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Despots, dictators, and power hungry presidents arise in an atmosphere of fear, scarce resources, hopelessness, and misery. As the power of the central government grows; the freedoms, liberties and rights of the people are diminished and ultimately relinquished.
Along with Incrementum's 94-page extravaganza on gold, this infographic, the final in our 2014 Gold Series (part 1, part 2, part 3, & part 4 here) looks to the future, covering gold trends that investors should be watching through the rest of the year and beyond. With input from some of the most important names in gold such as Brent Cook, Doug Casey, Frank Holmes, Bob Moriarty, and James Fraser, we aim to cover the broadest and most important signals for investors to watch. Those include Chinese wealth, Indian demographics, money printing, debt, and a lack of significant gold discoveries.
Just as the Federal Reserve cannot directly force you to stick the needle of monetary heroin (debt) into your arm, it also can't force employers to pay employees more. The ultimate hubris of the Keynesian Cargo Cult (which includes the global economy's central banks) is the naive notion that they can manipulate an entire system with a few levers such that the desired outcome--and only the desired outcome--is the output. The idea that you can change one input in an interconnected system of systems and only affect the one output you want is not just naive and simplistic: it requires a level of blindness and incompetence that is off the charts.
Professor Krugman is at it again - conjuring fairy tales about a benign long-term fiscal outlook. Notwithstanding that the public debt has surged from 40% to 75% of GDP during the six short years since 2008, he claims there is no reason to fret and that there is no debt spiral anywhere in the future. In part that’s because the Keynesian priesthood has declared that interest rates have down-shifted on a permanent basis. Under a regime of even modest monetary normalization over the next quarter century, current fiscal policy will lead to interest rates that are far higher, not lower, than the growth rate of nominal income. So its time to put Greece right back into the front and center of the US fiscal picture.
"To make this perfectly clear, extreme views on the left or the right end up meeting in the same back parking lot where they agree the people are the great unwashed and are too stupid to see they need to be manipulated and controlled." The people behind the curtain do not change with the change between left and right up in front of the curtain. It is always about power regardless of the side of politics.
Now that Obamacare has been enacted, Americans across the nation are seeing their health insurance bills spiking, leading to what has been a documented slide in full-time hiring, a drop in consumer discretionary spending, not to mention stagnant and declining real wages. In short: a broad economic contraction (yes, yes, who could have possibly foreseen this). But how is it that insurers set their prices? As Bloomberg explains, insurers are calculating what to charge for health plans in 2015, which is no simple task. Actuaries can’t easily forecast how often the millions of new Obamacare enrollees will go to a doctor. New federal rules and expensive drugs will also increase costs. Wrong guesses could wipe out profits. Here is a quick and dirty way to understand why premiums are going up.
How this entrepreneur is capitalizing on two exciting trends
Those following the labor force participation rate (which as even the Census Bureau showed is declining not so much due to demographics but due to older people working longer and pushing younger people out of the labor force as we showed yesterday) will hardly be surprised to learn that alongside today's impressive NFP print, the reason why the unemployment rate took another big step lower from 6.3% to 6.1%, was once again as a result of the number of people not in the labor force, which in June rose to a fresh record high of 92,120K, up 111K from June.
"Many older workers managed to stay employed during the recession; in fact, the population in age groups 65 and over were the only ones not to see a decline in the employment share from 2005 to 2010 (Figure 3-25)... Remaining employed and delaying retirement was one way of lessening the impact of the stock market decline and subsequent loss in retirement savings."
Some basic suggestions for those who are seeking shelter from the coming storms of global financial crisis and recession.
All sorts of promises, explicit and implicit, were issued to win votes. All the promises are now empty, and we might as deal with this reality head-on... if we can muster up the almost-lost ability to deal with reality rather than rely on fantasy/wishful thinking.
This week the BLS released its latest "American Time Use Survey" and unlike last year, this time we were not surprised to learn that not only are Americans far more preoccupied with sleeping and watching TV than working, but they have never slept more and worked less in the past decade. Perhaps in addition to obesity, the ongoing deterioration in the fundamentals of the US economy, already crushed by the Fed's central planning capital misallocation, may have something to do with this latest disturbing trend. Just perhaps. As John P. Robinson, a sociology professor at the University of Maryland, correctly observes, "The data defies popular expectations. People say they're too busy for leisure and don't have time to sleep, but that seems not to be the case."
Bank of America believes the increasing geopolitical tensions in Iraq risk regional contagion, with the potential for negative spillover to global markets. If Iraq were to see further turmoil, in addition to the civil war in neighbouring Syria, we believe it could destabilize the region further, disrupt oil production and exports, and provide fertile ground for terrorist activity to extend its reach. They review the background of Iraqi turmoil, and discuss the political, economic and market implications in 10 questions; noting that the root of the problem is the central government’s non-inclusive and sectarian policies.
The graph shows that the true wealth generators of the economy continue to struggle, and now face the prospect of having to pay for the snowballing government debts in the not so distant future. With limited access to funds and rising taxes and costs (with the notable exception of labor, which has its own circular implications), how can they generate enough growth to restore the country’s finances? Bond yields better stay at historical lows indeed.
Treasuries continue to do nothing wrong. Bullish views on bonds over the past several months have been met with stern opposition; however, several are now beginning to question their defiance. With such in mind, it is worth reviewing once again some possible explanations behind the bid. There are many reasons to expect their strong performance to continue (particularly over the next week).


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The Reverand Shawn Amos
The Reverend Shawn Amos is a Los Angeles-based, chart-topping bluesman ready to turn any venue into a 1960s’ Chicago blues club. His foot-stomping, harp-wailing performances, like tent revivals of yore, energize the faithful, and convert the wayward to the Rev’s message of booty-shakin’, deep joyful blues. The Rev came up in 1970s Los Angeles, at the feet of musical legends like Marvin Gaye and Quincy Jones, as well as all manner of Hollywood street folk. The son of music agent-turned entrepreneur, Wally “Famous” Amos, and R&B nightclub singer, Shirlee May, Shawn found music early, and has worked within it his entire life.
Show Times: Sunday, October 16th at 7pm & 9pm
Ticket Price: $20
401 Mason Street
San Francisco, CA 94102

domain: artistic


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Government has described as shameful, Patriotic Front leader Michael Sata’s statement that the government has excluded the declaration of Zambia as a Christian nation in the preamble of the constitution .
Chief Government Spokesperson, Ronnie Shikapwasha says the allegations by Mr Sata are blatant falsehoods.
He was speaking to ZNBC news in Lusaka Tuesday.
Lieutenant General Shikapwasha, who is also Information Minister said contrary to Mr Sata’s false accusations, the constitution of Zambia still maintains the declaration of Zambia as a Christian nation.
He said the preamble in the amended constitution also upholds the right of every person to enjoy their freedom of conscience or religion.
He said the constitution as amended by article three reads ” we the people of Zambia, acknowledge the supremacy of God Almighty, declare the Republic a Christian nation while upholding the right of every person to enjoy that person’s freedom of conscience o

domain: law


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Hello again! It's time for the new Mini Challenge over at More Than Words!
Here's the ATC I made for it:
The criteria for the new Mini Challenge is to use the word ART on a card, tag or ATC. I had so much fun with this one! I figured this was totally about my art so I felt I could just create whatever I like. This is my little card of fun!
I sure hope you can join us over at More Than Words. You only have one week to enter so be quick!


