text:
Avílio A. Franco
Sérgio M. de Faria
Valéria C.G. Moreira
Eliane M.S. Monteiro
ma-embrapa-uapnpbs, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro
The genus Prosopis occurs predominantly in tropical environments (Norris, 1958) and, according to Allen and Allen (1981), 84% of its species nodulate. Of the 45 species of Prosopis described by Allen and Allen (1981), 12 showed nodules, the efficiency of which varies among the species and among varieties within a species (Felker and Clark, 1980). Subba Rao et al. (1982) reported that a strain isolated from P. juliflora nodulated peanut plants and classified the Rhizobium nodulating P. juliflora as belonging to the cowpea group; the same occurred for Rhizobium isolated from 5 species of the genera Acacia and Albizzia (Basak and Goyal, 1975).
P. juliflora nodules have apical meristema, with indeterminate growth, thus withstanding harsher stress conditions provoked by temperature, drought and salinity, than species with globous nodules (Felker et al., 1981; Felker and Clark, 1982), restarting growth once the adverse conditions disappear, without needing to produce new nodules.
Despite all the enthusiasm generated by P. juliflora introduction into the Brazilian Northeast in the early 1940's, no attention was granted to its nodulation and atmospheric nitrogen fixation capabilities. Leite and Vasconcelos (1981) observed P. juliflora nodulation in soils from the sertão but not from the Ceará mountains, and they did not characterize the efficiency of these nodules. Being P. juliflora an introduced species adapted to soils with low micriobiological activity in its upper stratum, it restricts the proliferation of indigenous Rhizobium. Planting of seedlings nodulated with efficient Rhizobium strains is, therefore, very important.
This paper presents the findings produced by trials aimed at testing the effect of cross inoculation of Rhizobium spp. from different groups in P. juliflora, selecting the Rhizobium strains that are efficient for this species, and at testing increasing doses of rock phosphate as a source of phosphorus for P. juliflora seedlings.
Material and Methods
Cross Inoculation of Rhizobium from Different Groups in P. juliflora
The experiment was established in a greenhouse with temperature ranging from 25° C to 30° C, using randomized blocks with 3 replications, in “Leonard” flasks (Vincent, 1970) with a sterilized 2:1 sand-vermiculite mix. Norris (1958) nutritive solution, as modified by Guzmán and Döbereiner (1969), was used. Five seeds were placed per flask, which, after germination, were thinned out to two per flask. Inoculation was performed at the moment of sowing, the bacteria growing in medium 79 (Fred and Waksman, 1928). All treatments received 10 mg of N as nh3no3 during the first week after germination. During the second week, 20 mg N/seedling were applied. A control without nitrogen fertilization and with no Rhizobium inoculation was used. Collection was carried out when the seedlings were 60 days old, ascertaining nodule amount and dry weight, nitrogenase activity by acetylene reduction, dry matter and total N for aerial portion.
Selection of Rhizobium spp. Strains in Sterilized Flasks
A randomized block trial in “Leonard” flasks (Vincent, 1970) was performed, with 3 replications, using the following strains of Rhizobium sp.: Br 4001 = Prj Al, Br 4002 = Prj B4, Br 4003 = Prj E4 from NifTAL, Hawaii; Br 4004, from embrapa-snlcs; Br 4005 = Pj 5 and Br 4010 = Pj 4, from the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife (ufrpe); Br 4006 = ufc 932.52, Br 4007 = ufc 933.52, Br 4008 = ufc 934.52 and Br 4009 = ufc 935.52, from denae-Fortaleza, Ceará. A non-inoculated control and a nitrogenated control receiving 30 mg of N as nh4NO3 weekly were also used. Substratum was a 2:1 sand-vermiculite mix, and a Norris (1958) nutritive solution was used modified by doubling the iron dosage and halving that of calcium.
The P. juliflora seeds, from cpatsa-embrapa, Petrolina, Pernambuco, were scarified in concentrated sulphuric acid for 3 minutes, sterilized superficially with HgCl2, washed 5 times in sterilized water and sown at a rate of 5 per flask, thinning out later to two seedlings per flask. Two months after trial establishment, the seedlings were collected and nodulation and nitrogenase activity were evaluated with the acetylene reduction technique, nodule amount and dry weight, and dry matter from the aerial portion of the seedling.
Selection of Rhizobium spp. Strains in Containers with Soil
The trial was established in polyethylene containers with 3 kg of red-yellow podzol, with the following chemical characteristics: pH 5.5; Al 0.0 meq/100 ml; Ca 1.7 meq/100 ml; Mg 0.7 meq/100 ml; P 4 ppm; K 0.14 meq/100 ml; Na 0.02 meq/100 ml. The soil was fertilized prior to sowing, applying the following compounds per kg of soil: 40 mg of P; 50 mg of K; KH2PO4; 150 mg of MgSO4.7H2O; 15.5 mg of CuSO4.5H2O; 8.9 mg of ZnSO4.7H2O; 0.3 mg of H3BO3; 0.5 mg of NaMoO4.2H2O; 20 mg of FeSO4.7H2O and 0.5 mg of MnSO4.H2O.
