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While Bergen-Belsen contained no gas chambers, an estimated 50,000 people died of starvation, overwork, disease, brutality and sadistic medical experiments. By April 1945, more than 60,000 prisoners were incarcerated in Belsen in two camps located 1.5 miles apart. Camp No. 2 was opened only a few weeks before the liberation on the site of a military hospital and barracks.
At the liberation of Dachau and its sub-camps in April 1945 about thirty percent of the camps inmates were Jewish. During its twelve –year existence Dachau was always a “political camp” , the political prisoners who had been there first and knew the conditions best, held most of the key positions in the so-called prisoners’ internal government, which had been established by the SS.
Among the key revelations in Crowe’s book: Oskar Schindler did not write out a list of people to save, he didn’t break down in tears because he thought he could have saved more people, and it is unlikely he experienced a defining moment, such as seeing a girl in a red coat, that led to his decision to save the lives of his Jewish workers. Steven Spielberg’s movie Schindler’s List, while important, impressive and admirable in many ways, took creative license on these and other issues.
The 40-year-old Eicke was a veteran of World War I who had earned the Iron Cross 2nd Class. After the war he became involved in police work but had lost various jobs because of his strong opposition to Germany's democratic republic. He joined the Nazi Party in December 1928 and was then taken into the SS. Himmler appointed him as a full SS colonel in November 1931. Four months later, he fled to Italy on Himmler's orders after being sentenced to jail for participating in Nazi political bombings. Himmler brought him back to Germany in February 1933. But more trouble occurred after Eicke clashed with a local Gauleiter who had him hauled off to a psychiatric clinic as a "dangerous lunatic." Himmler had him released from the psychiatric lock-up on June 26, then immediately handed him the task of running Dachau.
The British military authorities ordered the construction of a permanent memorial in September 1945 after having been lambasted by the press for the desolate state of the camp.:41 In the summer of 1946, a commission presented the design plan, which included the obelisk and memorial walls. The memorial was finally inaugurated in a large ceremony in November 1952, with the participation of Germany's president Theodor Heuss, who called on the Germans never to forget what had happened at Belsen.:41
Menachem Rosensaft's parents, Josef Rosensaft (1911-1971) and Hadassah Bimko (1910-1997), were important leaders of the DP community. Josef Rosensaft was born in Bedzin, Poland. He was deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau in April 1944, after a number of escapes from the Nazis. He ended up at Bergen Belsen two weeks before its liberation. After liberation, Josef remained at Bergen Belsen and served as Chairman of the Central Committee of the British Zone. In this position, he led all attempts to improve the lives of the Jewish survivors in the DP camps in British-occupied Germany. He possessed natural wisdom, a keen sense of justice and a fine sense of humor.
Georg Elser, who was imprisoned at Dachau as a suspect in the attempted assassination of Hitler on November 8, 1939, was allegedly shot around the time that an Allied bomb hit the camp on April 9, 1945 and his death was blamed on the bombing. General Charles Delestraint, a Dachau prisoner who had been the leader of the French Secret Army in the Resistance, was allegedly executed at Dachau on April 19, 1945, although no execution order from Berlin was ever found. Four female British SOE agents were also allegedly executed Dachau, although the execution order was never found.
"At this point, the young Teutonic lieutenant, Heinrich Skodzensky, emerges from the guard post and comes to attention before the American officer. The German is blond, handsome, perfumed, his boots glistening, his uniform well-tailored. He reports, as if he were on the military parade grounds near the Unter den Linden during an exercise, then very properly raising his arm he salutes with a very respectful "Heil Hitler!" and clicks his heels.
At the Bergen-Belsen camp, a sign had been put up outside the gate to warn the British liberators that there was typhus in the camp, but there was no sign at Dachau since there was no danger to the Americans who had all been vaccinated against typhus and other diseases before going overseas. The American liberators assumed that the emaciated bodies that they found piled up in the camp were the bodies of prisoners who had been deliberately starved to death.
Over the 12 years of use as a concentration camp, the Dachau administration recorded the intake of 206,206 prisoners and deaths of 31,951. Crematoria were constructed to dispose of the deceased. Visitors may now walk through the buildings and view the ovens used to cremate bodies, which hid the evidence of many deaths. It is claimed that in 1942, more than 3,166 prisoners in weakened condition were transported to Hartheim Castle near Linz, and were executed by poison gas because they were deemed unfit.:137
Dachau was liberated by American troops on April 29, 1945. Among their most-gruesome discoveries were railroad cars filled with Jewish prisoners who had died en route to the camp and had been left to decompose. American and British media coverage of Dachau and other newly liberated camps—which included photographs published in magazines and newsreel footage shown in cinemas—profoundly shaped the public’s understanding of the atrocities that had occurred.
At this point, we must remember that some survivors were unable to return to "normal" life after the trauma of the Holocaust. Among this group were survivors who committed suicide, survivors who experienced severe psychological scarring, survivors who were unable to marry or have children, and others who suffered from a host of problems after the Holocaust. What is remarkable is that these were the minority, and that most Holocaust survivors were able to bring a certain degree of order to their chaotic world.
Immediately after liberation, West European Jews who survived the Holocaust generally returned to their countries of origin. Holocaust survivors who tried to return to their homes in Eastern Europe faced many more difficulties. The Nazi destruction in the East had been all-encompassing. Many survivors, particularly in Eastern Europe, continued to encounter antisemitism when they returned to their communities. In some places survivors who had returned home met with violent hostility. In Kielce, 42 Jews who had survived the Holocaust were killed by local Poles in a pogrom on July 4, 1946.
The name Dachau became a household word for Americans following World War II. This was because it was the only major Nazi concentration camp in the American occupation zone in western Germany. Bergen-Belsen was in the British zone of occupation and Natzweiler was in the French zone. Buchenwald and Sachsenhausen were in the Soviet zone of occupation in eastern Germany and Mauthausen was in the Soviet zone of Austria.
When he learned what had happened, Schindler at first managed to secure the release of the men from the Gross-Rosen camp. He then proceeded to send his personal German secretary to Auschwitz to negotiate the release of the women. The latter managed to obtain the release of the Jewish women by promising to pay 7 RM daily per worker. This is the only recorded case in the history of the extermination camp that such a large group of people were allowed to leave alive while the gas chambers were still in operation.
After 1942, the number of prisoners regularly held at the camp continued to exceed 12,000. Dachau originally held Communists, leading Socialists and other “enemies of the state” in 1933, but over time the Nazis began to send German Jews to the camp. In the early years of imprisonment, Jews were offered permission to emigrate overseas if they “voluntarily” gave their property to enhance Hitler’s public treasury. Once Austria was annexed and Czechoslovakia was defeated, the citizens of both countries became the next prisoners at Dachau. In 1940, Dachau became filled with Polish prisoners, who constituted the majority of the prisoner population until Dachau was officially liberated.
Dachauers have accepted the fact that their town will always be reviled as the home of the best-known Nazi concentration camp, but they are sometimes resentful that the town of Dachau is always associated with Nazi atrocities. They refer to the town itself as "the other Dachau." They have pretty much given up trying to persuade tourists to visit the town, since the Holocaust is the only thing that attracts visitors to Dachau today.
The first Jewish prisoners came as known political opponents of the Nazis. At Dachau, as elsewhere, they received even worse treatment than the other prisoners. Gradually, more and more groups were arrested and brought to Dachau, Jehovah’s Witness, Gypsies, who like the Jews were classified as racially inferior, Clergymen who resisted the Nazi coercion of the churches and Homosexuals and many others who had been denounced for making critical remarks against the Nazi regime.
Being fully aware that Germany was about to be defeated in World War II, the SS invested its time in removing evidence of the crimes it committed in the concentration camps. They began destroying incriminating evidence in April 1945 and planned on murdering the prisoners using codenames "Wolke A-I" (Cloud A-1) and "Wolkenbrand" (Cloud fire). However, these plans were not carried out. In mid-April, plans to evacuate the camp started by sending prisoners toward Tyrol. On 26 April, over 10,000 prisoners were forced to leave the Dachau concentration camp on foot, in trains, or in trucks. The largest group of some 7,000 prisoners was driven southward on a foot-march lasting several days. More than 1,000 prisoners did not survive this march. The evacuation transports cost many thousands of prisoners their lives.
The government defined a Jewish person as someone with three or four Jewish grandparents, not someone who had religious convictions. This meant that people who had never practiced, or hadn’t practiced Judaism in many years, or even converted to Christianity were subjected to persecution. Although anti-semitism was pervasive in 1930s Germany, these restrictions frequently extended to any person the Nazis considered to be “non-Aryan”.
On March 7, 1933, an important law was passed by the newly-elected German Congress, which called for all high-level government officials in the German states to be appointed by the Nazis and for all state government positions to be supervised by the Nazis in the event of an emergency. Germany was already in an emergency situation and Article 48 of the German Constitution had already been invoked. Under this new law, Heinrich Himmler was appointed the acting Chief of Police in Munich, although his real job was Reichsführer-SS, the leader of Hitler's elite private Army.
Over the years of its operation, from 1933 to 1945, thousands of Dachau prisoners died of disease, malnutrition and overwork. Thousands more were executed for infractions of camp rules. Starting in 1941, thousands of Soviet prisoners of war were sent to Dachau then shot to death at a nearby rifle range. In 1942, construction began at Dachau on Barrack X, a crematorium that eventually consisted of four sizeable ovens used to incinerate corpses. With the implementation in 1942 of Hitler’s “Final Solution” to systematically eradicate all European Jews, thousands of Dachau detainees were moved to Nazi extermination camps in Poland, where they died in gas chambers.
May 16, 1944 - Jews from Hungary arrive at Auschwitz. Eichmann arrives to personally oversee and speed up the extermination process. By May 24, an estimated 100,000 have been gassed. Between May 16 and May 31, the SS report collecting 88 pounds of gold and white metal from the teeth of those gassed. By the end of June, 381,661 persons - half of the Jews in Hungary - arrive at Auschwitz.
A victim of Nazi medical experimentation. A victim's arm shows a deep burn from phosphorus at Ravensbrueck, Germany, in November of 1943. The photograph shows the results of a medical experiment dealing with phosphorous that was carried out by doctors at Ravensbrueck. In the experiment, a mixture of phosphorus and rubber was applied to the skin and ignited. After twenty seconds, the fire was extinguished with water. After three days, the burn was treated with Echinacin in liquid form. After two weeks the wound had healed. This photograph, taken by a camp physician, was entered as evidence during the Doctors Trial at Nuremberg. #
German students over the age of 12 are required to tour a concentration camp as part of the on-going education of the present generation of German citizens in the evil perpetrated by the Nazi regime over 60 years ago. German soldiers are also required to tour the former concentration camps. Most visitors associate Dachau with the death of 6 million Jews in the Holocaust, although the majority of the inmates at Dachau were Catholics.
In March 1944, part of the camp was redesignated as an Erholungslager ("recovery camp"), where prisoners too sick to work were brought from other concentration camps. They were in Belsen supposedly to recover and then return to their original camps and resume work, but many of them died in Belsen of disease, starvation, exhaustion and lack of medical attention.


