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Recently, I was listening to the story of a young successful businesswoman who makes delicious cookies. She revealed that her father felt she wasn't good enough because he had wanted a baby boy, not a girl. His constant criticism haunted her as she grew up, and she felt the need to prove to her father that she could be successful. She has worked intensely hard in life, driven by the motivation to show her biased father that she is good enough, successful, and worthy of love and admiration.
Some individuals have shared with me their ongoing struggle with feeling inadequate and not being “good enough” throughout their lifetime. It's possible that you can relate to this experience as well. Perhaps you've been subjected to discouraging comments from others in the past, causing you to doubt your potential. It can be challenging to release oneself from the weight of these negative words and recognize that they do not hold any truth. It's important to understand that the criticisms you once heard from others (especially from close relations such as family) now stem from within. Many people tend to internalize and repeat to themselves the idea that they are not good enough. But it's time to let go of these old lies and false criticisms. They hold no value and only serve to hinder your progress. It's essential to rid your mind of these negative thoughts. Cast them out and to stop telling yourself that you are not good enough.
We all talk to ourselves each and everyday. Negative criticism can often lead to negative self-talk, which can be damaging to your self-esteem and confidence. I encourage you to challenge these negative thoughts by practicing positive self-talk. Open your mouth and speak out loud positive words to yourself. Affirmations, such as "God has made me capable" or “God has given me the abilities and skills to do _____” can help shift your mindset and build a more balanced self-image.
Many of us fail to communicate with God on a daily basis, and even for those who do, the time spent in prayer averages only about five minutes per day, according to researchers. This is pitiful, because God, who created us and knows the incredible potential He has planned for us, is not granted sufficient time so that we should be quiet and listen to Him. God desires for us to be rooted in truth, built up and established so that we can live with confidence and achieve His excellence to maximize our potential. By spending time with Him, we can receive the encouragement needed to discover truth, thereby gaining strength to cast down lies and hurtful criticisms. God has abundant blessings to pour through us, and the best way to overcome negative criticisms and to move ahead is by prioritizing time with Him.
It is also imperative that you and I read the Holy Bible daily, and reflect on God's promises, instructions, and the many examples of people’s life stories that are given for us to learn from. God's Word is truth which can strengthen and help us overcome negative criticism through getting to know it more. Dealing with negative criticism can be challenging and damaging to our self-esteem and confidence, but reading God's Word can remind us of our true identity and our God given purpose. By focusing on His promises, we are empowered to develop the ability to reject negative criticisms and lies others have planted in our minds. As we gain understanding, we can learn to stop entertaining taunting thoughts from the past. The Bible also offers comfort and guidance to help us face these challenges. The many life stories of people who have overcome great adversity with God’s grace prove that we too can conquer old pangs. By following the teachings of the Bible, we can find inner peace and the confidence we need to defeat negative criticisms and move forward.
It is also important to recognize the impact of past negative criticism and take steps to overcome those taunting thoughts. Take time to reflect on how those experiences have affected your personal beliefs about yourself and recognize that you deserve to heal from them. Seeking support from positive friends and developing healthy coping mechanisms (some which I have mentioned earlier) can also help you overcome taunting thoughts.
Finally, it's crucial to practice forgiveness towards yourself and others. Negative criticism often reflects the insecurities and issues of the other person, rather than your worth. Forgiving yourself and others can help release emotional burdens that may be holding you back from living your best life. Remember that forgiveness is not about becoming friends with the offender or excusing their behavior. Rather, it's about releasing the emotional burden and allowing you to move forward in life. It is giving the offender's offenses to God and trusting in His justice. In doing this you will free yourself from being stuck in the past with negative criticisms and move towards a brighter future.