The layout used was randomized blocks with three replications and the following treatments: inoculation with the Rhizobium strains Br 4002 (=Prj 4), Br 4005 (=ufrpe Pj 5), Br 4006 (=ufc 932.52) and Br 4007 (=ufc 933.52), one non-inoculated control and a nitrogenated control receiving 0.5 mg N/container per week with a total of 150 mg N/container. The P. juliflora seeds were scarified with sand paper prior to planting, thinning later to two seedlings per container. The seedlings were collected after 60 days, determining nitrogenase activity through acetylene reduction, nodule number and dry weight, and dry weight of aerial portion.
Production of Nodulated Seedlings in Containers with Rock Phosphate
The experimental layout used was randomized blocks with four replications. The treatments included doses of phosphate from Patos de Minas (with 24% P2O5 total and 4.5% P2O5 soluble in H2O). The doses were 5%; 12.5%; 25%, and 50% (v/v) of fine air-dried earth mix for a volume of 500 ml. The control with soluble phosphate received 17 ppm P as simple superphosphate. The fine earth came from hydromorphic “Gray” soil, Ecology series, sandy texture (75% sand), with the following chemical characteristics: pH 5.3; Al++ 0.0 meq/100 ml; Ca++ + mg 0.8 meq/100 ml; K+ 0.18 meq/ml; Na 0.04 meq/100 ml and P, 3 ppm.
The seeds came from embrapa-cpatsa, Petrolina, Pernambuco, and were scarified for 30 minutes with water at 90° C and inoculated with a mix of four Rhizobium sp. strains: Br 4001; Br 4002; Br 4006 and Br 4007.
The seedlings were raised in a field with 50% shading and were collected 60 days after germination. Height, total dry weight were measured and total phosphorus ascertained by nitricperchloric digestion and determination by colorimetry.
Results and Discussion
A different scarification method was used in each of the three experiments: sandpaper, sulphuric acid and 3 minutes in water at 90° C; all three gave satisfactory germination rates.
P. juliflora turned out to be very specific, nodulating efficiently only with strains isolated from P. juliflora, Acacia senegal and Laucaena leucocephala (Table 1). Nodulation also occurred with strains isolated from Anadenanthera peregrina and Mimosa caesalpinidefolia, but no nitrogen fixation was produced. The strains isolated from Phaseolus vulgaris (co-5), Glycine max (br-29), and Vigna unguiculata (cb-756) nodulated only in one replication, indicating that contamination had occurred and that those strains were not capable of nodulating P. juliflora. These findings show the difficulty of classifying the Rhizobium of P. juliflora as belonging to the cowpea group (Subba Rao et al., 1982). In a study of cross-inoculation data from more than 14,000 trials, Liebermann et al. (1985) observed 18 Rhizobium groups with 70% similarity. The similarity between Rhizobium of genus Vigna and of Prosopis was only 65%, significantly different from each other. The specificity of Prosopis stresses the need of producing seedlings inoculated with efficient strains.
Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation in P. juliflora Inoculated with Rhizobium spp. Isolated from Various Legumes
|Rhizobium strains||Isolated from||Nodules per seedling*||C2H2 Reduction||Dry matter*||Total N|
|Number||Dry weight||Aerial portion|
|CB 756||Vigna unguiculata||1.2||b**||1.5||bc||0.5||c||1.13||b||1.9||b|
|C 05||Phaseolus vulgaris||2.1||b**||2.0||bc||0.6||bc||1.16||b||2.16||b|
|Br 29||Glycine max||2.7||ab**||2.4||bc||0.7||bc||1.20||b||2.3||b|
|Br 4007||Prosopis juliflora||6.8||a||6.0||a||1.2||a||1.43||a||4.5||a|
|NGR 8||Leucaena leucocephala||5.4||ab||6.4||a||1.2||a||1.20||ab||3.0||ab|
|Br 7001||Anadenanthera peregrina||5.5||ab||4.7||ab||0.5||c||1.13||b||1.8||b|
|Br 3405||Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia||3.3||ab||3.9||abc||0.5||c||1.10||b||1.8||b|
|Br (3616)||Acacia senegal||7.1||a||6.2||a||1.0||ab||1.36||a||3.6||a|
* Values transformed by
** Seedlings of two replications inoculated with these strains did not produce nodules.
Figures followed by different letters exhibited significant differences as per Tukey's test (P ≤ 0.05).
