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Securing financing improperly is one of the worst mistakes your business can make. And that doesnt necessarily mean rate, it means structure and purpose of the financing. And when you don’t know how and when to raise capital or monetize assets that just compounds the problem.
When your investment guru creates your plan, they would regularly monitor it based upon your lifestyle and the variation ion your wealth over time. Thus, it is the duty of your financial advisor to make changes in the plan. Your investment consultant would guide you through each and every step of wealth management so as to give you the best possible returns. The most commonly devisedfinancial plans include comprehensive financial plans, goal plans, retirement plans, risk management, education loan plans, debt management, tax planning and salary structuring.
Capital One Car Finance
By pursuing this step with vigour, you may find yourself more and more sought after as a knower of all that is scandalous. If people want to find out what is going on in any given colleague’s professional or personal life, you are their oracle. This works wonders for the Ego, whilst wasting hours of your day. It might be that your fingers barely touch the keyboard from 9 to 5. You can set this step in motion immediately with a little eavesdropping.
Insurance businesses, IT infrastructures, Payment processors, medical marijuana doctor recommendations and several more support businesses to the cannabis industry are also cashing in, with more than 40 new markets opening. These in themselves are also creating millionaires.
Using the power of the mind you are now able to bring anything that you think is possible. This is the entryway to everything you have ever wanted. Do you want to change your life for the better or just continue on the road you are on? What ever the choice start using the power of your mind to acquire it.
Coca Cola Yahoo Finance
Finally, make sure you understand the differences between a bank facility, a working capital term loan, and invoice financing, aka ‘ Receivable Finance ‘. The characteristics of a business AR financing facility are different – it’s not a loan, it’s not a collateralized facility such as with a bank, it’s simply the ongoing sale of your invoice sales as you generate them, with the option of financing which sales you wish when you wish. It’s simple as that.
A number of them might absolutely nothing to complete using the style company. And when it comes to people, the big difference is leadership. John decided to start E-City Schools (the E stands for entrepreneur) in some of the poorer Cleveland neighborhoods. Secondly, the competition from the unorganised players is another challenge that can be dealt with by providing excellent services and showing professionalism.
Customisable, slow, filled with gadgets and games; it provides some excellent opportunities for procrastination, including: Side note: A specialized product, not supported by a major brand name, should have been launched in completely different venues.
If you think about what it is that you truly desire all of the time, first thing in the morning, all day long as well as the last thing before you go to sleep, you will get what ever it is you are passionate about.
When you are in trouble with your money then you need a clear view if the debt you have currently and its reflection on covering your income for the expenses. Apart from this, these firms also help people to determine their monetary objectives in life.
58 yr old Horse Driving Coach or Instructor Gottwald from Arborg, usually spends time with hobbies and interests for example hunting, , and hot air balooning. Finds a lot of inspiration from life by traveling to destinations like St Mary’s Cathedral and St Michael’s Church at Hildesheim.

domain: finance


Robust topology optimization for cellular composites with hybrid uncertainties
- Publication Type:
- Journal Article
- International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 2018, 115 (6), pp. 695 - 713
- Issue Date:
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The embargo period expires on 11 Aug 2019
Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. This paper will develop a new robust topology optimization method for the concurrent design of cellular composites with an array of identical microstructures subject to random-interval hybrid uncertainties. A concurrent topology optimization framework is formulated to optimize both the composite macrostructure and the material microstructure. The robust objective function is defined based on the interval mean and interval variance of the corresponding objective function. A new uncertain propagation approach, termed as a hybrid univariate dimension reduction method, is proposed to estimate the interval mean and variance. The sensitivity information of the robust objective function can be obtained after the uncertainty analysis. Several numerical examples are used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed robust topology optimization method.
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Health equality is an important factor for increasing the quality of life of citizens. This in turn results in social and economic development of a country.
But alcohol causes negative health outcomes specifically in lower socio-economic groups. Harm caused by the products and practices of the alcohol industry often affect lower income groups and countries than higher income ones regardless of consumption levels – thus widening the gap of inequality.
Cheap alcohol products increase heavy alcohol use in the population. These products are created by the alcohol industry to target low-income and young people, as well as heavy alcohol users. As one analysis in the United Kingdom showed, the alcohol industry relies on heavy alcohol users for majority of their profits.
Alcohol floor brice to eliminarte ultra cheap booze
A policy measure which targets the problem of cheap alcohol and realted inequality is minimum unit pricing (MUP). This policy solution is currently not implemented in Sweden. The MUP policy sets a statutory minimum price per unit of alcohol. The Swedish Public Health Agency conducted a literature review on studies regarding MUP.
The analysis included 11 studies. Five of these were from England, three from Australia, two from Canada and one from Scotland. The results are as follows:
- Minimum unit price contributes to reduced alcohol consumption and related morbidity and mortality.
- The decrease is larger in groups with low income, routine/manual labour and/or a high level of alcohol consumption.
- The impact on groups with a high socioeconomic position and/or a low level of alcohol consumption, on the other hand, is small and requires a high minimum unit price.
The literature review concludes that minimum unit price can contribute to reduced alcohol-related health inequality as the largest effects on alcohol consumption and related morbidity and mortality are seen in groups with low income, routine/manual labour and/or a high level of alcohol consumption.
However, the agency notes that most of the included studies are modeling studies with a high level of uncertainty due to complexity and many assumptions. Moreover, the authors state transferability to Sweden should be considered.
Movendi International keeps reporting on the positive effects of MUP policies in several jurisdictions:
- Reduced alcohol-specific deaths in Scotland, and
- Reduced ambulance call outs and car crashes due to alcohol in Northern Territory, Australia.

domain: sociology


text:
They’ve been there right from the onset. They’ve seen the ups, downs, turns, and rigors that the cryptocurrency market has been through. Fat Pig Signals have stood undaunted through it all and they now stand tall. They are not newbies in the business of cryptocurrency signals. Talk about cryptocurrency signals and the first thing that comes to mind is Fat Pig Signals.
Fat Pig Signals has seen it all through the inception of the trends of the Initial Coin Offerings of different crypto startups that ensued since 2017 and the smart contract rave of 2018. Even when some of the stable coins started booming in 2019, Fat Pig Signals stood tall, dishing out market signals to its adherents like there’s no tomorrow. It was not then any hassles for them to stay on top of the crypto signals chart when the decentralized finance revolution sprang up late in 2020. They really are hitting it big.
Fat Pig Signals: Who are these people?
Fat Pig Signals is a group on one of the most popular social media apps – Telegram that dishes out trading signals for popular cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and a whole lot of other popular altcoins. Right from 2018 when they first launched their telegram channel for crypto trading signals till now, they have remained solidly glued to what they know how to do best. They have also built up for themselves good followership of a happy online community.
Fat Pig Signals are not newbies here. They are made up of a group of traders who are well versed in the crypto sphere with years of experience under their belt. They know this game very well and they play it like the pros they are.
It is not like there are not any other groups of people who know how to give market signals out there. There are actually a lot of them. Many even offer their services free of charge and others ask for money for their own. They claim to be gangsters in the game of signals but the simple commonsense will tell someone who cares to know to look at the track record those ones have built over the years and compare it with what Fat Pig Signals has established over the course of these years. The difference will marvel you.
The amount of profits Fat Pig Signals was able to rake in even when the crypto market was dwindling was out of this planet. Talk about transparency with their customers, Fat Pig signals has shown that with reckless abandon. That is why their customers have laid a lot of trust on their services.
It is not a new thing for signal providers to claim that they are the best in what they do but their records speak for themselves. It is open for all to see. One of the most interesting things about them is that they operate a free-for-all Telegram group and they also have another group for those who want to take the game further as VIPs. They have a paid group for those ones also. The free group currently boasts of over 40,000 members who are always hooked on important market news and updates along with a select few signals from the VIP channel.
Their customer support services also trigger a lot of appreciation. In spite of loads of customers, they still bring out time to attend to their clients. They make sure to respond within a 24 hour period and the group is very lively too. So, dive in; check out the best crypto signals from their website. Also, jump in here directly into the telegram group for the best crypto signals on telegram.
Official Social Media Accounts:
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- Twitter: https://twitter.com/fatpigsignals
- Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCi9bTABPPrVXEGIY6rlowhA


