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African Association of Agricultural Economists. Shaping the Future of African Agriculture for Development: The Role of Social Scientists. Proceedings of the Inaugural Symposium, 6 to 8 December 2004, Grand Regency Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya
The Role of Agriculture in the Development Process: Recent Experiences from Ghana Samuel Asuming-Brempong1 University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Tel. +233 21 766513 / 24 287 821, Email: email@example.com
Abstract: Economic policies have had important implications for the role of agriculture in the socioeconomic development of Ghana because of agriculture’s dominance of the economy. The performance of the agricultural sector has generally directed the overall economic performance since independence. The policy of market deregulation in Ghana, including agricultural markets, has not achieved the expected results due to many constraints, the key of which are institutional failures and the slow response of the private sector to take up the agricultural input markets. These have been compounded by the rain-fed agriculture that is predominant in Ghana, such that bad rainfall years have been characterized by low harvests of staple food crops and high food prices, and vice versa. This has resulted in high price volatility during the post liberalization years. In addition, under developed rural financial markets make it such that farmers are unable to invest much in new technologies and agricultural land development, thereby increasing pressure on farmlands as population increases. The paper highlights the key role of agriculture, including environmental, poverty alleviation, food security, buffer, social viability, and cultural perceptions. The failure of policy to adequately address the myriad of problems confronting agriculture has been in part because of institutional failure, and in part due to bottlenecks in the distribution system. Future agricultural research and policies should therefore target developing rural institutions, in particular, agricultural institutions, to respond adequately to new technologies and improvements in agricultural production, processing and distribution. Introduction There exists a significant level of diversity in the roles that agriculture plays in the socio-economic development of nations, particularly developing countries whose economies are largely agrarian. The nature, magnitude and policy implications of these roles differ across and within ecological zones. Both the direct roles and related externalities are affected by several factors, including the ecological zones, farming types, technologies used and people’s perceptions. In order to adequately articulate the roles of agriculture within the Ghanaian context, this study looks at two main farming systems: first is the forest zone with cocoa as the main crop (cocoa-based farming system), and second, the northern savannah zone where yam and maize production are the main base activities (yam-maize based farming system). The Agricultural Sector in Ghana Ghana’s economy is basically agrarian, and agriculture is undoubtedly the largest sector. The rate of the country’s economic growth seems to be linked to the performance of the agricultural sector. For example, in 1990 the GDP grew by only 3.3% because the agricultural sector’s growth rate that year was a negative 2%; but when in 1991 the GDP for agriculture grew by 5.8%, that for the entire economy also grew by 5.3%. Since that time agricultural GDP growth rate has stayed under 5%, and the GDP for the entire economy has also been 5% or less.
The author is a Senior Lecturer, Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra.. He is grateful for the kind assistance of Mr Benjamin Bekoe, a Research Assistance at the same Department in preparing this paper. This paper has relied mainly on the reports from the modules studied under the Roles of Agriculture (ROA) Project (Policy Review, Environmental Roles, Poverty Roles, Food Security Roles, Buffer Roles, Social Viability Roles, and Cultural Perception Roles). Many thanks to the Ghana ROA Team, and the FAO for funding the study.
Agriculture contributes substantially to government revenue mainly through duties paid on the export of agricultural commodities, especially cocoa; and it has been the major contributor to Ghana’s foreign exchange earnings for several years. Until 1992, agriculture accounted for the highest proportion of total foreign exchange earned in the country. This role has been performed through exports of agricultural commodities and conservation of foreign exchange by producing import-substituting food and raw materials. Between 1999 and 2002 for example, the agricultural sector contributed 38.5%, 35.4%, 33.9%, and 35.5%, respectively, to the country’s foreign exchange earnings. After a persistent decline of the economy during the 1970s, an economic recovery programme (ERP) and related structural adjustment programme (SAP) embarked upon by the government with the assistance of the Bretton Woods institutions reversed the declining trend. However, agricultural growth has been rather unstable over the 1984-2000 period. The period 1989 – 1992 recorded a low agricultural average growth rate of 1.6%, with negative rates of -2% and -0.6% in 1990 and 1992, respectively. Between 1992 and 2000 agricultural growth improved, peaking at 5.2% in 1996, but declined again to only 2.1% in 2000, before recovering again (Table 1).
Table 1 Sector Contributions to GDP at Constant 1993 Prices (%) and Growth Rates (%) Sector Contributions to GDP Services Industry All Sectors 1996 31.3 27.9 1997 31.6 28.0 1998 32.1 27.4 1999 31.9 27.6 2000 32.7 27.8 2001 33.0 27.4 2002 33.0 27.5 Ave 1995-99 31.7 27.7 Sector Growth Rates (%) 1996 5.2 4.2 4.8 4.6 1997 4.3 6.5 6.4 4.2 1998 5.1 6.0 3.2 4.7 1999 3.9 5.0 4.9 4.4 2000 2.1 5.4 3.8 3.7 2001 4.0 5.1 2.9 4.2 2002 4.4 4.7 4.7 4.5 Ave 1990-94 1.1 7.0 4.1 4.3 Ave 1995-99 4.4 5.3 4.7 4.4 Source: ISSER 2003. The State of the Ghanaian Economy in 2002. University of Ghana. Year/Period Agriculture 40.8 40.4 40.6 40.5 39.6 39.6 39.5 40.6 Major Farming Systems in Ghana Ghana, a relatively small country with an area of about 238,533 km2 (about the size of Britain), lies in the center of the West African coastline. It is a tropical country consisting of three broad ecological zones, which are the forest, forest-savanna transition, and the savanna zones. These broad categories are further divided into the coastal savanna, rainforest/semi-deciduous forest, forest-savanna transition, guinea savanna and sudan savanna. The forest zone, comprising the tropical high rain forest and semi-deciduous forest, covers about one-third of the country (8.2 million hectares), and supports two-thirds of the country’s population. Most of the economic activities of the country are also located here, including activities associated with cocoa, minerals, oil palm, rubber, and timber. It has a bimodal rainfall that ranges from 1,300 mm to 2,100 mm annually (World Bank, 1988). The northern savannah zone covers about 66% (15.7 million hectares) of the
country’s total area. This zone has a uni-modal rainfall pattern that is erratic and usually unpredictable, and ranges between 900 mm and 1,200 mm per annum. Industrial crops such as cotton and sheanuts, along with food crops such as rice, maize, sorghum, millet and yam are important here. The forest-savannah transition lies in-between the forest and savannah zones. It is a blend of the forest and savannah zones, and noted for cereals, particularly maize, as well as root and tuber crop production. The major farming systems in Ghana are to a large extent defined by the agro-ecological zones; and they include: (1) Rotational Bush Fallow Systems, (2) Permanent Tree Crop System (such as cocoa-based system), (3) Compound Farming System, (4) Mixed Farming System (such as maize-yam based system), and (5) Special Horticultural Farming System. These farming systems have peculiar characteristics that also generate environmental externalities (Table 2). Table 2: Farming Systems in Ghana and their Environmental Impacts Environmental Impact Farming System Relational Bush Fallow System Permanent Tree Crop Farming System Positive Water retention, soil fertility promotion, flood prevention Soil erosion prevention, ground water recharge, watershed and catchment area protection, carbon sequestration and beautification of the rural landscape Soil conservation, soil erosion prevention Carbon sequestration Negative Soil erosion, deforestation and rural landscape degradation -
Compound Farming System Mixed Farming System Special Horticultural Farming System
Leaching, eutrophication Soil erosion, nutrient and water loss from the soil Soil erosion, eutrophication, depletion of nutrients from sandy soils.
The rotational bush fallow system is characterized by clearing and burning of the vegetative cover. It is the dominant farming system throughout Ghana. The permanent tree crops farming system is characterized by the cultivation of permanent tree crops usually a monocrop such as cocoa, citrus, oil palm, avocado, rubber, coffee and mango. Cocoa is however the most extensively cultivated tree crop in this farming system. Compound farming systems are practiced mainly in the interior savanna zone where most farms are cultivated within close vicinity of villages. The mixed farming systems integrate the rotational bush fallow system and the permanent tree crop system. This farming system is mainly practiced in the high rain forest and the semi-deciduous forest zones. Horticultural farming systems in Ghana are dominated by crops such as pineapples, pawpaw and exotic vegetables, which are mainly grown for export. The Major Roles of Agriculture The study considered seven major areas in which agriculture plays significant roles in the socio-economic development of the country, namely: the policy context, environmental roles, poverty reduction roles, food security roles, buffer roles, social viability roles, and cultural perception roles. Some analyses were conducted under each of these broad areas to provide evidence and insights into the multiple roles agriculture plays.
Environmental roles of agriculture Agriculture plays multifunctional roles in relation to the environment. Each of the farming systems generates both positive and negative environmental externalities as already noted. In addition to producing crops and livestock which can be traded in the market, positive externalities such as contribution of tree cover for the conservation and improved quality of the soil, reduction in greenhouse gas emissions through carbon sequestration, protection of watershed and catchment areas, erosion control, soil fertility restoration and enhancement of the beauty of forest landscapes are generated. On the other hand, a number of negative environmental externalities are also generated, which include different types of soil erosion, sedimentation, siltation, flooding and eutrophication. The policy effects of the environmental roles of these agricultural externalities in Ghana have been significant. Two farming systems, namely: tree crop (cocoa) based farming system in the forest zone and a yam/maize based farming system in the savannah zone was selected for in-dept analysis. The two zones naturally have distinct farming systems with the variety and representativeness of the Ghanaian situation. Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) and Replacement Cost Method (RCM) were used in measuring the physical dimensions of the environmental externalities. A structured questionnaire was used to collect survey data for the CVM. The questionnaire was structured essentially to capture the maximum amount of money the respondent will be willing to pay for the overall benefits, that is, improvement of scenery, prevention of soil erosion, improvement of wild life, supply of fuel wood, preservation of soil fertility, improvement of water retention and increase of soil fertility, arising from a hectare of an agro-forestry farm. In addition, interviews were conducted with selected stakeholders. These interviews and secondary sources provided the information and data required for the recovery cost estimation of environmental functions. The CVM valuation showed that in the case of the tree-crop farming system (forest zone), the most important factors influencing the maximum willingness to pay for agro-forestry attributes include improved scenery, increased soil fertility, improved water retention, soil erosion prevention, gender of the farmer and the age of the farmer. The age of the farmer is highly significant at the 1% level while that of gender is also significant at the 5% level. On the other hand, the significant factors determining the maximum willingness to pay in the mixed farming system (sudan savannah zone) are household income, supply of fuel wood and age. The RCM valuations showed that in the long run, it is more expensive to restore environmental attributes through measures that include dam construction and agro-forestry in the sudan savannah, than simple agro-forestry projects that rely on rainfall conditions (forest system), as well as supplementary irrigation from hand-dug wells (savannah system). Policies that have emphasized the intensity of input use have involved finding ways to convince more farmers to adopt technologies such as improved seed varieties, input packages and better farming practices. But inadequate knowledge of the use of fertilizers and agrochemicals have more often than not led to their misuse, leading to environmental degradation. Poverty reduction roles of agriculture A description of the distribution of poverty in Ghana between 1991 and 1999, using consumption expenditure estimates from the Ghana Living Standards Survey data has been done. The growth linkages model is then used to analyze the effects of agricultural growth on poverty reduction in Ghana. Studies on income distribution in the 1960s and 1970s showed that incomes in rural Ghana were generally lower than incomes in the urban areas (Boateng et al, 1989; Rourke, 1971; Dutta Roy et al., 1968). An application of Quality of Life indices also showed rural Ghana to be worse off than urban Ghana (Awusabo, 1981/82). Using a composite index of development as an indicator of poverty, Ewusi (1976) found that northern Ghana was the least developed, with indices less than 10% of that of Accra. Bequele (1980) cited in Boateng et al, also confirmed the higher poverty levels of northern Ghana relative to the south with the 1970 and 1974 Agricultural census data. This difference in poverty levels has been attributed to differences in resource endowments, and capacities to respond to new economic opportunities. An analysis of data of the 1974/75 household budget survey (Ewusi, 1984) found that poverty among illiterate household heads was higher than among literate ones; larger households were also associated with higher poverty levels.
Poverty among farmers was also higher than that of other occupations. A final result which Boateng et al considered unexpected was that the incidence of poverty among males was higher than among females. Poverty levels have declined since 1991 with the most significant declines occurring among export crop farmers, and formal private sector workers (Table 3). Table 3 Summary of Poverty Patterns in Ghana (1991/92 – 1998/99) Population Group Poverty incidence % (1998/99) 39.5 49.5 19.0 28.0 32.6 64.9 41.0 35.2 22.7 11.3 25.2 38.7 59.4 28.6 % change in poverty incidence (1991-1999) -25.0 -21.9 -31.4 -26.3 -37.3 -2.2 -25.3 -18.3 -34.6 -62.7 -34.7 -39.5 -12.8 -25.5 Growth effect of poverty change (19911999) -13.6 -55.3 -25.7 -14.3 -17.1 -1.7 -14.0 -10.6 -0.09 -0.11 -0.07 -0.25 -0.09 -0.09 % change in Inequality (1991 –1999) 4.05 7.89 0.58 5.97 -4.34 7.20 3.5 7.1 -8.2 -6.23 3.34 -11.24 10.78 1.99 Responsivene ss of P0 to welfare change (1998/99) -1.8 -2.25 -1.01 -2.48 -1.88 -4.45 -1.29 -0.64 -1.28 -2.04 -2.55 -1.44
National Rural Urban Coastal Forest Savannah Male Female Public sector Employees Private formal Employees Private informal Employees Export farmers Food crop farmers Non-farm selfemployees
Source: Computed from GLSS data, 1991/92 and 1998/99 Food crop farmers in the savanna zones, the poorest groups in the country, made the least improvements in their poverty levels. Poverty reduction among these groups was limited by depth and increases in inequality over the period of estimation. Estimated growth multiplier (national sample) for the non-farm sector is 3.17 compared to 2.46 for the farm sector. However, for each multiplier, the farm sector contributes more to the induced demand. The multipliers are largest for poorest groups and above the national sample. Poorest income groups and their expenditures on farm non-tradables are the sources of growth multipliers. Multipliers show inelastic responses to changes in savings rates, value added shares and technological variables, the exception being those related to the poor. Policies and strategies that enhance incomes of the poor and facilitate the production of farm non-tradables are most likely to generate the greatest impact on growth and poverty reduction. Food security role of domestic agriculture Food security can be perceived at the global, national, household and individual levels. The food security at a higher level does not guarantee the food security at the subsequent lower level(s), and the major food security issues differ at the respective levels. It is observed often that while global food production was adequate, many developing countries were faced with inadequate food. Their restrained access to the adequate global food supply is caused mainly by limitation of foreign exchange and household income. At
the household level, the major food security issues are incomes, food and non-food prices, inflation, etc, that impact on access to adequate quantities of the available food (Table 4). In many developing countries, in particular, where the net food supply is adequate at the national level, many households still face food security problems. At the individual level, the main food security issues are nutritional adequacy of food intake, which reflects in malnutrition, calorie intake, physical growth, etc. Table 4: Locality Accra Other Urban Rural Coastal Rural Forest Rural Savanna Household Expenditure on Purchased and Imputed Home Produced Foods (Percentage)\ 1988/89 PurHome chased Produced 98.4 1.6 85.9 14.1 87.9 12.1 67.3 32.7 47.8 52.2 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Purchased 99.3 94.1 82.9 70.1 58.5 1998/99 Home Produced 0.7 5.9 17.1 29.9 43.5 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Source: Ghana Statistical Service (1996, 2000) GLSS Reports of Rounds Two and Four The agricultural sector makes both direct and indirect contributions to food security in the country. The direct contribution is largely in the form of making food available by supplying all or part of the food commodities required for consumption annually. It also contributes to the foreign exchange earnings, which provide the capacity of the country to import the short fall in the domestic food production to meet demand. The indirect contributions to food security include creating employment opportunities for the economically active population to earn incomes needed to access the available food. The agricultural sector further contributes considerably to the level of food prices, which is a major factor in the household access to adequate and variety of food. Generally, poor households spend higher proportions of their incomes on food than the non-poor households. The share of the staple crops in the food budget declined from 44% in 1991/92 to 38% in 1998/99 (Tables 5, & 6). The increased household food budget on fish, meat and poultry products suggests a gradual shift in food consumption from carbohydrate products to those with relatively higher protein content. The food budget on prepared meals increased also from 7.2% to 11.1% during the same period. Many Ghanaian households produce part of the food they consume. The food types that households produced the least for their own consumption was edible oil (Tables 7). Table 5 Household Expenditure on Food Types, 1991/92 and 1998/99 (Percentage) Food Type Expenditure 1991/92 1998/99 27.4 22.8 Roots, Tubers and Plantain 16.5 15.6 Cereals and Products Fish 14.8 17.4 Meat 5.3 5.5 Poultry 3.1 3.4 Dairy Products 1.3 1.8 Vegetables 9.5 9.0 Pulses and Nuts 6.1 4.4 Edible Oils 3.5 3.9 Spices 1.5 1.3 Fruits Prepared Meals
100.0 100.0 Source: Ghana Statistical Service (1995 and 2000) -Reports on GLSS Third and Fourth Rounds Table 6: Purchased and Home Produced Food by Food Type Food Type Purchased 64.2 33.9 51.8 68.4 42.7 91.4 85.9 53.7 97.9 98.1 1991/1992 Home Produced 35.8 66.1 48.2 31.6 57.3 8.6 14.1 46.3 2.1 1.9 Total 1998/1999 PurHome chased Produced 82.4 17.6 50.0 50.0 77.0 23.0 84.8 15.2 84.7 15.3 95.6 4.4 88.0 12.0 84.0 16.0 95.0 5.0 99.9 0.1 Total
Cereals and Products 100.0 100.0 Roots, Tubers and 100.0 100.0 Plantain 100.0 100.0 100.0 Pulses and Nuts 100.0 Vegetables 100.0 100.0 Fruits 100.0 100.0 100.0 Edible Oils 100.0 100.0 100.0 Meat Poultry 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Fish Dairy Products Source: Ghana Statistical Service (1995, 2000) GLSS Reports, Rounds Three and Four Table 7: Household Coping Strategies for Food Security (Percentage) Coping Strategy 1. Rely on less preferred /less expensive food 2. Borrow food or borrow money to buy food 3. Purchase food on Credit 4. Rely on friends/relatives outside household 5. Limit portion size at meal time 6. Purchase street food with available cash 7. Limit adult intake for adequacy of children 8. Reduce number of meals per day 9. Skip meals whole day Source: Maxwell et al (2000). Table 8: Estimates of Ghana’s Food Import Capacity (1990 to 2000) Year Food Imports (FI) (’000 US$) 107,000 150,000 164,000 Export Revenues minus Debt Repayments (ERDR) (’000 US$) 626,000 818,000 791,000 Net Food Trade (’000 US$) -102,545 -147,075 -159,587 FI / ER-DR % 17.1 18.3 20.7 Daily 1.6 0.2 0.2 4.3 0.7 1.8 1.6 1.4 0.0 3-6 times/ Week 16.9 2.2 7.6 8.1 8.1 17.4 12.0 4.8 0.2 1-2 times/ Week 29.9 5.9 8.5 9.3 21.0 21.0 24.6 10.8 0.5 <1 time/ Week 28.8 10.6 10.8 14.3 26.0 24.8 27.5 18.8 0.9 Never 22.8 81.1 72.9 64.0 44.3 35.0 34.3 64.2 98.4 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1990 1991 1992
1993 105,000 1994 133,000 1995 105,000 1996 104,000 1997 85,300 1998 136,000 1999 162,000 2000 175,000 2001 239,000 Ave 1990129,663 2000 Ave 1996132,460 2000 Source: FAO Stats, Rome
905,000 1,020,000 1,180,000 1,620,000 1,500,000 1,960.000 1,960,000 2,060,000 1,312,727 1.820,000
-100,052 -124,840 -94,870 -83,527 -68,379 -126,922 -149,597 -157,958 -227,964 -128,610 -117,277
11.6 13.0 8.9 6.4 5.7 6.9 8.3 8.5 11.4 7.2
Due to the generally high level of self-sufficiency in domestic food supply, the per capita level of food selfsufficiency can be used as a proxy for the national food security index. The available data show that the level of food security declined steadily from 1980 to 1983; and the food security position improved almost steadily throughout the 1990s. In order to estimate Ghana’s food import capacity, the country’s food imports (cereals, dairy products, meat and oils) are compared with her export revenues minus debt repayments during the 1990s. The figures from the Net Food Trade indicate that Ghana has been a net food importer throughout the 1990s. However, the ratio of food imports to total export earnings has been low, less than 25% during the first half of the 1990s and less than 10% during the second half of that decade (Table 8). This implies that even though a net food importer, Ghana has a high capacity to import food to augment short falls in domestic production, indicating of food security at the national level. Food security externalities can be perceived in terms of deterioration of environmental factors that pose threat or increase the cost of achieving food security. The externalities that affect food security include irregular pattern of climatic conditions, particularly rainfall and drought, soil degradation, poor condition of farm-to-market roads, bushfires, outbreak of diseases and pests, ill health of farm labour, increased nonfood prices (inflation), rural-urban migration, level of formal education, government policies, and internal ethnic conflicts and wars. For example, many government policies have intended and unintended effects on food security. Also, not all food security externalities are negative to the achievement of food security, even though food security externalities are usually perceived in terms of deterioration of environmental factors and adherence to cultural attitudes and traditionalism that pose threat or increase the cost of achieving food security. Social viability and buffer roles of agriculture The impact of the macroeconomic crisis and the attendant policy remedies induced several dislocations in the labor market. Thousands of formal sector employees were retrenched. Unemployment increased. Job switching from formal to informal sector activities increased. The retrenched workers were directed specifically into the agricultural sector. The period also saw significant reverse migration flows from urban (non-agricultural) back to rural (agricultural) areas. Several coping strategies to the macro-crisis were activated. Formal state-sponsored pension and social security schemes as well as state-sponsored social relief programs to buffer the dislocations in the labor market were provided. The extended family system and voluntary or compulsory (savings) associations provided informal social protection. The agricultural sector proved to be a safety net and acted as a buffer for non-agricultural dependent households in the urban and rural areas in times of the macroeconomic crises along two ways. Firstly, it allowed migrated relatives that have become unemployed the opportunity to come back to the farm and be more or less temporarily employed. Secondly, direct intra-households transfer from rural to urban households increased whilst urban to rural household transfers declined (Table 9). A remittance function was used for the analysis, and also a probit model to estimate the unemployment risk of an individual or household head. The range of positive roles that agriculture played in the context of Ghana’s socio-
