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Towards a culture-sensitive pedagogy of physics teacher education in Mozambique
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The problem that I have found while looking for better ways of teaching physics science is that the curriculum we Mozambicans are using 30 years after independence can be hardly distinguished from the colonial curriculum. I generated my research questions based on this problem. I have adopted critical auto/ethnography and related trustworthiness criteria to respond to my research questions. I generated my data by looking from different perspectives at myself as learner, teacher and Mozambican citizen. This research suggests that the actual situation of largely reproducing a colonial science curriculum can be overcome by the inclusion of a view of the world that I call local-indigenous knowledge. I have achieved three main outcomes from this research: The transformation that occurred to me - One of the main transformations was to my perception of my cultural identity. Using contemporary theories of culture and rationality I have explored and more fully realised my Mozambican cultural identity. The meaning of indigeneity and local indigenous knowledge.This research has allowed me to reconceptualise the meaning of indigeneity by exposing how it has been applied in a discriminatory sense and how it could be applied to promote the human dimension that exists in all human beings. A cultural model of teaching - I propose the use of both local indigenous knowledge and World Modern Science to connect students to their history, their culture and their future. My cultural model of teaching encompasses four dimensions: (a) Use of local-indigenous language, (b) Learning by doing using locally available materials, (c) Use of stories to develop students' cultural awareness (identity) and (d) Inclusion of spirituality in science education. These outcomes, which can be deepened and/or transformed by future studies, can be seen as distant from my initial research goal of learning techniques to 'deliver well' the curriculum content of my physics classroom; but, for me, these outcomes illustrate the emergent characteristic of this qualitative inquiry into the self-culture dialectic.
Showing items related by title, author, creator and subject.
Science education reform in a post-colonial developing country in the aftermath of a crisis : the case of RwandaEarnest, Jaya (2003)The research reported in this thesis is an in-depth study of science education reform in a transitional society. The society in transition is Rwanda - one of the world's poorest countries - a tiny central African nation ...
Saili, Abdul Rahman (2011)Farmers‟ markets are an exciting and important form of free enterprise. They have a strong potential to support sustainable development due to the myriad of economic and social benefits they could bring to a society. ...
Heroes from the past : their beliefs and practices, and influence on current science education practice.White, Robyn C. (1998)This study reflects my own search to clarify the process of cultural change in an educational setting. In particular it clarifies for me the process through which State-wide science curriculum reform was enacted in the ...

domain: sociology


Centralized Access Management System:
- Vehicle Access Management.
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Category: Automation Solutions
- The E-TAG Vehicle Access Control System is and effective mean to control the access of vehicles to and area like, Parking Plazas, Residential Buildings, Housing Societies, Toll Plazas or any other place where the automated access or toll collection of vehicles is a requirement.
- The EVACS offers the advantage of un-assisted access to authorized users like residents of a housing society.
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- The road barrier and blocker are operated by RFID Access Control Unit or it can be controlled via push buttons in the guard room.
- In case of mains power failure, the system is backed up by an emergency power source like generator or UPS.
- In case of backup power failure, the barrier can be manually operated via a key.


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Ethical Nutrients Prostate Health 30 Capsules
- You are supporting a community pharmacy
- Low stock - 2 items left
- Inventory on the way
Ethical Nutrients Prostate Health helps to maintain normal healthy prostate function.
Ethical Nutrients Prostate Health contains a clinically trialled combination of herbs that may:
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Relieve the symptoms of medically diagnosed benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) (Benign enlargement of the prostate).
Take 1 daily.
Each capsule contains:
Extracts equiv. to: Serenoa Repens Fruit Dry (Saw Palmetto) 3.2g.
Standardised to contain (90%) Fatty Acids 288mg.
Urtica Dioica Root & Rhizome Dry (Nettle) 2.4g.
Adults: Take 1 capsule daily, or as directed by a healthcare professional.

domain: medical


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A strike that could have slowed or crippled services in the City of Santa Cruz was averted Sunday as the city reached an agreement with Service Employees International Union (SEIU) Local 521.
Under the agreement, workers will get a 12% raise over the next three years, in addition to a one-time $1,1,00 payment, City Manager Matt Huffaker announced in a press release.
The news came two days after the city announced that the Union had rejected an offer for a 12% increase over three years–without the $1,100 payment–and that a strike was imminent.
SEIU 521 President Ken Bare said Friday that the first offer did not cover the rising cost of living.
Bare also said that the current pay does not attract new employees—the city is still 48 workers short.
The tentative agreement, he said, will address that shortage and improve city services.
“The City of Santa Cruz will finally be able to hire qualified employees that it needs in order to provide services to the city,” he said.
The city reached similar agreements for 12% increases over three years with four other City employee groups approved by the City Council last week.
Negotiations have been ongoing since early this year, Huffaker said.
“We are pleased to be able to structure a compensation package that better meets our employee’s short-term needs while also being respectful of the city’s long-term financial picture,” he said.
Because the strike–expected to begin at 7am Monday–has been called off, city operations will be delivered, as usual, Huffaker added.

domain: economics


June 8, 2017
Pro wrestler "The Kingpin" Brian Milonas and referee Mike Crockett listened to you, the WPAN public, and are bringing back to the original format of the BDA Radio podcast starting NOW! We did a poll on Twitter to find the topic this week (@TheWPAN
) and the majority winner was Worst Ring Gear Ever. Who wore the most awful wrestling gear in the history of the business? We run down some of the top offenders. Plus, your feedback is dissected in Merv Griffin Time, this Heel Laugh Hall Of Famer is coming to get you, and "Garglyrics" gripes!
Buy the "Curtain Jerker" WPAN t-shirt: http://www.prowrestlingtees.com/related/newageinsiders/the-wpan.html
Follow @TheWPAN, @bda_radio, @BrianMilonas & @crocksox on Twitter. #WPAN
Subscribe to the #NAINetwork wherever you get your podcasts.
Visit BDARadio.com for the most unique commentary on Mixed Martial Arts and Pro Wrestling on the internet.


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SAN FRANCISCO - Workers at San Francisco's Laguna Honda Hospital are urging the city to provide more personal protective equipment after health care workers there recently tested positive for the COVID-19 coronavirus.
In addition to more gear like masks, the workers are also calling on the city to come up with a plan to keep them, as well as their families, further protected from exposure to COVID-19.
FILE - Protective N-95 face masks lie on a table at an office in Washington, DC. (Photo by EVA HAMBACH/AFP via Getty Images)
Members of Service Employees International Union Local 1021 are speaking out after San Francisco Public Health Department Director Grant Colfax on Monday acknowledged that two hospital workers tested positive for the virus and said the unit where they worked was under quarantine.
Colfax added the hospital's staff was getting "the best" protective gear and that patients at the facility there were being monitored on an hourly basis for symptoms.
"SEIU 1021 and our members stand with the Department of Public Health and the Mayor to fight this disease at Laguna Honda Hospital, and throughout all of DPH facilities, but we need resources and protective gear to be successful, and an affirmative plan from the city to thwart exposure," Theresa Rutherford, San Francisco SEIU 1021 president and nursing assistant at Laguna Honda, said in a statement.
Because Laguna Honda is a long-term care facility for the elderly -- one of the most vulnerable populations to COVID-19 -- hospital staff is asking for protective gear, including N95 masks, to all workers at the facility.
"Protective gear should be available to everyone that works at the facility -- from custodians, clerical staff, food service workers, health care workers as well as other workers such as law enforcement personnel who enter Laguna Honda during the course of their duties," Rutherford said.
The workers are also demanding testing for COVID-19 be available to all workers and patients who may have been exposed. "We require DPH's affirmative plan to ensure that an outbreak at SF's largest long-term care facility does not occur," Rutherford added.
Mayor London Breed on Monday said despite a nationwide shortage of PPE in hospitals, the city had acquired 1 million masks from Gov. Gavin Newsom, in addition to masks and gloves being donated by large private companies like Facebook.
Breed also mentioned a plan to house frontline workers, like health care workers, needing quarantine in hotels.


On behalf of the Lancaster County Planning Commission, community planners review and report on subdivisions, land developments, comprehensive plans, and municipal land use ordinance amendments. This broad range of planning review services is separated into two areas of activity: subdivision and land development reviews and community planning reviews. Most types of reviews are presented to the commission for its consideration at a public meeting prior to them being forwarded on to the respective municipalities and/or applicants.
Subdivision & Land Development Reviews
Lancaster County Planning Commission Staff reviews four general types of subdivisions and land developments: Approvals, Administrative Approvals, Advisory Reviews, and MOUs.
Community Planning Reviews
Lancaster County Planning Commission Staff provides advisory commentary for municipal planning, land use controls, and other activities as provided for in the Pennsylvania Municipalities Planning Code (MPC).


