|Publication number||US4470898 A|
|Application number||US 05/904,736|
|Publication date||Sep 11, 1984|
|Filing date||May 11, 1978|
|Priority date||Mar 20, 1973|
|Also published as||CA1053895A, CA1053895A1, DE2413475A1, DE2413475C2, DE2463414A1, DE2463414C2|
|Publication number||05904736, 904736, US 4470898 A, US 4470898A, US-A-4470898, US4470898 A, US4470898A|
|Inventors||Richard J. Penneck, Paul Taylor|
|Original Assignee||Raychem Limited|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (9), Referenced by (39), Classifications (55)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 671,343 (now abandoned), filed Mar. 29, 1976, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 453,165, Mar. 20, 1974 abandoned.
This invention relates to polymer compositions for electrical use.
In a continuously shielded or screened high voltage cable, the electric field is uniform along the cable axis, and there is variation in the field only in the radical direction. The spacing of the electric flux lines and the equipotential lines are closer in the region of the conductor than elsewhere, as shown by the following equation:
______________________________________ ##STR1## where Ex = electrical stress at point x, in volts/milx = distance from centre of cable in milsVo = applied voltage in voltsR = radius of cable over insulationr = radius of cable conductor______________________________________
Thus the stress is a function of the geometry of the cable and in practice the insulation thickness is sufficient to maintain the stresses at acceptable levels for the dielectric concerned.
When such a cable is terminated, the screen or shield is removed for such a distance that electrical breakdown along the surface of the insulation from the conductor to the shield or screen cannot occur. The removal of this screen or shield causes discontinuity of the electrical field so that there is severe electrical stress at the point of the end of this screen or shield. In order to relieve this stress and so prevent failure of the cable and termination in service, a number of methods have been developed to provide adequate stress control. Among these methods may be mentioned the use of stress cones (pre-moulded of fabricated type), resistivve coatings and non linear tapes.
Stress cones extend the shield or screen of the cable by the use of a conducting material such as wire, metal foil or tapes on part of the surface of an insulating cone. The cone may be made from tapes of plastic or paper, epoxy resins, rubbers etc. Stress cones thus expand the diameter of the cable at the discontinuity and hence reduce the stress. They thus require considerable space over and above the cable diameter and usually require skill and time during fabrication on the cable.
Pre-moulded stress cones of the slip-on type may also be used, but their interference fit characteristics mean that both cable and cone have to be made to close tolerance for optimum performance. It has also been proposed to make stress cones by the build up of layers of different lengths of heat shrinkable tubing, but such cones are not very practical as this method is very time consuming and introduces the possibility of interlaminar voids.
Resistive coatings on the surface of the insulation from the conductor to the shields will reduce the stress by conducting sufficient current to establish a substantial linear distribution of voltage. The high resistance necessary to achieve this and to avoid dissipating an excessive amount of power is rather critical and must remain a constant value in service in order to be satisfactory. This is very difficult to achieve in practice and such coatings are not now in general use.
Coverings of performed sleeves, wrapped tapes such as those based on PVC, or dry coatings, having a non linear electrical resistance characteristic, have also been proposed to provide stress control. These coverings have the disadvantage that, in general, effective stress control is obtained only by careful and skilful application of the covering and that the materials age rapidly at elevated temperatures, such that cracking occurs in the coating layer thereby destroying the effectiveness of the stress control.
It has been proposed also to use, as a material having non-linear electrical resistance characteristics, a potentially heat shrinkable polymer having dispersed therein particulate silicon carbide. The material may be processed into a heat shrinkable article, for example a tube, by moulding or extrusion coupled with the usual procedures for making polymers heat shrinkable (see for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,027,962 and 3,086,242). Silicon carbide has the disadvantages that, in the form of the very fine particles preferably used, it is expensive and that, at the relatively high loadings required, for example 40% by volume based on the polymer, processing problems arise on account of the fact that silicon carbide is very abrasive; this may cause considerable wear of process equipment such as internal mixers, two-roll mills, extrusion dies, etc. Furthermore, the non-linear electrical resistance characteristics of the silicon carbide loaded polymers of the prior art cannot be widely varied.
By the term "non-linear electrical resistance", there is meant that the electrical resistance of the material in question varies with voltage across the material i.e. the current I flowing through the material when a voltage V is applied across the material substantially obeys the relationship: I=KV.sup.γ where K is a constant and γ is a constant greater than 1. For linear materials, γ is equal to 1.
Thus, there is a need to provide materials which can be used to effect stress control on the surfaces of high voltage insulation without the disadvantages of the articles of the prior art.
According to the invention, there is provided electrical apparatus, likely to be subjected in use to high electrical stresses, including a stress control material having non-linear electrical resistance characteristics, said material including a polymeric material having dispersed therein one or more particulate compounds selected from the group consisting of:
(i) Compounds having a perovskite type crystal structure.
(ii) Compounds having a spinel crystal structure other than γ-Fe2 O3 and spinel itself.
(iii) Compounds having an inverse spinel crystal structure.
(iv) Compounds having a mixed spinel crystal structure.
(v) Dichalcogenides of transition metals.
(vi) Ferro electrical materials such as AgI, Prussian Blue, Rochelle salt and related tartrates, compounds of the formula XH2 YO4 wherein X is K, Rb or Cs and Y is P or As, for example potassium dihydrogen phosphate, (NH4)2 SO4 ; ammonium fluoroberyllate, thiourea and triglycene sulphate.
(vii) Si3 N4,
the said particulate compound being present in an amount of at least 10% by weight based on the polymer, and in an amount such that the value of γ at some stress between 0.01 kV/mm and 10 kV/mm is at least 1.5. Preferably the value of γ is at least 1.5 at a stress below 5 kV/mm.
In addition to the material listed in (i) to (vii) above, the material may comprise one or more particulate electrically conductive fillers.
As compounds of the type (i) above, there may be mentioned, for example, compounds having the general formulae:
(a) ABO3 wherein A represents Ca, Sr, Ba, Pb, Mg, Zn, Ni or Cd and B represents Ti, Zr, Hf, Sn, Ce or Tc or A represents a rare earth metal and B represents Al, Se, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co or Ga,
(b) KBF3 wherein B represents Mg, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu or Zn, or
(c) ATiS3 wherein A represents Sr or Ba, and AZrS3 wherein A represents Ca, Sr, Ba.
There may be especially mentioned BaTiO3, BaSnO3 and SrTiO3 and the following, which are preferably used in admixture with a particulate conductive filler: BaZrO3, CaTiO3, CaSnO3, CaZrO3, MgSnO3, PbSnO3, MgZrO3, NiTiO3 and mixed Zinc Titanate.
As compounds of the type (ii) there may be mentioned, for example, compounds having the general formulae:
(d) A"B2 "'O4 wherein A represents Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn or Cd etc. and B represents Al, Cr, Fe, Mn, Co or V, provided that when A represents Mg, B cannot represent Al, or
(e) A"B"2 O4 wherein A" represents Ti or Sn and B represents Zn or Co, Ni, Mn, Cr, Cd.
There may be especially mentioned CoAl2 O4, CuCr2 O4, CuMn2 O4, CuFe2 O4, CoFe2 O4, ZnFe2 O4, Barium and strontium ferrites (e.g. BaFe12 O19) which are of the magneto plumbite structure (a type of depleted spinel) are also suitable.
As compounds of the type (iii) there may be mentioned, for example,
(f) Fe"'(Mg"Fe"')O4, Fe"'(Ni"Fe"')O4, Fe"'(Cr"Fe")O4, Co"(Co"Sniv)O4, In"'(Mg"In"')O4, Zn"(Zn"Tiiv)O4, Zn"(Zn"Sniv)O4, Li2 V2 O4, Fe2.5 Li0.5 O4 and, especially, Mn3 O4, Co3 O4, Fe3 O4 and slightly non-stoichiometric variants thereof, for example Fe2 O3.0.8FeO.
As compounds of the type (iv) there may be mentioned, for example, Bayer Fast Black 100 (which results from sintering 50% by weight Cr2 O3, 40% by weight Fe2 O3 and 10% by weight CuO), Bayer 303T (a mixed phase pigment of about 2/3 Fe2 O3 and 1/3 MnO2), Harrison Meyer Black (An Fe-Co-Ni mixed oxide) and Columbian Mapico Black (a synthetic magnetite of about 22% FeO and 77% Fe2 O3).
As compounds of the type (v) there may be especially mentioned, for example, MoS2, MoSe2, MoTe2, WS2, MnO2, FeS2, SnO2 and CrO2.
Si3 N4 and CoAl2 O4 mentioned above are preferably used in admixture with a particulate, conductive filler.
As conductive particulate fillers there may be mentioned for example, carbon blacks, metallic powders, for example aluminium, chromium, copper, bronze, brass, iron, stainless steel, lead, silver, manganese, zinc, Ni/Al and nickel powders, and particulate platinized- or palladized-asbestos, -silica, -alumina and -charcoal.
The compounds may also be used in admixture with silicon carbide particles.
The proportion of particulate compounds and fillers may be widely varied, depending on (a) the electrical properties required of the material, (b) the chemical nature of the compound and filler and (c) the chemical nature of the polymer. The desired proportion may be determined relatively simply by experimentation. In general, the particulate compound will be present to at least 10% by weight of the polymer and more particularly the weight ratio of particulate compound to polymer will be within the range of from 100 to 500:100. The conductive particulate filler will generally be used in a concentration up to a maximum of 40 parts in the case of carbon black and of 100 parts in the case of metal powders relative to 100 parts by weight of polymer provided that γ is always greater than one. Typical values for the conductive particulate filler are in the region 10-25 parts (carbon black) and 50 to 100 (metal powder) per 100 parts of polymer.
The particle sizes of the particulate compounds are preferably below about 20μ, more preferably below about 5μ. Especially if the material is to be processed into a heat-shrinkable article, as described hereinafter, generally the smaller the particle size the better are the physical properties of the article.
The basic polymeric material may be selected from a large range of polymers. Blends of two or more polymers may be desirable in some cases and the polymers selected will depend at least to a certain extent on the purpose to which the material is to be put. Examples of polymers suitable either alone or in blends are as follows:
Polyolefins, including copolymers of ethylene with propylene, butene, methylacrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, vinylacetate, vinyl chloride, vinyl propionate, carbon monoxide, maleate, fumarate and itaconic esters, terpolymers of ethylene, vinyl acetate and olefinic unsaturated mono carboxylic acid such as acrylic or methacrylic acid. The partially neutralized varieties of these polymers such as the ionomeric resins which are the ammonium or alkali or alkaline earth metal derivatives: polyvinyl chloride, vinyl chloride copolymers containing as comonomer, vinyl acetate, vinylidene fluoride, dialkyl maleate, or fumarate, natural rubber, synthetic rubbers such as butyl, neoprene, ethylene propylene rubber and the ethylene propylene non conjugated diene terpolymers, silicone rubbers, including those derived from dimethyl siloxane, diphenyl siloxane, methylphenyl siloxane, or methyl phenyl vinyl siloxane or the so-called mono methyl resins such as the Dow Corning 96083, copolymers of siloxanes with carboranes as un the Dexsil series of resins, copolymers of siloxanes with styrenes etc; fluoro carbon plastics and rubbers including polyvinylidene fluoride, copolymers of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene, terpolymers of vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene, copolymers of vinylidene fluoride and 1-hydropentafluoro propene or a terpolymer containing these monomers plus tetrafluoroethylene, etc., nitrile rubbers, acrylate rubbers, and polysulphide rubbers.
In addition, chemically modified versions of these or other polymers are also eminently suitable, for example, chlorinated polyethylene, chlorosulphonated polyethylene (Mypalon), chlorinated rubber. Other suitable polymers include polyurethane elastomers and plastics, polyesters such as the Hytrel rubbers from DuPont, polyethers, epichlorohydrin rubbers, epoxy resins, dodecamethylene polypyromellitimide, block copolymers such as the kraton rubbers which are styrene, butadiene, styrene blocks or the analogous styrene isoprene, styrene blocks, are also suitable. In addition, polymers based on ethylene oxide are also suitable. These polymers may contain one or more conventionally used additives, for example, processing aids, plasticizers, stabilizers, antioxidants coupling agents, further modified or unmodified fillers and/or cure systems.
The present invention also provides certain novel stress control materials suitable for use in electrical apparatus of the invention.