economic development over the macro-crisis (principally economic growth and food security roles) are widely perceived as the fundamental contributions of agriculture. At the macro level, during the crisis period, the agricultural sector helped increase exports and government tax revenue, domestic food supply and helped in raising per-capita incomes. At the micro-level, rural to urban remittances increased whilst the agricultural sector expanded to accommodate the retrenched labor force. However, the agricultural sector played other important roles that impacted on the sustainable economic and social development of the economy that can be considered as externalities and important contributions to public goods. The most important positive externality role played by the agricultural sector during the Ghanaian macro-crisis is the Social Security role. Evidence adduced shows that the rural farm family served as migrants’ insurance policy towards unemployment in the absence of formal unemployment insurance. Whilst households to migrated family members remittance behavior support the altruistic incentive to remit, migrants remittance behavior support the self-insurance motive confirming the hypothesis that in the absence of formal unemployment insurance, the migrant’s insurance policy towards unemployment is increased remittance to rural farm family to provide support at times of crisis. Table 9: Estimated Total Annual Income from Remittances of Persons ( Bil 1991Cedis) Locality Urban Rural Total Urban GLSS 3 GLSS 4 18 42.4 9 26.3 27 70.1 Rural GLSS 3 GLSS 4 2 2.9 13 12.2 15 15.1 Abroad GLSS 3 GLSS 4 16 45.6 4 11.9 20 57.4 Total GLSS 3 GLSS 4 35 92.3 25 50.3 60 142.6
Note: Figures are converted to real 1991 cedis using national CPI. Another important role that agriculture plays in the social viability context is its potential to enhance the attractiveness of living in rural areas, a phenomenon evidenced by reduced rates of migration from rural to urban areas over the long term. The scale of rural-urban migration and the proportion it makes up of all migration has been increasing over the years. The variations in population density reflect ecological factors (climate, soil types and the incidence of disease) and long standing historical influences as well as current responses to economic conditions. The rate of migration for males and females has been almost the same with the rate falling from 56.8% and 56.4% in 1991/92 to 51.4% and 52.8% in 1998/99, respectively (Tables 14a & 14b). Work does not appear to be a strong pull factor in migratory behaviour in Ghana, although the percentage of migrants in this class increased from 24.0% in 1991/92 to 27.6% in 1998/99. Agriculture is the main employment sector of migrants and yet the sector remains the slowest growing sector. Econometric analysis based on the Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS) carried out by the Ghana Statistical Service with assistance from the World Bank in 1998/99 using logistic regression showed that income of households and availability of basic amenities (including water and electricity) explained the probability to migrate from the rural to urban areas. The level of education did not play any role in decision to migrate. Similarly, time spent at the health facility and going to school were not also significant. Agricultural transformation in Ghana was analyzed by studying the impact of migration on agricultural output. The evidence shows that urbanization mainly caused by rural-urban migration has increased over the last three decades. It also reveals that rural-urban migration has had negative impact on agriculture output in Ghana. Transformation of agriculture in Ghana is inadequate and it is not serving as a pull effect to the extent expected. The contribution of domestic agriculture to national social viability has been low. The return to agricultural investments has been low. This is generally attributed to inadequate public policies, including distorted macroeconomic and sectoral policies or structural constraints such as poor infrastructure, research and extension. Many of Ghana’s agricultural societies have not benefited from major agricultural policy direction and therefore have not been able to lift themselves out of deprivation. Cultural perception of the roles of agriculture
The purpose of the cultural perceptions study was to capture the symbolic importance of agriculture in its various manifestations, and to explore the dissonance in views of agriculture between the urban elite, the media and farmers. The three study areas were chosen to represent the ethnic and ecological history of Ghana, and hence different aspects or dimensions of the national culture. In Ghana, ethnic groups are not very mixed in the rural geography, and thus each study location is also associated with a specific ethnic group, which in the study included one Akan group, the Akwapem; the coastal Ga-Dangme; and the northern chieftaincy group, the Mamprusi. The meaning and value of agriculture in Ghana varies significantly by crop, livestock and fisheries. Perennial crops, with the prime example being cocoa, are placed in a very different category from annual crops. Cocoa has a unique position in the national culture. The fact that Ghana was the largest producer of cocoa in the world and produced the highest grade of cocoa has been a source of significant pride to an emerging nation. Consequently, urban based opinion leaders and southerners all view cocoa farmers as having a much higher status than annual crops farmers. The meaning and value of agriculture in Ghana also varies by gender, with men typically viewing agriculture as holding more promise for the future than women, especially younger women. Conclusion The various roles of agriculture are related in terms of how both the positive and negative externalities they generate affect each other. Positive environmental externalities such as contribution of tree cover for the conservation and improved quality of the soil, erosion control, and soil fertility restoration help resource poor farmers to increase their output and therefore income; thereby reducing poverty and promoting food security. Protection of watershed and catchment areas, reduction in greenhouse gas emissions through carbon sequestration, and enhancement of the beauty of forest landscapes that are generated provide the necessary congenial environment to enhance social viability of the rural communities. On the other hand, negative environmental externalities such as different types of soil erosion, sedimentation, siltation, flooding and eutrophication reduce crop yields and therefore farmer incomes, which then increase poverty in the rural communities and make more people vulnerable. The policy effects of agricultural activities on the environment, such as the promotion of export commodities, the exploitation of timber and forest resources, mining activities, and indiscriminate sale and use of agro-chemicals in Ghana have been negative in many respects. However, trade liberalization and agricultural subsidy removal have limited the use of improved agricultural technologies (for example, high fertilizer prices have increased production cost), and subsequently worsened the extent of soil degradation. Agriculture as a buffer also helps to support the unemployed, and provides a cushioning for many urban workers during crisis periods. In this way poverty among retrenched and redeployed workers is minimized, and food security for their households ensured as they produce more of their own food and excess for the market. The ability of agriculture to play this buffer role has hinged on the peculiarities of Ghana’s agriculture and its performance, such as the dominance of small-scale farmers and land tenure arrangements, which provide natives relatively easy access to family lands (even though for non-natives this could be a major drawback in some areas). The country experienced a worsening in poverty indicators and decline in access to health, education and other social services across all social classes with the poor particularly hardest hit as massive re-deployment/retrenchment of labour from the public sector was undertaken. Agriculture thus provided the urban skilled and un-skilled retrenched labour a buffer against sudden deterioration in their living standards. The policy impact of this buffer role could be enormous, considering the relatively large numbers of public sector retrenched workers. The social viability role of agriculture in Ghana has manifested itself primarily in agricultural population re-distribution as farmers chased emerging opportunities across ecological zones (e.g. new frontiers for the cultivation of cocoa and other non-traditional export crops). On the one hand, rural urban migration seems to have been on the increase. The policy of diversification of the agricultural system by encouraging people to go into the cultivation of non-traditional export crops is one way of trying to reverse the rural urban drift.
The contributions made by agriculture and the rural world in shaping the national culture, and the interpretations various ethnic groups place on various phenomenon, constitute a significant component of the role played by agriculture in the cultural evolution of Ghana. For example, agriculture in Ghana has been largely considered as “a way of life” particularly for the rural dwellers, rather than as a business. Consequently, traditional practices and social norms have made agriculture generally a “non-enviable” activity compared to other professions, and many people consider agriculture as “the last resort” when all others have failed. The extent to which policy has impacted some of these traditions and social norms to provide socio-economic changes that affect farm households and lifestyles, entrepreneurial development, and business-like approach to agriculture can provide the needed impetus for a new agricultural culture in Ghana. In addition, the symbolic importance of agriculture in its various manifestations (such as a status symbol) and for the various “national culture” actors, and how policy facilitates the shaping of these perceptions to understand the consequences for such symbolic importance, provide avenues for improved interaction between agriculture and its cultural environment. References Awusabo Asare, K (1981/82). Towards an Integrated Programme for Rural Development in Ghana. Ghana Journal of Sociology, Vol XIV, 2: pp 87-111. Bequele, A. (1980). Poverty, Inequality and Stagnation: Ghanaian Experience. World Employment Research Working Paper, Rural Employment Policy Research Programme, ILO, Geneva. Boateng, E. Oti, Ewusi Kwadwo, Kanbur Ravi and McKay Andrew (1989) A poverty Profile for Ghana, 1987-88 Social Dimensions of Adjustment in Sub-Saharan Africa. Working Paper No.5 Policy Analysis. Dutta, Roy, D.K., and Mabey S. J. (1968). Household Budget Survey in Ghana. Technical Publication No.2, Institute of Statistical, Social, and Economic Research, University of Ghana, Legon. Ewusi, K (1984). The Dimensions and Characteristics of Rural Poverty in Ghana. ISSER Technical Publications No. 43. (1989). Structural Adjustment and Stabilisation in Development Countries: A Case Study of Ghana's Experience 1983-86. Ghana Publishing Corporation, Tema, Ghana. ISSER.(2003). The State of the Ghanaian Economy. Publication by Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research, University of Ghana, Legon Massell, B. F.(1970) "Export Instability and Economic Structure" American Economic Review, Vol. 55 No. 4