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Review: could Sertraline hydrochloride cause Failure of implant?
Summary: Failure of implant is reported only by a few people who take Sertraline hydrochloride.
We study 10,744 people who have side effects while taking Sertraline hydrochloride from FDA and social media. Find out below who they are, when they have Failure of implant and more.
You are not alone: join a support group for people who take Sertraline hydrochloride and have Failure of implant >>>
Sertraline hydrochloride has active ingredients of sertraline hydrochloride. It is often used in depression. (latest outcomes from 11,793 Sertraline hydrochloride users)
Failure of implant
Failure of implant has been reported by people with osteoporosis, metastases to bone, rheumatoid arthritis, osteopenia, multiple sclerosis. (latest reports from 422 Failure of implant patients)
On Mar, 9, 2015: 10,744 people reported to have side effects when taking Sertraline hydrochloride. Among them, 1 people (0.01%) has Failure Of Implant.
Time on Sertraline hydrochloride when people have Failure of implant * :
Age of people who have Failure of implant when taking Sertraline hydrochloride * :
Severity of Failure of implant when taking Sertraline hydrochloride ** :
How people recovered from Failure of implant ** :
Top conditions involved for these people * :
- Blood pressure increased (1 people, 100.00%)
- Rheumatoid arthritis (1 people, 100.00%)
- Anxiety (1 people, 100.00%)
- Hypertension (1 people, 100.00%)
Top co-used drugs for these people * :
- Prednisone (1 people, 100.00%)
- Losartan potassium (1 people, 100.00%)
- Propacet 100 (1 people, 100.00%)
- Alprazolam (1 people, 100.00%)
- Benazepril hcl (1 people, 100.00%)
* Approximation only. Some reports may have incomplete information.
** Reports from social media are used.
How to use the study: print a copy of the study and bring it to your health teams to ensure drug risks and benefits are fully discussed and understood.
Do you have Failure Of Implant while taking Sertraline Hydrochloride?
You are not alone! Join a support group on :
- support group for people who take Sertraline hydrochloride and have Failure Of Implant
- support group for people who take Sertraline hydrochloride
- support group for people who have Failure Of Implant
Drugs in real world that are associated with:
Could your condition cause:
- A study of side effects of Sertraline for a 20-year old man with Depression. The patient has Nosebleed
- A study of side effects of Zoloft for a 11-year old boy with Anxiety. The patient has Headache
- A study of drug interactions between Gabapentin, Zoloft for a 64-year old woman with Neuropathy, Depression. The patient has Sweating, Shaking Palsy, Diahhrea, Panic Attack
- A study of drug interactions between Zoloft, Vistaril for a 54-year old woman with Depression, Stress And Anxiety. The patient has Diarrhea
- A study of drug interactions between Crestor, Synthroid, Ranitidine, Singulair, Zoloft, Omeprazole; Sodium Bicarbonate, Victoza, Metformin for a 65-year old woman with High Blood Cholesterol And Triglycerides, Thyroid Disorder, Acid Reflux, Asthma, Anxiety Disorder, Gerd, Diabetes Mellitus Non-insulin-dependent. The patient has Stomach Pain, Gerd, Cough
Recent Sertraline hydrochloride related drug comparison:
- Comparions of Paxil, Zoloft for a 34-year old woman who has Anxiety Disorder
- Comparions of Zoloft, Celexa, Wellbutrin, Prozac for a 41-year old man who has Stress And Anxiety
- Comparions of Focalin Xr, Zoloft, Intuniv for a 11-year old boy who has ADHD
- Comparions of Zoloft, Lamictal for a 37-year old woman who has Bipolar Disorder
- Comparions of Sertraline, Bupropion Hydrochloride, Prozac, Venlafaxine Hydrochloride, Lexapro for a 69-year old man who has Depression, Anxiety, Panic Disorders
NOTE: The study is based on active ingredients and brand name. Other drugs that have the same active ingredients (e.g. generic drugs) are NOT considered.
WARNING: Please DO NOT STOP MEDICATIONS without first consulting a physician since doing so could be hazardous to your health.
DISCLAIMER: All material available on eHealthMe.com is for informational purposes only, and is not a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment provided by a qualified healthcare provider. All information is observation-only, and has not been supported by scientific studies or clinical trials unless otherwise stated. Different individuals may respond to medication in different ways. Every effort has been made to ensure that all information is accurate, up-to-date, and complete, but no guarantee is made to that effect. The use of the eHealthMe site and its content is at your own risk.
You may report adverse side effects to the FDA at http://www.fda.gov/medwatch/ or 1-800-FDA-1088 (1-800-332-1088).
If you use this eHealthMe study on publication, please acknowledge it with a citation: study title, URL, accessed date.


The best earbuds with neckbands are a great option if you prefer not to use truly wireless earbuds, nor do you like chunky noise-isolating headphones. Typically shaped like a horseshoe, this collar band sits comfortably around your shoulders and can be carried wherever you are.
With a powerful battery, Bluetooth transmitter, and multi-functional buttons, some even come with mics, voice assistants, active noise cancellation, and more. So, let’s dive into the listing.
10 Best Earbuds with Neckband Reviews
1. Sony WI-1000XM2 Noise Cancelling Neckband Headphones
The Sony QN1 processor provides industry-leading noise cancellation and smart listening. Sony’s adaptive sound control adjusts ambient sound according to your activity.
A quick charge of 10 minutes provides 80 minutes of playtime, and a flexible, lightweight neckband makes wearing the device comfortable throughout the day.
Additionally, Alexa is supported. You can activate the voice assistant with a simple tap, and you can control the ambient sound settings using an app on your smartphone.
- Adaptive Sound Control
- Compact Carrying case
- Fast Charge
- Not great for calls
- Mic feedback issues
2. JBL Live 200BT In-Ear Neckband Headphones
The JBL Live 200BT offers a well-balanced sound that reproduces JBL Signature Sound, which lasts for up to 10 hours on a single charge. You can connect two devices simultaneously and switch between them effortlessly. For example, you can listen to music on your laptop while attending phone calls.
Music and phone calls can be controlled by buttons or by voice command. The ergonomically designed neckband fits naturally with the contours of the head and neck.
- Value for money
- Dual device pairing
- Comfortable all-day use
- Little lite on bass
- High latency
- Average noise cancellation
3. Sennheiser CX 7.00BT Neckband Headphones
As a result of Qualcomm’s apt-X technology, the CX 7.00BT provides true Hi-Fi sound quality. There is a 10 hour battery life on a single charge, as well as convenient multi-connection to two devices with three-way calling.
In addition to the sleek neckband with an intuitive three-button remote, the headphones provide a lightweight and comfortable noise-isolating fit.
- Sennheiser signature sound
- Fast NFC Pairing
- Micro-USB charging
- Earbuds don’t have magnets
- Poor mic quality
4. Bose Quietcontrol 30 Neckband Headphones
“Don’t just cancel noise, control it,” is what Bose says with these beats. And their claim holds true to some extent. It provides Bose’s default sound signature, including best-in-class noise cancellation, even without being paired with a device.
There are two noise rejecting dual microphones that help deliver clearer calls while the device is powered on.
- Noise-canceling even in the idle period
- Bose Connect app support
- 10 m Bluetooth range
- The plastic on the neckband peels off with regular use
- Slightly weighty collar
5. Samsung Level U In-ear Headphones with Microphone
The Level U headphones feature dual mic noise reduction and echo cancellation to reduce outside interference and feedback during phone calls. In addition to the comfortable neckband, Level U also includes excellent earbuds. Both buds can be magnetically attached when not in use.
A great feature of Level U is that if they are still paired with a phone, they do not turn off. Instead, they will go into a super low power mode, ready for use as and when they are repaired.
- 11 hours of battery life
- Low-power mode
- Great Microphone
- Ear tips are not super-soft
- No fast charging
6. PHILIPS Waterproof Neckband Headphones
This beauty is specially designed for athletes and gym lovers. Ergonomically designed, Philips offers outstanding comfort while swimming, running, jogging, cycling, driving, camping, and other outdoor activities.
The device also has an IPX 5 waterproof certification, ensuring that it can endure sweating. It is also equipped with a vibration feature, to ensure that you do not miss any important calls.
The earbuds deliver powerful bass and clear midrange through well-tuned neodymium acoustic drivers, and provide up to 2 hours of battery life after only 5 minutes of charging.
- Vibration mode
- High-Res Audio
- 14 hours playtime
- Does not shut down automatically
7. Skullcandy Ink’d Plus Active In-Ear Neckband Earbuds
With a 15-hour battery life, and sweat and water resistance, Skullcandy is a great match for an active lifestyle. In addition to its flexibility, the collar is designed with FitFinTM ear gels that ensure a secure fit, regardless of the activity.
It features a flex collar that contains tabs for activating the assistant, microphone, and call/track controls. Moreover, the neckband contains a tile tracker, which allows you to locate your tiles quickly.
- 15 hours of battery
- Secure Earbuds
- Tile Tracker
- Average Noise cancellation
- Mic feedback isn’t that great
8. Jabra Elite 65e Neckband Headphones with Noise Cancellation
Due to its 3 Microphones, Jabra’s 3M calls allow for crystal clear voice clarity. Thanks to the precise background noise reduction and hybrid active noise cancellation, it is the ideal companion for making calls.
With Jabra, you can also customize your music profile and modify it according to your taste and the music that is currently playing. It is IP54 rated and comes with a 2-year warranty against water and dust damage. The battery lasts up to 8 hours when you use ANC, and up to 13 hours without it.
- Superb Mic quality
- Connects with 2 devices at the same time
- light and easy to wear
- The max volume is slightly weak
- Not the best for Music listening
9. Bose Soundwear Companion Wearable Speaker
Although technically not a neckband earphone, the Bose Soundwear Companion is a speaker that can be worn comfortably around the neck.
There are three buttons on the speaker, which allow you to make calls, play tracks, pause them, and access your phone’s Siri or Google Assistant. But what about the sound?
This speaker features patented waveguide technology and digital signal processing for a truly immersive sound experience. It boasts up to 12 hours of battery life and an IPX4 rating for sweat and weather resistance.
- Personalized comfortable speaker
- Call and assistant support
- Privacy is compromised (person next to you can hear the feedback)
- Can slip down if you don’t sit upright
As there are now so many Bluetooth audio devices available, the popularity of wireless neckband earphones has undoubtedly declined. However, manufacturers are continuing to lure consumers with amazing features in these products.
In my opinion, this is a win-win situation for every audiophile. After all, now we have a wide variety of choices to choose from, so which style is your favorite? Please share your thoughts in the comment section below.