The strain selection trial in sterilized flasks with Rhizobium strains isolated from Prosopis (Table 2) showed that one strain (Br 4009) did not nodulate; two strains (Br 4004 and Br 4005) nodulated but did not fix nitrogen; two strains (Br 4006 and Br 4010) showed poor efficiency, and four strains (Br 4001, Br 4002, Br 4003 and Br 4007) were highly efficient. The first three of these four strains had been selected for Prosopis by NifTAL at Hawaii, and the last strain was isolated at the Universidade do Ceará. The efficiency of these strains was comparable to applying a total of 150 mg of N per plant in weekly doses.
Effect of Inoculation with Different Rhizobium Strains on P. juliflora Nodulation, Symbiosis and Growth
(mean values per seedling, with 3 replications)a
|Rhizobium strain||Provenance||N2 - ase activity||Nodules||Seedling Dry Weight|
|Br 4001||NifTal PrjAl||3.02||bc||61||cd||0.06||abc||1.06||abc|
|Br 4002||NifTal PrjB4||4.26||a||73||cd||0.06||abc||1.15||ab|
|Br 4003||NifTal PrjE4||2.41||bc||98||cd||0.08||ab||1.02||abcd|
|Br 4004||PNPBS-km 47||0||d||61||cd||0.04||bcd||0.42||gh|
a Figures followed by the same letter do not differ statistically from each other as per Tukey's test (P ≤0.05).
P. juliflora Response to Inoculation with Rhizobium in Containers with Red-Yellow Podzol
|Rhizobium strains||Nodules per seedling||Acetylene reduction||Dry matter|
|(mg)||(μmol C2H4/ h. seedling)||(g/seedling)|
a The nitrogenated control (NC) received 12.5 mg N per seedling weekly, for a total of 75 mg in 2 months).
Effect of Increasing Patos Phosphate Doses on P. juliflora Height, Dry Weight and Phosphorus Absorbed in 60 Days
(mean values of 4 replications)a
|Total dry matter (g)||% P in seedling||Total P|
|50% soil + 50% rock phosphate||32.0||a||0.71||a||032||2.2||a|
|75% soil + 25% rock phosphate||23.3||b||0.39||b||0.26||1.0||ab|
|87.5% soil + 12.5% rock phosphate||23.5||b||0.39||b||0.24||0.9||ab|
|95% soil + 5% rock phosphate||22.0||b||0.37||b||0.22||0.8||ab|
|soil + soluble phosphate (17 ppm)||24.8||b||0.42||b||0.30||1.2||ab|
a Figures followed by the same letter do not differ significantly from each other (msd P≤ 0.05).
b V/v percent soil:rock phosphate.
When tested in soil, nodulation was very deficient, with the best strain (Br 4002) producing few nodules, but without any significant difference among treatments. Although the seedlings inoculated with strains Br 4002 and Br 4007, together with the nitrogenated control, showed better development prior to collection and had a slightly higher dry weight than the other treatments, these differences were not significant. It appears that the little nitrogen contained in the soil was sufficient for decreasing nodulation and sustaining P. juliflora initial growth.
Figure 1. Effect of increasing doses of Patos phosphate on the weight and P content of P. juliflora growing on a substratum with high concentrations of rock phosphate.
The addition of phosphate up to 50% of substratum volume helped seedling development in terms of height and shoot dry weight (Table 4). P analysis showed that the percentage of this element in the seedling increased as the phosphate level was increased. Even when it reached 50% of the substratum, it was well below the toxic levels mentioned by Bingham (1973) for various plants, showing no detrimental effects for the plant (Figure 1).
Nodulation, although not quantified, occurred in all treatments, appearing not to have been affected by the greater compaction observed in the substratum as the phosphate dose was increased. The production of well-formed seedlings without any symptoms of nitrogen deficiency and without nitrogenated fertilization is another indication of the effectivity of symbiosis between P. juliflora and Rhizobium in all combinations.
In all treatments, an infection with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza was observed in the roots.
The possibility of raising seedlings with 50% rock phosphate in the substratum appears to be a promising practice, as the seedling is provided with a P reserve for plant development in the field. For instance, in a plantation with 2 × 2-m spacing, the use of seedlings raised in containers with 500 ml of a mix containing 30% rock phosphate is equivalent to fertilizing with 625 kg of P/ha. Recent findings with Leucaena and Albizzia showed the advantage of field-planting seedlings raised on a substratum with high phosphate concentration, as compared with seedlings raised on simple superphosphate fertilization (Serpa et al., 1986).
allen, o. n. and allen, e. k., 1981: “The leguminosae: A source book of characteristics, uses, and nodulation,” Madison, The University of Wisconsin Press, 812 p.
azevedo, g. de, 1961: “Algaroba,” sia (843), 49 p.
basak, m. k. and goyal, s. k., 1975: “Studies on tree legumes. I. Nodulation pattern and characterization of the symbiot,” Ann. Arid Zone, 14: 367–370.
bingham, f. t., 1973: “Phosphorus,” In: Diagnostic criteria for plants and soils, chapman, h. d. (Ed.), California, chapman, h. d., pp. 324–361.