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As a favourite supplier to Hamilton architectural and interior designers, Scott Woolston is known for his unique approach to furniture design - crafting his one-off pieces from salvaged and recycled materials.
Ady Shannon spoke to the craftsman about his love of turning trash to treasure.
Scott Woolston welcomes friends, colleagues, even total strangers arriving at his home with trailers laden with old wood and hardware from demolition sites. As founder and sole craftsman behind furniture making enterprise Remnant, Scott is always on the lookout for bits and bobs to add to his stockpile of salvaged materials. Over a period of 20 years he has established a reputation for his outstanding and unusual pieces along with his desire for hoarding junk. One man's trash is another man's treasure and Remnant specialises in giving new life to old finds.
Scott trawls through the debris of other people's lives and reincarnates timber, trees, latches and levers into amazing, unexpected and beautiful pieces. Tallboys, lowboys, desks, chairs, shelving, blanket chests, picture frames, kitchens, cupboards; the output is as diverse as the resources used to create the bespoke works. As Scott says, "It's not recycled furniture, it's furniture made from recycled wood".
Growing up on a farm under the guidance of a father who could create just about anything from junk was a fine apprenticeship for the young Woolston. "I grew up appreciating the value of old things," he says. He started a building apprenticeship but after being laid off, 'fell into making furniture', selling it through his mother's giftware stores located in Tirau and Hamilton. The unique and superbly crafted pieces sold like hotcakes. "It was hard to keep up there were so many orders. "What started out as an easy lifestyle choice has become a highly successful and high profile business. Fit-outs for cafes, commercial premises, kitchens, installation pieces and furniture orders keep him busy but even 20 years on, Scott still gets the same satisfaction from his craft as the day he started. "It's been pretty full on but it still feels like a hobby. I love it." Among his recent projects, the raw plywood desks for award winning designer Tane Cox of Red Architecture.
In between working on commissions he is renovating a 100 year-old bungalow for his wife Sharlene and their four sons, aged from three to ten years. The project is likely to take about a year as he is restoring and rebuilding in his unique and unexpected style. "I am really enjoying the renovation. It's a lot like doing furniture but on a much grander scale."