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Funded by the East Durham AAP the Community Job Clubs were open to support anyone that needed help and support in job search related activity and were totally free to use. The best part about them was that they were local, accessible and based in your community.
There were supported sessions where someone was on hand to help beneficiaries with a range of things from using a computer from scratch, job search, CV writing and other Job Seeking skills, to improving your interview skills and help with your maths, reading and writing skills, plus much more!
The Community Job Clubs also hosted a number of highly successful Job Fairs reaching 100's of people and giving them the opportunity to engage with potential employers, learn about volunteering opportunity and pick up some valuable employability tips. The Community Job Clubs have continued as part of our Big Lottery funded Stop Poverty in East Durham project.
East Durham Trust Community House Yoden Road Peterlee SR8 5DP T: 0191 5693511
Charity No: 1117642 Company No: 05934124
What We Do
East Durham Trust is a flagship VCSE organisation for the 20 villages and 2 towns on the East Durham Coast. We are the 'go to' organisation in our community delivering a range of projects and services from crisis support to art engagement. East Durham Trust’s operates on a ‘hub and spoke’ approach through well-established partnerships with our communities. We work directly with community members and partners to facilitate prevention, intervention and crisis support services delivered in our communities, for our communities and by our communities.
We empower people to take ownership of their own needs and work to lift up those most in need in East Durham. We help build and maintain meaningful relationships within our community ensuring those on the margins are helped to be in reach of a spectrum vital services.

domain: sociology


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Hjärtats osäkerhet - en begreppsanalys
2013 (Swedish)In: Vård i Norden, ISSN 0107-4083, Vol. 33, no 4, 42-47 p.Article in journal (Refereed) Published
The aim of this study was to elucidate the meaning and dimensions of the concepts uncertain, control, secure and risk. The results from the concept determination were discussed in relation to the phenomenon of women’s health and illness experiences following a myocardial infarction (MI). A method of concept determination was used. The findings disclose the complexity of the women’s existential uncertainty that was experienced by women following an MI. This uncertainty is an important matter in relation to the women’s health processes and to their well-being. In these processes the concepts control, secure and risk play a central role. Western culture of today seems to be characterized by a search for greater safety. Lifestyle disorders, such as an MI, seems to make people more aware of specific risk factors that may be avoided. Women who have suffered an MI want to be as safe as possible in order to not fall ill again, but live well. The women’s ambition to achieve greater safety may lead them to feel even greater uncertainty. It is a challenging act for healthcare professionals to balance their support, to give information and to care for patients with acute coronary syndromes.
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Sykepleiernes Samarbeid i Norden , 2013. Vol. 33, no 4, 42-47 p.
concept development, myocardial infarction, uncertain, control, secure, risk
Nursing Medical and Health Sciences
Research subject Medical sciences
IdentifiersURN: urn:nbn:se:his:diva-8690OAI: oai:DiVA.org:his-8690DiVA: diva2:680957

domain: medical


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GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Unlike excitatory neurons, which "pass along" a message to the next neuron by causing an Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential (EPSP), inhibitory neurons make the next neuron less likely to fire by causing an Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential (IPSP). So when the arrival of an action potential at the axon terminal of a gabaminergic neuron causes the release of GABA into the synaptic cleft to interact with its post-synaptic receptors, these receptors open channels for chloride ions. The rush of these negatively-charged chloride ions into the receiving neuron makes it more negative inside, and thus less likely to fire.
GABA is recognized by both ligand-gated and G-protein-linked receptors. The ligand-gated GABA receptor is called GABAa and represents a typical ligand-gated receptor molecule. High concentrations of GABA and GABAa receptors are found in the limbic system, an area of the brain where personal feelings and emotional memories are generated and stored. When an individual experiences a strong emotion, or is faced with a threatening challenge, it is the limbic system that interprets the ambiguous physiological responses of the autonomic nervous system that accompany these situations (i.e. change in heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, perspiration, etc.) to determine exactly which emotion is being experienced. Is it fear? Excitement? Anxiety? Anger? By analyzing the particular situation and comparing it to any memories associated with that or similar experiences, the limbic system helps us to identify and name the emotions we feel.
GABA neurons are present throughout the nervous system, from the eye (see http://retina.anatomy.upenn.edu/~lance/Neurochem/gaba.html), to the limbic system. The amygdala (or amygdaloid complex), located in the medial temporal lobe, is one of the most important elements of the limbic system, playing a crucial role in emotion and memory. More specifically, it is thought that the amygdala plays a large role in associating certain stimuli with rewards and in thus moderating some of our behavioral responses. Several studies have illustrated the crucial role that the amygdala plays in modulating the connection between our emotions and our behavior, most specifically in the areas of fear and aggression. In one experiment, rats were conditioned to experience a fear response to a neutral stimulus. This response, characterized by increased blood pressure and periods of "freezing" (immobility), was abolished after lesioning of the amygdala. In a second lesioning experiment, usually aggressive rhesus monkeys became placid and fearless around their caretakers after the removal of their amygdalas. In humans, electrical stimulation of the amygdala has been shown to lead to uncontrolled rage.
The amygdala connects various sensory processing regions with the hypothalamus and brain stem. Its inputs include projections from the olfactory cortex, somatic sensory pathways, and the auditory complex. This diverse sensory information is integrated and processed in the amygdala, where evidence of long term potentiation (LTP), and thus associative learning, has been shown. The processed signals are then sent through projections to the hypothalamus and brain stem. In this way, the amygdala has the ability to control both autonomic and somatic systems.

domain: psychology


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Did Kate Middleton just attack Prince Harry and Meghan Markle, and criticise their relationship?!
Take a look at the viral claim, and find out what the facts really are!
Claim : Kate Middleton Just Attacked Prince Harry + Meghan!
People are sharing a Music Mundial article which claims that Kate Middleton just attacked Prince Harry and Meghan Markle, and criticised their relationship!
Here is the viral Music Mundial article. Please feel free to skip to the next section for the facts!
Recommended : Are Prince William + Kate Middleton Getting A Divorce?!
Claim : Kate Middleton Did Not Attack Prince Harry + Meghan!
This is yet another example of celebrity FAKE NEWS created by Music Mundial to generate page views, and here are the reasons why…
Fact #1 : Kate Middleton Did Not Attack Prince Harry + Meghan Markle
First, let me just quickly say that Kate Middleton did not attack Prince Harry or Meghan Markle.
Music Mundial based that claim on a third-party source close to the family, who allegedly said that Kate feels “irritated by Meghan’s unhealthy obsession with money“.
Even if that quote is accurate, it only shows Kate Middleton’s personal opinion of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle.
It isn’t an attack on Prince Harry or Meghan herself, anymore than our personal opinion of the Avatar 2 movie is an attack on the movie, actors, and producers!
More importantly, this was revealed by a unanimous source (which has not been independently verified), and not Kate Middleton herself. So it was certainly not an “attack” by her in any way.
Fact #2 : Kate Middleton Did Not Criticise Their Relationship
Music Mundial did not offer any evidence that Kate Middleton criticised Prince Harry and Meghan Markle’s relationship, so that claim is obviously false too.
Fact #3 : Radar Online Was The Source, Not MARCA
The source for the key quote in the Music Mundial article was not MARCA, but Radar Online. MARCA credited Radar Online for the quote:
As you can see, Radar Online was the source, not MARCA. If Music Mundial cannot even get this right…
Fact #4 : This Is Just Music Mundial Fake News
This appears to be nothing more than yet another example of celebrity fake news posted by Music Mundial. Here are examples of Music Mundial fake news that I looked into:
- Did Prince William Finally Dump Rose Hanbury?!
- Are Prince William + Kate Out Of The Coronation?!
- Are Prince Harry + Meghan Markle Getting A Divorce?!
- Did Meghan Markle Just Separate From Prince Harry?!
- Was Meghan Markle Stripped Of Royal Title + Banned From UK?!
- Did King Charles just expel Meghan from Royal Family?!
- Prince Harry Will Attend King Charles III’s Coronation!
- Did Meghan Demand Salary As Prince Harry’s Wife?!
- Did Kate Middleton Accept Prince William’s Mistress?!
Everything Music Mundial posts should be considered as FAKE NEWS, until proven otherwise.
Please help us fight fake news – SHARE this article, and SUPPORT our work!
- Did Germany Accuse US Of Blowing Up Nord Stream 2?!
- Did Harrison Ford Just Die In Hospital / Plane Crash?!
- Four Telcos Just Banned SMS Links To Prevent Scams!
- Did Joe Biden Walk Away While Meeting Air Force Falcons?!
- Celine Dion Just Died Suddenly In Car / Plane Crash?!
If you like our work, please support us by visiting our sponsors, or donating to our fund. Thank you!