British Gunmakers, Volume 1
Not only does Volume 3 enlarge on such factual information set out in Volumes 1 and 2 but it also includes unique record research on around 120 additional Birmingham, Scottish and regional gunmaking firms and over seventy additional London ones, quite apart from updating many existing records in both volumes. This is the result of years of study setting out, for the first time in many cases, such knowledge as has been gleaned of the record systems of many long defunct gunmakers as well as additional surviving record systems not available to the author when the previous Volumes went to press. It also takes the opportunity to fill in inter alia gaps not covered in Volumes 1 and 2 about the powder and ammunition companies and in addition starts to record something of the UK's air weapon industry that has grown up over the last few decades and now leads the world. --Book Jacket.
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Foreword Ian Crudgington
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British Gunmakers: Index, Appendices and Additional London, Birmingham ...
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Atkin Grant B/ham Beesley Birmingham Birmingham Proof House Bldgs bolt action Bond St breech loading cartridge Chamber St Charles Hellis Charles Lancaster Churchill cocking Cogswell & Harrison Dougall drop down guns Ejector mechanism Eley Bros factory firearms firm G NORMAN Gdns GEORGE gmkr Golden Sq gsth gun barrel gun barrel mkr gun case mkr gun engraver gun trade gunlock mkr gunmakers gunpowder mfrs Henry High Holborn Holland & Holland HW HOLLAND joseph manton King St Kynoch Lambeth St LB TAYLOR lock London gun Maleham Mile End Minories Nobels Explosives Oxford St Pall Mall patent pistol powder Prescott St Proof House Queen Victoria Queen Victoria St records rifles Robert serial numbers Shooting Grounds shotgun Single trigger sliding breech block Soho St James's St Strand succeeded to bus thomas trigger for double Watson weapons Webley & Scott Westley Richards Whitechapel William Woodward WW Greener