domain: artistic


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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Microbial Community Structure in the Rhizosphere of Rice Plants
- Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
The microbial community in the rhizosphere environment is critical for the health of land plants and the processing of soil organic matter. The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which rice plants shape the microbial community in rice field soil over the course of a growing season. Rice (Oryza sativa) was cultivated under greenhouse conditions in rice field soil from Vercelli, Italy and the microbial community in the rhizosphere of planted soil microcosms was characterized at four plant growth stages using quantitative PCR and 16S rRNA gene pyrotag analysis and compared to that of unplanted bulk soil. The abundances of 16S rRNA genes in the rice rhizosphere were on average twice that of unplanted bulk soil, indicating a stimulation of microbial growth in the rhizosphere. Soil environment type (i.e., rhizosphere versus bulk soil) had a greater effect on the community structure than did time (e.g., plant growth stage). Numerous phyla were affected by the presence of rice plants, but the strongest effects were observed for Gemmatimonadetes, Proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia. With respect to functional groups of microorganisms, potential iron reducers (e.g., Geobacter, Anaeromyxobacter) and fermenters (e.g., Clostridiaceae, Opitutaceae) were notably enriched in the rhizosphere environment. A Herbaspirillum species was always more abundant in the rhizosphere than bulk soil and was enriched in the rhizosphere during the early stage of plant growth.
Plants influence the spatial structure in soil by the growth of their roots (Angers and Caron, 1998). Further, they shape the chemical composition of the rhizosphere and provide microbial growth substrates by rhizodeposition (Lynch and Whipps, 1990; Hirsch et al., 2013; Philippot et al., 2013). Depending on the plant species, between 20 and 50% of plant photosynthate is transported belowground (reviewed by Kuzyakov and Domanski, 2000), and an average of 17% is released to the soil environment (reviewed by Jones et al., 2009). In return for growth substrates, rhizosphere microorganisms benefit plants by providing nutrients, phytohormones, suppressing phytopathogens or increasing resilience to abiotic stress such as heat, high salt, or drought (Welbaum et al., 2004; van der Heijden et al., 2008; Yang et al., 2009; Mendes et al., 2011; Nihorimbere et al., 2011; Haney et al., 2015). The microbial community is also largely responsible for the decomposition of organic matter in soil (Kuzyakov, 2002), which has consequences for biogeochemical cycling, soil formation, soil fertility and atmospheric trace gas formation (Conrad, 1996; Hinsinger et al., 2009).
Various factors shape the microbial communities associated with plants. A detailed study of Arabidopsis thaliana indicated that the endophytic microbial community has relatively low diversity compared with the bulk soil and is similar in plants cultivated in geochemically distinct soils (Lundberg et al., 2012). This indicates that the plant selects specific microorganisms to colonize its tissues. The A. thaliana rhizosphere microbial community also differed from the bulk soil, but soil geochemistry played a larger role in shaping the community. The same was true for maize; the microbial community of the rhizosphere was distinct from the bulk soil, but more similar than the rhizosphere communities of plants grown in different soils (Peiffer et al., 2013). Whereas soil geochemistry appears to be the primary determinant of the rhizosphere community structure, plant species (Marschner et al., 2004), cultivar (Micallef et al., 2009b; Inceoğlu et al., 2010; Edwards et al., 2015) and growth stage (Micallef et al., 2009a; Chaparro et al., 2014; Sugiyama et al., 2014; Sun et al., 2014) have all been shown to have significant additional effects.
Rice differs from most crops in that it is typically cultivated in flooded soil, resulting in oxic and anoxic zones within the rice rhizosphere that select for specific physiological groups of microorganisms with either aerobic, anaerobic, or facultivative metabolism (Brune et al., 2000). Methanogenesis in the rhizosphere and bulk soil of rice fields results in high methane (CH4) production, with rice agriculture currently contributing ∼10% of the global CH4 budget (Conrad, 2009). The primary substrates for methanogens are acetate or H2 + CO2 produced from the breakdown of complex carbon by the microbial community, including fermenters and acetogens (McInerney et al., 2008). Approximately 60% of CH4 produced in rice fields originates from root exudates or decaying root material (Watanabe et al., 1999).
The microbial communities inhabiting the rice field ecosystem have been described previously. For instance, the microbes within the rice root interior, the rhizoplane and the rhizosphere have been analyzed (Edwards et al., 2015). In addition, the microbial communities in various zones, such as rhizosphere, anoxic bulk soil, and oxic surface soil have been reported (Großkopf et al., 1998; Lüdemann et al., 2000; Lu et al., 2004; Asakawa and Kimura, 2008; Breidenbach and Conrad, 2015; Lee et al., 2015). Further studies have investigated the rice phyllosphere microbial community by 16S rRNA pyrotag sequencing (Ren et al., 2014) as well as endophytic and rhizospheric communities with metagenomic and metaproteomic approaches (Knief et al., 2012). Experiments have identified the bacteria (Lu et al., 2006; Hernández et al., 2015) and archaea (Lu and Conrad, 2005; Zhu et al., 2014) that consume plant-derived carbon in the rhizosphere. Also, specific functional groups of microorganisms, such as methanogens (Ramakrishnan et al., 2001; Lee et al., 2014) and methanotrophs (Henckel et al., 1999; Eller and Frenzel, 2001; Ho et al., 2011; Lee et al., 2014), have been extensively analyzed in rice systems. However, none of these studies focused on the impact of the rice plant on the total microbial community and over several growth stages of rice.
The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which rice plants influence the microbial community in a rice field soil. Secondly, we aimed to determine if plant growth stage had an effect on the microbial community composition in the rhizosphere. The experiment was performed under greenhouse conditions to minimize confounding factors, and using a soil from Vercelli (Italy) with a long history of rice cultivation to avoid changes that could result in a soil that was not adapted to flooding or the growth of rice plants. Similarly, it was necessary to use the rice variety cultivated in the Vercelli rice fields, otherwise there could have been changes to the microbial community as a result of adaptation to an unfamiliar plant genotype (Edwards et al., 2015). The first sampling was past the initial dynamic phase after flooding in order to focus on the influence of the plant and not the effects of flooding. The analysis provides information on the difference between the rice rhizosphere and bulk soil microbial community across different plant growth stages showing how the rice plant shapes the microbial community composition in a mature rice field soil.
Materials and Methods
Microcosms and Incubations
Soil was sampled from rice fields at the Italian Rice Research Institute in Vercelli, air-dried and stored at room temperature until the start of the experiment. A detailed analysis of the physiochemical properties of the soil has been published previously (Pump and Conrad, 2014). Immediately prior to the establishment of microcosms, soil was sieved through a stainless steel screen (0.2 mm mesh) and 2.5 kg was added to opaque plastic pots (16 cm height, 17.5 cm diameter). The pots were flooded with deionized water 1 week before planting. Fertilizers included urea (CH4N2O, 45 g l-1) as nitrogen source, phosphorus (Na2HPO4⋅2H2O, 17 g l-1), potassium (KCl, 50 g l-1), and magnesium (MgSO4⋅7H2O, 2 g l-1). The phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium solutions were added at a ratio of 10 ml kg-1 soil 1 day before planting, whereas 5 ml kg-1 of the urea was added twice, 1 day before planting and after 14 days of plant growth. Rice seeds (Oryza sativa var. Koral) were also obtained from the Rice Research Institute in Vercelli, Italy. The rice seeds were treated with the fungicide Aatiram and germinated at 25°C and 75% humidity in a greenhouse. Three germinated rice seedlings were planted each in a total of 20 pots. A further five pots were left unplanted. The pots were incubated in a greenhouse at 25°C and 75% humidity with a 12 h light/dark cycle. Pots were watered daily to maintain approximately 3 cm water overlying the soil. Plant heights and tiller number were recorded weekly. Five planted pots were sacrificed after 34, 52, 62, and 90 days after planting (stages 1–4) and rhizosphere soil (planted pots), bulk soil (unplanted pots) and pore water were collected aseptically using sterilized equipment. Plants were extracted from the pots and shaken to remove large soil aggregates and adhering soil. The soil remaining attached on the roots was considered to be rhizosphere soil and was sampled using a sterile spatula. Samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C until further analysis. The water content of each soil was determined gravimetrically by drying subsamples at 60°C until they reached a constant weight.
Soil samples (100 g) were centrifuged for 10 min at 20,000 g and 4°C in 50-ml centrifuge tubes. The supernatant was filter sterilized using 0.2 μm acetate-free filters (GE Healthcare Life Science, Freiburg, Germany) and stored at -20°C until analysis. Organic acids were analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography [HPLC; pump S1000, oven S4110 (Sykam, Germany), sampler Jasco 851-AS Intelligent Sampler (JapanSpectroscopy Co. Ltd., Japan) with an Aminex HPX-87 H organic acid column (Bio-Rad, Germany)]. Technical specifications were as follows: 65°C oven temperature, 2 mM H2SO4 as eluent, 0.5 ml/min flow rate and a UV detector at 40°C. Inorganic ions including chloride, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, and sulfate were detected using ion chromatography [IC; pump S1121, sampler S5200 (Sykam); Bak et al., 1991]. Concentrations of organic acids and inorganic ions between the treatments were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s post hoc test in R version 3.02 (R Core Team, 2013).
Nucleic Acid Extraction
Soil DNA was extracted using the NucleoSpin® Soil Kit (Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany) following the manufacturer’s instructions. DNA concentration and purity were determined spectrophotometrically (NanoDrop Technologies, USA). All DNA samples had absorbance ratios of A260:A230 > 1.7 and A260:A280 > 1.8.
Real-Time Quantitative PCR
Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to quantify bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene copies using primers Ba519f/Ba907r (Stubner, 2002) and Ar364f/Ar934br (Burggraf et al., 1997; Großkopf et al., 1998) respectively. All reactions were set-up on ice with minimal light exposure. Each reaction included the following: 4 mM MgCl2, 0.01 μM fluorescein calibration dye (Bio-Rad), 0.625 U Jump StartTM TaqReadyMixTM, 0.60 μM of each primer, 1 μL template DNA. Standards containing known numbers of DNA copies of the target gene were serially diluted to serve as calibration curves. The qPCRs were performed on an iCycler thermocycler equipped with a MyiQ detection system (Bio-Rad, Munich, Germany). The following program was used for amplification of archaeal 16S rRNA gene copies: 94°C for 6 min, followed by 40 cycles of 94°C for 35 s, 66°C for 30 s and 72°C for 45 s. Fluorescence was measured after each cycle at a temperature of 86.5°C. A melting curve was performed from 75 to 95°C. The program for amplification of bacterial 16S rRNA gene copies was as follows: 94°C for 8 min, followed by 50 cycles of 94°C for 20 s, 50°C for 20 s, and 72°C for 50 s. A melting curve was performed from 75 to 95°C. Data analysis was performed using Bio-Rad IQ5 2.0 Standard Edition Optical System Software (Bio-Rad). A Kolmogoroff–Smirnoff test indicated that the qPCR data was normally distributed. Means of copy numbers between the treatments were compared using ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test in R version 3.0.2 (R Core Team, 2013).
16S rRNA Amplicon Pyrosequencing and Sequence Analysis