Attention all car geeks and Tesla fans: A couple of eagle-eyed dudes managed to snap photos and a video of Tesla's Model X last Friday out on a former naval air strip in Alameda. The test-driver appears to be testing acceleration as well as handling around curves, and you can hear the tires squeak as they make a lot of tight turns. It's painted camouflage so that it can't be detected from above (or something?).
Tech Times got the tips from readers, with one initially believing this was Tesla's rumored, Prius-like Model 3. That entry-level sedan is slated for 2017.
The Model X, which was shown in a concept version back in 2012, is an SUV-minivan hybrid with an optional third row of seats in back, for a total seating capacity of seven, it looks like.
We don't get to see the awesome "falcon-wing" rear doors opening in the video, but you can see previously released images of them here.
The Model X is being built in Tesla’s expanded facilities in Fremont, and the current delivery esimate for the cars is early 2016 according to Tesla, though Tech Times is still saying third quarter 2015.
Below, the photo snapped by Brandon Kiehne and posted to Instagram.
I believe this is the first photo of the #Tesla #model3. The only other photos are from #autoexpress.co.uk that Telsa claims are complete speculations. I saw this one being pulled into the trailer at #AlamedaNAS at an entrance to the closed airfield. The truck pulling it was a Tesla vehicle. After it was closed up I asked if I could be nosey hoping to find out what the car was but I got a quick "not on this one." As if this is far different from normal for them. #telsamodel3 #Alameda #modelE #modelIII #California #ca #cars #car #automobile #teslamodelE #caranddriver #motortrend #Edmunds #teslamotorsclub #Fremontca


Oluchi Orlandi graces the cover of Forbes Africa Woman magazine’s October/November 2014 issue. The supermodel looks fiery in a red suit by Mai Atafo.
She is described as “the supermodel taking African fashion to the world”.
You can catch the cover story tonight on Forbes Africa, at 19h45 Central African Time on CNBC Africa, DSTV 410.
Photography: Kelechi Amadi-Obi
Make-Up: M.A.C Cosmetics Nigeria
Cover Outfit: Mai Atafo
Creative Director/Interviewer: Abisola Owolawi
Styling: The Style HQ


Hugh Hefner and Crystal Harris Reportedly Engaged - Again
It looks like the Playboy founder and his 26-year-old girlfriend are getting ready to walk down the aisle…again.
According to sources who spoke with TMZ, the pair is engaged and plans to tie the knot at the Playboy Mansion on New Year's Eve.
Insiders also added that the two are now better than ever, after their previous breakup, and Crystal has learned a lot about herself.
Judging by Harris’ Twitter page, it looks like she agrees as well, as she wrote, “Dear past, thank you for all the lessons. Dear future, I'm ready.”


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Search over 1,000,000 properties worldwide and 550 airlines worldwide.
Search over a million flights, hotels, packages, and more
No Expedia cancellation fee to change or cancel almost any hotel reservation.
The desert island nation of Bahrain is small, but it is growing. With revenues from the nation’s former oil industry and its currently booming banking sector, planners and businessmen have recently expanded the nation into the Persian Gulf via artificial islands. Its capital city of Manama is constantly erecting modern skyscrapers, making Bahrain feel brand new, yet the island has been settled for over 4,000 years. Explore its ancient fortresses and cutting-edge towers.
Begin your tour of historic Bahrain in Manama’s Bahrain National Museum. Here, you will discover the island nation’s history through archaeological artifacts. See sculptures and pottery from the ancient Dilmun civilization. Its extensive burial mounds cover large swaths of Bahrain’s area. See tens of thousands of them at the Dilmun Burial Mounds in A’ali. To view the remains of more Bahraini history, tour the battlements of Bahrain Fort, a sandstone castle built by the Portuguese in the 1500s above a mound of pre-Islamic structures.
Explore Bahrain’s desert landscape on the barren southern half of the island. Trek to the Tree of Life, a landmark four-century-old tree growing alone on the desert plain without an identifiable water source. To see regional animal species, head to the Al Areen Wildlife Sanctuary. Part zoo and part reserve, this 2.7-square-mile (7-square-kilometer) complex features interesting desert creatures like the Arabian leopard, red fox and camel
Enjoy modernized Bahrain, including its island resorts and glossy capital of Manama. Enjoy striking views as you walk around the 50-floor Bahrain World Trade Center. The two sail-like towers of the building support three giant wind turbines. Shop for luxury brands at Moda Mall at the structure’s base.
Fly into the international airport in Manama to begin your visit to Bahrain. Given the island’s small size, you can easily drive around the whole country in a day. Spend extra time and take a boat to reach the surrounding islands.
*Savings based on all vacation package bookings with Flight + Hotel on Expedia.com from January through December 2019, as compared to price of the same components booked separately. Savings will vary based on origin/destination, length of trip, stay dates and selected travel supplier(s). Savings not available on all packages. For Free Flight or 100% Off Flight deals, package savings is greater than or equal to the current cost of one component, when both are priced separately.
The service is 7 start, resort is beautiful, very well planned for kids and one can happily spend a few days enjoying the pool
Our favourite hotel, wonderful staff, will definitely be returning soon.
It was amazing experience, it will be always my choice when i came back to Bahrain❤
Excellent as always, starting from arrival till check out. Service on highest levels and you NEVER get disappointed
Truly a 5 star hotel. As an American with high standards this place met my expectations.
Great overall 10 out of 10 in everything ,i loved it

domain: geography


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At Smile Science Dental Spa, we prioritize your well-being and peace of mind. Our accomplished dentists, Dr. Dawson and Dr. Turke, are on call to aid you during any dental predicaments. Featuring cutting-edge equipment, our clinic in El Mirage exudes a tranquil, spa-inspired ambiance. Don’t endure the discomfort; reach out to us directly or secure an appointment online.
Why deal with the bother of multiple locations? Experience efficient care in a single setting.
Meet Dr. Dawson and Dr. Turke, the dedicated dental experts you can lean on in times of oral distress. Their wealth of expertise, coupled with an unwavering devotion to patient welfare, places them at the forefront of emergency dental care.
Addressing a range of issues from intense toothaches to unexpected extractions, Drs. Dawson and Turke deliver a thorough approach. With proficiency in treatments like root canals, tooth removals, dental implants, and bone grafting, you’re assured top-tier care irrespective of the situation.
Bank on their adeptness, efficiency, and patient-centric approach when in need.
Trust our dedicated dental crew to adeptly manage diverse dental urgencies, ensuring you're always in safe hands.
Our El Mirage establishment resonates calm, guaranteeing your emergency dental treatments occur in a stress-free zone.
Smile Science Dental Spa’s unwavering dedication to optimal dental outcomes and patient satisfaction cements our status as a top-tier service in El Mirage, AZ.


Tropentag 2023, September 20 - 22, Berlin, Germany
"Competing pathways for equitable food systems transformation: trade-offs and synergies."
How do gender-caste intersectionalities influence the involvement of communities in organic cotton farming?
Kushala Witharanage1, Akanksha Singh2, Christine Bosch1, Regina Birner1
1University of Hohenheim, Inst. of Agric. Sci. in the Tropics (Hans-Ruthenberg-Institute), Germany
2Research Inst. of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), International Cooperation, Switzerland
The socioeconomic and environmental benefits of organic farming have been widely explored in research, while topics like gender equity and labour are often neglected. In India, the influence of caste and gender identities adds another layer of complexity to these aspects. Using a case of a research and training project implemented in the Nimar Valley region of Madhya Pradesh since 2007, we explore gender and caste intersectionalities within conventional and organic cotton farming systems. The project promotes organic cotton cultivation and food crop diversification, and trains women from marginalised tribal communities, among others.
We use a relational approach, as proposed by David Mosse, to understand differences in organic and conventional cotton farming systems in the representation of caste and gender and concerns and barriers to the involvement experienced by different actors. We interviewed 80 respondents employing participatory social network mapping, gendered seasonal calendars, in-depth interviews and participant observation in training, applied during a three-month fieldwork in 2022/23.
Preliminary results show among others that, representation in terms of caste and gender has been static in both conventional and organic farming systems. Mainly females from scheduled castes (SC, Dalits) and scheduled tribes (ST, Tribals) are represented as casual labourers in seeding, weeding and cotton picking. The bargaining power of labourers, deciding both wages and working hours, has increased in recent years. This potentially is a positive social change, but puts a higher burden on organic cotton farmers as it is more labour-intensive compared to conventional farming. Our results further indicate that due to high labour wages, there is a resurgence of labour-sharing arrangements for cotton harvesting amongst rich upper-caste farmers and, novel involvement of upper-caste women in cotton farming activities. Tribal farmers in turn start growing conventional cotton. Also, with less cultivable land owned, project activities are less accessible to Dalits.
We emphasise that ensuring direct benefits for Dalits in project activities would contribute to increasing equity and promoting pro-poor outcomes, albeit potentially increasing the costs of organic cotton. These could be offset by higher prices for organic cotton. Further more women-inclusive training could potentially lead to synergies,e.g. with cotton quality.
Keywords: Caste gender intersectionality, India, organic cotton farming, production relations
Contact Address: Kushala Witharanage, University of Hohenheim, Inst. of Agric. Sci. in the Tropics (Hans-Ruthenberg-Institute), D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany, e-mail: kushala.elgiriyawitharanageuni-hohenheim.de