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I come from Irish and Australian parentage and was raised as a missionary kid in India. I am an associate professor of paediatrics at the University of Otago and a paediatrician at Christchurch Hospital. As a teenager, I was a keen Christian and keen on science. I found a book The Genesis Flood, that seemed to tie these together and explain away the uncomfortable ideas of evolution, and in my first year of university, I used quotations from this book to argue against our lecturers in Zoology who I felt were bent on “preaching” evolution to us. Through medical school, however, I was nonplussed by the stunning similarities between humans and animals, for instance, that most human physiology had been understood first by experiments on animals. Gradually I came to appreciate creation in more breadth, and my appreciation of God grew as my universe got older and bigger and more interrelated. In 2011, I wrote a book intended for young Christians (and others) struggling with evolution.
Humans are animals.
We can be in no doubt. Not only do we share the structure of DNA with all our living creatures, but also the genetic code and a large proportion of our proteins. When fish bleed, they bleed haemoglobin, the same protein in our red blood cells, when the human embryo decides which is its back and front ends it does so with a group of proteins that jellyfish embryos use to define their top and bottom ends. We are made of cells with organelles, like all other eukaryotes, of tissues and organs, not only shared with all vertebrates but arranged similarly – the liver is characteristically on the right side in humans and fish. And even a pathologist would have difficulty distinguishing which of these slides was dog heart muscle and which human heart muscle. We share glucose metabolism with all living creatures – the citric acid cycle – we share sexual reproduction with plants and animals: that means that all of us start as a single-celled organism, not a clone; and our nervous system is based on the same principles even as invertebrates, like the giant squid, whose giant nerves originally helped scientists understand human nerve conduction.
Not only are humans animals but we bear the unmistakable fingerprint in our DNA of being related, by ancestry, to animals. Three examples are given, discussing the development in our ancestral line of novel gene function in the placenta (from viruses) in the eye (from duplicating genes), and our overall gene identity with chimpanzees.
Endogenous Retrovirus Insertions
Imagine you are preparing an essay – perhaps on engineering cows to convert methane into solar-powered cells, or on capturing hydro-electric energy from irrigation run-off – what do you study at Lincoln, I wonder? As you muse in the café, an idea occurs and you start a musing line on your online word processor which you share with your study group “Eating an egg sandwich, gave me an idea…” But just as you type ”…gg sandw…” there is an interruption, and you don’t immediately see the letters so you type them again. When you have finished you find the interruption was caused by someone else, maybe the administrator, who had typed “A4 envelopes”. Now, your original typing which had been paused, as well as the letters you had re-typed, now appear bracketing the insertion.
This is how retroviruses insert their DNA [A4 envelopes] into totally unrelated human, mammal, reptile, fish or whatever DNA. The repeated bracketing letters are characteristic marks of the retrovirus insertion.
As you can see in this diagram, the retrovirus DNA, labelled, “ERV DNA”, inserts itself into a random bit of mammal DNA (I have invented the letters of the DNA sequence), and as it does, it brackets itself with a duplication of the green letters on either side – “target site duplication”. The mammal DNA could be a gene, a promoter, noncoding DNA, or even DNA from an earlier retrovirus. The retrovirus then uses the mammal DNA copying facility to make thousands of copies of itself, which leave the cell to infect other cells or other creatures. But it leaves the inserted DNA behind – it becomes “endogenous” – part of the host DNA, and if it occurs in sperm or egg DNA it gets passed on to succeeding generations. Molecular and cancer scientists have discovered that our DNA is littered with these endogenous retrovirus inserts – 5-8% of our genome! And all humans share these ancient retroviruses. Besides the Target Site Duplication, the native genes of the retrovirus itself can be recognised in many of these insertions, though some have deteriorated over time. One such gene is the virus “envelope” gene.
The envelope gene allows the virus membrane to fuse with the membrane of the cell it is going to invade, prior to emptying its DNA package into the cell. Some viruses actually cause neighbouring cells to fuse membranes with each other until you get a large area without boundaries but composed of the contents and nuclei of many cells. This is called a “syncytium”. The mammalian placenta has a layer that forms such a syncytium, indispensable to supporting the fetus, and it turns out that ancient retrovirus envelope genes are responsible, different retroviruses in different mammal families. Placental mammals have co-opted these virus genes which are now essential to reproduction.
One such gene is the gene for the “Syncytin 1” protein. It is common to all apes and its gene is found in exactly the same section of DNA in all apes. You can see the same yellow virus insertion, labelled “ERV WE1” between the duplicated letters CAAC. It also occurs in Old World (African and Asian) monkeys but in these creatures (not shown) it is inactivated by mutations. When we compare the surrounding sequence with other animals such as New World (American monkeys), prosimians (lemurs) and even dogs, you can see the very same stretch of DNA letters, and the target site – a single CAAC without the virus or the duplication. Such a random event as this could only happen once – it is the equivalent of a small meteorite landing on your driveway, taking out the third and fourth paving stones from your azalea border and denting the fifth, 23 paving stones in from the pavement. How often is that going to happen exactly the same way with an identical meteorite? Similarly, this identical virus insertion in a random corner of ape DNA can only have happened once, and it must have occurred in an ancestor of Old World Monkeys and apes after they split off from the ancestors of New World monkeys.
Another gene is that for the “Syncytin 2” protein. You can see the same pattern – part of the virus DNA is shown here with the dots indicating the central portion left out for brevity. Again, it is in exactly the same stretch of DNA with the same target site duplication, this time in all apes and monkeys, but the uninterrupted stretch of DNA with a single copy of the target site is found in prosimians. Remarkably, the stretch of DNA this gene inserted into was the DNA of a previous retrovirus insertion.
Syncytin 1 and Syncytin 2 are today indispensable to primate and human placental function – all because our ancestors were infected by two retroviruses which they put to work!
Red Colour Vision
Not all animals have red colour vision. This is my dog looking for the orange ball, which is obvious to us from a long distance, but only obvious to my dog by smell and shape.
My dog would see a plum tree, with ripe plums, like this:
Many mammals, like the dog, and like most New World Monkeys, have three proteins in their retinae that are receptive to light. One (blue line) is sensitive to light in the blue part of the spectrum, another (green line) in the green-yellow part of the spectrum, and a third sensitive to low level light for night vision (dotted line). Old World Monkeys and apes, including humans have a fourth protein (red line) which is almost identical to the green-sensitive protein, but because of a handful of changes in the protein sequence, is sensitive to light just to the red side of the former protein. It turns out that slight shift is enough to give us three-colour vision. The red-sensitive protein is coded by a gene on the X chromosome, right beside the gene for the green-sensitive protein and has on one side of it, dangling, a fragment of a gene that is also present in full beside the gene for the green-sensitive protein.
This is evidence that the red- is a duplication of the green-sensitive protein gene, and has acquired a few mutations since it was duplicated. The green gene seems prone to duplication and is duplicated multiple times in some male humans, without having mutations or change in their vision. And all Old World Monkeys and apes have the same duplication, with the same fragment of the adjoining gene, and almost all of the same mutations. This duplication happened after the ancestors of Old World Monkey and apes split off from the ancestors of New World Monkeys.
This is how we see the ripe plum tree.
94% Identical DNA
So we are related to the ape and monkey clan by ancestry, proved by shared retrovirus genes, red colour vision and thousands of other similarities. How genetically close are we to our closest relatives, bonobos or chimpanzees? There are various ways of comparing genes, with or without counting duplicated genes, but the most commonly used counts even the latter, and is 94% identity in DNA. What does that look like? Well it turns out that two versions of the Bible are said to have 94% identity based on word comparison. One (TNIV 2001) is a revision of the other (NIV 1984) so they have common ancestry – the later one is not a new creation, but a descendant of the earlier. You won’t find anything like 94% similarity of the TNIV with the ESV, or NRSV, or NASB or any other two independent translations.
I have displayed Genesis 1: 1-27 in the TNIV, highlighting the changes from the NIV. There are only five types of difference – “vault” has been used instead of “expanse” in 8 places; the language has been made gender neutral in three places “Human beings” instead of “man”, “them” instead of “him, “in” has replaced “of” twice, and there are two short phrases that have been reworded. That’s it! All the rest is identical. You’re looking at a visual of 94% similarity in practice.
So why did God allow us to develop as animals, as animals related by ancestry to other animals? And what did he intend by those other animals, especially ones that we would never eat or have a practical use for – the hyena, horse-flies, hummingbirds?
When I was young, and possibly still in many Christians’ minds today, the rest of creation was created for humankind, the animals to please humans or as companions (Genesis 2), the lights of the heavens to mark seasons for humans, and if there was no direct usefulness, perhaps as a colourful backdrop for us to enjoy – essentially wallpaper! One day the wallpaper will be stripped and discarded, and if that is your view of the end times, then there is not much point in spending time and money on conservation, or trying to prevent or correct any negative impact of humans on the plant or animal world or environment.
I don’t believe that is what creation is for. I believe that we are part of the created world, we share all our physical substance with the created world, and we need to be involved in the created world, boots and all..
…and in it for the whole ride, not idly spectating while it falls apart because of our indifference.
To me, if God is God, the supreme being who created and sustains the whole universe, then nothing he did was for nothing. From the lowliest archaeobacteria to the distant galaxies we are beginning to see through the Webb telescope, somehow God wanted it all, whether it affects humans directly or not. God is either involved in the whole shebang or not at all.
What, then, is different about humans? Is there anything which distinguishes us from animals? Yes, there is, both good and bad. As humans we can observe, describe and understand the universe (and destroy our own planet) in a way that other animals cannot.
Christians believe the Creator of the universe is involved in it and with humans, communicates with us, inspires us. That makes us more responsible to care for animals and not less.

domain: biology


text:
It’s Worth The Time To Actually Read The O’Connor Emails
When we launched Western Wire earlier this year, our goal was to write stories and cover issues that traditional media was slow to report on. We had a hunch that the dwindling number of reporters meant there were important stories that weren’t getting the time and attention they deserve.
A perfect example is Western Wire’s coverage of the cozy ties between elected officials and a controversial anti-fracking activist from Boulder County in Colorado. This is a story about transparency and accountability that has now become a front-and-center topic of the Broomfield City Council, so much so that the hometown newspaper is now finding space to cover it.
The story began with a letter-to-the-editor published in the Boulder Daily Camera. In his original piece, which was subsequently edited, Andrew O’Connor of Lafayette wrote, “If the oil and gas industry puts fracking wells in our neighborhoods, threatening our lives and our children’s lives, then don’t we have a moral responsibility to blow up wells and eliminate fracking and workers?”
Western Wire was the first – but far from the only – news outlet to cover the alarming rhetoric. In an interview, O’Connor told Colorado Politics, “I wouldn’t have a problem with a sniper shooting one of the workers” at a well site. Denver TV news station 9News ran two segments on the letter.
Therefore, when Western Wire obtained a series of e-mails released via the Colorado Open Records Act revealing conversations between O’Connor and elected officials in Broomfield and Boulder, we felt compelled to report on these emails and make them available to the general public. The emails revealed O’Connor frequently emailing Democratic lawmakers, including State Rep. Mike Foote (D-Boulder County) and Broomfield City Council Member Kevin Kreeger.
For our reporting, we reached out to these officials and offered them an opportunity to respond and provide comment. Broomfield City Council Member Kreeger denied “working” with O’Connor and told Western Wire, “I do not know Andrew and have not met him.” State Rep. Mike Foote (D-Boulder County) did not respond at all. Following the article being discussed at a Broomfield City Council meeting on June 13, Kreeger attempted to minimize his communications with O’Connor, refused to apologize and blasted what he called “nasty, disgusting Washington, D.C.-level of personal attacks.”
Some in the media that followed up on our reporting actually seem sympathetic to Kreeger’s response. But we suspect these outlets may have been slow to read the emails themselves.
For example, in early March, before O’Connor’s controversial endorsement of violence against energy workers was published, the activist berated Broomfield Councilmember Elizabeth Law-Evans for not supporting a moratorium on oil and gas permitting. In an e-mail, O’Connor called Law-Evans an “idiot” and insulted the city of Broomfield itself as “an ultraconservative, mediocre town.”
Separately, O’Connor contacted Kreeger to ask him what he thought of the exchange with Law-Evans, because the activist viewed Kreeger as “the only reasonable person” on the city council. Kreeger not only took the compliment, he apologized for the city’s failure to impose the moratorium O’Connor wanted.
O’Connor responded by calling Law-Evans a “moron” and he even compared her to a dog. “We have a blue heeler in the backyard and I swear that Einstein is smarter than Liz,” O’Connor said. The e-mails show no effort on Kreeger’s part to defend Law-Evans, stick up for Broomfield, or cut off communications with O’Connor.
In fact, weeks later, after O’Connor’s infamous views on violence against oil and gas workers became public, Kreeger was ready to offer both advice and words of encouragement. Rather than condemn O’Connor’s views, Kreeger said “you walk a fine line” and warned him against “blatantly” calling for violence. “I applaud your energy and desire to fight for what’s right,” Kreeger said, further advising O’Connor to “tread lightly when it comes to certain statements” in the future.
Based on these e-mails, Kreeger is the last person in Broomfield who should be complaining about D.C.-level personal attacks. He offered advice and encouragement to an out-of-town activist who called one of his colleagues dumber than a dog and called Broomfield a mediocre city. He went out of his way not to criticize O’Connor or his personal attacks. And when confronted with these communications, Kreeger scrambled to distance himself from O’Connor, claiming to have never known or worked with him. Ask yourself: Does that sound more like the behavior of a Broomfield elected official or a politician in Washington, D.C.?
Residents of Broomfield took notice of these emails themselves. Camille Cave of Broomfield spoke at the City Council meeting and said she was “shocked to learn that a member of this city council would have dealings with someone like Andrew O’Connor,” who is a “fringe environmental activist who wants to completely eliminate oil and gas development, not just change the way it is regulated.”
We suspect that the Broomfield City Council meeting this evening will allow for additional comment on these troubling and disturbing emails. The residents of Broomfield deserve to have an open, honest dialogue about what these emails reveal. We appreciate some on the City Council will do their best to turn attention away from the emails and defect to attack the messenger. But doing so would be a disservice to the residents of Broomfield. It is our hope that elected officials and anyone else interested will actually take the time to read these emails and not just take someone else’s word on what they reveal. This is yet another case in which transparency wins the day.