domain: entertainment


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“Graceful Garden” 2021 Block of the Month Quilt.
An Original Design by TK Harrison, Owner of BOMquilts.com!
Finished size = 81″ square
This is a traditionally pieced quilt pattern!
“Midnight Stargazer” 2020 Block of the Month Quilt. An Original Design by TK Harrison, Owner of BOMquilts.com
This design is nothing like I’ve ever designed before. With fabrics & colors that I’ve never used before, either. But they’re rich, luxurious & absolutely beautiful! Which means that your finished quilt will be amazing!
“Harry Loves Alice” 2019 Block of the Month Quilt. An Original Design by
TK Harrison, Owner of BOMquilts.com
“Happiness is Quilting” 2017 Block of the Month Quilt. An original Project designed by TK Harrison from BOMquilts.com
“Quilted Kitchen Sampler”
Hint: Free Summer …
“Shabby Love” 2016 Block of the Month Quilt. An original Project designed by TK Harrison from BOMquilts.com
Perfect for practicing curved piecing, this quilt features an Improved Nine-Patch block, a design that became popular in the early 1930s. It includes a vibrant mix of colors and prints. Buy this pattern here. Quilts Made of Civil War Reproduction Fabrics. Free Batik Quilt Patterns. Showcase Solids in Quilts. Original Price $29.99'. (15% off) Add to Favorites. Threads of Memory. Civil War Quilt Pattern PDF BlockoftheMonth Sampler. 12 pieced star designs. 5 out of 5 stars. Jul 10, 2018 - Explore Judy Grandstrand's board 'Civil War Quilt Patterns', followed by 437 people on Pinterest. See more ideas about civil war quilt, quilt patterns, civil war quilts. The stories of fourteen extraordinary Civil War quilts and the women who made them bring you face to face with the drama of war and its effect on thousands of lives. Some of these quilts tell love stories, others relate the determination of women seeking an active role in the war effort, but all represent efforts to support the fighting men. PDF Instant Download. Barbara Brackman Historical Series. This listing is for all the patterns, set & optional border from my 2017 BOM Yankee Diary, a Civil War reproduction quilt with a contemporary set. You get a PDF you can print out on your home printer. The mostly applique patterns are based on patriotic Civil-War-era quilts.
“Modern Framed Classics: Bright & Beautiful” an original design by TK Harrison for BOMquilts.com
“Bittersweet Churning” 2012 BOM Quilt Exclusively Designed by BOMquilts.com
“Santorini Stars” 2010 BOM Quilt designed by BOMquilts.com
Pinwheel Snowflakes for Winter Joy Originally Designed by BOMquilts.com
Civil War Quilt Blocks
Civil War Quilt Block Patterns

domain: design


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Is an alternative treatment that helps to cure baldness in both males and females.
It does this by mreducing hair loss, promoting hair growth and slowing male pattern baldness.
It is a process which regulates the proteins, vitamins and other nutrient levels and growth factors in the scalp of the patient suffering from balding.
This is done by injecting in the least painful way, nutrient boosters in the scalp with the help of an injection gun to aid in the nourishing and hydrating of the scalp.
This also includes initiating cell metabolism, eliminating infections and promoting and accelerating hair growth, improving blood circulation in the scalp and strengthening and reviving the hair follicles to help create dense, voluminous, strong, long and healthy tresses.

domain: biology


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Casino executive Sheldon Adelson gave $5 million to help stage the Republican National Convention, while Steven Spielberg’s Hollywood studio contributed $2 million to the Democratic convention, Federal Election Commission reports show.
While each political party gets taxpayer money to cover convention and security costs, the host cities also raise millions to help pay for staging the quadrennial gatherings.
Adelson’s $5 million donation to the host committee in Tampa, Florida, was the largest single contribution to either committee. He and his wife, Miriam, have given $10 million to Restore Our Future, the super-political action committee supporting Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney.
David Koch, executive vice president of Koch Industries Inc. of Wichita, contributed $1 million. He’s a founder of Americans for Prosperity, a nonprofit that doesn’t disclose its donors, which has spent an estimated $32 million against President Barack Obama, according to New York-based Kantar Media’s CMAG, which tracks TV advertising.
Hedge-fund managers Paul Singer of Elliott Management Corp. and Renaissance Technologies LLC co-chief executive officer Robert Mercer each wrote a $1 million check to the Tampa host committee. John Paulson, of Paulson & Co., contributed $1 million to the host committee through his firm.
Nascar race car driver Jeff Gordon gave $50,000 to the host committee. Romney once said that “some great friends” of his were Nascar owners.
The Tampa committee raised $55.9 million and reported no debts. It spent $52.3 million.
In Charlotte, North Carolina, the Democratic host committee initially announced it wouldn’t accept direct corporate contributions. Later the committee set up a separate entity to take such money.
The North Carolina committees raised $43 million between them and spent almost $50 million. They wound up more than $10 million in debt, including $8 million in bank loans.
Spielberg, who had given $100,000 to the pro-Obama super- PAC Priorities USA Action, contributed $2 million through his movie studio, Dreamworks Studios SKG.
Other Charlotte donors included Duke Energy Corp., whose chief executive officer, Jim Rogers, was co-chairman of the host committee. Duke Energy, based in the host city, contributed $6 million to the two committees and Rogers himself gave $339,523. Both included in-kind and cash donations.
The American Federation of Teachers gave $500,000 and Chiquita Brands International Inc., based in Cincinnati, donated $4,000 worth of bananas.
Several companies were double-givers. Bank of America Corp., based in Charlotte, contributed $5 million to the Democrats and $1.1 million to the Republicans. Fairfield, Connecticut-based General Electric Co., the biggest corporate spender on lobbying, gave $100,000 to the Republicans and $200,000 to the Democrats. AT&T Inc., the largest U.S. phone company, donated $3.1 million to the Republicans and $1.3 million to the Democrats, including almost $300,000 for delegate bags with the Dallas-based company’s logo.
© Copyright 2016 Bloomberg News. All rights reserved.