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For only the second time this season, Dani Pedrosa has won pole position in the MotoGP final in the much anticipated Catalunya GP. The Repsol Honda rider was up to speed in no time in free practice and improved on his performance during Saturday's (10 June) 15-minute qualifying session (Q2).
Where to watch live
Live coverage of the final race of the Grand Prix starts at 1pm BST on BT Sport 2 and BT Sport 2 HD. Real-time internet updates are available on MotoGP's official website. Live streaming is available on BTSport.com and mobile users can stream it live via BT Sport's official app.
Pedrosa was the fastest during the qualifying session as he clocked a time of 1:43.870s, the only one to break the 1.44s barrier. This was his 48th GP pole and the 30th in his MotoGP career. Joining him in the first row would be Ducati Team's Jorge Lorenzo and Octo Pramac Racing Ducati's Danilo Petrucci.
Lorenzo, who managed, what will be his first front-row start for Ducati, was only 0.331 of a second behind Pedrosa. Petrucci, who had a brilliant Mugello MotoGP, where he finished in a podium spot, was 0.350 of a second off the first place.
Leading row two would be the reigning MotoGP Champion Marc Marquez on Repsol Honda. Marquez was unfortunate as he suffered a few crashes on Saturday, but managed to put the disappointments behind him to qualify fourth. Making the cut in row two would be Reale Avintia Racing's Hector Barbera and Aprilia Racing Team Gresini's Aleix Espagaro.
The biggest surprise from qualifying would be the fate of Mugello MotoGP race winner, Ducati Team's Andrea Dovizioso, who managed to qualify on top of row three in seventh. He will be accompanied by Movistar Yamaha MotoGP's Maverick Vinales and Monster Yamaha Tech 3's Jonas Folger. Meanwhile, nine time champion Valentino Rossi, who was suffering from a few chest injuries, finished in the 13th spot, and out of Q1.
Top 15 qualifying results from Catalunya Grand Prix:

domain: sports


European Futures Track Asia and US Declines
European equity markets are expected to open a little lower on Tuesday following a softer session in Asia, which came as US equity markets took a negative turn after posting fresh record highs at the open.
AUD Lifted By Retail Sales Data and RBA Statement
There was plenty of movement in the Australian dollar overnight as stronger retail sales data for October followed by a slightly more hawkish tone from the Reserve Bank of Australia lifted the currency around 0.7% against the greenback. The growth in consumer spending is the highest we’ve seen since May and comfortably exceeded expectations, while the September reading was also revised higher.
AUDUSD Daily Chart
While the data was largely responsible for the Aussie move overnight, the RBAs reference to a tighter labour market did appear to push the currency a little further. That said, while we are seeing progress, the probability of a rate hike any time soon appears slim and the post announcement move was probably largely aided by the momentum gathered in the aftermath of the retail sales release. The RBA left rates unchanged at today’s meeting.
China Gets PMI Releases Off to a Positive Start
The Caixin services PMI rose more than expected overnight, which follows a similar bounce in the official reading last week. As has been expected, we are seeing a dip in the surveys in the latter part of the year and yet they are showing some resilience despite the fact that stimulus efforts have been reined in.
Improvements in the global economic environment will be going some way to filling this gap and should continue to aid the transition in China for the foreseeable future.
Irish Border Issues Preventing Progress in Brexit Negotiations
There’s plenty more services PMI surveys being released across Europe this morning, although many of these will be revised readings and may therefore have little impact. The UK reading is expected to ease off a little from October but remain elevated at 55.
This comes as negotiations between the UK and the EU appear to finally be making some progress. The two sides still have a little further to go before they can proceed onto the next stage and discuss future trade but there appears to be a more optimistic feeling that this can be achieved before the deadline in just over a week. The pound has already rallied in anticipation of a deal on the financial settlement and citizens’ rights although as ever complications, this time around the Irish border, are preventing these being wrapped up just yet.
Tax Reform Remains Key For US Investors
The passage of tax reform through Congress will likely be the key focus for US investors between now and year-end, with a rate hike this month almost entirely priced in. While these discussions take place though there is plenty of data to keep an eye on including of course this Friday’s jobs report. Today it’s the ISM non-manufacturing PMI that will steal the focus, as well as the services PMI reading, both for November.
Source – CME Group FedWatch Tool
For a look at all of today’s economic events, check out our economic calendar.
This article is for general information purposes only. It is not investment advice or a solution to buy or sell securities. Opinions are the authors; not necessarily that of OANDA Corporation or any of its affiliates, subsidiaries, officers or directors. Leveraged trading is high risk and not suitable for all. You could lose all of your deposited funds.


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Sir, – US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton’s statement
(“Clinton: I do not expect Pollard to be released,” July 17) clearly indicates
that the Obama administration, to its shame, is determined to use Jonathan
Pollard as a bargaining chip to affect its Middle East policy vis a vis Israel
and the Arab states.
In 1998 at the White House, during the signing of
the Wye River Memorandum, Clinton’s husband, then-president Bill Clinton,
stated: “With respect to Mr. Pollard I have agreed to review this matter
seriously.” To date, no review appears ever to have taken place. It is time to
stop this charade!
The US has the affront to use this pressure to force Israel
to make more gestures to the Palestinian Authority. Does the secretary of state
not read in the newspapers that Arabs who were sentenced by Israel to life
imprisonment for the cold-blooded murder of Jews and then released to the PA in
“goodwill” gestures have attempted to repeat their crimes? Pollard, who did not
murder anybody, is kept in prison.
The US has released enemy spies
without them serving a fraction of their sentence. Was it because the Americans
are more concerned about their relations with their enemies than with their
friend, Israel? COLIN L. LECI
Sir, – I continue to be amazed by the
arrogance that US President Barack Obama and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton
show to our country. We are expected to give our land away and to continue to
release Palestinian prisoners who have the blood of our people on their
Clinton’s condescending smile does not fool us. Pollard did not
receive such a fair trial or sentence. And he did not murder anyone.
prime minister must be strong and remain aware that this US administration is
not our friend, but wishes only to go down in history for finally making peace
in the Middle East without caring if it pushes our country into the sea! GLORIA
Sir, – Could there be any connection between Hillary Clinton’s
assurance that Jonathan Pollard will rot in jail and the fact that it came after
her long meeting with President Shimon Peres, who reportedly is still espousing
his fantasies of a “new Middle East?” Personally, I am convinced that if Peres
wanted Pollard to go free he would have been here long ago.
certainly received enough signatures for Pollard’s release from the Israeli
people, but apparently hasn’t used his personal influence.
Binyamin Netanyahu could also have used Pollard’s freedom as a condition for
meeting with Clinton.
How do we save Pollard before, God forbid, it’s too
late? EAH WOLF
Sir, – Perhaps the only way that Jonathan Pollard will
ever be released is for Israel to announce a full-scale, independent inquiry
into all circumstances of his rogue spying.
This no doubt would reveal
the true fears of the US defense establishment, which has fought tooth and nail
to block his release, with key personnel threatening to resign.
was not charged with treason, nor did he endanger the security of the US or its
agents. But he might unwittingly have endangered the careers of key US defense
Sir, – Whether or not Hillary
Clinton’s announcement about Jonathan Pollard should be taken at face value,
whether it was mere hype or we can in fact expect good news just prior to the
elections, is entirely moot. What is certain is that it did not make for
In an era of mass demonstrations I would expect
American Jewry to exhibit its undoubted anger and take to the streets en masse
in an attempt to change President Barack Obama’s mind.DAVID S. ADDLEMAN
Sir, – US President Barack Obama sends Secretary of State Hillary
Clinton to Israel to say he wants us to make confidence-building gestures to the
Palestinians but does not require any such gestures from them. He also tells her
to communicate his continued refusal of the gesture Israelis seek: the release
of Jonathan Pollard.
There is only one gesture I would like to make
toward the president and his secretary of state.LESLIE PORTNOY
Sir, – Osama Hussein Mansour was in charge of a department
created by the Palestinian Authority to prevent Palestinians from selling land
to Israelis, a crime punishable by death (“PA says official accused of
collaborating with Israel jumped to his death,” July 16).
These are our
“peace partners?” These are the people to whom we want to give our land to
create a Palestinian state? Do we not realize that nothing has changed under the
sun? To repeat the words of the late Yitzhak Shamir, the Arabs are the same
Arabs and the sea is the same sea.BARBARA GINSBERG
in the tent
Sir, – Rabbi Shlomo Amar (“Chief Sephardi rabbi calls for respectful
discourse on haredi draft,” July 16) attempts to draw a moral equivalence
between those who serve in the army and those who learn in yeshivot.
his absurd description of yeshiva students as those “who kill themselves in the
tent of Torah,” Amar inadvertently touches on a major point in the controversy:
During any armed conflict it will be the soldiers on the battlefield, not those
sitting with open texts, whose lives are on the line.
The rabbi would do
well to look at the Torah portion for this coming Shabbat, wherein Moses chides
the tribes of Reuben and Gad for shirking their military obligation to conquer
the promised land, saying to them: “Shall your brothers go to war and you sit
here?” (Numbers 32:6).FRED GOTTLIEB
Sir, – The Midrash tells
us of a deceased person coming before the Heavenly Court to be
When confronted with his sins, the body claims innocence on the
grounds that once he died he was incapable of moving and therefore could not
have been guilty of sinning. So the culprit must be the soul.
on the other hand, argues that when at home in Heaven it never sins, and it is
only when inside the defendant’s body that it does. This is clear proof that the
blame must be placed fairly and squarely on the shoulders of the body.
what does God do? He places the soul inside the body and punishes them together,
since that is how they sinned.
The soul and the body are not two separate
entities; they are one unit – they sin together and they perform the will of God
together. These two opposite qualities cut across every aspect of society. Not
only do they not clash with each other, they complement each
Surely the same applies to a Jewish army. There are soldiers in
the physical army who fight on the ground, and there are soldiers in the
spiritual army who fight in Heaven to ensure God’s participation on our
They are fighting the same enemy in a two-pronged attack! ELIEZER
Jerusalem Known fact
Sir, – Regarding “Sara Netanyahu: There were dead
cockroaches in our house” (July 16), most homes in Israel have cockroaches. They
also have ants, spiders and centipedes.
Sara was born here. Doesn’t she
know? J. FISCHER

domain: news


text:
This week, A. Lamp Concrete Contractors completed installing the chain link fence and guard rail. The contractor also performed landscape restoration and pavement markings.
The only remaining items remaining include installation of traffic signs, installation of pedestrian push buttons, and powering the new pedestrian crossing signals.
There will be no full ramp closures throughout the duration of the project. However, there may be instances when getting around this area will be difficult due to construction operations.
Thank you for your patience during this construction project.