domain: psychology


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Internet Solutions Corp. v. Marshall
Tabatha MARSHALL, Appellee.
Supreme Court of Florida.
Marc J. Randazza, Miami, FL, for Appellee.
Terry M. Sanks and Kevin W. Wimberly of Beusse, Wolter, Sanks, Mora, and Maire, P.A., Orlando, FL, on behalf of Media Bloggers Association, Inc.; and Lyrissa C. Barnett Lidsky of University of Florida College of Law, Gainesville, FL, and Gregory A. Beck of Public Citizen Litigation Group, Washington, D.C., on behalf of Public Citizen, as Amici Curiae.
Tabatha Marshall, a resident of the State of Washington, owns and operates a website on which she posts about consumer-related issues. According to Internet Solutions Corporation (ISC), Marshall made posts on her website in which she accused ISC, an employment and recruiting firm, of ongoing criminal activity. ISC, whose principal place of business is in Florida, sued Marshall for defamation in a federal district court in Florida. The only issue in this case is whether Marshall's allegedly defamatory posts on her website 1203*1203 subject her to personal jurisdiction in Florida under this state's long-arm statute.
We rephrase the question certified to us by the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals to narrowly focus on the issue of whether defamatory posts about a Florida corporation on an out-of-state website by the operator of the website constitute the commission of a tortious act within Florida under the long-arm statute, specifically section 48.193(1)(b), Florida Statutes (2007). Accordingly, we rephrase the certified question as follows:
DOES A NONRESIDENT COMMIT A TORTIOUS ACT WITHIN FLORIDA FOR PURPOSES OF SECTION 48.193(1)(b) WHEN HE OR SHE MAKES ALLEGEDLY DEFAMATORY STATEMENTS ABOUT A COMPANY WITH ITS PRINCIPAL PLACE OF BUSINESS IN FLORIDA BY POSTING THOSE STATEMENTS ON A WEBSITE, WHERE THE WEBSITE POSTS CONTAINING THE STATEMENTS ARE ACCESSIBLE AND ACCESSED IN FLORIDA?
We answer the rephrased certified question in the affirmative. We conclude that posting defamatory material on a website alone does not constitute the commission of a tortious act within Florida for purposes of section 48.193(1)(b), Florida Statutes. Rather, the material posted on the website about a Florida resident must not only be accessible in Florida, but also be accessed in Florida in order to constitute the commission of the tortious act of defamation within Florida under section 48.193(1)(b).
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
ISC is a Nevada for-profit corporation, which alleged that its principal place of business is in Orlando, Florida. ISC operates a number of websites that deal with employment recruiting and Internet advertising. Tabatha Marshall is a private individual who resides in the State of Washington. Marshall owns and operates tabathamarshall.com, a noncommercial website on which she posts information about consumer-related issues. The website permits third parties to comment on Marshall's posts, with the comments appearing on the same webpage as the original post. In August 2007, Marshall made a post on her website about VeriResume, one of the websites operated by ISC, entitled "Something's VeriRotten with VeriResume..." This post included a listing of affiliates of VeriResume, including ISC, and listed Florida addresses. Third parties posted comments on this post, and Marshall responded to some of the comments. From a review of the exhibits attached to the complaint, several of the commenters appeared to be from Florida ("Mrs. C near OrlandoFL," "Suzanne C— Orlando, FL," and "anonymous—Orlando, FL"). Contact information for VeriResume and other ISC affiliates also appeared to be listed on a separate part of 1204*1204 the website, including Florida addresses for ISC. Printouts of these webpages were attached to ISC's complaint.
ISC filed a diversity action against Marshall in the Middle District of Florida, alleging several causes of action, including a claim for defamation. ISC contended that the court had personal jurisdiction over Marshall because she had entered into the State of Florida to commit a tortious act and should have known that her repeated defamatory statements would subject her to litigation in Florida. Regarding the allegedly defamatory statements, ISC asserted that Marshall's posts contained statements alleging that ISC "was, and is, engaged in on-going criminal activity, specifically `phishing'[] and consumer fraud through `scamming' and other actionable conduct to defraud consumers," that Marshall posted statements alleging that ISC "is engaged in on-going criminal activity of obtaining consumers' personal information and illegally selling it to third parties," and that Marshall's websites "contain numerous defamatory statements designed to expose [ISC] to public contempt and ridicule and injure [ISC] in its businesses. ... Particularly ... [ISC's] businesses are `scams' and are `phishing' operations utilize [sic] to steal personal information for the purposes of identity theft." ISC further asserted that the individual statements contained in the posts, "when taken as a whole, inculpate [ISC] with moral turpitude and charge [ISC] with unfitness and lack of integrity in the performance of its businesses." Id. ISC asserted that Marshall knowingly published these statements with the intent to harm ISC's business reputation.
Marshall filed a motion to dismiss the complaint for lack of personal jurisdiction. Specifically, she contended that she had not committed a tortious act in Florida for purposes of Florida's long-arm statute. She also asserted that even if ISC could satisfy Florida's long-arm statute, subjecting her to personal jurisdiction in Florida would violate federal due process. As part of this motion, Marshall filed a declaration detailing her lack of contacts with Florida.
1205*1205 The district court granted Marshall's motion and dismissed the case for lack of personal jurisdiction. Internet Solutions Corp. v. Marshall, No. 6:07-cv-1740-Orl-22KRS, 2008 WL 958136 (M.D.Fla. Apr.8, 2008). The court recognized that the determination of personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant consists of a two-part inquiry: (1) whether the exercise of jurisdiction is appropriate under Florida's long-arm statute; and (2) whether the exercise of personal jurisdiction would violate due process. Id. at *2. In determining whether Marshall was subject to personal jurisdiction under section 48.193(1)(b) of the long-arm statute, the district court noted that the Eleventh Circuit had established that an out-of-state defendant's commission of a tort that produces an injury in Florida was sufficient for purposes of section 48.193(1)(b). Id. at *2 (citing Horizon Aggressive Growth, L.P. v. Rothstein-Kass, P.A., 421 F.3d 1162, 1168 (11th Cir. 2005)). The court assumed that the tortious conduct element had been satisfied and held that Marshall had not adequately rebutted ISC's allegations that a tort was committed in Florida that resulted in injury in Florida. Id. at *3.
However, the district court determined that the exercise of personal jurisdiction would violate due process. The court stated that the minimum contacts required for due process must be purposeful contacts and concluded:
[T]here is no evidence that Marshall specifically targeted Florida residents. Marshall's website was not only made available to Florida residents, but the website was equally accessible to persons in all states. ... In addition, the postings do not specifically mention Florida or its residents nor do they amount to purposeful availment. ... Marshall has not made Florida-specific contacts. The mere fact that Marshall's website was accessible to residents everywhere and a resident of Florida responded does not amount to purposeful availment.
Id. at *4. The district court further concluded that "[t]he fact that Marshall posted comments on her website ..., which were accessible to residents everywhere does not indicate that Marshall could reasonably anticipate being haled into a Florida court." Id. The district court did not address the specific issue of whether the fact that ISC alleged that its principal place of business was in Florida or the fact that Marshall listed Florida addresses for ISC on her website would be evidence of targeting a Florida resident, but rather concluded that "there is no evidence that Marshall specifically targeted Florida residents." Id. at *4. The district court then dismissed the case for lack of personal jurisdiction. Id. at *3-5. ISC appealed the district court's dismissal.
On appeal, the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals set out the two-step inquiry to determine whether the exercise of personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant is proper:
First, we examine whether the exercise of jurisdiction would be appropriate under that state's long-arm statute. "Second, we examine whether the exercise of personal jurisdiction over the defendant would violate the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution." The due process inquiry requires us to determine whether "the defendant ha[s] minimum contacts with the forum state" and if the district court's exercising of jurisdiction over that defendant would "offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice."
Internet Solutions Corp., 557 F.3d at 1295-96 (citations omitted) (quoting Horizon Aggressive Growth, 421 F.3d at 1166).
1206*1206 Regarding the first part of the inquiry, the Eleventh Circuit stated that Florida's long-arm statute permits the exercise of jurisdiction over a cause of action arising out of a tortious act committed within Florida. Id. at 1296 (citing § 48.193(1)(b), Fla. Stat. (2008)). The Eleventh Circuit recognized that Florida law provides that, for purposes of the statute, the defendant does not have to be physically present in Florida for the tortious act to occur in Florida. Id. Also, a defendant could commit a tortious act within Florida by sending telephonic, electronic, or written communications into Florida, provided the cause of action arose from those communications. Id. The Eleventh Circuit reasoned that "Marshall thus would be subject to jurisdiction under § 48.193(1)(b) if her allegedly defamatory postings on her website constituted electronic communications `into Florida.'" Id. However, "[t]he Florida Supreme Court has yet to address whether the posting of information on an out-of-state website about a company with its principal place of business in Florida would meet the statutory requirements for long-arm jurisdiction." Id. After reviewing both Florida case law and federal district court case law, the Eleventh Circuit concluded that "Florida law is unsettled regarding whether Marshall's actions would meet the requirements of § 48.193(1)(b)." Id. Because the case involved a question of Florida law for which there is no clear controlling precedent, the Eleventh Circuit certified the question that is before this Court. The Eleventh Circuit did not address the second step of the jurisdictional inquiry, which is whether the exercise of jurisdiction would violate due process.
We first distinguish the subject of the certified question from the issue of whether exercising jurisdiction over Marshall would violate due process. We next examine the relevant provision of Florida's long-arm statute. Then we review the relevant case law interpreting section 48.193(1)(b). After this review, we conclude that allegedly defamatory material about a Florida resident placed on the Web and accessible in Florida constitutes an "electronic communication into Florida" when the material is accessed (or "published") in Florida. Finally, we apply that interpretation to this case.
The rephrased certified question from the Eleventh Circuit involves whether the facts of this case, as alleged in the complaint, would satisfy Florida's long-arm statute. Specifically, the rephrased certified question asks this Court whether a nonresident commits a tortious act within Florida for purposes of the long-arm statute when he or she makes allegedly defamatory statements about a company with its principal place of business in Florida by posting those statements on a website, where the website posts containing the statements are accessible and accessed in Florida.
We begin by recognizing that the question of whether the alleged defamatory 1207*1207 material in this case satisfies the requirements of Florida's long-arm statute is separate from the federal due process inquiry. Similar to the analysis employed by the Eleventh Circuit, this Court has articulated a two-step inquiry for determining whether long-arm jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant is proper:
First, it must be determined that the complaint alleges sufficient jurisdictional facts to bring the action within the ambit of the statute; and if it does, the next inquiry is whether sufficient "minimum contacts" are demonstrated to satisfy due process requirements.
The first prong—i.e., the statutory prong—of the Venetian Salami standard is governed by Florida's long-arm statute and bestows broad jurisdiction on Florida courts. A court can exercise personal jurisdiction, inter alia, whenever a foreign corporation commits a "tortious act" on Florida soil. The second prong—i.e., the constitutional prong—is controlled by United States Supreme Court precedent interpreting the Due Process Clause and imposes a more restrictive requirement. A court can exercise personal jurisdiction only if the foreign corporation maintains "certain minimum contacts with [the forum state] such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend `traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.'"
Wendt v. Horowitz, 822 So.2d 1252, 1257 (Fla.2002) (quoting Execu-Tech Bus. Sys., Inc. v. New Oji Paper Co., 752 So.2d 582, 584 (Fla.2000)). In Venetian Salami Co. v. Parthenais, 554 So.2d 499 (Fla.1989), this Court recognized that the federal due process analysis is not built into Florida's long-arm statute: "The mere proof of any one of the several circumstances enumerated in section 48.193 as the basis for obtaining jurisdiction of nonresidents does not automatically satisfy the due process requirement of minimum contacts." Id. at 502. At issue in this case is the first prong—that is, whether ISC's complaint alleges sufficient jurisdictional facts to satisfy section 48.193(1)(b) of Florida's long-arm statute.
ISC contends that jurisdiction over Marshall is proper under section 48.193(1)(b) of Florida's long arm statute. Specifically, ISC alleges that Marshall committed a tortious act within Florida by posting defamatory material about a Florida company on her noncommercial out-of-state website.
Florida's long-arm statute was first enacted in 1973, and subsection (1)(b) has not been amended since that time. Thus, the Florida Legislature has never specifically considered the impact of the explosion of the World Wide Web on personal jurisdiction under the long-arm statute. Accordingly, it is our responsibility to construe the statute based on the actual language as guided by our precedent.
We now turn to an examination of the relevant case law, discussing first the relevant case law applying section 48.193(1)(b) in the non-Web context and then the cases involving section 48.193(1)(b) in the Web context.
Relevant Case Law Applying Section 48.193(1)(b) to Telephonic, Electronic, or Written Communications
In Wendt, this Court considered the meaning of "[c]ommitting a tortious act within this state" under section 48.193(1)(b). Wendt, 822 So.2d at 1258. In particular, the question before this Court in Wendt was whether "making telephonic, electronic, or written communications into Florida from outside of the State can constitute `committing a tortious act' under section 48.193(1)(b)." Id. In that case, Wendt, a Florida resident and resident agent for an out-of-state corporation 1208*1208 who solicited investors for the corporation, filed a third-party complaint against a nonresident attorney and law firm, claiming that he had relied to his detriment on the attorney's legal advice. Id. at 1254-55. Wendt asserted that the attorney had committed a tortious act in Florida by negligently responding in writing to an investigation by the Division of Securities relating to the alleged sale of unregistered securities and negligently drafting loan documents that were knowingly intended to be evidence of loans to be made by Florida investors to the corporation. Id. at 1255. The attorney moved to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, asserting that his contacts with Florida only involved telephonic or mail correspondence and never involved travel to Florida. Id. The trial court denied the motion to dismiss and, on appeal, the Fifth District Court of Appeal held that no tortious act was committed in Florida because the alleged acts were performed in Michigan. Id. at 1256.