The materials may be manufactured by normal compounding methods, for example using internal mixers of the Banbury type, compounding mixer extruders, twin-roll mills, or high speed solvent mixers of the Silverson type or Sigma-bladed solvent mixers of the Baker Perkins type.
The material may be in the form of a shaped article, for example in the form of a tape, film, extruded tubing or moulded article or in the form of a dispersion or solution thereof in a liquid, for example as a paint or varnish which paint or varnish which will, on drying, leave a coating of the material on the equipment to which the paint or varnish has been applied. Preferably the article of the invention is capable of changing shape when heated. The article, for example extruded tubing, may be mechanically shrinkable and in such a case the article will have to be of a resilient material. A preferred mechanically shrinkable article comprises for example, tubing maintained in a radially extended state by an internally disposed spiral of a stiff member, removal of the member causing the tubing to return to the original size and shape whereby it may be recovered onto an electrical apparatus.
Mechanically extendable articles may be extended immediately prior to application thereof to electrical apparatus using, for example, pliers or forceps.
In all cases the polymeric material is preferably crosslinked. More preferably the article is heat recoverable or is capable of being rendered heat recoverable or is dimensionally unstable. In such a case the article will generally be extruded tubing, extruded tape or a moulded component.
By the term "heat recoverable article", there is meant an article which retains its dimensions under low or normal temperature conditions, but at least one dimension of which is reduced upon heating to a critical temperature.
If the article is to be heat-shrinkable, the article is preferably made of suitable cross-linked or cross-linkable polymer. Especially suitable polymers are those heat-shrinkable polymers or polymer combinations described in our co-pending British Patent Application Nos. 40752/72, now, respectively, British Pat. Nos. 1,433,129 and 1,294,665 and 1,434,719, 4663/69 and 40751/72. The article may be rendered heat shrinkable by conventional methods, thus the material construction is firstly fabricated and is then cross linked, for example by irradiation with β or γ irradiation or by chemical means. The article is then expanded by the desired amount at a temperature at or above the said critical temperature and the article is then cooled to a temperature below said critical temperature while maintaining it in the expanded state. The articles of the invention have for example, the following applications:
(i) Insulation for electric cables, where this insulation is situated between the conductor and the primary dielectric or between the screen of the cable and the primary dielectric. In the latter case an especially advantageous situation arises, in that the high voltage cable does not need a normal termination.
(ii) Insulation for electric cables as in the layered construction described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,666,876.
(iii) Stress control coverings for electrical cable terminations. Such stress control means may be in the form of coatings, moulded parts, tubing or tape and may be used with or without an external protective layer, as necessary.
(iv) Stress control coverings for stator-bar ends or the ends of insulated electrical conductors in machines.
(v) Stress control components in lightning arrestors.
(vi) Attachments to aircraft wings to dissipate static.
(vii) As components of insulator bodies where the material may be the outer layer or an internal component, provided that it is non-tracking in service; thus it could be used for sheds or tubing to provide insulators for tension suspension, post or bushing insulators. Suitable resins in which the fillers of this invention are used for this application are preferably the silicone resins and especially the silicone methyl methacrylate block copolymer, polydimethyl siloxane elastomers and the so-called mono methyl silicone resins.
(viii) Electric switches or gates, i.e. an electrical device which remains insulating until a critical electrical stress is applied across it, whereupon the device undergoes a major increase in conductivity.
(ix) As components of carbon-black loaded polymeric conductive compositions to prevent local overheating caused by variations in composition or manufacturing techniques. Such compositions form the heating element of a linear heating strip having a pair of longitudinal electrodes, one at each edge of the strip; if a longitudinal strip between the electrodes has a higher resistance than the remainder it tends to overheat; the higher stress caused by the higher resistance portion results, however, in a higher conductivity of the materials of the invention, thus giving some degree of negative feedback.
The following substances were mixed together in a twin roll laboratory mill at about 110° C.
__________________________________________________________________________ Parts by weight__________________________________________________________________________Royalene 611 (a 60high green strength oil extended rubber comprising anethylene-propylene-ethylidene norbornene terpolymer,containing approximately 70% ethylene and 3.5% ethyli-dene norbornene, having a Mooney viscosity of 35-45,extended with 40 parts/100 of parafinic oil availablefrom Uniroyal Corporation.)DYNH (low density polyethylene (0.92 D) having a melt index 16of 2.0 available from Union Carbide Corporation)DPD 6169 a copolymer of 24ethylene and ethyl acrylate (18%) having amelt index of 6 and a density of 0.93)Agarite Resin D (an antioxidant comprising 3.3a polymer of trimethylidi-hydroquinoline available from the R.T. Vanderbilt Corporation)Zinc Stearate 2Triallyl Cyanurate 1.5Black Iron Oxide (Fe3 O4) 300__________________________________________________________________________
The resultant material was granulated and extruded in the form of tubing having an internal diameter of 1.14 cm on a wall thickness of 0.23 cm.
The tubing was then cross-linked by irradiating it with γ-rays from a U235 Spent fuel Source (0.8 MeV Energy).
Certain physical properties of the resultant cross-linked tubing were measured and found to be as follows:
______________________________________ at 23° C. at 150° C.______________________________________Tensile strength 61 Kg/cm2 14 Kg/cm3Elongation at break 213% 404%100% modulus (H100) -- 6 Kg/cm2______________________________________
The tubing was then expanded, at 150° C., in a standard Raychem expander to an internal diameter of 2.54 cm.
Its electrical properties were measured as described in FIG. 26 of the accompanying drawings which show a sectional side elevation of one end of a 11.6/20 kilovolt cable which has been prepared for termination.
Referring to FIG. 26 of the drawings, a 11.6/kilovolt polyothylene cable designated generally by reference numeral 1 comprises a central conductor 2 surrounded by a conducting polyethylene stress control layer 3, the layer 3 being surrounded by an insulating layer 4. The bulk portion of the cable 1 also comprises a carbon paper layer 5, a copper screen 6 and an outer insulating sheath 7. The terminated portion of the cable 1 comprises the central conductor 2, the conducting polyethylene stress control layer 3, the insulating layer 4 and a short length of the carbon paper layer 5 and copper screen 6 extending from the bulk portion of the cable. The end of the cable 1 is provided with a cable lug 8 attached to the control conductor 2.
An 8 cm length of the expanded tubing was shrank on to the terminated portion of the cable 1 with an overlap of about 2 cm on to the extended portion of the copper screen 6, to provide a stress control covering 9. The heat-shrinkable tubing was also shrunk on to whipping 10 and an earth tail 11 within the region of overlap on to the copper screen 6. No attempt was made to fill the air gap between the covering 9 and the extended portion of the copper screen 6.
The discharge magnitude of a 2 cm length of the above 11.6/20 kilovolt cable, each end of which had been terminated as described above was determined using the apparatus and circuit shown in FIG. 27 of the accompanying drawings.
Referring to FIG. 27 of the drawings an earthed wire screen cage 12 contains a discharge-free step-up transformer 13, the secondary windings of which are connected to the central conductor 2 and the screen 6 respectively of the cable 1, through earth, via a parallel-connected voltage dropper 14 and blocking capacitor 15. The primary windings of the transformer 13 are connected to an AC input via a control and filter unit 16. Discharge levels in the cable and end terminations were measured using an FRA Mark III discharge detector 17 connected as shown. The results were as follows:
______________________________________Discharge Magnitude (pC) Applied Voltage (KV r.m.s.)______________________________________1 33 KV5 41 KV______________________________________
For comparison the same cable, in the absence of the shrunk tubing at the terminations, was tested in the same manner. Discharge of 5pC at an applied voltage of 4.8 KV r.m.s. were obtained.
It may thus be seen that the tubing of the material of the invention gave excellent stress control and that the cable was discharge free at the normal working voltage (11.6 KV r.m.s. phase to ground).
The resistance characteristics of the material were measured in the following manner:
A plaque measuring 15.3 cm×15.3 cm×0.1 cm of the material was placed between two brass electrodes manufactured to the dimensions given in BS 2782 pt. 201C, 1970, page 110.
The current flowing between the brass electrodes was measured as a function of D.C. voltage between 100 V and 10 KV, using the circuit shown in FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings.
The current I and voltage V were found to be related by the equation.
I is current
V is applied voltage
K is a constant, and
for a linear material i.e. on which obeys Ohm's Law, γ=1.
For the material of this example γ was found to be 3.0. At a voltage stress of 1KV/mm the plaque passed a current of 96 μA.
The following substances were mixed together, at about 110° C. in a twin roll laboratory mill:
______________________________________ Parts by weight______________________________________Royalene 611 60LYNH 16DPD 6169 24Agerite Resin D 3.3Zinc Stearate 2Cobalt Oxide (Co3 O4) 300Triallyl Cyanurate 1.3αα'-bis (t-butylperoxy) 5m-p di-isopropyl benzene______________________________________
A plaque 1 mm thick was moulded from the resultant material at 190° C. for 10 mins. and its resistance characteristics were determined as described in Example 1. The value of γ was 2.85 and the current passed by the plaque at a stress of 1 KV/mm was 285 μA.
Raychem Parts No. RUK 453-3 (tubes of 100 mm length, 3 mm wall thickness, unexpanded internal diameter 20 mm, expanded diameter 40 mm) were moulded from the material and the stress-grading properties of the material were tested by the method described in Example 1 using a terminated 2 meter length of 5.8/10 KV cable having such a part shrunk on to each termination. The discharge levels obtained were:
______________________________________Discharge Magnitude pC Applied Voltage KV/r.m.s.______________________________________1 205 25______________________________________
The discharge magnitude for the cable in the absence of stress grading means was 5pC at 4.8 KV.
It can thus be seen that this material has good stress grading properties.
The following substances were mixed together at about 110° C. in a twin roll laboratory mill:
______________________________________ Parts by weight______________________________________Royalene 301T (a copolymer of 68% by weight 60ethylene and 32% by weight propylene having amedium cure rate and a Mooney viscosity of 60available from Uniroyal Corporation)DPD 6169 16DYNH 24Strontium Titanate 367Agerite Resin D 4Triallyl Cyanurate 22,5 dimethyl-1,5 di-t-butyl 4peroxyhexyne-3______________________________________
A plaque 1 mm thick was moulded from the resultant material and the resistance characteristics were determined by the method described in Example 1.
γ was found to be 2.55 and the current passed by the plaque at a stress of 1 KV/mm was 0.3 μA.
The following substances were mixed together at about 110° C. in a twin roll mill.
______________________________________ Parts by weight______________________________________DPD 6169 100Barium Stannate 700Agerite Resin D 4Triallyl Cyanurate 22,5 dimethyl-2,5 di-t-butyl 4peroxyhexyne-3______________________________________
A plaque 1 mm. thick was moulded from the resultant material at 190° C. and its resistance characteristics were determined as described in Example 1.
γ was found to be 2.23 and the current passed by the plaque at a stress of 1 KV/mm was 0.075 μA.
The following substances were mixed together at about 110° C. in a twin roll mill.
______________________________________ Parts by weight______________________________________Royalene 301T 60DPD 6169 16DYNH 24Barium Titanate 376Vulcan XXX Special (an oil furnace black having 10a surface area of 140 m2 /g and a particlediameter of 20.25 mu)Agerite Resin D 4Triallyl Cyanurate 2Dicumyl Peroxide (40%) 4______________________________________
A plaque 1 mm. thick was moulded from the resultant material at 178° and its resistance characteristics were determined as described in Example 1.
γ as found to be 1.80 and the current passed by the sample at a stress of 1 KV/mm was 0.8 μA.
For comparison a similar material without Vulcan XXX Special which is a conductive carbon black, give a γ value of 3.40 and the current passed at a stereo of 1 KV/mm of 0.031 μA.
The following substances were mixed together in a twin roll laboratory mill.
______________________________________Example No. 6 7 8 9 10 11______________________________________Royalene 60 60 60 60 60 60611DYNH 16 16 16 16 16 16DPD 6169 24 24 24 24 24 24Agerite Resin 4 4 4 4 4 4Zinc 2 2 2 2 2 2StearateTriallyl 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5cyanurateMoS2 300 200 -- -- -- --MoTe2 -- -- 300 200 -- --MoSe2 -- -- -- -- 300 200______________________________________
Each material was then pressed at 130° C. into a plaque 150×150×1 mm., and the resistance characteristics were determined as described in Example 1.