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The warehouse of an old foundry has sold for $220,000 to a local bank, which plans to market the building.
The sole bidder on the G & C Foundry Co. Ltd. was Citizens Banking Co. of Sandusky, which filed the foreclosure lawsuit against the foundry in June 2007.
G & C Foundry Co., 2620 W. Monroe St., was appraised at $330,000 and sold for 2/3 of that value, Erie County civil clerk Judy Schwochow said. The foundry is in the process of being dismantled.
Read about workers' memories of the Foundry in Thursday's Register.

domain: economics


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I love the OPI Infinite Shine formula; it is so long lasting and the colours that I’ve been trying are amazing. They are well pigmented and have been going on quite smoothly.
The summer collection has a nice mix of bright and pale colours and I know I’m late about posting this collection but the colours are still available at your favourite OPI-carrying salon. I’m gravitating towards the pale colours – they are more my style. I love white nail polish, but it’s more refreshing to have an off-white or almost white pink on my nails.
Silver on Ice – cool silver; Patience Pays Off – nude pink; You’re Blushing Again – pale pink; Follow Your Bliss – pretty candy pink; The Sun Never Sets – Tangerine; Bee Mine Forever – honey yellow creme; Enter The Golden Era – gold; S-ageless Beauty – sage green; Wild Blue Yonder – cornflower blue; To Be Continued – periwinkle blue; Lavendurable – lavender; Perpetual Emotion – eggplant.
Here’s Patience Pays Off. It went on pretty smoothly and two coats look amazing. Of course, this is topped with the Infinite Shine top coat, but I used Nail Envy as a primer. The polish still lasted seven days. This was my favourite shade from the collection.
Here is You’re Blushing Again. It’s a peachy pink and a gorgeous colour.
Yes, my nails are super long – that’s thank to the Nail Envy as a base coat. This is about eight weeks of growth with just filing. No more long nails after this: I scratched myself twice and so took this as a sign that it was time to give up the long nails. Plus, it was pretty difficult to type….
OPI Infinite Shine shades retail for about $15. When used with the top coat, they last much longer than regular nail polish.

domain: hobby


text:
Roseburg Indian Agency (Oregon)Edit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Indian Tribes Associated With This Agency
The Roseburg Agency was established in 1910 for non reservation Indians living in Oregon and northern California. It was abolished 13 May 1918. Its responsibilities were divided among the Warm Springs Agency, the Siletz Agency, and the Greenville Agency.
The majority of records of individuals were those created by the agencies. Some records may be available to tribal members through the tribal headquarters.They were (and are) the local office of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and were charged with maintaining records of the activities of those under their responsibility. Among these records are:
- Allotment records
- Annuity rolls
- Census records
- Health records
- School census and records
- Vital records
Many of the historical records of this agency are housed in the Pacific Regional Archives of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) in San Francisco. Records in that collection which may be of assistance to the genealogist include census rolls and other administrative files. Many more records of lesser genealogical value are also in this collection.
Microfilm copies of ...Narrative and Statistical Reports... for the Roseburg Agency, 1910-1917, are included in National Archives Microcopy M1011, Roll 119, available in the National Archives system and in the collections of the Family History Library in Salt Lake City, beginning with their microfilm number 1724337.
Annual Indian Census Rolls were taken at this agency for 1915 thru 1917. These rolls have been microfilmed by the National Archives as part of their Microcopy Number M595, roll 446. Copies of these records are also available at the National Archives, their Regional Archives, and at the Family History Library and its family history centers (their microfilm number 581440). Census rolls for the Roseburg Agency, 1920-1923, are included in the census rolls of Greenville Agency, on Roll 175 of Microcopy 595 (Family History Library film number 581440). These census rolls are also available online at Ancestry.com's subscription web site.
Records Available Through the Family History Library
- Census Records,1897-1940.FHL film: 976965
- Census Records, 1915-1917. FHL film: 581440
- Index cards for Indians living in the jurisdictions of Roseburg and Greenville Agencies, 1914-1918. FHL film: 977773
- ↑ Hill, Edward E. (comp.). Guide to Records in the National Archives of the United States Relating to American Indians. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 1981, pp. 180-181.
- ↑ Guide to Federal Records, Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Record Group 75. Available online.
- ↑ American Indians: A Select Catalog of National Archives Microfilm Publications. Washington DC: National Archives Trust Fund Board, National Archives and Records Administration, 1998, Microcopy M1011, p. 27.
- ↑ American Indians: A Select Catalog of National Archives Microfilm Publications. Washington DC: National Archives Trust Fund Board, National Archives and Records Administration, 1998, Microcopy M595, p. 51.
- American Indians: A Select Catalog of National Archives Microfilm Publications. Washington DC: National Archives Trust Fund Board, National Archives and Records Administration, 1998.
- Hill, Edward E. (comp.). Guide to Records in the National Archives of the United States Relating to American Indians. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 1981.
- Hill, Edward E. The Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880: Historical Sketches. New York, New York: Clearwater Publishing Company, Inc., 1974.
- Historical Sketches for Jurisdictional and Subject Headings Used for the Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880. National Archives Microcopy T1105.
- Preliminary Inventory No. 163: Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Services. Available online
- "Accompanying Pamphlet for Microcopy 1011", National Archives Microfilm Publications, Appendix.
- This page was last modified on 5 January 2016, at 20:19.
- This page has been accessed 1,283 times.
Future Changes to the Wiki
Changes are coming to the FamilySearch Research Wiki in the near future. Find out more on the Wiki Community News page.Community News

domain: library


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And in the past few days - in the wake of this and this - there’s been a lot of discussion about investment banks abusing the Fed’s new post-TAF discount windows (PCDF, TSLF) to turn a swift buck on the back of more structured chicanery.
Most has been written about the Lehman CLO - Freedom. Freedom is a $2.8bn collateralised loan obligation just closed by Lehman to shift all its LBO debt off its books.
It was rather elliptically suggested by Bloomberg (from a Morgan Stanley analysis) that Freedom’s notes had been used as collateral by Lehman in the Fed’s primary dealer credit facility. And that that was - in the main - the reason the CLO had been created and successfully closed.
But there’s some confusion. In this article, Bloomberg say Lehman sold the $2.2bn of senior notes in Freedom “in a private placement”, which can’t be true if they’re being used in repos with the Fed by Lehman. As for the equity tranche, it’s unrated, so the NY Fed won’t accept it as collateral.
The WSJ reports that only some of the senior notes may actually have been pledged to the Fed. The small amount was supposed to “test” what the Fed would accept.
Since the test seems to have gone well, can other banks be expected to jump on the CLO bandwagon? JP Morgan is understood to be doing just that - with rumours of senior notes of a recently closed CLO being pledged in the PCDF.
But even if Freedom, and other CLOs, were created with the express intent of pledging notes to get liquid collateral through the PCDF, so what?
Is this not, afterall, exactly the kind of greasing of the broken high-finance machine that the Fed is hoping to achieve? And forget not that a CLO with a first loss equity tranche, is going to be safer than the sum of its parts.
(Interesting aside: in its latest CDO monitor, JP Morgan analysts said that single-A CLO tranches were the “sweet spot” in the capital structure - unlikely to suffer losses even in a stressed environment yet still offering attractively high yields. Does the Fed know this?)
In a way, this all cuts back to the debate on just how successful - or not - the whole gamut of market-moving facilities established by the Fed (TAF, TSLF, etc etc) have been.

