not follow inspired counsel?”
In Ezra’s day it was no different.
When these things had been done, the Jewish leaders came to me and said, “Many of the people of Israel, and even some of the priests and Levites, have not kept themselves separate from the other peoples living in the land. They have taken up the detestable practices of the Canaanites, Hittites, Perizzites, Jebusites, Ammonites, Moabites, Egyptians, and Amorites. For the men of Israel have married women from these people and have taken them as wives for their sons. So the holy race has become polluted by these mixed marriages. Worse yet, the leaders and officials have led the way in this outrage.” Ezra 9:1-2 NLT
When the leaders and the majority of those in the church fall away from the truth no one detects it as apostasy because the apostasy becomes mainstream. Therefore apostasy looks normal. The only way to detect apostasy is to stop looking at the leaders and the majority, and look at the Word of God.
Years ago I attended a health seminar, where a doctor told us that many Americans are obese and are close to having a heart attack. They don’t understand how unhealthy they are because they are no more obese than everyone around them, not realizing everyone around them is also on the verge of a heart attack. Just because obesity is mainstream in American culture does not make it healthy or any less deadly. It is the same with sin in the church.
In Ezra’s day there was a reformation as they stopped looking at those around them as role models and began comparing themselves to the Word of God. So today, we can have a reformation like never before as we compare ourselves to God’s Word instead of each other. In Daniel 9 Daniel confesses that his people have corporately sinned, and included himself as part of the sin problem. Nehemiah as well as Ezra brought about a great reformation, but even Nehemiah saw himself as part of the sin problem when he prayed,
Yes, even my own family and I have sinned! Nehemiah 1:6 NLT
While praying for reformation in the church we must confess our individual sins as well as the sins of the church. We can’t divide the church into camps and then say God is on my camp’s side, because God is not choosing sides today anymore than He was in Joshua’s day. Sometimes we are right. Sometimes we are wrong. That goes for all of us. We are all fallible. We all make mistakes. That is why Jesus never told us to follow Christian leaders. He told us to follow Him. For true reformation we must recognize our own guilt and apostasy. We must not set ourselves or anyone else up as an example to follow. We must follow Jesus and His Word alone.
You may study this week’s Sabbath School lesson here.


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Original stock, original barrel, original chamber and lock. This is one of the best looking examples of a Trapdoor Springfield I've seen. You have a real piece of history there!
- Fact 1: The Springfield originally used copper cartridges, but because copper expands when heated, the cartridges would get stuck in the barrel. Brass was eventually used instead.
- Fact 2: Custer's battalion at Little Bighorn was primarily armed with the Springfield carbine, and the jamming of the copper cartridges may have played a role in their defeat.
- Fact 3: The cartridge for the Springfield Trapdoor was originally designated as “.45-70-405”: a .45 caliber, 405-grain bullet propelled by 70 grains of black powder.
- Fact 4: There were two variations of the Springfield issued: the standard 70-grain version and a lighter 50-grain version, issued to mounted troops who needed a gun with less recoil.
- Fact 5: The Springfield Trapdoor rifle was first issued to American troops in 1873, and was primarily used during battles with Native Americans.

domain: history


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I need help with a Health & Medical question. All explanations and answers will be used to help me learn.
From your text readings regarding the United Kingdom, compare and contrast the UK healthcare system with the Saudi Arabian healthcare system. Discuss the differences, similarities, and areas where healthcare can be improved for the patients in each country. In your discussion, discuss the type of accessibility to healthcare, cost of healthcare being rendered, governmental influences, alternative healthcare options (if any), and how policy may influence the types of care being rendered to patients.
In developing your initial response, be sure to draw from, explore, and cite credible reference materials, including at least one scholarly peer-reviewed reference. In responding to your classmates’ posts, you are encouraged to examine their opinions, offering supporting and/or opposing views.
minimum 2 references (last five years), APA style.

domain: medical


Hogue is best known for its outstanding firearms accessories, but Hogue also makes some of the best knives on the market. All Hogue knives are designed by custom knifemaker and former Recon Marine Allen Elishewitz. They are made using only the best materials and employing state-of-the-art manufacturing techniques.
The Hogue EX-F01 was designed as a combat and survival knife. It’s built for demanding tasks. The EX-F01 comes in two blade lengths: 5½ or 7 inches. It’s available with different materials and finishes for a low-key visual footprint. It’s available with either a drop-point or Tanto blade profile. Tanto blade models feature a saw back.
I went with the EX-F01 with 5½-inch drop-point blade with black finish and G10 G-Mascus® black scales. It’s the perfect size and blade profile for a survival knife or for use by a SWAT operator.
I was immediately impressed with the EX-F01. Fit and finish are flawless, and the knife came razor sharp. It is exceptionally comfortable in the hand and well-balanced.
The EX-F01 features a full-tang blade made of cryogenically treated .25-inch thick A2 tool steel. A2 is a high-carbon air-hardened tool steel that responds well to cryogenic treatment. It’s an outstanding choice for a combat or survival knife.
A2 is known for its toughness and edge-holding ability. It will hold an edge better than 01 tool steel and 1095 and is more corrosion resistant. It takes a very sharp edge and is fairly easy to resharpen. The EX-F01 blade features a durable, non-reflective black, green, or tan Cerakote® ceramic coating that provides additional corrosion resistance.
The blade features a unique swedge (false edge) grind that’s derived from the armor-piercing tip of ancient Persian daggers. It creates a diamond pattern that reinforces the tip and a large land for batoning.
The drop-point blade profile was my choice due to its all-around utility. The spine of the blade continues forward to the tip and allows the user to reference the tip toward the center of the blade for better control and eliminating any pitch momentum when stabbing. It also has a large belly for slicing tasks.
The weight of the EX-F01 provides ease of chopping and improved penetration. The butt of the tang has a tapered “skull crusher,” which enhances its close-quarters capabilities and provides a glass breaker for rescue.
The EX-F01 is available with handle scale options. The drop-point models are available with Hogue’s proprietary G10 G-Mascus with its multi-colored grain structure in your choice of Tan, Black, Dark Earth, and Green. For the more traditionally minded, the drop-point blade is additionally available with a cocobolo wood handle. Tanto models feature checkered G10.
The scales are 3D machine sculpted and feature a palm swell with a valley to conform to the user’s hand and to provide a secure, comfortable grip. To complement the grip, the blade features a serrated thumb-ramp for control and a large radiused finger groove in the handle.
The hidden storage spaces in the handle of the EX-F01 can be used to store small survival items. A Torx wrench nested in the handle allows easy removal of the scales to access the compartments. Milled recesses in the scales match up with the skeletonized compartments in the tang.
The EX-F01 has four holes—two in the front and two in the rear of the handle. The user can remove the scales and use the four holes to tie the knife to a piece of wood to make a spear. The four holes can also be used with cord to create an improvised D-guard knife to retain the knife in the user’s hand. They may also be used to attach a wrist lanyard.
With most knives, the sheath seems to be an afterthought. Not so with Hogue knives. The sheath that comes with the EX-F01 is absolutely top notch. Its design, materials, and workmanship are first rate.
The sheath is ruggedly constructed of heavy milspec Cordura® Ballistic Nylon with bar-tack stitching. The sheath is ambidextrous and jumpable. It has a hard plastic liner that retains the knife blade. Additional retention is provided by reversible dual milspec straps with snap closures.
The sheath is true MOLLE compatible with milspec MOLLE spacing. The MOLLE mount is plastic reinforced. The sheath has a firm belt mount using additional PALS webbing and milspec snap for standard belts up to 1.75 inches wide. The belt mount may be configured for raised and drop belt loop carry.
PALS webbing on the front of the sheath allows for the attachment of an optional Hogue Modular MOLLE Pouch. The sheath comes equipped with a length of 1/8-inch diameter paracord with retainer. The sheath and pouch are available in Black, Green, and Tan and are Berry compliant.
The optional Modular MOLLE pouch is also constructed of heavy milspec Cordura Ballistic Nylon with bar-tack stitching. It fits items up to 1.75 inches wide x 1.25 inches deep x 5.5 inches high. It has a drain hole with grommet in the bottom.
The Hogue EX-F01 is an outstanding fixed-blade knife that’s ideal for combat and survival applications. Suggested retail price for the 5½-inch blade models is $239.95, and $249.95 for the seven-inch blade models. All Hogue knives come with a Limited Lifetime Warranty. The Modular MOLLE Pouch retails for $18.95.


