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Make a Zoomed Viewport Bubble- AutoCAD Tutorial This article focusses on AutoCAD tutorial to create a zoomed viewport bubble in AutoCAD. It is a cool graphic effect to display both context and an enlarged detail of a specific area in the drawing. So, today I was asked, how to create a viewport within a viewport…
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Sports bicycles, Motor Bikes, Road Bikes, Cruiser Bikes, Motorcycles. This file also includes Mountain Bikes, Cyclocross Bikes, Women’s & Kids Bicycles’ CAD Blocks of cyclists, Bicycles and other free AutoCAD blocks of bicycles and bikes. All files in this blog are saved in AutoCAD 2004 or AutoCAD 2000.
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A selection of my work has been selected to be part of the ‘Vessel’ exhibition at the Cupola Gallery in Sheffield. All the work is made by members of the Northern Potters Association and will show the wide breadth of styles and techniques utilised in creating their work.
Cupola's infamous sale is back! This is an opportunity for artists to sell off older, not quite perfect or experimental work at bargain prices and for art lovers to enjoy a rummage through approximately 3000 items and uncover a hidden treasure!
Every year The Bankley Open invites submissions from contemporary artists living within the UK, working in any 2D & 3D media, video, sound or performance. I am very please to have two of my experimental works selected to be part of the exhibition of 20 artists.
A small selection of brand new pieces from the recent wood-firing will be exhibited alongside Claire Scott’s paintings and Emily Stubbs’ ceramics at the Twenty Twenty Ludlow Gallery. Deiniol's new work which incorporates stone inclusions and natural materials will be complimenting Clair’s landscape paintings.
Stephen West AFG yn curadu ddetholiad o artistiaid Cymreig, peintiwr, ceramegwyr a cherflynwyd - Stephen West RCA curates his selection of Welsh artists, painters, ceramicists and sculptors
A selection of brand new pieces from the recent wood-firing will be exhibited alongside Sue Campion's new artwork. Deiniol's new experimental work incorporating stone inclusions will be complimenting Sue's oil and pastel works.
A selection of my framed tiles will be on display at 'The Butterfly House at The Torrs' as part of the New Mills Festival.
Art in the Window returns to Glossopdale for the month of August. Artists ranging from professional to amateur and including school pupils from around the Glossopdale area will be displaying their artwork in the windows of independent retailers of Glossop and Hadfield
After 6 1/2 years away from making wood-fired pots, this will be the first exhibition of my new work aalongside paintings by Gerald Dewsbury and Chris Welsh, and glass sculptures by Jenny Ayrton at the Twenty Twenty Gallery in Much Wenlock.
This summer over 50 independent retailers in Glossop are taking part in Art in the Window 2015 transforming the streets into art galleries and providing local artists and artisan makers in the area the perfect opportunity to showcase their work. My work will be on display at Lotties Loft on George Street.

domain: artistic


Adafruit Motor Shield Kit Review
Project Completed: January 2014The Adafruit Motor Shield is a shield for Arduino that allows the Arduino to control DC motors, stepper motors, and servos more easily. I have used these shields for many projects such as automating a rover.
(The Adafruit Motor Shield V2 stacked on top of an Arduino Uno)
The Motor Shield comes in an anti-static, shiny plastic bag in parts.
The finished shield looks like this:
The directions from Adafruit are written well and easy to follow. I feel that these shields are well designed and stack very easily. This shield is useful and executes its purpose very well!
Click here to read the Kit Tips for the Adafruit Motor Shield V2...


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Another of my samples from teakruthi and, in my opinion, another winner as well!
The leaf style of this black tea is really beautiful; and I was excited to see a tea from Rahuna in my selected samples – in general Sri Lankan teas from Rahuna/Kandy do often tend to be my favourites. This steeps up very lovely; it’s got a sweet and malty liquor aroma that’s immediately nostalgic and inviting for me. I like a great range of tea – and even within black tea specifically the different types I enjoy are super diverse. However, whenever I picture the “perfect” cup of black tea in my head it’s almost always full bodied and so, so malty!
This tastes incredible rich and malty, but has a lovely baked bread note to it too – like a loaf of whole wheat bread right out of the oven! Add to that subtle notes of raisin and buckwheat honey and this is pretty close to my perfect black tea profile; it’s just missing a little chocolate and stonefruit in the cup. But even still – damn smooth, enticing and easily drinkable!

domain: hobby


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New families for Jennifer Aniston and Reese Witherspoon?
Dammit. It has been a sorry week for celebrity gossip. Are all the celebrities summering in some country like Svenborgia that only rich people know about? Are the paps all back in San Quentin? What gives? OK the not news news, MonstersAndCritics is reporting that John Mayer may possibly explore the idea of proposing to Jennifer Aniston sometime in the '08.
M&C goes on to say that we shouldn't be surprised if Jen (nifer) is wearing an engagement ring while doing the press tour for her fall film Management (out September 19th). You know what? We retain our right to be surprised. In this 'nothing would surprise me' world of celebrity hijinks, we want to be pleasantly shocked from time to time. Like when we heard that Nicole Richie was giving some of her shower gifts to abused women. That was mighty decent of her. Shock us with something good. Like if Management (also with Steve Zahn and Woody Harrelson) turned out to be a new millennium successor to Office Space. That would be great. We have high hopes that Jennifer Aniston can be really successful and happy without getting into a new TV show playing a Rachel Green clone. Let's not make it a new album of
Dave Matthews' John Mayer's greatest hits played on sitar, either. Shock us good, Amadeus.
While we're discussing non-news, Digital Spy reports that Jake Gyllenhaal (most recently in Rendition with Reese Witherspoon) may be ready for children. Ahh. The children that Reese Witherspoon had with Ryan Phillippe or new yet-to-be-conceived children? We don't know anything about these 2 and we're glad if they're ready for more kids but we had a feeling after hearing about their cohabitation that he was in over his head. It happens to the best of us. The good news is that he and Brad Pitt, even with modern medicine, can count on not having to live much past 120-140 years old. That's not so long. Wait, who is that good news for?

domain: celebrity


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The Ready Set Crow (RSC) team has had another busy year visiting remote communities to forge relationships and promote the importance of education.
Crows legend Andrew McLeod and RSC project officers Eddie Hocking and Mark Mueller recently made trips to the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara (APY) Lands and Far West Coast region – two of around 10 visits undertaken by the team each year.
The RSC program aims to engage, support, retain and promote the education of remote students by facilitating secondary school opportunities.
Regular community visits are a key pillar of the program, providing the RSC team with the chance to speak to teachers, students and their families about schooling options in Adelaide.
The program then supports students and families who take up the opportunity to experience life in Adelaide, by way of a short term or transitional visit to Wiltja Boarding.
McLeod said the team looked forward to each trip to the communities.
“When we visit we spend time in the schools discussing a number of topics including the importance of going to school, showing respect in class, taking responsibility for your behaviour, and being a strong leader in the community now and in the future,” McLeod said.
“We also prepare the kids for visiting Adelaide, which can be an uncomfortable experience for some of them.
“Often we host a big barbeque and play sport as a way to connect in with the wider community.
“Many of the students who have received intensive support from the RSC team have shown improved school attendance and engagement which is what we are trying to achieve.
“It is a program that will continue to gain momentum with ongoing relationships and trust built over time, so that when the younger kids reach high school age it feels more normal for them to make the transition to school in Adelaide.”
The Ready Set Crow project is proudly funded by the Australian Government and delivered in partnership with Wiltja Boarding and the Department of Education and Childhood Development.