domain: finance


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domain: law


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Arizona public schools resort to creative tactics to lure students
- Staff Phoenix Business Journal
In the face of increased competition from private and charter schools, Arizona's public schools are embracing new ways to promote themselves with tactics such as social media campaigns and purchasing advertising in movie theaters.
ABC 15 News reports the increasing number of students forgoing neighborhood schools for private and charter institutions results in less funding for public schools. About 145,000 students, or 14 percent, attend charter schools in Arizona, an increase of 10,000 from last school year. Roughly 54,000 students attend private schools.
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text:
The Value of Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation Insurance
AbstractThis paper considers the cost of Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) insurance for single-employer defined benefit pension plans. It derives a formula for the PBGC's liability that explicitly recognizes the two necessary conditions that must arise for the PBGC to sustain a loss. First, the corporation sponsoring the pension Iund must undergo bankruptcy and, second, this pension plan must be underfunded. The PBGC's liability is valued as a contingent put option and expressed as infinite series of modified Bessel functions. The comparative statics of the model are examined and are quite consistent with economic intuition. Copyright 1994 by Ohio State University Press.
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Bibliographic InfoArticle provided by Blackwell Publishing in its journal Journal of Money, Credit and Banking.
Volume (Year): 26 (1994)
Issue (Month): 3 (August)
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Web page: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0022-2879
Other versions of this item:
- George G. Pennacchi & Christopher M. Lewis, 1994. "The value of Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation insurance," Proceedings, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, pages 735-756.
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- Joseph G. Haubrich & James B. Thomson, 1994. "A conference on federal credit allocation," Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, issue Q III, pages 2-13.
- David Blake & John Cotter & Kevin Dowd, 2011.
"Financial Risks and the Pension Protection Fund: Can it Survive Them?,"
- David Blake & John Cotter & Kevin Dowd, 2011. "Financial Risks and the Pension Protection Fund:Can It Survive Them?," Working Papers 200615, Geary Institute, University College Dublin.
- Cotter, John & Blake, David & Dowd, Kevin, 2006. "Financial Risks and the Pension Protection Fund: Can it Survive Them?," MPRA Paper 3498, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Stavros Panageas, 2009. "Bailouts, the Incentive to Manage Risk, and Financial Crises," NBER Working Papers 15058, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Stavros Panageas, 2009. "Optimal taxation in the presence of bailouts," NBER Working Papers 15405, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Chao-Liang Chen, 2005. "The funding for a Defined Benefit (DB) pension plan based on the fair valuation of the plan's insolvency risk," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 37(14), pages 1623-1633.
- Pennacchi & Pennacchi, George, 1998. "Government guarantees on pension fund returns," Social Protection Discussion Papers 20049, The World Bank.
- Joshua Rauh, 2007. "Risk Shifting versus Risk Management: Investment Policy in Corporate Pension Plans," NBER Working Papers 13240, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- David A. Love & Paul A. Smith & David Wilcox, 2009. "Should risky firms offer risk-free DB pensions?," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2009-20, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
- Chen, An & Uzelac, Filip, 2014. "A risk-based premium: What does it mean for DB plan sponsors?," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 1-11.
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text:
Wednesday Apr 29, 2015. 18:01
Honour Janza has excused all his PSL call-ups for the 2015 Cosafa Castle Cup from Zambia’s May 10 friendly against Malawi at Nkoloma Stadium in Lusaka.
Zambia will host Malawi in a friendly next weekend as part of both sides’ warm-up for the Cosafa Cup to be hosted by South Africa from May 17-30.
Mamelodi Sundowns goalkeeper Kennedy Mweene, Amazulu striker Bornwell Mwape and Bloemfontein Celtic midfielder Mukuka Mulenga are not on the provisional 26-member list named on Wednesday by Janza for the Malawi friendly.
However, Janza has summoned his TP Mazembe quartet for the friendly although they will not be available for the Cosafa Cup.
Captain Rainford Kalaba, midfielder Given Singuluma and defender Kabaso Chongo are in the team.
Midfielder Nathan Sinkala, whose six-month loan deal at Swiss club Grasshopper from Mazembe expired last December, has been been recalled following his recent recovery from an injury he sustained on January 18 at the 2015 Africa Cup.
Zambia go into camp on May 3 in Lusaka.
Goalkeepers:Danny Manyau (Red Arrows), Jacob Banda(Zesco), Joel Kanyemba(Power Dynamos)
Defenders: Christopher Munthali(Power Dynamos), Bronson Chama(Red Arrows), Donashano Malama(Nkana), Andrew Kwiliko, Fackson Kapumbu (both Zanaco), Kabaso Chongo (TP Mazembe, DR Congo), Aaron Katebe (FC Platinum, Zimbabwe)
Midfielders: Justin Zulu,Kondwani Mtonga (Zesco United), Rainford Kalaba, Given Singuluma, Nathan Sinkala(All TP Mazembe), Allan Mukuka, Jack Chirwa (both Green Buffaloes), Benson Sakala(Chicago Magic, USA), Lameck Silwaba (Mufulira Wanderers), Shadreck Musonda (Nkana), Patson Daka (Nchanga Rangers)
Strikers:Jimmy Ndhlovu (Power Dynamos), Winston Kalengo Jackson Mwanza(both Zesco United), Paul Katema(Red Arrows), Webster Mulenga (Nakambala Leopards) CLICK HERE TO VISIT AFRICAN FOOTBALL ZAMBIA

domain: news


text:
On the second day we visited the catacombs. I was very worried about tripping over in my excessively large palazzo pants so I tucked them into my socks whilst we were underground. I didn’t take any photos because they would have been rubbish without the flash and it seemed a bit disrespectful to take tourist snaps of dead people. I was a very interesting and thought provoking experience though. After being about 20 meters under the city we went to one of the highest points in the city. Montmartre is stunning whichever way you’re facing; the splendour of Sacre Coeur is only matched by the beauty of view over Paris.
The streets below are bustling, and you really need to watch your handbag. This is the place to come if you want postcards, cheap clothes or expensive sweets. My favourite clothes shop, which I’ve visited every time I’ve been in Paris, is a treasure trove of ‘pre-loved’ bargains. We bought two silk ties, two scarfs and a winter coat for 6 euros 50. Afterwards I had a throughly french lunch; chicken with ratatouille and a nice glass of wine. There are a lot of quirky little shops in this area, unfortunately most of them are very expensive. I loved the look of this sweet shop below, but I refused to pay 20 euros for a box of biscuits when my boyfriend would most likely eat them in one sitting. We walked from Montmartre to the Gallery Lafayette just to marvel at it’s breathtaking stained glass domed ceiling. After that we felt very tired (wine for lunch?) and headed back for a hotel room picnic. Here I am picking up some bread for supper.

domain: geography


text:
Hello, my name is Katie.
I'm 32 years old, have my own home within Doncaster.
In my early twenties I worked abroad as a Thomas cook rep, I have travelled to several cities within Europe and love New York. I enjoy making new friends, since returning from rep days I have worked with children in both disabilities and residential care homes.
I have a gorgeous dog Milo he is a of a Jug breed, very excitable and becomes anyone's friend quickly, I have a huge garden and always welcomed for garden lovers.
I live on a bus route and only 10minutes from the centre. DONCASTER has a range of different things for everyone, some lovely restaurants and bars, some gorgeous sight seeing spots, the famous race course and some nice shops, not forgetting the wildlife park. The train station is local and quick access to all the major cities including London.
I'm a very friendly person, interested in all cultures, I love to learn and enjoy travelling myself.
I love food, so I am happy to be taught any dishes you have picked up along the way.
My family live close by, my dad is a Methodist minister, if religion is your thing, I'm sure he would be happy to introduce you to his church.
Dont worry if not, I personally am not a practicing Christian, just a honest person, I love hearing about all religions and more then happy to accommodate if needed.
I'm pretty laid back and not looking to keep you to busy.
I'm looking for friendly people, who enjoy sharing experiences.
I'm looking for this shared experience, for some help in the garden to get the garden summer ready and possibly some decorating :)
Creating/ Cooking family meals
Help around the house
A real yorkshire lass, who makes a real yorkshire brew.
Mixture between cities and countryside.
Friendly, bubbly environment.
If you can , cook, clean, help walk Milo, garden, decorate, general house keeping I'm sure we can come to a good compromise :)
This host offers a language exchange
This host has indicated that they are interested in sharing their own language or learning a new language.
You can contact them directly for more information.
Small Double bedroom, shared bathroom, small village within Doncaster.
I'm more then happy to make extra food if i am cooking otherwise your more then welcome to make use of the fridge and.cupboard to store your own food.
Restaurants, shops, lakeside, Sheffield and Leeds close by.
Local buses and fast train services to larger cities.
Close to the lake district.
Limited internet access
We have pets
We are smokers
Can host families
Maximum 4-5 hours a day, 5 days a week