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domain: agronomy


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Cheap CRK to Brize Norton flights
Popular Flights from Angeles City, Philippines
Top Angeles City Flights to US Destinations
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Popular Flights from Brize Norton, England
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Route information for flights from Diosdado Macapagal Intl. to RAF Brize Norton.
CRK - Diosdado Macapagal Intl. Airlines
Browse the most popular airlines servicing the Angeles City (CRK) airport. Visit their flights pages to learn more about the most popular routes these carriers fly.

domain: geography


Dombivli East, Thane, Maharashtra
GST No. 27AAOFA4469P1ZM
Approx. Rs 12.5 Lakh / SetGet Latest PriceProduct BrochureProduct Details:
|Minimum Order Quantity||1 Set|
|Capacity||25 KG per hour dry sludge|
|Feature||low cost maintenance|
Approx. Rs 15 Lakh / NumberGet Latest PriceProduct BrochureProduct Details:
|Minimum Order Quantity||1 Number|
|Type Of Services||Sludge Dewatering machine|
|Type Of Waste||Biodegradable|
|Capacity||20 Kg/Hr to 500 Kg/Hr|
|Voltage||3 phase 230 V/ 415 V|
|Automation Grade||PLC based Automation|
Sludge dewatering unit for sludge treatment in textile, pharma , chemical, sloughter house munciple waste , etc.
Volute Sludge Dewatering which uses the screw extrusion principle is a new type of solid-liquid separation device. It reaches the goal of extrusion dewatering sludge by the powerful extrusion pressure of changing the screw diameter and distance, and the tiny spacing between moveable annular plates and fixed annular plates.
Sludge will be transported to the dewatering department after being thickened in the thickening department. In the advancing process, great pressure has been produced because of the gradually decreasing filter spacing and screw distance, and the back platen clogging. Then the volume decreases continuously, and the purpose of fully dewatering will be achieved..
1. The device cannot be clogged easily
Special dynamic and static rings make the device not easily clog. Then there is no need to wash abundantly for preventing filter spacing being clogged. So it has reduced the number of water for washing and burden of inside circling, and solves the clogging problems that the traditional dewatering devices bring to the company.
Approx. Rs 15 Lakh / UnitGet Latest PriceProduct Details:
|Max Water Recovery Rate||serves as a flocculation basin|
|Working Voltage Range||440 V|
|Tanks||Inner And Outer|
|Usage Of Inner Tank||Serves As A Flocculation Basin|
|Usage Of Outer Tank||Serves As Clarifier|
|Types Of Waste||Non-Biodegradable|
Explore More Products


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Grants and Contracts Details
In Anti-Haitianism in Paradise: Marginalization, Stigma and Antiblackness in the Bahamas, Bertin M. Louis, Jr. and Charmane Perry present a study about the historical foundation and the contemporary realities of anti-Haitianism in the Bahamas. This work is based on 28 combined years of ethnographic and archival research by two scholars who study the Haitian diaspora of the Bahamas (17 years by cultural anthropologist Bertin M. Louis, Jr. and 11 years by Black Studies scholar Charmane M. Perry). Anti-Haitianism in Paradise is one of the first full-length books that applies the concept and lived reality of anti-Haitianism, best known in the Dominican Republic, to the Bahamian case to demonstrate how anti-Haitianism serves as a form of antiblackness encouraged and enacted by Black Bahamians through law, immigration policies, denial of citizenship, statelessness and raw bigotry. By studying local transformations in the Bahamas pertaining to its Haitian population, Louis and Perry offer a greater understanding of the adoption of anti-Haitianism as a political and nation-building strategy for the Bahamas and how anti-Haitianism, and antiblackness by extension, operates among people of African descent. The ethnography also contributes to the study of human rights, migration studies, immigrant racialization, and the advancement of anti-Haitianism theory.
|Effective start/end date||9/1/23 → 5/31/24|
- School for Advanced Research: $50,000.00
Explore the research topics touched on by this project. These labels are generated based on the underlying awards/grants. Together they form a unique fingerprint.

domain: library


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La Crosse’s public schools should all be back to normal in-person classes by the first week of April.
At Monday night’s school board meeting, superintendent Aaron Engel announced that middle and high schools are planning to have students in class five days a week as of April 6th.
Those students have been back in classrooms only a couple of days a week since February, while the lower grades returned to school in January.
Engel says the district will continue to monitor the number of COVID cases in the community, in case changes have to be made in the schedule.
The La Crosse school board itself is back to in-person meetings, after a year of meeting by Zoom. The board still meets at the Hogan Administration Center, but meetings are in the gym instead of the auditorium, to allow for more social distancing.
In other school news, Central High School’s principal is preparing to retire at the end of the school year.
Troy McDonald is a 1982 graduate of Central, and has taught at several area schools during his career, including a few years as basketball coach at Logan.

domain: news


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Possible big spoilers for RAW; Renee comments on Punk Submitted by Aaron Rift on 11/04/2019 at 02:43 PM
- In what could be a sign that the Survivor Series invasion storyline will continue tonight, PWInsider.com reports that the following names are in Long Island, NY for RAW:
WWE NXT Champion Adam Cole, Matt Riddle, Damian Priest and NXT North American Champion Roderick Strong.
- During an appearance on SI.com's podcast, Renee Young commented on CM Punk possibly working with her on the WWE Backstage show:
"I would love to work with Punk. He's one of the most polarizing and popular figures in WWE history. For him to step back into that world just makes wrestling fans go bonkers. It would be really cool."


Quickly and accurately record peak wall collapse of a wide range of plastic bottles and containers.
Smart features such programmable heights speed up throughput making it easy for operators to complete a series of checks.
Also use the AED119 as a laboratory tool with optional force versus distance or time analysis.
Software editable starting positions for different bottle/container heights
Automatic bottle height memory
100Kg (220lb) Full Scale
Accepts bottle heights up to 350mm (14″)
Extra heavy duty 2 speed motor
Adjustable crush speed with fast return
Fast sampling speed records the true peak force
Fully editable measurement parameters
Built-in calibration and diagnostic routines
Software selectable units
Integral RS232 data output with software selectable communications
Interfaces to your chosen SPC software package
Rugged construction for placement on the factory floor
Tough steel chassis with hard wearing powder coat finish
Low maintenance with excellent serviceability


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PENN STATE ASSISTANT FOOTBALL COACH, JERRY SANDUSKY, RAPED YOUNG BOYS
By Synthia Esther
November 18, 2011.
Oral sex, anal sex, rape, and fondling young boys, was a sexual thrill for Assistant Penn State football coach, Jerry Sandusky. After being arrested, Sandusky was released on a unsecure bond of $100,000. Penn State sex scandal case has resulted in the firing of legendary football coach Joe Paterno, perjury charges against two high-level university officials accused of covering up the allegations, and the ouster of the university's president. More survivors have come forward, after long isolation.
In a USA TODAY news report on November 17, 2011, Kevin Johnson writes, "A Pennsylvania attorney representing one of the eight people allegedly abused by former Penn State assistant coach Jerry Sandusky said Wednesday that he was 'appalled' by the suspect's remarks during a TV interview in which he denied the 40 criminal charges lodged against him." "Mr. Sandusky has elected to re-victimize these young men at a time when they should be healing,' attorney Ben Andriozzi said in a statement.
Andreozzi said he was particularly troubled by Sandusky's response to a question in the interview in which NBC's Bob Costas asked whether the coach was sexually attracted to young boys. Sandusky repeated the question back to Costas before responding, "I enjoy young people; I like to be around them. But no, I am not sexually attracted to young boys."
Sandusky is being accused in the case of being a pedophile "kiddie fiddler." The Administrative office of Pennsylvania Courts announced it was assigning Sandusky's case to Senior Judge Robert Scott to replace Judge Leslie Dutchot, who had supported Sandusky's charity, which was an outreach aimed at reaching young boys.
The Rape, Abuse, and Incest National Network has seen a %50 increase in the number of people turning to its online hotline for help and advise, says hotline director Jennifer Marsh. The group started a social media campaign, after the Penn State story brook. About 1,000 people made contact online in the first two weeks of November, twice as many as in that period last year.
Sexually absued victims need compassionate help, and prayer for healing, in order to deal with the trauma of sexual abuse, while safely growing in spirit and moving forward into a stronger, victor mindset.
December 1, 2011
State College, Pa.
Source: Audrey Snyder, USA Today wrote "About an hour into a special town hall meeting with Penn State students and administrators Wednesday night, a woman stood up with tears in her eyes, ...she had a question for President Rodney Erickson about dealing with the aftermath. 'I feel shame. What do I do with these feelings?'"
After a few moments of silence, quickly followed by applause, Madlyn Hanes, vice president for commonwealth campuses confirmed, "We should emerge from this more this more compassionate and with resolve. I think going forward the communities you will join will benefit from these compassions that you have learned and will learn."
Scott.com national recruiting analyst Brandon Huffman stated, "The real challenge is going to be the lingering effect. I think there's a general distrust from recruits and their parents toward Penn State as a whole." Huffman is right on, as the public becomes more aware of sex addicts within mainstream society sexually abusing children, awareness is coupled with knowledge which begets wisdom. Be pro-active! Talk to your children, and educate them concerning inappropriate touching and sexual awareness. Teach your children to have a voice and a trust in their parents and/or guardians to listen, and protect them concerning such matters.
Update: June 23, 2012, Judge John Cleland: Jury found Sandusky guilty on 45 of 48 Courts (94%), as related to abuse of 10 boys over a 15 year time period.
Sandusky's wife Dottie (married to Sandusky for 45 years) confirmed as a witness, that she did not know or see Sandusky sexually abuse the boys. Victim #9, gave a devastating courtroom account in which Dottie was mentioned. He estimated spending 100 nights in the basement of the Sandusky home, even taking his meals there. Now 18 years old, he confirmed as witness that his abuse began with fondling and forced oral sex, which lead to several instances of rape in the basement. He said once he creamed for help knowing Dottie was home, but no one ever came to help him.
Last minute allegations from victim, Matt, 33 years old, Sandusky's adopted son, also confirmed sex abuse by Sandusky. This evidence came in too late, and was not used at trail. Jerry Sandusky, 68, faces a maximum of 442 years in prison.
SYNTHIA ESTHER MINISTRIES ALSO PROVIDES FREE BIBLBICAL RESOURCES REGARDING RELIGION OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INDUCTIONS AND CURRENT EVOLUTIONARY POWER OF THE AIR CONSTRUCTED AI ALGORITHEM ANTICHRIST INFLUENCESES:
Synthia Esther was the first Christian outreach to shout the true wake-up alarm concerning the diabolical, demonic,11:11 fake awakening deception (www.sacredpursuit.org) . If you desire to learn more about such science and technological insights in relationship to biblical tend times prophecies, please visit: www.techchronicity.com - Science and Technology induced Oneness Antichrists Doctrines and the New World Order.
Additional Free Synthia Esther Ministries resources include, but are not limited to:
WWW.SYNTHIAESTHER.COM - WWW.SYNTHIAESTHER.ORG,WWW.SYNTHIAESTHER.NET, WWW.SACREDPURSUIT.COM, WWW.SACREDPURSUIT.ORG, WWW.SEXHISWAY.COM, WWW.XXXHISWAY.COM, WWW.TECHCHRONICITY.COM, - AS WELL AS MANY OTHER FREE ONLINE RESOURCES.
Reaching the world for Jesus Christ since 2007!
Copyright - Synthia Esther, All Rights Reserved.
SEX ADDICTION PROBLEMS CAN BECOME OBSESSIVE AND COMPLUSIVE IN ACTION AND REACTION. MENTAL ILLNESS EFFECTS CAN BE SEEN IN THE LIVES OF MANY SEX AND PORNOGRAPHY ADDICTS...