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Faith No More have released another music video from the album Sol Invoictus, the band’s first studio album in 18 years. The track, ‘Seperation Anxiety’ features footage from a 1950’s movie, Daughter of Horror. It contains no footage of the band.
The band most recently played in Australia back in February as part of the 2015 Soundwave Festival. It is not known whether the band intend on touring Australia again in the near future. We can only hope.
In the meantime, check out the new vid….
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“There is a thorough-going vulgarity in this book, characteristic of its class, which is a symptom of a lack of knowledge of the novelist’s real art…I mean an insufferable vulgarity, which has crept into so many of our supposedly advanced novels that someone not squeamish, not unread in earlier literatures, must protest against what is cheapening American fiction…what has happened to these young Americans? Do they think that living in a county the most vigorous, the most complex, the most problematical, the most interesting bar none in the world, we are going to be content with sour pap like this? And the tragedy is that they are clever; if they could see, they could write.”
H.S. Canby, Saturday Review of Literature
Excerpted from: Bernard, Andre, and Bill Henderson, eds. Pushcart’s Complete Rotten Reviews and Rejections. Wainscott, NY: Pushcart Press, 1998.

domain: literature


text:
Our correspondent, stuck at home, wonders what Jeremy Clarkson has to do with political protest
THOSE on the ground in Hyde Park, the Eden Project, Berlin, Tokyo, Philadelphia, Johannesburg and Rome were undoubtedly privileged to be present in a moment of both cultural and political history.
For most of the five billion audience of Live 8, however, the event was something viewed on television. And while the cathode filter is true more often than not, it does occasionally sift the sands of events in a haphazard way. In Hyde Park, for instance, the downtime between each band was used to broadcast harrowing, educative films about events in Africa. Back at home, however, Live 8’s audience


text:
Topical Area: Community and Public Health Nutrition, Obesity
Objectives : The objective of this study was to evaluate current legume consumption in U.S. adults by using cross-sectional data from the 2011-12 and 2013-14-year cycles of NHANES
Methods : Participants were grouped into non-legume consumers and consumers, which were further grouped into low mature legume consumers (< 37.5 g/d, which are the dietary recommendations for mature legume consumption), marginal mature legume consumption (37.5-87.49 g/d, the latter being the cut-off point demonstrating nutritional and disease prevention benefits), and disease prevention mature legume consumption (≥87.5 g/d legume consumption). Groups were compared using a t-test (for comparison of legume consumers vs. non-consumers) or generalized least-squared means (for comparison among legume consumer groups) for continuous data and a chi-square test for categorical data. All tests were two-sided. Significance of group differences was determined to be at P ≤ 0.05.
Results : Legume consumption frequency in U.S. adults was low and showed a downward trend from 2011 to 2014 of 18.5% to 13.7% on a given day. The downward trend is primarily due to a decrease in dry bean consumption from 10.0% to 6.5%. The primary legume groups consumed were dry beans and green legumes; chickpeas and lentils were consumed by about 1% of participants at a given day. Legumes were mainly consumed as side or main dish (both primarily dry beans and green legumes) with a declining trend over time for using legumes as soup and main dish. 2.2% (2011-2012) and 1.8% (2013-2014) of NHANES participants ate at least 1 cup/d of mature legumes, 7.1% (2011-2012) and 5.3% (2013-2014) at least 0.5 cup/d of mature legumes, and 14.0% (2011-2012) and 10.7% (2013-2014) at least 37.5 g/d of mature legumes during the 2 surveying days after adjusting for caloric intake.
Conclusions : Legume consumption declined rather than increased in U.S. adults, warranting improved communication about the disease prevention benefits of regular legume consumption.
Funding Sources : None

domain: health


text:
Summer is the season of outdoor fun—but that fun can come with serious irritations, like allergies, insect bites, poison ivy, and sunburn. Luckily, the ingredients for an herbal first aid kit are easy to find and even easier to use. Keep these five herbs around for emergencies and you’ll be able to enjoy an outdoor summer without worry.
When you think of catnip, you probably picture dopey, happy kittens, not an ancient herbal remedy. However, this herb has been grown for medicinal use since the Roman Empire. You can steep the leaves in boiling water to make a minty-tasting tea that is excellent for relieving stress and upset stomachs, reducing fevers, and combatting headache pain. But during the summer, its best use is keeping bugs away.
Plant catnip around your deck or patio, and you’ll notice fewer mosquitos hovering around. That’s because the oil in catnip—nepetalactone—works as a natural insect repellent. In fact, researchers presenting to the American Chemical Society found that nepetalactone is several times more effective than DEET, which is the active ingredient in many commercial bug sprays.

domain: chemistry


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Air Chamber Spill Berms air wall guardrail is a single building and is made of materials from 0.7mm to 1.5mm. PVC & TPU everything in between. These berms are great when storage is


The president asserted last night that his “administration has a Civil Rights Division (in the Dept. of Justice) that is once again prosecuting civil-rights violations.”
The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights would be delighted to validate that claim. The Commission, however, is unable to do so because DOJ has failed to provide a rationale for, among other things, its dismissal of the voter-intimidation suit against members of the New Black Panther Party.
Both Rep. Frank Wolf (R., Va.) and the Commission have made multiple requests of DOJ for such information over the last eight months, but no explanation has been offered. Perhaps the president could nudge the DOJ into responding to those requests so that the public could verify his assertion.


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A little over two decades ago I wrote a hymn text titled simply A Hymn for Pentecost, which I have just posted on my Genevan Psalter website. Here is the text:
O Spirit of God, descend as a dove,
alight on our hearts, fill them with your love.
As once the apostles were touched by your flame,
so rest upon us that new life we may claim.
O Fount of our faith, come, grant us your grace
that we might believe and so find a place
within your blest Kingdom, as promised to all
whom God in his mercy has chosen to call.
O Breath of true life, breathe into our pleas
the words that we dare to speak on our knees;
for we are God's children and heirs of his love,
therefore may we call on our Father above.
O Source of all strength, make us to be bold,
as oft you inspired your prophets of old.
Now give us the courage plainly to declare
your life-giving message to all who will hear.
O Counsellor, come: our spirit renew,
and guide your elect in paths that are true.
O lead us through shadows that darken our way
that we may walk joyfully into the day.
Text copyright © 1985 by David T. Koyzis
The tune I chose was OLD 104TH, composed by Thomas Ravenscroft for his Whole Book of Psalms, published in 1621. I had recently heard a recording of Ralph Vaughan Williams' Fantasia on the Old 104th Psalm Tune, which was my introduction to this melody. My choice was influenced by the ancient tradition appointing the singing of Psalm 104 on the feast of Pentecost.
There appears to be a curious relationship between Ravenscroft's 104 and the Genevan Psalter's tune for the same psalm. The metre (10.10.11.11) is identical save for two things: (1) That of the Genevan melody is double that of Ravenscroft (10.10.11.11.10.10.11.11), and (2) the internal stresses are quite different. In Ravenscroft's Psalter this text is joined to his tune, as sung by the choral ensemble in Vaughan Williams' Fantasia. Yet it seems that in the Scottish Psalter of 1635 the Genevan melody was used, as indicated here. I personally find it more difficult to sing "My soul, Praise the Lord, speak good of his Name" to the Genevan tune than to Ravenscroft's, which better fits the text. Yet my own assessment was obviously not shared by many Christians in the 17th century.
There is obviously a story to be told about the relationship between these two tunes, but I don't know whether anyone has ever looked into it. It could, I suppose, make up a chapter in someone's dissertation, if there's a graduate student somewhere interested in pursuing the topic.


VIAGRA, Pfizer Inc’s anti-impotence drug won the Commission’s blessing this week. Industry Commissioner Martin Bangemann signed the clearance papers in Strasbourg, where he was attending a European Parliament session. The decision rubber-stamps earlier endorsements by EU scientific and pharmaceuticals experts.
THE European Court of First Instance attacked the Commission this week for failing to act on a complaint from Spanish television channel Telecinco that Madrid had unfairly subsidised rival public broadcaster RTVE. The ruling by the CFI is expected to speed up the Commission’s work after years of fudging the politically charged issue of financing public television. The Commission said it planned to discuss draft guidelines on how state aid rules applied to the broadcasting sector next month.
EUROPEAN soccer governing body UEFA has urged Competition Commissioner Karel van Miert to scrutinise a rival project to start a breakaway Super League of top clubs. But he told UEFA secretary-general Gerhard Aigner that it was not in the Commission’s power to block the project. It could only look for restrictive clauses or other breaches of EU competition law.
THE Commission has approved a joint venture for automotive steering systems by the German companies Bosch and ZF. The operation will drive forward the development of electro-hydraulic and electric steering technology. Commission officials said it did not raise anti-trust concerns.
A NEWSPRINT joint venture between Abitibi Consolidated of Canada, Norske Skogindustrier of Norway and Hansol Paper Co of South Korea has been approved by the Commission. It said the venture would only be active in the Asian market for newsprint and magazine paper and would not have an impact on the EU.