After reviewing relevant case law, this Court held that a defendant's physical presence is not necessary to commit a tortious act in Florida. Id. at 1260. Rather, "`committing a tortious act' in Florida under section 48.193(1)(b) can occur through the nonresident defendant's telephonic, electronic, or written communications into Florida." Id. (emphasis added). "However, the cause of action must arise from the communications"—"[t]his predicate finding is necessary because of the connexity requirement contained in section 48.193(1)." Id.
In this case, the Eleventh Circuit recognized that, under Wendt, Marshall would be subject to jurisdiction under section 48.193(1)(b) if her allegedly defamatory posts on her website constituted electronic communications "into Florida." Internet Solutions Corp., 557 F.3d at 1296. The determination of whether certain acts constitute communications into Florida is straightforward when the case concerns telephonic communications, written communications, or electronic communications in the form of e-mails or facsimiles, because those communications are directed to reach a specific recipient in a specific forum; in other words, it is clear that the nonresident defendant's communications were made into Florida. For example, in Acquadro v. Bergeron, 851 So.2d 665, 670 (Fla.2003), this Court held that "allegedly defamatory phone calls made into Florida by a nonresident could be sufficient to establish personal jurisdiction" on the basis of Wendt. In Acquadro, a defamation claim was brought against the nonresident defendant based upon a telephone call from Massachusetts to the plaintiff, the plaintiff's sister, and another third party in Florida in which the defendant stated that the plaintiff "had AIDS." Id. at 668. The Court noted in a footnote that although the record was not completely clear, it appeared that the telephone call was a conference call in which the third party called the defendant in Massachusetts, and they proceeded to call the defendant in Florida. Id. at 668 n. 7.
Other courts, both state and federal, applying Florida law have also held that communications made during a telephone call between a person in Florida and an out-of-state defendant constitute telephonic communications into Florida and confer personal jurisdiction over the nonresident defendant under section 48.193(1)(b), provided the cause of action arose from the telephonic communication as required by 1209*1209 the statute and clarified in Wendt. The cases considering whether a telephonic communication constituted a tortious act in Florida have not explicitly hinged a finding of jurisdiction on whether or not the nonresident defendant initiated the phone call into Florida. Rather, the cases focus on whether the nonresident defendant made the subject communications during a phone call between the out-of-state defendant and someone in Florida. See, e.g., Hou v. United Airlines Corp., No. 806CV-1502-T-27TGW, 2006 WL 2884963, at *2 (M.D.Fla. Oct.10, 2006) (holding that alleged fraudulent statements by the defendants that occurred during a telephone call initiated by the plaintiff satisfied section 48.193(1)(b) (citing Wendt, 822 So.2d at 1260)); OSI Indus., Inc. v. Carter, 834 So.2d 362, 364-65 (Fla. 5th DCA 2003) (holding that a nonresident defendant who called plaintiff in Florida and allegedly made misrepresentations during the conversation satisfied 48.193(1)(b)).
In a case on a similar topic but with distinguishable facts, the Second District Court of Appeal in an en banc decision held that the out-of-state recording of a phone call originating in Florida did not constitute the commission of a tortious act within the state. Kountze v. Kountze, 996 So.2d 246 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008). The court receded from a previous case in which it had decided that the defendant's "interception" of the telephone call occurred at the point of origin in Florida and not at the point of reception and recording in the foreign state. Id. at 247. The court instead concluded that a Florida statute that created a private cause of action for the nonconsensual interception of a communication originating within Florida could not transform the nonresident defendant's out-of-state recording into a "tortious act within the state" for jurisdictional purposes. Id. at 248. The court was "admittedly influenced by the fact that the act was not illegal in the state where the defendant actually committed it and was not illegal under the federal law that would apply to interstate telephone calls." Id. at 252. In its holding, the court distinguished the case from cases in which a conversation was directed into Florida over an interstate telephone call that was defamatory, fraudulent, or otherwise an element of a traditional intentional tort under the common law. Id. at 248.
Courts have also held that electronic communications over the Internet in the form of e-mails and chat room conversations into Florida give rise to personal jurisdiction under section 48.193(1)(b) on the basis of Wendt. In the e-mail context, a Fifth District Court of Appeal case applied section 48.193(1)(b) to an out-of-state defendant who sent an e-mail that allegedly defamed a Florida resident to various members of a veterans' association, some of whom lived in Florida. Price v. Kronenberger, 24 So.3d 775, 776 (Fla. 5th DCA 2009). The nonresident defendant moved to dismiss the complaint, contending that personal jurisdiction could not be asserted over him because he addressed the e-mail only to the association members generally and did not specifically target Florida residents as recipients. Id. The court stated that "[a] complaint that alleges a nonresident committed a tortious act based on communications directed into Florida telephonically, electronically, or in writing sufficiently alleges personal jurisdiction under section 48.193(1)(b)." Id. (citing Acquadro, 851 So.2d at 670; Wendt, 822 So.2d at 1260). The court held that the plaintiff's complaint "did just this when it alleged the [nonresident defendant] sent the e-mail to various members of [the association], some of whom live in Florida." Id.
In the chat room context, a Fourth District Court of Appeal case specifically addressed the issue of whether defamatory 1210*1210 statements in a chat room constituted electronic communications into Florida under Wendt. Becker v. Hooshmand, 841 So.2d 561 (Fla. 4th DCA 2003). In Becker, the plaintiff, a licensed physician practicing in Florida, filed a complaint alleging that the out-of-state defendant was a moderator of an Internet chat room and had "posted numerous defamatory comments about him that were targeted to Florida residents, or people likely to seek medical care in the state of Florida, which resulted in injury to his reputation and business." Id. at 561. The district court quoted this Court's decision in Wendt that a defendant's physical presence is not required and that committing a tortious act in Florida can occur through the nonresident defendant's telephonic, electronic, or written communications into Florida. Id. at 562-63. The Fourth District concluded that the alleged defamatory comments in the chat room were sufficient to satisfy section 48.193(1)(b) because "the communications that form the basis of the allegations in this case are analogous to cases previously decided by this court and certainly fit within the recent Supreme Court's discussion of electronic communications." Id. at 563. Although the chat room conversation took place over the Internet, we note that statements made in a chat room, such as in Becker, are easily analogized to a conference telephone call because a person typing comments in a chat room is directing his or her communication to a specific group of individuals, much like a person speaking during a telephone conference call, as in Acquadro, or a person sending an e-mail to multiple recipients, as in Price.
Relevant Case Law Applying Section 48.193(1)(b) to the World Wide Web
The question of whether a posting on a website, which is located on the World Wide Web, constitutes an electronic communication into Florida is a more difficult one than telephone calls, e-mails, chat rooms, and facsimiles because the posting is typically accessible from any state and is not directed by the alleged tortfeasor into a particular forum in the same way as a phone call, letter, e-mail, chat room, or facsimile. As explained by a Connecticut court, "Unlike the letter or e-mail cases," a posting on a website "is not sent anywhere in particular, but rather can be accessed from anywhere in the world." Rios v. Fergusan, 51 Conn.Supp. 212, 978 A.2d 592, 598 (2008) (quoting Dailey v. Popma, 191 N.C.App. 64, 662 S.E.2d 12, 19 (2008)). Whereas telephone calls, letters, e-mails, chat rooms, and facsimiles are easily analyzed as to whether the communication was sent into Florida, the World Wide Web is a more pervasive and complicated communication medium for the purpose of contemplating whether there is a communication into the state.
A brief overview of the nature of the Internet and the World Wide Web is helpful. At the outset, it is important to note that the Internet and the World Wide Web are not synonymous. The Internet is the world's largest computer network. Christopher W. Meyer, Note, World Wide Web Advertising: Personal Jurisdiction Around the Whole Wide World?, 54 Wash. & Lee L.Rev. 1269, 1275-76 (1997). There are multiple ways to transmit and receive information across the Internet, including e-mails, chat rooms, and the World Wide Web. See id. "[T]he Web constitutes the body of information available, and the Internet refers only to the means by which one can access that information." Todd A. Nist, Note, Finding the Right Approach: A Constitutional Alternative for Shielding Kids from Harmful Materials Online, 65 Ohio St. L.J. 451, 456 n. 27 (2004). "Individuals commonly access the Internet through a commercial Internet Service 1211*1211 Provider (ISP) and then use a browser to access resources and information on the World Wide Web." Lora M. Jennings, Note, Finding Legal Certainty for E-Commerce: Traditional Personal Jurisdiction and the Scope of the Zippo Sliding Scale, 44 Washburn L.J. 381, 386 (2005) (footnotes and internal quotation marks omitted). The World Wide Web, which "has become one of the most popular and most used Internet programs," has been further explained as follows:
The World Wide Web consists of a vast number of documents stored in different computers located throughout the world. The technology underlying the World Wide Web created links between individual computers so that documents, audio, and video files can be accessed from anywhere on the Internet. To access information located on the World Wide Web, a user may enter the exact known Internet address of a specific Web page into the browser or use a search engine. Additionally, a user may navigate the World Wide Web by accessing a series of hyperlinks. Because this structure facilitates easy access to information stored throughout the world, the World Wide Web has become one of the most popular and most used Internet programs.
With the unique context of the Web in mind, we now review the cases that have applied section 48.193(1)(b) in this context. In Renaissance Health Publ'g, LLC v. Resveratrol Partners, LLC, 982 So.2d 739 (Fla. 4th DCA 2008), a Florida corporation sued the nonresident defendants for trade libel and two related statutory violations, all arising from statements made on the defendants' website allegedly disparaging the plaintiff corporation's products. Id. at 740. The complaint alleged that the defendant sold publications about food supplements (both in a traditional paper format and as e-books) and falsely and intentionally disparaged the quality of the plaintiff corporation's product (a red wine extract). Id. at 742. The Fourth District began by referring to its Becker decision. Id. (citing Becker, 841 So.2d at 563). The court then held that the statements on the website constituted a tortious act committed in Florida, reasoning that "[t]he defendants' interactive web site which sells product to Florida residents is akin to the chat room in Becker." Id. Thus, "[a]pplying Wendt and Becker," the court held that the plaintiff had alleged sufficient facts to satisfy the Florida long-arm statute. Id. The court appeared to focus on the fact that the comments posted in the chat room in Becker were "targeted" at Florida residents or people likely to seek medical care in Florida as well as the fact that the website in Renaissance was interactive and sold products to Florida residents, presumably reasoning that the website was "targeted" at Florida residents or people likely to purchase the plaintiff's product in Florida.
Although no other Florida courts have addressed this issue, federal district courts interpreting Florida's long-arm statute have confronted the issue. In Whitney Information Network, Inc. v. Xcentric Ventures, LLC, 347 F.Supp.2d 1242 (M.D.Fla.2004), the federal district court examined whether the defendant's website was "passive" or "active" in order to resolve the issue. The difference between a passive website and an active website has been described as follows: "A passive web site only makes information available to those interested in viewing the web site in foreign jurisdictions whereas an active web site allows for those interested in foreign jurisdictions to enter into contracts over the Internet with the defendant." Miami Breakers Soccer Club, Inc. v. Women's 1212*1212 United Soccer Ass'n, 140 F.Supp.2d 1325, 1329 (S.D.Fla.2001).
In Whitney, the plaintiffs filed a complaint for, inter alia, defamation, alleging that defendants operated a website, www. ripoffreport.com, the purpose of which was to publish consumer complaints, which the defendants actively solicited, and to imply that the company named in the complaint was "ripping off" consumers. 347 F.Supp.2d at 1243. The defendants also allegedly advertised items for sale and solicited donations from consumers. Id. While on the www.ripoffreport.com website, a consumer could click on a link to a second website, www.ripoffrevenge.com, at which defendants sold either a service or do-it-yourself kits. Id. The plaintiffs further alleged that the defendants published more than a dozen false stories about them and subjected them to false and defamatory articles. Id. at 1243-44.
The federal district court held that the complaint alleged sufficient facts to satisfy section 48.193(1)(b), stating:
While ... Xcentric does not transact any business, have any agents in Florida, or maintain any offices in Florida, this is not determinative under Fla. Stat. § 48.193(1)(b). Its website "www. ripoffreport.com" allows consumers to target an individual state by inviting them to "Pick any state!" for information. The website promises to contact individual consumers with certain information ("We will contact you if a lawsuit is being considered or has been filed which you may want to be a party to"), e-mail victims to contact other victims and attorneys interested in pursuing class action lawsuits, and to put consumers in contact with the media. The website asserts that it has assisted, and continues to assist, many government agencies from around the country, and that many television stations "from all around the country" come to the Ripoff Report for information. The website offers businesses the opportunity to file a rebuttal to any report it publishes. The website ran at least nine reports concerning plaintiffs' activities in Florida, and specifically solicited information from the named business in a "Rebuttal Box" on the website. The website sold advertising space, and solicited advertisers with reduced rates and a feature which allowed them to "Pick any state!" In an example of its advertising service, the website specifically referred to advertising business in Florida and the presence of reports from Florida.
Id. at 1244-45 (record references omitted). The court concluded that these facts were sufficient to satisfy the Florida long-arm statute, reasoning that "[t]he activity takes defendants' conduct beyond a mere passive website, and allows the Court to exercise personal jurisdiction." Id. at 1245 (citing Toys "R" Us, Inc. v. Step Two, S.A., 318 F.3d 446 (3rd Cir.2003); Nw. Healthcare Alliance, Inc. v. Healthgrades.com, Inc., 50 F. App'x. 339 (9th Cir.2002)).