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CardioTrainer Application Review For Google Android. This fitness trainer offers to monitor your working out, your pace through the exercise and calorie consumption burned. As well, you can compare how you do with earlier exercises. Who easier to beat than your own record. Record your achievements, and see how close you are to achieving your targets. YourSport Pro Review – AN INDIVIDUAL Trainer For ANDROID OS Phone. Want to exercise regularly?
YourSport Pro has an accumulation of 38 exercises for different areas of your body and can set up your own exercises also. Keep an eye on a fitness profile for yourself, and monitor the exercise programs of your friends also. Your own phone trainer shall become your individual coach and keep you on the right track through your routine. If you are finished, you get a mental increase with the full total calorie consumption you worked off just, structured on the information from your profile. The reviewer did point out that not all directions for the exercises are easy to follow.
- Steer you in the right direction
- Set attainable and realistic exercise goals
- Ricky Warren
- Thoughts of death or suicide; suicide attempts
- Shelter, Safe and decent homes, 2014
- American Men ARE RECOGNIZED FOR Being Fit
7 National Parks Where You Can Escape heat This Summer When the heat reaches be too much, pack your luggage and head to one of our country’s national parks. 6 Treadmill Studios YOU SHOULD ATTEMPT This new concept provides runners refuge from the elements, filled with stateoftheart Woodway treadmills, air conditioning, and uptempo music. Is Intermittent Fasting Beneficial for Athletes?
Proponents of intermittent fasting tout its benefits from weight loss to blood sugar control to increased mental concentrate but is it really worth a try? 5 Fit Food Trends YOU HAVE TO KNOW About We’re diving into five food developments currently influencing the fitness world and looking at whether they’re worth your attention. Fitness Gear to Get You Through the summer Whether you’re a runner hiker, rec sports fiend, or workout course enthusiast, the apparatus you wear can make or break your performance. How exactly to Calculate Your Training Heart Rate Zones The main element to getting results is elevating your heart rate into the right training zone, which means that your effort matches your targets.
Weight Loss 101: How to Calculate a Calorie Deficit To lose excess weight, you have to consume significantly less than what you burn off. Calculate your calorie loss and shed the pounds with these pointers. 20-Minute Bodyweight Workout for Weight Loss This quick but effective workout can be carried out anywhere, whenever, with little to no setup. What’s Tabata Training?
Short promptly or need a change of pace? Learn what tabla training is and how you can get a butt-blasting workout done in four minutes. 2-Week Workout Plan to Lose Inches Make your fitness goals a reality. Undertake this two-week workout intend to lose weight, build up muscle and gain stamina. 25-Fitness Memes Guaranteed to cause you to Laugh Need a good have fun about your fitness struggles?
These memes won’t disappoint. 15 Workout Milestones Every Fit Person Should Reach Have a look at these 15 workout milestones and see how many you’ve already checked off the list. SO HOW EXACTLY DOES Your Body BURN OFF FAT? Muscle is among the best ways to defeat putting on weight. Doug Balzarini, CSCS, MMA-CC, founder of DB Strength and professional MMA trainer.
Adding family helps ACTIVE find occasions specific to your family’s passions. See your Privacy Rights for how your information can be used Please. Look for this banner for recommended activities. Please, see your Privacy Rights for how your details are used. Are you sure you want to delete this family member?

domain: sports


Nokia Lumia 1320 comes with a 6-inch HD LCD IPS display. The display resolution leaves a little to be desired at 1280 × 720 pixels. The phablet sports Gorilla Glass 3 and comes with super sensitive touch support for use with long nails and gloves.
Nokia Lumia 1320 runs on the Windows 8 platform and comes with a 1.7GHz Dual-Core Qualcomm Snapdragon 400 processor under the hood.
Nokia Lumia 1320 comes with 8 GB internal memory. The memory is further expandable to an additional 64 GB using MicroSD card slot.
Nokia Lumia 1320 comes with 1 GB RAM and Nokia has also offered additional 7 GB cloud storage with the phone.
Nokia Lumia 1320 comes with a basic 5 MP rear end camera. There's a single LED flash for better photography. The front camera is a basic BGA cam. While the resolution isn't great, Nokia Lumia 1320's camera boasts of all other features of Lumia series.
Nokia Lumia 1320 is just as colourful as other Nokia Lumia siblings and comes in multiple bright shades like Red, Yellow and White.
Nokia Lumia 1320 comes with a 3400 mAh battery. Pretty loaded considering the size and competition.
Nokia Lumia 1320 is priced at Rs 23,999 in India and the price is pretty good for a Lumia phablet.
Nokia is clearly getting comfortable in the Windows space and their latest launch Nokia Lumia 1320 proves just how good phablets can be!


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- This event has passed.
Outdoor Winter Concert
February 28, 2021 @ 2:30 pm – 3:30 pm EST
First, Live, Out-door Orchestra Concert by the Students of the South Florida Youth Symphony, Inc. since the start of the Covid Pandemic. Concert will be presented at Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Miami Fl. Garden, – members free admission, other visitors – regular admission. Come enjoy a creative timeline of family favorites from the movie screen to the opera stage, in the safe distancing spaces of the beautiful botanic garden. Staging at the Pandanus Lake Plaza.

domain: entertainment


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Pair gets prison for fraud, stealing identities of federal employees
A Maryland man was sentenced to 12 years in prison Friday for stealing the identities of several federal employees and using them to open fraudulent credit card accounts, as well as rent cars in their name and then sell them.
According to court documents, between June of 2011 and July of 2013, Jenaro Blalock of Clinton, Md. and his partner in crime, Christopher Bush recruited women with access to identity information through their employers to steal the identities of more than 600 people.
The stolen identities primarily belonged to employees of the State Department, the Defense Department and the U.S. Agency for International Development.
According to a statement from the Justice Department, Blalock provided Bush with blank driver's licenses so he could make fraudulent licenses bearing the victims' real names, addresses and dates of birth. Blalock also opened fraudulent credit card accounts and instant retail store credit lines in the victims' names.
Members of the identity theft ring also used the fraudulent identities to rent cars, which they then sold on the black market with altered vehicle identification numbers.
In total, the Justice Department reported the identity thieves caused the victims losses of between $1 million and $2.5 million.
In October, Blalock, 31, pleaded guilty to access device fraud and aggravated identity theft. He was sentenced Friday by U.S. District Judge Claude M. Hilton to 12 years in prison, and ordered to pay full restitution to the victims.
Bush previously pleaded guilty and was sentenced in January to 10 years in prison.