domain: news


text:
A Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, beige-pigmented, non-motile, rod-shaped strain designated H-MN17T was isolated from seawater in Japan. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the novel isolate was affiliated with the family Flavobacteriaceae within the phylum Bacteroidetes and that it showed highest sequence similarity (97.5 %) to Wenyingzhuangia marina D1T. The hybridization values for DNA–DNA relatedness between the strains of H-MN17T and W. marina D1T were lower than 70 %, which is accepted as the phylogenetic definition of a novel species. The DNA G+C content of strain H-MN17T was 31.8 mol%; MK-6 was the major menaquinone; and anteiso-C15:0, anteiso-C17:0 and anteiso-C19:0 were identified as the major (>10 %) cellular fatty acids. A complex polar lipid profile was present consisting of phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified lipids, three unidentified glycolipids and three unidentified aminolipids. From the distinct phylogenetic position and combination of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, the strain is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Wenyingzhuangia for which the name Wenyingzhuangia heitensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of W. heitensis sp. nov. is H-MN17T (=KCTC 42245T = NBRC 110601T).
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The authors would like to thank Midori Nozawa for her technical assistance. The present research has been conducted by the Educational−Industrial Collaboration Research Grant of SAMICK THK in 2014.
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Yoon, J., Kasai, H. Wenyingzhuangia heitensis sp. nov., a new species of the family Flavobacteriaceae within the phylum Bacteroidetes isolated from seawater. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 107, 655–661 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-014-0360-8
- Wenyingzhuangia heitensis sp. nov.
- 16S rRNA gene
- Polyphasic taxonomy

domain: literature


A surge of incidents saw chaos on the M61 this weekend.
Cars collided, traffic was halted multiple times and one lane on the motorway was swamped in standing water.
On Friday (December 13), the motorway saw three crashes in the Lancashire stretch of the motorway.
Motorists were caught up in a surge of delays and emergency services and highways officers repeatedly rushed to the scene to assist with the incidents.
This weekend in particular was particularly busy with incidents on the M61.
Many motorists have suggested that there is a drainage issue on the carriageway, with the volume of water affecting driving conditions. This coincided with a weekend of downpours across Lancashire.
Here we take a look back at M61 this weekend.
The first crash occurred a 8.52am between junction four, for Walkden, and junction three, for Farnworth.
Police were called to the scene and closed three lanes, with delays backing to 25 minutes.
The second happened at 8.56am on the southbound carriageway between junction 8 and 6 when the ambulance service rushed to a crash with a road ambulance, rapid response vehicle and a senior clinician.
One patient was assessed by crews for minor injuries and delays escalated to 30 minutes with three miles of congestion.
Average speed was around 8mph.
All lanes reopened again shortly after 11am.
The third collision happened on the M61 near Chorley where two lanes were closed.
Five patients - including three children - were assessed by ambulance crews at the scene.
Two ambulances, a rapid response vehicle and a scene commander attended.
Lancashire police said both drivers were known to each other and are both uninsured.
On Sunday, the M61 was closed again after a multi-vehicle collision between junction 8 for Chorley and junction 9 for Walton Summit.
Debris was scattered across the carriageway after the collision at around 7.20am.
Four cars and two vans were involved in the incident.
Soon after, at around 8.15am, another crash happened northbound between junctions 6 and 8.
Traffic was held and highways officers attended, trying to clear the carriageway.
Then, at junction 8 again, motorists started complaining about standing water affecting one lane on the carriageway.
One motorist tweeted: "M61 northbound junction 8 at Botany Bay, lane one has standing water covering the lane right before the slip-road."
A traffic officer from Highways North West was deployed to the scene to clear the excess water.
What Lancashire Police and Highways say
LancsLive contacted police and Highways North West in relation to the volume of incidents which occurred over the weekend.
Highways North West suggested that the incidents could have been linked to recent bad weather.
A spokesperson for Highways North West told LancsLive: "It could be linked to the recent bad weather. Here's our advice on driving in the rain...
"It generally takes at least twice as long to stop on a wet road as on a dry road because tyres have less grip on the surface. In wet weather you should:
- Slow down if the rain and spray from vehicles is making it difficult to see and be seen
- Keep well back from the vehicle in front as this will increase your ability to see and plan ahead
- Ease off the accelerator and slow down gradually if the steering becomes unresponsive as it probably means that water is preventing the tyres from gripping the road."
Lancashire Police said that there is nothing to suggest any of these incidents are linked, but that in general the main causes of road collisions and injuries are as follows:
- Using mobile phones
- Driving while under the influence of drink/drugs
- Not wearing a seatbelt
- Driving too fast
- Driving carelessly.
A spokesperson for Lancashire Police told LancsLive: "These are known as the ‘Fatal 5’. They are the main causes of collisions and where we prioritise our efforts. In Lancashire we've vastly reduced the number of people killed and injured on our roads. We're committed to reducing them further.
"Serious road traffic collisions have a significant and often life-changing impact on those involved and their families.We use a problem solving approach to making our roads safer. We engage, educate, enforce, engineer and evaluate, focusing on vulnerable road users, the main causes of collisions, known ‘hotspots’ and investigating collisions."
You can find out more about safety on the roads here.


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Water Heater Leaking DubaiPosted by Syed in Water Heater, on December 15, 2016
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One of the most important components of financial planning is ensuring a sound plan is in place for the transfer of an individual’s estate upon their passing. Several changes have been (and continue to be) made to federal and state laws that govern the transfer and subsequent taxation of estates in the United States, leaving many people feeling overwhelmed by the sheer complexities that exist. Having said that, a common point of confusion for individuals is the difference between the estate tax and inheritance tax. While these terms may seem identical, in actuality they refer to two entirely different taxes.
An estate tax is a posthumous tax that is levied on the value of property owned by a deceased person. In addition to the federal estate tax, which currently has an exemption of $5,490,000 and is indexed for inflation, fifteen states also impose their own estate tax. While three states (Delaware, Hawaii & Maine) currently match the federal estate exemption, exemptions for residents in other states can be as low as $1,000,000 (Massachusetts & Oregon). However, it is worth noting that states could elect (as they historically have) to change these exemptions, which is exactly what lawmakers in New Jersey did late last year by deciding to phase out the state’s estate tax completely by 2018. New Jersey’s prior estate tax exemption of $675,000 was notably low in comparison to that of other states, but was increased to $2,000,000 for 2017 and will be rendered useless once the estate tax is eliminated come January 1st, 2018.
While some residents of New Jersey will likely look to adjust their estate plan in response to this recent change, individuals must remember that the state still imposes an inheritance tax. Unlike the estate tax, which is primarily based on the value of one’s estate and is imposed on all transfers with the exception of certain deductions such as the marital and charitable deduction, an inheritance tax is mainly determined by who receives the deceased person’s property. In other words, an inheritance tax will only be enforced if the estate (or portion of) passes to someone who is subject to the inheritance tax under state law. At present, six states levy an inheritance tax on their residents; two of which (Maryland & New Jersey) also impose an estate tax. Spouses are exempt from this tax in all six states, while transfers to children and grandchildren are exempt from the inheritance tax in four states (Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland and New Jersey). Although Nebraska and Pennsylvania are the only two states that currently impose an inheritance tax on estate transfers to children or grandchildren, residents of all six states should be aware that transfers to other types of heirs such as brothers/sisters and nieces/nephews may be subject to an inheritance tax.
In summation, having an understanding of the differences that exist between the estate tax and inheritance tax is an essential element of estate planning and could help individuals avoid potential confusion or headaches that may exist in the future.