Other federal district court cases have discussed the issue without an analysis of whether the website was "passive" or "active." In Alternate Energy Corp. v. Redstone, 328 F.Supp.2d 1379 (S.D.Fla.2004), the plaintiff, a non-Florida resident, brought suit, alleging claims for libel, slander, defamation, and violations of state law, arising out of information published on the nonresident defendant's website. Id. at 1381. The defendant published an independent Internet website that monitored the hydrogen fuel cell industry. Id. Part of the defendant's website was open to the public, but the remainder was available to subscribers only; the defendant did not sell merchandise through his website, which offered only information. Id. According to the complaint, the defendant 1213*1213 harmed the plaintiff by publishing negative information on the restricted portion of the defendant's website. Id. The defendant sold a small number of the subscriptions to the restricted portion of the website to Florida residents. Id. at 1383. The court held that long-arm jurisdiction under 48.193(1)(b) was not proper, finding that "selling subscriptions to an internet site to an unknown, relatively small number of Florida residents, without more, does not... constitute the commission of a tortious act in Florida under § 48.193(1)(b)." Alternate Energy Corp., 328 F.Supp.2d at 1383. The court distinguished the case from Becker and Wendt because they
involved instances where Florida courts found that personal jurisdiction existed under § 48.193(1)(b). However, the fact that the plaintiffs in both Becker and Wendt were Florida residents and the defendants had specifically targeted their actions toward the state of Florida factored prominently into the respective courts' determinations that the out-of-state defendants had allegedly committed tortious acts in Florida. Conversely, in the instant case, Plaintiff is an out-of-state resident, and there is no indication that Defendant's actions caused more harm to Plaintiff in Florida than anywhere else.
Id. at 1384 (citations omitted).
In a recent case, Richards v. Sen, No. 07-14254-CIV, 2008 WL 4889623 (S.D.Fla. Nov.12, 2008), the federal district court focused only on whether a posting on a website was "an electronic communication accessible to Florida residents," id. at *4, not whether the nonresident defendants intended for the communication to be directed at Florida residents. In that case, the plaintiffs brought suit for, inter alia, defamation, slander of title, and injurious falsehood claims. Id. The plaintiffs' claims appeared to be based on the defendants' filing of a patent application that led to the Patent and Trademark Office's (PTO) issuance of a patent; the plaintiffs contended that the application tortiously omitted them as inventors or assignees. Id. The federal district court stated that "Florida's long-arm statute enables the exercise of personal jurisdiction over a defendant for defamation, slander and libel claims when the injurious information or material is circulated or published to a third party within the state." Id. Accordingly, the court held that, assuming that the statements were sufficient to support the alleged causes of action, "the PTO's publication of the [patent] on the internet is sufficient to permit the exercise of personal jurisdiction under the long-arm statute because publication of the allegedly injurious statements and omissions is an electronic communication accessible to Florida residents." Id. (citing § 48.193(1)(b), Fla. Stat.; Wendt, 822 So.2d at 1253). The court concluded, however, that the exercise of jurisdiction would not comport with due process, because the defendants "did not have fair warning that filing the patent application, which led to the PTO's subsequent grant of the [patent], would subject them to suit in Florida. ... Defendants did not purposely direct any activity towards Florida by filing the [patent] application." Id. at *5.
A review of the relevant case law reveals that courts interpreting Florida law in the context of the Web have applied differing approaches. Some courts appear to have interpreted Wendt's statement that "`committing a tortious act' in Florida under section 48.193(1)(b) can occur through the nonresident defendant's telephonic, electronic, or written communications into Florida," 822 So.2d at 1260, as requiring that the defendant direct the communications into Florida or otherwise target Florida. Renaissance Health Publ'g, LLC, 982 1214*1214 So.2d at 740 (interactive website that sells product to Florida residents targeted Florida residents); see Whitney Info. Network, Inc., 347 F.Supp.2d at 1245 (defendant's website was not a mere passive website). At least one other court, however, has taken a far more expansive view by holding that merely posting material online "is an electronic communication accessible to Florida residents." Richards, 2008 WL 4889623, at *4.
Having reviewed the relevant case law interpreting section 48.193(1)(b), we now turn to an analysis of when a nonresident defendant commits the tortious act of defamation within Florida in the unique context of the Web.
Interpretation of Section 48.193(1)(b) in the Context of the World Wide Web
The operative statutory language is "committing a tortious act within the state." § 48.193(1)(b). In Wendt, this Court interpreted section 48.193(1)(b) to include electronic communication "into" the state. The tortious act that ISC alleges Marshall committed within Florida is defamation, and a review of applicable defamation law as it pertains to personal jurisdiction is helpful. "Publication of defamatory matter is its communication intentionally or by a negligent act to one other than the person defamed." Doe v. Am. Online, Inc., 783 So.2d 1010, 1016 (Fla.2001) (quoting Restatement (Second) of Tort § 577 (1977)). Under Florida law, the tort of libel is not completed until the statements are published. See Silver v. Levinson, 648 So.2d 240, 242 (Fla. 4th DCA 1994). As explained in Silver:
[B]ecause the threshold question of personal jurisdiction turns on whether defendant committed an intentional tort in Florida, we must also necessarily review the complaint to determine whether it states a cause of action for libel. If the complaint does not set forth a cause of action for the tort of libel, then assertion of personal jurisdiction predicated on the commission of that specific tort would be improper.
. . . .
Under Florida law, the tort of libel is not completed until the statements are published. In this case, the final element of the tort was not satisfied until the letters were received ... in Florida. Until that time, no tort had been "committed."
Id. at 241-42 (citations omitted). Further, the tort of defamation is committed in the place where the defamatory material is published. Casita, L.P. v. Maplewood Equity Partners, L.P., 960 So.2d 854, 857 (Fla. 3d DCA 2007) ("A telephonic, electronic, or written communication is deemed `published' in Florida, subjecting the publisher to long-arm jurisdiction under section 48.193(1)(b) of the Florida Statutes if the communication was made into this state by a person outside the state, even if that person has no other contacts with the state." (citing Wendt, 822 So.2d at 1258)).
We conclude that allegedly defamatory material about a Florida resident placed on the Web and accessible in Florida constitutes an "electronic communication into Florida" when the material is accessed (or "published") in Florida. In the context of the World Wide Web, given its pervasiveness, an alleged tortfeasor who posts allegedly defamatory material on a website has 1215*1215 intentionally made the material almost instantly available everywhere the material is accessible. By posting allegedly defamatory material on the Web about a Florida resident, the poster has directed the communication about a Florida resident to readers worldwide, including potential readers within Florida. When the posting is then accessed by a third party in Florida, the material has been "published" in Florida and the poster has communicated the material "into" Florida, thereby committing the tortious act of defamation within Florida. This interpretation is consistent with the approach taken regarding other forms of communication.
Marshall contends that this Court should apply First Amendment principles to Florida's long-arm statute in defamation actions and that we should consider issues of fairness when construing the long-arm statute. We decline to do so because we have never construed the first prong of the jurisdictional analysis with a constitutional overlay. As stated previously by this Court, the statutory prong of the jurisdictional analysis "bestows broad jurisdiction on Florida courts. A court can exercise personal jurisdiction, inter alia, whenever a foreign corporation commits a `tortious act' on Florida soil." Wendt, 822 So.2d at 1257 (quoting Execu-Tech Bus. Sys., Inc., 752 So.2d at 584). Issues of due process and fairness are properly considered in the second prong, which "imposes a more restrictive requirement." Id. (quoting Execu-Tech Bus. Sys., Inc., 752 So.2d at 584). Further, we decline to make the policy decision that defamation actions should be treated differently under Florida's long-arm statute. As explained by the U.S. Supreme Court, "the potential chill on protected First Amendment activity stemming from libel and defamation actions is already taken into account in the constitutional limitations on the substantive law governing such suits." Calder v. Jones, 465 U.S. 783, 790, 104 S.Ct. 1482, 79 L.Ed.2d 804 (1984) (citing Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323, 94 S.Ct. 2997, 41 L.Ed.2d 789 (1974); N.Y. Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 84 S.Ct. 710, 11 L.Ed.2d 686 (1964)). Thus, "[t]o reintroduce those concerns at the jurisdictional stage would be a form of double counting." Id. Accordingly, we too "reject the suggestion that First Amendment concerns enter into the jurisdictional analysis." Id.
Applying this approach, Marshall's posting of allegedly defamatory material about a Florida company that was accessible in Florida constitutes committing a tortious act within Florida, provided that the material was accessed—and thus published—in Florida.
Marshall asserts that her acts were completed in the State of Washington and nothing on the website could be published to a Florida computer "unless (and until) the reader reached up into Washington and retrieved it." We reject this argument 1216*1216 because it ignores the nature of the Web, which is fundamentally different from a telephone call, an e-mail, or a letter—by posting on her website, Marshall made the material accessible by anyone with Internet access worldwide. Thus, once the allegedly defamatory material is published in Florida, Marshall has committed the tortious act of defamation within Florida for purposes of Florida's long-arm statute.
We emphasize that we are only asked to address the first step of the inquiry— whether section 48.193(1)(b) applies to confer personal jurisdiction. The second step is a more restrictive one, precluding suit in any situation where the exercise of jurisdiction over the nonresident defendant would violate due process. This question is not before us in the certified question and we do not deem it necessary to broaden the question in order to address the due process inquiry.
For the reasons explained above, we answer the rephrased certified question in the affirmative. A nonresident defendant commits the tortious act of defamation in Florida for purposes of Florida's long-arm statute when the nonresident makes allegedly defamatory statements about a Florida resident by posting those statements on a website, provided that the website posts containing the statements are accessible in Florida and accessed in Florida. Having answered this question, we return this case to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit.
It is so ordered.
QUINCE, C.J., and LEWIS, CANADY, POLSTON, LABARGA, and PERRY, JJ., concur.
 We have jurisdiction because the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals certified a question to this Court, which is "determinative of the cause and for which there is no controlling precedent." Art. V, § 3(b)(6), Fla. Const.
 The Eleventh Circuit certified the following question to this Court:
DOES POSTING ALLEGEDLY DEFAMATORY STORIES AND COMMENTS ABOUT A COMPANY WITH ITS PRINCIPAL PLACE OF BUSINESS IN FLORIDA ON A NON-COMMERCIAL WEBSITE OWNED AND OPERATED BY A NONRESIDENT WITH NO OTHER CONNECTIONS TO FLORIDA CONSTITUTE COMMISSION OF A TORTIOUS ACT WITHIN FLORIDA FOR PURPOSES OF FLA. STAT. § 48.193(1)(b)?
 Section 48.193(1)(b) of Florida's long-arm statute provides:
(1) Any person, whether or not a citizen or resident of this state, who personally or through an agent does any of the acts enumerated in this subsection thereby submits himself or herself and, if he or she is a natural person, his or her personal representative to the jurisdiction of the courts of this state for any cause of action arising from the doing of any of the following acts:
. . . .
(b) Committing a tortious act within this state.
§ 48.193(1)(b), Fla. Stat. (2007).
 "Phishing" is "a scam by which an e-mail user is duped into revealing personal or confidential information which the scammer can use illicitly." Merriam-Webster Online, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ phishing (last visited June 3, 2010).
 Specifically, Marshall stated the following: she had been a resident of Washington since 2000, she had never been a resident of Florida, she had never owned or leased any real estate in Florida, she had no bank accounts or investments in Florida, and she had only visited Florida once—a three-day work-related trip in 2004 that was unconnected with her website. She also declared the following: she was the owner and host of the website from her home in Washington, had never sold any products or services in connection with the website, had never placed any advertisements on the website, had never solicited or received any business, advertising, or donations within Florida in connection with the website, had never contracted with an Internet service provider located within Florida, had never provided a capability on the website to distinguish or target Florida individuals or companies, had never received any income or compensation in connection with the website, and had never directed any communication (telephonic or written) into Florida for business purposes in connection with the website.
 We do not decide the broader issue of whether injury alone satisfies the requirement of section 48.193(1)(b). We do recognize that the federal courts have adopted this broad construction of section 48.193(1)(b), holding that the commission of a tortious act out of state that causes an injury to an in-state resident satisfies Florida's long-arm statute. See, e.g., Licciardello v. Lovelady, 544 F.3d 1280, 1283 (11th Cir.2008); Posner v. Essex Ins. Co., 178 F.3d 1209, 1216-17 (11th Cir.1999). However, we note that in certifying the question to this Court, the Eleventh Circuit did not mention this broad construction of the long-arm statute in its opinion and did not ask us to consider it, and, accordingly, we limit our analysis to the question asked.
 Justice Wells, in his dissent, stated, "It does not appear that the defendant initiated the call into Florida." Id. at 677.
 The elements of a claim for defamation are as follows: "(1) publication; (2) falsity; (3) actor must act with knowledge or reckless disregard as to the falsity on a matter concerning a public official, or at least negligently on a matter concerning a private person; (4) actual damages; and (5) statement must be defamatory." Jews for Jesus, Inc. v. Rapp, 997 So.2d 1098, 1106 (Fla.2008).
 Marshall notes that New York's long-arm statute specifically exempts defamation actions. N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 302(a)(2) (McKinney 2001 & Supp.2009) ("As to a cause of action arising from any of the acts enumerated in this section, a court may exercise personal jurisdiction over any non-domiciliary, or his executor or administrator, who in person or through an agent: ... commits a tortious act within the state, except as to a cause of action for defamation of character arising from the act. ..."). Florida's long-arm statute, however, does not include a similar exemption. Florida courts have applied section 48.193(1)(b) to defamation causes of action, and the Legislature has not amended the statute to include a defamation exemption or afford special treatment for defamation claims.
 Under Marshall's view, even a website posting that is directed at Florida or targets Florida is still not sent "into" Florida or anywhere in particular.
 We note that the issues of whether Marshall targeted a Florida resident, whether Marshall purposefully directed her post at Florida, or whether Marshall's website is "active" or "passive" could be properly considered in the due process analysis.