Originally Posted by kristy
I really hope drummers are not truly getting replaced with sampled sounds and midi because there is nothing like having the pulse of the drums being played live.
Well, in reality, this was a real threat back in the 80s when MIDI hit and drum machines became viable alternatives to having a human play actual drums. Thanks to the grunge movement, I think we've cured ourselves of "over-technology". But, technology is still used today, but more in conjunction with real instruments. I think it's become painfully apparent when electric drums are being used these days (no matter how good they get) - but it's still the name of the game that it's expensive to record a real drummer when you don't really have a budget to begin with!
I really liked how Stewart Copeland back in the days of The Police utilized drum machines - they would let the drum machine play through the song and then he would come in later to overdub real drums. Just like the adults ;)


Halladay Likely Heading to DL After Loss
Following the Phillies' 14-2 loss to the Miami Marlins, Roy Halladay said he's been pitching with an injured shoulder. The Philadelphia Inquirer's Marc Narducci reports from Citizens Bank Park.
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Atlanta, Georgia, United States
Claim to Fame
Do The Right Thing (1989)
Director, Producer, Writer
Has Detailed Data (New)
Profile Bio Text
Shelton Jackson "Spike" Lee (born March 20, 1957) is an Emmy Award-winning and Academy Award-nominated American film director, producer, writer, and actor, noted for his films dealing with controversial social and political issues. He also teaches film at New York University and Columbia University. His production company, 40 Acres & A Mule Filmworks, has produced over 35 films since 1983.
Lee was born in Atlanta, Georgia, the son of Jacqueline Shelton, a teacher of arts and black literature, and William James Edward Lee III, a jazz musician, and composer. Lee moved with his family to Brooklyn, New York when he was a small child. The Fort Greene neighborhood is home of Lee`s production company, 40 Acres & A Mule Filmworks, and other Lee-owned or related businesses. As a child, his mother nicknamed him "Spike." In Brooklyn, he attended John Dewey High School. Lee enrolled in Morehouse College where he made his first student film, Last Hustle in Brooklyn. He took film courses at Clark Atlanta University and graduated with a B.A. in Mass Communication from Morehouse College. He then enrolled in New York University`s Tisch School of the Arts. He graduated in 1978 with a Master of Fine Arts in Film & Television.
Lee`s thesis film, Joe`s Bed-Stuy Barbershop: We Cut Heads, was the first student film to be showcased in Lincoln Center`s New Directors New Films Festival.
In 1985, Lee began work on his first feature film, She`s Gotta Have It. With a budget of $175,000, the film was shot in two weeks. When the film was released in 1986, it grossed over $7,000,000 at the U.S. box office.
She`s Gotta Have It would also lead Lee down a second career avenue. After marketing executives from Nike saw and liked the movie, Lee was offered a job directing commercials for Nike. What they had in mind specifically was pairing Lee`s character from She`s Gotta Have It, the Michael Jordan-loving Mars Blackmon, with Jordan himself as their marketing campaign for the Air Jordan line. Later, Lee would be a central figure in the controversy surrounding the inner-city rash of violence involving Air Jordans. Lee countered that instead of blaming manufacturers of apparel, "deal with the conditions that make a kid put so much importance on a pair of sneakers, a jacket and gold". Lee, through the marketing wing of his production company, has also directed commercials for Converse, Jaguar, Taco Bell and Ben & Jerry`s.
Lee`s movies have examined race relations, the role of media in contemporary life, urban crime and poverty, and political issues. Many of his films include a distinctive use of music.
Awards, honors and nominations
Lee`s film Do the Right Thing was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay in 1989. Many people, including some in Hollywood, such as Kim Basinger, believed that Do the Right Thing deserved a Best Picture nomination, but the movie didn`t get the nomination, and "Driving Miss Daisy" won Best Picture that year. According to Spike in an April 7, 2006 interview with New York Magazine, this hurt him more than his film not receiving the nomination.
His documentary 4 Little Girls was nominated for the Best Feature Documentary Academy Award in 1997.
On May 2, 2007, the 50th San Francisco International Film Festival honored Spike Lee with the San Francisco Film Society`s Directing Award. He was most recently named the recipient of the next Wexner Prize.
Lee has never shied away from controversial statements and actions involving race relations. In 2002, after headline-grabbing remarks made by Mississippi Senator Trent Lott regarding Senator Strom Thurmond`s failed presidential bid, Lee charged that Lott was a "card-carrying member of the Ku Klux Klan" on ABC`s Good Morning America.
At the 2008 Cannes Film Festival Lee, who is making Miracle at St. Anna, about about an all-black U.S. division fighting in Italy during World War II, criticized director Clint Eastwood for not depicting black Marines in his own WWII film, Flags of Our Fathers. Citing historical accuracy, Eastwood responded that his film was specifically about the soldiers who raised the flag on Mount Suribachi at Iwo Jima, pointing out that while black soldiers did fight at Iwo Jima, the U.S. military was segregated during WWII, and none of the men who raised the flag were black. Eastwood also pointed out that his 1988 film Bird, about the Jazz musician Charlie Parker featured 90% black actors, and that his upcoming movie about post-apartheid South Africa will not feature a white actor in the role of Nelson Mandela, angrily saying that Lee should "shut his face". Lee responded that Eastwood was acting like an "angry old man", and argued that despite making two Iwo Jima films back to back, Letters from Iwo Jima and Flags of Our Fathers, "there was not one black soldier in both of those films". In fact, black
Couple Profile Source
B.A., Mass Communications, Morehouse College, Atlanta, Georgia, United States (1979), M.F.A., Film Production, New York University, Tisch School of the Arts, Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States (1982)
Full Name at Birth
Sheton Jackson Lee
Shelton Jackson "Spike" Lee (born March 20, 1957) is an American film director, producer, writer, and actor. His production company, 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks, has produced over 35 films since 1983.
Has Detailed Data (105)
John Dewey High School, Brooklyn, New York City, New York, United States
Actor, director, producer, screenwriter
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Yo-yo dieting may be bad for a woman’s heart.
Nearly 500 women told the researchers how many times they have lost at least 10 pounds only to gain it all back within a year.
This did not include pregnancies.
Those who had at least one instance of fluctuating weight loss had a harder time controlling various risk factors linked to heart disease.
They were also 82-percent less likely to have an optimal body mass index which is one of the risk factors.
The most harmful impact of yo-yo dieting was most noticeable in women who had never been pregnant.


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Just in time for the morning round of corporate-controlled mainstream-media,
Michael Cohen’s prepared statement to congress was made public.
President Trump’s former attorney, Cohen, is set to testify today before Congress.
After reading Cohen the Rat’s statement, I expect total media coverage, 24-7, for days maybe even weeks.
A fabrication, from beginning to end, the statement has Hillary’s uranium delivery-boy, Robert Mueller’s paw-prints all over it. The only thing Cohen, in his statement, doesn’t accuse President Trump of is the Lindbergh abduction.


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Elegant Themes Divi Layout Packs
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domain: design


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Published: September 8, 2008
Photo by William D. Lewis
Teresa Kickland of Newton Falls was named the BMW Local Hero at the Preston BMW dealership in Warren on Monday for her advocacy of breast cancer awareness and prevention.
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Host a What If Dinner
Help us raise funds to pay for the over 1,200 meals served weekly by hosting a What If dinner.
The concept is simple:
- Invite family and friends to come share a meal.
- Make it a potluck, or cook up a simple, delicious Haitian dinner of rice, beans and vegetables, similar to the meals served at the food program. (View a Haitian recipe below.) If the gathering includes children, invite children to be served first, then adults, as we do at the food program.
- Begin the evening with information about What If.
- Give a What If brochure to your guests and invite them to make a donation.
- Every donation, big or small, makes a difference!
An idea in the home:
One host invited guests to pick tickets that assigned them to receive meals corresponding to different income levels. Some ended up sitting on the floor with a small bowl of rice and a glass of water; others sat at a table with a small plate of rice and beans; others were invited to sit at a table with a multi-course meal. Guests then shared their different experiences, while discussing the reality of hunger and needed solutions around the world.
An idea in the workplace:
Instead of spending money at a restaurant one day, invite your co-workers to pack lunches from home and eat together. After sharing What If?’s work in Haiti, invite everyone to donate the equivalent of what they would have spent eating out. See if your employer will match their donations. The possibilities are endless!
However you choose to organize your fundraising meal, we thank you for your support and encourage you to have a wonderful, heart-warming time.
Recipe for Haitian beans and rice:
- 1 (8 ounce) package dry kidney beans • 4 tablespoons olive oil
- 1 bulb shallot, minced • 3 cloves garlic, minced
- 1 cup uncooked long grain white rice • 2 bay leaves
- 1 teaspoon adobo seasoning (optional) • 1 tablespoon kosher salt
- freshly ground black pepper to taste • 1/4 teaspoon ground cloves
- 3 sprigs fresh parsley • 3 sprigs fresh thyme
- 1 scotch bonnet chile pepper
- Place beans in a large pot, and cover with 3 inches of water. Bring to a boil, reduce heat, and simmer 1 1/2 hours, or until tender. Drain, reserving liquid.
- Heat oil in a large skillet over medium heat. Saute shallot and garlic until fragrant. Stir in cooked beans, and cook for 2 minutes. Measure reserved liquid, and add water to equal 5 cups; stir into skillet. Stir in the uncooked rice. Season with bay leaves, adobo seasoning, salt, pepper, and cloves. Place sprigs of parsley and thyme, and scotch bonnet pepper on top, and bring to a boil. Reduce heat, cover, and simmer for 18 to 20 minutes. Remove thyme, parsley, and scotch bonnet pepper to serve.

domain: food


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Walsh Honored by Emergency Nurses Association
Robin Walsh, walk-in care clinical nurse manager at University Health Services, was recognized with an Annual Achievement Award at the national meeting of the Emergency Nurses Association held Sept. 19-21 in Nashville, Tenn.
The awards recognize exceptional professional practice, innovation, leadership and advocacy in the emergency nursing specialty. An active ENA member, Walsh is in her second year as chairperson of the group’s emergency nurse wellness committee.
ENA is a global membership organization of more than 40,000 emergency nurses.


text: A great beading or polymer clay project resulting in a beautiful magnifying glass. This is a quality brass and 24 KT gold plated kit. It is a heavy piece. The head measures 6.5 cm (just over 2-1/2 inches) across. The barrel portion of the handle is 9 cm (just over 3-1/2 inches).