domain: finance


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Our other visitor guides
- Hits: 475
'Oh Never was there a queen so mightly betrayed!
Yet at the first I saw the treasons planted.'
Sport for Jove opens its Shakespear Festival at Everglades, Saturday 14 July.
When In Rome. . . Julius Caesar alternating with performances of Shakespeare's Anthony and Cleopatra
Directed by Michael Pigott and Damien Ryan
Sport for Jove’s acclaimed Summer Shakespeare Season, now in it’s 8th successful year, has become a must-see on the NSW theatrical calendar. This year we go on a Roman Holiday – the epic tale of Julius Caesar and Antony and Cleopatra, told together in the frenzy and accessibility of the Festival atmosphere, outdoors and full of feasting and invention.
Shakespeare looked to the Roman past not out of historical curiosity but to awaken us to the struggles, fears and possibilities of our present – our relationships to power, to loyalty, to freedom, to violence, to idealism and to civic duty. But above all he turned to the famous characters and events of an ancient age in order to imagine new futures –
Scenes from Everglades Gardens
“How many ages hence shall this, our lofty scene, be acted over in states unborn and accents yet unknown”
Julius Caesar and Antony and Cleopatra are two of his greatest plays – famed for their clarity, political modernity, poetry and their extraordinary pantheon of characters, real men and women who defined the very pulse of their age and who are rekindled in the possibilities of every political leader and every political machination of the 21st Century. Julius Caesar, Cleopatra, Mark Antony, Augustus, Portia, Cassius, Brutus, Agrippa. Their rise and thunderous fall threw down to us a set of challenges we may never master. How do we lead a nation? How do we follow a leader? What sparks revolution? What suppresses it? What price freedom…?
And as the merry-go-round of the Australian Prime Ministership has shown in recent years, politics is as personal as life itself. Love, hate, betrayal, sacrifice, lust, confusion, tyranny – power is a fragile house of cards and every nation stands in its trembling shadow.
Join us outdoors this summer for a rampaging look at Rome’s eternal lessons for our contemporary lives.
Performance Dates :Julius Caesar - January 14, 15, 20, 21, 22, 28, 29
Antony & Cleopatra - January 14, 15, 21, 22, 27, 28, 29
- Hits: 542
Today we talk about shopping for the very different, the exquisite and often the exotic: Ainsley Fine Jewellery, Quidditas and Teddy Sinclair -- three of the finest in Leura.
AINSLEY FINE JEWELLERY
Address:175 The Mall
Phone: 02 4784 2807
Hours: Open 7 days 10am-5pm
A stunning collection of fine jewellery is now in Leura and the staging and display of beautiful pieces in Ainsley Fine Jewellery is a work of art. .Rings - diamond, gold, pearl and gorgeous amber capture our attention on our first visit. You will also find necklaces of gemstones, amethyst, garnet, lemon quartz and a 'stop-in-your-tracks' pair of gold and silver spiral aquamarine drop earrings.
Owner, Ainsley Whelan is a jewellery designer, a gemmologist and a diamond grader. With these credentials, we were surprised to find such a young talent heading up the business. Her attention to detail and to design is unusual and exciting for her years.
QUIDDITAS CREATIVE ART & GALLERY
Address:88 Railway Parade
Hours: Open Thu-Mon 10am-5pm
Phone: 02 4784 3625
Quidditas is a well turned-out collection of exhibition space, art gallery and shop of exquisite gifts - all rolled into the heritage-listed house and garden on Leura's prestigious Railway Parade.
In the Quidditas exhibition room, the focus is upon past and present textiles and cultural artefacts from around the world. With items collected by the owner, a clothing and textile designer, exhibition themes change with some frequency.
The gallery shop choices - clothing, jewellery, and tableware are sourced from around the world and you won't find these and other items outside the doors of Quidditas. Unusual French tableware, with an amusing and functional design, was such a temptation for us. Jewellery or the more common term "bling" are all the rage, but the baubles at Quidditas are beyond extraordinary. Gorgeous crocheted Turkish jewellery exceeds even our jaded expectation.
Elegant handmade scarves by French designer Sophie Digard are hand dyed and in lovely colours: merino, mohair and velvets with unrepeatable patterns and designs. Linens and pillows, painted lampshades, gifts for children, striking wrapping paper and cards. Browsing and shopping requires time.
Address:177-179 The Mall
Phone: 02 4784 3154
Two shops under one umbrella, each with a separate shopfront and entrance is unusual for Leura, but proprietors Lindy and Paul Du Moulin seem to manage this unique arrangement with ease and flair.
While we love Teddy's trendy women's shop, in this issue we want to highlight Teddy's 'man cave' shop as it is unique in Leura. Men shopping is, well … rarely easy, but your man won't feel out of place or 'out of sorts' in this stylish tiny shop.
For that edgy look, guys can find modish leather jackets, gorgeous wool or cashmere coats, belts and great Italian or Irish caps and hats for the outing in that sporty car. We purchased a hip Italian wool cap for a friend's 21st and he loved it!
For the traditional guy, don't overlook briefcases, man bags and satchels, which are the exceptional leather accessory. The Toowoomba overnight or carry-on satchel is fantastic - a gorgeous leather in chocolate. This leather is soft and will age beautifully.
Shaving gear, cuff links, watches, scarves and umbrellas: all under one roof. Life made easy for a man who is particular about his style. And if he isn't, dressing your man has never been made easier.


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A principled, socialist, and anti-imperialist position can only be to reject the Poppy Appeal in its entirety and to identify it for what it is: an ode to British imperialism.
Hunt's "softer" and more "sensible" conservatism will reason that there can surely be no help for the working class this winter.
Since this phenomenon, of leaders who are in fact primarily mascots, is common to both Labour and the Tories, you'd be right in thinking that it has a common cause.
We are always open to work with any individuals or organisations building beyond the Labour Party. The fight against racial capitalism, imperialism and the climate crisis demands us to make unflinching decisions.
If Liverpool is to have any claim of being a "socialist city", we must relearn the lessons of its radical past. The left needs to abandon electoral politics, including Labour and Joanne Anderson, and return to the path towards revolution, towards liberation.
Our communities must take power to get what we need. We need to resist the police, stop gentrification, build programmes that allow us to survive and support one another, and to defend and organise our communities - this power will never be granted to us, but it's ours for the taking.


African Mango is the latest craze in weight loss. It's being used by everyone from celebrities to fitness freaks to help drop the those extra pounds and get the trim
New York (PRWEB) August 19, 2013
African Mango Plus has gained the significant popularity over competing products and a high customer preference for the effective weight loss formula of the product. The product has been featured by various health experts as the miracle fat burner. The product has taken the media by storm and has gained the preference of celebrities and many other high profile persons since it has clinically proven highly effective yet completely safe for the natural weight loss.
Currently, a discount of 50% is being offered with the purchase of the product to the valuable customers by the Naturalherbalz.net. Customers can also find the product at http://www.naturalherbalz.net/buy-african-mango-plus.php.
The product African Mango Plus is the natural weight loss supplement prepared with the African Mango extracts to give the natural boost to the weight loss process. African Mango has gained the significant popularity in media since it has clinically found highly beneficial for the health. This fruit is basically used by the African people for the energy increasing purposes. Recently, health experts revealed that African Mango actually increases the amount of Leptin in the blood which is a substance responsible for regulating the metabolic process. This property of African Mango can help greatly in the natural weight loss process.
The product African Mango Plus contains the African Mango Extracts as the main ingredient and performs all the health beneficial functions of African Mango Fruit. It effectively speeds up the metabolic activity and promotes the faster fat burn. the burned fat is converted into energy and hence it kicks off the fatigue feeling by increasing the overall energy level of the body. The claims about the product are backed by the clinical studies. One study was conducted on 102 people. The volunteers were divided into two groups, those taking the African Mango and those taking the placebo. According to the study, taking 150 mg of African Mango daily before meals resulted in “Significant improvements in body weight, body fat, and waist circumference.
Visit http://www.naturalherbalz.net/weightloss/african-mango-plus.html to read more information on African Mango Plus .


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July 10, 2015
On June 27, a young freedom fighter and community organizer mounted an awe-inspiring campaign to bring down the Confederate battle flag. Brittany “Bree” Newsome, in a courageous act of civil disobedience, scaled a metal pole using a climbing harness, to remove the flag from the grounds of the South Carolina state capitol. She refused law enforcement commands to end her mission and was immediately arrested along with ally James Ian Tyson. Though the flag was replaced an hour later, only 12 days later, the Legislature voted it down for good.
February 1, 2014
The Central Office of the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections upheld the censorship of the book “10 Lessons: An Introduction to Black History” by Mba Mbulu and refused to give me the book because they allege it contained “racially inflammatory material and/or writings that advocate violence against the government or any of its facilities.” The prohibited material outlined Cheikh Anta Diop’s “two cradle theory.”
June 5, 2009
Our beloved Mother Mary Ann Wright passed last month; she was 87. She was soft-spoken when not in the pulpit or behind her bullhorn holding church at her multiple food giveaway sites. I marveled over this woman who’d done so much to comfort the poor, a woman loved by all who knew her.

domain: history


Charles Rivet [Zeligsoft]
Charles Rivet is a senior product manager at Zeligsoft responsible for developing new business opportunities and products around open source system modelling solutions, and especially Papyrus for Real Time. As part of this work, Charles has been an active member of the Eclipse PolarSys working group.
Charles brings close to 30 years of experience in software and systems development and management. Prior to Zeligsoft, Charles spent 16 years in various position to develop and market software and systems development tools at IBM, Rational, and ObjecTime. During that time, he was part of the Rose RealTime, RSA, Tau, SDL/TTCN Suites, and System Tester product management teams as well as being responsible for taking RSA-RTE to market. Prior to this, Charles has worked in various product management, solution delivery, and development and management positions in various engineering and software development positions. Charles has experience in the architectural design and implementation of complex systems, object-oriented analysis and design, modeling using UML and other notations, configuration management, process and method definition, governance, and project management.
Charles has worked in various domains and industries spanning embedded development, industrial processes, aeronautics, network equipment providers, telecommunications, security systems, and IT. Charles holds a Bachelor of Engineeering (Applied Sciences) from École Polytechnique de Montréal.
Charles has been involved with Eclipse, in various ways, since its pre-foundation days.
Want to known more? Check out http://ca.linkedin.com/in/charlesrivet