domain: law


text:
8838 Brook Avenue, Brockway, CA 96143 MLS-2802413
Would you like to hear my opinion about 8838 Brook Avenue, Brockway, CA 96143, the good, the bad, and the ugly for this property? Shoot me an email, and as Paul Harvey said, "and now you know the rest of the story." I pride myself in being honest and frank and doing right by people. No fluff, honest pros and cons from a down-to-earth guy with over 20 years of experience.
8838 Brook Avenue, Brockway, CA 96143
|Community:||North Lake Tahoe|
|Year Built:||Not Available|
|Number of acres:||Not Available|
|Lot Size:||Not Available|
Would you like to hear my opinion...the good, the bad, and the ugly for this property? Shoot me an email, and as Paul Harvey said, "and now you know the rest of the story." I pride myself in being honest and frank and doing right by people. No fluff, honest pros and cons from a down-to-earth guy with over 20 years of experience.
The property at 8838 Brook Avenue, Brockway, CA 96143 is located within in the city of Brockway and the BROCKWAY TRACT-1SO subdivision. The property was built in N/A and offers 3 bedrooms 1.5 bathrooms and 0 square feet.
The Single Family at 8838 Brook Avenue, Brockway, CA 96143 is roughly 12.03 miles from Squaw Valley Ski Resort, 6.25 miles from Northstar Ski Resort, 12.43 miles from Truckee, and 11.28 miles from Tahoe City.
This bank repo is located on level lot near beach and other public amenities. Needs some tlc, and fix up possible repair issues noted to roof..rear unit is not permitted..portions of house are no permited. good value in today market
|Address||8838 Brook Avenue|
|Lot Number||Not Available|
|Community||North Lake Tahoe|
- Beach Access
- Boat Ramp
- Cross Country Skiing
- Down Hill Skiing
- Equestrian Center
- Exercise Equipment
- Other/See Remarks
- Tennis Courts
- Boat Lift
- Buoy Limited
- Buoy Permitted
- Shared Pier
North Lake Tahoe Market Activity
Brockway Tract Market Activity
The data relating to real estate for sale on this web site comes in part from the Broker Reciprocity Program of the Tahoe Sierra Multiple Listing Service. Real estate listings held by brokerage firms other than Coldwell Banker Residential Brokerage are marked with the Broker Reciprocity logo and detailed information about them includes the name of the listing brokers. This listing courtesy of: Centr-21 Tahoe North, Realtors. The information being provided is for consumers' personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any other purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing. Information deemed reliable but not guaranteed