FELKER, P. and clark, p. r., 1980: “Nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) and cross inoculation in 12 Prosopis (mesquite) species,” Plant & Soil, 57: 177–186.
felker, p. and clark, p.r., 1982: “Position of mesquite (Prosopis spp.) nodulation and nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) in 3-m-long phraetophytically simulated soil columns,” Plant and Soil, 64: 297–305.
felker, p.; clark, k.; laag, a. e. and pratt, p. f., 1981: “Salinity tolerance of the tree legumes: Mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana, P. velutina and P. articulata), Algarrobo (P. chilensis), Kiawe (P. pallida) and Tamarugo (P. tamarugo) grown in sand culture on nitrogen-free media,” Plant & Soil, 61: 311–317.
fred, f. b. and waksman, s. a., 1928: “Laboratory manual of general microbiology,” New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company.
guzman, i. and dobereiner, j., 1969: “Effectiveness and efficiency in the symbiosis of four cross-inoculated tropical legumes,” Rev. Lat. Amer. Microbiol. Parasitol., 11: 137–140.
leite, p. h. and vasconcelos, j.i.p. de, 1981: “Fixação biológica de nitrogenio em plants de interesse económico do Nordeste,” In: Projeto cnpq/Fundação Cearense de Pesquisa e Cultura, Universidade do Ceará, Relatório April–September.
lieberman, m. t.; mallory, l. m.; simkins, s. and alexander, m., 1985: “Numerical taxonomic analysis of cross-inoculation patterns of legumes and Rhizobium,” Plant & Soil, 84: 225–244.
norris, d. o., 1958: “Lime in relation to the nodulation of tropical legumes,” In: Nutrition of the legumes, hallsworth, e. g. (Ed.), New York, Academic Press Inc., pp. 164–182.
serpa, a. s. p.; campello, e. f. c. and franco, a. a., 1986: “Efeito da inoculação com Rhizobium sp. no estabelacimento no campo de Leucaena leucocephala e Albizzia lebbek por semeio direto ou mudas com substrato contendo altas concentrações de fosfato de rocha,” Pesq. Agropec. Bras. (in preparation).
subba rao, n. s.; sen, a. n. and dadarwal, k. r., 1982: “Rhizobium research in India,” In: Review of soil research in India, Part I, 12th International Congress of Soil Science, New Delhi, Indian Society of Soil Science, pp. 211–224.
vincent, j. m., 1970: “Manual for the practical study of root nodule bacteria,” Oxford, Blackwell, 164 p., (Int. Biol. Program Handb., 15).
Marcos António Drumond
Forester, M. Sc.
Researcher with embrapa/cpatsa
Many species have been recommended for afforestation in the Northeast's semi-arid region, with a view to timber and fodder production (Silva et al., 1979). This region is characterized by marked water deficit and edaphic constraints such as low fertitility and shallow soils. P. juliflora is one of the species suitable for this purpose, on account of its multiple use possibilities.
Several parameters must be considered when selecting potential species for afforestation in any given ecologic region, including the plant's nutrition requirements. Generally, foliar analysis is used for this purpose, as the leaves are a relatively sensitive indicator of nutrient supply variations (Kramer and Kozlowski, 1976).
Haag et al. (1976), analyzing leaves of five species of the genus Eucalyptus, observed that nutrient content differed significantly among species, while Bellote (1979) found that N and P concentrations in E. grandis decrease with age.
Mergen and Worral (1964) found that N, P, and K content in Pinus bankisiana was associated with provenance, that the capacity to export soil minerals varies among individuals of the same species, and that it could vary with seed provenance and environment. Hoyle and Mader (1964), studying P. resinosa, observed that different growth characteristics seem to be correlated with the tree's nutritional status, height being stronlgy related to calcium levels; basal area with potassium levels and volume with soil moisture.
Research conducted by corfo (1985) to determine the chemical composition of P. tamarugo and P. chilensis foliage showed, in general terms, a strong mineral imbalance, with deficit in some cases: phosphorus, 0.03 and 0.05%, respectively; calcium, 1.39 and 1.27%; sodium, 0.27 and 0.18%; and excess in others: magnesium, 5.8 and 4.8%, respectively; copper, 70 and 45 ppm.
Sharma (1984), working with P. juliflora, found correlations between foliar nutrient content and cationic exchange capacity with the soil. The analyses evidenced the capacity of the plant to tolerate salinity.
This paper presents foliar nutrient concentrations in species of the genus Prosopis, as well as a regression equation for productivity as a function of nutrient content.
Material and Methods
This research evolved from a competition trial among 24-month-old Prosopis species, provenances and progenies, spaced at 6.0 × 6.0 m, established on red-yellow latosol, at the experimental field of the Agriculture and Livestock Research Center for the Semir-Arid Tropic (cpatsa), Petrolina, Pernambuco. Mean annual temperature and rainfall were, respectively, 24° C and 500 mm.