Graphs of log I vs. log V for the plaques of these Examples are shown in FIGS. 2 to 4 of the accompanying drawings.
The values of γ were determined to be as follows:
______________________________________Example No. γ______________________________________6 3.37 3.88 (low stress) γ1 = 5.0 (see graph) (high stress) γ2 = 2.09 2.610 4.511 10______________________________________
Graphs of current vs. voltage for Examples 6 and 7 are shown also in graphs 45 and 44 respectively of the accompanying drawings.
In the remaining Examples the following base polymer was used unless stated otherwise.
______________________________________ Parts by weight______________________________________Royalene 611 60DYNH 16DPD 6169 24Agerite Resin D 4Zinc Stearate 4Triallyl cyanurate 1.5______________________________________
200 parts by weight of Fe3 O4 supplied by Pfizers Limited under the trade name BK 5099 or 200 parts by weight of Co3 O4 supplied by Hopkins and Williams were added to the base polymer. Additional metal fillers were added to the amounts shown in Tables 1 and 11 which follow. The ingredients were processed as described in the earlier Examples and slabs 150×150×1 mm were prepared as previously described. The current-voltage characteristics were determined as described previously.
The γ values were obtained are given in Tables 1 and 11 and the current-voltage graphs are shown in graphs 1-30 of the accompanying drawings.
TABLE 1______________________________________Fe3 O4Example Metal andNo. loading γ Graph No.______________________________________12 50 pts Al 5 113 100 pts Al Sample punctured -- at 40 volts14 50 pts Cu 14.3 215 100 pts Cu 16.4 316 50 pts Fe 5.1 417 100 pts Fe 10.4 518 50 pts Mn 4.4 619 100 pts Mn 9.6 720 100 pts Cr 3.5 821 100 pts Pb 8.75 922 50 pts Ni 2.6 1023 100 pts Ni 2.9 1124 50 pts Ni/Al 12 1225 100 pts Ni/Al Sample punctured -- at 50 volts26 50 pts Zn 7.75 1327 100 pts Zn 8.8 1428 50 pts Ag 17 1529 100 pts Ag Sample punctured -- at 100 volts______________________________________
Where the sample is indicated to have punctured, this means that, at the stated stress, the sample was so conductive that it shorted out. The Ni/Al in Examples 41 and 42 was based on Raney Nickel powder.
TABLE II______________________________________Co3 O4Example Metal andNo. loading γ Graph No.______________________________________30 50 pts Al 7 1631 100 pts Al 8 1732 50 pts Cu 5.6 1833 100 pts Cu 5.8 1934 50 pts Fe 4.1 2035 100 pts Fe 3 2136 50 pts Mn 5.75 2237 100 pts Mn 6.3 2338 100 pts Pb 7.25 2439 50 pts Ni 16.6 2540 100 pts Ni 12.3 2641 50 pts Ni/Al 21 2742 100 pts Ni/Al Sample punctured -- at 2KV43 50 pts Zn 3.8 2844 100 pts Zn 10 2945 pts Ag 5 30______________________________________
These results show that all the compositions exhibited nonlinear behaviour.
Various amounts of Vulcan XXX Special, a conductive black made by Cabot Carbons, were blended with Fe3 O4 (BK 5099) and Silicon Nitride (supplied by Advanced Materials Engineering Limited). The voltage current characteristics were measured as before and the results are shown in Table III and in graphs 31 to 37 of the accompanying drawings. In Table III and the following tables "phr" means parts, by weight, per hundred parts of polymer base.
TABLE III______________________________________ExampleNo. Fillers and Loading γ Graph No.______________________________________46 33 phr Fe3 O4 13.3 phr XXX Sp. 5.03 3147 100 phr Fe3 O4 13.3 phr XXX Sp. 5.08 3248 300 phr Fe3 O4 13.3 phr XXX Sp. 1.7 3349 300 phr Fe3 O4 16.7 phr XXX Sp. 1.55 3450 300 phr Fe3 O4 20.0 phr XXX Sp. 1.64 3551 200 phr Si3 N4 20 phr XXX Sp. 4 3652 200 phr Si3 N4 30 phr XXX Sp. 1.42 37______________________________________
These results show that the mixtures behaved in a non linear fashion.
Various mixtures, as shown in Table IV, were added to the base polymer.
The voltage-current characteristics were determined as described earlier. The γ values obtained are given in Table IV and voltage-current graphs are shown in graphs 38 to 43 of the accompanying drawings. These results show that the materials behave in a pronounced non-linear fashion.
TABLE IV______________________________________Fe3 O4 /BaTiO3ExampleNo. Fillers and Loading γ Graph No.______________________________________53 200 phr Fe3 O4 100 phr BaTiO3 10 3854 250 phr Fe3 O4 50 phr BaTiO3 5.1 3955 150 phr Fe3 O4 150 phr BaTiO3 6.6 4056 100 phr Fe3 O4 200 phr BaTiO3 3 4157 150 phr Fe3 O4 75 phr BaTiO3 12.7 4258 100 phr Fe3 O4 50 phr BaTiO3 4.3 43______________________________________
The following fillers were added to the polymer base and the voltage-current characteristics determined as described above.
TABLE V______________________________________ExampleNo. Fillers and Loading γ Graph No.______________________________________59 200 phr MoS2 3.8 4460 300 phr MoS2 3.3 4561 300 phr Fe3 O4 + 5 phr MoS2 3.75 46______________________________________
Results using other suitable fillers are given in Table VI and graphs 47 to 58. The fillers were added to the polymer base and the voltage-current characteristics determined as described above.
TABLE VI______________________________________Miscellaneous FillersExampleNo. Filler Loading γ Graph No.______________________________________ Fast Black 100 (50% Cr2 O3, 40% Fe2 O3, 10% CuO)62 300 phr 6.8 4763 400 phr 8.3 48 Copper Chromite64 300 phr 1.6/3.8 49 Cobalt Ferrite65 300 phr 4.9 50 Manganese Tetroxide66 300 phr (99.9% purity) 2.1 5167 300 phr (90% purity) 1/1.75 5268 200 phr (90% purity) 1.75 53 Impurity unknown, possibly MnO2 Copper Manganite69 300 phr 1.3/2.0 5470 200 phr 1.5 5571 150 phr 7.2 5672 100 phr 12 5773 190 phr 4.1 58______________________________________
It has been noted that the base polymer has a large effect on the non-linear behaviour of a given system and this is probably due to contributions of the polarity of the polymer and/or contributions from catalyst residues. The effects of using different polymers with a given filler were determined and the results were given in Tables VII, VIII and IX and in graphs 59 to 87.
TABLE VII______________________________________Filler: FW 17134. All 300 phr on 100 phr polymerExampleNo. Polymer γ Graph No.______________________________________74 DYNH 1.45 5975 DPD 6169 5 6076 DQDE 1868 2.8 6177 Royalene 502 10 6278 Royalene 611 8 6379 Royalene 512 7.5 6480 Royalene 301T 10 6581 Royalene 1812 6 6682 Royalene 400 9 6783 Surlyn A 6.25 6884 Hypalon 45 2.0/5.6 69______________________________________
DQDE 1868 is an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer made by Union Carbide containing 18% vinyl acetate having a MFI of 2.5. Royalene 502 is an ethylene (60%)--propylene (40%) copolymer having a Mooney viscosity of 62 and an iodine number of 10. Royalene 512 is an ethylene (˜70%)--propylene (˜30%) having a Mooney viscosity of 90. Royalene 1812 is a copolymer of ethylene and propylene thought to contain about 80% ethylene. Royalene 400 is an ethylene (˜65%) propylene (˜35%) copolymer oil-extended rubber. Surlyn A is an ionomer of ethylene-acrylic acid neutralized by either sodium or zinc available from the Dupont Corporation. Hypalon 45, available from Dupont, is a chlorosulfonated polyethylene having a chlorine content of 25%, a sulfur content of 1%, a specific gravity of 1.07 and a Mooney viscosity of 40.
TABLE VIII______________________________________Filler: BK 5099. All 300 phr on 100 phr polymerExampleNo. Polymer γ Graph No.______________________________________85 DPD 6169 5 7086 Royalene 611 15 7187 Royalene 512 15.6 7288 Royalene 1812 6.8 7389 DQDE 1868 3 7490 DYNH 1.5 7591 Royalene 400 6 76______________________________________
TABLE IX (a)______________________________________Co3 O4. All 300 phr on 100 phr polymerExampleNo. Polymer γ Graph No.______________________________________92 DYNH 2.3 7793 DPD 6169 2.1 7894 DQDE 1868 1.84 7995 Hypalon 45 4.9 8096 Royalene 611 7 8197 Royalene 1812 10 8298 Royalene 512 10.2 83______________________________________
TABLE IX (b)______________________________________ExampleNo. Filler Polymer γ Graph No.______________________________________ 99 FW 17134 CPE 3614 ˜3 84100 BK 5099 CPE 3614 ˜2.5 85101 BK 5099 Viton AHV 1.6 86102 FW 17134 Viton AHV 2.3 87______________________________________
CPE 3614 is a chlorinated polyethylene containing 35% of chlorine and having a Mooney viscosity of 40. Viton AHV, available from Dupont, is a high molecular weight copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene, having a viscosity of 180 and a specific gravity of 1.82.
The FW17134 referred to in Table VII is a natural ground magnetic iron oxide and is available as a pigment from Ferro Limited.
In addition to abserving differences in behaviour of the fillers with different base polymers, it has been found that nominally identical fillers from different suppliers also show very large variations in properties when mixed in the same base polymer. This effect is very well illustrated in Table X and graphs 88 to 95, which show variations using Fe3 O4 from a variety of suppliers.
The base polymer had the following composition:
______________________________________ Parts by Weight______________________________________Royalene 611 60DYNH 16DPD 6169 24Agerite Resin D 4Filler 300Zinc Stearate 4Triallyl Cyanurate 1.5______________________________________
TABLE X______________________________________ExampleNo. Supplier Filler γ Graph No.______________________________________103 Ferro FW 17134 3 88104 Columbian Mapico Black 5.5/2.25 89 Carbon Co.105 Pfizer BK 5099 5.3 90106 Pfizer Mo--4232 2 91107 Pfizer Mo--8029 7.2 92108 Ferro FW 1790 4.5 93109 Hopkins and PPtd.Fe3 O4 1.3 .sup. 94* Williams110 Bayer 303T 6.2 95______________________________________ *Sample blew up at 800v i.e. puncture occurred.
MO-4232 is a magnetic iron oxide, Fe3 O4, of spherical particle shape available from Pfizer Corporation. MO-8029 is a magnetic iron oxide, Fe3 O4, of irregular particle shape, available from Pfizer. FW 1790 and FW 17134 are natural ground magnetic iron oxides available from Ferro Ltd. 303T is a mixed pigment, 2/3Fe2 O3 and 1/2MnO2, having a bixbyite structure available from Bayer. BK 5099 is a non-stoichiometric oxide of iron of the formula Fe2 O3 0.8FeO.
All formulations are shown to be non-linear but the degree of non-linearity varies widely between 1.3 and 7.2.
The reason for these large differences probably lies in the fact that the method of manufacture is primarily designed to produce a pigmentary product rather than a pure chemical.
The Pfizer product BK 5099 is a particularly pure product of the formula Fe2 O3.0.8FeO.
The degree of non-linearity varies also with the amount of filler loaded into the base polymer and this effect was demonstrated for several materials. Table XI and graphs 96 to 102 give data for two different types of Fe3 O4, namely, FW 17134 and BK 5099.
TABLE XI______________________________________ExampleNo. Filler Loading γ Graph No.______________________________________ FW 17134111 300 phr 3 96112 200 phr 5.9 97113 100 phr 4.1 98114 250 phr 5.9 99 BK 5099115 300 phr 5.3 100116 250 phr 7 101117 200 phr 9 102______________________________________
The data shows that the degree of non-linearity can be varied between 3 and 5.9 in the case of FW 17134 and 5.3 and 9 in the case of BK 5099. This type of variation may be regarded as typical for the effects of different loadings.
Magnesium and zinc ferrites supplied by the Columbian Carbon Company were loaded into the polymer base given below and the results are given in Table XII and in graphs 103 to 106.
______________________________________ Parts byPolymer base Weight______________________________________Royalene 611 60DYNH 16DPD 6169 24Agerite Resin D 4Zinc Stearate 4Triallyl cyanurate 1.5______________________________________
TABLE XII______________________________________ExampleNo. Loading Filler γ Graph No.______________________________________118 300 phr Mg Ferrite 2.8 103119 200 phr Mg Ferrite 3.9 104120 300 phr Zn Ferrite 1.79 105121 200 phr Zn Ferrite 4.17 106______________________________________
These results show the materials to be non-linear.
Mixtures of Fe3 O4 and Co3 O4 were loaded into the following polymer base.
______________________________________ Parts by Weight______________________________________Royalene 611 60DYNH 16DPD 6169 24Agerite Resin D 4Zinc Stearate 4Triallyl cyanurate 1.5______________________________________
The results are shown in Table XIII, and in graphs 107 to 116.
TABLE XIII______________________________________ExampleNo. phr BK 5099 phr Co3 O4 γ Graph No.______________________________________122 270 30 5.6 107123 240 60 6 108124 210 90 5.5 109125 180 120 7.2 110126 120 180 6 111127 90 210 5.4 112128 60 240 5.2 113129 30 210 5.4 114130 150 150 7.6 115131 0 300 4.45 116______________________________________
Again all the materials exhibited marked non-linear behaviour.
The following material was compounded on a 40" twin roll mill at about 110° C.:
______________________________________ Parts by weight______________________________________Royalene 611 60DYNH 16DPD 6169 24Agerite Resin D 4Triallyl cyanurate 2Zinc Stearate 4BK 5099 300Molybdenum disulphide 5______________________________________
The resulting material was granulated and extruded to produce a tube of the following dimensions:
______________________________________Internal diameter 0.430 inches (1.08 cm)Wall thickness 0.075 inches (0.19 cm)______________________________________
The extrusion conditions, on a 21/2 inch (6.3 cm) extruder, having an L/D ratio of 25:1 were:
______________________________________Zone 1 2 3 4 5 Head 1 Head 2Temperature ° C. 80 90 100 110 120 130 120______________________________________
The tubing was then irradiated using 5.8 MeV electrons to a total dose of approximately 12.5 Mrads after which the tubing was found to have a 100% Modulus at 150° C. of 4-6 Kg/cm2. This material had a γ value of 5.0 and the full current-voltage stress plot is given in FIG. 31.