domain: geography


text:
The combination of supplemental 5-HTP and a dopamine decarboxylase inhibitor is also thought to reduce the risk for cardiovascular complications, as excess serum (but not neural) serotonin is associated with heart valve disease in rats. Due to the accumulation of 5-HTP in neural tissue following the combination it is plausible to assume a reduction in systemic serotonin; this has not been demonstrated yet, however.
The need to balance hunting pride and social obligations, and the necessity to reconnect with a family that depends on their provisioning were likely experienced by men throughout much of human evolutionary history. Oxytocin is found in all mammals and originated in the mother-infant bond, where it helps with childbirth, nursing and bonding. In some species, this existing hormonal mechanism could then be harnessed for novel contexts – for instance, men investing in pair-bonding and family provisioning, which is rare among mammals.
Oxytocin production is controlled by a positive feedback mechanism. This mechanism allows the release of the oxytocin hormone when a trigger occurs. The hormone then causes an action in the body, such as the letdown of milk or the start of labor contractions, which signals more production of oxytocin. The feedback cycle continues until the action, such as childbirth or feeding the baby, is complete.
Oxidative stress is characterized by an accumulation of ROS and plays a key role in the progression of periodontal diseases . Damage of tissues in inflammatory periodontal disease can be mediated by ROS resulting from the physiological activity of PMN during the phagocytosis of periodontopathic bacteria . In addition, LPS from Porphyromonas gingivalis as well as hypoxia induces a NOX4-dependent increase in H2O2 release in PDLCs . Furthermore, ROS such as H2O2 are small, diffusible, and ubiquitous molecules, can affect human PDLCs and gingival fibroblasts cell injury indirectly by enhancing pro-inflammatory factors such as cytokines, NO, PGE2, and ROS [29–31]. This ROS is known to stimulate osteoclast differentiation and participate in early signaling events associated with osteoclast activation for bone resorption . Since LPS from P. gingivalis increases oxidative stress in PDLCs and contributes to periodontitis , human PDLCs treated with H2O2 may serve as an in vitro model relevant to periodontitis.
Members agreed that the relevant matters under Section 52E(1) of the Therapeutic Goods Act 1989 included: (a) risks and benefits of the use of a substance; (b) the purpose for which a substance is to be used and the and extent of use; (c) the toxicity of a substance; (d) the dosage, formulation, labelling, packaging and presentation of a substance; (e) the potential for abuse of a substance; and (f) any other matters that the Secretary considers necessary to protect public health.
Robert Love, a urologist in Dallas, understands why there is such back-channel demand for a product like Melanotan II. "People sometimes want to handle performance issues on their own, without a physician involved, either because they are embarrassed or because they may be uninsured or lack adequate insurance," he told Motherboard. "Handling things this way is not advisable. We have prescription drugs that address erectile dysfunction issues. And although this isn't my area, there are alternative ways of getting suntans—tanning beds, spray tans—though of course extended outdoor sun exposure should be avoided if possible."
Both the production of oxytocin and response to oxytocin are modulated by circulating levels of sex steroids. The burst of oxytocin released at birth seems to be triggered in part by cervical and vaginal stimulation by the fetus, but also because of abruptly declining concentrations of progesterone. Another well-studied effect of steroid hormones is the marked increase in synthesis of uterine (myometrial) oxytocin receptors late in gestation, resulting from increasing concentrations of circulating estrogen.
To untangle the ways different hormones together influence behavior in more naturalistic contexts, we worked with the Tsimane people in Bolivia. Traditional societies like the Tsimane are not living relics of the past, but their lifeways – small, tight-knit communities that produce their own food – can reveal the kinds of situations our hormone systems are well adapted to.
The uterine-contracting properties of the principle that would later be named oxytocin were discovered by British pharmacologist Sir Henry Hallett Dale in 1906, and its milk ejection property was described by Ott and Scott in 1910 and by Schafer and Mackenzie in 1911. In the 1920s, oxytocin and vasopressin were isolated from pituitary tissue and given their current names. The word oxytocin was coined from the term oxytocic, Greek ὀξύς, oxys, and τοκετός , toketos, meaning "quick birth".
Injection is the most effective way to administrate the peptide and results are seen the fastest and best. The nasal spray method is effective up to 30 – 40% because the nasal passages have poor absorption rate, you have to apply the nasal spray at least two to three times more than the injection. The injectable product of the Melanotan is very superior as compared to the nasal version. The nasal versions generally take four to five weeks for displaying the results appose to 10 days with the injection.
This is a great product, I have been having digestive problems after 13 major surgeries and suffering from Crohn's Disease my whole life. Currently I can only tolerate a liquid diet. Was very depressed, found this and started taking it and it has made a HUGE difference to my life. Only have very mild depression symptoms now, and sleep better at night. Bought the powder to get the dose right, looks like 100mg suits my 50 kg frame. Only bad thing is the packaging. The 10 grams of powder is lost in the large packet, very hard to get it out and measure the same dose every night. I purchased miniature measuring spoons from ebay and they make life much easier. Sort out the correct spoon for your dosage with the scales then off you go. Can be tricky getting it in and out of the bag, often get powder everywhere, but usually just lick it off. A pill container would work much better for this power.
So far, few studies have definitively linked autism to problems in oxytocin signalling. Some of the clearest evidence emerged in February, from a team led by neurogeneticist Daniel Geschwind of the University of California, Los Angeles. The group showed that mice that lacked a working copy of the Cntnap2 gene — which has been implicated in a small subset of human autism cases — had fewer oxytocin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus and socialized less with other mice than did control mice15. After receiving doses of oxytocin every day for two weeks, the mice behaved normally again. “Until this, there was no evidence that there was a subtype of autism that had to do with oxytocin deficits,” Geschwind says.
I’m always interested in learning about better supplements for my health. I’ve heard a lot of good things about peptides, but this was the first time I’ve read about TB-500 in particular. It sounds like it can have a major impact on helping you recover from injuries, which is a huge deal in today’s world. I may need to look into it some more before actually buying it, but thank you so much for taking the time to explain it!
In 19 obese females given either placebo or 8mg/kg (weight not actually given, only BMI between 30-40 for women) daily for 5 weeks without any concurrent dietary recommendations, 5-HTP treatment was associated with a decrease in appetite and food intake (resulting in weight loss) without significantly affecting mood state. This study noted that food intake was reduced from an average of 2,903kcal to 1,819kcal (62% of baseline) while placebo only reduced calories to 80%, and the 0.5kg weight loss in placebo was outperformed by a near 1.5kg loss in 5-HTP. These weight loss effects have been noted with 750mg 5-HTP over 2 weeks in overweight diabetics and over 12 weeks in obese persons given 900mg 5-HTP daily (58% of baseline intake); this latter study had a 6 week trial without a diet (in which significant weight loss was only noted at week 6) followed up by coadministration with a diet where weight loss proceeded to reach an additional 3.3kg over the subsequent 6 weeks; this latter study is duplicated in Medline.
James Bates* who recently started taking it for panic attacks, said, "A friend who had anxiety recommended 5-HTP to me. I used to take beta-blockers and Valium but the doctors have got funny about giving them to me. I needed an alternative and didn't fancy getting back on Prozac. I've only been taking the supplements for a month but so far, it's helped a lot. I've only had two panic attacks, whereas usually I'd have four or five."
A critical step in wound healing is angiogenesis. New vessels are needed to supply nutrients and oxygen to the cells involved in repair, to remove toxic materials and debris of dead cells and generate optimal conditions for new tissue formation. Another important step is the directional migration of cells into the injured area, joining up to repair the wound. This requires an attractant that will direct the cells to the wound and propel them to the site. These critical steps in wound healing are regulated by beta 4, as seen in the following experiments.
In addition to angiogenesis and neurogenesis, cell- and pharmacologically based therapies substantially remodel white matter in the ischemic brain. Treatment of experimental stroke with MCSs, rhEPO, or sildenafil significantly increases axonal density encapsulating the ischemic lesion. Dynamic changes of white matter structure along the ischemic boundary have been imaged in living animals by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and fractional anisotropy (FA) measurements. Data from these MRI indices demonstrate that administration of rhEPO or sildenafil augments axonal remodeling and angiogenesis and that both of them are spatially and temporally correlated. Administration of MSCs, rhEPO, and thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) dramatically increases the number of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in the corpus callosum, the striatum, and the V/SVZ of the ischemic hemisphere and mature oligodendrocytes in the ischemic boundary adjacent to myelinated axons. These findings suggest that cell- and pharmacologically based therapies promote generation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in the ischemic brain that migrate to target axons, where they extend their processes myelinating the axons.
Jump up ^ Venkatesh B, Si-Hoe SL, Murphy D, Brenner S (November 1997). "Transgenic rats reveal functional conservation of regulatory controls between the Fugu isotocin and rat oxytocin genes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 94 (23): 12462–6. Bibcode:1997PNAS...9412462V. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.23.12462. PMC 25001. PMID 9356472.
In some studies that record appetite suppression with 5-HTP supplementation, nausea appears to also be reported at higher freqencies than placebo, although some interventions note this as the only relevant side effect. Short term studies tend to note that nausea persists throughout the study period while those expanding beyond three weeks note that reports of nausea tend to decline at this time point.
But returning hunters also need to share meat with their families and friends; this is where oxytocin comes into play. It can help overcome the potentially negative social effects of testosterone. Men who were absent for longer seem to need more oxytocin to reconnect with their families; it seems that absence does indeed make the heart grow fonder, via an oxytocin blast.
As shown in Figure 1, thymic hormones also modulate the production of hypothalamus pituitary hormones and neuropeptides. Initial experiments revealed that neonatal thymectomy promotes a decrease in the number of secretory granules in acidophic cells of the adenopituitary . In the same vein, athymic nude mice display low levels of various pituitary hormones, such as PRL, GH, LH and FSH . With regard to thymic peptides, thymosin beta-4, when perfused intraventricularly, stimulates LH and LHRH secretion . Similar results were obtained with another thymic peptide, thymulin, in perfused or fragmented pituitary preparations . The administration of thymopoietin (another chemically-defined thymic hormone) in children with Hodgkin’s disease increased GH and cortisol serum levels . Moreover, thymopentin (the synthetic biologically active peptide of thymopoietin) enhances in vitro the production of ACTH and beta-endorphin . In addition, thymulin exhibits an in vitro stimulatory effect on perfused rat pituitaries, enhancing PRL, GH, TSH and LH release . Using short-term cultures of pituitary fragments, an increase in ACTH secretion occurs after in vitro thymulin addition, with no changes in GH levels and significant reductions in PRL release . A further thymosin peptide was recently isolated with the task in stimulating IL-6 release from rat glioma cells . By contrast, thymosin alpha-1 is apparently able to down regulate TSH, ACTH and PRL secretion in vivo with no modifications on GH levels . These inhibitory effects seem to occur through hypothalamic pathways. Indeed, the production of the corresponding releasing hormones by hypothalamic neurones decreased after in vitro addition of thymosin alpha-1 in medial basal hypothalamic fragments .
I bought 200mg "double strength" tablets off Amazon. Immediately after taking them, I felt slightly better. After a week of taking one of these with my breakfast, I could easily get through a working day without being too panicked to concentrate on a screen. I still woke up with 'the fear' but it was lessened. Better yet, there seemed to be no notable side effects. I started recommending it to all my friends with mild depression or anxiety. I was in love.
Advice & Tips: 5-HTP is a serotonin precursor. Serotonin is well-known as a hormone that affects one's mood in a positive way, but it is probably less-well known that it increases intestinal motility. It has worked magic for my symptoms. I am completely regular now, and the majority of my days are good days, whereas before I began taking it the majority of my days were bad days that began with symptoms of constipation and intestinal pain or discomfort. For me, at least, this is not a prescription. I began taking 5-HTP after my fiancee'--who had already been taking it to help her mood and, primarily, her difficulty sleeping through the night--learned it can be helpful when taken for gastrointestinal motility, and I began taking it myself shortly after that (and felt its effects almost immediately). Although not entirely unexpected, my slightly enhanced good moods are a nice side benefit of taking the supplement. I do get some very mild undesirable side effects, especially during mid-day when I take twice my morning and evening dose of 100 mg. Sometimes my face feels hot and flushes fairly noticeably--and this may be intensified with eating--but those symptoms subside within probably 30 minutes or less.
Bonding. In the Prairie Vole, oxytocin released into the brain of the female during sexual activity is important for forming a monogamous pair bond with her sexual partner. Vasopressin appears to have a similar effect in males. In people, plasma concentrations of oxytocin have been reported to be higher amongst people who claim to be falling in love. Oxytocin has a role in social behaviors in many species, and so it seems likely that it has similar roles in humans.
My wife has suffered from debilitating leg cramps for years, usually nocturnal. We have spent much money and time trying to find a cure, including every type of magnesium supplement we could find. Nothing has worked. We’ve also tried MSM and DMSO. Sometimes the cramps are in her calves, sometimes her thighs, sometimes her back and even her toes. Sometimes several muscles cramp at once. She has a high tolerance for pain, but these cramps leave her sobbing. I have purchased TB-500 and received it today. Does your research offer any hope that this could help eliminate her muscle spasms?
Oral 5-HTP results in an increase in urinary 5-HIAA, a serotonin metabolite, indicating that 5-HTP is peripherally metabolized to serotonin, which is then metabolized. This might cause a false positive test in tests looking for carcinoid syndrome. Due to the conversion of 5-HTP into serotonin by the liver, there could be a risk of heart valve disease from serotonin's effect on the heart, as based on preclinical findings. However, 5-HTP has not been associated with cardiac toxicity in humans.