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Call for proposals: Delivery of cash for work opportunities and messages on COVID-19 awareness
Submission deadline: 07 August 2020
Support cash-for-work opportunities for women and link these essential goods and services to organizations producing hygiene kits or providing health services in communities. Alongside this, dissemination of COVID-19 prevention messages, including addressing misogyny, hate speech and shared care burden and engaging women as community health ambassadors.
Email address: salila.klongboonjit[at]unwomen.org


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YInMn Blue Pigment Released to Market
The Shepherd Color Company recently announced that a completely new shade of shade of blue, known as YInMn Blue, is ready for commercial sale.
Licensed from Oregon State University, the new color technology has also gone on to inspire Crayola’s new “Bluetiful” crayon color. Currently, the Environmental Protection Agency has issued Shepherd Color a Low Volume Exemption, which will allow for it to be used in industrial coatings and plastics.
Other than the color’s vibrant shade, what makes it stand out is that it's an addition to the range of colors that stay cooler when exposed to the sun, which allows building material manufacturers to adhere to regulations and save energy.
Earlier this year, as part of its “Cool Roofs Initiative,” Shepherd tested YinMn Blue’s infrared reflective properties at its Laboratory for Advanced Innovative Research, near Denver.
Using two house models, researchers used a standard dark blue—made with high durability pigments—for one small, metal-paneled roof, and a coating of YInMn Blue on another. Both models were placed outside on a sunny, warm day.
Using an infrared imager to test each roof, it was revealed that the standard roof was much hotter than the YInMn Blue model. The imager’s temperature-sensing function showed the standard blue roof was 191 degrees Fahrenheit; the YInMn Blue roof was 168 degrees Fahrenheit.
Production and Testing
According to Shepherd, YInMn’s high temperature calcination production process makes the color technology highly inert, meaning that it can be used in a variety of coatings and plastics while retaining weathering properties. YinMn Blue is infrared-reflective, but is also extremely opaque in the UV and visible parts of the solar spectrum, according to the company.
Even though the EPA recently granted Shepherd the right to use the coating in industrial coatings and plastics, companies are still testing the new pigment in order to validate complete coating performance. Otherwise, YInMn can be used in plastics for coloring polymers, due to its high temperature stability, color and high opacity.
Other than the EPA-approved options for the pigment, the doors to the world of artistic materials temporarily remain shut, but the company seeks to rectify this by submitting a pre-manufacturing notice to get YInMn on the Toxic Substances Control Act inventory and therefore approved for all uses.

domain: chemistry


The leadership of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) has started a reconciliation process with former governors of the party with a view to regaining power in 2019.
National Chairman of the party, Senator Ali-Modu Sheriff, at a meeting with the former PDP governors said that the move is to foster unity among members.
Since its lost control of the centre in the general elections, the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) has been trying to rebuild its structures.
The party has embarked on series of reconciliatory meetings since its new chairman, Senator Ali Modu Sherif assumed office.
Some of those in attendance include Gbenga Daniel of Ogun State, Babangida Aliyu of Niger State, Ibrahim Shema of Kastina State, Ibrahim Shekarau of Kano State, and Gabriel Suswam of Benue State.
Members of the party’s National Working Committee were also at the meeting.


People’s Postcode Lottery: Swinton widow wins huge prize on using late husband’s tickets
Lesley McNally, 54, kept playing after her beloved hubby Garry died suddenly of a heart attack in September 2021.
and live on Freeview channel 276
A woman from Swinton has won a six-figure sum - using her late husband’s lottery tickets.
Lesley McNally, 54, kept playing after her beloved hubby Garry died suddenly of a heart attack in September 2021, five days after he turned 60. And the mum-of-three wept when People’s Postcode Lottery showed up on her street to reveal their postcode - M27 9UY - had landed her £166,666 as part of the first ever Millionaire Street prize on Moss Bank Road.
Lesley said: “I’m happy that I’ve won, and the family have won. But it is tinged with sadness, because we had played for a long time and Garry’s not here to see it. This is a life-changing amount of money for me and Gaz.”
Car dealership administrator Lesley had been with Garry since she was 16 and was amrried for 37 years before he sadly died. The couple had just moved into their semi-detached bungalow eight months before and the builder and decorator had been working on renovations at the time. Now their three sons – roofing firm boss Alan, 35, fireman Matthew, 32, and Emmerdale sound technician Steven, 29 – are helping their mum.
Grandmother Lesley said: “We played Postcode Lottery in the old house and continued to play when we moved here. We had a bigger house, then the boys all left, and we downsized. This is where we would have lived forever. But eight months later Gaz had a sudden heart attack five days after his 60th birthday.
“If he was here, he would have started building. After we moved in, he had the roof off in a day. Now I’ll just enjoy it and do what we wanted to do.”
She added: “I feel sick, I’m just overwhelmed…I really don’t know how to feel. This solves a lot of things. Garry passed away very suddenly and there wasn’t a plan. This just makes the plan.
“There are just so many emotions that went through my head. It’s unbelievable and will change the family’s lives. It will all be shared. It’ll help me and the boys.”
In July 2022, Garry’s Postcode Lottery tickets also won the family a £2,000 cash prize. And son Alan reckons their dad is looking down on them.
He said: “I’m not a spiritual person, but when we were paying for dad’s headstone, mum got the £2,000 win – and now this.”
Brother Steven added: “This is amazing, it’s massive for my mum. It has been difficult times.”
Lesley had been on her way to work when she stopped her car to ask the Postcode Lottery team if anyone in the area had won – and struggled to believe she was one of them.
She said: “When I saw the Postcode Lottery in the street, I thought it was the Labour Party canvassing for votes, because of the red clothing. I was on my way to work. But I phoned my boss to say that I was going to be late.”
She added: “It’s just lovely that other people in the street won, too. People struggle at the moment, so I don’t want to be ‘I won’ when other people are struggling. But because other people are sharing in the win, I don’t feel so guilty.”
Lesley was one of eight people with the Moss Bank Road postcode to share £1 million in the first ever weekly Millionaire Street prize – with each ticket worth £83,333.
Her neighbour Chris Leonard, 64, landed the street’s biggest prize of £249,999, playing with three tickets. Now he wants to splash out on a red Mercedes CLA 220d – as well as a holiday to a five-star hotel in Anglesey, Wales, that will accommodate his dogs Rosie and Poppy.
The civil servant, who celebrated with wife of 40 years Elisa, 59, said: “This is going to make a mind-blowing difference.
“We got the biggest shock of our lives when we saw the amount. I didn’t sleep the night before because of expectations of what we could win. Elisa promised me a car and maybe Mercedes will phone me now.”