text:
Payment for an eTA application is required before the application is processed by Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC). Fortunately, the Canadian government has a wide variety of payment options that accommodate a majority of applicants.
How can I pay the application fee?
An applicant can complete the payment for an eTA application using one of the following payment methods:
- Debit or credit cards from Visa, MasterCard, American Express or JCB
- Credits cards from UnionPay
- Pre-paid cards from Visa, MasterCard or American Express or JCB
- Online payments from INTERAC
PayPal, bank transfers or other forms of payment are not accepted.
What happens if I experience payment problems?
Applicants experiencing issues when trying to make a payment for their eTA application can troubleshoot the following:
- Contact their bank or credit card company to check there is a sufficient balance in their accounts and no issues with their providers blocking payment for the eTA application. Alternatively, applicants can try using another payment method.
- Access the eTA application using a different internet browser, Internet Protocol (IP) Address or web browsing device. For example, an applicant can use their partner’s or employer’s computer to submit an eTA application, assuming the device is secure with stable internet access.
- Wait for 24 hours and attempting to submit the application again. Often, the Canadian government systems experience downtime for updates or other reasons, thus rendering the eTA application form inoperable. In these cases, applicants should wait for the issues to resolve before reapplying. Unfortunately, in these cases travellers will not be able to board their plane until their eTA is approved.
Can I travel to Canada without paying for an eTA?
Applicants will need an approved eTA to board a plane to travel to Canada. Without making a payment, an eTA application will not be processed. Thus, applicants cannot travel to Canada without paying for their eTA and receiving an approval on their application.
What if I paid too much for my eTA?
Third-party processors are allowed to process eTA applications on behalf of travelers. If you have ordered your eTA through a third-party and feel you have paid too much, you should contact the provider to see if a refund credit can be considered.
Can I get a refund on my eTA?
Applications for a Canada eTA are non-refundable if ordered directly from IRCC. However, a number of third-party providers offer a refund policy of some type that applicants should explore if they have made an application through such providers.


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A healthy marital life is based on some basic principles. Usually, a good marital life is the one which reduces the duty of one or both partners. This is not always conceivable, however. This article will go over the most important factors of a healthy romantic relationship. japanese women dating site It will help you determine whether your matrimony is in a fantastic state and whether or not it really is sustainable. The following are some useful information that can make your relationship.
A good marriage is defined as a loving and secure relationship. The couple is never upset, does absolutely nothing together and lets items go. This may sound like the ideal marriage, but it won’t exist. The web abounds with men whom are more interested in enjoyment than girls. A good relationship should be a cheerful union that enables both partners to be happy. When you and your spouse are not cheerful, your matrimony is probably not a great one.
There are many great make your marital life successful. The first step is to find a partner you love. A superb spouse will always make the additional person’s your life easier. An excellent husband https://www.terrazasalmarspa.com/wp/category/uncategorized/page/4/ will always be supporting of his wife. This will help to you stay focused on each additional and will make it a much more pleased place for anyone. Ultimately, you and your spouse will be better because of this romantic relationship. A good marital relationship will make you stronger plus more contented. Whenever you don’t think you’re ready to devote, it’s the perfect time to try a divorce mediation.
A good marriage will allow both partners to look secure. This gives a solid foundation for the development of both partners. The inspiration of safety is crucial for closeness and contentment. If it’s unsafe, your marriage are affected and you will suffer from the results. This is not a relationship you want to waste your time and efforts on. It ought to be a joyful and fulfilling one. If you need a good relationship, try these pointers to keep it content.
The book A Good Marriage by simply Stephen Master is a mental health thriller that focuses on the relationships among spouses. A great marriage could have a storyline angle that will make both you and your spouse safer. Those who desire to be together would want to make it work. Despite this, you have to take care of your self. Besides currently being emotionally secure, you need to be honest with your partner and your significant other. The simplest way to do this is going to be honest and open-minded. Consequently, you’ll have a better chance of making a good marital relationship.
Although a good relationship is a person that is based on trust, it’s important to remember that your spouse should be completely honest in order to obtain happiness in your relationship. Even if you are not in a committed relationship, you are able to still make it work. A good matrimony should be able to speed up your marketing. A good marriage is one which doesn’t permit anyone straight down. If you’re not willing to always be weak, you won’t have the ability to be happy.

domain: sociology


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It is 1960s “Batman” vs. 1980s “Batman!” Guess which one will win!
For many years, I have actually grown up with the darker version of Batman when I was little, thanks to the animated TV series that came out of the 90s. But a few years back, I have realized that there was a 1960s TV series where Batman seems a bit campy, but I had enjoyed it for what it was. Now, I had heard of a particular “Batman” story that was the one that really changed Batman’s character over the years and that story happened to be “Batman: The Dark Knight Returns” written by Frank Miller along with artwork by Klaus Janson and Lynn Varley. This is easily one of the most influential stories I have ever read from the “Batman” comics!
What is this story about?
Basically, this story is broken up into four different books detailing Batman’s adventures in Gotham City:
Book 1: The Dark Knight Returns: When Batman (who is now much older) retires, he then realizes that after all of the years he had retired, there is still crime rampaging in Gotham City. So, Batman decides to come out of retirement and save Gotham City, surprising the citizens of Gotham City.
Book 2: The Dark Knight Triumphant: When the mutant gang threatens Gotham City, it is up to Batman to stop the leader of the mutant gang, putting an end to their terror.
Book 3: Hunt the Dark Knight: When the citizens of Gotham City saw Batman as more of a threat then as a hero, they send out the new Commissioner, Commissioner Yindel, and she decides to go out of her way to arrest Batman.
Book 4: The Dark Knight Falls: When the Soviets start attacking Corto Maltese and Superman takes the job to stop them, this leads to a huge showdown between Superman and Batman to decide about their ideologies about protecting the world.
What I loved about this story:
Frank Miller’s writing: Frank Miller has once again proven that he is definitely a force to be reckoned with whenever he was writing for Batman! After reading his work in “Batman: Year One,” I just had to read more of his work on “Batman” and behold, this story was beyond anything fantastic I have read about Batman! I loved the way that Frank Miller portrayed Batman in this story as Batman seems darker and grittier than ever before and this really helped revolutionized the dark character that Batman would soon become in the future “Batman” stories. At first glance, there does seem to be so many events going on in this book (Batman’s return, Batman fighting the Mutant Gang, Batman’s battle with Superman) so, it was a bit hard to keep up with all of the events going on in this book (I was even confused at the beginning when I found out that Batman was much older than he was early on, only to realize this story takes place several years in the future). But the best thing about all of these events taking place in this book was that we were able to get so many amazing stories centered on Batman and his struggles in coming back out of retirement to fight the bad guys. I also loved the dark and gritty feel of this book as the Batman in this book is not afraid of hurting enemies to get what he wants and even recruits a young girl named Carrie Kelley, who is dressed up like Robin, to be his sidekick. Now there is one thing that I wanted to get out of my chest and it is this:
I DO NOT LIKE POLITICAL TIE INS IN THE STORIES I WANT TO READ!
I am getting this off my chest because of the Cold War themed story in “The Dark Knight Falls” and most of the time, I do not like reading about any kind of political wars in these stories because it is either the “us against them” mentality in these stories or sometimes they tend to interrupt the flow of the story. However, this is the one case that I did accept the political themed story in “The Dark Knight Falls” because it was using the Cold War theme to bring out a message about how Superman and Batman have different views on how to handle the situation in saving people’s lives as Batman seems to be anti-government while Superman seems to support the government and I loved the way that their views on the government was brought out through their actions and ultimately their showdown with each other.
I also loved the way that Frank Miller presented some news media segments in this story as we are able to gain a great insight on how the people of Gotham view Batman and how he is affecting the American society as a whole as it brought great depth to the story.
Klaus Janson and Lynn Varley’s artwork: Klaus Janson and Lynn Varley’s artwork is very well done in this story as the artwork has a dark and gritty feel to them. I loved the images of Batman being large and muscular and how he usually looks threatening to all the criminals. The colorings may seem a bit washed out and some of the artwork was a bit sloppy, but the artwork has that 80s feel that I really enjoyed and so, I really enjoyed the dark artwork being portrayed in this story.
What made me feel uncomfortable about this story:
Some of the problems that some “Batman” fans might have with this story are that it is a bit too lengthy. There are a total of four volumes contained into one book and since so much is happening in this book, it might be a bit too much for some fans to take in. Also, this is probably one of the darkest “Batman” books I have ever read since Batman is shown to actually torture some of his enemies and there is some gore in this story as characters are punched and several scenes of characters being cut up.
Overall, “Batman: The Dark Knight Returns” is a fantastic take on everyone’s favorite dark knight vigilante and with its many running themes about taking the law into your own hands, it will remain a classic in many “Batman” fans’ eyes!