This tubing after expansion to a diameter of 1 inch (2.54 cm) was used to terminate a number of high voltage power cables by heat shrinking with a propane gas torch as outlined below:
(a) 20 KV polyethylene insulated cable, type A2YHSY, 50 mm2 conductor, of 5.6 mm insulation thickness. The detailed construction of this cable is shown in FIG. 28, in which the reference numerals have the following meanings:
______________________________________281 PVC SHEATH282 WRAP of Mylar or plain cloth283 COPPER WIRE SCREEN with copper contact strip.284 SEMI-CONDUCTING LAYER (impregnated paper and cloth)285 GRAPHITE COATING286 INSULATION (polyethylene, or cross linkedpolyethylene)287 STRESS RELIEF LAYER (conducting polyethylene orcross linked polyethylene)288 CONDUCTOR______________________________________
The cable was terminated as illustrated in FIG. 29 of the accompanying drawings, wherein the layers of the construction are stripped as shown. A length of the tubing 289 was shrunk over the stripped cable, extending over 23 cm of the insulating layer 286, and overlapping on to the layer 282. The cable was then tested as illustrated in FIG. 27, with the following results:
______________________________________ Discharge magnitude Applied Voltage pC (KV r.m.s)______________________________________Initially <0.5 50After 21 days heat 5 27cycling______________________________________
The heat cycling was carried out, using a continuously applied voltage of 40 KV, and passing current such that the sheath of the cable reached 70° C. for 6 hours, followed by cooling to ambient temperature for 6 hours and then reheating the cable for a further period of 6 hours etc.
The impulse strength of the termination was determined in accordance with B.S. 923 with the following results:
______________________________________ Impulse Strength KV______________________________________Initially 135After 21 days heat >200cycling______________________________________
These results taken together indicate the good stress control provided by the tubing made according to the invention.
(b) 10 KV PVC insulated cable, 50 nm2 conductor, 3 mm insulation thickness. The construction of this cable is as shown in FIG. 28, except that the layer 284 is simply impregnated paper and layers 286 and 287 are polyvinyl chloride rather than polyethylene.
Using an 8 cm. length of the tubing according to the invention and covering with a non-tracking heat shrinkable tubing 290 made according to Example 8, sample No. 44 of British Pat. No. 1,337,951, the regions below the ends of the tubing being covered with a sealant (not shown), the following results were obtained:
______________________________________Discharge Magnitude, pC Applied Voltage (KV r.m.s.)______________________________________0.3 22.50.6 290.6 370.6 50______________________________________
The impulse strength determined to BS 923 was found to be 105 KV.
This example demonstrates the good stress control afforded by the tubing, even at a voltage 9 times that at which the cable normally operates (5.8 KV r.m.s.).
Further experiments were carried out on a similar loop of cable, without the outer layer of non-tracking tubing, to determine the effect of length of the stress control layer.
The results were as follows:
______________________________________Effective length of stress Applied Voltage requiredcontrol tubing. cm for 5 pC max discharge______________________________________1 72 165 2710 3020 3125 31______________________________________
(c) 25 KV XLPE 2/0 conductor size concentric neutral cable, with extruded screen as shown in FIG. 30, in which the reference numerals have the following meanings:
______________________________________301 SCREEN of thick tinned copper wire302 EXTRUDED CONDUCTING XLPE LAYER303 INSULATION XLPE304 STRESS RELIEF LAYER (conducting PE)305 CONDUCTOR______________________________________
Using a conductive paint over 2 cm of dielectric from the end of the screen (of volume resistivity approx. 10 Ωcm.) and a 25 cm. length of the above stress control tubing, the following results were obtained:
______________________________________ Discharge magnitude Applied Voltage pC KV r.m.s.______________________________________(a) before heat 0 25 cycling 0.3 33.5 0.3 40 0.6 45 2 50(b) after heat 0 25 cycling 2.5 35 2.5 40 5.5 45 10 50______________________________________
The heat cycling consisted of 18 cycles each of 4 hrs. heating to 65° C. on the screen of the cable, +4 hrs. cooling to ambient and during the total cycling period a voltage of 29 KV r.m.s. was applied.
These results further illustrate the good stress control provided by the tubing of the invention.
The following formulation was compounded as already described:
______________________________________ Parts by Weight______________________________________Royalene 611 60DYNH 16DPD 6169 24Agerite Resin D 4Triallyl cyanurate 2Zinc Stearate 4BK 5099 300Vulcan XXX Special 5______________________________________
This material was processed into heat shrinkable tubing in the manner already described. The tubing so produced had an internal diameter of 1.75 cm and a wall thickness of 0.26 cm. It was expanded to an internal diameter of 4.32 cm.
This material had a γ value of 3.7 and the current voltage stress plot is given in FIG. 31.
The tubing was used to terminate a 20 KV XLPE cable, construction as per diagram 2 and having a conductor cross sectional area of 150 mm2. The cable designation was A2XHSY. The insulation thickness was 5.6 mm and the cable termination was in accordance with FIG. 29, the effective length of the stress control layer being 23 cms.
The cable termination was heat cycled or 6 days at a continuous voltage of 40 KV, to 90° C. on the cable jacket for 21/2 hours, followed by cooling to ambient temperature for 21/2 hours.
The principal electrical properties of the termination were:
______________________________________ ImpulseDischarge Magnitude Applied Voltage StrengthpC KV r.m.s. KV______________________________________Initially 5 23 160After heat 5 24 190cycling______________________________________
These results show the good stress control provided by the tubing.
This tubing was further evaluated on a 20 KV XLPE cable, of conductor size 35 mm2 and insulation thickness 5.6 mm. The construction of this cable is given in FIG. 32 in which the reference numerals have the following meanings:
______________________________________321 SHEATH (PVC)322 COPPER TAPE SCREEN323 SEMICONDUCTING LAYER (Conducting XLPE)324 INSULATION XLPE325 STRESS RELIEF LAYER (Conducting XLPE)326 CONDUCTOR______________________________________
It was terminated as shown in FIG. 29 using a total termination length of 330 mm and an effective length of the stress grading layer of 230 mms.
The discharge levels were measured before and after impulse testing and were found to be as follows:
______________________________________ Discharge Magnitude Applied Voltage pC KV r.m.s.______________________________________Initially 0 30 1 37After Impulse 0 29testing 1 35______________________________________
The impulse testing consisted of 5 pulses of positive polarity only at each of the following voltages: 100, 110, 125, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190 and 200 KV. No flashover occurred and the testing was discontinued after reaching 200 KV.
Those results show the good stress control properties conferred by the tubing made according to the invention, both as regards corona discharge and impulse strength.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US2730597 *||Apr 26, 1951||Jan 10, 1956||Sprague Electric Co||Electrical resistance elements|
|US2795680 *||May 16, 1952||Jun 11, 1957||Sprague Electric Co||Printed resistors and inks|
|US2861163 *||Jul 11, 1956||Nov 18, 1958||Antioch College||Heating element|
|US2964476 *||Sep 28, 1956||Dec 13, 1960||Process for producing a metal-lubricant|
|US3259531 *||Apr 30, 1963||Jul 5, 1966||United Aircraft Corp||Propellant with ammonium perchloratepermanganate lattice oxidizer|
|US3342752 *||Sep 2, 1965||Sep 19, 1967||Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd||Carbon film resistor composition|
|US3686139 *||Mar 10, 1970||Aug 22, 1972||Globe Union Inc||Resistive coating compositions and resistor elements produced therefrom|
|US3849333 *||Sep 26, 1972||Nov 19, 1974||Union Carbide Corp||Semi-conducting polymer system comprising a copolymer of ethylene-ethylarcralate or vinyl acetate,ethylene-propylene-termonomer and carbon black|
|US3950604 *||Aug 31, 1973||Apr 13, 1976||Raychem Limited||Heat-shrinkable articles having non-linear electrical resistance characteristics|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US4861288 *||Dec 14, 1987||Aug 29, 1989||Royal Technologies Usa, Inc.||Electrical cordset|
|US5045170 *||May 2, 1989||Sep 3, 1991||Globe-Union, Inc.||Electrodies containing a conductive metal oxide|
|US5082995 *||Dec 13, 1989||Jan 21, 1992||Vickers Shipbuilding & Engineering Limited||Electrical cables|
|US5106709 *||Jul 20, 1990||Apr 21, 1992||Globe-Union Inc.||Composite substrate for bipolar electrode|
|US5106901 *||Dec 13, 1989||Apr 21, 1992||Vickers Shipbuilding & Engineering Limited||Thermally resistant materials|
|US5143806 *||Mar 28, 1991||Sep 1, 1992||Globe-Union Inc.||Process for forming barium metaplumbate|
|US5294374 *||Mar 20, 1992||Mar 15, 1994||Leviton Manufacturing Co., Inc.||Electrical overstress materials and method of manufacture|
|US5364565 *||Aug 30, 1991||Nov 15, 1994||Ford Motor Company||Electroviscoelastic gel-like solids|
|US5623174 *||Dec 8, 1995||Apr 22, 1997||General Electric Co.||Internal grading of generator stator bars with electrically conducting thermoplastic paints|
|US5708233 *||Jul 29, 1996||Jan 13, 1998||Kabushiki Kaisha Ohara||Thermoelectric semiconductor material|
|US6015629 *||Sep 4, 1998||Jan 18, 2000||3M Innovative Properties Company||Stress control for termination of a high voltage cable|
|US6111234 *||May 7, 1991||Aug 29, 2000||Batliwalla; Neville S.||Electrical device|
|US6201191 *||Apr 29, 1998||Mar 13, 2001||Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.||Solid DC cable|
|US6340794||Dec 16, 1996||Jan 22, 2002||Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company||Stress control for termination of a high voltage cable|
|US6479753 *||Apr 29, 1998||Nov 12, 2002||Compaq Information Technologies Group, L.P.||Coaxial cable bundle interconnecting base and displaying electronics in a notebook computer|
|US6509527 *||Feb 22, 2001||Jan 21, 2003||Nexans||High and very high voltage DC power cable|
|US6534582 *||Oct 8, 1999||Mar 18, 2003||Alcatel||Adaptive material of ternary composition|
|US6576842 *||Apr 26, 2001||Jun 10, 2003||Yazaki Corporation||Connection structure of coated electric wire|
|US6790894 *||Nov 22, 2000||Sep 14, 2004||Thüringen GmbH||Rubber-based soundproofing material|
|US6864429 *||Dec 17, 2001||Mar 8, 2005||General Cable Technologies Corporation||Semiconductive compositions and cable shields employing same|
|US7651636 *||Mar 23, 2005||Jan 26, 2010||Abb Research Ltd||Nonlinear electrical material for high and medium voltage applications|
|US8410366 *||Jan 16, 2008||Apr 2, 2013||Prysmian Cables Et Systemes France||Protection device for power cables with impregnated-paper-based insulation|
|US8435427||Aug 26, 2010||May 7, 2013||3M Innovative Properties Company||Compositions having non-linear current-voltage characteristics|
|US8562871 *||Nov 28, 2006||Oct 22, 2013||Sabic Innovative Plastics Ip B.V.||Composition and associated method|
|US8974706||Dec 7, 2010||Mar 10, 2015||3M Innovative Properties Company||Dielectric material with non-linear dielectric constant|
|US9349498||Dec 23, 2014||May 24, 2016||3M Innovative Properties Company||Dielectric material with non-linear dielectric constant|
|US9390833||Dec 23, 2014||Jul 12, 2016||3M Innovative Properties Company||Method of making an electrical stress control device having a dielectric material with non-linear dielectric constant|
|US9716378 *||Apr 9, 2015||Jul 25, 2017||Te Connectivity Corporation||Cold shrinkable termination for an electric power cable|
|US20030059366 *||Sep 16, 2002||Mar 27, 2003||Cabot Corporation||Dispersible barium titanate-based particles and methods of forming the same|
|US20030215606 *||May 17, 2002||Nov 20, 2003||Clancy Donald J.||Dispersible dielectric particles and methods of forming the same|
|US20050218380 *||Mar 23, 2005||Oct 6, 2005||Abb Research Ltd.||Nonlinear electrical material for high and medium voltage applications|
|US20080009572 *||Nov 28, 2006||Jan 10, 2008||General Electric Company||Composition and associated method|
|US20100132976 *||Jan 16, 2008||Jun 3, 2010||Tognali Stephane||Protection device for power cables with impregnated-paper-based insulation|
|US20110140052 *||Dec 7, 2010||Jun 16, 2011||3M Innovative Properties Company||Dielectric material with non-linear dielectric constant|
|US20110217809 *||Nov 12, 2009||Sep 8, 2011||Applied Nanotech Holdings, Inc.||Inks and pastes for solar cell fabricaton|
|US20150214713 *||Apr 9, 2015||Jul 30, 2015||Tyco Electronics Corporation||Cold Shrinkable Termination For An Electric Power Cable|
|DE3518335A1 *||May 22, 1985||Nov 28, 1985||Tdk Corp||Elektromagnetisches abschirmmaterial|
|EP3050184A4 *||Sep 15, 2014||May 24, 2017||3M Innovative Properties Co||Compositions for electric field grading|
|WO1996020083A1 *||Dec 28, 1994||Jul 4, 1996||Vincent Felice Salvia||Transition metal/polymer matrix lubricant and method of use|
|U.S. Classification||252/511, 252/514, 252/512, 252/513, 252/519.33|
|International Classification||C08K5/36, C08K5/38, C08L77/00, C09D5/00, C08K5/39, C08K3/04, C08K3/02, C08K3/24, H01B1/20, C08L51/02, C08K3/34, C08L51/00, C08L1/00, H01B3/00, C08L23/02, C09D5/24, C08L7/00, C08K3/00, C08K5/41, C08L33/00, C08L23/16, C08K3/16, H01B3/44, C08K5/17, C08K3/08, C08L101/00, C08K5/09, C08K5/5419, C08K3/22, H02G15/068, H01B3/30, C08L21/00, C08K3/26, C08L67/00, C08K5/42, C08K3/28, C08K3/10, H05F1/00, C08K3/30, C08L33/02, C08L23/00, C08K3/32, H01C7/10, C08L27/00|
|Cooperative Classification||H01B3/006, H02G15/068, H01B3/004|
|European Classification||H01B3/00W2, H01B3/00W9, H02G15/068|