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For most people a garden means flowers - which often are its most exciting feature, according to Dr. Charles Dunham, University of Delaware horticulturist. But flowers are only one element in a garden, he says.
Creating the display of blooms you evision for your summer garden takes planning during the winter or early spring. The effect is easiest to achieve with annuals, or bedding plants, as they are often called, Dunham says.
Such plants include petunias, marigolds, impatients, zinnias, ageratum and a host of others.
Though they very in shape, size and texture, these plants have one thing in common: They bloom prolifically for a long period in the summer and then, if the spent blossoms are cut off to prevent seed formation, they bloom some more.
They can be grouped in beds (small areas with a regular shape) or borders. A border implies a larger area, much longer than wide. It may be either regular or irregular in outline. Both beds and borders require careful planning.
Beds are usually easier to design because of the smaller area and fewer kinds of plants they include. In both beds and borders, the ling axis of plant groups should parallel the front edge and taller plants should be placed behind shorter ones.
An informal border offers the greatest challenge because it can include many different kinds of plants.
For greater interest, arrange groups of annuals so that each group functions visually as a floral mass, rather than straight rows of individual plants.
Vary the groups in lenght and width.
Use smaller plants in much greater numbers than large plants. Vary heights so that some middle-sized flowers arre occasionally used near the front edge of the bed or border.
Think of color combinations also, Dunham advises. A single color scheme may dominate the whole border, ot you may want to place groups of different colored annuals next ot each other for contrasr.
Outlining a plan on paper is often helpful in deciding what to put in your annual border. A good garden catalog can give you an idea about the colors, kinds of plants and number of each you ewant to out together.
Visualizing and planning the bed or border can be exciting and a lot of fun, maybe something to be proud of all summer long.

domain: design


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Portuguese musical group formed initially by Rodrigo Leão and Pedro Ayres Magalháes in 1986. Through his fusion music, which revitalizes the Portuguese fado and incorporates close to classical and pop sounds, Madredeus it took little to become an emblematic band for the history of the Portuguese popular music. While the instrumental has a considerable weight in the group, Madredeus owes much to the voice rich in nuances of their vocal soloist Teresa Salgueiro. Other members of the original group were Gabriel Gomes, accordionist of the pop group Legião seventh; and cellist Francisco Ribeiro. The group takes its name from the place where began his essays, the old convent of Madre Deus, in Xabregas, East of Lisbon.
The managers of the record company EMI soon became fascinated with the work of the Group and decided to record their first album (Os days of Madredeus, 1987). The 19 songs that make up the first disc were recorded live by the Quintet in the convent where the trials took place. Madredeus made his debut on November 29, 1987 in the Portuguese city of Oporto and 30 October in Lisbon as companions of the seventh Legião group, presenting their new album sea of Outobro.
The public quickly appreciated his music requiring a new attitude by the listener. In the first interviews that were granted, the Group insisted on instrumental arrangements were inspired by the traditions of Portuguese popular music, and that its intention was re-awakening the enthusiasm and a taste for the song in this language.
The success of his first album was immediate and almost unexpected. This made them consider a stable musical project, with later albums such as exist (1990), Lisbon (1992), or spirit da paz (1994) and Ainda (1995). The album exist (1990) was recorded in the studios of Namouche of Lisbon. Finally, after three years of musical career, this was the first experience of Madredeus in a recording studio, and here was where they met the producer António Pinheiro da Silva, who had been a member of two bands Portuguese very influential in the 1970s: perspective and Banda do Casaco. The Group's relationship with Pinheiro gave rise to the joint production of the album exist and a fruitful collaboration which ended in 1996.
In 1991 they recorded live double album Lisbon. The disc includes the presence of invited artists such as Carlos Paredes, the great master of the Portuguese guitar and an 80-voice choir which had come from the Azores Islands especially for the concert. That same year his first performance took place in Spain, specifically in Barcelona. A year later they went to the Universal exhibition in Seville and in 1993, EMI decided to launch to Madredeus to the international circuit with concert by Germany, Belgium, Greece and Spain tours, although they already had with followers in various European countries. Pedro Ayres, who was involved in a side project with the resistance group, invited the guitarist José Peixoto to replace him at some concerts, which gave rise to Madredeus became a sextet. Meanwhile, Rodrigo Leão carried out a personal project, cause of his momentary abandonment of Madredeus, called Rodrigo Leão & Vox Ensemble, which explore the vicinity of religious music. Vox Ensemble has released two albums: Ave mundi luminar (1993) and Mysterium (1995).
In 1994 began talks with the German filmmaker Wim Wenders, who was preparing a film about Lisbon (European cultural capital of that same year) and wanted to use some of the songs of Madredeus to the soundtrack. Finally, they composed all of the original music from the Wenders film. That same spring released their new album, whose title reflected the impressions that the foreign public had compared the songs of the Group: O Espírito da Paz (the spirit of peace). The new songs were presented to the general public in a memorable concert which took place in the monastery of Batalha. Later, the group returned to Lisbon to take part in the organized concert as a tribute to José Afonso, in Lisbon's Alvalade Stadium, and to play in the Coliseum of Oporto in July. That's where Rodrigo Leão publicly announced his decision to leave the group, unable to keep pace with exhaustive work of Madredeus and preferring to devote itself to his solo musical career. In within a week, he was replaced by Carlos Maria Trindade, who accompanied Madredeus on tour in Spain.
In March 1995 the album still came to light, original soundtrack of the film Lisbon Story of Wim Wenders, who also filmed the video clips of the songs Ceu da Mouraria and Alfama. This disk Rodrigo Leão made its comeback in the group. In April they traveled to the Azores to take part in a documentary about the group, led by Dutchman Rob Rombout. In November, they performed at Lisbon during the presentation of the book Um future Maior by Jorge P. Pires, which recounts the biography of the band.
The formation of Madredeus has undergone some changes throughout his career. The original Quintet (Salgueiro, vocals; francisco Ribeiro, cello; Pedro Ayres, guitar; Gabriel Gomes, accordion; and Rodrigo Leão, keyboards) became a Sextet with the arrival of guitarist José Peixoto or burning spirit gives peace.
The extensive tours that have been made all over the world presented their latest albums (mainly Movimento, euphoria and Um infinite love) have greatly increased the reputation of the group, to consider them one of the most important names in Portuguese music of all time.
In December 2005, Salgueiro released an LP entitled Obrigado which gathers fourteen collaborations with many other artists that were recorded between 1991 and 2004. Names accompanying the singer include Maria Joâo, José Carreras, Caetano Veloso, Jah Wobble, or Carlos Núñez.
OS days da Madredeus (1987). Exist (1990). Lisbon (double CD recorded live, 1992). Or spirit gives peace (1994). Ainda (1995). Or Paradise (1997). Or Porto (1998). Anthology (2000). Movimento (2001). Euphoria (2002). UM infinite love (2004).