domain: literature


text:
Crypto security startup Solidus Labs has raised $45 million in a Series B funding round led by Liberty City Ventures at an undisclosed valuation. The funding will help launch threat intelligence capabilities and build out the research and development team to address use cases specific to decentralized finance (DeFi).
In March, Solidus Labs unveiled Halo, a machine learning-driven crypto-native trade surveillance and market intelligence hub that provides institutional-grade regulatory risk and compliance solutions. Halo is monitoring more than 1 trillion trading events per day in over 150 markets, according to the press release.
The startup was founded in 2018 by Asaf Meir, Praveen Kumar and Chen Arad – a team of former Goldman Sachs (GS) engineers and cybersecurity professionals. SolidusIt has seen a 560% increase in year-over-year revenue growth and 250% growth in the number of clients, a company spokesperson told CoinDesk in an email. The company had 10 employees when it started 2020. It now has close to 100 employees, with the goal to double its headcount in the next year.
Solidus established the Crypto Market Integrity Coalition, a group comprising 30 companies that aims to increase safety in the crypto markets. The group comprises Coinbase (COIN), Robinhood, (HOOD), Gemini (GSR), Circle and BitStamp.
Solidus Labs has also been supported by several former regulators. Kathy Kraninger (ex-director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, CFPB), was hired by Solidus Labs last year to be its vice president for regulatory affairs. Angel investors and advisors in the startup include former Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) Chairman Christopher Giancarlo (aka “Crypto Dad”), who is also a Web 3 regulatory advisor at crypto venture capital fund CoinFund, and former Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Commissioner Troy Paredes.
Solidus Labs raised nearly $40 million in the capital last year between two funding rounds.
“How fast crypto and DeFi will be able to grow depends on how effective critical guardrails and checks and balances are – and Solidus is consistently leading the market in providing innovative, crypto-native market integrity solutions,” said Liberty City Ventures Partner Emil Woods in the press release.

domain: economics


text:
FROM Wayne Ratkovich
Connecting The Bloc A bird's eye view of The Bloc in downtown LA. Photo courtesy The Bloc The old Macy's Plaza in downtown LA, designed by Charles Luckman, had a fortress-like quality. It was cut off from the street and the 7th Street/Metro Center station below it. Developer Wayne Ratkovich bought the property, re-branded it as The Bloc , and, with design by Studio One Eleven, has opened a pedestrian passageway connecting to the Metro station. Does this signify a new embrace of mass transit users by retailers in Los Angeles? Can a more urban shopping experience keep up with changes in retailing?
Silicon Beach and the Perils of Gentrification For a long time, people in Silicon Valley would fly to LA when they had to. Then it occurred to them that people who work in technology and content could actually live in the same place. Now, Google has come to Venice, greeted warmly by the Chamber of Commerce, but regarded by some long-time residents as an unwelcome invader. We look at the changing nature of that formerly funky community with 300 new high-tech companies altogether. But that only accounts for half of the new, mainly Westside, phenomenon called Silicon Beach. (Parts Two and Three of KCRW's series on Silicon Beach will run on All Things Considered tomorrow on Friday. You can hear them all at KCRW.com/siliconbeach .) In addition to our guests, we also hear the voices of Jonathan Gold, food critic for LA Times and KCRW's Good Food ; Marissa Gluck, tech consultant for Radar Research and Oscar Hermosillo, owner of Venice Beach Wines and Oscar's Cerveteca on Rose Avenue.
How do Trump supporters feel about the Paris Accord? Globally and around the U.S., there are strong opinions whether or not the Paris Climate Accord is a good idea. The American exit is either a horrifying abdication of American leadership or a forceful and long overdue statement about U.S. sovereignty.


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While working in Lafayette for nearly three decades — as city manager for 22 of 28 total years — Steve Falk came to know even the backstories of his hometown’s backstories. Announcing at a City Council meeting in September 2018 his intention to resign at the end of the year, Falk ended a service term that by multiple times defied the average city manager’s four-to-five-year term.
Which makes Falk the ultimate insider outlier.
Now, a matter of mere months after leaving Lafayette, Falk has been “drafted” out of retirement by the city of Richmond and its Mayor Tom Butt.
“I wasn’t looking for a job,” Falk said in an interview. “I had the fortunate experience to teach a Public Budgeting class in the masters program at CAL Berkeley this summer. It was during teaching the class that I got the call from Mayor Tom Butt, who asked if I was available to serve as interim city manager. The turnaround was essentially overnight. I learned on Thursday that I’d be starting the following Wednesday.”
Falk in late August began a five-month interim position after the previous city manager, Carlos Martinez, was fired in July 2019 after less than a year on the job. Martinez had been working to eliminate the city’s $7.6 million budget deficit. Poor relations with labor unions and city workers and a proposed 2019-20 budget plan that included layoffs of department heads led to his precipitous departure.
“The first thing I did was ask my assistant to schedule meetings one-on-one with every department head in the city,” says Falk, two weeks into his new job. “There are 21, so I’m working my way down the list. I’m also meeting with all the union chiefs. There are six unions. I met with them today for a two-hour meeting. I pledged that I’d be open, honest and direct with them.”
Falk says in his experience, people who work for cities generally have their city’s best interests at heart and are not antagonists but rather want their city to succeed.
“They’re highly responsible and responsive. In the meetings I’ve had so far, I didn’t suggest we’d always agree on everything. I said we’ll even disagree at times, but we’ll do it with a spirit of transparency and trust. Management and unions are always bargaining and agreeing; it’s what we do.”
As a model, Falk holds up his father, who ran a foundry in Southern California that made alloys for airplanes.
“I worked there as a teenager in the summers. To his credit, my dad put me in the maintenance department. I worked with all ages, races and kinds of people. I’d see my dad and how he treated them, always with kindness. He was so deferential to the workers it sometimes wasn’t clear if they were working for him or he was working for them. He was a deep, profound influence in my life about how to treat people.”
A good city manager is a good listener, he says. Arguably, one reason Falk lasted so long in Lafayette is his belief that “keeping your ears open to the people” is Number One. Listening to city council and staff because no city manager meets a city’s needs singlehandedly are some of his other closely held truths.
“This whole gig is about public trust. In our system of government, the people make an awesome decision to trust the city council and city manager with their money. I’ve always felt that’s a sacred trust, a privilege I take very seriously. When they turn that money over to you, I always thought I must handle that extremely carefully.”
Falk’s decision to resign came only after Lafayette voters rejected two measures by wide margins related to zoning, development and urban housing. In Richmond, he is pleased and surprised to discover good news in those areas of city business.
“I don’t claim to be an expert on Richmond, but my first impressions are of being impressed. Crime rates are at historic lows. Homicides are at historic lows. At its peak in the early 2000s Richmond had 61 homicides in a year. In 2007, they had 46; last year, 18; this year, nine. So it’s not just dropped, it’s plummeted.”
With the city’s unemployment rate at 3.9 percent (he mentions studies showing more people working means less overall crime), Falk says the public perception is that Richmond is safer than it has been in generations. And land is still relatively inexpensive compared to other places in the Bay Area.
“Housing developers are crawling all over Richmond,” he says. “I looked up statistics and found in 2014 roughly 65 homes were entitled through the building process. In 2018 more than 750 homes were entitled. That’s an exponential increase.”
Richmond has 20 miles of shoreline that’s ripe for development and city staff eager to “get developers’ plans off the ground,” he suggests.
Asked if the lure of the position will lead him to accept a permanent post if it is offered, Falk is resolute.
“To do the job well requires that you be in the office every day and at a community hall, mayor’s conference, Rotary Club dinner, council meeting, civic events, street festival, holiday fairs. You can work 80 hours a week. I did that for Lafayette for 22 years, giving everything I had. I’m not looking for a permanent position.”
Instead, Falk, 57, plans to spend time painting, a hobby he picked up in 2002 at age 40. Or exercising, walking his 11-year-old Lab — charmingly named Ella Fetchgerald — and with his wife of 29 years visiting their two adult children, one of whom is a dancer working in France. Until then, the best place to find Falk is in his office, doors and ears wide open to the people.