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Today I’m chatting with autism dad, Dean Trottier, all about his journey with his son, Charlie. Charlie was diagnosed with autism just after his second birthday. Dean shares his experience as a single dad going through the process of getting a diagnosis and finding the right services for his son. Dean is also Canadian so we talk about the good and bad of Canada’s healthcare. It was really interesting to hear how things differ from here in the states. We also talk about his older son who was more recently diagnosed with ADHD. Dean shares openly about both his sons and his unique perspective as a solo parent. We had a great conversation and I hope you enjoy listening!
Connect with Dean:
Making Authentic Friendships
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The state symbols of Khrystynivshchyna. Memorable sign at the entrance to the city of Khrystynivka. Khrystynivka railway station (1950). Locomotive depot past and today. Grain reserve. Khrystynivka today : a newly â€“ built district. O. Korniychuk monument.
THE COUNTRY OF KNOWLEDGE AND GOOD DEEDS
The teaching school of computer technologies for teachers have worked for two years in school №2

domain: geography


text:
Röhnfried K+K Gold Pills 100 Pieces (fish protein)
Complementary feed for pigeons
- Individual feeding
- Muscle building
The K + K Gold Dragees contain easily digestible animal protein, obtained from high-quality fish and whey protein, as well as methionine, lecithin and magnesium for a fast regeneration of racing pigeons. The tablet hardly affects the metabolism and is therefore ideally suited as an individual supply for returnees or heavily flown pigeons.
Instructions for use: Enter 1 K + K Gold Dragee (0.55g) per pigeon after the flight. Only feed to homing pigeons. Contains fish protein, must not be fed to ruminants! Do not feed to animals that are used to obtain food!
Composition: dextrose, lactose, fish protein hydrolyzed (salmon) 14%, whey protein powder 14%, magnesium carbonate
Analytical components: crude protein 21.0%, crude fiber 6.5%, crude fat 0.45%, crude ash 24.7%, sodium 0.0%, methionine 0.8%, magnesium 0.17%, lysine 2.5%
Content of additives per 1,000 g: trace elements: iodine / potassium iodite (3b201) 580 mg – stabilizers: lecithins (E322) 2,140 mg
Preservatives: potassium sorbate (E202) 420mg, citric acid (E330) 11.550mg


text:
Rachel Platten’s “Fight Song” marks a pair of airplay chart milestones, hitting the top 10 on Adult Top 40 (11-10) and debuting on Mainstream Top 40 at No. 38. Radio Disney leads all reporters on the latter list with 465 plays through May 31, according to Nielsen Music.
“From the first time I heard ‘Fight Song,’ I felt it could connect broadly,” says Radio Disney GM/vp programming Phil Guerini. On April 25, Platten performed the song at the Radio Disney Music Awards, which he calls a “defining moment for her.” Citing the song’s inspirational lyrics, he adds, “She’s no longer a ‘small boat on the ocean.'”

domain: news


text:
Artist Ivan Kenneth Eyre
Title Persona #6/75
Media etching on paper
Size 8.75 x 11.5 in. / 22.2 x 29.2 cm.
Frame Size 16.5 x 19 x 1 in.
signed, titled and numbered along bottom; framed with archival mat
Susan Whitney Gallery, Regina, label verso; private collection, Calgary
Ivan Kenneth Eyre ~ [b.1935] Canadian RCA
see Ivan Eyre Exposition, by J.Murray, Robert McLaughlin Gallery, 1980; Ivan Eyre, by G.Woodcock, Fitzhenry & Whiteside; Personal Mythologies / Images of the Milieu, Ivan Eyre, by T.Heath, Winnipeg Art Gallery, 1988; N.G.C. Vol.1, A-F, ed.C.Hill, pg.303; Biographical Dict. of Saskatchewan Artists - Men, by M.Newman, pg.83, Fifth House Pub., 1994; exhibition lists in R.C.A.A., pg.119 and M.M.F.A., by E.McMann, pg.119; Collector's Dictionary of Canadian Artists at Auction, by A.Westbridge, Vol.1, pg. 107, Westbridge Pub., 1999


Re: Which exhaust??
The monster has a good point. But if you are set on the dirt bike pipes then, unless the dyno results were dramatically different, then choose the one with easier fitment. Also, the other day I checked crmachine website and the fire breather header pipe is currently out of stock.
check through some posts by Davezilla as I think he has used both.
Just a chimp with a gun and an idea we should be free to ride our machines without gettin hassled by the Man.