A total of 24 samples were chosen for amplicon pyrosequencing. Samples corresponded to three replicate microcosms chosen at random from each of the two treatments (rhizosphere, bulk soil) and the four sampling time points. The 16S rRNA genes of bacteria and archaea were targeted with primers F515 and R806 described previously (Bates et al., 2011). The forward primer was tagged with 6-base barcodes. Sequencing of the PCR products was performed at the Max Planck Genome Centre in Cologne using a Roche 454 Genome Sequencer GS FLX+. Data are available in the NCBI sequence read archive (SRA) with the accession number SRP057189.
Sequences were quality filtered and grouped into OTUs (97% identity) with the UPARSE pipeline (Edgar, 2013). A maximum expected error threshold of 0.5 was used and sequences were trimmed to 200 bp. Sequences were excluded if they contained mismatches to the forward primer, were shorter than 200 bp or contained ambiguities. Chimeras were removed using the UCHIME de novo algorithm. Representative sequences of OTUs were classified using the silva taxonomy and the Wang (naïve Bayesian classifier) method implemented in mothur version 1.31.2 (Schloss et al., 2009). Relative abundances of OTUs between samples were analyzed using the vegan package version 2.2-1 (Oksanen et al., 2013) in R version 3.0.2 (R Core Team, 2013).
Statistical Analyses and Data Exploration
Statistical analyses were performed using R version 3.0.2 (R Core Team, 2013). ANOVA and principal components analysis (PCA) were performed using package stats (R Core Team, 2013). Data was tested for normality before performing ANOVA. Linear regression models were calculated using the function lm within stats. Constrained correspondence analysis (CCA) was performed using the function cca in the vegan package (Oksanen et al., 2013). PCA was performed using the prcomp function of Hellinger distances (i.e., Euclidean distances of Hellinger transformed data) and the 50 OTUs contributing the largest absolute loadings in the first dimension were obtained from the rotation output file. A heatmap was prepared using the gplots package (Warnes et al., 2015); the samples were clustered with the hclust function using the ‘Ward’ method based on various distances/dissimilarities (Euclidean, Manhattan, Bray–Curtis) calculated with the vegdist function in the vegan package. Diversity analyses (Shannon index, coverage) were performed using the diversity calculators within the vegan package; the dataset was first randomly subsampled to 3699 sequences per sample using the rrarefy function in vegan. Differences in population structure were tested by ANOSIM (Clarke, 1993) based on Bray–Curtis dissimilarities within the vegan package. Differences between sites (rhizosphere versus bulk soil) or differences based on sampling time were examined.
Characterization of Soils in Microcosms
The determination of the growth stage was conducted by monitoring rice plant height and tiller number (Supplementary Figure S1). Four sampling time points were selected corresponding to stage 1 (day 34, early vegetative), stage 2 (day 52, late vegetative), stage 3 (day 62, reproductive), and stage 4 (day 90, maturity). Soil pore water analyses indicated that lactate, formate, acetate, chloride, and propionate concentrations were higher in the planted pots, but these differences were only statistically significant for chloride and propionate (Table 1). The concentrations of malate, nitrate, and sulfate were similar between rhizosphere (planted pots) and bulk soil (unplanted pots).
TABLE 1. Concentrations of organic acids and inorganic ions detected in the pore water of rhizosphere (planted) and bulk soil (unplanted) at stages 1–4, corresponding to days 34, 52, 62, and 90.
Bacterial and Archaeal 16S rRNA Abundance
The influence of the rice plant on the microbial community size was determined by qPCR assays targeting the bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene. Both bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA abundances were about twofold higher in rhizosphere (planted pots) than in soil from bulk soil (unplanted pots; Figure 1). Temporal changes were not detected in the bulk soil. The abundance of bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene copies decreased from stages 1 to 4, but this was not statistically significant (ANOVA, P > 0.05). The 16S rRNA gene copy numbers of bacteria were approximately 20 times larger than those of archaea.
FIGURE 1. Copy numbers of bacterial (A) and archaeal (B) 16S rRNA genes in rhizosphere (open bars) and bulk soil (filled bars) at different sampling times (days 34, 52, 62, 90); the average of the four sampling times is also shown. Asterisks indicate when the abundance in rhizosphere and bulk soil was different (ANOVA, P < 0.05). Error bars correspond to standard errors of means from replicate soil samples (n = 5).
Bacterial and Archaeal Diversity
Pyrosequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was performed to characterize the microbial communities. After processing and chimera removal, an average of 7300 sequences (±2500) were obtained for each sample. The sequences grouped into 8685 OTUs at 97% identity. Coverage was between 91 and 95% for each of the eight sample types (bulk soil and rhizosphere at four sampling times). Diversity indices were neither different between rhizosphere and bulk soils nor between sampling times.
The microbial communities separated by rhizosphere and bulk soil based on PCA of OTUs (97% 16S rRNA identity), indicating that there was a difference in the community composition (ANOSIM, R = 0.39, P = 0.001; Figure 2). Despite this clear separation, the first axis only explained 8.6% of the variance in the data, indicating that the relative abundance of most OTUs were similar between rhizosphere and bulk soils. There was no apparent clustering of rhizosphere samples based on plant growth stage or the corresponding sampling time in unplanted (bulk) soil microcosms. Sequences were classified and summarized by bacterial phylum, which did not show differences (ANOVA, P > 0.05) between rhizosphere and bulk soil samples (Supplementary Figure S2), indicating the overall composition of the community at low phylogenetic resolution did not change between these environments. CCA was performed to test the extent to which pore water data (Table 1) explained the community composition (Supplementary Figure S3). Only chloride was significant.
FIGURE 2. Principal component analysis (PCA) based on relative abundance of 16S rRNA gene OTUs. The ANOSIM statistic was applied to the ordinations to test for differences between rhizosphere (planted) and bulk (unplanted) soil communities, with corresponding R- and P-values shown.
A heatmap was constructed to depict the relative abundance of OTUs that best represent the dissimilarity between the microbial communities in rhizosphere versus bulk soil by selecting 50 with the largest loadings of the PCA. Among these 50 OTUs, 34 could be classified to family level or lower and are depicted in a heatmap (Figure 3); data for all 50 OTUs are provided in the supplement. The rhizosphere and bulk soil samples clustered independently with each of the distance/dissimilarity indices tested. ANOVA was used to test if their relative abundance between rhizosphere and bulk soil was significantly different. Most of the OTUs were significant, with some exceptions including several Cyanobacteria that were abundant in one rhizosphere sample in stage 2 (Figure 3). The rhizosphere soil contained a higher abundance of rice mitochondria and plastid 16S rRNA sequences. This was anticipated since root cells are sloughed-off into the rhizosphere, and therefore provides a confirmation of the ability of the analysis to detect differences between the rhizosphere and bulk soil communities. The Shannon diversity index for these 50 OTUs in rhizosphere was 3.08 ± 0.14 and 2.55 ± 0.25 for the bulk soil. Among these 50 OTUs, 42 had higher average relative abundance in rhizosphere than bulk soil and eight had higher abundance in bulk than rhizosphere soil (Supplementary data); given that the number of 16S rRNA genes was twofold larger in the rhizosphere than bulk soil, it is possible that even more than 42 of the OTUs were higher in rhizosphere soil based on absolute abundance.
FIGURE 3. Heatmap depicting the relative abundance of OTUs with greatest dissimilarity between rhizosphere and bulk soils. Clustering of samples is shown based on Manhattan distances and was similar using Bray–Curtis dissimilarity. OTUs were classified and only those that could be classified to order or lower were included. The sampling times (1–4) correspond to 34, 52, 62, and 90 days after planting. Asterisks indicate when the abundance of an OTU was different in rhizosphere and bulk soil (ANOVA, ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗P < 0.001).
Among the 42 OTUs that were enriched in rhizosphere soil, we aimed to determine if some were selected at a specific plant growth stage. The five OTUs with higher relative abundance in one stage compared with any other stage (ANOVA, P < 0.05) are depicted in a PCA analysis (Figure 4). OTU_15, corresponding to an uncultivated Herbaspirillum species, was the only OTU enriched in stage 1. There was a difference in relative abundance for OTU_15 between stages 1 and 4 (Tukey’s post hoc test). The other four OTUs were more abundant in stages 3 or 4 compared with stage 1. These corresponded to two Geobacter species (OTU_405, OTU_2955), one Anaerolineaceae (OTU_191) and one Alterococcus (OTU_178).
FIGURE 4. Principal component analysis depiction of the five OTUs identified to have different relative abundances between plant growth stages.
Although the PCA/heatmap provided hints as to which OTUs were differentially abundant between rhizosphere and bulk soil microcosms, we wanted to determine if this pattern could be seen for individual phyla alone. To determine this, OTUs were classified and separated into phylum-level groups, which were then analyzed individually by principal coordinates analysis (PCoA; Figure 5). When testing for differences between rhizosphere and bulk soil communities, the ANOSIM statistic was largest (R ≥ 0.5) for Gemmatimonadetes, Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia, indicating clear differences in community structure for these taxa. No difference was detected (R = 0) for the candidate phylum BRC1, or differences were not significant (P > 0.05) for Planctomycetes and Archaea. Differences in population structures based on growth stages were only significant for Firmicutes and Archaea, but in both cases there was overlap between the stages (Figure 5). Separate analyses of Bacillales and Clostridiales within the Firmicutes showed a difference in communities between bulk and rhizosphere soils for both classes, but the temporal pattern was only significant for Clostridiales (R = 0.18, P = 0.001). For Archaea, one cause of the temporal pattern was a higher relative abudance of Methanosarcina and Methanosaeta in stage 4 compared with the earlier sampling times, although this difference was not statistically significant. Linear models were used to test for correlations between Methanosarcina and Methanosaeta relative abundances with pore water data (Table 1). Among these, the only significant relationship was a positive correlation between Methanosarcina and formate concentration.
FIGURE 5. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of 16S rRNA gene OTUs assigned to major microbial phyla detected in Vercelli rice field soil. Bulk soil samples are depicted with filled symbols and rhizosphere samples with open symbols. The ANOSIM statistic was applied to the ordinations to test for differences between rhizosphere and bulk soil communities, with corresponding R- and P-values shown; the last two plots show the R- and P-values based on differences between sampling times for Firmicutes and Archaea respectively.
The rhizosphere is known as a compartment in the soil influenced by the plant and where organic matter is introduced via rhizodeposition and sloughed-off cells. Rhizodeposition by rice plants has been described (Aulakh et al., 2001; Wu et al., 2009) and shown to enhance microbial activity in the rhizosphere compared with bulk soil (Butler et al., 2003). Oxygen is also released from rice roots (Frenzel et al., 1992; Colmer and Pedersen, 2008) and serves as an electron acceptor for aerobic microorganisms and is likely to influence the microbial populations and the chemical transformations that occur. The volume and composition of organic molecules released from roots changes somewhat with rice plant growth stage (Aulakh et al., 2001), which in theory could also cause temporal shifts in the rhizosphere microbial community. Although not statistically significant, our data (Table 1) supports other studies that show the combined influence of the rice plant and the microorganisms in the rhizosphere act to modify the chemical composition of the soil environment. Most importantly, in this study we show the extent to which these changes occur in the rice rhizosphere and the degree to which growth stage influences the microbial community.