domain: artistic


text:
Try our Advanced Book Search
Advanced Book Search
Search books by title, genre, publication month, publication year, and rating or search by any combination of these options (i.e. all Mysteries published in January 2001 with 4.5 rating).
If you want to search for a name or phase, include quotation marks around your search term (example: "Deborah Smith")
Irrepressible Katie Jones knows exactly what God has called her to dolead the women's suffrage movement in her home state of Idahoand nothing, especially
Reviewed By: Jill Elizabeth Nelson
Published: January 2004


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William Harper (American, born Bucyrus, Ohio, 1944)
14K gold, 24K gold, gold cloisonné enamel on silver and gold, sterling silver, citrine, tourmaline, pearl, mirror, and plastic
H. 3 1/2 x W. 4 1/4 in. (8.9 x 10.8 cm)
Gift of Donna Schneier, 2007
Not on view
William Harper resurrected the medieval technique of cloisonné enamel that had captivated such turn-of-the-twentieth-century artist-designers as René Lalique, C. R. Ashbee, and Alexander Fisher. Like the Arts and Crafts artisans before him, Harper revels in combinations of color-rich materials. He is a master goldsmith whose techniques have the refinement of tradition, while his inspiration often derives from magic, mystery, African art, and Islamic design.
the designer (from 1986; sold to Schneier); Donna Schneier, New York (until 2007; her gift to MMA)
New York. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Masterpieces of Modern Design: Selections from the Collection," May 30–October 5, 2008, no catalogue.
New York. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Unique by Design: Contemporary Jewelry in the Donna Schneier Collection," May 13–August 31, 2014, not in catalogue.
Artist: William Harper (American, born Bucyrus, Ohio, 1944)Date: 1993Medium: 14K and 24K gold, gold cloisonné enamel on fine silver, sterling silver, tourmalines, and pearlAccession: 2007.384.21On view in:Not on view


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Prince Harry and Megan Markle Prince Harry and Prince William separate households
The progress towards greater independence has come sooner, earlier this year, when Prince Harry and Megan Mark separated from the household of Kensington Palace, a move approved by the Queen. 19659007] At that time, the couple moved to Frogmore Cottage, with a royal statement stating: "The Queen agreed to create a new home for the Duke and Duchess of Sussex after their marriage in May last year. The household, which will be created with the support of Queen and Prince of Wales, will be created in the spring. "
The rumors of rupture were in full swing, not surprising, as they speculated that the move was to make Prince Harry and Prince William not understand.
Prince Harry and Megan Mark Separated from Common Charity
Prince Harry and Megan Marl separated from the charity work they collaborated with Prince William and Kate Middleton, the Royal Foundation. The rumors were intensified before the official announcement of the couple that had separated from the foundation.
Naturally, the rumors of feuding between the couples were reborn, as many believed there must be some tension between them for Prince Harry and Mark to get out of the joint charity.
Statement by the Royal Foundation on charity breakdown explained:
"These changes are designed to best complement the work and responsibilities of
Their Royal Highness when they prepare for their future roles and for the better
"The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and the Duke and Duchess of Sussex are
incredibly proud of what they have achieved through the Royal
The Queen has been reported to restrict the independence of Prince Harry and Mark
The cuts seem to have distanced themselves, but the queen's office has kept their eyes, as the Sunday Times said. that relocating the Sussex office to Buckingham Palace (instead of Windsor) is a deliberate choice from the queen's office. , so you do not get an independent Frogmore state. "
The couple will still have their Frogmore home but will be a little more controlled
from the queen's office.
A former member of the Royal Staff noted that this is a similar tactic that happened when Princess Diana was alive, as noted from the inside: "A great deal of attention was directed at Charles and Diana, Andrew and Fergie. The queen was much younger and did more, and she did not like to be repulsed from the front pages, so a group called the Coordination and Research Unit, dealing with diary and media planning, was formed at Buckingham Palace. The internal has added: "This is what they have to do now, coordinating the diaries
better and coordinate everything that goes out. "

domain: celebrity


Guitar For Crazy People is a CD-R of original instrumental guitar tracks from Indiana-based Loren 'Lo' Woods that strives to bring the melody line back to modern music. Disappointed with the latest wave of popular music, Woods has taken a drum machine and his love of blistering lead breaks and meanacing riffs as the impetus to self-release his music via two albums (the first being "It Might Take Years") and to offer his music for free download on the mp3.com web site. Guitar For Crazy People is aural evidence that Woods is one-hundred percent committed to playing what is in head, recording it, and getting it out to the people to discover. Guitar-driven and cinematic, the 13 tracks on his latest CD-R offer plenty of imagination, melody and of course, the occasional hyper-speed moments that display Woods' command of his instrument.
Lo spent most of his teens and 20s playing in rock'n'roll cover bands, unable to convince people to create original music that meant anything. At 28, he realized he had fallen into drug/alcohol addiction, and he retired from the music business to get his life together. Lo gradually overcame his personal difficulties and began rediscovering music, built a home studio, and discovered his own voice on the guitar. He has learned a great deal about the recording and marketing processes and plans to continue to explore new territories in music and hopes to gain new listeners in cyberspace.
Woods' goals and ambitions include helping to reinstall sparkling musicianship and class back into the mainstream, to continue to record music and make it available worldwide, to build a state of the art recording studio and to get signed.
Flash Forward Music
2138 East 62nd Street
Indianapolis, IN 46220


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The Tennessee Williams Key West Exhibit is celebrating the playwright’s March birthday by providing a series of cultural events to be held throughout the month. Artist and writers are invited to participate in three contests being offered as part of the celebration: Short Story Writing, Poetry and Plein Air Painting.
Registration and submission deadline for the writing contest is March 5. Professor Susanne Woods is coordinating the contest and will join other published writers in selecting the winners. Registration and submission for the poetry contest is March 17. Respected poets will join coordinator Nancy Boylan from the Key West Poetry Guild in judging poetry submissions. There is a possibility that the entries in the short story and poetry contests will be published in an on-line
This year’s painting contest is again coordinated by Cori Convertito, curator at the Key West Art and Historical Society. Registration deadline for the plein air painting contest is March 17. The painting event will be held on March 19 from 9 to noon at the Waterfront Playhouse, the subject of this year’s painting contest. Dr. Convertito and other community art leaders will serve as judges. The winning painting will be featured on the cover of the playhouse’s 2016-2017 playbill. Additionally, first and second place winners in all three contests will receive cash prizes.
For registration forms and full details about the contests and other planned events, go to twkw.org or email Dennis Beaver at email@example.com.


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Confederate States of America. Army. South Carolina Infantry Regiment, 1st. Irish Volunteers
Found in 2 Collections and/or Records:
File — Box 1, Folder: 3
Scope and Contents Folder three contains correspondence from January 1861. The primary correspondence is to and from Jamison and include military application letters and reports on surveys, maintenance, and activity taking place within the forts of Charleston harbor. Some of these letters contain Confederate plans for attacking Fort Sumter, two of which propose poisoning the water and attacking directly by fortified raft. A highlight is a letter from Senator Henry M. Rice of Minnesota to South Carolina senator...
Dates: Majority of material found within 1861-01-01 - 1861-01-31
File — Box 1, Folder: 9
Scope and Contents Folder nine contains documents concerning the Confederate military court of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida in 1864 including a multipage fragment of a running list of military courts martial cases listing defendant’s names, charges, specific details of the charge, and witnesses. There are two letters by Jamison concerning court martial procedure. Also included are brief essays presumably in Jamison’s hand, titled “The Origins of Artillery”, “New trial”, and “The Military Courts of the...
Dates: Majority of material found within 1863 - 1864