domain: news


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Salinity stress adversely affects the plant growth and is a major constraint to agriculture. In the present study, we studied the role of plant growth promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) Enterobacter cloacae SBP-8 possessing ACC deaminase activity on proteome profile of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under high salinity (200 mM NaCl) stress. The aim of study was to investigate the differential expressed protein in selected three (T-1, T-2, T-3) treatments and absolute quantification (MS/MS analysis) was used to detect statistically significant expressed proteins. In this study, we investigated the adaptation mechanisms of wheat seedlings exposed to high concentration of NaCl treatment (200 mM) for 15 days in response to bacterial inoculation based on proteomic data. The identified proteins were distributed in different cellular, biological and molecular functions. Under salt stress, proteins related to ion-transport, metabolic pathway, protein synthesis and defense responsive were increased to a certain extent. A broader comparison of the proteome of wheat plant under different treatments revealed that changes in some of the metabolic pathway may be involved in stress adaption in response to PGPR inoculation. Hierarchical cluster analysis identified the various up-regulated/down-regulated proteins into tested three treatments. Our results suggest that bacterial inoculation enhanced the ability of wheat plant to combat salt stress via regulation of transcription factors, promoting antioxidative activity, induction of defense enzymes, lignin biosynthesis, and acceleration of protein synthesis.
Soil salinity is a major problem in the agriculture sector that inhibits the crop growth and productivity. It is estimated that around 20% of cultivated land, and up to 50% of all irrigated land are severely affected by high salinity effects worldwide. Most of this salt-affected land has arisen from the accumulation of salts over long periods of time in arid and semiarid zones . The irrigation with salinized water and scarce rain fall contribute to further increased salt stress that leads to decrease in crop productivity . Increased salt concentrations in the soil decrease the ability of a plant to take up water from the ground, whereas the increased level of Na+ and Cl- negatively affect growth by impairing metabolic processes and decreasing photosynthetic efficiency. Besides this, many of the components of signaling pathways have also been affected in plant responses to salinity inferred by transcriptomics and reverse genetics approaches . Plant's response to salinity is a complex phenomenon which involves activation or modification of processes occurring at physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels . Various injuries induced by salt stress are controlled by a chain of gene expression and several proteomic changes. A detailed identification and analyses of changes occurring at the protein level in a salt stressed-crop seems to be a rational approach for understanding the molecular mechanism of response to salt. Coping with salt stress involves complicated mechanisms that include developmental, morphological, physiological, and biochemical strategies . Further, salt stress-regulation genes are expressed in abundance which leads to the changes in total protein profile that help plants to adapt to salt accumulation .
Despite the fact that the generation of the salt-resistant genetically modified plants (GMP) are promising [7–9], they are not very popular among users firstly, due to ethical issues and secondly, due to low public acceptance. Thus, GMPs have not been widely applied at the field level. Uses of the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) with 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase activity have been reported to improve plant growth at high salt concentrations [10,11]. The development of proteomics tools has greatly facilitated the application of plant protein analysis to investigate plant-rhizobacteria interaction. Many of the plant proteins expressed in response to beneficial interactions provide resistance to pathogens and abiotic stress, and are also helpful for plant growth promotion [12–13]. Previous studies [14–15] have shown that certain plant growth promoting bacteria like Pseudomonas putida UW4 and Pseudomonas fluorescens counteract the salinity stress effects in Brassica napus and Oryza sativa by a differential expression of proteins related to plant defense, energy metabolism, photosynthesis, protein degradation and oxidative stress response.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), the second most important food crop, has high nutritional value and is rich in protein, minerals, calcium, iron, riboflavin and vitamin-A, etc. . The proteins in wheat seeds can be divided into albumins, globulins, gliadins, and glutenins that are important enzymes in plant growth . Few previous studies have been conducted on wheat to reveal the molecular mechanism of germination , determination of the influence of the external environment , and specific protein changes . However, little is known about the physiological and molecular adaptive mechanism of wheat plant tolerance to salt in response to PGPR inoculation. Investigation of proteomic profile of wheat plant would give us insights into the molecular mechanism of salt tolerance.
The use of proteomic tools and technologies has facilitated the application of proteomics in the characterization of plant–environmental interactions and should expand our understanding of these processes in the future . The proteomes of plants in response to environmental stimuli have been reviewed previously that illustrated plant proteins are involved in various aspects of plant–bacterial interactions, including plant resistance to pathogenic bacteria, and symbiotic relations for nutrient availability . To date, little work has been done on the combinational effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and environmental stresses, and corresponding effects on plant proteomes. Thus, the present work was aimed to examine the effect of beneficial PGPR on plant proteomic profile under high salinity stress. Here, a proteomic approach was conducted using Q-TOF (Quantitative time of flight) with column chromatography to explore the alteration in protein expression of wheat plant treated with Enterobacter cloacaeSBP-8 under salt stress. This approach could be promising to provide new insights into the molecular adaption of plants toward abiotic stressors using a more functional approach.
The ACC deaminase-containing bacterium Enterobacter cloacae SBP-8 was selected for the study based on its plant growth promoting properties under salt-stress conditions . Wheat plants (Triticum aestivum C-309) was grown and treated with the test isolate (SBP-8) as described previously with minor modification . Briefly, plant seeds were surface sterilized by treating with 70% ethanol for 2 min followed by three times washing with sterilized water. The seeds were exposed to 1.0% sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) solution for 3 min followed by three consecutive washes using sterile water to remove all traces of bleach solution. The sterilized seeds were treated at room temperature for 1 h with bacterial suspensions (108cfu mL−1) of Enterobacter cloacaeSBP-8following the standard protocol . Sterile 0.03 M MgSO4 solution-treated seeds were used as a negative control. For the preparation of bacterial inoculum, the bacterial isolate SBP-8 was grown in 250 ml Luria-Bertani (LB) medium at 30°C for 18 h with continuous shaking. The bacterial cells were harvested by centrifugation at 8,000g for 10 min at 4°C and re-suspended in 25 ml sterilized 0.03 M MgSO4 on ice . The absorbance of cell suspension was measured at600 nm, and the turbidity of bacterial suspension was adjusted to a concentration of approximately 108cfu ml−1 using sterilized0.03 M MgSO4.The sterilized seeds were placed on Petri-dishes containing moistened whatman filter paper with distilled water (10–15 seeds on each plate) for germination. Following germination, five seedlings (3 days old) were sown in each plastic pot filled with sterile soil (400 g). The plants were grown for 15 days after germination under controlled conditions in a plant growth chamber (Labtech, South Korea) set with 340 μmol m−2s−1 of light for 16:8 h light/dark period at 24±2°C with 70% humidity. The plants were watered with Hoagland medium (pH 6.8) containing NaCl (200 mM) to providing the nutrients as well as imposing the salt stress. Each treatment was taken in triplicate, and pots were arranged in completely randomized block design way. The whole experimental setup was divided into three treatments namely Treatment (T) 1 to 3. T-1 comprised of plants treated with salts and their corresponding untreated control plants. T-2 consisted of plants inoculated with test isolate and their uninoculated control plants, whereas T-3 included inoculated plants treated with salt stress and inoculated control plants grown without salt stress. These plants were grown for 15 days after seed germination, and used for comparison of their proteomic profile. After the experimental period, wheat plants were thoroughly washed with distilled water to remove any adhered soil particles and stored in liquid nitrogen until use.
Proteins were extracted using a TCA-Acetone precipitation method with some modifications. The whole plants of wheat (1 g) were finely powdered in liquid nitrogen using a pestle and mortar and suspended in 1 ml of extraction buffer [sucrose0.9 M, Tris-HCl 0.5 M, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid 5 mM, KCl 0.1 M, and dithiothreitol (DTT) 1% w/v], and vortexed into a thick paste. The suspension was sonicated in an ice-cold sonication bath (4°C) for 5 min in duplicates and was mixed with 1 ml 100% tricarboxylic acid (TCA) and 8 ml 100% ice-cold acetone. The mixture was vortexed for 10 min and centrifuged at 18,000g for 15 min at 4°C. The supernatant was discarded, re-suspended the pellet in 1 ml ice-cold acetone, and washed it at 18,000g for 15 min at 4°C. The above step was repeated to remove all TCA. All acetone was removed, and the sample was dried completely before dissolving in 50mMammonium bicarbonate with 1% SDS. Protein concentration was estimated by Bradford method and 100 μg protein was used for trypsin digestion. The sample was treated with 10mM DTT at 56°C for 1h followed by 55mM iodoacetamide(IDA) at room temperature in the dark for 45min. The sample was then digested with Trypsin (1:100 enzyme/protein concentrations) and incubated overnight at 37°C. The resulting sample was vacuum dried and dissolved in 10μl of 0.1% formic acid in water. After centrifugation at 10000g, the supernatant was injected on C18 Nano-LC column (75μmx150cmx1.7μm BEHC18 column) for separation of peptides followed by analysis on the Waters Synapt G2 Q-TOF instrument (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA).
