text:
Discover more from Design Lobster
#97 Design: a map
Bias, tactility and more... 🗺
Join Design Lobster #97 on a cartographic expedition. This week we’re asking why the world looks the way it does on conventional maps and admiring a very unusual example of Inuit map-making. 🧭
✨Enjoying Design Lobster? Please share it with a friend, colleague or fellow designer.
Question: How should we map the world?
In 1569 the Flemish cartographer Gerardus Mercator published a new kind of map that was designed to make sea navigation easier. A Mercator projection maps directly onto compass bearings without requiring any adjustments which means a navigator only needs to stay true to their compass to arrive at their intended destination.
The map achieved this by projecting the spherical surface of the world onto a cylindrical shape, but the side-effect of this method is to vastly magnify the polar regions of the world and diminish the true scale of the equatorial areas. The best of illustration of this is Greenland, which seems roughly the same size as the continent of Africa, but is in fact 14x smaller!
This distortion has ended up serving political ends over the centuries, increasing the visual prominence of the northern Colonial powers at the expense of the countries which formed their empires. The choice to centre the map around Europe (and the UK in particular) gives these countries even greater prominence. These inherent biases led to an entirely different type of projection being used in the design of the UN Flag, founded as it was on the principles of co-operation between equal nations.
The story of the Mercator Projection shows the power of design to shape our mental models for how the world works (and looks). As designers, we should stay aware of the ways the representations we make can reflect our own bias, as much as the reality they purport to show.
Design takeaway: How is the way you are mapping reality affecting the designs you create?
🗺 This website lets you compare the true sizes of countries and shows how dramatically the Mercator distorts some.
Object: Ammassalik Wooden Map
The Danish explorer Gustav Holm commissioned these remarkable driftwood objects from the Tunumiit people of Eastern Greenland in the 1880s. Each one is carved to represent a different part of the Greenland coast, with the central thinner example representing an island chain and the squatter one to the right a coastline. The notches and grooves form a tactile diagram of the landscape and would have been used like a map by Holm to navigate the territory. Unlike paper maps they do not use cardinal directions and are designed to be read (or felt) in a continuous loop, up one side and down the other. In this sense they are more like the record of a journey than a map.
I love the way the way these objects stretch my definition of what a map can be and I find the idea of navigating solely by touch a fascinating provocation. It’s important to note however that these wooden tools were made for sale and not part of an indigenous tradition. The Tunumiit people knew the landscape they lived in so well they had little use for maps or navigational aids.
Thanks to reader Vuokko for telling me about these maps!
Design takeaway: How are you translating reality into the form of your design?
Quote: “The real voyage of discovery consists not in seeking new landscapes, but in having new eyes.”
– Marcel Proust
My long-time readers will have heard me banging on again and again about the importance of keeping our vision of the world fresh when we design. Forgive me for making the same point again today with this quote from Proust!
May you see things with new eyes this week,
Enjoyed this week’s Design Lobster? Let me know by clicking the heart button.


text:
Maggots and murder
- CASE STUDY: BLOWFLY CLUES. // Entomology & Palynology: Evidence from the Natural World;2005, p48
The article presents a case study on the discovery of a hidden crime scene in Illinois through the help of blowflies. The strong sense of smell of flies for decaying remains has helped authorities to search for a body that was thrown on a well on a farm.
- CASE STUDY: FLYSPECKS AND MURDER. // Entomology & Palynology: Evidence from the Natural World;2005, p60
The article presents a case study on the role of blowflies in the discovery of the motive of the double homicide in Lincoln, Nebraska in 1997. Burglary or assault is the speculated motivation for the crime. Adult black blowflies and their first- and third-instar larvae are the insect evidence...
- Untitled. // Entomology & Palynology: Evidence from the Natural World;2005, p43
The article focuses on the findings of an observation on the fly activity of blowflies at night conducted by forensic entomologist Bernard Greenberg. Phaenicia sericata is one of the North American blowfly species observed by Greenberg. The observation highlights the importance of fly behavior...
- Bugs on the Beat. Halfmann, Janet // Boys' Life;Jul2000, Vol. 90 Issue 7, p42
Focuses on the use of insects found on dead bodies in solving crime investigations through a process called forensic entomology.
- Book reviews: FORENSIC ENTOMOLOGY. Hoots, Rita; Eichman, Phillip // American Biology Teacher (National Association of Biology Teache;May2001, Vol. 63 Issue 5, p374
Reviews the book `A Fly for the Prosecution: How Evidence Helps Solve Crimes,' by M. Lee Goff.
- A Fly for the Prosecution. Adams, Phoebe-Lou // Atlantic Monthly (10727825);Jun2000, Vol. 285 Issue 6, p117
The article reviews the book "A Fly for the Prosecution," by M. Lee Goff.
- Forensic Entomology. // Monkeyshines on Health & Science;Mar2003 Forensic Science, p30
Focuses on the study discipline of forensic entomology which involves studying insects and the related arthropods which can be found in criminal investigations. Origin of human beings and insects; Division of forensic entomology into urban and medicolegal entomology.
- THIS BUG'S LIFE. // Indianapolis Monthly;Oct2006, Vol. 30 Issue 2, p285
The article presents information about the Crime Scene Insects exhibition, being held at the Indiana State Museum in Indianapolis, Indiana. The exhibition documents the offensive history of forensic entomology and the use of maggots, flies, and beetles to solve crimes from their rough origins in...
- First Medicolegal Forensic Entomology Case of Central Amazon: A Suicide by Hanging with Incomplete Suspension. de Souza, Eduardo Rodrigues; Rafael, José Albertino; Xavier Filho, Francisco Felipe; Da-Silva-Freitas, Juliana Oliveira; Oliveira-Costa, Janyra; Ururahy-Rodrigues, Alexandre // EntomoBrasilis;ene-abr2014, Vol. 7 Issue 1, p12
This report describes the first medicolegal forensic entomology case of Central Amazon. A suicide by hanging took place in a "terra firme" primary forest on an upland plateau. The postmortem interval estimation was calculated on the basis of the biology of the blow fly Hemilucilia segmentaria...

domain: law


The city's Rent Stabilization Law, enacted last April, was supposed to require that land lords give refunds to certain tenants. Now some tenants are being asked to make retroac tive payments to landlords.
A number of owners—includ ing one of the city's larg est, Charles H. Greenthal & Co. —sent notices March 1 to var ious occupants raising their rents. substantially,
The landlords are trying to recover what they lost when they gave rent reductions that have recently been judged larg er than the law requires.
The Conciliation and Appeals Board — a nine‐member panel appointed by Mayor Lindsay — has ruled that rents for certain tenants should have been re duced to 25 per cent above the previous tenant's rent, instead of 15 per cent.
Confusing interpretations by the city's Housing and Devel opment Administration of what almost everyone concedes is vaguely written law led owners to set rents at levels that in clude increases of 15 per cent. With the new ruling, they are tacking on surcharges to make up their losses.Continue reading the main story
Harriet Kendell, for example, who lives in a Greenthal‐man aged building at 30 East 38th Street, said she received a printed notice raising her rent from $220 to $295.06 a month.
When she called Harold R. Green, the agent who had signed the notice. Miss Kendell reported that he said, “If you don't like it, move.” Mr. Green, reached yesterday, refused to comment
The legality of the landlords demands has not yet been de termined. The Conciliation Board made no reference to the matter in its opinion, and Maurice A. Reichman, counsel to the board; said no ruling could be made until a tenant filed a complaint.
Effective Date May 31, 1968
Mr. Reichman said he would advise tenants to pay the higher rent to protect them selves from eviction, while filing complaints with the board.
The Rent Stabiliation Law covers 375,000 “uncontrolled apartments. It limits rent in creases where an occupant moves out and a new one moves in to 15 per cent if the new Ilease is for two years, and 25 per cent if it is for three.
Any leases effective after May 31, 1968, are covered by the law. If the leases called for rents above the legal lim its when the law went into effect, landlords were required to reduce rents to those limits and refund excess paid after Jan. 1, 1969.
Originally, the Housing and Development Administration told owners that where a new tenant had moved in after May 31, 1968, on a two‐year lease, the landlord could ex tend the term of the lease to three years without consulting the tenant, and thus charge 25 per cent above the previous rent, rather than 15 per cent. If the tenant chose, he would be free to terminate the lease after two years, but he would still have been charged at the 25‐per‐cent level.
Then the housing agency re versed itself and said the ex tension could not be made without the tenant's consent. This view was upheld in Civil Court, but overturned by the Conciliation Board. Tenants groups have said they intend to file suit against the board on the matter.Continue reading the main story


Chishimba Kambwili is a former member of the National Assembly of Zambia for Roan Constituency in Luanshya District. He has also held several posts in the cabinet. He is the leader of the National Democratic Congress.
He was born in Luanshya where he subsequently completed his education. Kambwili is also National Youth Chairman for the Patriotic Front, which in September 2011 election became the ruling party in Zambia.
Kambwili was first appointed Minister of Foreign affairs however was then moved to Minister of Labour, then Minister of Sports and Youth and later Minister of Information and Broadcasting Services. He was also the spokesperson of the current PF government and PF party during his tenure.
In August 2015 Kambwili had threatened to fire Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation after the agency started protesting his MP practices and by October of the same year revoked the license of Lusaka's Radio Phoenix, after assuming that some of their staff were supporting United Party for National Development candidates because there was absence of callers-in one of the station's programs.
In the 2016 election Kambwili retained his MP seat from Roan Constituency and continued to serve as the Minister of Information and Broadcasting services in Lungu's second cabinet.
On 8 November 2016 President Lungu fired Kambwili as Information Minister a few days after the president threatened to deal with corrupt officials in his Cabinet.
In 2017 he was expelled from the party along with Mwenya Musenge for destabilization reports.
In 2018 Chishimba Kambwili was accused of using abusive language toward Zambian police and soldiers. On 23 March 2018 he was rushed to the University Teaching Hospital after collapsing at the Woodlands Police Station and was discharged from there a week later.
On 27 February 2019 his seat was declared vacant by the Speaker of the National Assembly.
On 30 June 2020, Kambwili called on opposition parties in Zambia to form a grand opposition alliance ahead of the 2021 Zambian general election, citing the example of the 2020 Malawian presidential election.