text:
Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors have attracted considerable attention for the development of ultra-thin body transistors. However, the polarity control of 2D transistors and the achievement of complementary logic functions remain critical challenges. Here, we report a doping-free strategy to modulate the polarity of WSe2 transistors using same contact metal but different integration methods. By applying low-energy van der Waals integration of Au electrodes, we observed robust and optimized p-type transistor behavior, which is in great contrast to the transistors fabricated on the same WSe2 flake using conventional deposited Au contacts with pronounced n-type characteristics. With the ability to switch majority carrier type and to achieve optimized contact for both electrons and holes, a doping-free logic inverter is demonstrated with higher voltage gain of 340, at the bias voltage of 5.5 V. Furthermore, the simple polarity control strategy is extended for realizing more complex logic functions such as NAND and NOR.
Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors have attracted considerable attention as ultrathin channel materials for transistors1,2,3,4,5. Their atomically thin body and dangling-bond free surface offer significant potential for ultimate transistor scaling (down to atomic thin-body thickness), which is essential for decreasing off-state power consumption and further extending Moore’s Law6. To date, one major challenge of a 2D transistor is the uncontrollable device polarity (n- or p-type) and majority carrier type, posing a key limitation for realizing complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) logic function in 2D transistors. In modern silicon microelectronics, the doping concentration of the silicon channel and transistor polarity are achieved by introducing extrinsic (e.g., B for p-type and As for n-type) dopants through high-energy ion implantation and subsequently high-temperature activation7,8. However, applying existing state-of-the-art ion-implantation approaches to a 2D semiconductor is not straightforward because there is little physical space for impurity dopants in such atomically thin lattice9. Hence, the majority carrier type of a typical 2D transistor is limited to its intrinsic properties and is largely fixed once exfoliated or synthesized.
Considerable efforts have been devoted to realize 2D CMOS functions in the past few years10,11,12,13. Early attempts focused on using two different 2D semiconductors, where one material is used for the NMOS (e.g., MoS2 and MoSe2) and a different material is used for PMOS (e.g., black phosphorus, WSe2)14,15,16. Although demonstrating desired logic functions, this method is still relied on the uncontrollable intrinsic doping, and is not obviously compatible with CMOS technology since it involves two materials with distinct synthesizing and processing conditions. Alternatively, the selective doping of 2D semiconductors can be achieved through a gentle chemical surface absorption with charge transfer process between 2D semiconductors and adsorbate, which could effectively modulate 2D carrier concentration and their majority carrier type (electrons or holes). For example, polyethyleneimine or benzyl viologen molecule was employed to achieve n-type doping in multilayer MoS2 (refs. 17,18), and the chloride molecule was applied to increase electron-doping density of WS2 and MoS2 (ref. 19). However, such chemical absorption approaches typically suffer from poor stability due to the weak interaction between the surface dopants and 2D materials. Recently, the CMOS logic functions are also demonstrated in 2D channels (e.g., WSe2 and MoTe2) using metals with different work function. For example, Ag and Pt have been applied as the contact metal of WSe2 to achieve the NMOS and PMOS, respectively, and similarly, Ti and Pt are integrated in MoTe2 flake to realize CMOS inverter20,21. However, due to the strong Fermi level pinning effect, large Schottky barrier is typically observed in 2D/metal interfaces, regardless of the metal work function used22,23,24,25. Therefore, using this approach, it is difficult to achieve optimized device performance in both p- and n-type devices at the same time. In addition, the use of asymmetric contact metals could further complicate the fabrication processes.
Here, we report a doping-free strategy to achieve CMOS circuit functions by using the same contact metal gold (Au) and the same channel material WSe2, but different metal integration methods. By applying low-energy van der Waals (vdW) integration of Au electrode, we observed a robust and consistent p-type behavior in multilayer WSe2. This is in great contrast to the transistors fabricated on the same WSe2 flake using conventional deposited Au contacts, where pronounced n-type characteristic is always observed26,27. To further gain insight of this phenomenon, we conducted detailed analysis through thickness-dependent measurement and density functional theory (DFT) simulation, and attributed the polarity change of WSe2 to the controllable Fermi level pinning effect using different metal integration methods. With the ability to control the polarity of WSe2 transistors and to achieve optimized contact to both PMOS and NMOS using the same metal, a logic inverter is demonstrated with the highest voltage gain of 340 (at a bias voltage of 5.5 V) and total noise margin over 90%. Furthermore, the polarity-controllable strategy is also extended to realize more complex logic functions such as NAND and NOR. Our results not only demonstrate robust and high-performance CMOS logic circuit using vdW metal electrodes, but also provide a doping-free method to control the polarity of a 2D semiconductor using the same contact metal, shedding light to high-performance 2D electronics and CMOS design.
Fabrication processes and electrical measurement
Figure 1a–f schematically illustrates our device structure. To fabricate the device, multilayer WSe2 flakes with various thicknesses are first mechanically exfoliated onto a heavily doped silicon substrate (as gate) with 300-nm silicon oxide (as gate dielectric). Next, 50-nm Au electrode pair is pre-fabricated on a sacrificial Si wafer and then mechanically released using a previously developed method26 (see “Methods” section for fabrication details). The released metal electrodes are aligned under a microscope and physically laminated on top of the WSe2 flake using a vdW metal integration process, resulting in an atomically sharp and clean Au/WSe2 interface26,27 (Fig. 1a–d). For comparison, another pair of Au electrode with the same thickness (50-nm thick) is also deposited on the same WSe2 flake using conventional electron beam lithography followed by high vacuum thermal deposition, resulting in the nonideal metal/semiconductor interfaces with diffusion, defects, chemical bonding, and strains, as have been demonstrated previously26,27 and schematically illustrated in Fig. 1e, f. The optical image of a typical fabricated device is shown Fig. 1g, where the left electrode pair is fabricated through thermal evaporation (highlighted by a black box) and the right electrode pair (red box) is vdW integrated. Electrical transport studies of the resulting devices were carried out at room temperature in a probe station under vacuum condition (3 × 10−5 Torr). As shown in Fig. 1h, a typical device (~7-nm thick) contacted with vdW metal electrodes shows p-type Ids−Vgs transfer characteristic, consistent with band alignment of WSe2 with high work function Au, suggesting the optimized Au/WSe2 interface using the vdW metal integration approach28,29,30. In contrast, without applying any doping process, n-type Ids−Vgs transfer characteristic is observed in the control device (fabricated on the same WSe2 flake) using conventional deposited Au contacts (Fig. 1i). The observed polarity change indicates the strong Fermi level pinning effect within evaporated Au/WSe2 interfaces, where the pinned Fermi level position is close to the conduction band of WSe2. Furthermore, the two-terminal FET mobility μ can be further extracted using equation μ = [dIds/dVgs] × [L/(WCVds)], where L/W is the ratio between channel length and width (shown in Fig. 1g), C is the back-gate capacitance (1.15 × 10−8 F cm−2, 300-nm-thick SiO2). The extracted hole and electron mobility in this device are 16 and 11 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. In addition, the contact resistance (Rc) and Schottky barrier height (SBH) of both p- and n-type transistors can also be extracted using the transfer line method and temperature-dependent measurement, where Rc and SBH are measured to be 14 kΩ μm, 50 meV for PMOS and 17 kΩ μm, 60 meV for NMOS, respectively, as shown in Supplementary Fig. 1. The balanced μ, Rc, and SBH between electrons and holes are important for the demonstration of high-performance CMOS circuit described below.
Thickness-dependent electrical measurement
To further confirm the robustness of this behavior and investigate the polarity control by using different metal integration processes, we have conducted detailed electrical measurement based on WSe2 of various thicknesses. As shown in Fig. 2a–c, the device contacted with vdW metal electrodes shows clearly p-type behavior, regardless of the WSe2 thickness, in consistent with the band alignment between WSe2 valance band (5.02–4.83 eV from monolayer to bulk) and high work function Au (5.24 eV). In great contrast, the control devices (contacted with conventional evaporated Au electrodes) display a unique polarity change behavior with increasing WSe2 thickness, demonstrating p-type characteristic with thickness <5 layers (~3 nm), a bipolar characteristic with 7 layers thick (~4.5 nm), and pronounced n-type property with thickness greater than 10 layers (~6.5 nm), as shown in Fig. 2d–f. The corresponding on–off ratio and mobility of these transistors (in Fig. 2a–f) and monolayer WSe2 transistor data (using both metal integration processes) are also plotted in Supplementary Fig. 2.
Furthermore, to confirm the robustness of this behavior and to quantitively analyze the polarity change, we have measured over 20 devices and extracted the current ratio between I−50V (Ids at Vg = −50 V) and I50V (Ids at Vg = 50 V) as a function of WSe2 thickness. The I−50V/I50V ratio here could represent the ratio between hole and electron contribution in a given transistor, and thus could quantitively demonstrate the transistor polarity and majority carrier type. For devices with vdW-contacted electrode (Fig. 2g, red dot), the I−50V/I50V ratio over 103 is consistently observed from monolayer to 30-nm- (~50 layers) thick devices, suggesting a dominated p-type behavior (with negligible electron current) regardless of body thickness. In contrast, for devices with conventional evaporated electrodes, the I−50V/I50V ratio decreased exponentially from 104 to ~10−3 (7 orders of magnitudes) with increasing body thickness from monolayer to ~50 layers, demonstrating that the majority carrier type can be progressively transformed from holes to electrons via increasing the thickness of WSe2. The slightly increased I−50V/I50V ratio for evaporated contacts (with thickness >13 nm, black line of Fig. 2g) could be attributed to the increased vertical resistance (under contact region) with increasing body thickness.
Moreover, the devices integrated by both vdW and evaporated electrodes are very stable, which can exhibit the original device polarity after 4 months of storage at room temperature in ambient atmosphere (Supplementary Fig. 3), further suggesting the stability of our doping-free approaches25,26. We also note that the unique device polarity control technique reported here is not only limited to WSe2 and Au metal, but could be extended to other 2D semiconductor–metal systems by using different contact integration processes to pin (using evaporated contact) or de-pin (using vdW contact) the Fermi level, as demonstrated in a MoS2–Pt system in Supplementary Fig. 4.