text:
Provides those who are involved with development in the early years with a focus for developing children's understanding using a range of inspiring ideas. This book focuses on problem solving, reasoning and numeracy. It provides one hundred practical and inspiring ideas for use in the education setting.
- Limba : Engleza
- Data Publicarii : 06 Mar 2008
- Format : Paperback
- Numar pagini : 128
- ISBN : 9780826499059

domain: library


text:
Napalm Christ 's/t' 12"
These riffs are guaranteed to be stuck in your head for days! Napalm Christ from Little Rock (members of Rwake) deliver six epic tracks blending crust, black metal and doom to create a haunting and mesmerizing sound all their own. Mastered to pummeling perfection by Audiosiege!
FFO: IRE / Mammoth Grinder / Seven Sisters Of Sleep
Idols Of Evil / Life Is Dimming / Reclaimed By The Earth / Nuclear Holy War / Despoilment Of Will / Burn Away The Scourge

domain: artistic


text:
MANDALAY/676 Floor Plan (Large View)
escalier contemporain verre - Recherche Google
Calming Master Bedroom | Campaign Chests | Monogrammed Bedding | Abstract Art | Bamboo Mirrors | Lucite Curtain Rods www.styleyoursenses.com
House Plan 207-00033 - Coastal Plan: 4,018 Square Feet, 4 Bedrooms, 4.5… Micoley's picks for #Flooring www.Micoley.com
Still impressed by this home - via Coco Lapine Design
the soul usually knows what to do to heal itself. the challenge is to silence the mind.
Create a daring aesthetic in your master bedroom with the use of different lighting fixtures for each part of the room. Seen in Heritage at Crabapple, an Atlanta community.
Floor Plan Friday: Excellent 4 bedroom, bifolds with integrated entertaining space


Second-generation biofuels, produced using the inedible part of plants, are used to power vehicles, limiting their CO2 emissions.
Fossil fuels represent more than 80% of world consumption, and transport in particular depends 95% on oil. While reserves are diminishing, worldwide demand is constantly increasing, due to the emergence of certain economies. Experts estimate that the global demand for energy could rise by more than 50% between 2009 and 2030 and that oil production will reach a peak around 2020/2030.
Burning fossil fuels generates CO2, a greenhouse gas that is the primary cause of global warming.
It is therefore necessary to find cleaner fuels that do not depend on oil.
Biofuels are an alternative for powering vehicles, replacing traditional petrol. There are 2 types of biofuels:
The Group is actively involved in the development of technologies to produce second-generation biofuels. Air Liquide is building a pilot unit in Karlsruhe (Germany), to demonstrate the feasibility of the industrial production of these biofuels.