Leaf samples were taken from the canopy's intermediate section of ten trees each of P. alba (Chile provenance), P. chilensis (Chile provenance), P. glandulosa var. torreyana (u.s.a. provenance), P. juliflora (local provenance), P. pallida (Peru provenance) and P. velutina (u.s.a. provenance), corresponding to the North, South, East and West points of the canopy, as suggested by Young and Carpenter (undated). At planting, the trees had received 5:14:3 npk at a dosage of 100 g/pit.
The samples were oven-dried with forced ventilation, at 65 ± 5° C, until they achieved constant weight. This material was then crushed in a Willey-type mill, sifted with mesh 20, and assayed in laboratory. The concentration of the nutrients K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn was measured with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer; phosphorus, by the vanadium ammonium molybdate method, and nitrogen by the microkjeldahl method, according to Sarruge and Haag (1976).
To determine the cylindrical volume of the species, for each tree, the volumes of each forking occurring below 1.30 height were added together.
The data were fed to a computer and regression equations were derived to express timber output as a function of foliar nutrient content for each species.
Results and Discussion
The data in Table 1 show significant variations in the mean concentrations of nutrients contained in the leaves of different species of Prosopis.
Mean Foliar Nutrient Concentrations in Species of the Genus Prosopis at 24 Months of Age Petrolina, Pernambuco
Values followed by the same letter do not differ from each other as per Duncan test at 5% probability level.
With the exception of Ca and Mn, the values found are above those reported by infor (Aguirre and Wrann, 1985) for P. tamarugo of different ages, and by Lima (1982) for 3-year-old P. juliflora.
Among the species studied, stand out the N (4.046%) and P (0.236%) concentrations in P. chilensis. As regards calcium, P. juliflora and P. pallida exhibited concentrations of 1.860% and 1.628%, respectively, higher than that for the other species, but below the mean mentioned by Aguirre and Wrann (1985) for P. tamarugo. This element is considered immobile in plant tissue, and it occurs in considerable amounts in cell wall. Possibly the concentrations of this element are correlated with soil quality.
As regards magnesium, P. juliflora presented a concentration significantly higher than that for the other species, with 0.744%, demonstrating great capacity for extracting this element from the soil.
There are few studies concerning the importance and ideal level of micronutrients in plant development. In our research, the 251.9 ppm of manganese found in P. juliflora are significantly higher than in the other species. Haag et al. (1976) point out that the high Mn level in plants is associated with high soil acidity. As regards copper, minor variations were observed among the species, and only P. glandulosa and P. velutina differed negatively. P. chilensis presented a significantly lower iron concentration (105.7 ppm) compared with the other species and with the value reported for the same species by corfo (1985).
Table 2 shows the height, crown diameter, stem diameter and cylindrical volume data.
In terms of volume, P. juliflora shows good development at two years of age, with 0.03009 m3/ha/tree, standing out as a species with great potential for the region when compared with the productivity of the remaining species. P. glandulosa was the least productive, with 0.00075 m3/ha/tree.
Comparing Tables 1 and 2, it may be observed that P. juliflora presents the lowest contents of N, P, and K, together with the highest productivity in timber volume.
Dendometric Characteristics of Species of the Genus Prosopis at 24 months of age.
|Species||Height (m)||Crown diameter (m)||DBH (cm)||Forkings/tree||Vol./Treee (m3)|
|P. alba||3.82 b||4.60 a||3.6 a||3||0.02182 ab|
|P. chilensis||2.62 c||1.84 c||1.9 a||4||0.00303 cd|
|P. glandulosa||1.70 d||2.19 bc||1.0 c||4||0.00075 d|
|P. juliflora||4.58 a||5.36 a||3.8 a||4||0.03009 a|
|P. pallida||2.86 c||5.24||3.4 a||3||0.01239 bc|
|P. velutina||2.48 c||2.86 b||1.7 b||5||0.00272 cd|
Figures followed by the same letter do not differ from each other as per Duncan test at 5% probability level.
Equations Selected for Structure of the Variation in Productivity (Volume, m3) as a Function of the Foliar Nutrients in Species of the Genus Prosopis
|P. alba||Y =||0.0275560 + 0.0890406 Ca - 0.1282150 Mg|
- 0.0003234 Cu - 0.0000881 Fe
|P. chilensis||Y =||0.0071308 + 0.0012998 N + 0.0171545 Ca|
- 0.0358864 Mg + 0.0000228 Na - 0.0001620 Cu +
0.0001346 Mn + 0.0000525 Zn
|P. glandulosa||Y =||0.0004473 - 0.0166759 Mg - 0.0000320 Cu +|
0.000040 Mn + 0.0000235 Zn + 0.0000177 Fe
|P. juliflora||Y =||0.20635 - 0.0344065 Ca - 0.0019210 Cu - 0.0003663 Mn.||60.85||41.84|
|P. pallida||Y =||- 0.0640687 + 0.0075895 N + 0.143762 Mg +|
0.0002653 Na - 0.0001127 Mn - 0.0000694 Fe
|P. velutina||Y =||0.00040876 - 0.00474878 Ca + 0.000019998 Zn||44.30||49.36|
Y = Wood Volume (m3)
Haag et al. (1976), observing less productivity in E. microcorys in timber volume among the various species of Eucalyptus studied, concluded that the cause for this low productivity is low foliar N, P, and K content found in this species. With P. juliflora, however, the situation was the opposite, as the lower foliar N, P, and K concentrations are concurrent with a higher productivity, suggesting that this species is more efficient in nutrient utilization than the other species.