To further understand the mechanism of polarity control by using different metal integration approaches, and to gain insight into the thickness dependent on PMOS to NMOS transition, we have carried out DFT simulation of carrier transport across the metal/WSe2 interfaces. First, we constructed two types of Au/WSe2 interface models, a close-contact model corresponding to the evaporated Au interface and a non-close contact corresponding to the vdW-integrated Au interface. For the close-contact model, an interlayer distance of 1.5 Å (covalent radius of Au and Se) was chosen between metal and WSe2, under which the Au and the Se atoms are covalently bonded. For the non-close-contact model, an interlayer distance of 3.3 Å was used, which included an additional vdW-gap distance of 1.8 Å on the base of close-contact interlayer distance, consistent with previous reports9. Based on this model, there are three interfaces that may contribute to the transport barrier: Au and the first layer WSe2 (interface I), WSe2 under the contact and inside the channel region (interface II), as well as the first layer WSe2 and the rest of the WSe2 layers (interface III), as illustrated in Fig. 3a, b.
For the non-close contact, as the Au/WSe2 interlayer distance is large enough and their interlayer interaction is weak, Au electrode has little influence on the properties of WSe2. As shown in Supplementary Fig. 5, there are negligible interfacial gap states in WSe2, and the whole multilayer WSe2 maintains its intrinsic properties, leading to Ohmic contacts at interfaces II and III. Therefore, the contact Schottky barrier only exists in interface I, regardless of the thickness of WSe2 used. Figure 3c illustrates the calculated band structures of WSe2 under vdW Au contact, which is nearly the same with that of freestanding WSe2 (Supplementary Fig. 6), further indicating the weak interaction between Au electrode and the underlying WSe2. The calculated results of SBH are shown in Fig. 3d with dominating p-type Schottky barrier, consistent with observed p-type transistor behavior using vdW Au contact (Fig. 2a–c).
In great contrast, for evaporated Au with the close-contact model, chemical interaction exists between Au electrode and WSe2, which strongly perturbs the electrical properties of WSe2. As shown in Supplementary Fig. 7, a large number of interfacial states are generated in the forbidden band of WSe2, resulting in the disappearance of the WSe2 bandgap. Therefore, as demonstrated in Fig. 3b, the first layer of WSe2 is metalized under the contact (with a new work function ~4.83 eV), leading to an Ohmic contact at interface I. Meanwhile, Schottky barrier is generated at interfaces II and III during charge transport from metalized WSe2 (under contact) to semiconducting WSe2. For monolayer WSe2, the lateral Schottky barrier at interface II is p-type with a barrier height of 0.19 eV, as revealed by the calculated band alignments (Supplementary Fig. 8). On the other hand, for multilayer WSe2, the first underlying WSe2 is metalized, but the rest of the underlying layers remains largely intrinsic (Supplementary Fig. 9), and consequently the effect of Schottky barrier at interface III is more and more pronounced. As shown in Fig. 3e, f, the calculated vertical Schottky barriers at interface III are p-type when Au electrode contacts with 3-layer and 5-layer WSe2, and gradually switched to n-type with 7-layer and 9-layer WSe2, consistent with our measurement results in Fig. 2d–g. Figure 3f demonstrates the variation of SBH at interface III with layer number, with a detailed mechanism in Supplementary Fig. 10.
WSe2-based CMOS logic functions
The ability to control the transistor polarity can readily allow us to integrate multiple WSe2 transistors into functional circuits. For example, a complementary logic inverter can be achieved by connecting two WSe2 transistors in series, where one device is connected with deposited Au electrodes as n-type transistor and the other is contacted by vdW electrodes as a p-type device. The logic diagram and optical image of the inverter are shown in Fig. 4a, where the metal integration processes (both evaporation and vdW integrated) are the same as previous devices in Fig. 1, except that the back-gate dielectric is changed from 300-nm-thick SiO2 to 20-nm-thick Al2O3 to enhance the gate capacitance and electrostatic control over the channel, which is essential to reduce the inverter input voltage and to increase the voltage gain. The detailed inverter fabrication process is shown in the “Methods” section and Supplementary Fig. 11.
Figure 4b shows the voltage transfer characteristics of the resulting inverter as a function of input voltage with bias voltage (Vdd) from 1.5 to 5.5 V, demonstrating sharp voltage transition with input voltage. The resulted voltage gain is plotted in Fig. 4c with a peak value of 340 at Vdd = 5.5 V. To the best of our knowledge, the voltage gain reported here represents the highest value for TMD-based inverter, as shown in the comparison with previous literatures in Supplementary Table 1. Further increasing the Vdd leads to much increased gate leakage current, and degrades the overall device performance. The much higher voltage gain achieved here could be largely attributed to the optimized contact for both PMOS and NMOS by controlling their Fermi level position, which is intrinsically different compared with previous methods by evaporating metals with different work functions, where optimized contact to both PMOS and NMOS is hard to realize due to strong Fermi level pinning effect at metal/2D interfaces22,23,24,25. To characterize the robustness of an inverter fabricated through different contact approaches, we have extracted the noise margins (NML and NMH), as shown in Fig. 4d. At the Vdd of 2.5 V, NML of 1.16 V and NMH of 1.19 V are extracted. In addition, we also plot the total noise margin [(NML + NMH)/Vdd] as a function of Vdd from 1.5 to 5.5 V (Fig. 4e). The measured total noise margin of the inverter is greater than 90% at various bias voltages, indicating the high tolerance to noise. Furthermore, the static peak energy consumption of the corresponding inverter is also plotted in Supplementary Fig. 12.
Taking a step further, more complicated logic functions could be achieved by connecting more WSe2 transistors together. For example, a logic NOR or NAND function can be created using four multilayer WSe2 transistors, with two transistors using vdW Au contacts (p-type) and other two using evaporated Au contacts (n-type), as shown in the circuit diagram in Fig. 4f. The measured input and output voltages clearly demonstrate the desired logic function for the NOR and NAND (Fig. 4g, h), suggesting its potential for a more complex circuit.
In summary, we have demonstrated a doping-free strategy to control the polarity of 2D transistors using the same contact metal Au and the same channel material WSe2, but different metal integration methods. Through detailed thickness-dependent measurement and DFT calculation, we found that the unique polarity change could be attributed to the controllable Fermi level pinning (or de-pinning) effect using different metal integration methods. Furthermore, with optimized contact to both PMOS and NMOS, we demonstrate a logic inverter with the highest voltage gain of 340 (at Vdd of 5.5 V) and the total noise margin over 90%, as well as more complex CMOS functions such as NAND and NOR. Our results not only demonstrate high-performance CMOS logic circuit, but also provide a method to control the polarity of a 2D semiconductor using the same contact metal, shedding light to high-performance 2D electronics and CMOS design.
Fabrication process of metal electrode for vdW integration
First, we prepared 50-nm-thick Au electrode arrays on sacrificial silicon substrate (with an atomically flat surface) using standard photolithography followed by thermal evaporation under vacuum (pressure ~5 × 10−4 Pa). After the lift-off process, the whole wafer was immersed in a sealed hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) chamber to functionalize the surface of SiO2 at 80 °C. Next, the poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA A8, Mircochem Inc.) layer was spin-coated twice on the substrate with a speed of 3500 r.p.m. Finally, the 1-μm-thick PMMA layer with array Au electrodes is mechanically peeled and laminated to the target substrate via the mechanical aligner under an optical microscope26.
Inverter fabrication process
For fabricating logic inverter, we first prepared 10/50-nm-thick Ti/Au electrode onto an Si/SiO2 substrate as back-gate electrode. Next, the growth of a 20-nm-thick Al2O3 dielectric layer was employed through atomic layer deposition (ALD) on the gate electrode at the growth temperature of 150 °C. By contacting with vdW and evaporated electrode pairs, PMOS and NMOS devices can be achieved, as shown in Supplementary Fig. 11.
DFT computational methods
All the calculations were performed based on the DFT in conjunction with projector-augmented wave potentials, which is implemented in the Vienna ab initio Simulation Package (VASP)31,32. The generalized gradient approximation in the Perdew, Burke, and Ernzerhof (GGA–PBE) was used to describe the exchange and correlation potential33 as PBE bandgap is a good approximation for the transport gap in an FET, and accordingly the SBHs calculated by PBE are closer to the experimental value34,35. vdW interaction is taken into account by the DFT-D3 approach36, and the energy cutoff for plane waves was set at 450 eV. Geometry optimizations were terminated when the total energy and atomic force are less than 10−5 and 0.02 eV Å−1, respectively. A Monkhorst–Pack k-point mesh of 9 × 9 × 1 was used for the calculation of Au/WSe2 interfaces. To avoid the interaction effect of adjacent slabs, the thickness of vacuum region was set to no less than 15 Å. The \(\sqrt 3 \times \sqrt 3\) unit cell of WSe2 and 2 × 2 unit cell of Au (111) faces were constructed to match with each other. As the properties of WSe2 are hypersensitive to strain, we adjusted the Au lattice parameter to be commensurable to that of WSe2. The strains applied on Au in all the Au/WSe2 interface models are less than 1%. To model the Au surface, we used six layers of Au atoms. Considering that the interface has little impact on the bottom several layers of Au atoms, the bottom three layers of Au atoms were fixed.
Material characterization and electrical measurement
The electrical characteristic measurements were characterized in a Lakeshore PS-100 cryogenic probe station at room temperature in vacuum, using Keysight B2900A source measurement unit (SMU). Besides, for the CMOS logic functions, the voltage transfer characteristics were measured using an Agilent B1500A Semiconductor Parameter Analyzer.
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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Y.L. acknowledges the financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51991340, 51991341, 51802090, and 61874041), the Hunan Science Fund for Excellent Young Scholars (Grant No. 812019037), and from Huxiang high level talent program (Grant No. S2018RSCXRC0149). L.F. acknowledges the financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11674265), from the Natural Science Basic Research Project of Shaanxi Province (Grant No. 2018JZ6003), and from Fundamental Research Funds of the Central Universities (3102019MS0402).
The authors declare no competing interests.
Peer review information Nature Communications thanks the anonymous reviewers for their contribution to the peer review of this work.
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Kong, L., Zhang, X., Tao, Q. et al. Doping-free complementary WSe2 circuit via van der Waals metal integration. Nat Commun 11, 1866 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15776-x
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