The acquired raw data was processed by MassLynx 4.1 WATERS. The individual peptides MS/MS spectra were matched to the database sequence for protein identification on PLGS (Protein Lynx Global Server) software, WATERS, and MASCOT. The parameters chosen for identification against UNIPROT databases of Triticum aestivum included carbamidomethylation of cysteine as fixed modification and oxidation of methionine as variable modification, one missed cleavage, peptide mass tolerance set at 50 ppm (parts per million), fragment mass tolerance set at 0.8 Da, and peptide charges set at +2, +3, and +4.Mouse scoring algorithm was used to derive significance of the protein match with the ion score, which was calculated as -10×LOG10(P). The P in above formula represents an absolute probability of the observed match being a random event. It, thus, indicates that the match of a given protein and MS/MS spectra having relatively small P-value is not a random event. Expression of different proteins was compared between different treatments by calculating ratio of peptides in two samples based on ion-abundance data of peptides. Proteins/peptides having ratio of more than 1.5 was considered as up-regulated, whereas values below 0.75 were kept as the threshold for down-regulated proteins/peptides. Differentially expressed proteins were classified according to Gene ontology (http://www.geneontology.org)for their molecular function, biological processes, and cellular processes involved in response to salt stress. According to the known or predicted cellular localization and molecular function of the proteins, as determined by Blast-2Go (http://www.blast2go.com), specific groups of proteins were selected and analyzed on the basis of stimulus responses, chloroplasts proteins, and enzymes.
The expression profile of 79 differential expressed proteins (Table 1) common to three tested treatments was constructed through the two-way hierarchical clustering according to the Permut-Matrix software. Rows were mean centered, and Euclidean distance as well as average linkage was used for data aggregation. The customized sets of parameters are employed for the analysis, i.e. low and high expression levels are shown with green and red colors respectively.
As in every treatment for protein comparison, two sets of plants were taken. In the T-1 treatment (uninoculated control plants treated with and without salt stress), a total of 301 proteins were identified. Similarly, in the T-2 (bacterial inoculated plants and their uninoculated control plants), and T-3 treatment (bacterial inoculated plants treated with salt stress and bacterial inoculated control plants grown without salt stress) a total of 307 and 286 protein were identified respectively (S1 File).A total of 278 proteins were common to T-1 and T-2 treatment, whereas 266 and 243 proteins were common between T-1 and T-3, and T-2 to T-3.To study the effects of bacterial inoculation and salinity effect, different levels of protein expression and differentially accumulated proteins were assigned to major functional groups, and it was further subcategorized for greater clarity (Fig 1). All identified proteins were classified by gene ontology (GO) annotation software and then classified into three functional groups: molecular function, biological process, and cellular component. The results of the GO analyses for the various treatments are shown in Fig 1. Most of the annotated molecular functions were found to relate to binding, transporter and receptor activity, while most of the annotated biological processes were found related to metabolic and signalling processes.
Among the differentially expressed proteins categorized under biological process, 25proteinswereclassifiedas binding proteins for DNA, protein, or nucleotide, eighteen were involved in transporter activity, and 13were classified as receptor proteins in T-1 experimental plants (Fig 1). Proteins related to stress responses (12), regulation (8) and signal transduction (13) were also identified. For the T-2 treatment, 15 proteins were categorized for receptor activity, thirteen was involved in the transporter, and 21 were classified as binding proteins for DNA, protein, and nucleotide (Fig 1). Bacterial inoculation slightly increases the regulatory (11) and signal transduction (15) proteins. For the T-3 treatment, 23 were recognized as binding proteins, 16 for receptor activity, and 12 for catalytic activity (Fig 1)
The fifteen functional groups included the proteins involved in cell division, chromatin-associated protein, defense and pathogenic protein, ion transport, lipid biosynthesis, metabolic pathway, photosynthesis, plant growth and development, protease inhibitor, protein synthesis, protein degradation, seed storage, stress-related, transcription control, and some others with known biological functions. The majority of the identified proteins were related to a metabolic pathway, photosynthesis, and stress mechanisms.
Following bacterial inoculation, the major changes occurred for the proteins involved in primary metabolism and stress mechanisms. Bacterial inoculation up-regulates the level of the proteins involved in defense, a protease inhibitor, and protein synthesis. In the presence of NaCl treatment, the level of proteins involved in cell division, defense, protein synthesis and stress-related were down-regulated. The highest protein up-regulation was observed for seed storage protein (581%), followed by the protein related to cell division (547%) in treatment T-1 (Fig 2). It is evident from Fig 2 that salt stress down-regulated proteins related to plant growth and development,stress proteins, and transcriptional control by 62%, 57%, and 42% respectively.
In response to bacterial inoculation (T-2), the highest increase in up-regulation of protein was observed for ion transport (640%), transcriptional control (379%), photosynthesis (356%), and chromatin-associated protein (319%) (Fig 2). Besides, the down-regulated protein belonged to lipid biosynthesis (60%), plant growth and development (73%), protein degradation (61%) and stress-related protein (51%) (Fig 2). In other treatment (T-3), it was observed that proteins related to defense response were up-regulated by (2065%), photosynthesis (792%), and ion transport (765%). The down-regulated proteins were chromatin-associated protein (53%), lipid biosynthesis (47%), protein degradation (58%), and transcriptional control (51%) (Fig 2)
Following expression analysis, based on significant changes of ≥ 1.5-fold or ≤ 0.75, proteins belonging to different category were differentiated. Among 96 proteins that showed predominant changes in treatment T-1, 38 were up-regulated, and 58 were down-regulated (Fig 3). The higher increase in protein number was observed for protein synthesis (7), followed by photosynthesis (6) and metabolism (6). In response to bacterial inoculation (T-2), the expression level of 110 proteins showed significant changes, of which 43 were up- regulated, and 67were down-regulated (Fig 3). The metabolic proteins (13) were observed in higher number as compared to others. The expression level of 111 proteins showed significant changes in treatment T-3, of which 21 were up-regulated, and 90 were down-regulated (Fig 3). The proteins related to metabolic and protein synthesis (5) was predominantly present as compared to others.
To depict the common and unique proteins identified in each treatment, we constructed the Venn diagram, where the numbers of proteins in response to bacterial inoculation and NaCl stress are reported. A total of 301 proteins observed in treatment T-1 (control vs. control with salt stress), 307 in treatment T-2 (control vs bacterial inoculated), and 286 in treatment T-3 (bacterial inoculated vs. bacterial inoculated with salt stress). After comparison, 278proteins were common in treatment T-1& T-2, whereas 256 and 266proteins were common to treatment T-1 & T-3, and between T-2 &T-3 respectively (Fig 4). Among the identified proteins, 243 proteins were identified under all treatments.
A total of 79 differentially expressed proteins common to all treatments (T-1, T-2, T-3) were used for hierarchical cluster analysis under different treatments (Table 1) protein with UNIPROT-ID). These 79 proteins were chose based on their higher abundance. In the T-1 treatment, the cluster contained the 19 up-regulated and 38 down-regulated proteins. Examples of proteins that were majorly decreased under salt stress are Photosystem I chlorophyll a (S 43), Trypsin alpha-amylase inhibitor (S 62), Glucose-1-phosphate adenyltransferase (S 19) and Histone (S 44). The other down-regulated protein was belonging to Peroxiredoxin protein (S 65), Ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase (S 28), and ATP synthase protein (S 45). Bacterial inoculation enhanced the expression of the proteins belonging to ATP synthase (S 18, 45), Ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase (S 28), Translation initiation factor (S 8), Glucose 1 phosphate adenyltransferase (S 19), and Histone H3 (S 44) under non-saline stress. Under the salt stress of 200 mM, bacterial inoculation enhanced the expression of Phosphoglycerate kinase (S 21), Photosystem I (S 43), Glucose-1- phosphate adenyltransferase (S 20) and Cold shock protein (S 40). The down-regulated proteins were belonging to Chloroplast envelope membrane protein (S 46), NADP-dependent glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase (S 68), Thaumatin-like protein (S 29), and Ribosomal protein (S 64) (Fig 5).