domain: artistic


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While humans squabble and debate their commitment to combat climate change, nature has been relentless and unforgiving. Extreme weather events are growing in intensity and frequency. June 2019 was the hottest June in 140 years, setting a global record, and maximum temperatures last seen a century ago were felt in Bagdad, Bahrain and Kuwait. The ongoing drought in India and related acute water shortage continues, threatening rural communities and leading to greater poverty.
Sea levels are expected to rise between 10 and 32 inches or higher by the end of the century. Arctic ice loss has tripled since the 1980s and Antarctica lost as much sea ice in four years – four times the size of France – as the Arctic lost in 34 years. The Global Climate Risk Index reports that “altogether, more than 526,000 people died as a direct result of more than 11,500 extreme weather events; and losses between 1998 and 2017 amounted to around $3.47 trillion (at purchasing power parity rates).
The clear and present danger warning of the 2018 report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is going unheeded.
While climate change will be global, its regional impact will be varied and unequal, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) along with Sub-Saharan countries are among the most vulnerable. Growing desertification, widespread drought, high population growth rates (leading to a doubling of population by 2050), rapid urbanization and extreme heat compound the effects of water scarcity to magnify the impact of climate change. The near absence of climate change combating and risk mitigation policies are aggravating the impact.
The World Bank conservatively estimates that climate-related water scarcity will cost Mena 6 to 14 per cent of its GDP by 2050, if not earlier, while some 17 countries are already below the ‘water poverty line’ set by the UN. The lack of efficient water management infrastructure and policies exacerbate natural water scarcity. Home to 6 per cent of the global population but just 1 per cent of freshwater resources, MENA will very likely be fighting “water wars” by mid-century. The Tigris and Euphrates rivers are drying up, building up tensions between Turkey, Iraq and Syria over water resources. Ethiopia is building its Grand Renaissance Dam and Egypt claims that it will cut downstream flows and water supply to Egypt by some 25 per cent. The potential for conflict is growing, with Egyptian President el-Sisi openly declaring that the dam is “a matter of life and death”.
Climate change poses an existential challenge, threatening the economic viability of oil-producing countries. The energy transition to comply with COP21 is leading to a global shift away from fossil fuels to greater energy efficiency and renewable energy, implying a secular downward trend in demand for fossil fuels and prices.
The implication is that the main source of wealth and income of the GCC and oil producers could rapidly depreciate in value because of the fall in demand and prices. Fossil fuel asset prices could rapidly deflate leading to “stranded assets” – that is, assets that are not able to meet a viable economic return as a result of unanticipated or premature write-downs. It is estimated that about a third of oil reserves, half of gas reserves and more than 80 per cent of known coal reserves would remain unused in order to meet global temperature targets under the COP21 Agreement.
The “stranded assets effect” would directly impact all economic activities and businesses that extract, distribute and those that use fossil fuels intensively as inputs for production, such as transportation. In turn, the prices of fossil fuel exposed assets (stocks, bonds and financial securities), would rapidly deflate to reflect the growing risks, and loans would become impaired, resulting in a loss to investors, including banks, pension funds, insurance companies and SWFs.
Central banks are raising the alarm that climate risk is a direct financial risk for the banking and financial sector. Mark Carney, Governor of the Bank of England, has highlighted three broad channels through which climate change can affect financial stability. He names physical risks affecting the insurance industry; climate change liability risks due to claims arising from climate change; and transition risks. Transition risks will crop up as changes in policy and technology result in a reassessment of the value of a large range of assets that emerge once they have been stranded. Citigroup forecast that the total value of stranded assets could be over $100 trillion in a 2015 report (based on $70 per barrel of oil, $6.50/MMBTU of gas and $70 per tonne of coal).
The bottom line is that the GCC faces three direct risks from climate change: physical, as heat, rising sea levels and water scarcity become reality; economic, as wealth destruction ensues vast oil reserves becoming stranded assets; and financial, with a banking and financial sector highly dependent and exposed to the oil and gas sector.
What should the GCC countries do? To counter these existential threats, they need to accelerate their economic diversification plans, develop and implement decarbonisation strategies and develop neighbourhood climate risk mitigation policies. The nations have tentatively embarked on this path.
How should Mena address the existential threat of climate change?
– Article by Nasser Saidi in The National, 28 Aug 2019 –
The starting point for MENA to address the existential threat of climate change is to reduce excessive fossil fuel use by removing subsidies and investing to increase energy efficiency.
The GCC nations – starting with the UAE – have initiated a phased removal of fuel, electricity and water subsidies that have distorted consumption and production choices and encouraged energy waste. The removal of subsidies will discourage energy-intensive activities, provide cost incentives to improve energy efficiency and shift the energy mix away from fossil fuels towards renewables. Eliminating subsidies also provides greater financial resources to fund renewable energy investments and climate-resilient infrastructure.
Given heat levels in the GCC, modernising air conditioning systems and retrofitting existing buildings can radically improve energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions. Green buildings standards are a policy initiative gaining traction: Dubai Municipality has issued the Green Building Regulations and Specifications for all new buildings in the Emirate since March 2014.
But Dubai is the only city in Mena to join the Building Efficiency Accelerator programme, aiming to double the rate of energy efficiency by 2030. Overall, effective implementation of energy use targets and standards could lower energy use by some 30 per cent. Increasing energy efficiency is low hanging fruit and should be accelerated given the high returns on investment.
The Middle East and GCC are part of the Global Sun Belt: more energy falls on the world’s deserts in six hours than the whole world consumes in a year. Harnessing solar power is an efficient policy choice. The GCC nations, especially the UAE, are taking a lead in investing in renewable energy in Mena. There is now a GCC renewable energy project pipeline comprising over 7 GW of new power generation capacity to be realised within the next few years. To put it in perspective, one gigawatt is roughly equal to 3.125 million photovoltaic solar panels, 412 utility-scale wind turbines or 110 million LED bulbs. The surge in projects has been supported by the rising cost competitiveness of renewables: it is now cheaper to build new wind and solar PV plants than it is to run existing fossil-fuel ones. The falling costs of energy storage is addressing the intermittency problem of renewables; by 2021, the capital costs of lithium ion battery-based storage are expected to fall by 36 per cent compared to the end of 2017. While the wind power market is slowly catching up in Jordan and Morocco, the GCC has under-invested: more than 56 per cent of the GCC’s surface area has significant potential for wind deployment.
The International Renewable Energy Agency’s (IRENA) 2019 report estimates that by 2030 the GCC is on track to leverage renewables to save some 354 million barrels of oil equivalent (a 23 per cent reduction). Its efforts will also create some 220,500 new jobs, reduce the power sector’s carbon dioxide emissions by 22 per cent and cut water withdrawal in the power sector by 17 per cent.
Renewable energy related targets range from the UAE’s ambitious goal of 44 per cent of capacity by 2050 (from 27 per cent clean energy in 2021) to Bahrain’s target of 10 per cent of electricity generation in 2035, and Saudi Arabia’s 30 per cent of generation from renewables and others (mainly nuclear) by 2030.
While these targets sound ambitious, they do not meet the threat of climate change. The acceleration and intensity of climate change requires deeper and holistic strategic planning and action. Climate change poses some daunting challenges and existential risks.
To address the stranded assets risk, the GCC needs to share risk on a global basis by privatising or selling participation in their vast energy reserves and related assets (upstream and downstream). Saudi Arabia’s announced plan to privatise Aramco is a structural reform that could be a model for other oil producers to emulate. In the same vein, the GCC sovereign wealth funds should divest from fossil fuel assets (as Norway’s Government Pension Fund Global is doing) and the banking and financial sector should gradually divest and reduce its exposure to fossil fuel assets.
The GCC have developed energy sustainability policies. But these are modest given their natural comparative advantage in harnessing solar & wind power and their substantial financial resources allowing accelerated investment in renewable energy assets. This is the time for the GCC to commit to and implement comprehensive, Net Zero Emissions (NZE) goal climate strategies in or before 2050, along with some 15 other nations.
Decarbonisation and economic diversification are complementary strategies and a win-win opportunity. By diversifying and investing in renewable, sustainable energy and climate risk mitigating industries and activities –through Green Economy strategies – the GCC can create jobs, innovate and develop a new alternative export base.
The existential threat of climate change is real and becoming a clear and present danger requiring national and regional concerted policies and action, with the promise of new technologies, decarbonised growth and new economic development models. The alternative of inaction is decades of decline, dismal growth prospects, growing impoverishment, instability and conflicts. The choice is clear.
GLOBAL Developments Bottomline: Trump’s trade/ China tweets took centerstage last week vis-à-vis the more anticipated comments from Powell (the central bank “will act as appropriate”) at the Jackson Hole annual meeting. The G7 summit is underway in Biarritz, France: trade will dominate policy discussions (especially given the most recent tweets) but globally there remain other matters of urgency where nations haven’t seen eye-to-eye: climate change and fires in the Amazon and Central Africa, fiscal stimulus, Brexit, Iran and so on. In parallel, the CBOE volatility index (the “fear gauge”) has topped 20 frequently this month while global debt yields have tumbled to new record lows as investors seek safety.
- Employment of Bahraini citizens is reported to be picking up pace: under the National Employment Programme, nearly 50-60 nationals were being recruited daily.
- Egypt’s central bank cut its overnight deposit and lending rates by 150bps to 14.25% and 15.25% respectively. This is the central bank’s 1st rate cut since Feb.
- Foreign holdings of Egypt’s debt instruments rose to USD 20.1bn at end-Jul, increasing by USD 7bn this year, according to a board member of the central bank.
- Egypt banks’ reserves and assets abroad grew by 18.75% mom to USD 19bn in Jul, and includes USD 17.7bn in deposits and USD 1.3bn in current accounts.
- Egypt’s holdings of US Treasuries increased for the 6th consecutive month, rising by 0.6% mom and 2.1% yoy to USD 2.151bn in Jun.
- Modest ambitions: the Egyptian stock exchange is likely to witness the IPO of a private company this year, disclosed the bourse chairman – without divulging any further details.
- Egypt will invest EGP 5.23bn (USD 315mn) in the Sinai Peninsula in the fiscal year 2019-2020; this is up 75% yoy, with hopes of restoring stability in the region.
- Natural gas production at Egypt’s Zohr field increased to 2.7bn cubic feet per day (bcfd), according to the petroleum minister; production was just 2.1 bcfd in Feb.
- The Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation is planning to launch an oil and gas exploration tender by the end of this year.
- Jordan reported an 8.6% increase in tourism revenue to USD 3.2bn in Jan-Jul this year, supported by a 6.3% rise in number of tourists.
- Total debt issuance in the GCC hit a record high USD 40bn in Apr-Jun 2019, surpassing Q1’s record of USD 32bn, according to a report by the National Bank of Kuwait. The report highlighted that about 2/3rds of the issuances in Q2 came from Saudi Arabia (USD 26.8bn) and that 82% issuances were from government entities.
- Inflation in Kuwait picked up by 1.15% yoy and 0.26% mom in Jul, with all sub-categories showing an annual increase except for housing sub-group (-0.78% yoy).
- Remittances from Kuwait surged by 23% yoy to USD 8.6bn in H1 this year; remittances in Q2 grew by 15% qoq to USD 4.6bn.
- Total money in circulation in Kuwait increased by 15.36% yoy to KWD 1.885bn (USD 6.215bn) in Jul.
- About 2.333 million expatriates were employed in the private sector in Kuwait while the public sector absorbed an additional 459,218 expatriates as of end-Dec 2018.
- Fitch downgraded Lebanon by two notches to CCC deeper into junk territory, noting that the downgrade reflects “intensifying pressure” on Lebanon’s financing model, increasing risks to the government’s debt servicing capacity, and that “a credible medium-term plan to stabilise government debt/GDP is lacking”. S&P meanwhile maintained its ratings but stating that the outlook remains negative.
- Oman’s Ministry of Commerce and Industry will implement the new Foreign Capital Investment Law (issued under Royal Decree No. 50/2019) from Jan 2, 2020.
- Qatar plans to build a new seaport at Somalia’s Hobyo – known for its proximity to the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait. The value of the deal remains undisclosed.
- Saudi Aramco has picked Lazard and Moelis & Co for advising on its IPO. “The IPO will happen in the 2020-2021 timeframe”, according to the energy minister.
- Deposits of banks operating in Saudi Arabia grew by 8.1% yoy to SAR 1.718trn (USD 458.07bn) in Q2 2019. Total assets of these banks increased by 8.65% yoy to SAR 2.33trn (USD 622.14bn) in Q2 2019.
- Saudi Arabia’s crude oil exports fell to 6.721mn barrels per day in Jun, down from May’s 6.942mn bpd, according to Joint Organizations Data Initiative data.
- Saudi Arabia sold SAR 2.3bn (USD 613mn) in Jul, as part of its monthly Sukuk issuance.
- Saudi Tadawul approved a listing request of debt instruments; the total value of listed debt instruments is SAR 2.26bn.
- Saudi Arabia started to implement its latest reform allowing adult women to receive passports and travel without permission from a male guardian. Local media reported that over 1,000 Saudi women over the age of 21 went through passport control in the Eastern province without consent of their male guardians.
- Crude oil from OPEC comprised only 30% of world oil supply in Jul 2019, down from more than 34% a decade ago and a peak of 35% in 2012, according to OPEC data.
- Foreign assets at the UAE central bank increased by 11% yoy to AED 369.3bn (USD 100.5bn) at end-Jul. In mom terms, the value fell by 2.1%.
- UAE banking sector’s loan exposure to the real estate sector nearly halved to 8.5% last year, according to the central bank Financial Stability Report 2018.
- The UAE will impose a 100% “selective” tax on electronic smoking products and a 50% tax on sweetened drinks starting from Jan 1, 2020.
- UAE trade surplus with Japan widened by 14.4% yoy to AED 32.96bn (USD 8.98bn) in H1 this year. Exports to Japan increased by 2.3% to AED 44.92bn while imports were down 21% yoy to AED 15.12bn.
- Increased integration: Saudi Arabia topped the list of Abu Dhabi’s trade partners for the first time during Jan-May 2019: non-oil trade between the two touched AED 23.5bn, accounting for 26.5% of the emirates total global trade.
- Dubai’s Department of Economic Development reported the issuance of 14,737 new licenses during H1 2019, up 33.25%.
- The number of tourists into Dubai increased by 3% yoy to 8.36mn in H1 this year; visitors from India topped the list (at 997k, but down 8%), followed by Saudi (+2% to 755k) and UK (-2% to 586k). Countering the declines from top markets were Chinese and Omani visitors who reported 11% and 28% increases to 501k and 499k respectively in H1.
- Fitch affirmed Ras Al Khaimah at A, with a stable outlook, its ratings supported by the declining government debt burden, high GDP per capita as well as its UAE membership.