text:
On August 19, 2022 Canadian rapper B Mendez released his highly anticipated album entitled Adonde Vas (Volunteer Media).
The album recorded at The Back End Recording in Vancouver, BC features 6 incredible urbano tracks with lyrics performed both in english and spanish.
In support of the album’s debut single’ Adonde Vas (Vamos), an official music video directed by award winning filmmaker’ Stuey Kubrick was released on The Orchard’s Radial YouTube channel (which boasts over to 2.45 million subscribers).
Since it’s release, the single Adonde Vas (Vamos) has also been added to an official Spotify editorial playlist as well several other curated playlists on the platform.
Be on the lookout for more great music and video’s from B Mendez as he turns up a stage near you!
Check Out The Album Here:
Check Out The Music Video “Adonde Vas (Vamos)” Here:
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Therapeutic Solutions International Announces Positive QuadraMune™ Clinical Trial Data
Immune Cells from QuadraMune™ Treated Volunteers Possessed Almost Double Therapeutic Activity after 1 Week
| Source: Therapeutic Solutions International, Inc.
OCEANSIDE, Calif., Dec. 1, 2020 /PRNewswire/ — Therapeutics Solution International, Inc., (OTC Markets: TSOI), announced today new data from its clinical trial demonstrating an almost doubling of immune cell activity in healthy volunteers which were ingesting QuadraMune™ daily for a week.
Investigators analyzed blood for production of an immunological protein called “interleukin-2” after stimulation with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28. The substantial increase in interleukin-2 is believed to predict that immunological cells such as T cells and NK cells, which are needed to fight viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, possess enhanced function after QuadraMune™ administration.
Currently the Company is running a clinical trial on QuadraMune™ for preventing COVD-19 in health care workers1. The clinical trial is listed on the National Institutes of Health Clinical Trial Database www.clinicaltrials.gov.
“Last week we reported stunning clinical data that QuadraMune™ enhances natural killer cell activity in healthy volunteers as well as in diabetics taking metformin2. Natural killer cells are the front line immune system cell fighting coronaviruses and are dysfunctional in people with COVID-193. It is conceivable that by stimulating T cell and NK cell activity, QuadraMune™ may be beneficial in protecting from infection” said Famela Ramos, Vice President of Business Development. “We will not know efficacy until the clinical trial is complete.”
QuadraMune™, is composed of 4 main ingredients: a) Pterostilbene, an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 infection4; b) Epigallocatechin gallate, a potent antioxidant and immune booster5; c) Sulforaphane, a lung protector6, and d) Thymoquinone, which inhibits organ failure and viral infections, as well as acting as a precursor to hydroxychloroquine7.
The Company previous showed that QuadraMune affects a variety of immunological functions including reducing myeloid suppressor cells8, which inhibit immunity, downregulating interleukin-69, which is associated with COVID-19 mortality10, and downregulated inflammation induced coagulopathy11, which is a major cause of COVID-19 associated deaths.
“The data announced today, is one important step in the process of developing and understanding mechanisms of action of this nutraceutical-based approach towards immune modulation and hopefully towards viral inhibition” said Timothy Dixon, President and CEO of the Company. “I am thankful for our collaborators who continue pushing the limits of medicine and science in our quest to fight against this invisible enemy.”
About Therapeutic Solutions International, Inc.
Therapeutic Solutions International is focused on immune modulation for the treatment of several specific diseases. The Company’s corporate website is www.therapeuticsolutionsint.com, and our public forum is https://board.therapeuticsolutionsint.com/ and Campbell Neurosciences at https://www.campbellneurosciences.com
Therapeutic Solutions International, Inc.

domain: biology


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Spirit of the Chaparral is the fifth volume displaying the winning photographs from The Valley Land Fund wildlife photo contests. These striking, magnificent images evoke wonder for the creatures and the world they share.
For ten year, landowners in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas have been sharing the beauty and diversity of their holdings with visiting photographers. Concerned individuals and businesses offering support extend this sharing to everyone encountering The Valley Land Fund wildlife photo books. The animals exhibited in Spirit of the Chaparral are a glimpse into the vastness thriving on ranches and homesteads in South Texas.