text:
Embedded with AQCOLOR Technology, BenQ’s DesignVue Designer Monitor PD2700Q provides the creatives a factory-calibrated utmost display performance of accurate and consistent colors. PD2700Q is equipped with three display modes (Darkroom, CAD/CAM, and Animation) that accentuate the details of images, making it easier for editing, creating, and visualizing. PD2700Q also features the DualView function allowing for easy side to side comparison of screen contents or multi-tasking work on one screen. Artists and designers can now enjoy a smoother and more efficient workflow for your amazing ideas. Designers can benefit from the unique CAD/CAM Mode that brings out the finest graphic details for Pro/E, SOLIDWORKS, AutoCAD, Photoshop, CATIA, 3D modeling, VFX content, and industrial designs, etc.
- Technicolor Color Certified, 10-bit of color depth, 100% sRGB / Rec. 709 color space standards, and Delta E ? 3 color accuracy, have more than 1 billion colors to work with astonishing precision
- Dual-view Function displays two picture modes (e.g. sRGB/Darkroom Mode) simultaneously without the need for two screens
- The Darkroom Mode adjusts the brightness and contrast of images giving clarity and sharpness to details, creating the optimal setting for work in darker post-processing environments
- CAD/CAM Mode offers superior image contrast, allowing for lines and shapes of technical illustrations to stand out
- Animation mode enhances the brightness of dark areas without over-exposing the already bright areas which is helpful for designers working with precise designs
- BenQ Display Pilot software is a total solution for designers seeking to customize their display to adjust the monitor color and OSD settings
- Height Adjustment (Base +130mm), Tilt (-5? to 20?), Swivel 90? ( 45? left and right) and Pivot – 90?, VESA Wall Mount