There were relatively few temporal changes in the microbial community either in bulk or rhizosphere soil. This is consistent with a previous study (Noll et al., 2005) of Vercelli rice field soil where changes in the bacterial community were observed only during the first 21 days after flooding. This initial phase is dominated by a succession of r-strategists that presumably consume readily available growth substrates, energy sources and high-redox potential electron acceptors (Noll et al., 2005; Shrestha et al., 2007). Interestingly in that study, a difference between the surface and subsurface soil was also not observed beyond day 21 (Noll et al., 2005). Another study also examined changes in a time-series within the first 2 weeks after planting (Edwards et al., 2015). Our first sampling time was 34 days after planting, equivalent to 41 days after flooding, and therefore well-beyond this initial dynamic phase. This was important for our experimental design as we could focus on the influence of the plant and not the effects of flooding.
Previous reports have shown that the difference in microbial communities between the bulk and rhizosphere soil of land plants is less than the difference between soils with different locations or geochemistry (Lundberg et al., 2012; Peiffer et al., 2013; Edwards et al., 2015). A study of rice field showed that the microbial communities clustered by soil depths, which affects oxygenation and redox potential, rather than by bulk and rhizosphere soil (Lee et al., 2015). We sampled only the soil adhered to the rice root or unplanted bulk soil below the oxygen diffusion zone, therefore, making the comparison of rhizosphere and bulk soil communities more straightforward. Although there was a doubling of the bacterial community in the rhizosphere as determined by qPCR targeting bacteria 16S rRNA genes, there was no significant difference in the relative abundance at the phylum level. This indicates that the changes in relative abundance was not restricted to a small number of taxa within a limited number of phyla, otherwise the relative abundance of the stimulated phyla would have increased and unresponsive phyla would have decreased relative to the bulk soil. This was confirmed by the separate analysis of phylum-level microbial populations, which showed that with the exception of candidate division BRC1, Planctomycetes and Archaea, all the community structures of individual phyla were distinct between rhizosphere and bulk soil. Therefore, the rice plant restructured nearly all the phylum-level microbial groups, which can explain the doubling of bacterial abundance in the rhizosphere soil.
The absolute abundance of Archaea, like Bacteria, was on average more than twofold greater in rhizosphere than bulk soil, but the archaeal community composition based on relative abundance of OTUs was not significantly shaped by these locations. As discussed above, an increase in the absolute abundance of a group without a change in the relative abundance of the individual OTUs would indicate an equal stimulation of all taxa, which appeared to be the case of Archaea in our experimental system. Studies have shown that archaeal communities are relatively stable once established and are resistant to environmental perturbation, such as drainage (Krüger et al., 2005; Watanabe et al., 2006; Scavino Fernandez et al., 2013; Breidenbach and Conrad, 2015), or oxygenation in the case of strict anaerobes (Yuan et al., 2009). Methanogens such as Methanosarcinaceae and Methanocellaceae possess various genes encoding for oxygen detoxifying enzymes (Erkel et al., 2006; Angel et al., 2011) thus probably allowing them to survive exposure to oxygen in the rhizosphere. Another study has proposed Methanosaetaceae to tolerate oxygen better than previously believed (Brandt et al., 2015). The lower abundance of Archaea in the bulk soil compared with rhizosphere might be a reflection of energy or carbon limitation in the absence of rice plants. Our current hypothesis is that the relative abundance of Archaea in Vercelli rice field soil is shaped by their growth in the rhizosphere, and that archaeal OTUs respond proportionally to carbon or energy limitation. Whereas the community is relatively stable, their activity is likely to fluctuate. For example, studies have shown that mcrA gene expression in methanogens varies during rice plant development (Lee et al., 2014), after exposure to oxygen (Yuan et al., 2009) or at different times of the day in the rice rhizosphere (Xu et al., 2012), but under most of these conditions there was no change in methanogen numbers.
We also identified specific OTUs that had different relative abundance between rhizosphere and bulk soil. Three OTUs corresponding to each of Geobacter and Anaeromyxobacter were significantly more abundant in the rhizosphere. Both these genera have been shown to be important iron reducers in Vercelli soil (Hori et al., 2010). Hori et al. (2010) specifically showed that they use acetate as a carbon source and oxidized iron, in the form of either ferrihydrite or goethite, as an electron acceptor. They also identified uncultivated Rhodocyclaceae that grew in the presence of goethite, which might also explain the higher abundance of Rhodocyclaceae in rhizosphere soil in our experiment. Iron reduction can be sustained in the rice rhizosphere by the exudation of acetate by roots and the chemical or biological oxidation of reduced iron (Conrad and Frenzel, 2002). The rhizosphere also contained higher relative abundances of Opitutus and Clostridia OTUs. These are well known as anaerobes with fermentative metabolism (Andreesen and Schaupp, 1973; Chin et al., 2001) and OTUs belonging to both these genera were identified consumers of plant-derived carbon in the rice rhizosphere of Vercelli soil (Hernández et al., 2015).
Compared with the difference between bulk and rhizosphere soil, there was only a relatively minor effect of plant growth stage on the microbial community composition. The ANOSIM analysis showed significant temporal patterns for Firmicutes and Archaea only, and both demonstrated high overlap between the sampling stages. This temporal pattern of Firmicutes was restricted to Clostridiales, which are known fermenters of plant material in flooded soil (Rui et al., 2009). Previous studies in rice field soil has shown them to be among the first to proliferate after flooding (Noll et al., 2005; Rui et al., 2009). The difference in the composition of Firmicutes between bulk and rhizosphere soil was still slightly stronger than the temporal differences. In contrast, we observed a difference in archaeal community composition only with time and not between bulk and rhizosphere soils. In other words, although the rice plants caused a doubling of the Archaea in the rhizosphere compared with the bulk soil, their community composition was influenced more by time after flooding than by the rice plant. Previous studies of methanogens, which are the dominant Archaea in Vercelli soil, have shown their activity to change with time after flooding (Yao and Conrad, 1999; Yao et al., 1999). This temporal effect is controlled or influenced by a variety of factors, including the presence of high potential inorganic electron acceptors and the availability of degradable organic substrates (Conrad and Frenzel, 2002).
We were interested in identifying OTUs enriched in the rhizosphere at one of the plant growth stages. OTU_15, corresponding to a Herbaspirillum species, was the only OTU identified as enriched in stage 1. Many Herbaspirillum have been identified as endophytic plant growth promoting bacteria (Elbeltagy et al., 2001; Rothballer et al., 2008). Baldani et al. (2000) identified Herbaspirillum seropedicae strains that could provide up to 54% of rice seedling nitrogen. Another study showed that phosphate-solubilizing Herbaspirillum strains could provide further rice plant growth enhancement under certain conditions (Estrada et al., 2013) and may have other plant growth promoting mechanisms. More research is needed to determine how beneficial strains of Herbaspirillum could be enriched within the rhizosphere and endosphere early during plant development and how this might be used to decrease fertilization requirements.
Finally, there were four OTUs identified as being significantly enriched in the late growth stage 4. Two of the OTUs corresponded to Geobacter. As discussed above, Geobacter are known iron reducers that consume plant carbon in the rice rhizosphere (Hori et al., 2010; Hernández et al., 2015). Their activity is of particular importance since it consumes organic substrates that could otherwise be converted to CH4, and studies have shown that the addition of oxidized iron decreases methanogenesis in rice field soil (Achtnich et al., 1995; Chidthaisong and Conrad, 2000; Jäckel et al., 2005). CH4 released to the atmosphere from rice fields is a global concern (Bodelier, 2015), and understanding how the abundance and activity of Geobacter can be enhanced in the rice rhizosphere might lead to strategies for decreasing methanogenesis.
This study showed that rice plants have a extensive effect on the microbial community composition, which was detectable across all bacterial phyla except BRC-1 and Planctomycetes. The majority of the OTUs with a significant response had higher relative abundance in the rhizosphere compared with bulk soil. Although the differences in relative anbundance of OTUs between bulk and rhizosphere were moderate (maximum ∼5-fold), it shows how the rice plant shapes and maintains the microbial community composition in rice field soil. The archaeal community composition did not change between bulk soil and rhizosphere despite an increased abundance in the latter, suggesting that their community composition is relatively stable in Vercelli rice field soil. Future studies should focus on understanding how specific microbial species, such as Herbaspirillum and Geobacter, are enriched in the rhizosphere at different growth stages and whether this involves plant signaling mechanisms (Hassan and Mathesius, 2012). Strategies to enhance the activity of these microorganisms might decrease fertilization requirements or lead to a mitigation in greenhouse gas formation, both of which are priorities for rice agriculture.
BB designed and performed experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript. JP provided reagents and designed and performed experiments. MD designed the experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
We thank Dr. Elisabetta Lupotto (CRA-RIS, Vercelli, Italy) for providing rice seeds and soil. BB was financially supported the German Research Foundation (DFG) for funding (FOR 1701, “Introducing Non-Flooded Crops in Rice-Dominated Landscapes: Impacts on Carbon, Nitrogen and Water Cycles [ICON].” JP was financially supported by the Research Center for Synthetic Microbiology (‘Synmikro’) of the Landes-Offensive zur Entwicklungwissenschaftlich-ökonomischer Exzellenz (LOEWE).
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01537
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Yao, H., and Conrad, R. (1999). Thermodynamics of methane production in different rice paddy soils from China, the Philippines and Italy. Soil Biol. Biochem. 31, 463–473. doi: 10.1016/S0038-0717(98)00152-7
Yao, H., Conrad, R., Wassmann, R., and Neue, H. U. (1999). Effect of soil characteristics on sequential reduction and methane production in sixteen rice paddy soils from China, the Philippines, and Italy. Biogeochemistry 47, 269–295. doi: 10.1023/A:1006186420644
Zhu, W., Lu, H., Hill, J., Guo, X., Wang, H., and Wu, W. (2014). 13C pulse-chase labeling comparative assessment of the active methanogenic archaeal community composition in the transgenic and nontransgenic parental rice rhizospheres. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 87, 746–756. doi: 10.1111/1574-6941.12261
Keywords: Oryza sativa, rhizosphere, community ecology, bacteria, Archaea, Herbaspirillum, plant growth stage
Citation: Breidenbach B, Pump J and Dumont MG (2016) Microbial Community Structure in the Rhizosphere of Rice Plants. Front. Microbiol. 6:1537. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01537
Received: 28 September 2015; Accepted: 21 December 2015;
Published: 13 January 2016.
Edited by:Paul Bodelier, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Netherlands
Reviewed by:Zhongjun Jia, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Sascha M. B. Krause, University of Washington, USA
Copyright © 2016 Breidenbach, Pump and Dumont. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Marc G. Dumont, firstname.lastname@example.org
†Present address: Marc G. Dumont, Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK

domain: agronomy


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Today’s Challenge: Realize that sometimes it’s just not a good idea to talk.
Monday I had a full day of stressful work, and I didn’t even get to the halfway mark when my man came home. He came in all chipper and said, “I gave you the whole day to work. You must be all caught up now. You have to feel great!” Of course that’s not how I was feeling at all. I was disappointed in myself for not achieving my goal, I was fighting a headache, and I was stressed. He asked me about my day and as I started to tell him, I could feel my tension building. I was becoming angry for no real reason, and I felt like I was angry at him. But then suddenly my gut told me to stop talking. “… Honey, I really don’t want to talk about work tonight.” And he said, “I don’t either.” We quickly merged into talking about other things, holding hands, and enjoying the rest of the night. It’s funny how I could have been a big crab-ass that night, but by me just listening to my gut, and deciding not to share my day, I had a wonderful night with my man. 🙂

domain: psychology


Downing Property Finance unveils sustainability-driven developer rebates
Downing Property Finance, bolstered by securing £75 million in sustainable funding support from HSBC, is pleased to introduce sustainability-linked loans tailored for property developers.
This specialised loan product places a strong emphasis on rewarding developers who champion more sustainable building practices.
Eligible development loans will unlock interest rebates, ranging from 25 basis points to 100 basis points on drawn funds.
The Downing team will collaborate closely with developers from the outset, conducting a transparent assessment grounded in vital sustainability criteria.
These factors encompass waste and water management, embodied and operational carbon reduction, and energy efficiency.
Transparency remains paramount throughout the process, as Downing actively engages with developers to identify areas of enhancement that will lead to increased rebates.
Upon the project’s practical completion, an independent specialist will assess compliance with sustainability objectives, ensuring accountability and transparency in the implementation.
Parik Chandra, Partner and Head of Specialist Lending at Downing LLP, said:
“We firmly believe that our sustainable loan product represents one of the most compelling incentives driving sustainable innovation within the construction industry.
Furthermore, it aligns with the evolving preferences of end buyers who increasingly prioritise energy efficiency in residential schemes.
Downing Property Finance takes pride in delivering this initiative, empowering property developers to embrace sustainability, reduce environmental impact, and create appealing, energy-efficient residential projects that cater to the discerning preferences of today’s homebuyers”.


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Your login works with all Adventure Projects sites
We're part of the REI Co-op family,
where a life outdoors is a life well lived.
What kind of camera and what photos to claim.
PowerShot, dick pics
There are now
dick pics, really??? it's a climber, at least take a picture of your nuts. or maybe some really old rack.

domain: hobby


Nurtured with Love, Our Fluffy Cashmere Knitwear
Wash it yourself, deepen your attachment. It will conform to your body even more.
Our Angel Stole from UTO, as its name suggests, is as light and soft as an angel, a product we take great pride in. Back in 1992, when our company was founded, we engaged in countless trials with our craftsmen to create an impeccably soft and fluffy knit. The result was this stole, which has become my most cherished item in winter.
As winter arrives, this Angel Stole becomes an everyday necessity. But using the same item every day can feel mundane, so I rotate between several stoles. During the season, I wash them 2-3 times, but never send them to the cleaners. My wife carefully washes them using the delicate mode of our washing machine, using commercial detergent and softener. The machine takes care of everything up to the final spin, so it doesn't require any special efforts.
Moreover, part of the reason I wash the stole myself is to perform a practical test on UTO's products. I wash my cashmere sweaters in the washing machine as well and observe how they change. Since UTO's cashmere knitwear is designed not to shrink when washed, we reassure our customers by saying, 'We recommend washing UTO's cashmere knitwear at home.'
During a recent conversation with a customer about washing, I recommended she try washing at home, but she seemed unsure. When I showed her my Angel Stole that I have been using for over 10 years and has slightly changed its shape due to frequent washing, she was surprised and said, 'Wow! Even though the Angel Stoles in the store are very soft, this one has become even softer!'
Impressed by my daily used and home-washed stole, she decided to make a purchase, exclaiming, 'I never imagined it could become so fluffy!' Since then, whenever customers in our Aoyama, Tokyo store purchase an Angel Stole, UTO staff show them my own stole.
When washing the Angel series at home, we recommend folding it and placing it in a laundry net to maintain its shape. Please give it a try.


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On a chilly fall Tuesday night, UW-Madison students and community members gathered at Memorial Union for a haunted campus walking tour, put on as part of Wisconsin Union Directorate's Shriek Week.
I've always loved the spooky part of Halloween,"" said Madisson Delaney, a UW-Madison freshman. ""I heard 'ghost stories' and I was up for it.""
Hoofer Council President Kyle Olsen, whose organization coordinated the events, said he expected a great success.
Elise Gorchels, vice president of Salty Trips for Hoofers SCUBA, guided the tour. Eager for some eerie tales, the group zipped their coats and trekked up Bascom Hill to the first stop, North Hall.
Built in 1851, North Hall is the university's oldest building.
In 1889, stories circulated about an eerie figure roaming through the building's halls. After fielding students' concerns, university President John Bascom formed a committee to tackle the issue. The poltergeist, it turns out, was nothing more than a white sheet draped over a student.
Today, people report seeing a well-dressed man walking the halls alone or standing next to a custodian. Sources claim it is the spirit of a political science professor who died of a heart attack in 1956.
Honest Abe guards the doors of this old building. According to Golchels, two men - William Nelson, who died of typhoid fever, and Samuel Warren, who died of a lightning bolt strike while constructing the Capitol - were buried beneath the statue.
Although construction surrounding Abe prevented a peek Tuesday, Golchels said two brass markers signify the graves of the two men.
""If any of you have ever heard of any stories about the university being haunted, it has probably been about Science Hall,"" Golchels said.
It has a bit of a morbid history. Bodies were moved from the loading zone to the attic - which housed a cadaver lab - using a pulley system, Golchels said.
Objects are often moved around and eerie noises are heard throughout the building.
""Typical, creepy ghost stuff,"" she said.
In 1974, someone supposedly found a foot and human leg bones in the attic. Golchels said sources were not sure how they got there.

domain: news


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Robert Packer Hospital
Robert Packer Hospital is a drug and alcohol rehab facility found at 1 Guthrie Square in Sayre, Pennsylvania. They can be contacted at 570-888-6666 x5120.
The program uses major treatment approaches of Individual Addiction Therapy, Group Psychotherapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.
Robert Packer Hospital also provides clients with a number of special programs tailored to the specific requirements of people, such as: Addiction Treatment for Persons with Co-Occurring Mental and Substance Use Disorders, Addiction Treatment for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Or Transgender (LGBT) Clients. Robert Packer Hospital also accepts the following types of payment: Self or Cash Payment, Medicaid Insurance, Medicare Coverage, Private Insurance Treatment Coverage, Military Insurance for Drug Rehab.
We can help you find the right treatment facility that best fits your overall needs and financial requirements.