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Recent evidence suggests that changes in membrane potential influence the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes. To further elucidate the role of changes in membrane potential for their biological fate, the electrical behavior of keratinocytes needs to be studied under complex conditions such as multilayered cultures. However, electrophysiological recordings from cells in the various layers of a complex culture would be extremely difficult. Given the high spatial resolution of confocal imaging and the availability of novel voltage-sensitive dyes, we combined these methods in an attempt to develop a viable alternative for recording membrane potentials in more complex tissue systems. As a first step, we used confocal ratiometric imaging of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based voltage-sensitive dyes. We then validated this approach by comparing the optically recorded voltage signals in HaCaT keratinocytes with the electrophysiological signals obtained by whole cell recordings of the same preparation. We demonstrate 1) that optical recordings allow precise multisite measurements of voltage changes evoked by the extracellular signaling molecules ATP and bradykinin and 2) that responsiveness to ATP differs in various layers of cultured keratinocytes.
- fluorescence resonance energy transfer
- voltage-sensitive dyes
- laser scanning microscopy
- violet diode laser
the extracellular signaling molecules ATP and bradykinin mobilize intracellular Ca2+ (22) and induce a biphasic change of the membrane potential in a monolayer of confluent HaCaT keratinocytes due to the activation of Ca2+-dependent Cl−channels, cation channels, and K+ channels (15). The voltage response consists of an initial transient depolarization followed by a prominent and long-lasting hyperpolarization 30–40 mV below resting membrane potential. Given the increasing evidence that changes in membrane potential are intimately involved in the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes (15, 17-19, 27), the pronounced electrophysiological response to ATP and bradykinin might also bear significance on the cellular biology of keratinocytes. To better understand how alterations of membrane potential influence mitogenic activity and differentiation, it is essential to determine the electrical behavior under more complex culture conditions that allow simultaneous recordings from cells at different states of their life cycle.
HaCaT keratinocytes retain the capacity to differentiate partially in vitro. This differentiation is accompanied by the formation of multiple cell layers and the expression of defined patterns of keratins (e.g., keratin K10) similar to those observed in primary epidermal cells (2, 8, 23). With respect to electrophysiological experimentation, however, the multilayer of a complex culture poses a serious technical problem. Whereas cells in a monolayer are easily accessible to patch-clamp recordings, cells grown in a more complex environment are not. Furthermore, whole cell patch-clamp recordings are necessarily single-site measurements yielding information from just one cell in the dish. Therefore, the patch-clamp technique is not a suitable approach to measure and compare simultaneously the electrical behavior of different cells in a complex culture.
Voltage-sensitive fluorescent dyes have been known for many years as useful, noninvasive tools to record voltage changes in several cells at the same time (13, 24). However, poor voltage sensitivity or slow response times are significant limitations for many of these dyes. Recently, improved two-component fluorescent indicators of cell membrane potential have been described that use fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) (10-12). In this system, a FRET donor dye is present in the outer leaflet of the cell membrane, while the voltage-sensing FRET acceptor dye moves within the cell membrane depending on the membrane potential. The excitation wavelength required to activate FRET in such pairs of voltage-sensitive dyes is around 405 nm. This wavelength is not available in conventional laser scanning microscopes. However, a violet diode laser with the necessary excitation wavelength has recently become commercially available (9). Here we describe the extension of a conventional confocal laser scanning system with a violet diode laser and the application of such an imaging system for confocal, FRET-based voltage measurements in cultured human keratinocytes. We demonstrate that this technique allows simultaneous multisite recordings of ATP- and bradykinin-induced changes in membrane potential from cultured human keratinocytes. Additionally, by confocal optical sectioning through multilayered HaCaT cultures, we show that the responsiveness to ATP differs dramatically between proliferating cells and cells undergoing partial differentiation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
HaCaT keratinocytes were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (GIBCO BRL, Grand Island, NY) and antibiotics (100 U/ml penicillin/streptomycin). Final Ca2+ concentration was 1.8 mM. Electrophysiological measurements and optical recordings were performed as soon as the cells reached 70–100% confluence, usually 2–3 days after plating. Multilayered HaCaT cultures were obtained by growing confluent cultures for an additional 4 days.
HaCaT cell membrane potential was recorded by using the nystatin perforated-patch variation of the whole cell configuration as described previously (15). Before recording, the culture medium was replaced with standard bath solution containing (in mM) 130 NaCl, 3 KCl, 2 CaCl2, 2 MgCl2, 25 HEPES/NaHEPES, and 10d-glucose, pH 7.4 (21–24°C). Patch pipettes were fabricated from borosilicate glass by using a two-stage pull protocol on a horizontal puller (DMZ, Zeitz, Germany) and were filled with a solution containing (in mM) 135 K-gluconate, 10 KCl, 1.6 Na2HPO4, 0.4 NaH2PO4, 0.73 CaCl2, 1.03 MgCl2, 1 EGTA, 14 HEPES/NaHEPES, and 100 mg/l nystatin, pH 7.2. After formation of a seal in the gigaohm range (typically 1.5–2 GΩ), the amplifier was switched to current-clamp mode and membrane potentials attained stable values within 3–5 min. Electrophysiological signals were recorded, amplified, and digitized with the use of an Axopatch 200 amplifier in conjunction with a TL-1 Labmaster interface and AXOTAPE software (Axon Instruments, Burlingame, CA). Data from electrophysiological and optical measurements are given as means ± SE. Statistical analysis was performed by means of Student's t-test.
The optical setup consisted of an upright microscope (Olympus BX50WIF; objectives: Olympus UMPlanFl ×20W, Olympus LUMPlanFl ×40W, Olympus LUMPlanFl ×60W, and Zeiss Achroplan ×63W Ph3) to which a confocal laser-scanning head (Bio-Rad MRC-1024) and an independent custom-made photometric system (26) were attached. For photometric measurements using the FRET dyes, cells were illuminated with brief pulses (7 ms) at 400 nm from a xenon light source at intervals between 1 and 5 s. Two photodiodes collected fluorescent light emitted from the cell layer at wavelengths >550 nm (long-pass OG550) and at 450 ± 29 nm (450AF58; Omega Optical, Brattleboro, VT) and produced voltage signals that were proportional to fluorescence emissions. Signals were linearly amplified before PC-based data digitization (DT2812; Data Translation, Marlboro, MA).
In confocal imaging experiments, excitation light at 408 nm from a 30-mW violet diode laser (DL 100; TOPTICA Photonics, Martinsried, Germany) was directed via a single-mode optical fiber into the scanning unit of the Bio-Rad MRC-1024 confocal laser scanning system. Beam splitters at 440 nm (440 DCLP; Chroma Technology, Brattleboro, VT) and at 505 nm (505 DRLPxR; Omega Optical), respectively, were used in the first and second position of dichroic mirrors. Emitted light was collected by using a long-pass emission filter with cut-on wavelength of 550 nm (OG550) at photomultiplier (PMT) 1 and a band-pass filter at 450 ± 29 nm (450AF58) at PMT 2. Pinholes were 6 at PMT 1 and 5 at PMT 2 unless stated otherwise. The analysis of confocal images was performed on selected regions of interest using the imaging and time course software of the Bio-Rad MRC-1024 system. Acquisition of time series was usually done with sampling intervals between 10 and 20 s without averaging. To achieve sampling intervals of 2 s, the image size was reduced from 512 × 512 to 256 × 256 pixels. To enable optical sectioning, pinholes were set to 3.5 for PMT 1 and 2.2 for PMT 2. If optical sectioning was applied, the distance between sections was 7 μm. Confocal image acquisition using Ca2+-sensitive dyes was carried out with filter sets as previously described (20). Briefly, excitation was at 488 nm (argon laser), and emission band-pass filters were 660 ± 50 nm at PMT 1 and 530 ± 30 nm at PMT 2.
The coumarin lipid CC2-DMPE (FRET donor) and the oxonol DiSBAC4(3) (FRET acceptor) were purchased from Aurora Biosciences (San Diego, CA). Storage and loading of these dyes were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. Aliquots of stock solutions (coumarin with a concentration of 1 mM; oxonol with a concentration of 2 mM) were prepared by the addition of an appropriate volume of dry DMSO. Cell cultures were stained sequentially at room temperature, with coumarin lipid loaded first. This was followed by washing and then oxonol loading in HEPES-buffered solution (HBS), which contained (in mM) 118 NaCl, 3 KCl, 1 MgCl2, 1.5 CaCl2, 20 Na-gluconate, 6 HEPES, and 10d-glucose, pH 7.4. CC2-DMPE was loaded by mixing 30 μl of the 1 mM stock solution with 15 μl of a 10% Pluronic-127/DMSO solution (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR), and this was added to 3 ml of HBS for 20 min (10 μM final concentration). DiSBAC4(3) was loaded by mixing 9 μl of the 2 mM stock solution with 18 μl of a 10% Pluronic-127/DMSO solution, and this was added to 3 ml of HBS for 25 min (6 μM final concentration). Staining was prolonged to 1 h if multilayered cultures were stained. After staining, excess dye was removed by replacing the extracellular solution with HBS. Loading of Ca2+-sensitive dyes was carried out as previously described (20).
Cells were washed twice with ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and fixed in acetone-methanol 1:1 for 20 min at −20°C. After blocking of nonspecific binding sites with 3% bovine serum albumin (BSA)/PBS, cells were incubated overnight with a 1:500 solution of a keratin K10-specific antibody (DAKO, Carpinteria, CA) in 3% BSA/PBS at 4°C and rinsed three times with PBS and once with 3% BSA/PBS. After a 2-h incubation with a FITC-labeled anti-mouse antibody at room temperature, cells were washed three times with PBS. Fura red (5 μM) was added to the culture medium 1 h before fixation to counterstain the cells for confocal fluorescence microscopy (filter sets were identical to those used for Ca2+ imaging). To enable optical sectioning, pinholes were set at 3.7 for both PMTs. The distance between optical sections was 7 μm.
Drugs and application system.
In both electrophysiological and optical recordings, drugs were applied by a remote-controlled Y-tube system that allowed rapid solution changes (21). In some of the confocal experiments, ATP and bradykinin were administered slowly (5 ml/min) via the bath perfusion system. 1-EBIO was purchased from Biotrend (Cologne, Germany); ATP, bradykinin, and tetraethylammonium-Cl (TEA-Cl) were purchased from Sigma (Taufkirchen, Germany).
To examine the distribution of the fluorescent probes, confocal images were taken after loading of HaCaT cells with the voltage-sensitive dyes CC2-DMPE and DiSBAC4(3). For comparison, other cultures were stained with the Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dyes calcium green and fura red. As shown in Fig.1, the voltage-sensitive dyes led to predominant staining of the cell membranes, whereas loading with Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent probes led to cytoplasmic fluorescence.
Temporal resolution and sensitivity of FRET-based voltage-sensitive dyes.
To determine the temporal resolution and sensitivity of the optical voltage measurements, we compared optically recorded voltage responses to ATP with those obtained by means of the patch-clamp technique. Both the optical and electrophysiological recordings were performed on HaCaT cells grown to a confluent monolayer. As shown previously (15), ATP (100 μM) induced a biphasic change of the membrane potential in electrophysiological recordings, which consisted of a brief depolarization followed by a prolonged hyperpolarization (Fig. 2 A). In experiments with the voltage-sensitive dyes, ATP (100 μM) was applied to HaCaT cells via the same fast application method (Y-tube), and the emission ratio at 450 and 550 nm was continuously recorded with the use of the photometric optical setup (Fig. 2, B–D). Application of ATP (100 μM) for 90 s resulted in opposite changes in the emitted light from the FRET donor CC2-DMPE (Fig. 2 C) and the FRET acceptor DiSBAC4(3) (Fig. 2 D). In the emission ratio (Fig. 2 B), the initial increase indicates membrane depolarization, whereas the subsequent, longer lasting decrease indicates membrane hyperpolarization.
Although these recordings revealed a good correlation between the shape and the time course of the optical and the electrophysiological signal, the ATP-induced voltage changes were too slow to assess the temporal resolution of the dyes. To induce rapid changes of the membrane potential in the hyperpolarizing and depolarizing direction, HaCaT cells were first exposed to 1-EBIO (300 μM), a direct opener of epithelial Ca2+-activated K+ channels (6), and then depolarized with 30 mM extracellular K+, again using the fast drug application system. In the electrophysiological experiments, the 1-EBIO-induced hyperpolarizing shift and the high K+-induced depolarizing shift were each completed within a few seconds (Fig.3 A). Very similar kinetics were obtained when the voltage changes were optically recorded by means of photometry (Fig. 3 B) or confocal imaging (Fig.3 C), suggesting that the temporal resolution of the dyes is sufficiently high to monitor accurately the fastest physiological voltage changes that might occur in our preparation.