domain: artistic


The 111-foot Geist, launched last July by Spirit, is the largest single-masted wooden sailing yacht built in the UK since the 1930s, when the America’s Cup yacht Shamrock V ruled the seas. But Geist is much more than a giant sloop. Her eco-conscious owner mandated systems like the first-of-its-kind electric propulsion by Torqeedo—a 100 kw motor fed by BMW lithium-ion battery banks, which recharge while Geist is sailing—while her Rhoades Young interior elevates wood to its maximum potential, showing off sustainably sourced sipo mahogany, teak and walnut in a series of continuously flowing curves. Even her sails are made of recyclable materials.
Hacker Boat Company traces its roots to John Hacker, who crafted boats for the rich and famous during the Roaring Twenties. The Ticonderoga, N.Y., facility builds modern triple-cockpit runabouts that nonetheless appear straight from the docks of J. D. Rockefeller. The recently launched Restless is a custom project, a modern thoroughbred based on the 1923 Miss APBA race boat; she uses a foot pedal rather than a throttle for acceleration, on her way to a top speed of 65 mph. The Hacker team achieved the striking navy hull by combining a double-planked mahogany layup with a fiberglass skin, while the owners chose the same Cuoio leather favored by Ferrari to pair with the boat’s mahogany topsides.
Jakob Boesch built his first boat in the 1890s, and more than a century later his family continues to merge new technologies with old-world Swiss craftsmanship. Boesch’s new, 28-foot 860 has a classically styled mahogany hull with up to 11 layers of wood laid at right angles, sealed with six layers of epoxy and finished with six layers of varnish. Propulsion choices include modern options like twin 150 kw electric engines for quiet, emissions-free operation. The runabout’s meticulously crafted silhouette disguises a beast of a machine designed for precise handling, tow sports and speed. Equipped with twin 380 hp Ilmor gas engines, the 860 can hit 48 mph, leaving fiberglass towboats in its wake.
Unlike the rest of the list, the Hood 57 LM isn’t a proper wooden boat. The hull is what manufacturer Lyman-Morse calls “wood composite,” a combination of strip-planked fir and fiberglass, though its 1950s New England look—including the superstructure’s teak veneer—and pioneering construction suggest the potential for a modern-retro segment; it offers high-tech features such as a carbon-fiber flybridge roof and electric windows. A tough, lightweight boat designed to run offshore, its twin 1350 Volvo IPS pod drives deliver a top speed of 43 mph, while the interior, with its open salon and two generous staterooms, is as spacious as any fiberglass competitor.
Van Dam, which has been building mahogany boats since 1977, moved away from traditional 1920s-style runabouts to focus on original designs such as Catnip. The 30-footer has an Art Deco–themed interior, with stunning metalwork—including an array of semicircular gauge housings, windshield frames with slatted openings and a mirror-like stainless rudder—complementing an expanse of varnished mahogany. With twin 385 hp Ilmor inboards, Catnip has a top end of 57 mph, and since Van Dam won’t build any boat twice, she’s also unique.


The What: Canon U.S.A. has introduced the high brightness REALiS WUX6000 Installation LCOS projector, designed for professionals seeking a balance of outstanding picture quality and performance and excellent price for medium-to-large display environments.
The What Else: Featuring LCOS Technology with Canon’s AISYS-enhancement (aspectual illumination system), the Canon REALiS WUX6000 installation projector is built to deliver native WUXGA high resolution still-and-motion images with detail, accurate color, and high contrast (up to 2000:1). This new projector offers multiple image-mode settings and adjustments, a choice of optional genuine Canon projection lenses to match a variety of screen sizes and installation environments, motorized lens shift for easy positioning, and projection from multiple angles. The new projector also features extensive connectivity (including HDMI, DVI-I, and RJ-45), leading network interfaces, burn-in resistance for long periods of continuous projection, and low-power consumption.
The Bottom Line: Advanced installation features include four-point keystone correction to independently adjust each corner of the image, and up-to-27 test patterns to facilitate calibration and adjustment during installation. Screen adjustment options include: a screen color setting to adjust the color balance according to the color of the projection surface, digital image shift to move the image horizontally and vertically, and support for 16:10, 16:9, and 4:3 aspect ratios. The design of the new Canon REALiS WUX6000 Installation LCOS projector allows for 360-degree installation for projection at any angle, which can be an ideal and handy feature for tradeshows, theatrical events, museum, and amusement applications.


The Vision of Love Remix EP will be available at Kris Allen Official on Tuesday, May 8. In the meantime, listen to one of the tracks, re-mixed by Michael Woods.
“The Vision of Love” is Kris’s debut single from his forthcoming album, Thank You Camellia due to hit stores May 22.
Here’s the tracklist. The winner and runner-up of the re-mix contest will be included on the EP, as well as the Maison and Dragen Remix we heard recently.
1. The Vision Of Love (Michael Woods Remix)
2. The Vision Of Love (Maison and Dragen Remix)
3. The Vision Of Love (Religion Remix)
4. The Vision Of Love (Project 46 Remix)
5. The Vision Of Love (Contest Winner Remix)
6. The Vision Of Love (Contest Runner-up Remix)


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The Longest Night: Homeless Persons Memorial Service
JACKSON, Tenn — The winter solstice made Thursday night the longest night of the year. Its around this time of year that many congregations hold a special memorial service designed to help those who have lost loved ones.
Area Relief Ministries partnered with St. Luke’s Episcopal Church to remember those who have died this year, but leaders put a special emphasis on the service recognizing the homeless population in our community.
“The fact that we have a home a roof over our heads is very special and it’s easy to forget those who have no place to go,” Church Member, Lyda Kay Ferree said.
Community members gathered for the ‘Longest Night of the Year-Homeless Memorial Service’, honoring lives that are often forgotten.
“A combination of the longest night of the year service plus a memorial for the homeless,” Reverend Gayle McCarty said.
St. Luke’s Episcopal Church opened their doors Thursday night to host the event with help from Area Relief Ministries, an organization who serves the homeless and low-income families.
“I’m delighted that we have an organization like Area Relief Ministries and St. Luke’s Episcopal Church who have partnered on this wonderful venture to honor the homeless,” Kayferree said.
Executive Director of ARM, Michael Roby, contacted several agencies throughout the city who serves as a safety net for the homeless and received a list of those who died this year in Jackson-Madison county.
Roby read seven names during the service, with a candle lit in memory of each person. Those names are Jere Butler, Spilsa (Spencer) Reeves, Ben Amos, Alvester Merriweather, Fredrick Holder, Joe Casey, and Kenneth Lanier.
“The eighth candle is for all those unnamed, unknown individuals that died that we don’t know about, but God knows about.. God knows their name,” Reverend McCarty said.
As service came to an end, attendees held a silent reflection.
“We wanted to honor each and every one of them and give them dignity and respect post death,” McCarty said.
During this season of celebration church leaders want to remind the community to keep those less fortunate in your thoughts. Organizers plan on making the memorial service an annual event, rotating the location between churches in the downtown area.
Reverend Darryl Coleman of Mother Liberty CME Church has already committed to host the service next year.


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The water wheel is a machine able to transform the power of water into mechanical power. Its origins are ancient and date back to the outset of our society. In ancient times the water wheel was used to grind cereals.
In the XVIII century it had an important development and it laid the foundations of the modern hydraulic turbines.
How can we turn a water wheel into a learning tool able to explain the basic principles of physics to everyone? This is the challenge that Wesen in taking on in the design of interactive installations.
The water wheel that Wesen has designed and built belongs to the Ecomuseo del Freidano di Settimo Torinese, an open air museum park dedicated to natural heritage, technological development and local history.
The water wheel and the other interactive machines are aimed at explaining how water has been lifted during centuries through human muscle strength. The machines are used here as a tool to stimulate the physical involvement of the public, that can operate the wheel and experience the result of its effort.
Thanks to a simple exercise, this exhibit is able to explain a difficult concepts such as the difference between energy and power. This approach enables the visitor to participate actively and to have a different experience of a museum visit.

domain: design


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President Obama, Secretary Clinton & Congressman Braley Attack Iowa’s Job Creators
DES MOINES – With former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton campaigning for Congressman Bruce Braley, the Republican Party of Iowa released the following web video regarding their anti-business, anti-entrepreneurs comments.
“Between Hillary Clinton chiding small business owners and Congressman Braley saying that Iowa’s entrepreneurs drink too much beer, it’s clear the two of them are out of touch,” said Republican Party of Iowa spokesman Jahan Wilcox. “While Obama, Clinton and Braley criticize Iowa’s job creators, Joni Ernst will continue to support pro-growth, pro-jobs policies that will keep our economy moving forward.”
HILLARY CLINTON: “Don’t let anybody tell you that it’s corporations and businesses that create jobs.”(Hillary Clinton, Speech, 10/27/14)
BRUCE BRALEY: “When I go to start-up companies in Iowa, I do not see what I saw when I walked into factories in Iowa 20 years ago. I see people sitting around in a large space with white boards. It may be 3 o’clock in the afternoon and they’re drinking beer and brainstorming. And coming up with lots of ideas, some of which are going nowhere.” (Congressman Braley: Young Entrepreneurs Are ‘Sitting Around,’ ‘Drinking Beer,’ The Weekly Standard, 10/11/14)
Barack Obama: “If you’ve got a business — you didn’t build that. Somebody else made that happen.”(Barack Obama, Speech, 07/13/12)


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On Friday 9th December we held our annual Winter Fair. What a great time we had! As ever there was a huge queue for face painting and the artistic talents of the team were displayed on many a smiling (and growling) face! Well done to Shampavi and her Dad who were the proud winners of the large television - the first prize in our raffle. Popcorn and slushies were a big hit and the lucky dip and the bottle tombola were sell out stalls!
Thank you to Claire and Michelle as well as other PTFA supporters who put on this spectacular event.