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Dr. Manpreet K Ghuman has a medical practice at 5401 Old York Rd Klein Bldg, Philadelphia, PA. Dr. Manpreet K Ghuman specializes in optometry and has over 6 years of experience in the field of medicine. She is affiliated with numerous hospitals, including Albert Einstein Medical Center (PA) and more. New patients are welcome to contact Dr. Manpreet's office in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Please call (215) 456 7150 or go to the doctor's office to know doctor's practice, includes clinics, staff, opening hours and medical advice or to make an appointment online.
Dr. Manpreet practice address, contact phone number and fax are as below. Check locations where Dr. Manpreet practices near Philadelphia, PA for appointment.
Dr. Manpreet K Ghuman has been identified as specializing in optometry and has been in practice for more than 6 years.
Doctors can have one or more medical licenses for different specialities in Pennsylvania or different states. Related medical licenses for Dr. Manpreet K Ghuman are as mentioned below:
What is Optometrist?
Doctors of optometry (ODs) are the primary health care professionals for the eye. Optometrists examine, diagnose, treat, and manage diseases, injuries, and disorders of the visual system, the eye, and associated structures as well as identify related sys... [View more]
Dr. Manpreet K Ghuman is professionally affiliated with the following hospitals in Philadelphia area and more:
An affiliated hospital is a hospital where a doctor can practice and admit patients. Affiliation usually means doctors can admit patients to a hospital.
This doctor has multiple office locations in Pennsylvania and more. See office information for details.
Please call Dr. Manpreet at (215) 456 7150 to schedule an appointment in Philadelphia PA or get more information.
If your insurance plan is accepted and have any questions regarding your insurance, please visit the office location or contact to get information about insurances provided by this doctor.
Tell us about your experience by posting a comment or review about Dr. Manpreet in Philadelphia PA to help others decide which doctor is right for them.

domain: medical


text:
The purpose of this investigation is to explore water’s different states and how they influence climate. You will learn about the difference between weather and climate, and how irregular weather offers clues about what to expect in the future. You will learn to explain the greenhouse effect, convert between different temperature scales, research safe CO2 levels in the atmosphere, and examine the visual images and global impact of receding glaciers. You will go outside to observe and classify different cloud formations and use your observations to predict upcoming weather. You will close your Mastery Project by creating a weather forecast for a chosen city or region around the world 50 years from today, and presented your findings in a video.
From empty abandoned plots to parking lots, community gardens are popping up everywhere. In this project, you’ll explore how to plan and plant a successful garden by learning about healthy ecosystems, conducting a soil fertility test, and designing a garden that will feed both your stomach and your community. Investigate the challenges and rewards of growing your own food through Community Garden.


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Orange County Criminal Defense Lawyer
Here’s a revelation that may surprise you. Many people are sentenced to jail, but many of them never step one foot into a jail cell.
There are laws that allow for defendants to complete their jail time in alternative programs. The Law Offices of Stull & Stull are experts in finding alternatives to incarceration. Many of our clients are business people and / or have families and other serious commitments, and cannot afford to be taken into custody. Our office works hard to explore and use every possible alternative for them, thus often avoiding actual jail time. The following are a list of alternatives to being incarcerated or taken into custody.
Home Electronic Confinement
Home electronic confinement can be arranged by either the probation department or a private company. This type of sentencing requires a person to remain at home, but at the same time, allows you to continue the activities which are necessary to your well-being and existence (such as attending work, school, Dr. appointments, attorney, court or DMV appearances, shop for necessities, care for your children and / or provide necessary care for a loved one who may be ill or otherwise unable to care for themselves). There is usually a nominal cost that is associated with the program.
Many people who are sentenced to jail time, end up doing CalTrans work. CalTrans is a work crew that you may see when you are driving down the freeways of California. They are a group of people (usually dressed in orange vests) who are appointed through the courts to keep the freeway areas clear and clean of trash and other debris. They are also involved in various other state improvement projects, as ordered by the program. You receive credit for your work on the crew to satisfy your jail time commitment.
Community Service Work
Each court has a separate office responsible for assigning community service work to individuals who are approved by the prosecutor and judge to perform duties to assist various organizations within the community (in lieu of jail time). 8 hours of community service basically converts to 1 hour of jail time. This is an excellent alternative, as some defendant’s believe that their community service work is much more needed and worthwhile to the community, rather than simply sitting behind bars in jail.
Private Jail / Work Furlough
In some instances, where the judge requires that you serve actual jail time, many people choose to serve their sentence in a private jail facility. This alternative can be somewhat costly, however, in a private jail, there are many instances where you can get work furlough privileges. Work furlough privileges means that during the day you are allowed to go out and work at your regular job and after work, you are required to spend the remainder of the evening back in the private jail. While you do remain incarcerated, this option does allow you to still keep your job.
Sober Living Programs
Some clients that are convicted and sentenced to jail time as a result of a drug or alcohol related charge want to be productive in the time that they spend while incarcerated. County jail does not afford very many programs that assist individuals in becoming sober or help with a drug related problem. As an alternative, the Law Offices of Stull & Stull has many contacts with drug and alcohol rehabilitation programs.
These programs are allowed by law to credit, day for day for time spent in the program. The individual in this program is required to spend their evenings and stay in the program, which does include regular drug and alcohol testing as well as other types of monitoring to ensure you are in fact complying with the program requirements.
In some programs, you are allowed to go out and work during the day at your regular job as a part of your rehabilitation, providing of course, that you remain in and comply with the program’s requirements. But it takes a skilled legal team to help you make the case for this kind of treatment.