Previous studies have demonstrated that inoculation of PGPR can up-regulate or down-regulate expression of the proteins in response to salinity and other stresses [26,27]. In this study, the variation in expression of the proteome of wheat plants due to NaCl treatment was analyzed in plants inoculated with PGPR Enterobacter cloacae SBP-8. It is well documented that on exposure to different stresses such as temperature, drought, and salinity, plants develop one or several other mechanisms which are regarded as adaptive mechanisms to sustain in given stress conditions. These adaptive features (modifications) can be exhibited at genetic, molecular, membranous and cellular levels. These modifications can occur either at one or many levels as mentioned above. The present study demonstrated that plants possess several different adaptive mechanisms in response toNaCl stress to cope with imposed stress by regulating the genes for proteins involved in stress, photosynthesis, transcriptional control, and protein synthesis . This altered gene expression in response to NaCl stress results in up-regulation/down-regulation of various stress-related proteins and protects the plant from stress. Thus, an understanding of these differential expressions could provide an insight into plant’s response to NaCl stress. In the present study, we used the gel-free proteomics protocol for the identification of proteins, as it allows major changes and even deeper analysis of the proteome. The functional groups related to different categories are discussed in detail in following sections.
Maintenance of cellular integrity is of paramount importance for the organisms thriving in high osmotic stress conditions. In the present study, this was supported from the up-regulation of few cytoskeletal proteins such as ‘Tubulin’ which is required for the maintenance of cell integrity . Protection of cell integrity under salt stress was also guaranteed by the increase in the levels of ‘Profilin’ that binds to actin and affects the structure of the cytoskeleton. Another up-regulated gene was one encoding ‘Retinoblastoma’ which is involved in cell-cycle progression, endoreplication, transcriptional regulation, chromatin remodeling, and cell growth were observed in the bacterial inoculated plants.
Bacterial inoculation enhanced the expression of ‘Casparian strip membrane protein’(CASP) and ‘Xyloglucanendo transglycosylase (XET)’ as compared to uninoculated plants treated with salt stress. CASP regulates membrane-cell wall junctions and prevents lateral diffusion of molecules by recruiting the lignin polymerization machinery in the endodermis , whereas XET relegates xyloglucan polymers, an essential constituent of the primary cell wall, and thereby participates in cell wall construction of growing tissues. In spite of the critical role of the endodermis development, very little is known about the biosynthetic mechanism of Casparian strip formation. XET integrates the newly secreted xyloglucan chains into an existing wall-bound xyloglucan restructuring existing cell wall material by catalyzing transglycosylation between previously wall bound xyloglucan molecules . Sometimes XET act as hydrolase (XEH), hydrolyzing one xyloglucan molecule, depending on the nature of the xyloglucan donor and acceptor substrates [31,32]. Furthermore, XET may be important for regulating the polymer length and insertion of xyloglucans into the cell wall, which could alter the extensibility of the cell wall . A decrease in XET activity was reported in primary roots of maize with low water potential, which was correlated with a decrease in cell wall extensibility and cell elongation in that region . In contrast to this, enhanced XET activity under abiotic stress like drought and heat in durum wheat was correlated with an increase in cell wall extensibility [34, 35].
In response to bacterial inoculation, the differential level of expression of iontransporter proteins was observed under salinity stress. In the ion-transporter category, four proteins were down-regulated under 200 mM NaCl stress with respect to the control and three proteins were up-regulated. As compared to control, bacterial inoculation enhanced the expression of ‘Malate transporter’ and ‘Two pore calcium channel protein’, whereas down-regulates the expression of ‘Mitochondrial outer membrane porin’. At high salinity stress of 200 mM NaCl, bacterial inoculation enhanced the ‘calcium channel protein’ that acts as the major ROS-responsive Ca2+ channel and mediates the salinity -induced Ca2+ influx in leaf cells. Ca2+ acts as the second messenger in response to environment stimuli under salt stress. A diversity of Ca2+ responsive proteins facilitates the regulation of their target proteins by coordinating the diverse signaling pathways . It has been demonstrated in an earlier study that the induced expression of calcium channel protein plays a pivotal role in regulating calcium homeostasis and protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulumin rice leaves under osmotic stress . Therefore, signaling pathway mediated by calcium seems to be an important strategy of wheat seedlings in coping with salt stress.
The protein involved in the lipid biosynthesis provides the stability of cellular membranes and increases the ability to bind and/or carry hydrophobic molecules across the membrane . Various lipid biosynthesis proteins such as ‘Obtusifoliol 14 alpha-demethylase’ (CYP51) and ‘Puroindoline’ were up-regulated at 200 mM NaCl with respect to the bacterial inoculation. CYP51 are involved in the steroid biosynthesis pathway, whereas ‘Puroindoline’ forms monovalent cation-selective ion channels in membranes and also act as membrane toxin to protect the plants against predators. CYP51 is the most widely distributed cytochrome P450 gene family being found in all biological kingdoms. It catalyzes the first step following cyclization in sterol biosynthesis, leading to the formation of precursors of steroid hormones, including brassinosteroids in plants . The increase in the sterol/brassinosteroids is essential for plant growth and reproduction. Inaddition, these are capable of increasing plant tolerance to both biotic stresses like pathogen attack and abiotic stress like drought, salinity, and heatetc. .
Bacterial inoculation enhances the ‘Non-specific lipid transfer protein’ (nsLTPs) expression that transfers phospholipids as well as galactolipids across membranes and plays a role in wax or cut in deposition in the cell walls of expanding epidermal cells and certain secretory tissues. Then sLTPs are small, basic proteins present in abundance in higher plants. They are involved in key processes of plant cytology, such as the stabilization of membranes, cell wall organization, and signal transduction. These are also known to play important roles in resistance to biotic and abiotic stress and in plant growth and development, such as sexual reproduction, seed development and germination . Although nsLTPs have been extensively studied, their modes of action in intact cells have not yet been fully elucidated.
The data showed that few of the defense proteins such as Clp protease, Thioredoxin H, 2 Cys-peroxiredoxin, Catalase and Ninja family protein were down-regulated at 200 mM NaCl as compared to control plants. However, in the presence of bacterial inoculation, few of the defense related proteins belonging to Ninja family were up-regulated under salt stress. The increase in accumulation of defense proteins could be due to increase in the expression of these proteins in bacteria inoculated plants. Clp protease shows the chymotrypsin-like activity and plays a major role in the degradation of misfolded proteins, but a physiological role in plants has not been well established yet. Thioredoxin H probably behaves as an antioxidant enzyme particularly important in the developing shoot and photosynthesizing leaf under stress. 2 Cys-peroxiredoxinmay be an antioxidant enzyme particularly important in the developing shoot and photosynthesizing leaf. Catalase is an antioxidant enzyme involved in different processes such as H2O2 detoxification, stress response, and senescence .
The role of Ninja family protein in the plant has not been well understood. However, it is postulated that it acts as a negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) response during germination through the ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of ABI5/DPBF1. Bacterial inoculation up-regulates the expression of Transcription factor HBP 1a and Cold shock protein CS120 (belong to ninja family of proteins) as compared to uninoculated plants. HBP 1a is a putative transcription factor which regulates histone gene expression. Cold shock protein CS120 may reduce intracellular freezing damage during winter by hydrogen-bonding to the lattice of the nascent ice crystals, thus modifying the structure and/or propagation of ice crystals. In addition, inoculation of bacterium up-regulated the expression of Hsp70, Hsp90 organizing protein, and Cold shock protein CS66 at 200 mM NaCl stress, as compared to control plants with respective salt stress. Many of the other stress-related proteins were down-regulated, illustrating that in the presence of bacterial inoculums, plants did not face the stress conditions.
Besides these, other proteins related to pathogenesis such as Thaumatin-like protein (TLPs), Alpha amylase trypsin inhibitor, Purothionin, Puroindoline B, Wheatwin, and Serpin Z1A were found to be up-regulated in the presence of bacterial inoculation under salt stress (T-3). The expression of these proteins provides insight into the understanding of cross-tolerance mechanism in wheat plants in response to biotic and abiotic stress. The pathogenesis-related protein plays a crucial role in response to pathogens. However, their involvement in salinity stress has been demonstrated in several crops [42,43]. TLPs are reported to be widely distributed PR proteins across kingdoms including gymnosperm, angiosperm, and have been isolated and characterized from different plants and tissues. These are involved in the formation of disulfide linkages, which impart stability to the protein under varied thermal and pH conditions and are shown to be involved effectively in alleviating both biotic and abiotic stress tolerance [44,45]. Alpha amylase trypsin inhibitor could be involved in insect defence mechanisms.
Purothionin in conjunction with thioredoxin, affects proper protein folding, cytotoxic, presumably by forming pores in the cytoplasmic membrane. Their precise function is not known. Puroindoline B has antimicrobial activity against several bacterial and fungal pathogens. Wheatwins are pathogenesis-related proteins of the PR-4 family and shows antifungal activity towards the wheat-specific pathogenic fungi Fusarium culmorum and F.graminearum. In addition, wheatwin has been demonstrated to possess an RNAse activity that may be part of a mechanism for inhibiting invading pathogens . The expression of wheatwin genes has been investigated in a number of tissues, particularly in response to pathogen challenge . However, the potential role of wheatwinin response to abiotic stress has not been investigated. The wheat serpins are suicide substrate inhibitors of chymotrypsin and cathepsin-A that may serves to inactivate serine proteases of grain-boring insects . They have not yet been assigned to specific genetic loci on the wheat chromosomes. Additionally, in presence of bacterial inocula decrease in the expression of Glutathione–S-transferase (GST) was noted.