Table 3 shows the regression equations derived through the multiple linear regressive model, which explain the variation in productivity as a function of nutrients contained in the leaves of each species. According to this model, the variables Ca, Mg, Cu and Fe account for 90.88% of the productivity variation in P. alba; N, Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, Mn, and Zn, for 98.44% of P. chilensis; Mg, Cu, Mn, Zn and Fe, for 99.38% of P. glandulosa; Ca, Cu and Mn, for 60.85% of P. juliflora; N, Mg, Na, Mn and Fe, for 83.44% of P. pallida, and Ca and Zn, for 44.30% of P. velutina productivity variation. The stepwise increase of the remaining variables would contribute very little to productivity variation.
aguirre, a. and wrann, h.j., 1984: “Especies del género Prosopis y su manejo en la Pampa de Tamarugal,” in: Estado actual del conocimiento sobre Prosopis tamarugo; Mario Habit (Editor), Mesa Redonda Internacional sobre Prosopis tamarugo Phil., Arica, Chile, fao, pp. 3–13.
bellote, a.f.i., 1979: “Concentração e exportação de nutrientes pelo Eucalyptus grandis Hill (exMaiden) em função da idade,” Peracicaba, esalq, p. 129, M. Sc. Thesis.
corporacion de fomento de la producion, 1984: “Valoración nutricional de tamarugo y algarrobo y perfiles metabólicos de ovinos y caprinos en la Pampa de Tamarugal,” in: Estado actual del conocimiento sobre Prosopis tamarugo; Mario Habit (Editor), Mesa Redonda Internacional sobre Prosopis tamarugo Phil, Arica, Chile, Santiago, fao, pp. 75–123.
haag, h.p.; sarruge, j.r.; oliveira, g.s.; poggiani, f. and ferreira, c. a., 1976: “Análise foliar em cinco espécies de eucaliptos,” São Paulo, esalq, p. 20.
hoyle, m. c. and mader, d.l., 1964: “Relationships of foliar nutrient to growth of red pine in western Massachusetts,” Forest Science, Washington, 10(3): 337–47.
kramer, p.j. and kozlowski, t. t., 1972: “Physiology of wood plants,” New York, Academic Press, 811 p.
lima, p.c.f., 1982: “Comportamento de Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) de Wit comparado com Prosopis juliflora (Sw) dc e Eucalyptus alba Reinw. ex Blume em Petrolina, Região Semi-Arida do Brasil,” Curitiba, ufpr, 96 p., M. Sc. Thesis.
mergen, f. and worral, 1964: “Effect of environment and seed source on mineral content of jack pine seedlings,” Forest Science, Washington, 11(4): 293–400.
sarruge, j.r. and haag, h. p., 1974: “Análisis químicas em plantas,” Piracicaba, esalq, 56 p.
silva, h. d., da; pires, i. e.; ribaski, j.; drumond, m. a.; lima, p.c.f.; souza, s. m. de, and ferreira, c. a., 1980: “Comportamento de essenciaś florestais nas regiões áridas e semi-áridas do Nordeste (resultados preliminares),” Brasilia, df. embrapa/did, 25 p., (embrapa/did. Documentos, 1).
sharma, b.m., 1984: “Scrub forest studies - foliar and soil nutrient status of Prosopis juliflora dc,” Indian Forester, 110(4): 367–74.
young & carpenter, p. n.: “Sampling variation of nutrient element content within and between trees of the same species,” Orono, University of Maine at Orono, (undated), 12 p.
Botany Laboratory, Faculty of Biological Sciences
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Departament of Biology, Faculty of Sciences
Universidad de Chile
The world's arid and semi-arid regions, as well as those which show great differences in water availability, could be used for growing plants tolerant to water stress (Jordan et al. 1985a). Several species have been selected for cultivation in these regions, one of which is Prosopis (Felker and Bandurski, 1979; nas, 1980; Felker, 1984; Habit, 1985). In Chile, the genus Prosopis is represented by several species: Prosopis tamarugo, P. alba, P. chilensis, and P. alpataco. Some of them (P. tamarugo and P. chilensis) are used as fodder, particularly to feed goats and cattle (Habit, 1981; corfo, 1985). Prosopis wood is useful as biofuel (firewood and charcoal) and as timber for construction (Habit, 1981; Maldonado, 1985). Furthermore, preliminary studies show great potential of the pods for human consumption (Saunders et al., 1985).