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Weaver, AL Arrest Records
Weaver, AL is among the most violent cities in the USA with 9.35 per 1,000 residents crime rate compared to national 4.69 average. It is the 122nd safest city in Alabama among the 197 cities.
Weaver, AL property crime has higher rate than the national average of 28.42, with 34.18 average property crimes recorded in 2016 of which 59 larceny theft related arrests that decreased by 32.95% compared to 2015.
Weaver Crime Rate
Total arrests in Weaver 2016 decreased by 21.51% compared to 2015 and has higher crime rate than national average of 33.12. Violent crimes decreased from 29 to 29 while non-violent crime decreased by 25.87% from 143 to 106.
5 Crimes In Weaver, AL in 2016 with the Most Arrests
|Motor vehicle theft||8|
Other Cities in Alabama with the Most Arrests
Among the 197 cities in state the most dangerous is Huntsville with 1,787 violent crimes that’s 11.81% of total of 15,125. McIntosh has the highest number of records per 1,000 people that is above the state average of 46 and higher than national average of 33.
Safest Cities in Alabama
Are you planning a move to Alabama? Here are the safest cities in Alabama with the lowest arrest rates. Your chance of being a victim of a violent crime in Weaver is 1 out of 155 up by 0.01% compared to previous year. The lowest rate of violent crime is in Henagar and the safest city to encounter a property crime is in Heflin.
Violent crime rate in Weaver decreased by 0% from 2015 and decreased by 6.45% during the last 5 years since 2011 from 31 to 29. In 2016 violent crime rate in Weaver was 99.28% higher than the national average. Your chances of being a victim of a violent crime is 0.935%.
Property crime rate in Weaver decreased by 25.87% from 2015 and decreased by 28.38% in the last 5 years since 2011 from 148 to 106. In 2016 property crime rate in Weaver was 20.26% higher than the national rate. Your chances of being a victim of property crime is 3.418%.
How Weaver stands up against other cities
Weaver vs. Red Bay
You’ll be in more risk in Weaver compared to Red Bay that had 52.96% lower crime rate compared to Weaver according to the FBI.
Murder rates of 0.0000 per 1,000 people is lower than national of 0.0614 per 1,000 people and the same as average 0.0000 in Red Bay city.
Arson rates of 0.0000 per 1,000 people is lower than national of 0.1465 per 1,000 people and the same as average 0.0000 in Red Bay.
Weaver vs. Dadeville
You’ll be in more safety in Weaver compared to Dadeville that had 1.81% higher crime rate compared to Weaver according to the FBI.
Assault rates of 7.0945 per 1,000 people is higher than national of 2.8422 per 1,000 people and higher than average 3.1888 in Dadeville city.
Arson rates of 0.0000 per 1,000 people is lower than national of 0.1465 per 1,000 people and the same as average 0.0000 in Dadeville.
Names with the most arrests in Weaver
Crime rate by age group, gender, and race
According to the matching records on PoliceArrests.com 30.77% are people aged between 21-30.
DID you know?
- The overall crime rate in Weaver is 0.31% higher than the national average.
- For every 1,000 residents, there are 11.93 daily crimes that occur in Weaver.
- Weaver is more violent than Red Bay.
- In Weaver you have a 1 in 23 chance of becoming a victim of any crime.
- Year over year crimes in Weaver have decreased by 21.51%.


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Find providers and contact information
Tourist information in Norway
Showing 51-60 of 195 results
Frøya Culture and Resource Centre - an active and expansive communication arena for culture, industry and expertise.
Here you will find:
- The Great...
Regional touristinformation, open all year.The Tourist information office is located in the very center of the city, at Kongens Plass 1.
We offer infor...
The Saga Siglar Hall - Documentation Centre
The remains of the shipwrecked Saga Siglar and Oseberg ships are displayed in the Saga Siglar Hall....
The Guri Center is a new culture center in central Norway. It has a large indoor exhibition - "Meeting with the wind" - exploring wind power, mytholog...
Information for genealogy, old property relations, local history from the 1500s for Aust and Vest-Agder.
The Tourist Office in Fyresdal is located at the sportshop Sporten Fyresdal in the village center. The staff will do their outmust to help you with you...
Stord is Sunnhordland?s only city, and a regional centre. Leirvik is a junction for communication within and out of Sunnhordland. Starting from Stord,...
Hovden i Setesdal
Get more out of your holiday with good advice!
- Great selection of brochures from the entire region.
- Computer with Internet access available free o...
The Bygland Tourist Information is located on the premises of the glassblowers' workshop Glashytta, by the main road Rv 9 just south of Bygland. Close...
Røros Tourist Information is located in the center of Røros. Here you will find most of the information you need for your stay in the region.

domain: travel


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Author - Anastasia Belikov, PT, Cert. MDT
Graduated with her DPT in 2017
IN THE KNOW
Friday, May 26, 2023
The human spine is an incredible structure that provides support, flexibility, and protection to our bodies. Composed of vertebrae and intervertebral discs, the spine plays a vital role in maintaining our posture, facilitating movement, and protecting the delicate spinal cord.
The human spine is made up of 33 individual bones called vertebrae, which are stacked on top of one another in a column. These vertebrae are divided into five regions: cervical (neck), thoracic (upper back), lumbar (lower back), sacrum, and coccyx (tailbone). The vertebrae are connected by facet joints, which allow for movement and flexibility. Intervertebral discs, located between each pair of adjacent vertebrae, act as shock absorbers and help distribute forces throughout the cervical to lumbar spine. These discs consist of a tough outer layer called the annulus fibrosus and a gel-like inner core called the nucleus pulposus. The discs provide cushioning, maintain spacing between vertebrae, and enable flexibility.
Laying Down (Supine Position): When lying down in a supine position, the forces exerted on the spine are relatively minimal. The spine is in a neutral position, and the body weight is evenly distributed along the length of the spine, reducing stress on the discs and supporting structures.
Sitting: Sitting places additional stress on the lower back due to the increased pressure on the intervertebral discs. The lumbar region bears most of the load while sitting, and poor posture or prolonged sitting can lead to imbalances and discomfort. It is important to maintain proper ergonomics and take breaks to alleviate strain on the spine.
Standing: In a standing position, the spine supports the body's weight against the force of gravity. The lumbar region experiences the greatest compression forces, while the cervical and thoracic regions bear less weight. Maintaining good posture, including a neutral spine alignment, helps distribute the load evenly and reduces the risk of spinal injuries or chronic pain.
Bending: Bending or forward flexion of the spine places significant stress on the intervertebral discs, particularly in the lumbar region. The discs in this area are compressed and can bulge or herniate if excessive force is applied repeatedly or with poor form. It is crucial to engage the core muscles, use your legs, and lift heavy objects with proper techniques to minimize strain on the spine.
Understanding the anatomy of the human spine and the forces exerted on it during various activities is vital for maintaining a healthy spine and preventing injuries. The intervertebral discs play a crucial role in supporting the spine, absorbing shocks, and facilitating movement. By practicing good posture, maintaining a healthy weight, exercising regularly, and using proper ergonomics, we can promote spinal health and reduce the risk of back problems. Remember, taking care of your spine is an investment in your overall well-being and long-term mobility.