Increase in NaCl stress causes a significant suppression of protein synthesis and its intermediate pathways . We found that levels of Elongation factor 1 and Protein disulfide isomerase were decreased at NaCl, whereas activation of Ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1 1, E1 2, E1 3, Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2, Translation initiation factor IF 1 and Ribosomal protein were increased. Activation of ubiquitin enzymes illustrates the proteolytic activity in response to NaCl stress. Many of the enzymes responsible for protein degradation and proteolytic complexes involved in recognizing and removing abnormal proteins were found to be up-regulated at NaCl stress. Ubiquitin enzymes play a central role in metabolism under abiotic stress as they are involved in protein inactivation, degradation of damaged proteins, and release of amino acids for metabolism . The levels of various ribosomal subunits were differentially decreased with respect to salt stress. Nevertheless, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B1, 4E 1 and 2 were significantly increased in response to bacterial inoculation. Therefore, it can be assumed that regulation of the translational machinery is an important component of stress response in plants .
Photosynthesis is one of the physiological processes that are very sensitive to salt stress. The primary effect of salt stress is the reduction of stomatal aperture in leaves, which leads to the reduction of CO2availability and thus minimizes the energy for plant growth. We found a significant increase of the level of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (RuBisCO) large subunit at 200 mM NaCl. The increase in the levels of RuBisCO subunits seems to partially offset the energy reduction that naturally occurs under salinity stress . RuBisCO is the key enzyme for CO2 assimilation and catalyzes the carboxylation of D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, the primary event in CO2 fixation in the Calvin cycle. It is stroma-localized protein and constitutes up to 50% of all chloroplast proteins. Salt stress increases oxidation and decreases carboxylation activities of RuBisCO, and causes to decrease in severity of CO2 fixation .
The other enzymes that increased included Cytochrome f, Photosystem II protein D1, Cytochrome b, Photosystem II CP47 reaction center protein, and Chloroplast envelope membrane protein. Cytochrome f mediates electron transfer between Photosystem II (PSII) and Photosystem I (PSI) as well as cyclic electron flow around Photosystem I (PSI) . Photosystem II protein D1 forms the reaction core of PSII as a hetero-dimer with the D2 protein and withdraws electrons from water, leading to the splitting of water and the formation of molecular oxygen. Cytochrome b is the component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex (complex III or cytochrome b-c1 complex), which is a respiratory chain that generates an electrochemical potential coupled to ATP synthesis . Photosystem II CP47 reaction centreproteinsare the intrinsic transmembrane antenna proteins CP43 (PsbC) and CP47 (PsbB) found in the reaction centre of PSII, to cope with light limitations and stress conditions. The molecular function of Chloroplast envelope membrane protein (CemA) is unknown, however partially, involved in light-induced Na+-dependent proton extrusion and has been implicated in CO2 transport . We found various differentially expressed proteins related to energy and metabolism after NaCl stress in the presence of bacterial inoculation. The down-regulated proteins belonging to photosystem category were of Chlorophyll a, b binding protein, Cytochrome b6, Photosystem II reaction centre protein M, Ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase small chain PW9, Cytochrome b6 f complex iron-sulfur subunit, Photosystem I P700, Photosystem II, and 50S Ribosomal protein.
Several differentially expressed proteins related to metabolism were observed. Proteins those were up-regulated were as follows: Imidazole glycerol phosphate dehydratase, Fructan-1-exohydrolase, Fructan-6-exohydrolase, Fructan-1-exohydrolase, NADPH quinoneoxido-reductase, adenosyl-homocysteinase, andGlucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase, and Phosphoglycerate kinase. The up-regulation of gene for the synthesis of Fructan-1-exohydrolase seems obvious, as apart from encoding storage compounds, fructans might have an important role in protection against stress . These accumulated low molecular weight water-soluble compounds are known as “compatible solutes” or “osmolytes” is the common strategy adopted by several organisms to combat the environmental stresses. Osmotic adjustments at physiological levels are keys to survive under salinity stress. The osmoregulators protect plant cells during extreme stress conditions of salt. Furthermore, genes related to osmoprotectant biosynthesis are up-regulated under salinity stress . Also, their accumulation is preferentially favoured under salt stress because they provide tolerance against stress . The level of accumulation of osmo-protectants in different species provides different levels of protection during abiotic stresses. Genes responsible for the synthesis of different types of compatible solutes have been isolated from various organisms. Genetic engineering attempts are being made with these endogenous or ectopic genes to successfully use to synthesize compatible solutes in target organisms to improve stress tolerance [59,60].
In response to salt stress and bacterial inoculation, the level of ATP synthase that is primarily involved in the energy production processes was enhanced. Previous study has shown the positive association between the defense response and primary metabolic process involved in energy production like ATP biosynthesis, pentose phosphate pathway, TCA cycle, electron transport, and glycolysis . The complexity of plant defense responses requires abundant amount of energy. In addition, the primary metabolic pathways play a role as a source of signaling molecules to trigger defense responses . Based on the observed results, it is plausible that expression of metabolic proteins like ATP synthase serves as a switch to turn on or off the different connections between carbohydrate metabolism and defense responses.
Similarly, bacterial inoculation enhanced the expression of Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase that are related to the increase of availability of photosynthates/carbon skeletons both for biosynthetic reactions and production of energy. Previous study has demonstrated that PGPR Pseudomonas fluorescens KH-1 up-regulated the expression of Ribulose bis phosphate carboxylase which is an important enzyme in chloroplast metabolism and photosynthesis. The increased level of Phosphoglycerate kinase catalyzes the formation of ATP from ADP in glycolysis where 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is converted to 3-phosphoglycertae. This reaction is essential in most cells for ATP generation and for carbon fixation in plants. However, under stress conditions, do plants need to energy has not yet been reported. In addition, bacterial inoculation enhanced the Glucose-1- phosphate adenyltransferase expression, that have positive consequences on plant growth and metabolism both when plants is in physiological condition and even more when plants are under stress conditions .
Based on protein profiling using gel-free method, the present study reports the amelioration of salt stress in wheat by a plant growth promoting bacterium Enterobacter cloacae SBP-8 which modulates expression of different proteins involved in maintenance of cell structure, division, protein synthesis, proteolysis, photosynthesis, defense, fatty acid synthesis, homeostasis, and other metabolic pathways. Inoculation of SBP-8 upregulates expression of proteins such as tubulin, profilin, retinoblastoma, CASP (casparian strip membrane protein), xyloglucan endotransglycosylase etc., which can play eminent role in strengthening of cell wall and maintenances of cell structure to prevent cellular damage during salt stress condition. It also modulates expression of membrane ion-transporter proteins including malate transporter, and ROS-responsive calcium channel proteins which are pivotal in maintenance of ion-homeostasis to cope with salt stress. The bacterial inoculation increased expression of proteins and non-specific lipid transfer proteins involved in biosynthesis of lipids such as obtusfoliol, and steroid hormones. It further enhanced expression of Clp proteases, thioredoxin H, catalase, proteins of Ninja family, thaumatin like proteins, and other defense-related enzymes/proteins which indicate the overlap in mechanisms of plant responses to biotic and abiotic stressors. PGPB-mediated suppression of protein synthesis pathway, ribosomal subunits, and activation of ubiquitin activating enzymes suggest the possible strategy for the abetment of damages caused by salt stress. Finally, the bacterial inoculation also upregulates the proteins involved in metabolic pathways leading the synthesis of storage proteins and osmoprotectants which are the most common protective mechanisms to overcome growth inhibition caused by salt stress. Thus, the present study provides evidence that the application of a beneficial PGPR to wheat seedlings could be used as an effective tool to overcome the salinity stress. The identified proteins can be useful for genetic transformation to improve the salt tolerance mechanism in wheat-like cereal crops. The future study should be directed to quantitatively analyze the differentially expressed proteins under different salinity treatments to elucidate the proper salt-tolerance mechanism.
The work was supported by the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, New Delhi to PNJ. Grant No. BT/PR14527/AGR/21/326/2010.
The work was supported by the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, New Delhi to PNJ; Grant No. BT/PR14527/AGR/21/326/2010.
All relevant data are within the paper.