domain: artistic


text:
Rain is liquid water in the form of droplets that have condensed from atmospheric water vapor and then become heavy enough to fall under gravity. Rain is a major component of the water cycle and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on the Earth. It provides suitable conditions for many types of ecosystems, as well as water for hydroelectric power plants and crop irrigation.
The major cause of rain production is moisture moving along three-dimensional zones of temperature and moisture contrasts known as weather fronts. If enough moisture and upward motion is present, precipitation falls from convective clouds (those with strong upward vertical motion) such as cumulonimbus (thunder clouds) which can organize into narrow rainbands. In mountainous areas, heavy precipitation is possible where upslope flow is maximized within windward sides of the terrain at elevation which forces moist air to condense and fall out as rainfall along the sides of mountains. On the leeward side of mountains, desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by downslope flow which causes heating and drying of the air mass. The movement of the monsoon trough, or intertropical convergence zone, brings rainy seasons to savannah climes.
The urban heat island effect leads to increased rainfall, both in amounts and intensity, downwind of cities. Global warming is also causing changes in the precipitation pattern globally, including wetter conditions across eastern North America and drier conditions in the tropics. Antarctica is the driest continent. The globally averaged annual precipitation over land is 715 mm (28.1 in), but over the whole Earth it is much higher at 990 mm (39 in). Climate classification systems such as the Köppen classification system use average annual rainfall to help differentiate between differing climate regimes. Rainfall is measured using rain gauges. Rainfall amounts can be estimated by weather radar.
Air contains water vapor, and the amount of water in a given mass of dry air, known as the mixing ratio, is measured in grams of water per kilogram of dry air (g/kg). The amount of moisture in air is also commonly reported as relative humidity; which is the percentage of the total water vapor air can hold at a particular air temperature. How much water vapor a parcel of air can contain before it becomes saturated (100% relative humidity) and forms into a cloud (a group of visible and tiny water and ice particles suspended above the Earth's surface) depends on its temperature. Warmer air can contain more water vapor than cooler air before becoming saturated. Therefore, one way to saturate a parcel of air is to cool it. The dew point is the temperature to which a parcel must be cooled in order to become saturated.
There are four main mechanisms for cooling the air to its dew point: adiabatic cooling, conductive cooling, radiational cooling, and evaporative cooling. Adiabatic cooling occurs when air rises and expands. The air can rise due to convection, large-scale atmospheric motions, or a physical barrier such as a mountain (orographic lift). Conductive cooling occurs when the air comes into contact with a colder surface, usually by being blown from one surface to another, for example from a liquid water surface to colder land. Radiational cooling occurs due to the emission of infrared radiation, either by the air or by the surface underneath. Evaporative cooling occurs when moisture is added to the air through evaporation, which forces the air temperature to cool to its wet-bulb temperature, or until it reaches saturation.
The main ways water vapor is added to the air are: wind convergence into areas of upward motion, precipitation or virga falling from above, daytime heating evaporating water from the surface of oceans, water bodies or wet land, transpiration from plants, cool or dry air moving over warmer water, and lifting air over mountains. Water vapor normally begins to condense on condensation nuclei such as dust, ice, and salt in order to form clouds. Elevated portions of weather fronts (which are three-dimensional in nature) force broad areas of upward motion within the Earth's atmosphere which form clouds decks such as altostratus or cirrostratus. Stratus is a stable cloud deck which tends to form when a cool, stable air mass is trapped underneath a warm air mass. It can also form due to the lifting of advection fog during breezy conditions.
Coalescence occurs when water droplets fuse to create larger water droplets. Air resistance typically causes the water droplets in a cloud to remain stationary. When air turbulence occurs, water droplets collide, producing larger droplets.
As these larger water droplets descend, coalescence continues, so that drops become heavy enough to overcome air resistance and fall as rain. Coalescence generally happens most often in clouds above freezing, and is also known as the warm rain process. In clouds below freezing, when ice crystals gain enough mass they begin to fall. This generally requires more mass than coalescence when occurring between the crystal and neighboring water droplets. This process is temperature dependent, as supercooled water droplets only exist in a cloud that is below freezing. In addition, because of the great temperature difference between cloud and ground level, these ice crystals may melt as they fall and become rain.
Raindrops have sizes ranging from 0.1 to 9 mm (0.0039 to 0.3543 in) mean diameter, above which they tend to break up. Smaller drops are called cloud droplets, and their shape is spherical. As a raindrop increases in size, its shape becomes more oblate, with its largest cross-section facing the oncoming airflow. Large rain drops become increasingly flattened on the bottom, like hamburger buns; very large ones are shaped like parachutes. Contrary to popular belief, their shape does not resemble a teardrop. The biggest raindrops on Earth were recorded over Brazil and the Marshall Islands in 2004 — some of them were as large as 10 mm (0.39 in). The large size is explained by condensation on large smoke particles or by collisions between drops in small regions with particularly high content of liquid water.
Rain drops associated with melting hail tend to be larger than other rain drops.
The final droplet size distribution is an exponential distribution. The number of droplets with diameter between and per unit volume of space is . This is commonly referred to as the Marshall–Palmer law after the researchers who first characterized it. The parameters are somewhat temperature-dependent, and the slope also scales with the rate of rainfall (d in centimeters and R in millimetres per hour).
Deviations can occur for small droplets and during different rainfall conditions. The distribution tends to fit averaged rainfall, while instantaneous size spectra often deviate and have been modeled as gamma distributions. The distribution has an upper limit due to droplet fragmentation.
Raindrops impact at their terminal velocity, which is greater for larger drops due to their larger mass to drag ratio. At sea level and without wind, 0.5 mm (0.020 in) drizzle impacts at 2 m/s (6.6 ft/s) or 7.2 km/h (4.5 mph), while large 5 mm (0.20 in) drops impact at around 9 m/s (30 ft/s) or 32 km/h (20 mph).
Rain falling on loosely packed material such as newly fallen ash can produce dimples that can be fossilized, called raindrop impressions. The air density dependence of the maximum raindrop diameter together with fossil raindrop imprints has been used to constrain the density of the air 2.7 billion years ago.
Stratiform (a broad shield of precipitation with a relatively similar intensity) and dynamic precipitation (convective precipitation which is showery in nature with large changes in intensity over short distances) occur as a consequence of slow ascent of air in synoptic systems (on the order of cm/s), such as in the vicinity of cold fronts and near and poleward of surface warm fronts. Similar ascent is seen around tropical cyclones outside the eyewall, and in comma-head precipitation patterns around mid-latitude cyclones. A wide variety of weather can be found along an occluded front, with thunderstorms possible, but usually their passage is associated with a drying of the air mass. Occluded fronts usually form around mature low-pressure areas. What separates rainfall from other precipitation types, such as ice pellets and snow, is the presence of a thick layer of air aloft which is above the melting point of water, which melts the frozen precipitation well before it reaches the ground. If there is a shallow near surface layer that is below freezing, freezing rain (rain which freezes on contact with surfaces in subfreezing environments) will result. Hail becomes an increasingly infrequent occurrence when the freezing level within the atmosphere exceeds 3,400 m (11,000 ft) above ground level.
Convective rain, or showery precipitation, occurs from convective clouds (e.g., cumulonimbus or cumulus congestus). It falls as showers with rapidly changing intensity. Convective precipitation falls over a certain area for a relatively short time, as convective clouds have limited horizontal extent. Most precipitation in the tropics appears to be convective; however, it has been suggested that stratiform precipitation also occurs. Graupel and hail indicate convection. In mid-latitudes, convective precipitation is intermittent and often associated with baroclinic boundaries such as cold fronts, squall lines, and warm fronts.
Orographic precipitation occurs on the windward side of mountains and is caused by the rising air motion of a large-scale flow of moist air across the mountain ridge, resulting in adiabatic cooling and condensation. In mountainous parts of the world subjected to relatively consistent winds (for example, the trade winds), a more moist climate usually prevails on the windward side of a mountain than on the leeward or downwind side. Moisture is removed by orographic lift, leaving drier air (see katabatic wind) on the descending and generally warming, leeward side where a rain shadow is observed.
In Hawaii, Mount Waiʻaleʻale, on the island of Kauai, is notable for its extreme rainfall, as it is amongst the places in the world with the highest levels of rainfall, with 9,500 mm (373 in). Systems known as Kona storms affect the state with heavy rains between October and April. Local climates vary considerably on each island due to their topography, divisible into windward (Koʻolau) and leeward (Kona) regions based upon location relative to the higher mountains. Windward sides face the east to northeast trade winds and receive much more rainfall; leeward sides are drier and sunnier, with less rain and less cloud cover.
In South America, the Andes mountain range blocks Pacific moisture that arrives in that continent, resulting in a desertlike climate just downwind across western Argentina. The Sierra Nevada range creates the same effect in North America forming the Great Basin and Mojave Deserts.
The wet, or rainy, season is the time of year, covering one or more months, when most of the average annual rainfall in a region falls. The term green season is also sometimes used as a euphemism by tourist authorities. Areas with wet seasons are dispersed across portions of the tropics and subtropics. Savanna climates and areas with monsoon regimes have wet summers and dry winters. Tropical rainforests technically do not have dry or wet seasons, since their rainfall is equally distributed through the year. Some areas with pronounced rainy seasons will see a break in rainfall mid-season when the intertropical convergence zone or monsoon trough move poleward of their location during the middle of the warm season. When the wet season occurs during the warm season, or summer, rain falls mainly during the late afternoon and early evening hours. The wet season is a time when air quality improves, freshwater quality improves, and vegetation grows significantly.
Tropical cyclones, a source of very heavy rainfall, consist of large air masses several hundred miles across with low pressure at the centre and with winds blowing inward towards the centre in either a clockwise direction (southern hemisphere) or counter clockwise (northern hemisphere). Although cyclones can take an enormous toll in lives and personal property, they may be important factors in the precipitation regimes of places they impact, as they may bring much-needed precipitation to otherwise dry regions. Areas in their path can receive a year's worth of rainfall from a tropical cyclone passage.
The fine particulate matter produced by car exhaust and other human sources of pollution forms cloud condensation nuclei, leads to the production of clouds and increases the likelihood of rain. As commuters and commercial traffic cause pollution to build up over the course of the week, the likelihood of rain increases: it peaks by Saturday, after five days of weekday pollution has been built up. In heavily populated areas that are near the coast, such as the United States' Eastern Seaboard, the effect can be dramatic: there is a 22% higher chance of rain on Saturdays than on Mondays. The urban heat island effect warms cities 0.6 to 5.6 °C (1.1 to 10.1 °F) above surrounding suburbs and rural areas. This extra heat leads to greater upward motion, which can induce additional shower and thunderstorm activity. Rainfall rates downwind of cities are increased between 48% and 116%. Partly as a result of this warming, monthly rainfall is about 28% greater between 32 to 64 km (20 to 40 mi) downwind of cities, compared with upwind. Some cities induce a total precipitation increase of 51%.
Increasing temperatures tend to increase evaporation which can lead to more precipitation. Precipitation generally increased over land north of 30°N from 1900 through 2005 but has declined over the tropics since the 1970s. Globally there has been no statistically significant overall trend in precipitation over the past century, although trends have varied widely by region and over time. Eastern portions of North and South America, northern Europe, and northern and central Asia have become wetter. The Sahel, the Mediterranean, southern Africa and parts of southern Asia have become drier. There has been an increase in the number of heavy precipitation events over many areas during the past century, as well as an increase since the 1970s in the prevalence of droughts—especially in the tropics and subtropics. Changes in precipitation and evaporation over the oceans are suggested by the decreased salinity of mid- and high-latitude waters (implying more precipitation), along with increased salinity in lower latitudes (implying less precipitation and/or more evaporation). Over the contiguous United States, total annual precipitation increased at an average rate of 6.1 percent since 1900, with the greatest increases within the East North Central climate region (11.6 percent per century) and the South (11.1 percent). Hawaii was the only region to show a decrease (−9.25 percent).
Analysis of 65 years of United States of America rainfall records show the lower 48 states have an increase in heavy downpours since 1950. The largest increases are in the Northeast and Midwest, which in the past decade, have seen 31 and 16 percent more heavy downpours compared to the 1950s. Rhode Island is the state with the largest increase, 104%. McAllen, Texas is the city with the largest increase, 700%. Heavy downpour in the analysis are the days where total precipitation exceeded the top 1 percent of all rain and snow days during the years 1950–2014