The experiments of Fig. 3 also served to determine the voltage sensitivity of the dyes. In electrophysiological recordings, 1-EBIO (300 μM) hyperpolarized HaCaT cells by 33.3 ± 2.4 mV (n = 7, Fig. 4 A,left). This corresponded to a decrease in the normalized emission ratio of −5.57 ± 0.33% (n = 28 applications, 15 culture dishes) in photometric experiments (Fig. 4 B, left) and −5.45 ± 0.51% (70 regions of interest, 6 culture dishes) in confocal experiments (Fig. 4 C, left), respectively. From these data, the relationship between the shift in membrane potential and the change in the emission ratio was calculated. On average, hyperpolarization by 1 mV decreased the emission ratio by −0.167% in photometric experiments and by −0.164% in confocal imaging experiments (Fig. 4, B and C, left). Likewise, membrane depolarization by 1 mV increased the emission ratio by 0.140% in photometric experiments and by 0.135% in confocal imaging experiments (Fig. 4, B and C,right).
Confocal imaging with FRET-based voltage-sensitive dyes.
In conjunction with confocal imaging, the dyes were successfully employed to record voltage responses to bath-applied ATP (n = 15) or bradykinin (n = 5) simultaneously from several cells (Fig. 5,A–C). Again, experiments were performed on HaCaT cells grown to confluence. Six regions of interest containing cell membranes and a background field in the center of a cell were selected for measurements of changes in the intensity of emitted light from CC2-DMPE (450 nm), from DiSBAC4(3) (550 nm), and in the emission ratio. Individual regions of interest did not respond uniformly, but the decrease in the emission ratio indicated a hyperpolarizing action of the two compounds in all cells examined. Changes in emission ratio ranged between −5 and −10%, corresponding to hyperpolarizing voltage shifts between −30 and −60 mV (see Temporal resolution and sensitivity of FRET-based voltage-sensitive dyes). Demonstrating the specificity of the optical signals, the emission ratio from the background field, which did not include a cell membrane, remained unresponsive to bradykinin and ATP.
HaCaT cells undergo partial differentiation in long-term cultures of confluent monolayers (23). The formation of additional cell layers on the basal layer is accompanied by expression of keratin K10, an early differentiation marker. Before comparing the voltage responses to ATP in basal and suprabasal cells, we used confocal laser scanning microscopy to establish the differential expression of K10 in multilayer cultures at 4 days postconfluence. In Fig. 6,A–C, the immunolocalization of K10 (green fluorescence) is illustrated in a section of the dish where a multilayer of basal and suprabasal cells is next to a monolayer of basal cells. As expected, K10-positive cells were predominantly present in the upper layers, whereas cells of the basal layer attached to the culture dish rarely expressed K10 (Fig. 6,A–C). Postconfluence, multilayered HaCaT cell cultures were loaded with CC2-DMPE and DiSBAC4(3) and were superfused with ATP (200 μM) for 2 min. As depicted in Fig. 6,D1–F1, basal and suprabasal cells displayed a striking difference in their ATP responsiveness: K10-positive cells responded poorly to ATP, whereas cells of the basal layer proved highly sensitive to ATP, as did confluent cells in a monolayer (see above).
Impaired diffusion of the dyes or ATP is unlikely to account for the layer-specific efficacy of ATP, because a diffusion gradient, if present, should produce the opposite effect, eliminating ATP responses in the lower but not in the upper layers, which are directly exposed to the test solutions. We had to exclude, however, that the diminished effect of ATP in K10-positive cells arises from variations in staining properties or dye behavior that might occur as a function of cell age or depth in culture. Therefore, we performed a series of experiments in which we recorded the optical response to ATP in the absence or presence of the K+ channel blocker tetraethylammonium (TEA; 5 mM), which, however, does not inhibit ATP-activated human intermediate-conductance Ca2+-activated K+(hIK1) channels (15). TEA should increase the electrical resistance of the membrane, thereby augmenting the impact of even a small ATP-induced K+ current on membrane voltage. This should allow us to uncover any residual ATP-induced K+current, if present in K10-positive cells. Application of TEA indeed revealed an optical response to ATP in K10-positive cells (Fig.6 F2). By contrast, TEA had no appreciable effect on the ATP response in basal cells (compare Fig. 6 F1, right vs. 6F2, right), suggesting that the ATP-induced hyperpolarization was already maximal in the absence of TEA. The differential effect of TEA in K10-negative vs. K10-positive cells dispels concerns that the disappearance of the hyperpolarizing action of ATP with differentiation results from an altered sensitivity of the indicator system. Instead, our data suggest that age-dependent changes in the electrical membrane properties and/or in the efficacy of the signaling system (see following paragraph) render the prominent ATP response of proliferation-competent cells biologically insignificant in differentiating cells.
Because bradykinin is coupled to the same effector system and displays a very similar action on the resting membrane potential of K10-negative cells as ATP (Fig. 5), we wondered whether the hyperpolarizing response to bradykinin would also decrease with differentiation. We therefore performed a series of experiments in which we examined the optical response to both bradykinin (5 μM) and ATP (200 μM) in the same multilayered cultures. The representative traces from a single experiment (Fig. 7 A) and the histogram (Fig. 7 B) indicate that in the same cultures in which ATP displayed a significant layer-specific response, bradykinin did not. The response to bradykinin showed a tendency to be smaller in suprabasal cells, but this did not reach statistical significance.
Many attempts have been made to improve optical imaging utilizing voltage-sensitive dyes (e.g., 3, 4, 25). A promising recent development are two-component fluorescent indicators that use FRET (10-12). The advantage of FRET-based voltage-sensitive dyes (28) is a ratiometric output that can be considerably more sensitive than previous indicators. To our knowledge, the combination of FRET-based optical voltage recordings with imaging techniques has so far only been realized with a charge-coupled device camera system (5). This approach has a high temporal resolution, but difficulties arise with optical sectioning in thick preparations and dual-emission wavelength imaging. In an attempt to overcome these problems, we describe in the present study a confocal laser scanning system equipped with a novel violet laser diode that provides the excitation wavelength of 408 nm required for FRET-based voltage-sensitive dyes (9).
We obtained a sensitivity of 15.4% ratio at 100 mV in photometric experiments and 15.0% ratio at 100 mV in confocal imaging experiments (Figs. 3 and 4). In previous studies, fluorescence ratio changes of between 4 and 34% for a 100-mV depolarization were observed for fibroblasts, astrocytoma cells, cardiac myocytes, and neuroblastoma cells (11). Unlike the situation in whole cell recordings, we observed baseline drifts in nearly every optical measurement of membrane potential. This may have been caused by differential bleaching or leakage of the dyes. However, drift did not influence the relative change of emission ratios (ΔF/Fo) if appropriate time frames were chosen. In confocal imaging experiments, we observed that noise levels decreased with an increase in the number of pixels for a certain region of interest (Fig. 5). We therefore conclude that averaging of several image frames per time point might substantially enhance the quality of confocal recordings. However, averaging will lead to more bleaching of the dye and photodamage of the specimen. In accordance with previous data (1, 10), we found that the temporal resolution of the dye pair CC2-DMPE/DiSBAC4(3) is below 1 s (Fig.3), which is sufficient to detect changes in membrane potential induced by ATP, bradykinin, and 1-EBIO in HaCaT cells.
The use of FRET-based, voltage-sensitive dyes in conjunction with confocal imaging has two distinct advantages over conventional patch-clamp recordings. First, in monolayers, in which individual cells are also accessible to whole cell recording, confocal imaging allows simultaneous multisite recordings. Our data indicate that virtually no cell in the dish remains unstained. Given the high temporal resolution and sensitivity of the indicator system, as demonstrated in the present study, reliable data on drug-induced voltage changes can be obtained more easily, and at a much higher throughput rate, compared with conventional whole cell patch-clamp recording. Second, and more importantly, confocal imaging allows simultaneous voltage recordings from different cells in complex multilayer cultures. This application, which is unique to the technique presented here, is of particular biological significance, because it offers the opportunity to address long-standing questions on the relationship among membrane potential, channel activity, and elementary cellular processes such as proliferation and differentiation.
We demonstrate the feasibility of this new approach by comparing voltage responses to the extracellular signaling molecule ATP in basal, K10-negative cells and in suprabasal, K10-positive cells. In this multilayer culture of postconfluence HaCaT cells, robust ATP responses were confined to K10-negative cells, whereas the hyperpolarizing action of ATP disappeared as the cells began to stain positive for K10. Interestingly, a hyperpolarizing ATP response could be unmasked in K10-positive cells, when the purinergic agonist was applied in the presence of the K+ channel blocker TEA. This finding has both a technical and a biological implication. Methodologically, it strongly argues against an altered sensitivity of the indicator system as the underlying cause of the declining ATP responsiveness in K10-positive cells. Functionally, it suggests that differentiating keratinocytes have progressed into a state in which the hyperpolarizing effect of ATP becomes biologically meaningless, although the elements of the ATP-induced signaling pathway are apparently retained in residual form. In support of this notion, we have recently demonstrated that the mRNA level of the P2Y2 receptor, which binds extracellular ATP, is downregulated in differentiating HaCaT cells (15). This agrees well with in situ hybridization studies of human skin sections, which revealed a striking pattern of localization of P2Y2 receptor transcripts to the basal layer of the epidermis, the site of cell proliferation (7). Although we cannot directly infer from mRNA data the number of functional membrane proteins, it seems reasonable to assume that the K+ current generated by ATP in K10-positive cells should be smaller than in proliferation-competent cells. With much less K+ current generated, the hyperpolarization of the membrane potential should be significantly smaller, as observed in our experiments. Only after TEA had enhanced the electrical resistance of the membrane potential is the same small K+ current capable of producing a considerable hyperpolarization of the membrane potential, as predicted by Ohm's law and confirmed in our experiment.
Unlike ATP, bradykinin did not lose its hyperpolarizing effect with keratinocyte differentiation. Bradykinin is mainly liberated during inflammatory processes of the skin, and our data suggest that membrane hyperpolarization might be an important signal transduction pathway of bradykinin in both proliferation-competent and differentiating keratinocytes. By contrast, the action of ATP appears to be confined to basal, proliferation-competent cells. This agrees well with the main biological function attributed to ATP in human epidermis: ATP has been shown to stimulate proliferation and inhibit differentiation of human keratinocytes (7, 22). Furthermore, several lines of evidence suggest that the hIK1 channel that serves as effector of the hyperpolarizing ATP response plays an essential role in promoting mitogenic activity. For example, pharmacological downregulation of IK channels was found to suppress proliferation of HaCaT keratinocytes (16). Along the same line, expression of IK channels was found to disappear with differentiation in various cell types (reviewed in Ref. 14). By measuring directly ATP-induced voltage responses in cells of different age in the same preparation, we are now capable of monitoring the functional expression of an effector system that appears to be crucially involved in regulating the balance between keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Thus our method provides a novel approach to analyze the intricate relationship between bioelectrical and cell biological events in cells or complex tissue systems that are not accessible to conventional electrophysiological recording techniques.
We thank Christa Müller for technical assistance and Prof. Gerrit ten Bruggencate for help in the initial phase of this project. HaCaT keratinocytes were kindly provided by Dr. Petra Boukamp (German Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Germany).
Financial support was provided by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (GR 801/2-1, SFB 391/TPA1, and a Heisenberg-Fellowship to C. Alzheimer).
Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: R. Burgstahler, Dept. of Physiology, Univ. of Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 12, 80336 Munich, Germany (E-mail:).
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
First published December 21, 2002;10.1152/ajpcell.00053.2002
- Copyright © 2003 the American Physiological Society


Laurel Thatcher Ulrich says bad marriages had women running to and away from Mormon polygamyHistorians in the News
tags: Mormon History Association, polygamy, Mormon
Far from the rosy glow of true love depicted in today's romantic comedies and religious sermons, marriage in earlier times was more often akin to slavery for women — with husbands as the master.
By the 19th century, however, some women wanted more love and less abuse, and so, with few legal options, wives began to flee from these matches, including from Mormon polygamous unions and American monogamous coupling.
''Some people — and perhaps quite a few women — chose plural marriage over what they saw on the other side," historian Laurel Thatcher Ulrich told a crowd of Mormon scholars recently. "Some women ran away from polygamy — one of my own great-grandmothers did — but it is interesting to contemplate that some women also ran away in order to join it."
A Harvard professor and Pulitzer Prize-winning author, Ulrich knows that conclusion runs counter to the belief that LDS "plural marriage," as it was known, was a "patriarchal backwater against the backdrop of nuclear marriage that was emerging in [that] century."
But she does not "find that interpretation persuasive." ...