domain: news


text:
Do you love to create and plant your own vegetable garden; however aren’t certain how to get started? If so, then there are various online tools accessible that helps you to plan your vegetable garden, and also get the flexibility to make alterations at any time without the bother of using a pencil and eraser. Vegetables and flowers are our natural companions, and if you plan your vegetable garden in appropriate way then you can enjoy a beautiful garden full of the fruits of your labor, plus a wonderful way to spend time with your children outdoors. A well-designed garden is an attractive addition to your house too. Moreover, eating a fresh-from-your-garden vegetable is totally diverse than the ones found anyplace else. Select the best garden ideas and plans by going through the different online tools mentioned below. These online garden planners will assist you pull together the ideal plot while providing tips on planting times, spacing, and harvest yields. Now begin growing your vegetables organically without any chemicals and extra herbicides, fungicides, pesticide sprays, or “nasti-cides.”
Online tools to plan the perfect Vegetable Garden
The GrowVeg garden planning application is good for those who want to grow their own fruits, vegetables or who crave to make sure that their food is organic. GrowVeg makes it simple to draw out one’s garden plan, and provides you the required tools to build a garden that will cover your whole backyard or you can make a square foot garden (SFG) perfect for smaller yards. The app is accessible in both inches and feet or metric units. This vegetable garden software gives options for more than 130 diverse vegetables, herbs and fruit, and thorough growing details is just a click away. It gives you extensive options for assisting you plan and maintain a healthy garden and have a few very fruitful harvests. It shows how much space definite plants need and how to group them in the finest way. This eliminates the need to search for planting distances and crop families. According to your zip code, the app determines the best times to plant, and finds the average first and last frost dates for your region, based on records from more than 5,000 weather stations all over the United States and Canada. Furthermore, GrowVeg has lots of growing suggestions.
The best feature of GrowVeg is that it keeps track of one’s crops from the past years and informs one if they have already grown something in that family in that place in the past. As a result, it maintains the best crop rotation. After your plan comes to an end, this software will let you to share your garden design with other gardeners, plus upload the details of your garden to Facebook, Twitter or other social networking sites. The app is available for free trail up to 30 days. Then, the service charges $25 for a 1-year subscription or $40 for a 2-year subscription. As well, the app is accessible for your smartphone and your iPad. GrowVeg will also send you twice-monthly reminders regarding what crops to sow and plant from your plans, allowing you to keep track of series plantings very easily. This app covers almost everything for a well-organized and timely planted garden and is well worth the annual subscription fee.
Now design your whole vegetable garden online using Plan Garden, during a 45-day free trial period – no download required. After your free trial period ends, it costs $20 a year or $36 for 3 years. It lets you to make personally defined labels for plants and to upload your own images into your virtual garden. This application will direct you through each of the essential steps for producing a bountiful harvest, plus planting, spacing, crop rotation, configuring frost dates, etc. Most of the other garden planners offer the classic drag-and-drop graphics and custom-sized plots, and Plan Garden delivers something extra – a “Know When to Plant” guide assists you keep on track while a “Harvest Estimator” lets you to guess how much of each vegetable you’ll yield, it means you can stagger your plantings to keep consuming those yummy greens all season.
First of all, lay out your garden in plots of different shapes and sizes, afterward drag-and-drop fruits, vegetables and flowers. There’s a broad selection of options, and you can reserve regions for individual plants, rows, and rectangles. As well, you are able to move around the text labels for reading, or deleting them completely. Use the harvest feature to simply plan succession crops and harvest dates. A good daily log allows you to schedule and record garden activities such as turning compost, fertilizing beds, and so on. Once you create a design for your garden, you can print a hard copy to take outside with you. You can even download the PlanGarden software accordingly you can work on your garden plans also when you don’t have internet access. After creating your garden masterpiece, you can share it on Facebook or YouTube.
Plangarden will let you to make multiple gardens at one time. All your garden bases are covered very elegantly on PlanGarden and it offers great scheduling features, however it doesn’t provide automated crop rotation warnings, crop data entry, email reminders, or other bells and whistles given by GrowVeg.com and the Kitchen Garden Planner. Instead, they give a Vegetable Calculator and a Frost Calculator to assist you space things and come to a decision when to plant, although you need to look up each vegetable you wish to grow with those calculators, and put that data into your garden plan yourself.
3, Kitchen Garden Planner by Gardener’s Supply Company
One of the superior mail order gardening retailers, Gardener’s Supply created a Kitchen Garden Planner to help you make out what to plant, where and when. The Kitchen Garden Plannerprovides users two very convenient alternatives: choosing a pre-planned garden or generating your own garden plan. You can plot a 3- by 6-foot garden with an interactive design tool to choose from various vegetables OR you can work with any of the six, pre-planned gardens: All American, Cook’s Choice, High Yield, Plant It & Forget It, Salad Bar, and Salsa & Tomato Sauce. Take a look at these pre-planned plots carefully, and select the theme that suits your land, maintenance schedule, and eating habits. All of these are available for free download. Each version has step-by-step instructions, suggested plant choices, a calculator to find out how much soil you require and complete info on how to plant and harvest. Every plan provides you a 15-plot grid and thorough planting instructions for every vegetable; consequently you can maximize your output at the same time as minimizing your effort. If you have DIY (Do It Yourself) garden, then you could utilize the blank plot to drag and drop your own preferred veggies in order to get a custom end-result.
It’s very simple to use The Kitchen Garden planner, just put in the dimensions of your garden beds and afterward drag and drop the plants you would like to grow onto the grid. Below the plan, check out planting instructions for each plant you preferred. When you have completed planning your design, you can print out the plan so that you can use it out in your garden area. Moreover, browse the rest of the site and get lots of good organic gardening suggestion.
4, Garden Planner Online
Now start planning your garden online for free of cost using Garden Planner. Download the 15 day trial version for using this software for Windows and Mac. If you like it, then buy and download a complete software version of Garden Planner for $24. The free trial version of the app does not permit you to save the image, however you can get print out of your plan and utilize it for detailing. Garden Planner Online allows you customize the size, shape, and layout of your garden, adding trees, shrubs, grass, flowers, brick patios, and fencing for a wholly custom appearance to your new backyard. The app interface is easy to use and no special skills are needed to operate it. The features and functions of the app are neatly shown in the application interface in order that you can begin designing your garden very fast.
First of all, choose the new plan or existing plan before designing. The application has lots of sample plans for the users, so that you can plan speedily and plan attractive garden. A widespread drawing space is offered in the mid of the interface, in which you can draw your plans and put your objects. You can even observe your designs in diverse way and rotate and zoom the objects as per your ease. The left corner panel of the app presents all the objects and structures which you have to select. Check out different plants and trees for the garden and pick up the good ones since your garden will look maintained and gorgeous just by right selection of trees. Once you complete making garden planning, print out a list of all the plants you prefer so you don’t wind up wandering the aisles at your local garden center.

domain: agronomy


The Celeron and Pentium Processors are two of Intel’s ideal promoting CPUs. They are discovered in a majority of house laptop systems. When comparing the two processors it ought to be very first understood that there are diverse sorts of Pentium processors – the original Pentium all the way to the Pentium four (the most recent Pentium processor). The Celeron processors are a lot more or significantly less the same, even though you will uncover them in a wide range of speeds.
Some attributes of the Nehalem include mandatory use of DDR3 SDRAM, help for two, four or 8 cores (i7 will have 4), ability for the cores to clock themselves making use of Turbo Enhance tehnology (only when user isn’t overclocking) and sophisticated energy management with the capacity to make an unused core use no power at all. A motherboard that supports QuickPath (offering high speed links to shared memory) is required to assistance i7, the Intel X58 and MSI X58 both assistance QuickPath. The memory controller will be directly connected to the CPU as an alternative of a separate chip to increase performance.
y i agree thers no want ofc to modify cpu whit every new generations (ofc if you have cash to throw away you can do it) but if you altering each four years upgrade will be worth cos that implies you will get cpu three generations newer. Your i7 vs new skylake i7 should be about 40%+ , for instance i have i5 3570k (ivy) and how i planing to jump on skylake i7 family i expect about 40% gain.
More than on In search of Alpha, contributor Alcaraz Study points out that the chairman of Taiwanese ODM Inventec confirmed to the Taipei Times that properly-known smartphone vendor Xiaomi will be getting into into the notebook personal computer industry. These notebooks, per the Taipei Occasions, are expected to start shipping in either the initial or second quarter of 2016.
If you have your heart set on an AMD processor for gaming, then contemplate this AMD FX-8350 This processor has quite great ratings and appears to be a popular decision among pc enthusiasts and gamers alike. You get up to 24% much better frame rates in some of your most high finish games and the resolution is remarkable. Audio encoding is more quickly so you don’t have to wait as long to listen to your music. It provides you up to 5. GHz and functions the amazing cooling technique that most AMD processors come with.


Republican Rep. Rob Woodall said Thursday he will not seek a reelection at the end of his term. Woodall from Georgia, who narrowly won a reelection in his suburban Atlanta district last fall, cited political and personal reasons for his retirement.
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text:
In this brilliant eye opener on the highly debated topic of gender equality, Maharishikaa explains to Deshna Khanna what she means by the statement "true equality between male and female”. She takes her on a journey through time, from the early hours of humankind - when females were the more dominant of the species, looked up to by the males. She illustrates how the reins of power shifted into the hands of the males, and patriarchy established. Forward fast to the present day, Maharishikaa proclaims that we’re in an enormous paradigm shift, where increasingly males and females will begin to live in harmony. She reveals precisely what each individual can do, to live harmoniously with the males or the females in their lives.
#Maharishikaa #GenderEquality #AgeOfTrueEquality
Aaryaa Maharishikaa Preeti Maiyaa, is a revolutionary female mystic who fearlessly dares to demystify spirituality in her unrelenting call to realize Self, and act from Source. Detailed biography: https://maharishikaa.org/biography/
If you would like to make a Dakshinaa offering directly to Maharishikaa:
Online transfer: http://bit.ly/Dakshinaa
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domain: library


According to the opinion of students of the Faculties of Tourism, who participated in the activities of “Vlasina Award of Excellence” Vlasina lake will be more visible on the tourist map of our country and thus contribute to the promotion, but also to the economic and social development of the entire area that needs to be developed on the principles of sustainable development.
The Participation took students from seven state and private faculties for tourism in Serbia, whose task was to figure out a way for the development of tourist destinations Vlasina within the limits of the protected area and that their ideas encourage key stakeholders in the destination to get more involved in the development of ecotourism and active tourism.
Awards were given within the project “Vlasina Lake Ecotourism Promotion and Environment Protection“ which is realized by the Ministry of Energy, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Municipality of Surdulica supported by the Coca-Cola system.
This initiative should generate ideas and to present development opportunities of Vlasina destination. Its development sould include as many key players as well as cooperation between Coca Cola and Surdulica municipality, and the Ministry of Energy and Environmental Development and the United Nations Programme for Development showed example of good practice for development of ecotourism in the protected area. And it’s a model that should be adopted by a majority of protected areas in Serbia.