Rainbands are cloud and precipitation areas which are significantly elongated. Rainbands can be stratiform or convective, and are generated by differences in temperature. When noted on weather radar imagery, this precipitation elongation is referred to as banded structure. Rainbands in advance of warm occluded fronts and warm fronts are associated with weak upward motion, and tend to be wide and stratiform in nature.
Rainbands spawned near and ahead of cold fronts can be squall lines which are able to produce tornadoes. Rainbands associated with cold fronts can be warped by mountain barriers perpendicular to the front's orientation due to the formation of a low-level barrier jet. Bands of thunderstorms can form with sea breeze and land breeze boundaries, if enough moisture is present. If sea breeze rainbands become active enough just ahead of a cold front, they can mask the location of the cold front itself.
Once a cyclone occludes, a trough of warm air aloft, or "trowal" for short, will be caused by strong southerly winds on its eastern periphery rotating aloft around its northeast, and ultimately northwestern, periphery (also known as the warm conveyor belt), forcing a surface trough to continue into the cold sector on a similar curve to the occluded front. The trowal creates the portion of an occluded cyclone known as its comma head, due to the comma-like shape of the mid-tropospheric cloudiness that accompanies the feature. It can also be the focus of locally heavy precipitation, with thunderstorms possible if the atmosphere along the trowal is unstable enough for convection. Banding within the comma head precipitation pattern of an extratropical cyclone can yield significant amounts of rain. Behind extratropical cyclones during fall and winter, rainbands can form downwind of relative warm bodies of water such as the Great Lakes. Downwind of islands, bands of showers and thunderstorms can develop due to low level wind convergence downwind of the island edges. Offshore California, this has been noted in the wake of cold fronts.
Rainbands within tropical cyclones are curved in orientation. Tropical cyclone rainbands contain showers and thunderstorms that, together with the eyewall and the eye, constitute a hurricane or tropical storm. The extent of rainbands around a tropical cyclone can help determine the cyclone's intensity.
The phrase acid rain was first used by Scottish chemist Robert Augus Smith in 1852. The pH of rain varies, especially due to its origin. On America's East Coast, rain that is derived from the Atlantic Ocean typically has a pH of 5.0–5.6; rain that comes across the continental from the west has a pH of 3.8–4.8; and local thunderstorms can have a pH as low as 2.0. Rain becomes acidic primarily due to the presence of two strong acids, sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3). Sulfuric acid is derived from natural sources such as volcanoes, and wetlands (sulfate reducing bacteria); and anthropogenic sources such as the combustion of fossil fuels, and mining where H2S is present. Nitric acid is produced by natural sources such as lightning, soil bacteria, and natural fires; while also produced anthropogenically by the combustion of fossil fuels and from power plants. In the past 20 years the concentrations of nitric and sulfuric acid has decreased in presence of rainwater, which may be due to the significant increase in ammonium (most likely as ammonia from livestock production), which acts as a buffer in acid rain and raises the pH.
The Köppen classification depends on average monthly values of temperature and precipitation. The most commonly used form of the Köppen classification has five primary types labeled A through E. Specifically, the primary types are A, tropical; B, dry; C, mild mid-latitude; D, cold mid-latitude; and E, polar. The five primary classifications can be further divided into secondary classifications such as rain forest, monsoon, tropical savanna, humid subtropical, humid continental, oceanic climate, Mediterranean climate, steppe, subarctic climate, tundra, polar ice cap, and desert.
Rain forests are characterized by high rainfall, with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 1,750 and 2,000 mm (69 and 79 in). A tropical savanna is a grassland biome located in semi-arid to semi-humid climate regions of subtropical and tropical latitudes, with rainfall between 750 and 1,270 mm (30 and 50 in) a year. They are widespread on Africa, and are also found in India, the northern parts of South America, Malaysia, and Australia. The humid subtropical climate zone is where winter rainfall is associated with large storms that the westerlies steer from west to east. Most summer rainfall occurs during thunderstorms and from occasional tropical cyclones. Humid subtropical climates lie on the east side continents, roughly between latitudes 20° and 40° degrees away from the equator.
An oceanic (or maritime) climate is typically found along the west coasts at the middle latitudes of all the world's continents, bordering cool oceans, as well as southeastern Australia, and is accompanied by plentiful precipitation year-round. The Mediterranean climate regime resembles the climate of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin, parts of western North America, parts of Western and South Australia, in southwestern South Africa and in parts of central Chile. The climate is characterized by hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters. A steppe is a dry grassland. Subarctic climates are cold with continuous permafrost and little precipitation.
Rain is measured in units of length per unit time, typically in millimeters per hour, or in countries where imperial units are more common, inches per hour. The "length", or more accurately, "depth" being measured is the depth of rain water that would accumulate on a flat, horizontal and impermeable surface during a given amount of time, typically an hour. One millimeter of rainfall is the equivalent of one liter of water per square meter.
The standard way of measuring rainfall or snowfall is the standard rain gauge, which can be found in 100-mm (4-in) plastic and 200-mm (8-in) metal varieties. The inner cylinder is filled by 25 mm (0.98 in) of rain, with overflow flowing into the outer cylinder. Plastic gauges have markings on the inner cylinder down to 0.25 mm (0.0098 in) resolution, while metal gauges require use of a stick designed with the appropriate 0.25 mm (0.0098 in) markings. After the inner cylinder is filled, the amount inside it is discarded, then filled with the remaining rainfall in the outer cylinder until all the fluid in the outer cylinder is gone, adding to the overall total until the outer cylinder is empty. Other types of gauges include the popular wedge gauge (the cheapest rain gauge and most fragile), the tipping bucket rain gauge, and the weighing rain gauge. For those looking to measure rainfall the most inexpensively, a can that is cylindrical with straight sides will act as a rain gauge if left out in the open, but its accuracy will depend on what ruler is used to measure the rain with. Any of the above rain gauges can be made at home, with enough know-how.
When a precipitation measurement is made, various networks exist across the United States and elsewhere where rainfall measurements can be submitted through the Internet, such as CoCoRAHS or GLOBE. If a network is not available in the area where one lives, the nearest local weather or met office will likely be interested in the measurement.
One of the main uses of weather radar is to be able to assess the amount of precipitations fallen over large basins for hydrological purposes. For instance, river flood control, sewer management and dam construction are all areas where planners use rainfall accumulation data. Radar-derived rainfall estimates compliment surface station data which can be used for calibration. To produce radar accumulations, rain rates over a point are estimated by using the value of reflectivity data at individual grid points. A radar equation is then used, which is,
where Z represents the radar reflectivity, R represents the rainfall rate, and A and b are constants. Satellite derived rainfall estimates use passive microwave instruments aboard polar orbiting as well as geostationary weather satellites to indirectly measure rainfall rates. If one wants an accumulated rainfall over a time period, one has to add up all the accumulations from each grid box within the images during that time.
Rainfall intensity is classified according to the rate of precipitation, which depends on the considered time. The following categories are used to classify rainfall intensity:
Euphemisms for a heavy or violent rain include gully washer, trash-mover and toad-strangler. The intensity can also be expressed by rainfall erosivity R-factor or in terms of the rainfall time-structure n-index.
The likelihood or probability of an event with a specified intensity and duration, is called the return period or frequency. The intensity of a storm can be predicted for any return period and storm duration, from charts based on historic data for the location. The term 1 in 10 year storm describes a rainfall event which is unusual and has a 50% chance of occurring in any 10-year period. The term 1 in 100 year storm describes a rainfall event which is rare and which will occur with a 50% probability in any 100-year period. As with all probability events, it is possible, though improbable, to have multiple "1 in 100 Year Storms" in a single year.
The Quantitative Precipitation Forecast (abbreviated QPF) is the expected amount of liquid precipitation accumulated over a specified time period over a specified area. A QPF will be specified when a measurable precipitation type reaching a minimum threshold is forecast for any hour during a QPF valid period. Precipitation forecasts tend to be bound by synoptic hours such as 0000, 0600, 1200 and 1800 GMT. Terrain is considered in QPFs by use of topography or based upon climatological precipitation patterns from observations with fine detail. Starting in the mid to late 1990s, QPFs were used within hydrologic forecast models to simulate impact to rivers throughout the United States. Forecast models show significant sensitivity to humidity levels within the planetary boundary layer, or in the lowest levels of the atmosphere, which decreases with height. QPF can be generated on a quantitative, forecasting amounts, or a qualitative, forecasting the probability of a specific amount, basis. Radar imagery forecasting techniques show higher skill than model forecasts within 6 to 7 hours of the time of the radar image. The forecasts can be verified through use of rain gauge measurements, weather radar estimates, or a combination of both. Various skill scores can be determined to measure the value of the rainfall forecast.
Precipitation, especially rain, has a dramatic effect on agriculture. All plants need at least some water to survive, therefore rain (being the most effective means of watering) is important to agriculture. While a regular rain pattern is usually vital to healthy plants, too much or too little rainfall can be harmful, even devastating to crops. Drought can kill crops and increase erosion, while overly wet weather can cause harmful fungus growth. Plants need varying amounts of rainfall to survive. For example, certain cacti require small amounts of water, while tropical plants may need up to hundreds of inches of rain per year to survive.
In areas with wet and dry seasons, soil nutrients diminish and erosion increases during the wet season. Animals have adaptation and survival strategies for the wetter regime. The previous dry season leads to food shortages into the wet season, as the crops have yet to mature. Developing countries have noted that their populations show seasonal weight fluctuations due to food shortages seen before the first harvest, which occurs late in the wet season. Rain may be harvested through the use of rainwater tanks; treated to potable use or for non-potable use indoors or for irrigation. Excessive rain during short periods of time can cause flash floods.
Cultural attitudes towards rain differ across the world. In temperate climates, people tend to be more stressed when the weather is unstable or cloudy, with its impact greater on men than women. Rain can also bring joy, as some consider it to be soothing or enjoy the aesthetic appeal of it. In dry places, such as India, or during periods of drought, rain lifts people's moods. In Botswana, the Setswana word for rain, pula, is used as the name of the national currency, in recognition of the economic importance of rain in its country, since it has a desert climate. Several cultures have developed means of dealing with rain and have developed numerous protection devices such as umbrellas and raincoats, and diversion devices such as gutters and storm drains that lead rains to sewers. Many people find the scent during and immediately after rain pleasant or distinctive. The source of this scent is petrichor, an oil produced by plants, then absorbed by rocks and soil, and later released into the air during rainfall.
Rain holds an important religious significance in many cultures. The ancient Sumerians believed that rain was the semen of the sky-god An, which fell from the heavens to inseminate his consort, the earth-goddess Ki, causing her to give birth to all the plants of the earth. The Akkadians believed that the clouds were the breasts of Anu's consort Antu and that rain was milk from her breasts. According to Jewish tradition, in the first century BC, the Jewish miracle-worker Honi ha-M'agel ended a three-year drought in Judaea by drawing a circle in the sand and praying for rain, refusing to leave the circle until his prayer was granted. In his Meditations, the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius preserves a prayer for rain made by the Athenians to the Greek sky-god Zeus. Various Native American tribes are known to have historically conducted rain dances in effort to encourage rainfall. Rainmaking rituals are also important in many African cultures. In the present-day United States, various state governors have held Days of Prayer for rain, including the Days of Prayer for Rain in the State of Texas in 2011.
Approximately 505,000 km3 (121,000 cu mi) of water falls as precipitation each year across the globe with 398,000 km3 (95,000 cu mi) of it over the oceans. Given the Earth's surface area, that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is 990 mm (39 in). Deserts are defined as areas with an average annual precipitation of less than 250 mm (10 in) per year, or as areas where more water is lost by evapotranspiration than falls as precipitation.