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Climbing The Seven Summits: Facts & Information
Why do the mountains compel us so much? Their beauty, grandeur, danger or simply “because it's there?”
There are many explanations but one thing is for sure, if you hear the call, you must climb. People around the world have their different reasons for climbing and also different objectives along the way. No matter what they choose, they set lofty goals which require much preparation, physical and mental.
Climbing to the top of the world’s Seven Summits – the highest point on each of the seven continents – takes these goals to the extreme. And extreme is putting it mildly. Only about 500 people have achieved the feat since the idea of doing so was first conceived in the 1950s.
Despite (or because of) the myriad challenges associated with climbing the Seven Summits, it remains one of mountaineering’s most coveted objectives. A substantial portion of those who do achieve the feat go on to complete the Explorer’s Grand Slam by reaching the North and South Poles as well.
Seven Summits at a Glance
|8,849 m (29,032 ft)
|Nepal & China
|6,961 m (22,838 ft)
|6,194 m (20,322 ft)
|5,895 m (19,341 ft)
|5,642 m (18,510 ft)
|4,892 m (16,050 ft)
|Puncak Jaya (Messner list)
|4,884 m (16,024 ft)
|Mount Kosciuszko (Bass list)
|2,228 m (7,310 ft)
History of Climbing the Seven Summits
The first person to complete the Seven Summits was the American businessman, Richard Bass, who climbed Aconcagua (South America), Denali (North America), Kilimanjaro (Africa), Mount Elbrus (Europe), Mount Vinson (Antarctica) and Mount Kosciuszko (Oceania/Australasia) in 1983. He completed the feat two years later after reaching the summit of Everest.
The famed Italian mountaineer, Reinhold Messner, was the second person to climb the Seven Summits, after reaching the top of Antarctica’s Mount Vinson in 1986.
However, Messner argued that the Carstensz Pyramid, located on the Indonesian portion of the island of New Guinea, was taller and more technical than Australia’s Mount Kosciuszko and should be included instead (though for the sake of posterity, he climbed both).
As a result of the disagreement, there are now two variations of the Seven Summits – the Bass List and Messner List. However, six of the seven peaks are the same. Mount Kosciuszko is a very easy, non-technical climb so many followers of the Messner List climb it anyways.
1| Mount Everest
Towering high above the border between Nepal and Tibet (China), Mount Everest is the crown jewel of the Seven Summits. Rising to an elevation at which commercial jets fly, Everest is the tallest mountain in Asia and of course; the world.
Keep reading: How much does it cost to climb Mount Everest?
As a result, It is also the most frequently climbed 8000er – the 14 mountains in South and Central Asia that exceed 8,000 metres (26,200 feet) in elevation. While the world’s highest peak is not considered to be among the toughest 8000ers to climb, Everest is by far the most challenging of the Seven Summits.
Challenges of climbing Everest
Mount Everest is not an overly technical mountain, with climbers only needing to have intermediate-level snow and ice climbing abilities and previous experience with ladder and fixed-rope climbing.
The real challenge presented by Everest is the cold and especially the altitude. Once a climber has reached 8,000 metres above sea level, they are officially in the death zone. At these elevations, there is about one-third the amount of oxygen in the air as there is at sea level and everything becomes more difficult – eating, sleeping, walking, climbing and decision making.
It is also harder for the body to perform basic metabolic functions that keep it warm, which is why cold is the other main challenge. With an average temperature at the top of -40 °C (-40 ºF), keeping warm is imperative to a successful ascent.
How to get to Everest
Mount Everest sits at the very heart of Sagarmatha National Park, in the remote reaches of the eastern Himalayas. As a result, there are no paved roads on the Nepalese side of the border.
Instead, climbers will fly to Tribhuvan International Airport (KTM) in Kathmandu and meet the guide there. From the capital, another domestic flight is taken to Lukla. From here, it takes about two weeks to trek to base camp.
From the Tibetan (Chinese) side of the border, most expeditions begin with a flight to Lhasa Gonggar Airport (LXA). Most guides will opt to meet you here and provide road transport directly to the base camp. However, it is also possible to fly into Kathmandu and drive to the northern base camp.
Due to strict entry restrictions in Tibet (both a Chinese visa and a separate Tibetan visa are required), the north route up Mount Everest is taken far less frequently.
Routes to the top of Everest
The South Col Route from Nepal is the most popular route to climb Mount Everest. The northeast ridge route, from the Tibetan (Chinese) side of the border is both more technically challenging and logistically difficult.
The South Col Route begins from the Mount Everest Base Camp. Over the course of the first couple of weeks of the expedition, climbers will acclimate by climbing up to Camp I (6,065 m/19,900 ft) and Camp II.
The section between Base Camp and Camp I is known as the Khumbu Icefall and is one of the most dangerous portions of the climb. To overcome the icefall, climbers will need to traverse a series of seracs, crevasses and shifting blocks of ice.
Once at Camp I, climbers will make their way up the Western Cwm to Camp II (6,500 m/21,300 ft), which sits at the base of the Lhotse Face. From Camp II, climbers ascend a series of fixed ropes up the Lhotse Face until arriving at Camp III (7,470 m/24,500 ft).
Between Camp III and Camp IV (7,920 m/26,000 ft), climbers will traverse the Geneva Spur – an anvil-shaped rock formation – and the Yellow Band, both of which require climbing up fixed rope.
Camp IV sits on the South Col and is where the death zone begins. From here, climbers will begin the summit push at about midnight, making a 1,000 metre (3,300-foot) vertical ascent that involves climbing through deep snow and along exposed ridgelines.
On the other side of the mountain, the northeast ridge route is considerably shorter as a paved road leads most of the way to the base camp (5,180m/16,990 ft).
After acclimatising, climbers will ascend the eastern medial moraine of the Rongbuk Glacier to reach Camp II (6,100 m/20,000 ft). From here, climbers continue to ascend to the base of the north col, where Camp III (6,500 m/21,300 ft), also known as advanced base camp, is set up.
To reach Camp IV, climbers will ascend a set of fixed ropes to climb the glacier that leads up onto the north col, and continue ascending the rocky north ridge to reach Camp V (7,775 m/25,500 ft). From Camp V, climbers ascend the north face of Everest diagonally, arriving at the base of the Yellow Band and setting up Camp VI (8,230 m/27,000 ft).
Starting at midnight the following morning, climbers will ascend the three steps of the summit pyramid, using a mix of scrambling and climbing ladders before arriving at the summit ridge and continuing on to the top.
- Continent: Asia
- Location: Nepal, Tibet (China)
- Elevation: 8,848 m (29,029 ft)
- Duration: 2 months
- Climbing season: April to May
- Average price: $59,500
Along with being the highest peak in South America, the Stone Sentinel is also the tallest mountain in the Southern and Western Hemispheres.
Keep reading: Top 10 South American Mountaineering Destinations
Despite its massive size, Aconcagua is considered to be one of the easiest of the Seven Summits to climb. No technical mountaineering skills are required to reach the top via the normal route. For more advanced climbers, however, there is a more technical way up as well.
Challenges of climbing Aconcagua
While the technical difficulty on Aconcagua is quite low, the altitude and cold weather are the factors that make climbing the mountain the most difficult. Unfortunately, injuries related to altitude sickness and the cold are not uncommon during the climbing season.
To mitigate the effects of altitude sickness, most guides recommend spending 20 days trying to climb the peak, with various days spent climbing up and down the side of the mountain to acclimate properly.
How to get to Aconcagua
After flying into Governor Francisco Gabrielli International Airport (MDZ) in Mendoza, climbers will meet with the guide and transfer to the base camp at Plaza de Mulas. Located 120 kilometres (75 miles) west of the provincial capital, the vast majority of trips to the summit of Aconcagua start from here.
Routes to the top of Aconcagua
The main route up Aconcagua is known as the normal route and follows the northeast ridgeline all the way up the mountain. The route can be hiked with only a few sections of scrambling involved.
There are five camps in between the base camp and the summit, which are used during the acclimatization period. On summit day, most climbers head from the fourth camp up to the top and back down again.
For more advanced climbers, the Polish Glacier Traverse route is quite popular. Starting from the Vacas valley, the route ascends via the far steeper southern face of the mountain and requires a mix of technical snow, ice and rock climbing. Most climbers spend about 17 days ascending and descending this route.
- Continent: South America
- Location: Argentina
- Elevation: 6,961 m (22,838 ft)
- Duration: 20 days
- Climbing season: November to March
- Average price: $6,800
Situated in the heart of the Alaska Range, Denali is one of the largest mountains on Earth. Along with being the tallest peak in the United States and the rest of North America, it is also the third most prominent in the world.
Challenges of climbing Denali
Due to its remote location, climbing the mountain requires a massive logistical effort. Climbers will need to pull sleds full of technical gear, food, camping equipment and clothing from the base camp up and down the mountain to the high camps.
Keep reading: Top 10 Mountaineering Destinations in the U.S.
Once on the mountain, even the easiest route to the summit requires technical snow, ice and glacier climbing skills. Would-be climbers will need a combination of some rope skills, avalanche safety training and know how to use an ice axe as well as crampons.
How to get to Denali
Denali is located about 290 kilometres (180 miles) north of Anchorage. As a result, most trips begin with a flight to Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport (ANC). Most guides will top to meet here and charter another flight into the homonymous national park, usually landing close to the base camp of the respective route.
Routes to the top of Denali
Overall, there are four different routes that are most commonly used to climb the peak. The easiest of these routes is West Buttress, which also makes it the most commonly climbed route.
The West Buttress route starts from the Kahiltna Glacier and steadily ascends the mountain. While there are no overly technical sections on this route, an intermediate level of snow and ice climbing is required. Most of the route is exposed, which makes it challenging when hauling the gear up to the high camps. Overall, this route presents the lowest level of danger from crevasses and avalanches.
Another popular route on the western side of Denali is the West Rib. This route is far steeper and slightly more technical than the West Buttress. Its main appeal is that it is less crowded than the other route. However, the West Rib offers very few retreats or escape points, making it far more dangerous during bad weather or an avalanche.
From the southern side of the mountain, it is possible to take the Cassin Ridge all the way to the summit. Considered one of the 50 classic climbs in North America, the route requires a mix of snow, ice and rock climbing to reach the summit with few escape points along the way. As a result, it is best reserved for experienced climbers.
Prior to the establishment of the West Buttress route, the Muldrow Glacier route was the one most commonly taken to the summit of Denali. While the route only requires intermediate-level snow and ice climbing, it is far longer and more strenuous. On the approach, climbers will need to haul sleds over Denali pass before even beginning to climb the peak.