domain: chemistry


text:
Miserandino Accepts National Award for Teaching in San Diego
Dr. Marianne Miserandino, Associate Professor of Psychology, received the 2010 Robert S. Daniel Teaching Excellence Award at the business meeting of the American Psychological Association’s Society for the Teaching of Psychology on Saturday, Aug. 14, in San Diego.
This is a national, professional award that the APA gives for teaching, mentoring, and scholarship related to the teaching of psychology. A detailed description of her accomplishments will be published in the October issue of the journal Teaching of Psychology. Among those accomplishments is Miserandino’s wiki on personality pedagogy.
Criteria for this prestigious award are based on “(a) effective teaching; (b) mentoring student professional development; (c) advancing teaching and learning through scholarship; (d) advancing teaching and learning through service; and (e) training high school, community college, or college/university teachers.”
“It is delightful to note that the Society for the Teaching of Psychology agrees with what we have known for a long time that the very best works and walks among us. Thanks, Marianne, for making Arcadia proud!” says Dr. Steve O. Michael, Provost and Academic Vice President.

domain: psychology


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|Classification and external resources|
Affected individuals are almost exclusively caucasian and usually diagnosed in the fourth to sixth decade of their lives.
Birdshot chorioretinopathy is a rare form of posterior uveitis and accounts for 1-3% of uveitis cases in general. Birdshot chorioretinopathy is thought to be an autoimmune disease. The disease has strong association with the Human leukocyte antigen haplotype (HLA)-A29, which is the strongest association between a disease and HLA class I documented (85 to 97.5% of patients are HLA-A29 positive). This indicates a role for T-lymphocytes in the pathogenesis. Birdshot chorioretinopathy is associated with IL-17, a hallmark cytokine of TH17 cells that play an important role in autoimmunity . The disease affects typically middle aged or elderly caucasians. HLA-A29 is less prevalent in Asia and no birdshot chorioretinopathy cases have been reported in Asia. When birdshot chorioretinopathy is suspected, a person is usually tested to determine if they are HLA-A29 positive. However, HLA-A29 testing is not considered necessary for definitive diagnosis because HLA-A29 is also common in the general healthy population (7%). Additional (genetic or environmental) or unknown factors may be associated with HLA-A29 in the pathogenesis.
Symptoms of this disorder include floaters, blurred vision, photopsia (flashing lights in eyes), loss of color vision and nyctalopia. In eye examination light-colored spots on the retina is seen. Complete loss of visual acuity may happen.
Birdshot chorioretinopathy may show resistance to treatment. Immunosuppressant therapy alongside with oral corticosteroid have been somewhat effective in slowing down the progressive inflammation associated with the disorder, preserving visual intregrity as much as possible. Long-term use of such medications must be closely monitored, however, due to the discomforting, and potentially debilitating and life-threatening side-effects.
Immunosuppressive drugs such as the therapeutic monoclonal antibody Daclizumab, Cyclosporine and Methotrexate have proven to be effective treatment options for birdshot chorioretinopathy. Substantial reduction, and even stabilization of both vitreous inflammation and retinal vasculitis has been evident via electroretinography, during daclizumab (IL-2 receptor blocker) therapy. This is also supported by the observation of elevated levels of IL-2 in the eyes of patients. Loss of visual acuity unrelated to the inflammation caused by the disorder, however, often remains unchanged despite usage of the drug. This is reflected by the lack of difference in visual acuity and the vision-related quality of life between various treatment categories in birdshot patients. Contraindications and adverse side-effects are always a factor, as well.
Support and advice
- Cassoux N, Lehoan GP (2000). "Birdshot retinochoroidopathy". Ann Med Interne. 151 (Suppl. 1): 1s45–1s47. PMID 10896989.
- Kuiper JJW, Mutis T, de Jager W, de Groot-Mijnes JD, Rothova A. (2011). "Intraocular interleukin-17 and proinflammatory cytokines in HLA-A29-associated birdshot chorioretinopathy.". Am J Ophthalmol. 152 (2): 177–182. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2011.01.031. PMID 21570674.
- Kuiper JJW, Emmelot ME, Rothova A, Mutis T. (2013). "Interleukin-17 production and T helper 17 cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to ocular lysate in patients with birdshot chorioretinopathy.". Mol Vis. 27 (19): 2606–14. PMID 24379648.
- Kiss S, Ahmed M, Letko E, Foster CS (2005). "Long-term follow-up of patients with birdshot retinochoroidopathy treated with corticosteroid-sparing systemic immunomodulatory therapy". Ophthalmology. 112 (6): 1066–1071. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.12.036. PMID 15936442.
- Becker MD, Wertheim MS, Smith JR, Rosenbaum JT (2005). "Long-term follow-up of patients with birdshot retinochoroidopathy treated with systemic immunosuppressants". Ocul Immuno Inflamm. 13 (4): 289–293. doi:10.1080/09273940490912407. PMID 16159719.
- Kuiper JJW, Missotten T, Baarsma SG, Rothova A. (2013). "Vision-related quality of life in patients with birdshot chorioretinopathy.". Acta Ophthalmol. 91 (1): 177–182. doi:10.1111/aos.12054. PMID 23289541.
- Sobrin L, Huang JJ, Christen W, Kafkala C, Choopong P, Foster CS (2008). "Daclizumab for treatment of birdshot chorioretinopathy". Arch Ophthalmol. 126 (2): 186–191. doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2007.49. PMID 18268208.

domain: medical


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In a December 6, 2011 story in the Asia Times, Dr. Rafiullah Bidar, the Jalalabad program manager of the Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission, made a striking comment: “It is part of our culture that people kill each other over two issues. . . . One is for land, and the second is women.”
Improving land tenure and land management systems will help reduce violence, increase peace, and promote economic growth, which are among the most pressing challenges facing the Afghan Government.
USAID is currently working to improve land tenure in Afghanistan by providing technical assistance and institutional strengthening to the Government of Afghanistan (GIRoA) entities in Kabul, which play a role in the land tenure process in Afghanistan, through the Land Reform in Afghanistan (LARA) project. LARA is a program jointly developed by USAID/Washington’s EGAT Bureau and USAID/Afghanistan.
This project works directly with the GIRoA entities of Arazi (Afghan Land Authority), Afghan Geodesy and Cartography Head Office (AGCHO), Supreme Court, Ministry of Urban Development Affairs (MUDA), and Independent Directorate of Local Governance (IDLG). Work in Kabul includes policy formation and streamlining of the land tenure process with all related GIRoA entities.
Work is underway on the ground in Jalalabad, where the LARA project is working to develop a process to legalize informal settlements and incorporate these urban properties under auspices of the city. In addition to US government support, the agency needs the support of local communities, whose local knowledge will help to validate, or invalidate land claims – such community level support and involvement should help to address some of the land-based conflicts that now plague the country. Finally, in order to promote economic growth, Arazi needs to ensure the private sector that land and resource rights will be recognized and respected and that the government will not resort to arbitrary expropriations or other actions that create uncertainty and instability. These are difficult tasks but Arazi, working with other GIRoA entities, has begun to clarify rights to land and other resources – a fundamental step in the development process.
Arazi was created in 2009 to deal with substantial and continuing difficulties related to land-based conflict and to support regulatory and legislative reforms. In Afghanistan, many GIRoA entities have a role in the land tenure process. Working across GIRoA is necessary to improve land tenure in Afghanistan. In a country that has been at war on and off for decades, people have been displaced, they have resettled, records and property have been lost or destroyed, all of which contribute to confusion and discord. Afghans have built informal settlements and would like to know if these homes are secure; they would also like more clarity over the transfer of rights to government-controlled lands. Arazi is facilitating land leases and working with civil society, donors, and the private sector to improve the existing Land Management Law and other rules and regulations related to land tenure.
However, land tenure and land administration problems are notoriously tough to address: vested interests, either political or economic, may thwart reform; corruption or lack of capacity may plague a system; and in some cases, finding ways to accommodate formal tenure systems with informal or religious land management systems proves especially difficult. One important strategy for doing this involves building capacity within the agency to record, digitize, transfer, and enforce land tenure and resource rights in a transparent and accountable manner. Arazi hopes, for example, to survey government-owned and disputed lands, identify existing land rights, and register these rights.

domain: law


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The age at which young people can receive long jail terms for possessing guns should be lowered to 17, Tony Blair said.
Announcing a firearms law review in the wake of five fatal shootings, he said he was considering lowering the age for a mandatory five-year jail term for carrying a gun from 21 to 17.
He was also considering criminalising gang membership and examining how to protect people giving evidence.
The wave of gun crime sweeping Britain’s cities was ‘a specific problem within a specific criminal culture’ and not a ‘general state of British society’, the Prime Minister insisted.
His comments came after a man aged 28 was shot dead in Homerton, East London, on Saturday and three more were hurt in separate attacks in Moss Side and Longsight in Manchester.
The attacks followed a spate of gun murders in South London, including the deaths of three teenage boys in less than a fortnight.
Mr Blair said police could be given new powers to keep watch on the homes of people suspected of possessing and using firearms.
He acknowledged there was a ‘real problem’ but said violent crime had fallen in the capital over the past year.
The Prime Minister added: ‘We have got to analyse what is going wrong here. Is it a general state of British society, British young people? And I think it isn’t.
‘It is about a specific problem within a specific criminal culture to do with guns and gangs, which doesn’t make it any less serious, incidentally, but I think it’s important therefore that we address that actual issue.’
Shadow Home Secretary David Davis welcomed the review but warned Mr Blair against a knee-jerk reaction.
The mother of a teenager shot dead near a police station spoke of her enduring pain.
Janice Collins, 51, said she still felt sick thinking about the moment she heard son Brandon had been killed.
‘His friends still come to visit me and it is them and my family who have kept me going,’ she added.
The 16-year-old was shot dead five years ago as he sat in a car near Nottingham’s main police station in St Ann’s.
The murder remains unsolved but detectives believe two black men were responsible and fled in a red Ford Fiesta XR2 which was later found burnt out.
Brendon’s father Roy Lawrence made a fresh appeal for information and vowed: ‘We will never rest until his killers have been brought to justice.’