In a vote held on Wednesday, the Nebraska Legislature voted down a bill to legalize medical marijuana in the state.
The final vote ended with 31 votes in favor and 18 votes against. Lacking the necessary 33 votes, the legislative bill has been rejected.
Under Nebraska’s medical marijuana program, smokable products would have remained illegal, patients would have been limited to possessing 2.5 grams of cannabis, and the state would have limited the number of licenses issued to a handful of dispensaries.
Medical Cannabis Will Now Be Decided by the Voters
Senator Wishart, the main sponsor of Nebraska’s medical marijuana bill, introduced the bill as a “last chance” for lawmakers to approve cannabis legislation.
“No amount of money or opposition is going to silence the people of Nebraska on this issue,” she said.
With the rejection of the legislative bill, the decision on medical cannabis legalization passes to the 2022 midterm elections, where it will be decided upon by the voters.
To this end, a ballot campaign needs to be conducted. Nebraska voters had previously succeeded in such a campaign, collecting 196,000 signatures, but this was vetoed due to a technicality in the Nebraska Supreme Court. Supporters for the bill have since fixed this technicality in the ballot campaign.
Opposition to Cannabis Reform
While Nebraska’s public may be in favor of marijuana legalization, much of the resistance against legalization comes from the state Legislature. Advocates against the legalization of medical marijuana do so as a result of the current stance held at the Federal level. Other senators, such as Thurston’s Joni Albrecht, oppose medical cannabis, due to their belief of marijuana being a gateway drug.
“I’m not going to stand here and develop a policy when I just don’t know what it’s going to do to people,” she said.
Gothenburg Senator Matt Williams stated that the constituents in his district have “sent a clear message” in opposition to marijuana legalization.
Supporters of cannabis legalization see this opposition as a sign of a legislative body that has not kept up to date with the nationwide move to legalize cannabis.
“We aren’t starting from a serious premise,” said Senator Megan Hunt of Omaha, regarding the ongoing conversations on marijuana legalization in the Nebraska Senate.
At The Weed Blog, we strive to produce the latest online news resources regarding marijuana. We also review various strains of cannabis or other edible counterparts. We are committed to helping you find valuable information about marijuana on our website. With marijuana laws constantly changing, learn from us what you can do to promote activism in your area. Otherwise, consider these other top-tier articles regarding cannabis:


text:
There always has to be a set back. $ weeks into my new job and I was called into the office to speak with a Director. He tells me he has to terminate my contract.
How can you if I have just signed a contract for 6 months. He replies that as it is a temporary contract they can terminate it at any time without reason.
So this knocked me from the highest pedestel and had an effect on my MS. The vision in my left eye was completely blurred soon after and I attended an eye surgery clinic in Glasgow. They seen me pretty quickly and precribed 3 doses of Methyl-prednisolone steroids. I visit the hodpital each day for 2 hours to receive them through an IV drip.
I can notice slight improvements already and hope to continue to notice more. It is my last dose of steroids today then I can let my body look after the healing process.
I am also away on holiday next week so I have time to relax in the sunshine with my new baby boy( well I suppose he will be in the shade but you know what I mean!!!)
How your life can change for the better and the worse in a matter of weeks. I am back on the right track though and I can begin the job search again when I return from my holiday.

domain: medical


text:
James Gubb of Civitas suggests that the NHS obstructs new entrants to the healthcare market on grounds of ideology, and that mostly, market mechanisms have yet to be seriously tried. The NHS should be a 'service quality guarantee' thing; not a 'state-owned provision' thing.
Discussion of market-based reform in the NHS rarely gets an objective play in the public sphere. Free-market ideologues form one side (the market, by virtue of being a market must be the best option); and NHS ‘die hearts’ the other (a bad word against the NHS system of providing healthcare must be a sin).
What evidence there is around the subject appears to go out of the window – see, for example, HPI’s recent expose on the BMA’s response to the White Paper.
As ever, there is a large middle ground. Civitas has spent much of the past year conducting an in-depth qualitative study into how, exactly, the market in the NHS is playing out on the ground: that is patient choice in the field of electives and the principle of impartial commissioning based on an ‘any willing provider’ model elsewhere.
The results are published today. By and large it’s not working too well. The market has produced isolated, significant, positive effects, such as: faster treatment, patient-focus, and improvements in quality and efficiency. As one senior clinican commented:
”The trust [being a business] makes us think in a lean fashion. For example, we recently streamlined prosthesis and implants. It wasn’t our preference, but doing it saved money without adversely affecting patient care. We have to be making money in our own patch. If we’re not, we have to ask ourselves why, because other hospitals can make money on the tariff... You can’t lose money this way in the real world, and you shouldn’t be able to do it in the health service”. (p.34)
But we should not pretend all is well: there is a negative side too. Evidence was uncovered, for example, of collaboration suffering; of waste; and, above all else, of organisational self-interest getting in the way of high-quality care.
In most places, however, little real effect was observed at all.
Are market incentives the future?
The question is, what next? Does this mean a market is the wrong way for the NHS to be travelling? On balance, this is not what we found.
’Where the market has been used … participants did report examples of the positive effects anticipated by the market’s protagonists.’
First, where the market has been used (i.e. where providers report feeling genuine competitive pressure from patient choice and where PCTs have put services out to tender and chosen alternative providers), participants did report examples of the positive effects anticipated by the market’s protagonists.
And second, most importantly, we did not find enough evidence that a ‘market’ has truly been functioning within the NHS to date to justify any reliable conclusion that it must be abandoned.
’We did not find enough evidence that a ‘market’ has truly been functioning within the NHS to date to justify any reliable conclusion that it must be abandoned.‘
There are simply too many barriers to its operation: structural imbalance inhibiting the ability of purchasers (patients, PCTs and practice-based commissioners) to effectively influence providers; significant obstacles to real diversity in the supply-side due to the lack of a level playing field between NHS and non-NHS providers; adverse incentives stemming from payment-by-results; excessively bureaucratic tendering processes; underdeveloped skills on the part of both purchasers and providers; and an oppressive political and cultural environment.
Ah, culture. Here is your breakfast of strategy
The biggest factor here is almost certainly the latter; the prevailing culture of the NHS. Most commentary is focused on the negative effect of ‘command and control’ – and this is justified – but there is a deeper, more fundamental problem not often discussed: the aura surrounding ‘the NHS’ itself as something approaching an untouchable health system.
There is, of course, a level on which this is entirely justified. Many of the values the NHS embodies should always be part of the framework of a civilised society. Universal, comprehensive, healthcare is something that should always be defended. It is as the architect of the welfare state, William Beveridge, intended: in return for everyone accepting a responsibility to contribute in their working lives, "medical treatment covering all requirements will be provided for all".
The NHS: just civic glue?
But, in embracing the additional post-war ideal of nationalised provision, the NHS has also taken on a mantra of being a part of a ‘greater good’. In one sense, this provides some much needed civic glue. It has also been used in too many quarters as an excuse for inertia, complacency and false attachment to the status quo.
As one interviewee said: ”Many people in the UK were brought up to behold the NHS as something almost infallible ... these concepts stay with people and come out in unexpected ways, even when logically they know otherwise”.
Three examples present themselves.
One: there is an uproar almost every time a commissioning organisation proposes pulling a service out of a hospital or awarding a contract to a voluntary, private or even other NHS provider. Yet, if another organisation can offer a better service, at lower cost, all we are doing is denying patients and the public better healthcare and better value for money.
Two: the aura around the NHS inculcates a broader, and damaging, ‘us vs. them’ attitude between the NHS and private / voluntary sectors, that at times puts patient care in real jeopardy. Yet, as King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust have proved with their recent joint venture with Serco in pathology services, patients could gain much from a partnership of talents.
Three: in stifling the competition that the market attempts to inject into the health service, NHS providers have collectively enabled services offering a poor deal for patients to keep running, and isolated surgeons, in particular, from pressure to up their game. One medical director described a shocking story of how surgeons take 2½ hours to perform an operation in the NHS that they do safely in 45 minutes in a private hospital.
Cultural reverence for the NHS as a nationalised system of provision can, in fact, explain many of the most intractable problems with the market: why acute trusts hold so much political power; why the inclination of PCTs is to micro-manage contracts; why there are pressures to leave such a bureaucratic trail when tendering (in case a service ends up going outside the ‘family’); and why independent sector provision has reached nothing like the 15 per cent of elective care envisaged by the Labour Government under Tony Blair.
And what of Equity And Excellence?
So, what of the ‘new’ (new, new) NHS, proposed in the Coalition Government’s ‘Liberating’ White Paper? It does, after all, put its weight behind there being a market.
The problem, however, is that it doesn’t really address the route cause of the market’s current relative failure: moving chairs in commissioning will, without the introduction of a new public consciousness around the NHS (starting with government), do little other than reinvent the wheel – or make it even rustier if too much power is handed to the BMA – and waste valuable time and resources. This is something that the NHS cannot afford in such financial times.
’If they really want results, the Coalition should … quit the headline-grabbing musical chairs and … tell a new story: not of the NHS as a culturally revered system of provision, but as a service that supports civil society through enabling all to access the highest-quality healthcare.’
If they really want results, the Coalition should start with one thing: quit the headline-grabbing musical chairs and embark on the less exciting but ultimately more rewarding task of getting behind commissioners and telling a new story: not of the NHS as a culturally revered system of provision, but as a service that supports civil society through enabling all to access the highest quality healthcare.
Who provides it should not matter: instead providers should compete on the quality of their service offering. We need new entrants with new ideas to meet the health service’s productivity imperative and make it one truly fit for the 21st century.
James Gubb is co-author of “>Refusing Treatment: the NHS and market-based reform, published today by the think tank Civitas

domain: economics


text:
“All my life I have lived and behaved very much like the sandpiper – just running down the edges of different countries and continents, ‘looking for something’.”
- Elizabeth Bishop
Today’s trip to the library turned up three lovely books:
1. The Frozen Thames, by Helen Humphreys: follow-up to three novels of hers* I devoured last month in quick succession. This is a small book, a hardcover chopped in half, which is kind of enticing. Even more enticing is the jacket blurb:
“…forty vignettes based on events that actually took place each time the river froze between 1142 and 1895. Humphrey’s achingly beautiful prose acts like a photograph, capturing a moment and etching it forever on our imaginations.”
It’s true of Humphreys’ prose. She has the poet’s way with words, an ability to combine them in such a way that will rip your heart out or feed an image you never thought could be adequately described. Can’t wait to get started.
2. Knitting Without Tears, by Elizabeth Zimmermann. How appealing a title is that? I’ve been hearing about EZ for years, and have only recently taken it in that her approach to knitting is rather organic; in other words, her patterns are more like recipes that require you to use your wits and trust your own good sense as you go – kind of like writing fiction.
The jacket blurb refers to EZ’s wit and good humour, which is abundant in her introduction, The Opinionated Knitter:
“Really, all you need to become a good knitter are wool, needles, hands, and slightly below-average intelligence. Of course superior intelligence, such as yours and mine, is an advantage.” Have already started reading and chuckling.
3. Elizabeth Bishop: The Collected Prose. A poet friend, who is a leading Bishop scholar, has recently infected me with her enthusiasm for EB. She has recited for me a few lines of EB’s poetry, which caught my ear and my imagination. My friend has invited me to this weekend’s Elizabeth Bishop Birthday Bash at our local Writers’ Federation office. There will be readings, cake, and prizes for best costumes based on EB’s writings. Last year’s winner was costumed as a thunder and lightning storm, which I think is just great.
Where I’ve never read any of Bishop’s work, I figure I ought to do a little homework. The book was on reserve for a few weeks, so it comes in the nick of time. I’m especially looking forward to reading her short story, “In the Village,” which the jacket blurb tells me is “…an extraordinary account of a Nova Scotia childhood.” It appeared in the New Yorker, as did three of her eight published stories. I can’t wait to get started.
A Helen and two Elizabeths, all of them fascinating and fine writers.
Did I mention… I can’t wait to get started.
*Coventry, Afterimage, and Leaving Earth