During the past years, over 18,000 ha of P. tamarugo have been planted at the Atacama Desert (Pampa del Tamarugal) (corfo/infor, 1981). Due to the high intra-specific variability observed in Prosopis species, any afforestation or land reclamation program must investigate (1) biomass production, (2) litter production, (3) growth habit, (4) seed germination, (5) growth rate, (6) salt tolerance, (7) resistance to insect attack, (8) resistance to cold and heat and (9) nitrogen fixation capacity.
Preliminary data related to the effects of some of these factors on Prosopis growing in Chile are reported in this paper.
Material and Methods
A. Germination and seed salt tolerance
Seeds of Prosopis chilensis and P. alba-flexuosa, P. tamarugo, and P. alpataco were collected in 1984 from different populations, scarified in concentrated H2SO4 for 10 minutes, washed, treated with 0.15 Captan and germinated in Petri dishes layered with Whatmann No. 1 filter paper moistured with distilled water. Ten seeds were set in each dish and watered with NaCl solutions, 0.1 M to 0.6 M. Control with distilled water. Radicle protrusion through the seed coat was used as germination criterium, and germinated seeds were counted daily for one week. Germination chamber temperature was 30° ± 2° C.
B. Seedling growth and salt tolerance
Thirty-day-old Prosopis chilensis seedlings were watered weekly with 1/4 strength Hoagland solution (1950) plus 1, 2, 3, 4% NaCl solution. Also, a group of plants was watered solely with the solution.
The plants were grown in plastic bags in the greenhouse at 34° ± 3° C, 16-hour photoperiod, 200 μE/m2/s photon flow and 40–80% relative humidity. After 90 days of growth, plant growth and survival rates were assessed.
Financial support was provided by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council.
C. Vegetative propagation
Rooting of cuttings of juvenile material. Material from P. chilensis, P. alpataco, and P. alba 12 months old grown in greenhouse conditions from seeds were used to obtain 20-cm-long cuttings, recut under water to 15 cm with an average of 10 nodes each. Leaves from the three lower nodes were removed and cuttings sterilized with 0.15% Captan for 15 minutes. Then, the base of the cuttings was dipped in a solution of 100 mg/l iba for 10 minutes, and five cuttings per flask were induced to root in tap water aerated with an aquarium pump, and set in a growth chamber (Lab-Line Biotronette, Mark IV), under controlled environmental conditions as described above, plus 12- or 16-hour photoperiod.
Rooting of field-grown material. Cuttings from juvenile growth of mature P. chilensis from Peldehue populations were sterilized with Captan (0.15%) for 24 hours before auxin pretreatment. The cuttings' lower ends were immersed for 15 minutes in 100 mg/l iba at 24-hour intervals, repeated tree times. Then the cuttings were induced to root in tap water plus 10 μg/ml boric acid (H3BO3), aerated with an aquarium pump. Environmental conditions were the same as described above.
Vegetative propagation of rooted cuttings from mature trees
Rooted cuttings of juvenile material from mature trees were recut and rooted using the procedure and environmental conditions described above.
In vitro micropropagation. Rooted cuttings from field grown trees (P. chilensis) were used as nodal secretion donors, 20–25 mm long, 2–3 mm in diameter, with a pair of leaves. The nodal sections were sterilized in 10% commercial Chlorox for 5 minutes, rinsed several times with sterile distilled water and cultured in vitro using Murashige-Skoog medium, as modified by Jordan et al. (1985b). After 30 days, the microcuttings gave rise to roots and new leaves, then the seedlings were transferred to sterile vermiculite in plastic pots, covered with plastic bags to avoid plant dehydration; these bags were removed after 30 days when the plants were able to survive in greenhouse conditions.
Acetylene reduction (nitrogen fixation) activity.
Prosopis chilensis seedlings from Peldehue, Chincolco and Rivadavia and San Pedro de Atacama populations and P. alba seedlings from Quillagua and La Tirana populations were inoculated with Rhizobium strains 151 (niftal) and 163, isolated from P. tamarugo by intec-Chile.
Three groups of ten 14-day-old seedlings each underwent the following treatments:
Ten seedlings were inoculated and watered weekly with 150 ml Hoagland solution minus nitrogen, according to Stephen (1982).
Ten seedlings were used as control, watered with a complete Hoagland solution (1/4 strength), and
Ten seedlings were watered with 1/4 strength nitrogen-free Hoagland solution.
The seedlings were grown in greenhouse at 32° ± 3° C, 40–60% relative humidity, 200 μE/m2/s photon and 16-hour photoperiod. After 5 months, the following plant parameters were measured: height, dry weight, total nitrogen in percentage (determined by the Kjeldahl method) and symbiosis effectivity (nmol. C2H4/mg/h or nmol. C2H4/plant/h).