domain: sociology


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|Society & Culture||198|
Desert Island Discs was created by Roy Plomley in 1942, and the format is simple: a guest is invited by Kirsty Young to choose the eight records they would take with them to a desert island
January 14th, 1990
Episode 12 of 602 episodes
The castaway in this week's Desert Island Discs is Radio 1 disc jockey John Peel. For over 20 years the guru of pop fans, he'll be talking to Sue Lawley about his life at public school, his work as a DJ in the States in the early 1960s, his family, his passion for Liverpool Football Club and, of course, his lifelong passion for pop music. [Taken from the original programme material for this archive edition of Desert Island Discs] Favourite track: Teenage Kicks by The Undertones Book: Dance to the Music of Time by Anthony Powell Luxury: Football
Welcome to the Brain Training Podcast, the daily audio workout for your head. In this podcast we have two games for you, each with three rounds which get progressively harder. To enjoy the full experience, relax, and avoid distractions whilst you listen.

domain: entertainment


text: Unfortunately child abuse is met in all cultures, in all ethnic and income groups. (breakell gresko, research paper on child abuse s., & stephens, b. thesis generator research paper on child abuse according to research by paper masters, child sexual abuse and more specifically incest, has garnered various degrees of response throughout american history, the majority of which has research paper on child abuse done little to counterclaims in tok essay terminate the occurrence of strong analytical and problem solving skills such ignominious behavior. view child abuse research papers on academia.edu for free www.freeonlineresearchpapers.com/child-abuse …. child abuse is a physical maltreatment […]. objectives: a. 2012 – 14) 1.child abuse and maltreatment is not limited to a particular examples of senior thesis papers age—it can occur in the sample response paper infant, problem solving challenges toddler, preschool, and school-age years. families or individuals will not construction job essay agree medical school application essay example to receiving help. arguably, child abuse solve my math problem for free cases are rare among parents with a better (social, economic, and physical) well-being the term paper on problem solving how do we combat child abuse.5% of child abuse nationwide (child maltreatment). thus, witnesses of child abuse, maltreatment and domestic violence should report the cases in order to protect coming up with a title for an essay the victims from further abuse and.


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Satisfy your pumpkin cravings with this Paleo Pumpkin Snack Cake with Dark Chocolate Frosting. You won’t believe that it’s flour-less and made with only 7 ingredients! Also with a vegan option!
I am often referred to as “the trickster”. Not only can I do some pretty cool tricks in gymnastics, but I actually trick people into thinking certain things. Not gonna lie, sometimes I tell people that I’m Rachel and they believe me. One time I convinced my 22 year old friend that chocolate milk was made from brown cows. Yeah I’m completely serious on that last sentence. This girl graduated college with a degree in medical lab science and was fooled by me.
I guess I sometimes “trick” too much so people start to not believe when I say certain things. Case in point: this recipe. Every single person who tried recipe couldn’t believe this cake was made sans flour. How does one make baked goods without the use of flour? You are tricking us Bethany, aren’t you?
Actually nah, not this time. You see, almond butter/cashew butter is one heck of a sub for flour in grain-free baked goods. I was amazed myself at how well this cake fluffed up. The texture is moist and so fluffy (I could die!) and everything you want a cake to be. No fooling you here, pinky promise.
And now that the pumpkin craze has begun, I’ve been craving all things pumpkin. Before you know it, I’ll have a nice beta-carotene tan which is totally ok with me.
It’s mind blowing that no flour is needed to make this cake. Only 6 simple ingredients that you probably already have in your kitchen:
Egg or flax egg
Paleo Pumpkin Snack Cake with Dark Chocolate Fudge Frosting
An unbelievably moist flourless pumpkin cake is topped with thick dark chocolate fudge frosting. You won’t believe that this cake contains only 6 ingredients and is gluten-free, grain-free and refined sugar-free!
- 1 cup almond OR cashew butter
- 1 1/2 cups canned pumpkin
- 1/4 cup pure maple syrup
- 1 egg, beaten (sub flax egg for vegan option)
- 1 tsp. vanilla extract
- 1 tsp. baking soda
- Paleo Chocolate Fudge Frosting
- Preheat oven to 350 degrees.
- Combine all ingredients in a bowl until mixture is smooth.
- Spread batter into 9x9 square pan sprayed with cooking spray.
- Bake for 30 minutes, or until done. Let cool and spread frosting on top.
- Slice into 9-12 pieces.
- Adapted from my Paleo Dark Chocolate Fudge Zucchini Brownies
Like This Recipe? Pin For Later!
You May Also Like:
Questions of the day!
- Are you ready for pumpkin season yet?
- What’s your favorite recipe to make with pumpkin?

domain: food


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In the dynamic realm of cryptocurrencies and online gambling, Bitcoin bonuses have become a prominent feature that captures the attention of both seasoned players and newcomers alike. These bonuses, offered by various online casinos and platforms, present players with opportunities to maximize their gaming experiences by receiving additional funds, free spins, or other incentives. In this article, we delve into the world of Bitcoin bonuses, uncovering their types, mechanics, benefits, challenges, popular bonus offers, security measures, and the implications they hold for the future of both gambling and the cryptocurrency landscape.
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domain: game


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I think these basic wood spoons are a staple in every kitchen, we always seem to have just a few too many taking up space in our kitchen drawers. And although they are functional, they are just a little bit boring. This month for our Trash to Treasure series I decided to give them a little bit of a makeover.
These wooden spoons are easy to come by, if you don’t already have a few in your kitchen, you can buy them at your local thrift, dollar or home goods store for just a few dollars.
I had a hard time deciding what color I wanted to paint these spoons and eventually decided on a pretty ombre effect. Of course, I chose blue, as that is my favorite color. But I think these would also look so pretty in a set of varying colors – pink, violet, yellow, blue and green, in either vibrant hues or sweet pastels.
It’s a simple project that doesn’t involve a lot of supplies, time or skill, but you create these beautiful kitchen utensils. They make a beautiful and thoughtful gift for Mother’s Day or as a simple hostess thank you.
Painted Ombre Wood Spoons
- Wood spoons
- Acrylic craft paint (I like Martha Stewart Acrylic Craft Paint)
- Small paint brush
- Painter’s Tape
- Using Painter’s Tape, tape off the handle of each spoon.
- Apply a thin layer of paint to the handle of each spoon. In order to create the ombre effect, I started with the darkest color first and mixed in a bit of white paint to create a lighter variation each time.
- Allow paint to dry and apply a thin layer of sealant.
- Once paint and sealant are dry remove tape.
Please make sure the paint and sealant you use are food safe/non-toxic, however, it is still not advised to allow the painted handle to come into contact with food. Martha Stewart paint is permanent once it has cured for 21 days.
You can see the rest of our Trash to Treasure projects here.
And I just know you’ll love what my friends have created this month.
DIY Flower Bucket by A House and a Dog


Some of my most profound moments have occurred while wandering in forests. I notice a peaceful stillness inhabiting all activity. Nature is the best decorator and everything moves with grace. There is no rush, yet all tasks are accomplished. I enjoy laying down underneath big trees and gazing up to the sky. I watch green leaves dancing with the invisible breeze. Sometimes I close my eyes...my mind drifts off, then returns to the singing birds. The little creatures with magnificent voices celebrate existence. I imagine my body is transparent and allow their joyful tones to pass straight through me. Time disappears and I sense I've arrived home. Forests can teach us how to live in harmony and offer much life inspiration:
1) They speak about generosity
Plants communicate via a vast interconnected underground root system, sometimes referred to as "the wood wide web". The forest generously shares nutrients and environmental information through a variety of symbiotic relationships. If one tree is struggling to survive, a neighboring tree might supply it with water and nutrients. It does not even have to be the same species of tree! A struggling tree may relinquish its individual life to provide nutrients to the whole forest.
A forest could not exist without the relationship between fungi and trees. Fungi are living organisms more closely related to animals than plants. A friendly trade agreement exists where trees provide fungi with sugar, and fungi provide trees with minerals. A tree could not grow large without the help from fungi. In another symbiotic relationship two different organisms merge together to form a moss like structure. For example, fungi join with algae to create lichens. The fungi provide structure, water and sun protection while the algae use photosynthesis to provide food. These relationships show how everything is interconnected. Independence and loneliness are therefore illusions.
2) Forests remind us we belong to the earth
Without trees we would not exist. The forest represents our external lungs and provides oxygen for our survival. Could it be that we simply evolved to help trees and plants spread their seeds? If humble, we see this could be a possibility. Sometimes busy city living disconnects us from nature. Trees are grounded to the earth yet gracefully move up to the sky. Unlike plants we are not permanently connected to the ground by roots. Our feet wander, so there’s a forgetting of belonging and a feeling of separation. The ego may convince us that we are superior or separate, disconnecting us from the whole, causing disharmony. Harmony arises when organisms work peacefully together for the success of the whole community. In an atmosphere of generosity and kindness both the individual and the whole system flourish. We can benefit from having faith and sensing a belonging to something much larger than our individual selves. Observing the forest can inspire us to cultivate less selfish and more harmonious relationships with each other and the entire universe.
By Aruna Shields (CHP, CMT)