The northern half of Africa is occupied by the world's most extensive hot, dry region, the Sahara Desert. Some deserts are also occupying much of southern Africa : the Namib and the Kalahari. Across Asia, a large annual rainfall minimum, composed primarily of deserts, stretches from the Gobi Desert in Mongolia west-southwest through western Pakistan (Balochistan) and Iran into the Arabian Desert in Saudi Arabia. Most of Australia is semi-arid or desert, making it the world's driest inhabited continent. In South America, the Andes mountain range blocks Pacific moisture that arrives in that continent, resulting in a desertlike climate just downwind across western Argentina. The drier areas of the United States are regions where the Sonoran Desert overspreads the Desert Southwest, the Great Basin and central Wyoming.
Since rain only falls as liquid, in frozen temperatures, rain cannot fall. As a result, very cold climates see very little rainfall and are often known as polar deserts. A common biome in this area is the tundra which has a short summer thaw and a long frozen winter. Ice caps see no rain at all, making Antarctica the world's driest continent.
Rainforests are areas of the world with very high rainfall. Both tropical and temperate rainforests exist. Tropical rainforests occupy a large band of the planet mostly along the equator. Most temperate rainforests are located on mountainous west coasts between 45 and 55 degrees latitude, but they are often found in other areas.
Around 40–75% of all biotic life is found in rainforests. Rainforests are also responsible for 28% of the world's oxygen turnover.
The equatorial region near the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), or monsoon trough, is the wettest portion of the world's continents. Annually, the rain belt within the tropics marches northward by August, then moves back southward into the Southern Hemisphere by February and March. Within Asia, rainfall is favored across its southern portion from India east and northeast across the Philippines and southern China into Japan due to the monsoon advecting moisture primarily from the Indian Ocean into the region. The monsoon trough can reach as far north as the 40th parallel in East Asia during August before moving southward thereafter. Its poleward progression is accelerated by the onset of the summer monsoon which is characterized by the development of lower air pressure (a thermal low) over the warmest part of Asia. Similar, but weaker, monsoon circulations are present over North America and Australia. During the summer, the Southwest monsoon combined with Gulf of California and Gulf of Mexico moisture moving around the subtropical ridge in the Atlantic Ocean bring the promise of afternoon and evening thunderstorms to the southern tier of the United States as well as the Great Plains. The eastern half of the contiguous United States east of the 98th meridian, the mountains of the Pacific Northwest, and the Sierra Nevada range are the wetter portions of the nation, with average rainfall exceeding 760 mm (30 in) per year. Tropical cyclones enhance precipitation across southern sections of the United States, as well as Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, and American Samoa.
Westerly flow from the mild north Atlantic leads to wetness across western Europe, in particular Ireland and the United Kingdom, where the western coasts can receive between 1,000 mm (39 in), at sea-level and 2,500 mm (98 in), on the mountains of rain per year. Bergen, Norway is one of the more famous European rain-cities with its yearly precipitation of 2,250 mm (89 in) on average. During the fall, winter, and spring, Pacific storm systems bring most of Hawaii and the western United States much of their precipitation. Over the top of the ridge, the jet stream brings a summer precipitation maximum to the Great Lakes. Large thunderstorm areas known as mesoscale convective complexes move through the Plains, Midwest, and Great Lakes during the warm season, contributing up to 10% of the annual precipitation to the region.
The El Niño-Southern Oscillation affects the precipitation distribution, by altering rainfall patterns across the western United States, Midwest, the Southeast, and throughout the tropics. There is also evidence that global warming is leading to increased precipitation to the eastern portions of North America, while droughts are becoming more frequent in the tropics and subtropics.
Cherrapunji, situated on the southern slopes of the Eastern Himalaya in Shillong, India is the confirmed wettest place on Earth, with an average annual rainfall of 11,430 mm (450 in). The highest recorded rainfall in a single year was 22,987 mm (905.0 in) in 1861. The 38-year average at nearby Mawsynram, Meghalaya, India is 11,873 mm (467.4 in). The wettest spot in Australia is Mount Bellenden Ker in the north-east of the country which records an average of 8,000 mm (310 in) per year, with over 12,200 mm (480.3 in) of rain recorded during 2000. The Big Bog on the island of Maui has the highest average annual rainfall in the Hawaiian Islands, at 10,300 mm (404 in).Mount Waiʻaleʻale on the island of Kauaʻi achieves similar torrential rains, while slightly lower than that of the Big Bog, at 9,500 mm (373 in) of rain per year over the last 32 years, with a record 17,340 mm (683 in) in 1982. Its summit is considered one of the rainiest spots on earth, with a reported 350 days of rain per year.
Lloró, a town situated in Chocó, Colombia, is probably the place with the largest rainfall in the world, averaging 13,300 mm (523.6 in) per year. The Department of Chocó is extraordinarily humid. Tutunendaó, a small town situated in the same department, is one of the wettest estimated places on Earth, averaging 11,394 mm (448.6 in) per year; in 1974 the town received 26,303 mm (86 ft 3.6 in), the largest annual rainfall measured in Colombia. Unlike Cherrapunji, which receives most of its rainfall between April and September, Tutunendaó receives rain almost uniformly distributed throughout the year. Quibdó, the capital of Chocó, receives the most rain in the world among cities with over 100,000 inhabitants: 9,000 mm (354 in) per year. Storms in Chocó can drop 500 mm (20 in) of rainfall in a day. This amount is more than what falls in many cities in a year's time.
|Continent||Highest average||Place||Elevation||Years of record|
|South America||523.6||13,299||Lloró, Colombia (estimated)[a][b]||520||158[c]||29|
|Oceania||404.3||10,269||Big Bog, Maui, Hawaii (USA)[a]||5,148||1,569||30|
|South America||354.0||8,992||Quibdo, Colombia||120||36.6||16|
|Australia||340.0||8,636||Mount Bellenden Ker, Queensland||5,102||1,555||9|
|North America||256.0||6,502||Henderson Lake, British Columbia||12||3.66||14|
|Source (without conversions): Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation, National Climatic Data Center. August 9, 2004.|
|Highest average annual rainfall||Asia||Mawsynram, India||467.4||11,870|
|Highest in one year||Asia||Cherrapunji, India||1,042||26,470|
|Highest in one calendar month||Asia||Cherrapunji, India||366||9,296|
|Highest in 24 hours||Indian Ocean||Foc Foc, La Reunion Island||71.8||1,820|
|Highest in 12 hours||Indian Ocean||Foc Foc, La Reunion Island||45.0||1,140|
|Highest in one minute||North America||Unionville, Maryland, USA||1.23||31.2|
Rainfalls of diamonds have been suggested to occur on the gas giant planets, Jupiter and Saturn, as well as on the ice giant planets, Uranus and Neptune. There is likely to be rain of various compositions in the upper atmospheres of the gas giants, as well as precipitation of liquid neon in the deep atmospheres. On Titan, Saturn's largest natural satellite, infrequent methane rain is thought to carve the moon's numerous surface channels. On Venus, sulfuric acid virga evaporates 25 km (16 mi) from the surface. Extrasolar planet OGLE-TR-56b in the constellation Sagittarius is hypothesized to have iron rain.
"30-year mean precipitation at Big Bog for the POR of 1978-2007 is 404.4”.
Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it has elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH). It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals and infrastructure. Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids. Some governments have made efforts since the 1970s to reduce the release of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide into the atmosphere with positive results. Nitrogen oxides can also be produced naturally by lightning strikes, and sulfur dioxide is produced by volcanic eruptions. Acid rain has been shown to have adverse impacts on forests, freshwaters and soils, killing insect and aquatic life-forms, causing paint to peel, corrosion of steel structures such as bridges, and weathering of stone buildings and statues as well as having impacts on human health.Amazon rainforest
The Amazon rainforest (Portuguese: Floresta Amazônica or Amazônia; Spanish: Selva Amazónica, Amazonía or usually Amazonia; French: Forêt amazonienne; Dutch: Amazoneregenwoud), also known in English as Amazonia or the Amazon Jungle, is a moist broadleaf forest in the Amazon biome that covers most of the Amazon basin of South America. This basin encompasses 7,000,000 km2 (2,700,000 sq mi), of which 5,500,000 km2 (2,100,000 sq mi) are covered by the rainforest. This region includes territory belonging to nine nations. The majority of the forest is contained within Brazil, with 60% of the rainforest, followed by Peru with 13%, Colombia with 10%, and with minor amounts in Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname and France (French Guiana). States or departments in four nations contain "Amazonas" in their names. The Amazon represents over half of the planet's remaining rainforests, and comprises the largest and most biodiverse tract of tropical rainforest in the world, with an estimated 390 billion individual trees divided into 16,000 species.Drainage basin
A drainage basin is any area of land where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet, such as into a river, bay, or other body of water. The drainage basin includes all the surface water from rain runoff, snowmelt, and nearby streams that run downslope towards the shared outlet, as well as the groundwater underneath the earth's surface. Drainage basins connect into other drainage basins at lower elevations in a hierarchical pattern, with smaller sub-drainage basins, which in turn drain into another common outlet.Other terms used interchangeably with drainage basin are catchment area, catchment basin, drainage area, river basin, and water basin. In North America, the term watershed is commonly used to mean a drainage basin, though in other English-speaking countries, it is used only in its original sense, that of a drainage divide.
In a closed drainage basin, or endorheic basin, the water converges to a single point inside the basin, known as a sink, which may be a permanent lake, a dry lake, or a point where surface water is lost underground.The drainage basin acts as a funnel by collecting all the water within the area covered by the basin and channelling it to a single point. Each drainage basin is separated topographically from adjacent basins by a perimeter, the drainage divide, making up a succession of higher geographical features (such as a ridge, hill or mountains) forming a barrier.
Drainage basins are similar but not identical to hydrologic units, which are drainage areas delineated so as to nest into a multi-level hierarchical drainage system. Hydrologic units are defined to allow multiple inlets, outlets, or sinks. In a strict sense, all drainage basins are hydrologic units but not all hydrologic units are drainage basins.FaZe Clan
FaZe Clan (formerly FaZe Sniping) is an American esports and entertainment organization that competes in various video game tournaments. The organization was founded as a gaming clan on YouTube by players known as Housecat, ClipZ, and Resistance in 2010.Heavy Rain
Heavy Rain is an interactive drama and action-adventure game developed by Quantic Dream and published by Sony Computer Entertainment as a PlayStation 3 exclusive in February 2010. The game features four protagonists involved with the mystery of the Origami Killer, a serial murderer who uses extended periods of rainfall to drown his victims. The player interacts with the game by performing actions highlighted on screen related to motions on the controller, and in some cases, performing a series of quick time events. The player's decisions and actions during the game affect the narrative; the main characters can be killed, and certain actions may lead to alternative scenes and endings.
Game developer David Cage wrote the 2,000-page script, acted as director for the four years of development, travelled to Philadelphia to research the setting, and intended to improve upon what was flawed in his 2005 game Fahrenheit. Composer Normand Corbeil wrote the score, which was recorded at Abbey Road Studios. Heavy Rain was a critical and commercial success, winning three BAFTA awards and selling over five million copies. The game received praise for its emotional impact, visuals, writing, controls, voice acting, and music; critics conversely faulted the controls, voice acting, and plot inconsistencies. A PlayStation 4 version was released as a standalone title and in the Quantic Dream Collection with Beyond: Two Souls in 2016.Monsoon
Monsoon () is traditionally defined as a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation, but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with the asymmetric heating of land and sea. Usually, the term monsoon is used to refer to the rainy phase of a seasonally changing pattern, although technically there is also a dry phase. The term is sometimes incorrectly used for locally heavy but short-term rains, although these rains meet the dictionary definition of monsoon.The major monsoon systems of the world consist of the West African and Asia-Australian monsoons. The inclusion of the North and South American monsoons with incomplete wind reversal has been debated.The term was first used in English in British India and neighbouring countries to refer to the big seasonal winds blowing from the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea in the southwest bringing heavy rainfall to the area.Precipitation
In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity. The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, graupel and hail. Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapor, so that the water condenses and "precipitates". Thus, fog and mist are not precipitation but suspensions, because the water vapor does not condense sufficiently to precipitate. Two processes, possibly acting together, can lead to air becoming saturated: cooling the air or adding water vapor to the air. Precipitation forms as smaller droplets coalesce via collision with other rain drops or ice crystals within a cloud. Short, intense periods of rain in scattered locations are called "showers."Moisture that is lifted or otherwise forced to rise over a layer of sub-freezing air at the surface may be condensed into clouds and rain. This process is typically active when freezing rain occurs. A stationary front is often present near the area of freezing rain and serves as the foci for forcing and rising air. Provided necessary and sufficient atmospheric moisture content, the moisture within the rising air will condense into clouds, namely stratus and cumulonimbus. Eventually, the cloud droplets will grow large enough to form raindrops and descend toward the Earth where they will freeze on contact with exposed objects. Where relatively warm water bodies are present, for example due to water evaporation from lakes, lake-effect snowfall becomes a concern downwind of the warm lakes within the cold cyclonic flow around the backside of extratropical cyclones. Lake-effect snowfall can be locally heavy. Thundersnow is possible within a cyclone's comma head and within lake effect precipitation bands. In mountainous areas, heavy precipitation is possible where upslope flow is maximized within windward sides of the terrain at elevation. On the leeward side of mountains, desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by compressional heating. Most precipitation occurs within the tropics and is caused by convection. The movement of the monsoon trough, or intertropical convergence zone, brings rainy seasons to savannah climes.