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Download Aje Ft. Zinoleesky – Am in love
- Nardo Wick Me or Sum (lyrics)
- J Martins Ife Love Ft Sidiki Diabaté Audio Download
- Nardo Wick – Me or Sum (mp3 download)
- Nardo Wick – who want smoke (lyrics)
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- Morgan Wallen – You Proof (new song)
Mp3 Download: Aje Ft Zinoleesky – Am in love, a multi-talented Nigerian singer and record producer, Aje dishes out a new brand song titled Am in Love.
The new song featured Marlians singer and craftsman, Zinoleesky who constantly came in with the Marlians vocals spicing up the new melody.
Am in Love By Aje and Zinoleesky
Lastly, this new single is taken from Aje’s 6 tracks Ep titled Heat listen and enjoy below.
Download Am In Love By Aje Ft. Zinoleesky
Aje & Zinoleesky Am in Love Mp3 Download
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Aje Ft Zinoleesky


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Consumers skipping stores for Valentine's Day gifts
More than half of consumers will shun stores in preference of buying their Valentine's Day gifts online this year, according to the results of a new survey from Adroit Digital.
In their study of how 1,000 consumers plan to purchase Valentine's Day gifts in 2014, Adroit Digital found that online will play a major role. Of the 1,000 U.S. consumers over the age of 18 surveyed, all of whom own a smartphone and PC, 59% said they would skip the stores and purchase a gift online which included using either a smartphone or tablet.
Who said men aren't organized? Men are getting a head start for Valentine's Day, found the survey. While almost half (47%) said they plan to purchase Valentine's Day gifts in the first week of February, just 27% of women had the same idea. Instead, 48% of women will purchase gifts in the second week compared with just 25% of men.
It's time that advertisers got their Valentine's Day campaigns underway, particularly those running online and mobile ad campaigns. More than half (58%) of consumers said their purchase decisions are influenced by online, mobile and tablet ads and personalized ads, in particular, appeal to many with 36% of consumers saying they would be 50% more likely to respond to a personalized ad versus a generic ad.
To seal the deal, shoppers are looking for free delivery. Nearly two-thirds would seek out another retailer if free shipping wasn't on offer and 48% would look further afield if Valentine's Day specials weren't offered.
"The winning formula for retailers this Valentine's Day is recognizing the significant role that online ads will have in influencing purchase decisions. Shoppers are more likely to buy online if the ads they encounter are personalized," says Scott German, GM of Adroit Digital. "If that's not taken in to account, then retailers stand to miss out on billions of dollars in a two-week window."
Image via Shutterstock
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- Multitasking activity during TV viewing has little to do with the show being watched
- 65% of shoppers still rely on visits to physical stores during online shopping journey
- Internet ad revenues hit landmark high in first half of 2014
- Report: Product placements can recoup commercial losses
- Study highlights consumer behavior in tablet purchase journey
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new video loaded: White House Announces Nearly $2 Billion Plan to Track Variants
White House Announces Nearly $2 Billion Plan to Track Variants
Andy Slavitt, a White House pandemic adviser, announced a $1.7 billion plan on Friday to bolster the nation’s ability to monitor coronavirus variants through genomic sequencing.
Even as we accelerate our efforts to get shots in arms, more dangerous variants are growing, causing increases in cases with people without immunity. This increases the urgency for you to get vaccinated, but it also requires us to intensify our efforts to quickly test for and find genetic sequence of the virus as it spreads. Today, we are announcing a $1.7 billion investment to bolster the ability of the C.D.C., and state and local public health departments to monitor, track and defeat emerging threats, whether it’s Covid-19 variants today or other viruses in the future, through a process known as genomic sequencing. This significant investment, which is made possible due to the American Rescue Plan President Biden signed into law last month, is critical in our fight against the new and potentially dangerous variants of Covid-19. Right now, these variants account for nearly half of all Covid-19 cases in the United States, and we need more capacity in our public health system to identify and track these mutations. State and local public health departments are on the front lines of beating back the pandemic, but they need more capacity to detect these variants early on before dangerous outbreaks. This funding will enable C.D.C. and states to do more genomic sequencing as we activate the nation’s great research capabilities to detect variants earlier and increase our visibility into emerging threats. This investment will give public health officials the chance to react more quickly to prevent and stop the spread.

domain: biology


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To address patient and claims representative concerns regarding in-clinic treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic, MedRisk has added a COVID-19 component to its PTConsult service.
MedRisk’s managed care program for physical medicine includes a consultation with an on-staff physical therapist, who educates patients on the importance of physical therapy and sets expectations. Therapists also identify perceived barriers to recovery that now include COVID-19 anxiety.
Originally used only before the start of treatment, PTConsult is now available to patients who have disengaged from rehab at any point in their treatment, the King of Prussia, Pa-based company notes in a media release.
Incorporating clinical guidelines from the CDC and key metrics from MedRisk’s International Scientific Advisory Board that determine functional status and current and future risk, the enhanced service helps guide patients and claims adjusters in decision-making.
“A 20-year-old with no underlying conditions may, after the consultation, feel more confident about receiving care in an in-clinic setting,” says Mary O’Donoghue, chief operating officer, in the release. “But patients who are high risk for severe COVID-19 symptoms due to certain chronic diseases or comorbidities may need to take extra steps to prevent exposure to the virus.”
MedRisk shares the consultation results with patients and uses them to inform adjusters and nurse case managers whether in-clinic therapy, telerehab or postponing therapy with self-care management is most appropriate.
For more information, visit MedRisk.
[Source(s): MedRisk, Business Wire]


I am looking for some help on some c code.
What I need to be able to do is get the data from four microphones and send the readings to a computer. I need this to be in c.
I know what to do with the arduino code, but I am not for sure what to do with the c code.
I have read the common articles on serial programming and I still can't seem to figure it out.
I know how to open the USB serial port. And I have successfully been able to send a signal to the arduino board. However I am having difficulties reading.
I need to read the values coming from each microphone and then store those respective values in an array for each microphone.
I have tried some code already, however, I don't have it with me right now. I will update this with what I have tried later.
But for now I am just looking for some tips and possibly some examples.


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Autumn is definitely our favorite season!🍂The first day of fall is signaled by Autumn Equinox which falls on the 22nd of September!🐿
Soon we will start to see the leaves show a dazzling display of gold and crimson leaves🍁, pick the sweetest of apples 🍎 and pears🍐 and watch the dramatic dances of the migrating birds.🐦🐦🐦
While we feel the misty mornings, bake some delicious apple pies 🥧 and start to turn on the fireplace, we have some amazing recommendations for you to play!
🌾Our Top 5 Farming games🌾
1. Farm Craft 2
On a trip back home to her original farm, Ginger stumbles across experimental fruits and vegetables. What she discovers is a plot full of international intrigue that takes her around the world helping farmers. Dig into the charming fun of Farm Craft 2 – Global Vegetable Crisis, and save the world’s farms from producing suspicious foods. Harvest quality healthy foods while investigating suspicious experimental produce.
2. Farm Frenzy Refreshed
We all love the entire series of Farm Frenzy! There’s something about collecting all the products and sending them to the markets that makes the game very engaging. Farm Frenzy Refreshed Collector’s Edition brings the frenzy back to the farm! Cows, horses, chickens – oh my! Master your Time Management skills with 90 delightful levels and turn your humble homestead into a thriving agricultural business. Are you ready to get moo-ving?
3. Farm Tribe 2
Play Farm Tribe 2, a fantastic farming sequel, and bring a wedding day to life under challenging circumstances. As a wedding gift, Annie’s father presents her with a sprawling estate. Its current condition will require massive restoration though and she is already planning her special day. How can she possibly make all of it happen? Find out in Farm Tribe 2!
4. Farm Mania Hot Vacation
Join Anna and her grandparents in a farming challenge around the world with Farm Mania – Hot Vacation, an all-new adventure in the hit series. Anna is on vacation to visit some of the most wonderful places around the world. On her first stop, she learns about a farming contest featuring great prizes. Little do the organizers know that farming runs in Anna’s blood.
5. Youda Farmer 3
Clean up your farm and town after an overwhelming disaster in Farmer 3 – Seasons, a charming sequel to the hit delivery game. A cold and stormy winter night gets worse when you hear the sound of thunder striking again and again. A quick look around and a phone call from the mayor reveals that the town, and your farm, are in shambles. Now, the difficult task of rebuilding begins.

domain: entertainment


Covid Booster Side Effects Israel. 27% of those polled reported localized side effects at the site of the injection: Dr boaz lev, who heads the advisory panel to israel's ministry of health, told the straits times in a video call that booster shots have cut the number of.
22 advisory committee on immunization practices meeting — although this could be. Mild adverse reactions are significantly lower than to previous covid shots; July 13, 2021, 5:58 pm.
Table of Contents
Reported Side Effects, Such As Fatigue, Weakness, And Pain In The Arm Where The Injection Was Administered, Were All Less Common The Third Time Round In Every Age Group, According To The Ministry.
22 advisory committee on immunization practices meeting — although this could be. 5 things to know about coronavirus booster shots the most common complaints were injection site pain (71%), fatigue (56%) and a headache (43.4%). Mild adverse reactions are significantly lower than to previous covid shots;
July 13, 2021, 5:58 Pm.
With regards to general side effects, 57% reported weakness and fatigue, 36% headache, 26% muscle pain, 19% swelling of their lymph nodes, 14% joint pain, 18% a fever of up to 38°c and 9% a fever. In general, the study showed that individuals who take the pfizer coronavirus vaccine may suffer from four out of up to 25 clinically. “the question about boosters is one that is being intensively reviewed…”.
They Include Pain, Fever And Headaches, The Hospital Said.
Preliminary data from israel suggests a fourth dose for people over 60 offers up to two times more protection against infection, and three times more against severe disease compared to those who. Of 3.3 million boosted israelis, just 19 report serious side effects, which may. 24% were still experiencing pain at the injection site a week after the shot, 6% still had swelling at the.
This Is Because The Protective Effect Of Pfizer’s Mrna Vaccine Wanes Over Time And Especially After Six Months.
Is looking to clarify the risk of myocarditis mrna vaccines pose to young people. In israel, a fourth dose of booster is even being administered. Health officials on tuesday said the u.s.
Dr Boaz Lev, Who Heads The Advisory Panel To Israel's Ministry Of Health, Told The Straits Times In A Video Call That Booster Shots Have Cut The Number Of.
27% of those polled reported localized side effects at the site of the injection: The mild side effects some participants have so far reported have not differed from those reported following a third dose. The message from israel is clear: