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Beginning in 2021, Americans will need a visa to travel to Europe, the European Union announced on Friday.
The visa — a European Travel Information and Authorization System or ETIAS — will be required to travel to 26 countries that come under the European Schengen Area. These countries do not have internal borders and allow travelers to move in and out freely, and they include countries like Spain, Germany, France, Italy, Poland, among others.
Earlier Americans could visit these countries for up to 90 days without a visa. The EU, which has sought to tighten its security following some major terrorist incidents over the last few years, said that the move is aimed at improving “their security level to avoid any further problems with illegal migration and terrorism.”
So far, Americans only needed visas to travel to five countries in Europe, namely Bulgaria, Croatia, Poland, Romania, and Cyprus. This visa requirement has been a bone of contention between American authorities and EU’s European Parliament and European Commission, with the latter wanting the U.S. to relax its visa laws for these countries. In 2016, the European Commission released a report which called on American authorities to grant the same visa-free status to these countries as the other 23 EU member states in exchange for Americans maintaining the same visa-free status in the Schengen Area, according to CNN.
The European Commission is keen to paint the recent development as the EU not requiring a visa — but what it calls a permit — for Americans traveling to any country in Europe. As reported by Politico, unlike the earlier requirement which didn’t need Americans to get a visa for short-term stays, the length of the trip would be inconsequential now. It means that U.S. citizens will have to get a permit even if they are going to Europe for a brief stay.
The reaction to the decision has been varied. While most Americans have taken the decision by the EU as a sign of the worsening of relations between the United States and the European Union, others have said that it is only fair that Americans also file for visas if they are to travel to Europe. On social media, many people expressed the opinion that the European Union’s decision is a reaction to Donald Trump continually berating America’s NATO and European allies. But the EU insists that the development is only a means for Europe to protect itself from growing incidents of illegal immigration and terrorism.


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Dick Thoroughman remembered as a 'Giant' among Montana historians
Dick Thoroughman died doing what he loved the best, in the place he loved most.
On the morning of Saturday, July 22, Dick's body was found at the old Fort Shaw military cemetery. He'd gone there alone early that day, wanting to get a jump start on the work still to be done before festivities began in recognition of the frontier fort's 150th anniversary.
"When Bobby and I got out there the shovel he was using was still leaning against a headstone," said Thoroughman's brother Jim, about the day of Dick's passing. "He still had his clipboard. It was in his hand."
Dick Thoroughman is not a name most people in central Montana will recognize. Yet the entire state owes him a deep debt of gratitude.
For nearly 40 years Thoroughman worked to preserve the history of central Montana, and especially Fort Shaw and the Sun River Valley. Without his efforts its likely that a large segment of Montana's frontier history would have been lost to the mists of time.
"Unless you were working on something specific you might have never heard of him," said Ken Robison, a leading historian with the Overholser Historical Research Center in Fort Benton. "And yet here was this giant in the realm of history out there enjoying his life and contributing in so many ways."
Thoroughman was a cornerstone figure in the foundation of the Sun River Valley Historical Society. Collaborating with a longtime friend, Herb Sharp, Thoroughman was the first to produce a reliable inventory of the soldiers, boarding school students and pioneers buried at the Fort Shaw military cemetery. Thoroughman was a tireless advocate for the preservation of Fort Shaw, and in documenting the early history of western settlement in the Sun River Valley.
"Today, most of the military posts of the Montana frontier are little more than a sign on the highway," Robison said of the physical loss of the state's early history. "There's very little in most places."
This is especially true of the military posts established prior to the 1870s. At Fort Shaw; however, both the officers' quarters and the commanding officers' quarters remain intact. It was from these adobe structures that some of the most historically significant military actions in Montana history were organized and launched.
"It was kind of a personal crusade with him, and thank goodness he did it," Robison said. "Many people participated in the effort, but if it hadn't been for his knowledge and leadership in the Sun River Valley Historical Society — I wonder whether the buildings which stand today at Fort Shaw would still be there."
"Even more than the remaining buildings; if it weren't for Dick the military cemetery would be a derelict — absolutely unmarked and unappreciated today. He was basically the keeper of knowledge for that military cemetery."
Thoroughman's dedication to central history ran almost as deep as his family roots.
The Thoroughman family first came to Montana immediately following the Civil War. Hailing from Missouri, the Thoroughmans had sided with the Confederates during the war between the states. Following General Robert E. Lee's surrender at Appomattox, many southern sympathizers headed West to escape the retribution they found in the postwar South.
"There was no staying around I guess," said Bob Thoroughman of his family's move from Missouri to the wild's of Montana territory.
The Thoroughman's first settled north of Bozeman, but eventually moved to the Missouri River Valley near present day Cascade. In 1947 the Thoroughmans relocated once again, moving to a farm in the Sun River Valley where Dick was born in 1951.
The Thoroughmans were always proud of their family history; be it stories of great uncle Thomas Thoroughman's exploits as a lieutenant colonel fighting under Confederate General Sterling Price at the Battle of Shiloh, or his later association with Thomas Meagher, the controversial territorial governor who died mysteriously after falling off a paddle wheeler docked in Fort Benton.
The family also had a close association with Charlie and Nancy Russell. The famous western artist even presented a painting to Bob and Anna Thoroughman on the occasion of their wedding. "Thoroughmans Home on the Range" now hangs in the C.M. Russell Museum in Great Falls.
The young Dick Thoroughman drank it all in, sparking a love for history that would last his entire life.
"He was a historian from the word go," Jim Thoroughman said of his younger brother. "That was his life - the history of the valley."
After graduating from Montana State University - Northern in Havre, Thoroughman worked as both supervisor for the Hill County Weed District and building supervisor for Cascade County. He never had children of his own, but volunteered with the Fort Shaw Volunteer Fire Department, served as president of the Sons and Daughters of Montana Pioneers, and as a member of the Sons of the American Revolution.
But Dick's greatest reputation evolved from his encyclopedic knowledge of Montana history and from his gifts as a story teller.
"He was mesmerizing," Jim Thoroughman said of his brother's ability to bring Montana history to life."When he spoke people just stopped and listened. He lived the part he was speaking. It was dates, names - and they were never wrong. He was a great, great speaker."
Dick Thoroughman will be interred in the family cemetery in Cascade.

domain: library


December 13, 2010
Hey Debito, you gotta check out this YouTube video showing a prime example of the incompetence of the Japanese police. A guy riding a bicycle gets stopped by a police officer for no reason, which happens a lot in Japan. As the officer is asking him questions (which the guy is under no obligation to answer), we can hear an obvious traffic accident take place in the background just around the corner, and both the police officer and the bicyclist hear it. A reasonable police officer would realize that that was a traffic accident and that people may be injured and need first aid, etc. But no, this cop continues to question the bicyclist as if nothing happened. At one point he even denies that it may be a traffic accident. After the bicyclist convinces him to do so, he notifies dispatch of the traffic accident, and then continues to question the bicyclist rather than tending to the possibly injured! This cop neglected to tend to a possibly serious and fatal traffic accident, all so he can perform 職務質問 (voluntary questioning) on a bicyclist!
COMMENT: Yes, it happens aplenty to those riding while foreign in Japan, but as I’ve argued before (in my Japan Times article Gaijin as Public Policy Guinea Pig), things foisted upon the NJ population to increase police powers are soon foisted upon the Japanese population as well. This video is evidence of that. Since the Keystones cannot stop people ostensibly without probable cause, stopping people with bicycles (using the excuse that they might have stolen them) or with bags (they might have knives etc.) is one way for the NPA to put the people in their place (i.e., if you can’t avoid cycling or carrying any luggage in public, too bad; suffer our suspicions). Of course, the Keystones need no excuse to stop NJ: being foreign-looking alone in Japan is probable cause of suspicion for a visa overstay. Again, this fortifies my theory of Japan as Mild Police State. One that I believe is trying to increase its power in the name of “making Japan the world’s safest country again“. Even if, in this case, the safety of others in first-aid cases is subordinated to an individual cop’s power trip. A bit of a tangent today, but it’s germane to Debito.org. Arudou Debito


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The music celebration known as the Sing Out Loud Festival returns to St. Augustine this year with the Live Wildly Showcase on Saturday, September 21 and Sunday, September 22 at Francis Field.
Performers for this year’s festival include jazz-folk artist Norah Jones, country singer Eric Church, alt-country artist Ryan Bingham with The Texas Gentlemen, folk singer and radio standout Noah Kahan, indie-folk artist Kevin Morby and Riot Grrrl icons The Breeders, plus Molly Tuttle & Golden Highway, Tré Burt, Marcus King, Sierra Ferrell and Nat & Alex Wolff. Tickets for the showcase go on sale at 10 a.m. this Friday, March 29.
Since 2016, the Sing Out Loud Festival (SOL) has featured more than 1,400 national and local musicians in front of more than 300,000 music fans. Along with ticketed events, the festival also includes free local artist showcases and artist develop workshops.
This year SOL is partnering up with the Live Wildly Foundation, a forward-thinking and grassroots conservation group that strives to blend environmental guardianship with progressive entrepreneurial vision, whose priority is to protect The Florida Wildlife Corridor, the state’s 18-million-acre wildlife superhighway.
The Sing Out Loud Festival Live Wildly Showcase takes place on Saturday, September 21 and Sunday, September 22 at Francis Field in historic St. Augustine; Tickets go on sale at 10 a.m. EST this Friday, March 29 exclusively online here.

domain: entertainment


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⏳ 7 min read How do you create a legal system from scratch? This week, we take a final look at the Chinese legal system and the civil law more generally.
⏳ 11 min read Let’s hop over the border to Shenzhen (深圳), China. We’ll start by looking at the influences on the Chinese legal system through the lens of history.
⏳ 10 min read This week, we’re travelling to Hong Kong. We’ll take this as an opportunity to touch on the common law system and muse on recent events.
⏳ 8 min read There are a handful of books that I’ve found positively earth-shattering. One of them is Mindset, by Professor Carol Dweck, a Professor of Psychology at Stanford University.
⏳ 11 min read In this final instalment, we look at risk-taking, the perils of memory and how we love humans more than robots (except for Pepper the robot above).
⏳ 9 min read In Part 1, we discovered how our brains are, well… lazy. This time, let’s delve into the power of storytelling—and how this can mislead us.
⏳ 11 min read Lawyers often believe that they exist on a higher cerebral plane than other humans. Thinking, Fast and Slow by Daniel Kahneman puts all our fanciful thinking into the garbage can. Here’s a quick summary of what lawyers can learn from his book.
⏳ 7 min read Lawyers, like any other human, enjoy weaving narratives that “make sense”. But simple narratives can sometimes ignore the grey line between truth and illusion.
⏳ 8 min read We take a look at two aspects of life which lawyers (and almost every other human) struggle with—planning fallacy and optimism bias.
⏳ 5 min read I‘ve been going to yoga classes for a couple of years now. In a world of constant distractions, yoga is a welcome relief from the daily clutter of well, life.

domain: law


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When I was in care I didn’t have social media until further into it I got Myspace. I think that if I had the chance to use social media as a way to connect and feel supported, I would have loved it. I think any kind of support you can get it helpful. It may be hard if family tries to reach out, that is probably the only barrier I would have had with it.
TurningPointCT.org was developed by young people in Connecticut who are in recovery from mental health and substance use issues. We know what it’s like to feel alone, stressed, worried, sad, and angry. We’ve lived through the ups and downs of self-harm, drugs and alcohol, and the struggle to find help.
Learn More »

domain: sociology


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The Senate Committee on Finance held a hearing to consider the nomination of Chris Magnus, who President Joe Biden tapped in May to assume the role of Commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border Protection.
Watch the hearing in the player above.
Magnus testified before the Committee, answering lawmakers’ questions about his professional background and why he’s qualified to take on this position.
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US President Joe Biden pledged to cut US greenhouse gas emissions in half by 2030 as he convened 40 world leaders in a virtual summit intended to demonstrate renewed American resolve to fight climate change and pressure wary nations to raise their own ambitions.
Biden announced in opening remarks for the two-day summit that the US will reduce its own greenhouse gas emissions 50%-52% from 2005 levels by the end of the decade, reports Bloomberg.
"No nation can solve this crisis on our own," Biden said Thursday from the White House.
"All of us, and particularly those of us who represent the world's largest economies, we have to step up."
The new US pledge is aimed at encouraging industrializing countries including China, India and Brazil that account for much of the world's carbon output to set their own aggressive emissions-reductions targets. But Biden is likely to face a cool reception from leaders worried about committing to emissions cuts that could slow economic growth.
Watch the "Leaders Summit on Climate" live here:
April, 23 2021 - 01:31 AM
Kerry closes day 1 of Climate Summit
John Kerry, the United States Special Presidential Envoy for Climate closed the Summit for the first day. Finance and nature were the discussion key points for today.
He mentioned that tomorrow President Biden will address the Summit again.
Tomorrow, the discussions will be held on innovation and economic opportunities related to climate.
Bill Gates will talk about innovations in the sector.
Kerry said there are "great possibilities” in terms of innovation. He mentions hydrogen and battery storage.
John Kerry said the 20 most developed countries equal to 81 per cent of all emissions, the US being number two on that list.
The diplomat said, "This is the greatest economic opportunity the world has known since the industrial revolution.. 4.5-5 billion users of energy today, rising to 9 billion in the next 30 years, 860 million of whom don't have electricity today- that is a problem but also an opportunity. We will seize the opportunity to go clean."
Kerry ended his statement with hopes for a better future.
April, 22 2021 - 11:54 PM
Indigenous leader says nature is "way of life"
Tribal and indigenous leaders from around the world emphasise the protection of the environment. They explain how nature has been a part of their lives for generations.
The women gathered today are a "testament to how women around the world are raising the mantle of climate leadership, developing sustainable solutions", said Michael Regan, the mediator of the all-women panel.
While introducing Hindou Oumarou Ibrahim of the Indigenous Women and Peoples Association of Chad, Regan mentioned that the world's Indigenous people make up only about 5% of the global population but effectively protect about 80% of global biodiversity.
"How we can lead in harmony with nature?" Ibrahim says. "Without Indigenous peoples, there is no way."
She says developed countries must now follow the leadership of Indigenous communities in taking climate action.
For us, she says, "protection of nature is not a policy, it is our way of life".
April, 22 2021 - 11:06 PM
'This gift that we have received, we must care for into the future': Pope Francis
This gift that we have received, we must care for into the future, Pope Francis said in his address to the climate summit.
"This is increasingly difficulty because the challenge we face in the post pandemic era. We need to keep moving forward," he added.
"We must ensure that the environment is cleaner, more pure. It needs to be preserved. We must care for mother nature," he said.
April, 22 2021 - 09:58 PM
'We need a sprinting start now if we wish to achieve our goal of net-zero emissions by mid-century': Yellen
US Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen built off President Biden’s remarks on finance as key to combating climate change as she addressed world leaders.
“We need a sprinting start now if we wish to achieve our goal of net-zero emissions by mid-century. President Biden has recommitted the United States in its part to tackle this crisis and marshal the full capacity of the US government. As Treasury Secretary, I understand that finance – public and private – is crucial to enable countries to accelerate their progress,” she said.
Yellen cited “two questions that keep me up at night,” including how nations can reduce emissions by supporting economic development and responding to other challenges like Covid-19.
The second question, she said, is how should governments target public sector climate finance to mobilize private sector investments, noting that “past efforts to support private investment have not achieved anywhere near the scale needed to green the global economy."
She vowed that her department “will focus the full range of our tools and expertise to work with you in producing concrete and innovative answers to these questions.”
She outlined key items in the President’s discretionary funding request to address this, including $1.2 billion request for the green climate fund, $485 million in funding to support multilateral climate initiatives, and increased support for multilateral development banks.
April, 22 2021 - 09:36 PM
IMF chief urges G20 to adopt carbon price floor to reach climate goals
The head of the International Monetary Fund urged the Group of 20 major economies to adopt an international carbon price floor to help reach agreement on carbon pricing, which she said was essential to combating climate change.
Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva told a virtual two-day summit that climate change posed huge risks to economic development, but also offered "incredible opportunities for transformative investments and green jobs."
A robust price on carbon was needed to ensure that global carbon emissions were reduced in line with the goals of the 2015 Paris climate accord, she said, noting that over 60 pricing schemes had already been implemented.
April, 22 2021 - 09:32 PM
'Governments alone cannot possibly find all the necessary investment' for net-zero economy: Kerry
Special Presidential Envoy for Climate John Kerry said the creation of a net-zero economy will require a strong public-private partnership, noting that “governments alone cannot possibly find all the necessary investment” to meet the task of a net-zero carbon future.
“Creating a net-zero economy and doing it as rapidly as possible is an enormous challenge,” Kerry said in remarks at the opening of the second session of the Leaders’ Climate Summit hosted by the White House.
“It will require mobilizing finance at an absolutely unprecedented level, and it will require governments to help facilitate the net-zero transition around the world, and to help … the vulnerable countries, the people who just don't have the finance or the technology or the ability to do this,” he said.
April, 22 2021 - 09:27 PM
Ardern: 'It is time to stop imagining'
"Both our financial systems and financial flows to assist developing countries is at the heart of that transition," New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern said.
She urged other nations to do what New Zealand has done and price carbon, end fossil fuel subsidies, and finance adaptation.
April, 22 2021 - 08:55 PM
Teen activist demands action
Teenage activist Xiye Bastida followed the world leaders as one of the summit's first invited speakers.
"I am one of the many young people impacted by climate change," she told the summit, after an introduction from US Secretary of State Antony Blinken.
Her hometown in Mexico was hit by flooding in 2015 which led her family to move to New York.
"We can no longer keep having summits and conversations," she said to the summit.
She urges action and shares a list of demanded.
"We demand comprehensive non-Eurocentric climate education," she said.
"We demand to get to net zero emissions by 2030, not 2050."
April, 22 2021 - 08:44 PM
Chile urges protection of oceans
President Sebastián Piñera of Chile encourages leaders to consider the role oceans play in the climate. He asks for help in protecting them.
He inviteed other countries to join Chile in establishing a marine protection area around Antarctica to protect wildlife and ecosystems.
April, 22 2021 - 08:29 PM
Mexico urges Biden to consider immigration with climate
The Mexican president opned by boasting about his nation's reforestation efforts.
"We have planted 700 million plants," said President Andrés Manuel López Obrador. He includes that over 450,000 agricultural workers in Mexico are already receiving compensation in order to plant fruit trees on their lands.
He encouraged the US government to help continue this programme in countries across Latin America.
He also proposed a climate related visa for migrants wanting to enter the US.
"Migrants are exceptional people. We have to organise them in a very humane way and a practical manner with a love of nature," he said.
The US is currently experiencing higher than normal levels of migrants at the southern US border and Biden has been under scrutiny for his handling of the situation.
April, 22 2021 - 08:23 PM
Jair Bolsonaro boasts that 'Brazil is at the forefront'
Jair Bolsonaro, President of Brazil, said his country is "at the forefront" of the fight and contributes to less than 3% of global climate emissions annually despite having a large population.
He talks up "a green revolution" in the Brazilian countryside, built on sustainable agricultural practices, saying: "We produce more using less resources, which makes Brazilian agriculture one of the most sustainable practices on the planet."
Bolsonaro has drawn lots of heat as president for his environmental policies, particularly in the Amazon rainforest, and for his pushback on the country's climate targets.
But the Brazilian leader insists environmental bodies have been strengthened and defends "the right to development" in Brazil and other countries.
April, 22 2021 - 08:21 PM
Climate action needs to account for the difference in development needs among countries: King Salman
Saudi King Salman said that "the Saudi vision for 2030" incorporates efforts to cut carbon emissions by 50% by 2030 and other green initiatives implemented by his son, Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman.
King Salman said climate action needs to account for the difference in development needs among countries.
April, 22 2021 - 08:17 PM
'Vulnerable countries suffer when largest economies don't lead the fight': Marshall Islands
President David Kabua of the Republic of the Marshall Islands told summit attendees that curbing climate change is crucial to "the safety and security" of his low-lying atoll nation.
The largest economies must signal their "unequivocal" commitments now in the climate fight, he said.
"Too often vulnerable countries hear the excuse that steep emissions cut are too costly," said Kabua.
"Leading from the frontlines, we were the first to strengthen our NDC (national climate plan) in 2018."
Kabua called for "50% of climate financing to go toward adaptation" measures.
April, 22 2021 - 08:15 PM
'We remain highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change': Bhutan
Bhutan is not only carbon-neutral, it is carbon-negative, said Prime Minister Lotay Tshering of his small kingdom nation.
This is because of its significant hydropower operations, according to the leader.
"We remain highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change," he noted.
Suggesting constitutional requirements for ecological protection, Tshering adds: "I cannot understand this irony of contributing a lot to environment preservation yet having to suffer so much.
April, 22 2021 - 07:52 PM
Argentina: We are walking 'suicidal path'
"We have to be aware of the suicidal path we are walking," President Alberto Fernandez of Argentina said.
He shared Argentina's plans to combat climate change.
"We have to work together, we have to have social justice, financial justice, and environmental justice."
April, 22 2021 - 07:51 PM
'This will be the make or break decade': Ursula von der Leyen
"This will be the make or break decade," President Ursula von der Leyen of the European Commission said.
"The Paris Agreement is humanity's life insurance. We are getting dangerously close to 1.5 degrees of global warming."
April, 22 2021 - 07:40 PM
Pandemic recovery is opportunity to build back smarter: Italy
Italian Prime Minister Mario Draghi opened by thanking Biden.
"Now we are confident that together we will win this challenge," he said.
"As we fight the pandemic, we cannot lose sight of the other crisis," Draghi urged.
He encourages incorporating green policies into financial plans as countries build back from the pandemic.
April, 22 2021 - 07:38 PM
'Take advantage of opportunities in biofuels and electric vehicles': Indonesian Presdient
President Joko Widodo of Indonesia said his country is on the right track in the climate fight.
He said the country has now reached its lowest level of deforestation.
He also said it is "rehabilitating 620,000 hectares of mangroves" as a carbon sink.
Widodo added that "opportunities in biofuels, lithium ion batteries and electric vehicles" should be capitalised on.
April, 22 2021 - 07:25 PM
Emmanuel Macron: 'Move quickly to innovate and disrupt'
French President Emmanuel Macron begun his speech from the start again and it looks like we finally have a translator.
"Let's move more quickly on innovation and disruptive technologies," said Macron, who has positioned himself as a key player in the global climate fight.
The French leader also called for greater cooperation with the financial sector.
He called on allies to push forward with a mandate for social justice in work done to curb climate change.
It is up to the world's largest countries to develop the framework for carbon neutrality, he noted.
April, 22 2021 - 07:22 PM
Korea to end public financing of coal plants
President Moon Jae-in of the Republic of Korea begun by thanking President Biden for re-joining the Paris Climate Agreement.
He then announced two pledges made by the Republic of Korea today.
The first is to "raise our reduction target" in greenhouse gas emissions and continue to work to have net-zero emissions by 2050.
"Second, Korea will end all public financing at home or overseas of coal fired power plants."
April, 22 2021 - 07:15 PM
Putin: 'It's not enough to tackle new emissions'
"It is no secret that the conditions that facilitated global warming go way back. But what kind of comprehensive solutions can we see today?" Russian President Vladimir Putin said in his remarks.
"It's not enough to tackle the issue of new emissions, it is also important to take up the task of absorbing the CO2 that is already in the atmosphere," he said
Russia is already doing this work by maintaining strong ecosystems, Putin added.
April, 22 2021 - 07:10 PM
Angela Merkel: 'We've doubled our financing of the climate fight
Chancellor Angela Merkel called the climate fight "a Herculean task".
She said both Germany and the European Union are on track to reach net-zero emissions by 2050.
She called carbon pricing, already implemented in Germany, "the right way forward" and says the country is both investing in renewable energy and phasing out coal.
Germany has doubled its financing of the global climate fight, Merkel added, and will continue to provide support wherever possible.
April, 22 2021 - 07:02 PM
Bangladesh is among the climate-vulnerable countries, says PM Hasina
Bangladesh PM Sheikh Hasina thanked the US for rejoining the Paris climate accords and re-engaging with the world in the climate fight.
Bangladesh is "a climate-vulnerable country" and therefore represents the interests of other small developing nations with similar vulnerability, Hasina said.
She pointed out they spend millions on climate-resilience and mitigation measures, and calls on the developed world to help lead that fight.
April, 22 2021 - 06:58 PM
Trudeau urges countries to follow Canada's lead
"You can no longer pollute in Canada for free," said Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau.
He encouraged other countries to follow Canada's lead as well as pledging to cut Canada's emissions even further.
"Today, Canada is in a position to raise our climate ambition once again. Our new climate target for 2030 is to reduce our 2005 emission levels by 40-45%."
April, 22 2021 - 06:53 PM
Japan pledges a major cut in its carbon emissions
Japanese PM Suga was the first world leader to meet President Biden face-to-face, at the White House earlier this week. Like the other leaders, he began by commending Biden for calling today's summit.
"Japan is ready to demonstrate its leadership" on this issue, Suga said, and "will reach its decarbonisation targets."
Suga pledged that Japan will aim to reduce emissions by 46% in 2030 compared to 2013 levels. Previously the country had pledged only a 26% cut in emissions.
Making Japan a greener society has been a top priority for Suga and he added it will continue to push an ambitious top-level target for cutting carbon emissions.
April, 22 2021 - 06:45 PM
Boris Johnson calls Biden promise 'game-changing'
UK PM Boris Johnson thanked President Biden for returning the United States to the front of the fight for climate change and calls his announcement about cutting US greenhouse gas emissions "game-changing".
The UK is doing the same, he said.
"We can do this together across the world. It's going to mean the richest nations coming together and exceeding the $100b commitment they already made in 2009."
Johnson ended his speech by saying "we can build back better, by building back greener", referring to the job creation that can come with combatting climate change.
April, 22 2021 - 06:40 PM
Narendra Modi: 'A lived reality for millions'
"Humanity is battling a global pandemic right now and this event is a timely reminder that the grave threat of climate change has not disappeared," Indian PM Modi said.
Climate change is "a lived reality" for millions and requires "concrete action", he said.
The Indian leader says the country has taken "bold action" with large-scale renewable energy development, afforestation and other moves.
He hails India as having a level of carbon emissions per capita to be 60% below the global average, and says it is because his countrymen's lifestyles are still "rooted in traditional practices".
"This shows the importance of lifestyle change" in the climate fight, Modi pointed out.
April, 22 2021 - 06:35 PM
Xi Jinping: 'Man and nature can live in harmony'
"We must be committed to harmony between man and nature," said Chinese President Xi Jinping.
He reiterated China's climate promises, including moving to sustainable energy sources and achieving carbon neutrality by 2060.
"China looks forward to working with the international community, including the United States," said President Xi.
April, 22 2021 - 06:30 PM
UN: 'We are at the verge of the abyss'
United Nations Secretary General Antonio Guterres spoke on how to build a "net-zero climate coalition".
He lauded President Biden for his push to halve emissions by 2030, saying: "You have started the summit by talking the talk".
Guterres called for phasing out coal, better financing and support for developed countries, and an end to the "war on nature".
Urging decisive action, he tolf world leaders: "We are at the verge of the abyss, we must ensure that the next step is in the right direction."


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Monday, March 8, 2010
FAYE DUNAWAY takes my BREATH AWAY.
re-create the look easily! start with a vintage felt beret,cashmere short sleeved sweater,and scarf. add a fitted jean to the mix and you've taken it from a "VINTAGE" look to a "MODERN" one. i would pair a high knee-length boot with the jeans,giving it a tougher feel. happy hunting!

domain: design


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Chris and I played a warband engagement and decided to try out some new ideas for the game. Since the first time I played SBH (a week ago solo; look back a few posts - J), I got the feeling it could be used to recreate the storytelling feel of a roleplaying game, while maintaining the competitive feel of a standard wargame. It turns out I was right.
The abandoned tower at the edge of the Darkwood holds great secrets. The plains beyond lie barren and lifeless.
The Random Encounter System:
I wanted to create a simple means to allow our warbands to interact a little with the environment around them. While I was waiting for Chris, I came up with this idea - As other games have done before, designate certain markers or pieces of "searchable terrain." If a model was in base contact with the marker, it could spend one action to search and roll on the table below.
2-4 -- nothing of interest
5-6 -- small treasure (2 VP)
7-11 - roll again:
------ 2-4 - nothing of interest
------ 5-10 - monster (roll D6)
------------ 1-4 - D3 Skeletons
------------ 5-6 - Giant Wolf
------11-12 - large treasure (4 VP)
12 --- magic item (SBH pg 19)
When a monsters were rolled, the models were place on the table. The monsters activated as a third player, so when I failed two rolls, play passed to Chris, two fails for Chris passed to the monsters, and the monsters fail passed back to me. During the monsters activation, we rolled a D3 to determine the number of quality rolls.
If a monster was in base contact with a player model, it used it's successes to attack, and if possible, to perform a powerful attack.
If a monster was one (or less) of its movement distances away from a player model, it used its first success to move into contact with the closest player model, and any remaining successes as above.
If a monster was more than one of its movement distances away from a player model, it used all of its successes to move its full distance in the direction of a scatter die until one of the two conditions above were met OR until it roamed off the table.
A Chaos Dwarf Gunner gets more than he bargained for when searching near the borders of the Darkwood.
Men from the border patrol are surprised by roaming skeletons. Perhaps stories of the tower housing a necromancer are true.
Gro-ghall uses the speed of his mount to ride through the forest and search the temple ruins. We decided that when searching the ruins, a player could roll three dice and choose the two he preferred when consulting the table. It turns out that the ruins had been well picked over by others and contained nothing of interest.
We handled treasure in a very simple manner. If a model found something of value, a marker was placed in base contact for the rest of the game. If the model was defeated in melee combat, to the victor went the spoils. If the model died from a ranged attack, the treasure stayed on the table, and any player model could use an action to pick it up. If the carrying player was alive at the end of the game, the treasure's VP were collected by the warband and added to their total.
A border soldier finds some small golden trinkets buried. The stone must have been the burial mound of an ancient warlord.
The game fought was between two opposing warbands; my Chaos Dwarf Hunting Party and Chris's Human Border Patrol Force. The idea was to defeat the opposing warband, but the five "encounter markers" provided some nice distractions, and encouraged models to move about the table.
The human patrol advances toward the river. The Chaos Dwarves have been spotted!
Hans the Steadfast demonstrates his skill at fighting the undead.
Dwarves near the lake, ready to engage the interfering humans.
An overview of the action on the plain. Notice Gro-ghall's absence. He was busy searching the ruined temple.
The human captain gives all present a hands-on lesson in swordsmanship...
... and a Chaos Dwarf Savage returns the sentiment with his warclub, taking the captain down.
In the meantime, Gro-ghall returns from the forest and heads for the battle.
However, the Savage's gruesome kill sends most of the men fleeing towards the warchief.
The border soldiers try to crowd the mighty chieftan. Obviously, the death of their leader has shaken their confidence. The first model's quality roll is a dismal failure.
I encourage all of you to try this simple approach to playing Song of Blades and Heroes. My goal is to create a map of the campaign area, and I mean localized, not the size of a continent or anything here. We could easily create a terrain guideline and a different encounter table for each locale on our campaign map. In this way, we could bring the feel of role-playing and storytelling to our table without the need for actual scenarios or a referee.
Thanks for reading,

domain: game


text:
Pendulum have released a video for 'Nothing For Free', one of the two tracks to be found on their brand new Double A-Side. It's their first new music in ten years, following their last full-length 'Immersion'.
Despite being written before the current pandemic, there are an awful lot of parallels to the state of the world right now within the lyrics of this atmosheric banger. And we feel as though the video reflects that pretty well.
Check it out below:
The other new track is called 'Driver' and is a classic slice of drum and bass chaos. Have a party below:

domain: artistic


On the 20th of November AMD is due to release its Phenom X2, X4 and FX desktop processors and as surely as night follows day, that means that new AMD and nVidia chipsets will also hit the streets.
We’ll cover nVidia another day when we get our hands on an MCP72 but for the time being it’s AMD all the way. At the high-end we’ll have the AMD 790FX, which supports three or four graphics slots with next generation CrossFire. In the mid-range there’s RD780 which might be called AMD 780 or 790X, which supports dual graphics slots and following on some time later AMD will unveil a budget chipset along with various IGP models.
This MSI K9A3 CF uses an AMD RD780 chipset with SB600 Southbridge and despite rumours that SB700 would surface this year we don’t expect to see it until 2008. That may sound a bit disappointing, but SB700 is only expected to increase the SATA II count from four to six, while USB 2.0 support will rise from 10 to 12.
All of these new chipsets support Phenom but the specific technical feature that has been added is support for HyperTransport 3.0. As you can read here HT 3.0 extends the speed of HT 2.0 from 1.4GHz DDR to at least 1.8GHz or as high as 2.6GHz. The maximum bandwidth of HT 1.0 is 12.8GB/second rising to 22.4GB/second with HT 2.0 and now we have the prospect of up to 41.6GB/second with the new HT 3.0. No doubt AMD is hoping that HT 3.0 will unlock a bottleneck in quad-core performance that will allow Phenom to fly where the 1,333MHz FSB of Core 2 Duo restricts Intel’s finest to 10.66GB/second.
We’ll have to wait and see on that score as we don’t have a Phenom processor, and that also means that the MSI K9A3 CF won’t necessarily show its true colours in this review. Although an AM2+ motherboard is backwards compatible with an AM2 CPU you don’t get the benefit of the faster bus with the older processor.
For the record SiSoft Sandra reports that our Athlon 64 X2 6400+ CPU (linkout:https://www.trustedreviews.com/cpu-memory/review/2007/09/27/AMD-Athlon-64-X2-6400-Black-Edition/p1) is compliant with HT 1.02 while the Asus M2R32-MVP with Radeon Xpress 3200 chipset that we used for comparison purposes supports HT 1.05, which rather suggests that there aren’t any HT 2.0 desktop chipsets on the market so HT 3.0 effectively triples the bandwidth of the HyperTransport bus.
We were sent a bare MSI K9A3 CF (that’s CF for CrossFire) in a plain box with a driver CD but no manual, brackets or cables.
The layout of the K9A3 is very conventional and somewhat dull with the four DDR2 memory slots positioned between the processor socket and main power connector. By contrast the Asus M2R32-MVP takes advantage of the integrated memory controller in the Athlon 64 core and places the memory slots across the top of the motherboard.
Both the Northbridge and Southbridge sport shiny red passive heatsinks that are fractionally larger than the coolers on the Asus with its Radeon Xpress 3200 chipset. During our testing we measured the MSI heatsinks at 44 degrees C, while the Asus was significantly hotter at 55 degrees on both heatsinks.
MSI has lined up the four SATA II connectors next to the Southbridge where they are safely out of the way between the graphics slots and the single IDE connector at the very edge of the board, laid down there to make it as easy as possible to connect your optical drive.
Provided you use CrossFire the dual graphics card slots each have eight lanes of PCIe 2.0, which is plenty of bandwidth but the options for expansion are severely reduced. There’s a single PCIe x1 slot above the second graphics slot and two PCI slots down below but you’re likely to find that one of the slots is blocked and that might be a pain if you want to install an X-Fi sound card and a TV tuner.
Across the foot of the board there are three USB headers, a Firewire header as well as a set of clearly marked front panel case connectors.
The I/O panel is a strange piece of work as you’ll see in our detail photo. We’re perfectly happy with the legacy PS/2 ports and the single eSATA and Firewire ports but cannot understand why MSI included a Serial port. The lack of digital audio is a touch disappointing and it’s been a while since we considered a mere four USB ports to be acceptable.
During our testing the MSI looked to have an advantage over the Asus as it could run our OCZ Reaper PC2-9200 memory at a full 1,066MHz while the Asus topped out at 800MHz but PCMark05 told a different tale. Memory performance was lower for the MSI to the tune of nearly ten percent, which is odd when you consider that the memory controller is inside the CPU.
We checked this out with SiSoft Sandra and saw that memory bandwidth was much lower on the MSI than the Asus which was the exact opposite of what we expected.
The other short coming was in graphics performance as the MSI was ten percent slower than the Asus in PCMark05 but in 3DMark06 the two motherboards and chipsets were identical.
There are two obvious possibilities here; either the AMD RD780 isn’t truly backwards compatible with an AM2 processor or the MSI BIOS needs a bit of work. Hopefully we’ll be able to answer that question as soon as we get a Phenom processor but as things stand there’s no way we’d recommend an upgrade to RD780.
MSI has used the RD780 chipset in a very basic CrossFire motherboard that is satisfyingly cheap but we have our reservations about the memory and graphics performance of this pre-production sample.
Score in detail
Unlike other sites, we thoroughly test every product we review. We use industry standard tests in order to compare features properly. We’ll always tell you what we find. We never, ever accept money to review a product. Tell us what you think - send your emails to the Editor.


text:
How do I sell items on Poe trade?
Creating the forum thread
- Go to the Standard Heist League – Shops subforum.
- Create a thread. …
- In the original post; link the items you want to sell. …
- Click only one time on the item you want to sell. …
- After the code, you can tell the indexer what price you want to sell the item for.
Is there a Poe trade for ps4?
trade now works with the PS4 and Xbox One versions of the game. Find items in stash and CTRL + Click to add the item to your pathofexile.com forum post… You can CTRL + Click as many as you want…
Is there a way to uncorrupt an item Poe?
Right click this item then left click an item to corrupt it. Corrupted items cannot be modified again.
How many Fusings does it take to 6 Link?
How do you sell exalted with chaos?
The second is simple, example: You can sell an exalted orb for 60 chaos by right clicking and setting “Price” to “60 chaos”. The fractional XX/YY format is useful for when you need to do the reverse, e.g. sell chaos orbs for exalted. Then you set “~b/o 1/60 exalted” on your chaos orb.
How do you price items in Path of Exile?
The best tool to quickly look up the price of items and information on items is POE Trade Macro. This allows you to use shortcuts to look up the price of items while in game. Ctrl + Q while hovering over an item will open up poe.
How often does Poe trade update?
every 30 seconds
How do I find my SSID in Path of Exile?
Find the PoE Session ID in Chrome
Click the Applications tab in the Tab Bar. Expand the Cookies dropdown and select www.pathofexile.com item. Double click on the value, right-click -> copy. — this is your session id.
How do I get control URL in PoE?
To retrieve your personal control. poe. trade URL all you need to do is message poexyzis on pathofexile.com with any subject and message body. Just click this link, enter any subject/content and press send.
How do you use acquisition in a sentence?
Acquisition in a Sentence
- Because he was marrying her, there would be an acquisition of all of her real estate. …
- The business acquisition meant that it would be merging with a smaller enterprise. …
- The young woman collected an acquisition of paintings from her deceased uncle.
How do I farm Chaos Orbs Poe?
The drop level of Chaos Orb is 12. According to Reddit statistics, the drop rate of Chaos Orb is around 1.652%. You can farm the currency items by killing enemies, opening chests, containers, and strongboxes. Play more, have more chances to get Chaos Orbs.


text:
Chocolate mantra specializes in making cashew nut praline chocolates and this is their one of the most popular flavor. The roasted cashew nut paste pralines have a great aroma and equally yummy taste. Nuts are good for health and we all love the soft and subtle taste of cashews, imagine it consuming with the combination of yummy chocolate from Chocolate Mantra.
What you will get: 12 Cashew Nut Praline Dark Chocolates + Free Chocolates + Good Packing + Quick Delivery
How many bought so far: 736
Delivery Time: We deliver any order to any place in India within 2 to 5 working days.
About the Chocolates: Every chocolate is handpicked and packed nicely and have life span up to 100 days. You will notice the same taste and aroma of the fresh chocolate even after 100 days...
- We give free chocolates with every order, the quantity of the free chocolates is
- dependent on the amount of the order.
- Once you receive our chocolate box, please keep the chocolates in refrigerator for 30+
- minutes before eating them. We suggest you to store our chocolate in cool and dry
- places to preserve the best aroma and taste of the chocolate.

domain: food


text:
‘Brainstorm’ on abc27 features Penn State Health’s neurosurgical expertise
May 18, 7:30 pm to 8:00 pm
Dr. Brad Zacharia and Dr. Alireza Mansouri will introduce two patients who have benefitted from the neurosurgical team’s collaborative and comprehensive care. Meet a woman who had unexplained pain and personality changes until surgery to remove a brain tumor changed her life. Dr. Kevin Cockcroft will also talk about the future of neurosurgery at Penn State Health.
Have questions? Join the webchat on May 18 from 7 to 8 p.m. To submit questions prior, go to abc27.com/BrainstormChat

domain: news


Soon, travel from Mysuru to Bengaluru in 90 minutes
The journey time between Mysuru and Bengaluru is set to reduce to 90 minutes from the existing three hours consequent to the expansion of the existing highway to a six-lane access controlled road.
Also, the profile of the existing highway is set to change as the six-lane road will be fenced on either side while towns along the route will be skirted as there will be a 51 km bypass road under the project.
This was stated by National Highway officials who apprised Mysuru MP Pratap Simha of the project on Sunday. The officials said that there will be a 8 km bypass near Srirangapatana, a 10 km bypass for Mandya, 4 km bypass for Maddur and a 22 km bypass for Ramanagaram and Channapatana combine. Besides, there will be a 7 km bypass for Bidadi and all the major towns will be avoidable for motorists travelling between the two cities.
Project director Sridhar told mediapersons that work would commence from next month and land acquisition issues at certain stretches were being expedited by the authorities. The project is expected to be completed in 24 months though the time given to the contractors is 30 months.
The access controlled six-lane highway will have fencing on either side to provide for a free and uninterrupted ride along the journey and there will be 49 underpasses, 13 overpasses and 69 bus bays. “The profile of the existing highway will change as more than 75% of the road will be new. Only short stretches deviating to the towns along the route will remain in its present form,” according to officials.
Mr. Simha said the ₹7,500 crore project – fully funded by the Centre – is being taken up in two packages simultaneously. The first is from Panchamukhi Ganapathi Temple near the NICE Road in Bengaluru to Nidaghatta. The second is from Nidaghatta to Mysuru.
The first package has a road length of 56.2 km and will cost ₹3,900 crore of which ₹1,600 crore is for land acquisition. The second package has a road length of 61.1 km and will cost nearly ₹3,600 crore of which the cost of land acquisition is ₹1,200 crore.
“Once completed, it will shore up connectivity to Mysuru and accelerate its growth and development,” said Mr. Simha.
Source – The Hindu.


text:
Durbin: U of I-Willard Airport to Receive More Than $1.7 Million Grant for Improvements
Previous Article Next Article
[WASHINGTON, DC] – Assistant Senate Majority Leader Dick Durbin (D-IL) announced today that the Department of Transportation (DOT) has awarded a $1,711,425 grant to University of Illinois-Willard Airport in Savoy, Illinois. This grant will be used to fund several important improvements such as the construction of a new runway, the installation of a new guidance system, runway and apron rehabilitation, and a wildlife hazard assessment.
“Willard Airport is a critical transportation link for central Illinois,” said Durbin. “Today’s funding will create jobs and contribute to the long term ability of the airport to serve travelers safely, securely, and efficiently.”

domain: economics


|Publication number||US5168386 A|
|Application number||US 07/602,201|
|Publication date||Dec 1, 1992|
|Filing date||Oct 22, 1990|
|Priority date||Oct 22, 1990|
|Publication number||07602201, 602201, US 5168386 A, US 5168386A, US-A-5168386, US5168386 A, US5168386A|
|Inventors||Lee K. Galbraith|
|Original Assignee||Tencor Instruments|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (13), Referenced by (56), Classifications (8), Legal Events (4)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to optical systems for scanning or deflecting a light beam, and in particular to beam scanners of the type which use a periodically moving reflective element, such as an oscillating mirror.
2. Background Art
Wafer defect scanners, laser printers, document scanner and the like make use of a narrow collimated laser beam that is scanned across a flat surface along a straight line path. A typical optical scanning system for this purpose employs a rotating or oscillating flat mirror to deflect the beam. The collimated input beam is aimed perpendicular to the scanning mirror's rotational axis, so that the chief deflected ray sweeps a plane in space. The beam thus strikes the flat surface in a spot that scans along a straight line path. Beam collimation generally ensures that the spot size remains substantially the same at both the center and edges of the flat surface. In order to ensure that the spot moves across the surface at a uniform rate, the deflected beam passes through an f·Θ lens system before reaching the target surface. Then the beam spot sweeps equal distances on the surface for equal angular deflections of the scanning mirror.
The design of f·Θ lens systems is straightforward, and many compact, relatively inexpensive systems are commercially available. However, these compact f·Θ lenses are not telecentric; that is, the chief ray of the scanning beam is not normal to the flat image plane being scanned after passing through the lens system. Accordingly, the beam spot changes shape slightly from circular at the center of the flat target surface to elliptical at the edges and corners of the flat target surface. Telecentric f·Θ lens systems are available. Two such systems are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,863,250 and 4,880,299. Unfortunately, telecentric f·Θ lens systems are more complex, with multiple lens elements, are much bigger, bulkier and heavier and are more expensive than the non-telecentric variety. This is principally because the final lens element in a telecentric system must be larger than the length of the scan path. A typical telecentric lens system designed to scan across a 200 mm path would weigh about 10 kg and cost several thousand dollars. Accordingly, most laser printers do not use telecentric scanning, despite the potential improvement in image quality.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a simple, low-cost, flat-field telecentric laser-spot scan system.
The above object has been met with a scan system for a laser beam comprising a planar scanning reflector mounted for rotation or oscillation about a scan axis, a concave spherical mirror fixed in a position an effective focal length away from the scanning reflector for providing a telecentric scan, and an additional optical element with only spherical optical surfaces for correcting field curvature to provide a flat-field scan. The additional optical element may be a positive meniscus lens placed in a position in series before or after the concave mirror or both. The concave mirror and lens element can be integrally combined to form a reflectively coated lens. The additional optical element may also be a second spherical mirror.
In operation, a light beam is incident on the planar scanning reflector, is reflected thereby and sweeps a surface in space. The reflected light beam is reflected by the concave mirror in a telecentric manner toward an image plane containing a flat target surface. The light beam is prefocused to image at a point beyond the concave mirror, and the additional optical element corrects the light path so that the focused light spot lies substantially in the image plane for each scan position. To prevent obscuration problems associated with the case of a concave mirror, instead of previous lens systems, the concave mirror and additional optical element are preferably positioned off of the symmetry axis defined by their centers of curvature and the point of incidence of the chief ray on the scan mirror. In this off-axis configuration, the scan mirror is tilted with respect to the incident light beam so that the reflected beam describes a shallow cone in space. Well known computer ray-tracing programs may be used to specify the best scan mirror tilt, the radii of curvature of the corrective optical element and the spacing and orientations of the concave mirror and corrective optical element to provide a straight scan path, as well as an astigmatism-free image and minimum coma.
FIG. 1 is a side schematic view of a first flat-field telecentric scanner embodiment in accord with the present invention having a lens-before-mirror arrangement;
FIG. 2 is a side schematic view of a second flat-field telecentric scanner embodiment in accord with the present invention having a lens-after-mirror arrangement;
FIG. 3 is a side schematic view of a third flat-field telecentric scanner embodiment in accord with the present invention having a reflectively coated lens arrangement;
FIG. 4 is a side schematic view of a fourth flat-field telecentric scanner embodiment in accord with the present invention having a two-pass lens arrangement;
FIG. 5 is a side schematic view of a fifth flat-field telecentric scanner embodiment in accord with the present invention having a two-mirror lens arrangement.
With reference to FIG. 1, an optical scanner system embodiment in accord with the present invention includes a planar scanning reflector 11, a fixed concave mirror 13 and an additional optical element, in this case a lens 15 between reflector 11 and mirror 13, arranged serially in the path of a light beam 17a-c for directing the beam in a scanning motion over a target surface 19. The "beam" is made up of a bundle of light rays which, since the beam is focussed, converge to a geometrical point. The drawings show only the chief ray at the center of the beam's ray bundle. The planar reflector 11 is disposed so that the chief ray of the light beam 17a is incident on reflector 11 at a point 20, and so that the beam is deflected by reflector 11 toward concave mirror 13. Reflector 11 is movable about a scan axis 23 so as to cause the reflected light beam 17b to describe a conical or planar surface in space.
The concave mirror 13 is fixed in position intercepting the light beam 17b and redirecting the light, as beam portion 17c, toward target surface 19. Mirror 13 has a spherical reflective surface 21 which is characterized by a radius of curvature. A mirror radius of curvature of about one meter is typical. In order to obtain telecentric scanning of the target surface 19, the spacing between the point of intersection 20 of the chief ray of the light beam 17a with the planar scan mirror 11 and the system's primary principal plane should equal the effective focal length of the optical system. The optical system includes all of the optical elements 11, 13, 15 in the light path 17a, 17b and 17c leading to the target surface 19. Since the concave mirror 13 in this system is relatively strong and the correction element beam lens 15, is relatively weak, the primary principal plane of the system is near the concave mirror 13. Thus, the concave mirror 13 should be spaced from the planar scanning reflector 11 by a distance along the scanning beam 17b which is approximately equal to the effective focal length of the concave mirror 13 in combination with any intervening optical element 15 in the path of light beam 17b. This focal length is approximately one-half the radius of curvature of the reflective surface 21, or typically about 500 mm. The distance is only approximate because (1) the surface 21 of concave mirror 13 is spherical rather than parabolic, (2) the distance of one-half the radius of curvature means that the edges of the concave mirror 13 are slightly further from light incidence point 20 on planar scanned reflector 11 than the center of mirror 13, and (3) the intervening positive lens 15 in FIG. 1 slightly alters the path of light beam 17b, thereby slightly shortening the effective focal length of the mirror-lens combination 13 and 15. Further, for telecentric scanning the concave mirror 13 should be at least as large as the scan path on the target surface is long, i.e. typically about 200 mm long. Typically, the scan deviates from perfect telecentricity by a few milliradians.
The additional optical element, namely lens 15, is a positive meniscus lens with spherical surfaces placed in the path of light beam 17b between the planar scanning reflector 11 and the concave mirror 13. Lens 15 is a correction lens that adjusts the light path slightly so that the beam 17c reflected from concave mirror 13 is not only telecentric, but also flat field, i.e. images in a plane coinciding with the target surface 19. The incident light beam 17a is preferably prefocused to image in a small diameter spot 24 on the target surface 19 beyond concave mirror 13. However, because the distance covered by the light 17b and 17c from the scanning reflector 11 to the target surface 19 will vary slightly according to the position of the scan, lens 15 is added to effectively correct the path length of the light so that a focused spot 24 images in a plane corresponding to the target surface regardless of the scan position. 20 μm is a typical focused spot size that can be maintained in a flat field scan over a scan length of about 200 mm. The distance of the lens 15 from the concave mirror 13 and the radii of curvature of the spherical surfaces of lens 15 can be mutually adjusted relative to one another to not only eliminate field curvature to obtain a planar image field for the focused light spot 24, but also to achieve an astigmatism-free spot image and, to some extent, reduce third order coma. Use of computer programs to effect such adjustments is well known in the field of optics.
Because the use of a concave mirror element results in the incident and reflected light beams to be on the same side of the concave mirror, as opposed to an f·Θ lens element of the prior art where incident and refracted light beams are on opposite sides of the lens, obscuration of the light by the target surface is potentially a problem. In FIG. 1, the concave mirror 13 is positioned off-axis so the light beam 17b reflected from the scanning mirror 11 reaches the concave mirror 13 without obstruction by the target surface 19 and then continues on to the target surface 19. The symmetry axis 25 is defined by a line passing through the point 20 of incidence of the chief ray of beam 17a on scanning reflector 11 and through the center point of the sphere 27 of which the concave mirror surface 21 of mirror 13 is a part. The spheres 29 which make up the surfaces of the meniscus lens 15 preferably have their centers on the symmetry axis also. The actual optical elements 13 and 15 themselves do not lie on the symmetry axis in the " off-axis" configuration shown in FIG. 1. The planar scanning reflector 11 is tilted away from perpendicular relative to the chief ray of the incident light beam 17a and tilted away from the perpendicular to the symmetry axis so that the reflected beam 17b continues off-axis to the lens 15 and concave mirror 13 and then to the image plane 19 without obstruction. If the beam 17b leaving the scanning reflector 11 described a plane in space, as it does in a f·Θ lens system, then the final focused spot 24 would follow a curved scan line in the off-axis configuration of FIG. 1. However, the scan path on the target surface 19 can be straightened out by combining the proper tilt of the scanning reflector 11 with the proper orientation of the lens and mirror elements 13 and 15 so that the light 17b reflected from the scanning mirror 11 describes the surface of a cone in space typically about 15° from the incident light beam 17a. The beam 17c reflected by the concave mirror 13 then describes an almost planar surface, preferably parallel to the symmetry axis, that intercepts the image plane or target surface 19 in a nearly straight line scan path with only very small ripple terms. Typically, the resulting scan deviates by only one or two micrometers from a straight line path over a 200 mm scan length.
With reference to FIG. 2, another embodiment of the invention places the lens element 35 in the path of the light beam 37c after it is reflected from the concave mirror 33. As in the first embodiment in FIG. 1, the embodiment in FIG. 2 includes a planar scanning reflector disposed in the path of an incident light beam 37a and movable about an axis 43 to cause the reflected light 37b to describe a shallow cone surface in space about 15° from the incident beam 37a. The embodiment also includes a concave mirror 33 having a spherical reflective surface fixed in a position to reflect the scanner deflected light beam 37b. The spherical surface 41 has a radius of curvature which is approximately twice the distance between the scanning mirror 31 and the concave mirror 33 so as to provide telecentric scanning of a target surface 39. The light beam 37a-c is prefocused so that the final spot focusses in a plane at the target surface 39. The lens element 35 is a positive meniscus lens disposed in the light path 37 c between the concave mirror 33 and the target surface 39 for correcting any field curvature of the image of the focused beam 37c, and thereby to provide a flat-field scan with a substantially constant spot size. Use of computer software to select a lens shape that preserves telecentricity while making the scan field flat and astigmatism free for any given lens position is known. It is discovered that the lens after mirror embodiment of FIG. 2 has the remarkable property that if the lens 35 is positioned so as to be approximately halfway between the concave mirror 33 and the image plane 39 and the lens shape selected for a flat field, then coma can also be made to vanish completely. The mirror 33 to image 39 distance is typically about 85 mm for a one meter radius concave mirror.
With reference to FIG. 3, the simplest embodiment to construct combines the concave mirror 13 or 33 of FIGS. 1 or 2 with a lens element into a single composite element, namely a lens 55 with a reflective coating 53 on one surface. The configuration is also easiest to align. A planar scanning mirror 51 reflects an incident light beam 57a along a path 57b that sweeps a plane or a shallow surface of a cone in space about 15° from incident light path 57a as mirror 51 rotates or oscillates about a scan axis 60. Lens 55 is a biconvex lens with spherical surfaces and the reflective mirror coating 53 on the surface of the lens 55 which is furthest from scanning mirror 51. Mirror coating 53 thus forms a concave mirror, functionally like mirrors 13 and 33 in FIGS. 1 and 2. The lens-mirror coating combination is spaced a focal length away from scanning mirror 51 for telecentric scanning of a target surface in the image plane 59 by light beam 57c. The lens 55 is nearly symmetrical in astigmatism-free systems, but if the lens 55 is made perfectly symmetrical to lower cost of production the residual astigmatism is still sufficiently low for good performance. The beam quality is best in this configuration when the image plane 59 is separated from the reflective lens surface coating 53 by about 80% of the effective focal length, rather than being close to the mirror (less than 100 mm distant) as in the FIGS. 1 and 2 embodiments. Typically, the mirror to image distance is about 400 mm. The large separation makes this embodiment useful in bare wafer scanning systems, where the effects of light scattered by the optics become less detrimental the further the scanning optical elements 53 and 55 are from the wafer surface.
With reference to FIG. 4, a fourth embodiment uses two distinct and spaced apart lens and mirror elements 75 and 73, as in FIGS. 1 and 2, but the light path 77a-c traverses the lens 75 twice, as in FIG. 3, going both to and from the concave mirror 73. Lens 75 is a biconvex lens with spherical surfaces and is typically spaced a distance of about 100 mm from concave mirror 73. Concave mirror 73 has a spherical reflective surface 81 with a radius of curvature which is typically about 2 meters. Concave mirror 73 is spaced from the planar scanning mirror 71 by a distance which is equal to the effective focal length of the combined lens 75 and mirror system. This distance is approximately one-half of the radius of curvature of the concave mirror 73, or about one meter, corrected by the lens focal length, to a distance of about 625 mm. The lens 75 may be selected for a coma-free system, like FIG. 2, in addition to the flat field and astigmatism-free requirements of previous embodiments. In the coma-free case, the system focal length is about 625 mm, the mirror-to-image plane distance is about 400 mm and the lens-to-image plane distance is about 300 mm. A potential disadvantage of the FIG. 4 embodiment is that the light beam 77a-c effectively crosses five surfaces between planar scanner 71 and image plane 79 and so the system is prone to lens reflections and scattering. Nevertheless, the large 300 mm distance between the final lens surface 83 and the image plane in the coma-free solution means that it can be used without any substantial problems in a bare wafer scanner.
With reference to FIG. 5, a fifth embodiment of a scanning system in accord with the present invention includes a planar scanning reflector 91 movable about a scan axis 93 and placed in the path of an incident light beam 95a. Two off-axis mirrors 97 and 99 in series in the path of the scanning light beam 95b reflected from scan reflector 91 produce a telecentric scan of the light beam 95c incident on a target surface in an image plane 101. For telecentric scanning concave mirror 99 should be spaced a distance along the light path of the scanning light beam 95b from planar scan mirror 91 by an amount approximately equal to the effective focal length of the two mirror system 97 and 99. Since mirror 97 is a weak convex mirror, this distance is approximately one-half of the radius of curvature of the spherical surface of concave mirror 99, or about 500 mm. The incident light beam 95a is prefocused to image at a spot beyond concave mirror 99. The convex mirror 97 is an additional optical element in the light path 95b between planar scan mirror 91 and concave mirror 99 that corrects the light path 95b slightly so as to provide a flat field of focus in image plane 101. Accordingly, the spot size of the light beam 95c on a target surface placed in image plane 101 does not substantially change size as the beam scans the target surface. Both coma and astigmatism are undercorrected, but can be made reasonably low by making the mirror-to-mirror separation and the distance between the concave mirror 99 and image plane 101 as small as possible. In a system with an effective focal length of about 500 mm, the mirror separation and image plane distance are each preferably 50 mm or less. However, there are not enough degrees of freedom in the two mirror embodiment in FIG. 5 to produce a flat-field telecentric scanner that is also completely astigmatism free. Coma is very low and can be made negligible.
The above-described embodiments are capable, with a system effective focal length of 500 mm, of telecentric flat-field scanning over a scan distance on the target surface of 200 mm and with a substantially constant 1/e2 spot diameter of about 20 μm. Similar embodiments can be devised to scan other scan distances telecentrically and with other spot sizes in a flat field. The embodiments are substantially astigmatism free with the exception of that shown in FIG. 5. The FIGS. 2 and 4 embodiments can be made free of coma, and in the FIG. 5 embodiment coma can be made negligible. All of the curved optical surface are spherical for ease of manufacture and low cost. The FIGS. 3 and 4 embodiments, with their large last optical element to image plane distances, are especially suitable in bare wafer scanners. All of the embodiments shown and described are preferably built with off-axis optical elements to avoid obscuration problems, yet the offset distance from the symmetry axis to the scan line on the target surface is kept to not more than about 150 mm, and scan curvature is straightened out to a line with essentially negligible non-straightness, i.e. with peak-to-peak deviations of the scan from a line of less than 10% of spot size.
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|U.S. Classification||359/215.1, 359/208.1|
|International Classification||G02B26/10, G02B13/22|
|Cooperative Classification||G02B13/22, G02B26/105|
|European Classification||G02B26/10G, G02B13/22|
|Nov 9, 1990||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: TENCOR INSTRUMENTS, 2400 CHARLESTON ROAD, MOUNTAIN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:GALBRAITH, LEE K.;REEL/FRAME:005515/0523
Effective date: 19901018
|May 31, 1996||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|May 31, 2000||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jun 1, 2004||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 12


Packing & Delivery
Packaging Details export wooden box for automatic filling packaging
Size& weight: according to ordered machine.
Delivery Time within 20 working days after receiving deposit.
Payment T/T, 30% deposit in advance and full payment before
Warranty One year from the date of shipment against any
This machine can bu used to pack all kinds of Powder, like milk
powder, flour, soybean powder, medicine powder, cosmetic powder,
coffee powder, etc.
Compared with the traditional powder packing machine, this newly
designed machine has the much faster packing speed, and packed bags
are also much more beautiful in outer appearance, which can meet
the packing requirements better for high level products.
- Work automatically: measuring-making
- Computer control system, photoelectric tracking.
- Machine body material: Stainless Steel 304
- Can install color ribbon printer for 1-3 lines
- Easy to operate and mantain.
- All stainless steel cover meets to GMP standard
|Model Specification||DCF-300-A Zigzag cutter|
|Method of Measurement||Screw Type|
|Range of Measurement||0-100ml (Each machine matchs one set of screw)|
|Packing speed||40-70bag/min (depend on material filling amount and fluidity)|
|Sealing type||back side sealing with zigzag cutter|
|Voltage||380v or 220v or made accordingly|
Machine packing inside is plastic films and outside is fumigation
Our wooden case is very strong. And we use exprot wooden box to
pack the machine.
It can bear long time shipping on the sea.
And machine with preservative film,it can stop the salt sea water
enter into the machine and make the machine corrosion.
Upon receipt of payment , delivery date will be in 3-15days
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1. Product details (description/photos/samples are all ok)
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5. Machine frame material (coated SS frame)
1. Payment term:T/T 30% deposit,70% balance before loading.
2. Delivery date:15 working days after deposit.
3. Packaging:inside is wrapped with protect film,outside is


text:
Shelfari edited the description of Captains of the Sands Saturday, August 1, 2009.
This first English-language edition of a 50-year-old novel by the popular Brazilian author of Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands et al. is the last of a series of six he wrote about his native Bahia, which is a Brazilian state. The "captains" of the title are a gang of abandoned children who live in a waterfront warehouse and survive by robbing the rich. The novel is clearly an early effort for Amado, with self-conscious effects (such as an imagined dialogue between a gang member and an icon he wants to steal) and a tendency to romanticize the young thieves and to telegraph their destinies. But Amado's vivid descriptions of Bahia, his strong social conscience ("The problem of abandoned and delinquent children that worried almost no one in the whole city was Father Jose Pedro's greatest worry") and his moving characterizations carry the reader along to the inevitable denouementwhich, despite its predictability, is both stirring and poignant. This edition also includes a self-righteous "postface" penned in 1937, in which Amado claims that "no one until today has dared look face to face with so much love at Bahian humanity and its problems." Copyright 1988 Reed Business Information, Inc.


Haunted houses are something’s that have caught the imagination of writers and storytellers for longer than I can say.
There are many ghost stories in Savannah, some more terrifying than others. Some are just downright disturbing to read and learn about and has you wonder about them being real. Here is the legend about 432 Abercorn Street…
Gothic Bite Magazine is now opening their gates to all authors who would enjoy sharing their work with the public. We welcome all writers, from the enthusiasts to the professionals.
This week, we are sharing the fantastic work of the author part of the Ghoul Family, Evilest Gem. It is for your spooky eyes to enjoy!
Yellow fever is a viral infection transmitted by a bite from infected mosquitoes most commonly found in parts of South America and Africa.
When transmitted to humans, the yellow fevervirus can damage the liver and other internal organs and be potentially fatal. — WebMD.com
Now here is the story of 1820, Savannah, the Yellow Fever Epidemic.
I got started on this ghost story simply because it was the first to catch my eye, some of the facts and stories leave a lot to be desired.
But like many folk legends of ghost stories, this one holds some truth, even if at times it is far from fact. So here’s the Ghost Story of Rene Asche Rondolier…


The average listing price on SpeedList for this year, make, and model is $60,457.
This vehicle has been on SpeedList for 227 days.
Fuel Consumption: City: 18 Mpg Fuel Consumption: Highway: 25 Mpg Memorized Settings Including Door Mirror(S) Memorized Settings Including Steering Wheel Memorized Settings For 2 Drivers Fuel Consumption: City: 18 Mpg Fuel Consumption: Highway: 25 Mpg Memorized Settings Including Door Mirror(S) Memorized Settings Including Steering Wheel Memorized Settings For 2 Drivers Driver Seat Memory Remote Power Door Locks Power Windows Cruise Controls On Steering Wheel Cruise Control 4-Wheel Abs Brakes Front Ventilated Disc Brakes 1St And 2Nd Row Curtain Head Airbags Passenger Airbag Side Airbag Express Open/Close Glass Sunroof Rear Spoiler: Lip Navigation System With Voice Activation Bluetooth Wireless Phone Connectivity Audio System Security Digital Audio Input In-Dash Single Cd Player Audio System Memory Card Slot Mp3 Player Am/Fm/Hd/Satellite-Prep Radio Radio Data System Total Number Of Speakers: 10 Intercooled Turbo Braking Assist Abs And Driveline Traction Control Cornering Lights Stability Controll With Anti-Roll Privacy Glass: Deep Machined Aluminum Rims W/ Painted Accents Wheel Diameter: 19 Wheel Width: 9 Driver And Passenger Knee Airbags Front Fog/Driving Lights Leather Steering Wheel Trim Leather/Chrome Shift Knob Trim Genuine Wood/Metal-Look Dash Trim Genuine Wood/Metal-Look Door Trim Genuine Wood Center Console Trim Roof Rails Video Monitor Location: Front Trip Computer External Temperature Display Tachometer Manufacturer's 0-60Mph Acceleration Time (Seconds): 9.2 S Electrochromatic Auto-Dimming Mirrors Power Remote Driver Mirror Adjustment Heated Driver Mirror Heated Passenger Mirror Electrochromatic Rearview Mirror Power Remote W/Tilt Down Passenger Mirror Adjustment Power Retractable Mirrors Passenger Reverse Tilt Mirror Turn Signal In Mirrors Dual Illuminated Vanity Mirrors Compass Daytime Running Lights Heated Windshield Washer Jets Driver And Passenger Heated-Cushion Driver And Passenger Heated-Seatback Remote Window Operation Audio Controls On Steering Wheel Power Liftgate/Tailgate Bmw Assist Ecall Power Remote Trunk Release Front And Rear Reading Lights Anti-Theft Alarm System Leatherette Seat Upholstery Bucket Front Seats Split Rear Bench Fold Forward Seatback Rear Seats Rear Seats Center Armrest Tilt And Telescopic Steering Wheel Steering Wheel Air Conditioning Controls Speed-Proportional Electric Power Steering Suspension Class: Regular Interior Air Filtration Automatic Front Air Conditioning Dual Front Air Conditioning Zones Residual Heat Distribution Of Air Conditioner Tire Pressure Monitoring System: Tire Specific Remote Activated Exterior Entry Lights Cargo Area Light Max Cargo Capacity: 77 Cu.Ft. Vehicle Emissions: Lev3-Ulev125 Fuel Type: Premium Unleaded Fuel Capacity: 22.4 Gal. Instrumentation: Low Fuel Level Clock: In-Dash Adaptive Headlights Headlights Off Auto Delay Dusk Sensing Headlights Self-Leveling Headlights Driver Seat Head Restraint Whiplash Protection Head Restraint Whiplash Protection With Passenger Seat Coil Front Spring Regular Front Stabilizer Bar Independent Front Suspension Classification Double Wishbone Front Suspension Four-Wheel Independent Suspension Coil Rear Spring Rear Stabilizer Bar: Regular Independent Rear Suspension Multi-Link Rear Suspension Front And Rear Suspension Stabilizer Bars Rain Sensing Front Wipers Variable Intermittent Front Wipers Metal-Look W/Chrome Surround Grille Center Console: Full With Covered Storage Overhead Console: Mini Curb Weight: 4 680 Lbs. Gross Vehicle Weight: 6 063 Lbs. Overall Length: 192.4/ Overall Width: 76.3/ Overall Height: 69.4/ Wheelbase: 115.5/ Front Head Room: 40.5/ Rear Head Room: 38.8/ Front Leg Room: 40.4/ Rear Leg Room: 36.6/ Front Shoulder Room: 61.5/ Rear Shoulder Room: 60.0/ Four 12V Dc Power Outlets Transmission Hill Holder Seatbelt Pretensioners: Front Rear Center Seatbelt: 3-Point Belt Door Reinforcement: Side-Impact Door Beam Engine Immobilizer Cargo Tie Downs Floor Mats: Carpet Front And Rear Rear Area Cargo Cover: Roll-Up Cupholders: Front And Rear Read More…
Jet Black 2018 BMW X5 sDrive35i RWD 8-Speed Automatic 3.0L I6 DOHC 24V TwinPower Turbo Blk Artificial Leather. Many of our cars are located in a secure off-site facility. Save time by calling or emailing ahead to schedule a test drive. We have com...
Jet Black 2018 BMW X5 sDrive35i RWD 8-Speed Automatic 3.0L I6 DOHC 24V TwinPower Turbo Blk Artificial Leather. Many of our cars are located in a secure off-site facility. Save time by calling or emailing ahead to schedule a test drive. We have competitive financing available for almost all credit levels. Contact for a secure online application.


Parking services seeks remedy for Alumni Quad congestion
There are roughly twice as many cars registered to Alumni Quad residents as there are student parking spots.
The issue of 130 students finding one of Alumni’s 72 parking spots is one that Parking and Mass Transit Services is seeking to remedy with several possible changes.
Director of PMTS Jason Jones said Wednesday that the department is eyeing land off of State Street to be turned into diagonal parking spots, and land south of the Sayles parking lot to possibly create 25 new spaces.
Parking at Alumni Quad and at the uptown campus has long been an issue that concerns students. Last October, Student Association leaders met with PMTS and negotiated 102 faculty parking spots at State Quad to be reassigned for student use.
Following the negotiation, PMTS established a student parking advisory board with representatives from undergraduate and graduate student associations, faculty, and facilities management.
Anna Agnes, one of SA’s parking advisory board members, said that Jones has been receptive at the board’s biweekly meetings.
“I think that he always cared, he just didn’t know how to go about communicating with us,” she said.
Though she said PMTS was doing well incorporating some of their ideas like using social media to put up parking announcements, Agnes said she doesn’t expect new Alumni parking spots to be finished any time soon.
“Construction takes so long here for everything,” said Agnes. “And I don’t know if the city would sell the land to them, so it may never happen.”
Alumni Quad resident Ashley Bagley said she would appreciate anything the school could do to alleviate the struggle to find a parking spot.
“It takes me like twenty minutes to find a parking spot,” said Bagley. “Ontario is usually full, so sometimes I park on Western; then it’s like, I don’t wanna park too close to the hydrant. It takes a long time.”
The recent closing off of O’Leary and Ontario for sewer upgrades took Bagley, a political science junior, by surprise.
“They should have some kind of action plan to figure out how to compensate us, because Albany could just dig up a hole and then be like yeah you guys can’t,” said Bagley, referring to parking.
Jones said in an email Wednesday that one idea for compensation was parking registration fee reductions for Alumni residents.
“That would give Alumni students the opportunity to leave their vehicles on the uptown campus at a reduced or zero dollar parking registration fee in attempt to alleviate parking pressure in that Alumni location,” Jones said.
Agnes said she felt this, along with PMTS encouraging students to use bikes or public transport, were only temporary solutions.
“It’s really hard to tell kids that they can’t have a car because they’re away from home. They need to be able to get home and get to campus,” she said. “They have to figure out some way to get more parking for those people.”


As the leading national nonprofit The Recycling Partnership puts it, recycling progress happens “community by community.” Working at the community level, in Georgia’s second most populated county, is the most important thing we as citizens can do to make an impact on the global recycling system.
Over the past two years since the founding of the Gwinnett Recycling Action Team, the grassroots team of citizen volunteers that created Gwinnett Recycles, we’ve removed 2,200 pounds of litter from the streets and rivers of Gwinnett, engaged 110 families in one-on-one conversations about recycling, motivated nine county schools with a combined 11,593 students to take part in a plastic film recycling competition, and created this website that attracts more than 2,000 visitors every month. This is all great, but we’re just getting started!
Some of the ways you can have an impact on recycling in Gwinnett County include:
- Writing articles for our blog
- Making additions to our recycling directory
- Speaking to your neighbors about the importance of recycling
- Organizing a roadside litter cleanup
- Hosting a documentary night
- Volunteering at a recycling event, such as America Recycles Day, to help residents recycle
- Volunteering with us at a community event to educate people about recycling
- Contacting the Gwinnett Board of Commissioners or your city council to advocate for greater access to recycling


text:
There were a lot of shortages of essential foodstuffs, not just luxuries. Ration books were issued to each person over five years old containing tokens which could be saved up or used at the owner’s discretion. The shopkeeper would remove the tokens before he issued the goods. There were different coloured ration books. The buff coloured books were issued to adults and schoolage children. Green books were issued to expectant mothers, as they had extra needs. The tokens had no monetary value, but they were a means of ensuring that everybody got their fair share of what was available. The tokens were for food, and later for clothing. It was on 8 January 1940 that Food Rationing was introduced.
At the beginning, the following amounts were available for each person per week:
Butter or lard - 4ozs [113.4 grams]Sugar - 12ozs [340.2 grams]Raw bacon or ham - 4ozs [113.4 grams]Eggs - 2Cooked bacon or ham -3.5ozs [99.3 grams]
Meat rationing started on 11th March 1940. As the war continued, bread became in short supply. Queues would form outside shops very early in the morning because even if people had coupons, the shops did not always have enough bread for everyone. Rumours would start that a shop was getting a supply of butter or meat and immediately a queue would form outside the shop. Many a shop opened for only two or three days a week because of food shortages.