- Continent: North America
- Location: United States
- Elevation: 6,194 m (20,322 ft)
- Duration: 3 weeks
- Climbing season: May to July
- Average price: $10,200
Located in northeastern Tanzania and rising above the Eastern Rift Mountains, Kilimanjaro is the highest peak on the continent and is widely considered to be the easiest of the Seven Summits (of the Messner List) to climb.
Keep reading: Top 5 Climbing Destinations in East Africa
Along with being Africa’s highest point, Kilimanjaro is also home to an array of different landscapes. Climbers will pass through tropical rainforest, savanna and alpine terrain, all en route to the summit.
Challenges of climbing Kilimanjaro
While no technical mountaineering skills are needed to reach the top of Mount Kilimanjaro, the mountain presents plenty of other challenges.
Beginning from about sea level, Kilimanjaro is the fourth most prominent mountain on Earth. As a result, the climbing can be quite steep and altitude is gained very quickly. Properly acclimatising prior to and during the climb can be the difference between success and failure.
Temperatures also steadily decrease as elevation is gained. While the bottom of the peak is hot and humid the top is frequently below freezing. Coming prepared with all the correct clothing and layers is also crucial to success.
How to get to Kilimanjaro
Most trips to Kilimanjaro will begin with a flight to Kilimanjaro Airport (JRO). Most guides will either opt to meet you here or in the nearby city of Arusha.
From either of these two starting points, climbers begin their expedition to the top of the volcanic massif by transferring to one of the various trailheads inside the national park.
Routes to the top of Kilimanjaro
Overall, there are six major routes that lead from various sides of the massif up to Uhuru, the tallest of Kilimanjaro’s three summits: Lemosho, Machame, Marangu, the Northern Circuit, Rongai and Umbwe.
Of these, the Marangu route has the reputation for being the easiest and is, therefore, the most commonly used. It is also the only route with the option of sleeping in mountain huts all the way up the peak. However, since the Marangu route is one of the shortest and steepest, it also allows for little time to acclimatise. As a result, the success rate on this route is much lower.
Instead, the Machame route is generally considered to be the easiest, though taking it is longer and therefore costs more money. The route takes climbers through five different climate zones and while it still has steep sections and requires a high level of physical fitness, it also has the highest rates of success.
Starting from the west of Kilimanjaro, the Lemosho route is one of the more challenging routes and as a result is also among the lesser-traveled. The route involves more steep climbing than the others but yields spectacular views of Kilimanjaro’s diverse landscapes.
Regardless of the route that is taken, the toughest part of the climb comes at the end. On summit day, climbers begin their steep ascent beside the summit’s glacier before dawn in order to reach the top of Uhuru before midday.
- Continent: Africa
- Location: Tanzania
- Elevation: 5,895 m/19,341 ft
- Duration: 1 week
- Climbing season: June to October, January to March
- Estimated cost: $2,200
5| Mount Elbrus
Keep reading: Top 10 European Trekking and Mountaineering Destinations
Towering above the surrounding peaks in the range, Mount Elbrus provides plenty of routes for climbers of various levels. A chairlift that sits on one of the mountain’s flanks provides easy access to the starting point of the normal route, while more remote and tougher ascents await on the northern and southern sides of the peak.
Challenges of climbing Mount Elbrus
Climbing Mount Elbrus via the normal route requires some technical rock and snow climbing abilities, rated Grade III. However, the altitude and weather tend to be the most challenging parts of the ascent.
With a total of 4,741 metres (15,554 feet) from the base to the summit, Mount Elbrus is the tenth most prominent mountain in the world and as a result, requires climbers to acclimate either before the ascent or on the slopes of the mountain.
Along with its elevation, the weather on Mount Elbrus also presents a challenge. While at higher elevations temperatures generally fall below freezing, the mountain often can become quickly enshrouded in clouds, which has been known to disorient climbers. Clear skies on Elbrus can quickly become overcast and storms can descend upon the mountain rapidly.
How to get to Mount Elbrus
Most expeditions to Mount Elbrus will begin with a flight into either Mineralnye Vody Airport (MRV) or Nalchik Airport (NAL), both of which may be reached from Russia's main international airports in Moscow and St Petersburg. Most guides will opt to meet at the airport and provide transport from these cities to the start of the trip.
Routes to the top of Mount Elbrus
Most climbers opt to tackle Mount Elbrus via the normal route, which usually begins from the Garabashi hut or Leaprus hut.
Due to the cable car, both of these are quite advanced starting positions and may require climbers who have not already done so to spend some time acclimating, usually by hiking to the Pastukhova Rocks.
On summit day, climbers will begin the ascent at midnight. The first leg of the trip involves hiking for 1.5 to 2 hours up to the Pastukhova rocks. From here, climbers will continue ascending 3 to 4 hours to the Saddle and, from here, a final steep ascent of 45 minutes to reach the summit.
Other popular routes up to the top of Elbrus include the Kiukurtliu Route, which is longer and more challenging. Starting beneath the cable car station, the route takes climbers west over one of the mountain’s 22 glaciers and on to Kiukurtliu Pass.
Just prior to arriving at the pass, climbers will ascend the south spur of the Kiukurtliu Cupola and continue to traverse the broad glaciated saddle. From here, climbers will overcome one more spur before turning northwest and climbing to the summit.
- Continent: Europe
- Location: Russia
- Elevation: 5,642 m (18,510 ft)
- Duration: 1 to 2 weeks
- Climbing season: May to September
- Average price: $3,600
6| Mount Vinson
Keep reading: Top Polar Mountaineering and Ski Touring Destinations
Composed of several summits, the highest of these is known as Mount Vinson - the highest mountain in Antarctica. Despite being the second shortest of the Seven Summits, Mount Vinson is the eighth most prominent mountain on earth, basically rising from sea level to its summit.
Despite the challenges associated with climbing the peak, it is a truly sublime experience. Few scenes can match the beauty of the pristine and uninterrupted Antarctic wilderness.
Challenges of climbing Mount Vinson
While Mount Vinson is far from the tallest or most technically difficult of the Seven Summits to attain, it presents various unique challenges.
Its remote location means there is very little infrastructure nearby. All gear needs to be hauled to and from the peak via sleighs over the ice. There is also very little margin for error as emergency services are non-existent on the continent.
Along with its remote location, the climate is particularly harsh. In spite of having sunlight nearly 24 hours per day during the trip, the temperature rarely rises above freezing and with wind-chill often feels far colder. Storms are also fairly frequent occurrences on the peninsula, with few places well-suited for seeking shelter.
How to get to Mount Vinson
Any expedition to Mount Vinson generally begins with a flight into the international airport in Punta Arenas (PUQ), Chile. Most guides will opt to meet in the city and charter a flight to Union Glacier in Antarctica. From here, climbers will transfer to the base camp at Branscomb Glacier.
Routes to the top of Mount Vinson
There is one main route that is used to climb to the summit of Mount Vinson. Starting from base camp, climbers will ascend the Branscomb Glacier until reaching the low camp.
From here, climbers will make a technical ice climbing ascent of a ribbed ice wall before continuing to traverse another glacier toward the high camp, which sits on a flat spot just west of the summit.
From the high camp, climbers will ascend the final cwm to the summit proper, before heading back down. Overall, the ascent requires some technical ice climbing, but mostly entails glacier travel.
- Continent: Antarctica
- Elevation: 4,892 m (16,050 ft)
- Duration: 3 weeks
- Climbing season: December to January
- Average price: $47,600
7a| Puncak Jaya
Rising above the tropical rainforests that sprawl over Indonesia's half of the island of New Guinea, Puncak Jaya – also known as the Carstensz Pyramid – is the highest peak in Oceania / Australasia and the shortest of the Seven Summits of the Messner List.
Due to its remote location, tropical climate and high level of technical difficulty, the massive limestone escarpment is often considered to be the second toughest of the Seven Summits to climb after Everest.
Challenges of climbing Puncak Jaya
Along with the advanced level of technical multi-pitch rock climbing that is required to reach the summit, Puncak Jaya also presents various logistical challenges.
The peak is located in the heart of the jungle in Indonesia’s West Papua province on the shared island of New Guinea. A combination of little supporting infrastructure around the peak and political instability in the region has made Puncak Jaya the least climbed of the Seven Summits.
Various types of permits are needed both from federal and local authorities to climb as well. As a result, it is best to go with a local and reputable guiding agency, which will make it easier to cut through the red tape. (You can find those guides right here, on ExpedReview!)
How to get to Puncak Jaya
Most trips to Punak Jaya will begin with a flight into the remote Illaga region. This is generally the last flight of a three-legged trip, which also includes flying into Bali and then transferring to Timika.
From Illaga, climbers will need to trek for four days to the base camp of the mountain, hauling all necessary equipment and gear.
Routes to the top of Puncak Jaya
From the base camp, there is one main route that is used to get to the summit and, as a result, is known as the normal route.
Starting from the base of the peak, climbers will make a steep multi-pitch ascent (about 75 degrees) interspersed with sections of scrambling until arriving at a ridge line two-thirds of the way to the summit.
Once arriving at the narrow and sharp ridge line, climbers can follow it all the way to the summit. However, the climb along the ridge line can be quite difficult, with wide cracks that will need to be climbed into and out of as well as very loose scree at the very end and top of the summit.
- Continent: Oceania / Australasia
- Location: Indonesia
- Elevation: 4,884 m (16,024 ft)
- Duration: 2 to 3 weeks
- Climbing season: December to March, June to August
- Average Price: $17,400
7b| Mount Kosciuszko
Situated on the border between New South Wales and Victoria, about 200 kilometres (125 miles) south of Canberra, Mount Kosciuszko is an incredibly popular hiking destination in the summer and an even more sought-after ski spot during the winter months.
The hiking trail to reach the summit of the peak begins from Charlotte Pass, which sits a few kilometres northeast of the mountain. From here, hikers will walk up to Rawson Pass before making the final ascent to the summit.
No technical gear is needed to climb Mount Kosciuszko and the peak is perfectly appropriate for moderately fit hikers. Of the summits on the Bass List, Mount Kosciuszko is the only one that can be climbed without a guide. To add some extra adventure to this trek, we recommend going on a nice day in the dead of winter when it's covered in snow and it can get VERY chilly!
- Continent: Oceania / Australasia
- Location: Australia
- Elevation: 2,228 m (7,310 ft)
- Duration: 1 day
- Climbing season: November to May
- Average price: $250
Climbing one or all of the Seven Summits should be at the top of any mountaineering enthusiast's bucket list. Compare prices, trips and read verified reviews on ExpedReview for free. It’s never too early to start planning your next mountaineering adventure!

domain: travel


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This past Easter Weekend marked the 3rd annual Fan Expo Vancouver, and since the inaugural event back in 2012, the convention has gone from strength-to-strength. Unlike last year, where there were two Star Wars
guests in the form of Dave Prowse and Daniel Logan, this year we were back to just one, although Ray Park more than made up for it! Furthermore, although little was made of his connection to Star Wars
, which is perhaps understandable given that the show hasn't aired yet, Steven Blum, who will be voicing Zeb in Star Wars: Rebels
, was also in attendance. Another Star Wars
guest of note was Robert Bailey, a contributing artist to Abrams' Star Wars Art: Visions
, and who was returning for his second year at the show.
The 501st Legion: Outer Rim Squad
were again present at the show and they were offering photo opportunities to anyone donating to Variety through the purchase of a Vader and/or Yoda-themed pin, and alongside both of them, were the R2 Builders who had brought along at least one droid who was happy to mingle amongst the crowds.
Also worthy of a mention, were local store, Toy Traders
, who had a full-size R5-D4 and a scaled version of an AT-ST on their stand!
The event's growing status attracted a greater number of dealers than at the previous two shows, and there were more Star Wars
offerings as a result, with the elusive 6-inch Boba Fett
from The Black Series
being spotted for the princely sum of $50 on a couple of stands.
With next year's event already announced for the Easter weekend, April 2015 is going to be a busy month for conventions!
Check out our photo gallery

domain: hobby


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This month our 5th-grade students dedicated time to writing poems for a special person in their life. Students chose the proper adjective, verb, and simile to describe them. Watching them ponder what makes their person special to them and learn more about them through discussions at home was truly inspiring.
The original idea of our tribute to a grandparent or special person came from Sandra Cisnaros’ poem, Abuelito Who. This poem was written from the memories she had as a child and as an adult in honor of her beloved grandfather. Students eventually presented their heartfelt poems to an audience that included some of the special people in their lives. As one can probably assume, there was not a dry eye in the PAC that day.
We are so honored to have such insightful and expressive students. This was definitely one of our favorite moments of this school year.

domain: artistic


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The German federal anti-monopoly office, the Bundeskartellamt, on Thursday agreed to the takeover of the German airline Condor by the Polish Aviation Group (PGL), the parent company of Polish national airline PLL LOT.
The Polish national air carrier LOT has signed a letter of intent with the Brazilian Azul company for the lease of 18 Embraer 195 medium-range planes and up to 14 options, PAP has been told by LOT.
Poland's national airline, PLL LOT, is to buy German airline Condor in a move that will save the carrier from collapse in the wake of the bankruptcy of the world's oldest travel agency, Thomas Cook.
Poland's national airline PLL LOT wants to increase its presence on the Chinese market and, within at least the next ten years, to fly to both airports in Beijing on a daily basis, LOT CEO Rafal Milczarski has told PAP.
Ryanair, the Irish budget airline, will launch in June next year flights from Katowice in southern Poland to Allghero on the island of Sardinia in the Mediterranean Sea, Ryanair and Katowice Airport announced on Friday.
From next summer, Hungarian budget airline Wizz Air will launch 15 new destinations, from Gdansk (northern Poland), Krakow (southern Poland) and Warsaw, the carrier announced on Tuesday.
The carrier stands to lose USD 200 million according to findings made by analysts.
The trainees will be schooled according to Ryanair standards in order to join the company's aircrews as quickly as possible.
Hungarian low cost carrier Wizz Air officially inaugurated its base at Kraków Airport in southern Poland on Wednesday. It is the airline's fifth base in Poland, thanks to which Wizz Air will launch 18 new connections this year.
In 2019, Wizz Air wants to carry 2.9 million passengers from the Gdansk Airport, in northern Poland. This year, the carrier will launch four new routes from Gdańsk: to Oslo-Sandefjord-Torp, Bodo, Bremen and Kutaisi.


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An introduction to the history of black nationalism
Nationalism is an ideology that gives a nation a sense of unity by imposing on them the same set of identities (for instance linguistic, historical, cultural) especially peculiar to nationalism is defining the nation against an other inside or outside of the state borders. Note: citations are based on reference standards however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied. Achieving major national influence through the nation of islam (noi) and the black power movement of the 1960s, proponents of black nationalism advocated economic self-sufficiency, race pride for african americans, and black separatism reacting against white racial prejudice and critical of the gap.
The historiography of black nationalism: 1914-1974 history 187 professor mary f corey spring 2017 tentative syllabus historiography has gone in and out of favor as a way to understand. The black nationalist movement is a reaction to centuries of institutionalized white supremacy in america black nationalists believe the answer to white racism is to form separate institutions — or even a separate nation — for black people. Black nationalism advocates a racial definition (or redefinition) of national identity, as opposed to multiculturalism there are different indigenous nationalist philosophies but the principles of all african nationalist ideologies are unity, and self-determination or independence from european society.
Introduction nationalism refers to an ideology, a form of culture, or a social movement that focuses on the nation it emphasises the collective of a specific nation as an ideology, nationalism holds that 'the people' in the doctrine of popular sovereignty is the nation. African american psychology a selected annotated bibliography african ontological narratives (history) introduction to the vast history of africa and her peoples, from ancient kemet (egypt) to (1988) the golden age of black nationalism, 1850-1925 cambridge: oxford university press moses thesis asserts that by adopting european and. Black nationalism in america edited by john h bracey, jr, august meier, and elliott rudwick rhetoric and ideologies of the black middle-classes and intelligentsia for the first time in the history of the united states, there is a full-blown black nationalist movement with nationalist leadership and a nationalist ideology which is. Black nationalism: black nationalism, political and social movement prominent in the 1960s and early ’70s in the united states among some african americans the movement, which can be traced back to marcus garvey’s universal negro improvement association of the 1920s, sought to acquire economic power and to infuse. Nationalism is a political, social, and economic system characterized by the promotion of the interests of a particular nation, especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining sovereignty (self-governance) over the homelandthe political ideology of nationalism holds that a nation should govern itself, free from outside interference and is linked to the concept of self-determination.
Yohuru williams yohuru williams is a professor of history at fairfield university and author or co-author of several books on the civil rights and black power movements, including the forthcoming. Marcus garvey and the rise of black nationalism page 2 of 6 instructional procedures step one: the teacher will lead a brief discussion about why the term “african american” is the most commonly used term to. Black nationalism in the united states attempts to articulate research on black nationalism in the post–civil rights and black power eras 1 introduction racial separatist, and emigrationist tendencies in african american politi-cal thought the political history of black nationalism tends to be reduced in its importance in many of. Black nationalism spurred by malcolm x and other black leaders, a call for black pride and advancement without the help of whites this appeared to be a repudiation of the calls for peaceful integration urged by martin luther king. The history of black nationalism black nationalism is the name given to revitalization movements among black americans, emphasizing their african origins and identity, their pride in being black, their desire to control their own communities, and sometimes the desire to establish a black na.
The black power movement of the 1960s seemed to come out of nowhere for many americans, but black power descends directly from the long history of black nationalism stokely carmichael, who coined the term black power, stated, before a group can enter the open society, it must first close its ranks. Lesson 2: black separatism or the beloved community malcolm x and martin luther king, jr what are the political, economic, and social aspects of black nationalism historic places of the civil rights movement-introduction teaching american history malcolm x, the ballot or the bullet (april 3, 1964. If you have access to this journal as a benefit of membership in the sponsoring organization, log in through the member link in the right column if you have an individual subscription, or if you have purchased this article separately, click on the link below if your institution has an electronic.
An introduction to the history of black nationalism
Black nationalism is a type of nationalism or pan-nationalism which espouses the belief that black people are a nation and seeks to develop and maintain a black national identity. 1 theories of nationalism outline 1) conclude migration + urbanization 2) enter “the nation” 3) deﬁne “the nation” 4) consider “the national question. Lecture 1 - course introduction and web du bois (43:41) - lecture 1 of clay carson's introduction to african-american history course (hist 166) concentrating on the modern freedom struggle (fall 2007) topics in this lecture include a course introduction and web du bois.
- Nationalism in europe introduction: this chapter tries to explain the meaning of nationalism and how nationalism evolved in mankind’s history starting with french revolution the nationalism spread to other parts of europe and later on paved the way for development of modern democratic nations across the world meaning of nationalism: nationalism is the idea of a sense of common identity and.
- The term “nationalism” is generally used to describe two phenomena: (1) the attitude that the members of a nation have when they care about their national identity, and (2) the actions that the members of a nation take when seeking to achieve (or sustain) self-determination.
White nationalism research papers discuss the history and all forms of white nationalism roman dmowski - he was a right-wing nationalist who was instrumental in re-uniting partitioned poland after the war, and an important political influence in the new nation. The narrow black nationalism of the religious sect did not even begin to consider the question of how 10 or 11 million black americans can be part of a larger struggle for liberation mostly it preached for a return to africa, or concentrated on small business enterprises like selling bean pies. The black nationalist ideas of marcus garveyborn in jamaica, he had founded the universal negro improvement association there in 1914 he came to the united states in 1917 and established a branch of the association in the harlem district of new york city. Black nationalism - throughout history, african americans have encountered an overwhelming amount of obstacles for justice and equality timeline works cited introduction the use of nationalism (defined as patriotic feelings, principles, or efforts) as a rallying point is a double-edged sword the development of pride in, and love for, one.

domain: library


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Precision treatment for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: A conceptual overview.
Recent developments in precision oncology have increased the complexity of diagnostic and therapeutic decisions. Here, we broadly review the field of precision oncology and discuss common mutational drivers in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that directly relate to the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of patients with metastatic disease.
Lee, T; Clarke, JM; Jain, D; Ramalingam, S; Vashistha, V
Volume / Issue
Start / End Page
Electronic International Standard Serial Number (EISSN)
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

domain: medical


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CamContain FB-R/GB-R Safe Change Housing
Positive sealing integrity in a side access bag-in/bag-out housing for gel seal Absolute HEPA filters.
Designed for use in critical processes where hazardous airborne materials must be prevented from escaping to the atmosphere. Air filters may be replaced using a control barrier to protect change-out personnel from contaminants within the housing or contaminants captured by the filters.
The housing minimizes exposure to harmful contaminants during filter service through the use of a PVC bag enclosure system. The entire filter changing process isolates personnel from the hazardous materials.
Chemical manufacturing facilities Food processing Genetic research and biotechnology facilities Hospital Isolation Suites to prevent the spread of infectious diseases Industrial processes exhaust Microelectronic and semiconductor facilities Nuclear power plants Pharmaceutical facilities Radioisotope handling facilities University research laboratories US Department of Energy Facilities Veterinary research and animal disease laboratories Specific United States Government facilities including military and the Department of State.

domain: chemistry


I know Casey Wilson, 38, from the show Happy Endings, she’s had guest spots on many shows and is a voice actress as well. She’s currently on Black Monday on Showtime, that awesome-looking show about the 80s stock market crash starring Don Cheadle. People Magazine asked Casey what she’ll “never do again” and she said Botox because it paralyzed half her face. Then she backtracked and said she’d probably do it again anyway. A similar thing happened to Kelly Ripa. She got bad Botox around 2015 (she told the story in 2016), she couldn’t smile properly for about six months and said that people wondered what was wrong with her. There are photos in that post of her grimacing instead of smiling properly. I can’t imagine. This is what Casey told People:
When asked about something she would never do again, [Casey Wilson] admitted, “Botox.”
“I once got it and it paralyzed half my face and I had a half smile,” explained Wilson, 38. “My new smile was like I had a secret. Just for three months and then it went away.”
“Just kidding, I’ll probably do it again.”
I always say in these posts that if all my friends were getting Botox and fillers I probably would too. I just live in a rural area where the nearest place you can get Botox (or see a decent movie) is an hour away so barely anyone does it. My college friend who lives in San Francisco got Botox for her wedding – at 30. So I likely would have done it already if my circumstances were different. I don’t blame Hollywood women for getting it done as it’s expected and normalized in their industry. But I like to think that I’d stop if I started to look much different or if I had adverse effects like not being able to smile right or move half my face. Could using fillers and Botox sometimes be like the frog in the boiling water metaphor? Like it’s looks nice at first, you don’t notice that bad stuff and you just keep at it until you’re f’cked.
photos credit: WENN


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Book Of Ra Slot Machine mr bet bonus codes 2022 Play Free Slot Game 2022
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The slot remains popular for its old-school charm and its straightforward take on the Egyptian theme. The bold-colored K, A, J, Q, and 10 serve as the slot’s lowest-paying symbols. The Book of Ra slot will transport you into the mysterious world of ancient Egypt. Also known as “Book of Ra Classic”, this slot is the first game in Novomatic’s Book of Ra series. The slot has been making waves in the iGaming industry since its release in 2005 and is particularly popular in Europe. The graphics of the game have a retro feel to them, and some players may find the slot’s look and feel outdated.
Mogu Li Osvojiti Pravi Novac Dok Igram Book Of Ra?
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Book Of Ra Recenzija Slota
The main character is an explorer who resembles Indiana Jones in many ways, although the game does not identify him, likely due to copyrights that may come into play. The slot also offers a gamble feature, which will have you guessing the color of the next randomly generated card. This feature can be used up to five times every time you land a win, allowing you to increase small wins into substantial prizes.
The use of mobile for the Book of Ra Deluxe may include downloading the app on your device or playing directly online through the web browser. Now, the fact is that the Book of Ra classic is a very volatile game. But when you hit these wins, you will surely enjoy them.

domain: entertainment


text:
Iconic Green Pen Stand
It takes 1-2 days to complete one piece of Pen Holder completely.
Organize your desk with our creative penstands, which will compel you to come to work every day with a smile on your face. Our moonj penstands brighten up your day the moment your eyes lay on them. Completely eco friendly, this beautifully handcrafted product can be used as the perfect gift to help organize the workspace
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*Slight irregularity in design and color is the sign of a handcrafted piece.
Natural Fiber - Grass (Kasa and Balla)
1 Moonj Pen Stand