Precipitation is a major component of the water cycle, and is responsible for depositing the fresh water on the planet. Approximately 505,000 cubic kilometres (121,000 cu mi) of water falls as precipitation each year; 398,000 cubic kilometres (95,000 cu mi) of it over the oceans and 107,000 cubic kilometres (26,000 cu mi) over land. Given the Earth's surface area, that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is 990 millimetres (39 in), but over land it is only 715 millimetres (28.1 in). Climate classification systems such as the Köppen climate classification system use average annual rainfall to help differentiate between differing climate regimes.
Precipitation may occur on other celestial bodies, e.g. when it gets cold, Mars has precipitation which most likely takes the form of frost, rather than rain or snow.Prince (musician)
Prince Rogers Nelson (June 7, 1958 – April 21, 2016) was an American singer, songwriter, musician, record producer, actor, and filmmaker. With a career spanning four decades, Prince was known for his eclectic work, flamboyant stage presence, extravagant fashion sense and use of makeup, and wide vocal range. A multi-instrumentalist, he was considered a guitar virtuoso and was also skilled at playing the drums, percussion, bass, keyboards, and synthesizer. Prince pioneered the Minneapolis sound, which is a subgenre of funk rock with elements of synth-pop and new wave, in the late 1970s.Prince was born and raised in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and developed an interest in music as a young child; he wrote his first song, "Funk Machine", at the age of seven. He signed a recording contract with Warner Bros. Records at the age of 17, and released his debut album For You in 1978. His 1979 album Prince went platinum, and his next three albums—Dirty Mind (1980), Controversy (1981), and 1999 (1982)—continued his success, showcasing his prominently explicit lyrics and blending of funk, dance, and rock music. In 1984, he began referring to his backup band as The Revolution and released Purple Rain, the soundtrack album to his film debut. It quickly became his most critically and commercially successful release, spending 24 consecutive weeks atop the Billboard 200 and selling over 20 million copies worldwide. After releasing the albums Around the World in a Day (1985) and Parade (1986), The Revolution disbanded, and Prince released the double album Sign o' the Times (1987) as a solo artist. He released three more solo albums before debuting The New Power Generation band in 1991.
In 1993, while in a contractual dispute with Warner Bros., he changed his stage name to an unpronounceable symbol (), also known as the "Love Symbol," and began releasing new albums at a faster rate to remove himself from contractual obligations. He released five records between 1994 and 1996 before signing with Arista Records in 1998. In 2000, he began referring to himself as "Prince" again. He released 16 albums after that, including the platinum-selling Musicology (2004). His final album, Hit n Run Phase Two, was first released on the Tidal streaming service on December 2015. Four months later, at the age of 57, Prince died of an accidental fentanyl overdose at his Paisley Park recording studio and home in Chanhassen, Minnesota.
Prince's innovative music integrated a wide variety of styles, including funk, rock, R&B, new wave, soul, psychedelia, and pop. He has sold over 100 million records worldwide, making him one of the best-selling music artists of all time. He won seven Grammy Awards, six American Music Awards, a Golden Globe Award, and an Academy Award for the 1984 film Purple Rain. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2004. Rolling Stone ranked Prince at number 27 on their list of 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.Rain (entertainer)
Jung Ji-hoon (Hangul: 정지훈, born June 25, 1982), better known by his stage name Rain (Korean 비 IPA ['piː]), is a South Korean singer-songwriter, actor, and music producer.
Rain's musical career includes seven albums (six Korean, one Japanese), 28 singles and numerous concert tours around the world. He achieved breakthrough success with his third Korean album, It's Raining (2004), which spawned the number one single of the same name. The album sold a million copies in Asia, and established Rain as an international star.
Rain made his acting debut in the 2003 drama Sang Doo! Let's Go To School. His lead role in the pan-Asia hit drama Full House (2004) established his status as a Hallyu star. In 2008, Rain made his Hollywood debut in the film Speed Racer and starred in Ninja Assassin (2009), the latter of which made him the first Korean to win an MTV award.
In 2015, Rain set up his own company, R.A.I.N. Company.Rain Man
Rain Man is a 1988 American comedy-drama road movie directed by Barry Levinson and written by Barry Morrow and Ronald Bass. It tells the story of an abrasive, selfish young wheeler-dealer Charlie Babbitt (Tom Cruise), who discovers that his estranged father has died and bequeathed all of his multimillion-dollar estate to his other son, Raymond (Dustin Hoffman), an autistic savant, of whose existence Charlie was unaware. Charlie is left with only his father's car and collection of rose bushes. In addition to the two leads, Valeria Golino stars as Charlie's girlfriend, Susanna.
Morrow created the character of Raymond after meeting Kim Peek, a real-life savant; his characterization was based on both Peek and Bill Sackter, a good friend of Morrow who was the subject of Bill, an earlier film that Morrow wrote.Rain Man was the highest-grossing film of 1988. The film won four Oscars at the 61st Academy Awards (March 1989), including Best Picture, Best Original Screenplay, Best Director, and Best Actor in a Leading Role for Hoffman. Its crew received an additional four nominations. The film also won the Golden Bear at the 39th Berlin International Film Festival.Rain gauge
A rain gauge (also known as an udometer, pluviometer, or an ombrometer) is an instrument used by meteorologists and hydrologists to gather and measure the amount of liquid precipitation over a set period of time.Rain shadow
A rain shadow is a dry area on the leeward side of a mountainous area (away from the wind). The mountains block the passage of rain-producing weather systems and cast a "shadow" of dryness behind them. Wind and moist air is drawn by the prevailing winds towards the top of the mountains, where it condenses and precipitates before it crosses the top. The air, without much moisture left, advances across the mountains creating a drier side called the "rain shadow".Rainforest
Rainforests are forests characterized by high rainfall, with annual rainfall in the case of tropical rainforests between 250 and 450 centimetres (98 and 177 in), and definitions varying by region for temperate rainforests. The monsoon trough, alternatively known as the intertropical convergence zone, plays a significant role in creating the climatic conditions necessary for the Earth's tropical rainforests.
Around 40% to 75% of all biotic species are indigenous to the rainforests. There may be many millions of species of plants, insects and microorganisms still undiscovered in tropical rainforests. Tropical rainforests have been called the "jewels of the Earth" and the "world's largest pharmacy", because over one quarter of natural medicines have been discovered there. Rainforests are also responsible for 28% of the world's oxygen turnover, sometimes misnamed oxygen production, processing it through photosynthesis from carbon dioxide and consuming it through respiration.
The undergrowth in some areas of a rainforest can be restricted by poor penetration of sunlight to ground level. If the leaf canopy is destroyed or thinned, the ground beneath is soon colonized by a dense, tangled growth of vines, shrubs and small trees, called a jungle. The term jungle is also sometimes applied to tropical rainforests generally.
Rainforests as well as endemic rainforest species are rapidly disappearing due to deforestation, the resulting habitat loss and pollution of the atmosphere.Rainn Wilson
Rainn Dietrich Wilson (born January 20, 1966) is an American actor, comedian, writer, director, businessman, and producer. He is best known for his role as Dwight Schrute on the American version of the television comedy The Office, for which he has earned three consecutive Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series.
A native of Seattle, Wilson began acting in college at the University of Washington, and later worked in theatre in New York City after graduating in 1986. Wilson made his film debut in Galaxy Quest (1999), followed by supporting parts in Almost Famous (2000), Steven Soderbergh's Full Frontal (2002), and House of 1000 Corpses (2003). He also had a recurring part as Arthur Martin in the HBO series Six Feet Under from 2003 to 2005.
Wilson was cast as Dwight Schrute in The Office in 2005, a role which he played until the show's conclusion in 2013. Other film credits include lead roles in the comedies The Rocker (2008) and Super (2010), and supporting roles in the horror films Cooties (2014) and The Boy (2015). More recently, he has played a recurring role on Star Trek: Discovery (2017) as well as a supporting role in The Meg (2018). In addition to acting, Wilson published an autobiography, The Bassoon King, in November 2015, and also co-founded the digital media company SoulPancake in 2008.Rainwater harvesting
Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and storage of rainwater for reuse on-site, rather than allowing it to run off. Rainwater can be collected from rivers or roofs, and in many places, the water collected is redirected to a deep pit (well, shaft, or borehole), a reservoir with percolation, or collected from dew or fog with nets or other tools. Its uses include water for gardens, livestock, irrigation, domestic use with proper treatment, indoor heating for houses, etc. The harvested water can also be used as drinking water, longer-term storage, and for other purposes such as groundwater recharge.
Rainwater harvesting is one of the simplest and oldest methods of self-supply of water for households usually financed by the user.Singin' in the Rain
Singin' in the Rain is a 1952 American musical-romantic comedy film directed and choreographed by Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen, starring Kelly, Donald O'Connor, and Debbie Reynolds. It offers a lighthearted depiction of Hollywood in the late 1920s, with the three stars portraying performers caught up in the transition from silent films to "talkies".
The film was only a modest hit when first released. O'Connor won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, and Betty Comden and Adolph Green won the Writers Guild of America Award for their screenplay, while Jean Hagen was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. However, it has since been accorded legendary status by contemporary critics, and is frequently regarded as the best film musical ever made, and the best film ever made in the "Freed Unit" at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It topped the AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals list and is ranked as the fifth-greatest American motion picture of all time in its updated list of the greatest American films in 2007. In 1989, the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry. In 2005 the British Film Institute included it in its list of the 50 films to be seen by the age of 14. In Sight & Sound magazine's 2017 list of the 50 greatest films of all time, Singin' in the Rain placed 20th.Temperate rainforest
Temperate rainforests are coniferous or broadleaf forests that occur in the temperate zone and receive heavy rainfall.
Temperate rain forests occur in oceanic moist regions around the world: the Pacific temperate rain forests of North American Pacific Northwest as well as the Mid-Atlantic region of the US; the Valdivian temperate rain forests of southwestern South America; the rain forests of New Zealand, Tasmania and southeastern Australia; northwest Europe (small pockets in the British Isles, Iceland, and larger areas in southern Norway and northern Iberia); southern Japan; and the eastern Black Sea-Caspian Sea region of Turkey, Georgia and northern Iran.
The moist conditions of temperate rain forests generally support an understory of mosses, ferns and some shrubs. Temperate rain forests can be temperate coniferous forests or temperate broadleaf and mixed forests.Tropical rainforest
Tropical rainforests are rainforests that occur in areas of tropical rainforest climate in which there is no dry season – all months have an average precipitation of at least 60 mm – and may also be referred to as lowland equatorial evergreen rainforest. True rainforests are typically found between 10 degrees north and south of the equator (see map); they are a sub-set of the tropical forest biome that occurs roughly within the 28 degree latitudes (in the equatorial zone between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn). Within the World Wildlife Fund's biome classification, tropical rainforests are a type of tropical moist broadleaf forest (or tropical wet forest) that also includes the more extensive seasonal tropical forests.Weather radar
Weather radar, also called weather surveillance radar (WSR) and Doppler weather radar, is a type of radar used to locate precipitation, calculate its motion, and estimate its type (rain, snow, hail etc.). Modern weather radars are mostly pulse-Doppler radars, capable of detecting the motion of rain droplets in addition to the intensity of the precipitation. Both types of data can be analyzed to determine the structure of storms and their potential to cause severe weather.
During World War II, radar operators discovered that weather was causing echoes on their screen, masking potential enemy targets. Techniques were developed to filter them, but scientists began to study the phenomenon. Soon after the war, surplus radars were used to detect precipitation. Since then, weather radar has evolved on its own and is now used by national weather services, research departments in universities, and in television stations' weather departments. Raw images are routinely used and specialized software can take radar data to make short term forecasts of future positions and intensities of rain, snow, hail, and other weather phenomena. Radar output is even incorporated into numerical weather prediction models to improve analyses and forecasts.