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Plan a Ride
Our bike rental store is conveniently located in North Scottsdale at the foot of the McDowell Mountains, near Frank Lloyd Wright and the 101 freeway. Here on the edge of the city and the desert, there are a multitude of bike routes perfect for every level of rider.
From our shop, it is only a couple easy miles riding on the road along well-maintained bike lanes to exciting technical mountain bike trails and scenic paved bike paths. For easier trail riding with fewer technical features, we recommend transporting your bikes to another area, a short drive away, with fun flowy singletrack. Car rack rentals are available if needed.
Choose a Bike
Ready to go for a ride but not sure which bike you should choose? Head over to our How to Choose a Bike page for information on different kind of bikes and what they are best used for.

domain: geography


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Development of a topical adapalene-solid lipid nanoparticle loaded gel with enhanced efficacy and improved skin tolerability
The present investigation substantiates the efficacy of adapalene loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (Ada-SLNs) in ameliorating the skin irritation potential of adapalene owing to its altered skin distribution. The Ada-SLNs were prepared by a hot homogenization technique and optimized using Box–Behnken design. Stable Ada-SLNs with a 102 ± 5 nm particle size and >85% entrapment efficiency were prepared, and thence formulated as a dispensable Cabopol gel with optimal viscosity (24.57 ± 0.27 Pa s) and high spreadability (12.39 ± 2.62 cm2). In vitro dermatokinetics revealed increased dermal bioavailability by 4.69 and 3.19 fold for 0.1% w/w Ada-SLNs gel (∼0.48 μg cm−2) and 0.1% w/w Ada-SLNs (∼0.37 μg cm−2) respectively in comparison to its free counterpart 0.1% Adiff gel (∼0.12 μg cm−2), while it was comparable (p > 0.005) to clinically superior 0.3% Adiff gel (∼0.41 μg cm−2). No detectable amount of adapalene permeated through the skin in the receptor compartment. Confocal microscopy of cryosectioned skin illustrated a significant appreciation in follicular localization of fluorophore labelled SLNs followed by its diffusion in surrounding dermis. Skin irritation studies using reconstructed human epidermis (EpiSkin) and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) revealed better skin tolerability of Ada-SLNs over Adiff gel even after higher dermal drug distribution. This visual and histological observation further clarified the enhanced anti-acne potential of Ada-SLNs gel in comparison to Adiff gel. The present SLNs can be a promising carrier for follicular delivery of adapalene along with a minimized irritation effect.


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The Guilty Feminist
266. Doing It with Jen Brister and special guest Emily Rapp Black
The Guilty FeministPresented by Deborah Frances-White and Jen Brister
Episode 266: Doing It!with special guest Emily Rapp Black
Recorded 29 July 2021 via Zoom. Released 9 August 2021.
The Guilty Feminist theme by Mark Hodge and produced by Nick Sheldon.
More about Deborah Frances-White
More about Jen Brister
More about Emily Rapp Black
For more information about this and other episodes…
- visit guiltyfeminist.com
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- like our Facebook page facebook.com/guiltyfeminist
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Come to a live recording
- Shedinburgh live stream. 13 August. Book now.
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Thank you to our amazing Patreon supporters.
To support the podcast yourself, go to https://www.patreon.com/guiltyfeminist


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on 17-05-2022 17:29
I've got a strange issue with my connection.
If I'm playing games (like cod) or have a discord channel open my download speed is about 200mbs.
as soon as I close cod (or any other game) or discord speed instantly jumps back to 550mbs..
on 17-05-2022 18:08
on 17-05-2022 18:15
No I have checked all the QOS settings I can find. I'm directly connected to the router with a cat6 cable. The PC isn't poor either its a high end 12900k setup.
I didn't get this on my previous sky connection..
If you can point in the direction of any other QOS options as this was my first thought..
on 17-05-2022 18:33
on 17-05-2022 18:45
It's the Hub 4 in normal router mode.. No it's one I built myself (very high end custom system)
on 19-05-2022 19:06
Thanks for posting, and sorry to hear you're having some issues with your connection.
I've had a look at things from our side and can see a few of the hubs levels are out of specification. So I can get a few more details from you I've popped you over a private message (purple envelope, top right hand corner)


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Great news for Cirruspath, the bicoastal company with a strong presence in the Knoxville region. Co-founded four years ago by Brandon Bruce as described in this teknovation.biz article, the company has just made Inc. 5000’s list of the fastest growing privately-held companies. It came in at #41. Click here for the full list.
PYA Webinar on “So You Have a PPP Loan. Now What?”
- Jun 03 2020
Sky City "Virtual Happy Hour"
- Jun 04 2020
Innov865 Alliance Webinar with Knoxville Mayor Indya Kincannon
- Jun 24 2020
First Virtual Session: Tennessee Valley Corridor "National Summit"
- Jul 16 2020
Second Virtual Session: Tennessee Valley Corridor "National Summit"
- Jul 23 2020


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The project will be undertaken by the domestic companies Monter-Mechanical Installation, Elektrocentar Petek, and S.C.A.N.
As Poslovni Dnevnik writes on the 9th of August, 2018, Plinacro has reportedly begun on the construction of the first compressor station (KS1) on the Croatian gas transport system on Friday in Moslavina, close to Velika Ludina.
The company is investing an enormous 209.5 million kuna into the project, which will enable a permanent two-way capacity at the existing interconnection between Croatia and Hungary, as was reported on Thursday from Plinacro.
“Tomorrow, on August the 10th, Plinacro, the operator of the Croatian gas transport system, will begin with construction work on the building of the first compressor station (KS1) on Croatia’s gas transport system. It will be built in Moslavina, near Velika Ludina, and, when completed, will be the most technologically complex facility in the gas transport system of the Republic of Croatia,” the statement read.
It is expected that the aforementioned compressor station, with a maximum power of 4.2 megawatts (MW) and a capacity of 200,000 cubic metres per hour (m3/h), will begin working later on in 2019.
Plinacro also pointed out that works on the construction on Croatia’s brand new and very first KS1 compressor station will be entirely a product of domestic knowledge. The contractors involved in the realisation of this huge and extremely expensive project are all Croatian companies, consisting of Monter-Mechanical Installation, Elektrocentar Petek and S.C.A.N.


Colorado 72(+10), Gonzaga 76
The Buffs, apparently inspired by interim coach Steve McClain(and his 57% career wining percentage) jumped out to an 11 point lead at half time. Predictably, the Buffs could not sustain their 7-11 pace from beyond the arc in the first half and Gonzaga rallied for the comeback win. Colarado was out in front by enough by halftime, though, that losing by 10 or more was never really an issue.
For tomorrow, I think I’ll limit it to ‘Cuse vs. Cornell. Cuse has won twice on national t.v. over two big time opponents and moved into the top ten. Cleveland St. is a maybe.


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Flow Cytometry & Immunology Facility Manager (The Gambia)
Deadline 26 July 2021
Medical Research Council, The Gambia
The Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia is one of the largest scientific research centres in sub-Saharan Africa, with an international reputation for ground-breaking research into some of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the tropics. Our overall goal is to improve the health of people in developing countries by aiming for excellence in research, healthcare and training. Our research program spans basic scientific research, clinical studies, epidemiological studies and intervention trials, and translational research. The field and laboratory-based work draws on excellent research and clinical facilities and attracts international funding.
The Unit, led by Professor Umberto D’Alessandro, receives an MRC core investment grant every 5 years, following the review of past activities and future plans. In addition, all research activities are supported by external grants from a variety of sources. The Unit has a turnover of in excess of £22m per annum and employs about 1400 staff.
The postholder will provide professional, effective, and efficient management, technical and administrative service for the Flow Cytometry and Immunology facility ensuring high quality support to Unit scientific research. The post holder will have direct responsibility for the day-to-day running and maintenance of complex equipment to ensure a comprehensive, high quality service to users and would be expected to provide specialist technical expertise in the field of flow cytometry and in other aspects of immunological analysis including ELISA, ELISpot and luminex.

domain: health