domain: law


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Your wait for an ideal end of the week escape close to Mumbai is over. Weekend Feels bring you Alibag Camping. Alibaug beach is perfect, uncrowded and peaceful, making it ideal for beach camping. The clear water and pristine sand of the beach set the mood of mind for unwinding. If laying back on hammocks isn't your style, you can go through your day by participating in water sports, playing beach volleyball or simply getting a dip in the water. The evening time is awesome. You can see the star-filled sky, light up a bonfire, take a shot at BBQ and simply chill with your friends.
4.9 841 RATINGS
If you are searching for an incredible camping experience in Maharashtra, look no further than Alibaug camping. It is one of the most popular camping spots in the state, with stunningly beautiful beaches and lush forests nearby. Alibaug is a small fishing village located in the state of Maharashtra, India. It's known for its beaches, which are perfect for swimming, sunbathing, and taking in the area's natural beauty. If you're looking for a relaxing getaway, Alibag is worth checking out!
Alibaug beach camping is a popular tourist destination in Maharashtra, India. It is located in the state's North Western region, about 160km from Panaji. Alibag is a beach town with a long coastline and crystal clear waters. Alibag Camping allows visitors to enjoy the natural beauty of the area while staying close to all the town's activities. The camping grounds are on either side of the Alibag creek, next to pristine beaches and stunningly clear waters.
Several campsites are available in beach camping in Alibaug for travelers, each with unique features and amenities. Some camps offer tents only, while others provide a range of accommodation options such as tents, cottages, chalets, and bungalows. You can also choose to stay in fully furnished cabins with all the necessary amenities such as kitchens, bathrooms, and living rooms.
The best time to visit Alibaug camping is during the late winter or early spring months once the climate is mild and there is plenty of sunshine. If you are looking for an outdoor adventure that will leave you feeling refreshed and relaxed.
Alibaug is one of the most famous spots in Maharashtra. The stunning beaches and crystal clear waters are a favorite among tourists, but what makes Alibag so unique is the vibe and the people. The locals are friendly and welcoming, and there's always something happening in the town. If you're searching for an ideal vacation spot to relax and rejuvenate, Alibaug is worth a visit.
If you're looking for an excellent getaway spot in Goa, look no further than revdanda beach camping in Alibaug. This charming seaside town is a perfect place to enjoy and relax the stunning views of the Arabian Sea. And plenty of activities are available if you're looking for something to do while you're in Alibag. Here are just a few suggestions:
1. Kayak or sail on the beautiful Arabian Sea – The waves are perfect for beginners and experienced paddlers alike, so why not try? There are also several rental operators in Alibag that can help you out.
2. Explore the nearby villages – Alibaug is located on the southern edge, so head out to explore the local villages if you're interested in checking them out. You'll be able to find lots of intriguing little shops and restaurants along the way.
3. Taste some of Maharashtra's best food – If you're feeling hungry in Alibaug, don't skip out on some of the region's excellent food. Head to one of the famous restaurants and experience some truly delicious dishes!
Alibaug is a picturesque coastal town in Maharashtra, India. It is located about 20 kilometers north of the state capital, Panaji. Alibag is known for its white-sand beaches and crystal-clear waters. The town also has several attractions, including churches, temples, and archaeological sites. Some popular tourist spots in Alibaug include the lighthouse, the Gandhi statue, and the Sri Krishna temple.
Alibag camping is easily accessible from Maharashtra, and the nearest airport is at Panjim; from there, one can get buses to Alibaug. One can also hire a cab or a motorcycle.
If you're looking for an outstanding camping experience in Maharashtra, Alibag Camping is the place to be! With stunningly clear waters and plenty of natural sites, it's no wonder this place is so popular with campers. Just a few minutes from Maharashtra's famous beaches, Alibag Camping offers everything you need to have a great time outdoors. You can book a tour today with Sea Water Sports and enjoy all the great attractions this place offers!
Alibaug night Camping is the best way to get in touch with nature and relax. There are many different camping sites in Maharashtra, each with unique features. If you plan to camp in the state, check out the Alibag camping site. Located on the banks of the River, the Alibag camping site is one of the most picturesque spots in Maharashtra.
There are several different campsites at Alibaug: open campsites with no privacy fences, semi-open campsites with some privacy fencing, and private campsites. The remote camps are the best option if you want some peace and privacy. You can also choose to stay in one of the four cottages available on the site.
If you're looking for an adrenaline-pumping camping experience, camp in Alibaug is the place to be. Situated on the banks of the River Mandovi, this coastal town is known for its white-sand beaches and clear waters. It's also home to some of Maharashtra's most popular camping spots.
Paradise beach camping Alibaug offers visitors a wide range of activities, from hiking and cycling to kayaking and fishing. The surrounding areas are also rich in history and culture, with many exciting temples and monuments to explore. Don't forget to indulge in some delicious Alibag food there – the seafood is especially worth trying out!
You are in luck if you find the best camping spots in Alibaug. Here are some of the best places to camp in Alibag:
1) Drakshar Lake Campsite: This campsite is located on Drakshar Lake and offers stunning views of the lake and the surrounding hills. Several camps are available, each with its private toilet and shower facilities.
2) Taloja Campsite: Just a short walk from the town center, this campsite offers a quiet environment and plenty of opportunities to explore nearby villages. There are several tent sites and several portable toilets available.
3) Gogte Falls Campsite: Ideal for families, this campsite features two large swimming pools, a playground, BBQ facilities, and ample storage space for your camping gear. A grocery store is nearby if you need supplies while camping in Alibag.
4) Borivali National Park Campsite: Set amidst dense forests and rushing waterfalls, this campsite is perfect for nature enthusiasts. There are many tent sites available, as well as a campfire site.
Regarding packing for your Alibaug camping booking or trip, there are a few things to keep in mind. Since the trip is in the hot summer months, pack plenty of sunscreen and insect repellent. Also, bring enough clothes and toiletry items to stay comfortable during your stay. And finally, pack your camping gear in a sturdy backpack so you can easily transport it all back home once you're done!
If you're thinking of spending a weekend camping in Alibag, here are a few things to get set camp Alibaug :
-The beach is the place to be - plenty of sand and shallow waters are perfect for swimming and playing.
-However, if you're looking for an adventure, you'll want to head into the jungle. There are also plenty of trails to pursue and wildlife to spot, including monkeys, deer, and peacocks.
-There are also several beaches nearby where you can relax with a refreshing drink or indulge in some delicious seafood.
If you're planning to stay in a tent house in Alibaug, here are some tips to help make your experience as stress-free and fun as possible:
1. Do your research - there are many options for camping in Alibag, so be sure to read up on what's available before making any decisions.
2. Bring plenty of water - dehydration is a danger when camping in hot weather, so ensure you bring enough water.
3. Make sure your gear is ready - ensure all your equipment is adequately packed and ready to go before you set off. It will help prevent any delays or issues during your trip.
4. Be respectful of the environment - while camping in the Alibaug tent, be mindful of the natural resources around you. Keep noise levels down, and do not litter or damage any environmental features.
If you are planning to for the campings in Maharashtra, then here’s an endless list of camping. Right from Forest Camping in Maharashtra, Riverside Camping in Maharashtra, Moksh Mantra Overnight Camping, Camping at Kashid Beach, Pawna Lake Camping, Pune Camping and so on.
If you're looking for a fantastic camping experience in Maharashtra, Alibag is the place to go. With stunning beaches and crystal clear waters, there's never a dull moment when the best beach camping in Alibag. The only downside is that staying there can be pretty pricey, but it's worth every penny if you're looking for a truly unique camping experience.
The sea breeze combined with the feeling at our camping area bends over the pleasant remainder. Calm your soul and brain with the astounding views of the sunset over the sea whenever you benefit yourself from the shot at camping in Alibaug. Camping in Alibaug is certainly an astonishing method to spend a tranquil escape from the city and on a secluded part of the coastline with your dear ones. Beach Camping in Alibaug is situated only 14km from Alibaug main bus stand and 30km from Mandwa Jetty point.
Participate in the entrancing view of the sunset past the huge Arabian sea directly from your camping area and relieve your spirit. This spot is an ideal combination of the sand, sun, and mesmerizing beaches. It is the best spot to appreciate thrilling beach camping in Alibaug. The beaches here are lined by the palms, betel, Casuarina and Suru trees. The point of view on the Arabian Sea further adds to the greatness and quietness of the spot. In case you are searching for ways to invest some energy away from the city, on a confined part of the coastline, you ought to consider a week's end getaway to Camping in Alibaug. Camping here can be incredible fun. You can prepare your meal, share a few memories or even phantom stories around a bonfire, enjoy some recreational indoor-outdoor, and section to your favourite music beats.
While you camp here, you can likewise take off to Kolaba fort for an outdated historical tour, the Murud-Janjira Fort for its special engineering work over an Island. The camping site additionally has not many shops close from where you can gather souvenirs like the popular Raigad bazaar. The most amazing aspect of camping here is in the event that you're a wildlife lover, and you can go to Kanakeshwar Forest for some wilderness. The spot has rich flora and fauna, including few rare birds and wild crows. Assuming you're a fruitholic, visit the Vrindavan Farm spread more than 30 acres of land. Alibaug has much more for all sorts of explorers here, so the ideal way to explore here is through setting up camp in Alibaug, searching for the ideal alternative for beach camping close to Mumbai? Look no further! Situated around 13 km in front of Alibaug, Nagaon beach is perfect, uncrowded and quiet, making it ideal for beach camping in Alibaug. The clear water and perfect sand of the beach set the mood for unwinding.
The evening is awesome. You can see the star-filled sky, take a shot at BBQ while paying attention to the beach sound. The ocean breeze combined with the feel at our campsite bends over the fun quotient. Forget sugar, spice and everything nice. Sun sand and stars are the ideal mixes that consistently exist. Everybody needs a weekend escape that they can love for the rest of their lives, So why settle for less. So how about we head together towards each Mumbaikar's go-to escape, "Alibaug". Brace yourselves for a remedial camping experience which is our Beach camp. In the setting, you will be nestled by the Beachside camp view, which makes the campground simply staggering. Head to join those arrangements of individuals who are searching for sea shore-side camping nights under the stars.
Participate in the dusk on the beachside, celebrating close to the bonfire and star-looking the sky for the duration of the night. Revdanda Beach is blessed with harmony and peacefulness with a relaxing view. The camp will include Camping convenience, BBQ, Music, games, and limitless food. It is one of those spots that quickly gets rid of any stress that you may have on your trip and afterwards continues to make you fall in love with the beautiful landscape and nature that it's enclosed by. The weekend is for loosening up. That is all. Furthermore, Breathing View treats that in a serious way. So it sets up campsites in probably the most picturesque areas in Maharashtra. Perhaps the most intriguing camp that they set up is at the Revdanda beach in Alibaug.
Need to know what makes the site special? Well, first of all, the camp is set up on a delightful private section of the beach in Alibaug, right on the sands. They set up comfortable tents with gaddas, have appropriate food arranged. Rock Beach Side Movie Screening and Camping at Alibaug is an ideal activity that will clean you up. Resign the day other than a bonfire while encountering the film by the seashore and looking at the stars. We are masters in creating nights at truly flawless spots. Everybody cherishes the beach, correct? Life is acceptable if you get the opportunity to live the entire night on the beach under stars and twilight. It's Time to go camping at Alibaug beach camping and spending amicable camping. Create your own joy by joining our Alibaug camping. Collect moments, not things at Alibaug Camping.
Sea Water Sports is one of the leading watersports companies in India that will help you enjoy your holidays in the best possible way. We offer best deals of adventure activities at the best prices. So come, and have a wonderful time with your loved ones.
Actual activity location will be shared on your registered email address after booking.

domain: travel