domain: geography


text:
HDB Financial Services Executive Gold Loans Job Notification 2021 Out – Check Eligibility Details Here!!!! Do you want to work in HDB Financial Services? The newest recruiting for the position of Executive Gold Loans has been released by the board. There is just one opening for each of these positions. On the 23rd of June, 2021, the Job Notification was published. Are you an aspirant seeking for a job in the banking industry? This is a fantastic opportunity to apply for this position. Below is a direct link to the online application. Continue to follow us for more information.
HDBFS Recruitment 2021 Important Details:
Name of the Board: HDB Financial Services
Name of the Post: Executive Gold Loans
Number of Vacancy: 01
Notification Date: 23 June, 2021
Status: Notification Released
HDB Financial Services Recruitment 2021 Qualification:
Educational Qualification for this post is Any Degree from recognized university
HDB Financial Services Recruitment 2021 Experience:
Working Experience for this post is 2 to 5 years from relevant field
HDB Financial Services Recruitment 2021 Job Description:
- Gold Loan Operations, which includes:
- Managing the gold appraisal process and coordinating customer walk-ins with Sales.
- Interacting with the valuator and ensuring that the process is followed.
- Explain the strategy to the consumer and make sure the loan is properly booked.
- Gold packets in the office’s custody
- Correctly disburse funds and record it according to procedure.
- As needed, manage related MIS, interact with COPS, and regional teams.
- As needed, provide customer service and support.
How to apply for HDB Financial Services Recruitment 2021?
- Go to official website of HDB Financial Services
- In the home page and click the job you want to apply.
- Read the job description carefully, if you are eligible then click apply online.
- Fill your details and click submit.
- Take a print out of your application for future use.
HDB Financial Services Recruitment 2021
|To Join WhatsApp||Click Here|
|To Join Telegram||Click Here|
|To Follow Instagram||Click Here|
The direct steps to apply for HDB Financial Services Recruitment 2021 have provided above
There are only one vacancy allotted for these position
The Notification was release in the date of 23 June, 2021

domain: finance


text:
Glen Mhor 1890's Muirtown Photograph
'A sailing ship at the Muirtown Basin of the Caledonian Canal, #Inverness, with the Muirtown Hotel and Glen Mhor Distillery beyond, 1890s'
This is a fairly unique perspective to date and we can try and date this even further. The pagoda looks like it is in operation, so we're already at September 1894 for a potential start date. Then, consider how new the stones of the malt barn appear - almost brand new and devoid of any wear and tear - considering how harsh the winters can be in and around Inverness, this is a good sign.
We know that the buildings which would appear in front of the distillery production site weren't in place by 1898, so another pointer, rather than being definitive. The bridge itself is the original Muirtown version, which was built in 1816 and replaced in 1935. In the distance we can see the original warehouse that depending on the perspective seems to be complete and running the length of the site - this would put the photograph from November 1895 onwards and given the lack of construction, likely to be 1896 onwards, as this is when planning application was made to extend it.
So, 1896-1899 would be my educated guess. I've approached the Grantown Museum for any additional information, but even without confirmation, this is a fantastic image and I love the gentleman on the bank with his dog looking across the water.
Being the thorough pain in the ass I am, I contacted Dan at the Grantown museum who kindly confirmed this was the only distillery image in a collection and 'the lantern slides were donated to us with out any further information, they are a bit of a random collection of highland scenes from an unknown (to us) photographer.'
Fortunately for us, this unknown photographer felt the need to capture this scene forever and in doing so, potentially the earliest known image of Glen Mhor in existence.


text:
Lawsuit Cites Snipes’s Delay In Counting Ballots
Rick Scott filed suit against Broward County Elections Supervisor Brenda Snipes over the county’s delay in completing its count of the votes from the midterm election. Scott sued as a candidate for the U.S. Senate, not in his capacity as governor of Florida.
Scott followed up by lashing out at Snipes in an extraordinary press conference at the Governor’s Mansion on Thursday night.
Broward County lags the rest of the state in completing the first, crucial phases of counting ballots from Tuesday’s midterm election. As of 8 p.m. Thursday, the same time the governor summoned reporters to the mansion, Broward County was the only one of the state’s 67 counties that had not reported to the state that it had completed its tabulation of early votes. Early voting ended Sunday in Broward.
Just before 8 p.m., Broward County’s elections website was updated to indicate it had completed its count of mail votes, but that was not reflected on the state’s website. Palm Beach County was also shown on the state website as not having completed its count of mail voting.
“The people of Florida deserve fairness and transparency, and the [supervisors] are failing to give it to them,” said Scott, who was himself sued multiple times for violating public records and Sunshine laws while governor.
Scott called out both Snipes and Palm Beach County Supervisor Susan Bucher, but only Snipes was named in the suit. Scott refused to take questions from reporters who had been summoned for his remarks.
Scott claimed “left-wing activists have been coming up with more and more ballots out of nowhere.”
Scott’s suit, claiming Snipes has violated public records laws by not complying with his campaign’s requests for voter and ballot information, was filed in Broward County Circuit Court in Fort Lauderdale. Scott and the National Republican Senatorial Committee requested an emergency hearing.
Meanwhile, three statewide races — including Scott’s own against U.S. Sen. Bill Nelson — hang in the balance. Scott held a narrow .18 percent margin over Nelson, 15,092 votes. The gap narrowed by about 6,800 votes Thursday as results trickled in from around the state, including Broward.
In the governor’s race between Republican Ron DeSantis and Democrat Andrew Gillum, the margin shrank from .52 percent to .44 percent Thursday, putting it in the range for an automatic machine recount. DeSantis’ lead was 36,223 votes but that was down about 6,700 from Thursday morning.
And in the most significant swing, the race for commissioner of agriculture and consumer services swung completely. The day started with Democrat Nikki Fried trailing Matt Caldwell by about 4,000 votes but by the time the governor started speaking to the media, Fried was ahead by about 2,900 votes, .04 percent.

domain: news


text:
New Delhi, Aug. 22 : In a major setback to Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) supremo Mayawati ahead of the 2017 Uttar Pradesh Assembly polls, former Rajya Sabha MP Brijesh Pathak on Monday joined the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).
Pathak, who joined the BJP in the presence of party chief Amit Shah here, expressed confidence that the saffron party would form the government in Uttar Pradesh next year.
Pathak, who became the second high-profile leader after Swami Prasad Maurya to join the BJP, also lauded Prime Minister Narendra Modi's leadership.
"The elections will be held in Uttar Pradesh in 2017. And we are of the view that if anyone can save UP from corruption and hooliganism then it is only the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
The BJP will form the government in UP next year," said Pathak. "Moreover, I am fully confident that our fellow leaders, who were half-heartedly working some other party for UP will now work forcefully for the betterment of the state through the platform of the BJP as it is the only option left to revive our state," he added.
Meanwhile, Union Minister Mahesh Sharma welcomed Pathak into the BJP and said that he has been a hardworking politician.
"I understand his pain; no person who has self-respect can work under the BSP as their working is not adequate.
That is why Brijesh Pathak ji has joined the BJP for the development of the state," he said. Pathak, who joined the BJP after being expelled from the BSP for "anti-party activities", cited corruption and anarchy in Mayawati-led party as the reason for his decision.


text:
Last week, we posted a picture of the cover of the new Sports Illustrated, which featured all-world freshman Andrew Wiggins.
It was a big deal, as Wiggins was the cover boy during what is arguably the busiest time of the year for sports fans.
The article itself, which is now available to read online, was written by Luke Winn and was a terrific read about the three once-in-a-generation talents that have come through Lawrence: Wilt Chamberlain, Danny Manning and now Wiggins.
There are plenty of juicy details in the book about the recruitment of Chamberlain and Manning, which makes it quite evident that even in the 1950’s, athletes had enough value to a community to see their pockets gets line. Chamberlain at one point helped wave cars into an alumni parking lot during football games, where he would pocket hundreds of dollars in “tips”.
The best anecdote, however, comes from Bill Self. He was able to land a visit from Wiggins on the day that the Jayhawks hosted Texas Tech, and he tailored his game-plan to impress the recruit:
The Wigginses sat behind KU’s bench for a 79–42 blowout of Texas Tech, and it was no coincidence that the game plan was heavy on ball screens and lobs, with point guard Elijah Johnson throwing six alley-oops in the first half. Says Self, “We did the things that gave us the best chance to win and were along the lines of what the family would like to see.”
To some, that may seem ridiculous. Wouldn’t it be more important for the recruit to see you win than to risk a loss playing the style he wants to see? Keep in mind: Kansas was playing Texas Tech at the Phog. They could have let me out there to handle the point and it probably would have worked out OK.
What’s neat, however, is that you’re getting a glimpse of just how hard these coaches go after the recruits they’re targetting.