New Aquaman character posters revealed for global tour
Now that Warner Bros. and DC’s Aquaman is officially completed, the studio (via Vital Thrills) has released seven new character posters featuring Mera, Vulko, Orm, Atlanna, Nereus, Black Manta and Arthur Curry himself. They have also announced a tour in which cast and crew will participate in live-stream activities and engage fans at events and through social media. Check out the tour dates below, along with Aquaman character posters in the gallery!
The Aquaman Global Tour Dates:
November 18 – Beijing: Film Footage Screening and Fan Event
November 26 – London: Live Stream World Premiere
December 1 – New York City: Fan Event
December 11 – Manila: Asian Premiere and Fan Event
December 12 – Los Angeles: Live Stream U.S. Premiere
December 14 – Miami: Press Day
December 18 – Gold Coast: Australian Premiere
December 19 – Sydney: Fan Event
December 21 – Hawaii: Special Event Screening
From Warner Bros. Pictures comes an action-packed adventure that spans the vast, visually breathtaking underwater world of the seven seas. The film, starring Momoa (Justice League, Game of Thrones) in the title role, reveals the origin story of half-human, half-Atlantean Arthur Curry and takes him on the journey of his lifetime — one that will not only force him to face who he really is, but to discover if he is worthy of who he was born to be… a king.
Aquaman also stars Amber Heard (Justice League, Magic Mike XXL) as Mera, a fierce warrior and Aquaman’s ally throughout his journey; Oscar nominee Willem Dafoe (Platoon, Spider-Man 2) as Vulko, counsel to the Atlantean throne; Patrick Wilson (The Conjuring films, Watchmen) as Orm/Ocean Master, the present King of Atlantis; Dolph Lundgren (The Expendables films) as Nereus, King of the Atlantean tribe Xebel; Yahya Abdul-Mateen II (Baywatch, The Get Down) as the vengeful Black Manta; and Oscar winner Nicole Kidman (The Hours, Lion) as Arthur’s mom, Atlanna. Also starring is Ludi Lin (Power Rangers) as Captain Murk, Atlantean Commando, and Temeura Morrison (Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones, Green Lantern) as Arthur’s dad, Tom Curry.
Directed by Wan from a script by Will Beall (Gangster Squad) and David Leslie Johnson-McGoldrick (The Conjuring 2), from the story by Geoff Johns, Wan and Beall, the film is being produced by Peter Safran and Rob Cowan, with Zack Snyder, Deborah Snyder, Rob Cowan, Jon Berg, Walter Hamada, and Geoff Johns serving as executive producers. The movie is based on characters from DC’s Aquaman created by Paul Norris and Mort Weisinger. Rupert Gregson-Williams (Wonder Woman) will compose the music.
Aquaman opens on December 21 in theaters everywhere.
New Aquaman Character Posters Revealed for Global Tour


text:
In Massachusetts, the state's highest court has ruled that Boston failed to bargain in good faith with the city police union when it changed how it pays overtime to officers back in 2002. According to an article by Boston Globe reporter Maria Cramer, the ruling by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court rejected the city's argument.
That argument was basically that federal law allows municipalities to pay overtime only after officers have worked more than 171 hours in 28 days, instead of more than 40 hours over seven days. The ruling means the city will owe hundreds of officers hundreds of thousands of dollars in overtime.
The court did not dispute that the city had a right under federal law to change how to pay overtime but that it couldn't do so without bargaining with the union, said Bryan Decker, a lawyer for the Boston Police Patrolman's Association.
"The city has committed prohibited practices . . . in failing to bargain collectively with the union in good faith," according to the ruling.
Union officials said the decision ensures that officers will be paid like any other worker. Under the current system, a police officer cannot be paid time and a half unless he or she has worked more than 171 hours over a 28-day period, even if the officer had worked a 50-hour week during that time.
"It's just a law that protects people who work more than 40 hours a week," said Thomas Nee, union president.
"Those workers' rights extend to police officers too. When they make us work more than 40 hours a week, we're appropriately compensated."
Decker said the city could have averted this conclusion if officials had bargained with the union.
The city adopted the 28-day/171-hour work period after a series of meetings around March 2002. A union representative was not present at any of the meetings, according to the ruling.
"We must have sent six or seven letters before they did this saying, ‘We are happy to bargain with you,' and they said, ‘We don't have to bargain with you,'" Decker told the Globe. "This could have been avoided at any step of this process. The city has no one to blame at this point but itself."
Add this page to your favorite Social Bookmarking websites

domain: news


All the ammo labeled for varmints will put them in the dust. An fmj will certainly pass through the little fellows.
With varmint bullets pick any two of the four legs and shoot somewhere between them. Soft points for deer and stuff will kill them, but most likely they will suffer. Art, he can show you a picture of a ruined coyote with a larger caliber lol.


text:
Fitzrovia: London's Bohemia by Michael Bakewell is a compact, 63 page book, published by the (wonderful) National Portrait Gallery in London that uses images from the gallery's collection, and other sources, and contains a three page profile of various Fitzrovia luminaries.
Fitzrovia is a neighbourhood in central London, near London's West End. The area has bohemian associations and was once home to artists, poets and writers, most notably in the first half of the twentieth century. Tom Driberg named the area after The Fitzroy Tavern - the meeting place of the London bohemians. Customers included Albert Pierrepoint, Aleister Crowley, and Prince Monolulu.
This book contains short profiles of, amongst others, Nancy Cunard, Walter Sickert, the Sitwells, Betty May, Dylan Thomas, George Orwell, Tambimuttu, Julian Maclaren Ross, Aleister Crowley, Nina Hamnett, Percy Wyndham Lewis, James Meary, and Augustus John.
I bought the book to help illustrate a a walking tour of Fitzrovia. I wanted something portable to show the two friends who are less aware of the neighbourhood's illustrious and colourful past. The short profiles bring each character alive. For example, Nina Hamnett, Fitzrovia's most notorious inhabitant, who in later life misconstrued an affectionate radio portrait as a grotesque caricature, and subsequently threw herself, or drunkenly fell, off her balcony. Or writer Julian Maclaren-Ross, who only worked once the pubs had shut, and who was known, at The Wheatsheaf, amongst other watering holes as the most relentless of the Fitzrovian monologists.
The book contains a bibliography of further reading for readers who are curious to find out more. My own recommendation is Paul Willetts's biography of Julian Maclaren-Ross "Fear and Loathing in Fitzrovia".

domain: literature


This beer tea towel features hops and barley drawing along with black lettering. A high-quality towel that allows you to relax knowing the design will not fade, peel, or come off as you have continued use and cleaning. Great gift for fellow beer lovers or a stocking stuffer this holiday season!
- Size: Approximately 28" x 28"
- Color: White with a hanging loop sewn in corner
- No special care instructions: Machine wash warm, tumble dry low; iron and bleach optional
- The design will not fade or peel, so you can feel confident using it over and over
- Made in the USA


Close Former NFL Players Honored at High School A pair of Super Bowl legends were honored at Orangeburg-Wilkinson High School on Friday. News 19's Megan Rivers reports. wltx 7:55 PM. EDT October 24, 2015 JOIN THE CONVERSATION To find out more about Facebook commenting please read the Conversation Guidelines and FAQs Leave a Comment TRENDING VIDEOS Confederate Flag, Marker Stirs Controversy Man and Woman Found Dead Identified Reconnecting With Family in Puerto Rico Possible Higher Rates If santee Cooper Sold Shooting survivors want more than prayers for Las Vegas Woman receives surprise delivery of oxycodone After Vegas Shooting, WhereDo We Go Now Former FBI leader offers insight into Las Vegas shooting Police: Woman Shot, Killed Her Husband Lee Brice: "Country Music Will Rise Above" More Stories Winter Weather Advisory Issued for Entire Midlands… Jan 16, 2018, 3:02 p.m. LIST: School Closings, Delays for Thursday Due to Ice Jan 17, 2018, 1:08 p.m. York County Officer Dies at Hospital After Being… Jan 17, 2018, 8:19 p.m.


text:
The 6th Annual OGO 15 ″ Cup Challenge, benefiting Operation Game On, was held on August 16 at the Fairbanks Ranch Country Club.
The OGO 15 ″ Cup Challenge took place on the driving range with four distances from 50 to 125 meters. Every hole-in-one won cash prizes. In addition to the competition, the event included a silent auction, VIP tent, music, food and drink, local athletes and celebrities.
One hundred percent of the funds raised at the event will go to Operation Game On, a 501 (c) (3) non-profit whose mission is to provide golf as a form of rehabilitation for returning combat-injured troops with physical and mental disabilities Website. More information is available at operationgameon.org.
Photos by Jon Clark

domain: hobby


text:
GET TICKETS 2020 is on the horizon, and with it comes a grand celebration of TWENTY YEARS of creativity, craft and elegant conviviality. [...]
TICKETS ON SALE IN NOVEMBER 2019 A new approach to Bass & Entertainment brought to you by the producer of Trapeze Worldwide and [...]
TICKETS ON SALE IN FEBRUARY 2020 Circus Metropolus returns again! More info soon.


Division of Student Affairs > About > News > Co-Curricular Connections Archive > 2016-2017 News Archive > prevent_flu
By Chae Wohn /
December 22, 2016 /
Posted in: Timely Tips /
Flu season’s widespread impact is evident in the sharp increase in
sniffling, coughing and sneezing throughout campus. To avoid falling victim to
the infamous DePlague that circulates every winter, the campus community can take
some extra measures to avoid and prevent the spread of germs in and out of the
“We have offered flu shots in the past on-campus,” says Kate Lower
of the Office of Health Promotion and Wellness. “For faculty and staff, Human
Resources has the Health Benefit Fair every year where free flu shots are
offered.” The annual fair is usually held in late October.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention notes that the
single best way to avoid catching the flu is to get vaccinated each year, and
practicing good hygiene can aid in preventing the transmission of the flu and
other contagious illnesses.
That’s why Lower also suggests that faculty and staff practice
good hand washing habits: use warm water and wash for at least twenty seconds.
If unable to access soap and water, she recommends using hand sanitizer.
Besides vaccination and proper hand washing, self-care is important in feeling
your best and minimizing your chances of getting sick, or spreading illness, during
“Take care of yourself when you’re sick, and make sure you’re
staying home if you have a fever. If you’re contagious, be mindful to not pass
it on, covering your cough so that you don’t spread germs. Make sure you’re
drinking lots of fluids and exercising to help your immune system,” Lower says.


text:
We worked all day. It was the first time since the beginning of the Ukraine crisis that we’d all met – Mr Lavrov, the Russian Foreign Minister, Mr Kerry for the United States, the Ukrainian Foreign Minister, our European partners and myself.
There was an agreement to continue the negotiations. It’s not over. The situation isn’t easy. But we’re happy that today in Paris, for the first time, it was possible to start something.
We agreed to try and find a peaceful solution in the coming days enabling the crisis to be resolved. In Rome tomorrow we’re going to continue talking about all this, and also in Brussels of course. We’re going to continue in the coming days.
For the first time, on the basis of this Paris meeting, there was some movement, in my opinion./.