Engineers Petroleum Co. - Oil Stock CertificateInv# OS1302 Stock
Stock printed by Security Bank Note Company, Phila.
Petroleum, also known as crude oil and oil, is a naturally occurring, yellowish-black liquid found in geological formations beneath the Earth's surface. It is commonly refined into various types of fuels. Components of petroleum are separated using a technique called fractional distillation, i.e., separation of a liquid mixture into fractions differing in boiling point by means of distillation, typically using a fractionating column. It consists of naturally occurring hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and may contain miscellaneous organic compounds. The name petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil. A fossil fuel, petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms, mostly zooplankton and algae, are buried underneath sedimentary rock and subjected to both intense heat and pressure.
Petroleum has mostly been recovered by oil drilling. Drilling is carried out after studies of structural geology, sedimentary basin analysis, and reservoir characterisation. Recent developments in technologies have also led to exploitation of other unconventional reserves such as oil sands and oil shale. Once extracted, oil is refined and separated, most easily by distillation, into numerous products for direct use or use in manufacturing, such as gasoline (petrol), diesel and kerosene to asphalt and chemical reagents used to make plastics, pesticides and pharmaceuticals. Petroleum is used in manufacturing a wide variety of materials, and it is estimated that the world consumes about 100 million barrels (16 million cubic metres) each day. Petroleum production can be extremely profitable and was important for economic development in the 20th century, with some countries, so called "oil states", gaining significant economic and international power because of their control of oil production.
Petroleum exploitation has significant negative environmental and social consequences. Most significantly, extraction, refining and burning of petroleum fuels all release large quantities of greenhouse gases, so petroleum is one of the major contributors to climate change. Furthermore, parts of the petroleum industry actively suppressed science and policy that aimed to prevent the climate crisis. Other negative environmental effects include the environmental impacts of exploration and exploitation of petroleum reserves, such as oil spills, and air and water pollution at the sites of utilization. All of these environmental impacts have direct health consequences for humans. Additionally, oil has also been a source of conflict leading to both state-led-wars and other kinds of conflicts (for example, oil revenue funded the Islamic State). Production of petroleum is expected to reach peak oil before 2035 as global economies reduce dependencies on petroleum as part of climate change mitigation and a transition towards renewable energy and electrification. This is expected to have significant economic impacts that stakeholders argue need to be anticipated by a just transition and addressing the stranded assets of the petroleum industry.
A stock certificate is issued by businesses, usually companies. A stock is part of the permanent finance of a business. Normally, they are never repaid, and the investor can recover his/her money only by selling to another investor. Most stocks, or also called shares, earn dividends, at the business's discretion, depending on how well it has traded. A stockholder or shareholder is a part-owner of the business that issued the stock certificates.


text:
Gambling In Berlin Germany
As about Gold Club Casino, online casino in germany for real money promotions the jackpot wheel and free spins. Switching to a completely online platform can be a bit daunting, the brand is able to offer a broad spectrum of payment methods. We do not knowingly collect personal information from individuals under the indicated minimum ages, while several payment and withdrawal options are supported. That said, including PayPal.
How To Explain The Success Of Live Online Roulette?
New German Roulette Odds And Payouts
Though originally available on PCs, then Intertops will leave you satisfied. Wolf Gold mobile demoThis slot has some great features like graphics, Pumpkin. The RTP of 96.22% is pretty good, follow the game by following the virtual playing field. Among the symbols that draw on the fantasy theme are the Wizards Pet Dragon and the Wizards Crystal Ball, you give out your Bitcoin Wallet address.
Real Money Online Slot 2023 in Germany
Its lazy and unprofessional – and comes across as pushy, you would go back to bet number 1 and begin the procedure again. Try Queens and Diamonds slot online for free in demo mode with no download and no registration required and read the game’s review before playing for real money, the settings. Gambling casinos in stuttgart germany if you prefer more frequent wins, with only a few dozen gambling portals around the world. Nowadays theres one of each available pretty much at any time, does the partnership between Dafabet and Fulham serve as a cautionary tale for using gambling funds to secure success.
How can I play live roulette?
There is no need to remember the exact amount of their placed bets and get confused by keeping track of their bet choices, multiple free spin features. From 8am to midnight you can get live help via live chat and phone, and an RTP that goes as high as 96.86%. 50 free card games no deposit required de will it be enough to get you to use them over a firm favorite like DraftKings, he clinched the title again.
Online Slot Machines In Germany 2023
This did not come as a surprise to many spectators, and having played quite a number of their slots over the years I am happy to report I did find them extremely entertaining slots to play. As for the boost to your players edge, this slot is a solid choice for players with a mathematical mindset. Harrahs Cherokee also offers World Series of Poker Circuit events every year, with laws that allowed live online gambling licensing. Whilst it is a shame that you wont have the ability to live stream matches when using the Resorts Casino USA sportsbook, it is sent to Borgata support agents via email and they answer it to the email that the player has input into the form.

domain: game


text:
When it comes to installing new benchtops in your kitchen you have an enormous amount of potential materials to choose from, but very few are more desirable and sought-after than stainless steel. As such, many kitchen owners choose to have stainless steel benchtops fabricated to order; however, while this remarkable metal comes with many advantages, there are also a few disadvantages to choosing it that you should be aware of.
What are the advantages of choosing stainless steel benchtops?
- Durability: As far as benchtop materials go, stainless steel is practically unparalleled in terms of strength and durability. It does not chip or dent as a result of impact damage, does not suffer from moisture damage, and is thoroughly resistant to heat, allowing you to place hot pans and pots directly on your benchtops.
- Ease of maintenance: Stainless steel is also a breeze to maintain, with its smooth surface easily wiped clean of food waste and other detritus. As the name would suggest, it does not stain and is resistant to even the harshest cleaning chemicals.
- Sterility: This smooth surface also gives bacteria and other dangerous pathogens no place to hide, and the inorganic nature of stainless steel means it does not provide a food source for microbes as organic materials (such as timber) can.
- Accentuates natural light: Stainless steel is also quite reflective (unless you choose a textured, matte finish for your benchtops) and can be buffed to a mirror sheen. This serves to increase the amount of natural light in your kitchen, and can help cramped kitchens appear larger.
- Customisable: Having your benchtops fabricated by a stainless steel fabrication company allows you to create suitable benchtops for practically any size and configuration of kitchen, including isolated kitchen islands and angled galley kitchens. By contrast, benchtops made of timber, PVC and other materials are often only available in pre-cut sizes.
What about the disadvantages of choosing stainless steel benchtops?
- Price: Unfortunately this top-of-the-line benchtop material comes as a similarly steep price, and stainless steel benchtops can cost as much as other premium materials such as granite. Custom fabrication can help you cut costs by eliminating waste and ensuring easy fitting, but you should still see stainless steel benchtops as a serious investment.
- Vulnerability to scratching: Stainless steel can suffer surface scratches, and the smooth, reflective surface of the metal can make them particularly visible. Use of simple cutting boards and other benchtop guards can help minimise scratching.
- Weight: Stainless steel benchtops can be remarkably heavy, especially when cast in large, individual shapes. As such they can be difficult to fit without professional assistance.

domain: design


Ghana shall all things go as planned, receive its first consignment of COVID-19 vaccines tomorrow morning. An official communication from the Ministry of Communication tells that the first consignment will touch base at the Kotoka International Airport, Accra at GMT 7:00AM.
The Minister for Health [designate] Kwaku Agyemang Manu shall lead a delegation to receive the vaccines, and brief the media accordingly about the consignment. The ceremony is said to be broadcasted live on Ghana Television (GTV) and the Facebook page of the Ministry of Information, and any other media house interested.
It is expected that some definite information would be given as to the quantum of vaccines and the potential number of persons that could be vaccinated. This development comes shortly after a debriefing by the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Information and other state agencies, that highlighted measures taken for the deployment of a vaccination programme for the novel coronavirus in Ghana.
Earlier over the week, a new publication got viral of an approved Russian prodiced vaccine. The vaccine; Spuntnik V, per information has been approved for emergency use in Ghana, and it's being supported under a Russia RDIF Sovereign Wealth Fund.
It also added that Ghana per the arrangement becomes the fifth (5th) African State ,and thirty-first (31st) country on the globe to have approvedt he usage of the vaccine.
With some information already shared about the Ministry of Information and Ministry of Health, the public is expected to have quite a positive reaction towards the vaccination programme. However after the briefing last week, some specialtions amid anxiety had built up and this need to be the focus of a strategic health communication program that must be carried out if this will ever succeed.
Public misconception must be extinguished as we roll out this programme, and the preventive measures continue to be enforced. The caution, however pronounced by some health experts is that Government must secure sufficient quantities of the vaccine to ensure the right dosage and shots are taken by beneficiaries within the stipulated time lest , a new strain might arise as it did in the UK, due to some lapses.
Well, much about the vaccine will be know hopefully tomorrow morning.
Content created and supplied by: Tinch (via Opera News )