text:
Senior Design Projects (under Dr. Kwon’s supervision)
Sound comes out from around the DEAP cylindrically shaped tube.
· Design of portable water purification system for short term missionaries –Spencer Groff and Adam Shull, 2012 (funded by Livingston Associates, PC)
· Design of nozzle for algae harvesting – Cecilia Diaz, Justin Schmidt, and Josh Bissell, 2012
· Design of energy harvesting system using DEAP film -Sandra Prieto and Katie Parker, 2011
A bench top low-speed wind tunnel was designed and constructed to measure lift and drag coefficients of various model objects
Top left, David double check the pressure measurement from Pitot tube using the monometer. Top right, Abdiel fine-tunes the electronic manometer. Middle left, Pitot tube and the smooth ball object. Middle right, great teamwork! Bottom left, David and Abdiel poses for the wind tunnel before the presentation. Bottom right, the windtunnel is ready.

domain: design


text:
Rumor has it that things are not well between Prachi Desai and Nargis Fakri, who will be seen romancing Emraan Hashmi in cricketer, Azharuddins biopic. When Prachi was asked about the same she shared a few words to clear the air. Emraan is also seen jesting with the actress in this video while she tackles the question.
9 Months ago.
Her Absence Says It All, Prachi On Her 'Cat Fight' With Nargis
Follo Prachi Desai and get latest Video, Photos, Posts…

domain: entertainment


text:
Directed by: Martin Scorsese
Starring: Leonardo DiCaprio, Matt Damon, Jack Nicholson, Mark Wahlberg
Country: United States of America
Learn the most interesting events and historical facts that happened in September 1931.
The US president was Herbert Hoover (Republican), the UK Prime Minister was Ramsay MacDonald (Labour), Pope Pius XI was leading the Catholic Church.
But much more happened on September 1931: find out below
Which were the important events of September 1931?
Watch popular movies, TV series and live events, start your 30-day free trial


text:
Opening reception: Wednesday, Feb. 6, 5pm-7pm
Artist walk-through: Wednesday, Feb. 20 at 5pm
Eli Hollander is professor emeritus of UCSC's Film and Digital Media Department. In 1974, he came to Santa Cruz as a founding member of the Film Department. He served as acting provost of Porter College (College V) from 1980-1981, and was chair of Aesthetic Studies from 1977-1980. Hollander no longer makes films but prefers to capture moments of order in modern chaos through his still photography.
Porter Faculty Gallery is located above the koi pond. This exhibition is sponsored by the Arts Division and Porter College.
More information: http://arts.ucsc.edu/sesnon


text:
No Females in Heat
Bring your dog on vacation too!
We live close to Baxter State Park where they don't allow pets. You can drop your dog off while you spend the day there or overnight so you can go camping. We only have one cat now but had a dog for many years. We have three boys up to the age of 12 that would shower your dog with love and attention right along with me. We have a large lawn and fields close ...

domain: pet


text:
Like anywhere in the world, a downturn in the economy can create pressures on the Government’s social responsibility at a time when the population is facing its greatest social needs. We are also facing social changes which mean that the traditional system which has protected our vulnerable including the elderly in the past is coming under greater strain.
In line with the proposed scheme, in July 2012, the Government of Tonga, with the support from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction (JFPR) will begin a pilot of social services to the most vulnerable elderly in a specified pilot area on Tongatapu and the outer islands. This pilot project will allow the Government to gather lessons learned to better serve our elderly in the future.
The Ministry of Finance & National Planning, in conjunction with the Statistics Department, has started to investigate the operational feasibility, financial affordability and cultural implications of a scheme designed to fulfil government’s social aim of addressing poverty/hardship and vulnerability facing our senior citizens, and creating resilience and empowering them by supporting their consumption needs. It is intended that in the early part of 2012/13, the Ministry of Finance & National Planning will also seek the assistance of Ministry of Internal Affairs in developing the analytical framework as well as seeking technical assistance from Asian Development Bank (ADB) in scoping and implementing this project.
Ministry of Finance Tonga,Phone: +676 23066, Fax: +676 26011, Address: P.O. Box 87, Nuku'alofa, Tonga

domain: sociology


text:
On Wednesday, the multichain pockets Bitkeep introduced it raised $30 million from the crypto derivatives platform Bitget. Bitkeep now has an total valuation of $300 million, with targets geared toward strengthening the hyperlinks between decentralized finance (defi) and centralized finance (cefi).
Bitget Invests $30 Million in Bitkeep; Pockets Agency Is Now Valued at $300M
Crypto derivatives change Bitget has introduced that it has invested $30 million within the multichain pockets firm Bitkeep, making it the startup’s controlling stakeholder. Bitget detailed on Wednesday that the pockets will achieve entry to the change’s know-how and security measures. Bitkeep is a multichain pockets that enables customers to hook up with varied defi purposes and non-fungible token (NFT) initiatives.
Bitkeep pockets customers can entry blockchains like Bitcoin (BTC), Solana (SOL), Fantom (FTM), Polygon (MATIC), Tron (TRX), Heco (HT), Ethereum (ETH), Binance Good Chain (BSC), and OEC (OKT). The pockets managed to lift $15 million in Could 2022 in a finance spherical led by Dragonfly Capital with participation from Kucoin Ventures, A&T Capital, Foresight Ventures, Sevenx, Matrixport, Bixin Capital, Danhua Capital, Peak Capital, and YM Capital.
The newest $30 million injection from Bitget provides Bitkeep a post-capital valuation of $300 million. “This transfer is a win-win selection for Bitget and Bitkeep and facilitates collaborative efforts within the decentralized house and past,” Gracy Chen, managing director at Bitget, mentioned. “We aren’t solely delighted to offer the group at Bitkeep with the required assist to strengthen the safety and stability of its providing companies, but in addition excited to have such a longtime business participant as a part of our rising ecosystem.”
Bitkeep claims to have “greater than 8 million customers worldwide, protecting 168 nations in North America, Europe, and Asia.” Apart from the aforementioned networks, the pockets helps 80 totally different blockchains and 250,000 various kinds of crypto property. The pockets competes with the likes of defi and Web3 wallets like Metamask, which has over 10 million lively customers. Different Bitkeep opponents embrace wallets like Defi Swap, Zengo, Safepal, and Belief Pockets.
What do you consider Bitget’s funding in Bitkeep and the way do you suppose it should affect the multichain pockets business? Share your ideas about this topic within the feedback part under.
Picture Credit: Shutterstock, Pixabay, Wiki Commons
Disclaimer: This text is for informational functions solely. It isn’t a direct supply or solicitation of a proposal to purchase or promote, or a advice or endorsement of any merchandise, companies, or firms. Bitcoin.com doesn’t present funding, tax, authorized, or accounting recommendation. Neither the corporate nor the writer is accountable, straight or not directly, for any injury or loss triggered or alleged to be attributable to or in reference to the usage of or reliance on any content material, items or companies talked about on this article.
Leave a Reply


text:
A third-quarter financial report released by the city of Fort Smith on Wednesday shows water consumption this year is down 9.11 percent from 2012.
Based on the lower consumption rate, a revised budget estimate is $1 million-plus less than anticipated.
“Water sales for all users have been reduced from the original budget estimates by approximately $1.26 million,” the report states.
In contrast, sewer service charges are expected to generate approximately $290,000 more. Factoring in both revenue streams, $37 million is expected in the water and sewer fund by the end of the year.
“The total revenue we budgeted for 2013 was $37.8 million,” City Administrator Ray Gosack said.
According to the city, the decrease in water revenues has been offset by reduced equipment purchases and funding carried over from 2012 that exceeded estimates by $2 million.
“We ended 2012 better than we expected at the time we prepared the 2013 budget,” Gosack said. “We anticipated a reduction in revenue when we prepared the 2013 budget because 2012 was an extremely dry and hot summer. We didn’t anticipate that weather pattern would continue.”
The city is eyeing a “very modest” budget increase for water and sewer in 2014, Gosack said. The Fort Smith Board of Directors plans to meet Nov. 14 and 18 to review the city’s proposed 2014 budget.
“We’ve been squeezing our budget tight the last four to five years because of the recession,” Gosack said. “Next year, we’re just budgeting a 1 percent increase in sales tax revenue.”


FULTONDALE — On Monday, Fultondale moved a step closer to rezoning the Glendale neighborhood to a business district.
The city council heard the first reading of a proposed ordinance to rezone the Glendale neighborhood from a residential multi-family district (R-3) to a general business district (B-2).
Mayor Jim Lowery said rezoning the property will increase property values and benefit residents by allowing them to sell their homes for business use.
He added that the zoning will not require people who live in the neighborhood to move or make any other changes.
The area being considered is more than 200 acres between Decatur Highway and the Promenade Shopping Center. There are about 135 houses in the neighborhood.
Glendale was one of the worst-hit areas in April 2011 when a tornado ripped through Fultondale. Many of the homes were destroyed or later condemned by the city.
The city council will have a public hearing on Jan. 13 at 6 p.m., which is the next regular city council meeting. At that meeting, council will also hear the second reading of the proposed ordinance and vote on the rezoning after hearing feedback from the public.


text:
Home » BC Provincial Parks » Top of the World Provincial Park, BC
Natural Wonders Await at Top of the World Provincial Park, CanadaTOP OF THE WORLD PROVINCIAL PARK, BRITISH COLUMBIA – Canada – To the east of Top Of The World Provincial Park stands the Van Nostrand mountain range and to the west are the jagged peaks of the Hughes Range.
Great Activities and Things to do at Top of the World Provincial Park, BC
Camping and hiking are popular activities in this backcountry park that has many family-friendly features. An easy, improved and well maintained trail leads to Fish Lake, where a 16 site lake-side campground is located.
Fish Lake is noted for its cutthroat and Dolly Varden fishery. Although there is a bait ban at present, angling with flies and lures is permitted. Be sure to check the BC Fishing Regulations.
Looking for some whitewater rafting near in Top of the World Provincial Park, BC? There are tons of resources that you can use to find the perfect rafting adventure for you and your family. We highly recommend whitewater rafting on the Kicking Horse River for a one-of-a-kind whitewater experience.

domain: geography


Reviewed By roman z (SUMMERVILLE, SC) Reviewed for a 2007 Toyota Tundra —4/22/2016 3:42 AM
I change the brakes pads and rotors now my truck breaks much better than before no vibration at high speed breaking I recommend this product
Reviewed By Robert C (Denham Springs, LA) Reviewed for a 2013 Audi A6 —5/18/2016 5:18 AM
Brake pads installed easily and produce much less wheel dust than the OEM pads. Rear pads were not the correct ones for this vehicle. There was no built in knotch for the wear sensor. I had to epoxy attach the sensor to the pad.


LKA - Underwater
By Alexander Wilkinson
Beautiful electro/synth-pop track from Finland's LKA. Capturing an vast array of emotions through the sounds and beats that are layered, each one uniquely chosen based on the way it makes her feel when she vocally interprets and moves to the music. Whether she is in the studio working on new music with her collaborator HANNAH, or on a stage performing, her heart is mesmerized by the flow that takes place.