Results and Discussion
Germination and salt tolerance. Table 1 shows the effect of NaCl solutions on Prosopis seed germination. 100% of the seeds from all Prosopis, species studied germinated at 0.1 M NaCl; 100% seed germination was also obtained at 0.3 M, except with P. chilensis, which only reached 70%. Higher salt concentrations, such as 0.5 M, not only reduced significantly the final percentage of germination, but also great variability in seed germination response was observed in P. chilensis from different sites; for instance, 5% of Chincolco seeds germinated at this NaCl concentration, while seeds from San Pedro de Atacama showed 80% success at this NaCl concentration (Table 1). P. alba seeds from la Tirana and Refresco germinated at rates of 30% and 97%, respectively, at 0.5 M; P. tamarugo and P. alpataco (Hacienda Margarita) seeds gave 27% and 48% germination, respectively, in the same solution. Prosopis alba seeds from Quillagua and La Tirana showed even greater salt tolerance, with 85% germination at 0.6 M, eqivalent to sea water salt concentration (3.0 mp). P. chilensis from Peldehue, Rivadavia and San Pedro de Atacama, as well as P. alpataco seeds, germinated between 10% and 30%. Nevertheless, P. tamarugo, P. alba (Refresco) and P. chilensis (Chincolco) seeds did not germinate at all with 0.6 M NaCl solution.
Seedling growth and salt tolerance. Figure 1 shows the effect of NaCl concentrations on P. chilensis seedling growth. It was found that seedlings just emerged from seed are not able to survive when watered with 3% and 4% NaCl solutions. However, if watered 5 days after germination, seedling survival increases, reaching 61% at 4% NaCl concentration. No effects of NaCl solutions were observed when the seedlings were 30 days old. Those seedlings watered with sea water showed 100% survival, the same rate as the control plants.
When P. chilensis seedlings were watered right after germination with NaCl solutions above 3% in concentration, or with sea water, a significant growth reduction occurred (P<0.05) (Table 1). However, 30 days after germination, seedling growth was not affected by these concentrations. Salt concentrations of 1% and 2% did not affect seedling growth significantly, regardless of seedling age. It is important to point out that a 1% salt concentration stimulated seedling growth over control (no salt).
Sodium Chloride Solution Effect on Prosopis Seed Germination
|Species||Site||Germination (%) **|
NaCl Concentration (M)
|S. P. Atacama||100||100||98||100||80*||24*|
|P. tamarugo||La Tirana||100||97||94||60*||27*||0*|
|P. alpataco||H. Margarita||100||100||100||100||48*||10*|
* Values are significantly different according to G test (P<0.05) (Sokal and Rolf, 1979).
** Values are means of 5 replications, 10 seeds each.
*** Numbers between parenthesis are osmotic potential in megapascals (MPa).
Vegetative propagation. Rooting of cuttings from juvenile material shows good response to auxin treatment, with 80% in P. chilensis, P. alba and P. alpataco at both photoperiods (12 and 16 hours). Bubbling air into the rooting medium improved significantly rooting response and root number (P<0.05) (Table 2) at both photoperiods. Generally speaking, only in aeration did the photoperiod (12 hours) affect rooting, with 94% and 93% for P. chilensis and P. alpataco, respectively.
Nervertheless, juvenile material from mature trees shows a low rooting response (14%). Sixteen-hour photoperiod and aeration gave significant differences (P<0.05) (Table 2). However, vegetative propagation of this 14% rooted material gave 75–80% rooting when recut and induced to root. Felker and Clark (1981), Souza and Nascimento (1984), Arce (1985), Klass et al.. (1985), and Balboa et al. (Interciencia, accepted manuscript) have reported Prosopis vegetative propagation. However, very high auxin concentrations were used to promote rooting. This paper reports, for the first time, the use of very low auxin concentrations (100 mg/l) and tap water as rooting medium.
In vivo and in Vitro Vegetative Propagation of Cuttings and Rooted Cuttings from Field-Grown Prosopis chilensis
|Plant Regeneration (%)|
|In vivo *||In vitro **|
|Photoperiod (h)||Aerated||Non aerated||Non aerated|
|Field Cuttings||12.4 ± 5.0BC||14.1 ± 4.1C||11.2 ± 6.2BC||9.0 ± 5.1B||0.0A|
|Cuttings from rooted cuttings||81.7 ± 3.9FG||83.6 ± 4.1G||78.4 ± 3.6EF||77.6 ± 4.3E||60.0 ± 5.6D|
* In vivo treatment: IBA (100 mg/l) during 15 minutes.
** In vitro treatment: Murashige Skoog medium plus 5mg/1 NAA (Napthalene acetic acid)
Values with different letters are significantly different according to Tukey's test (P<0.05)
Another way to propagate Prosopis vegetatively is through in vitro culture of juvenile material from mature trees, using Murashige-Skoog medium. One hundred percent rooting was obtained using this technique (Table 2). Nevertheless, new growth of field P. chilensis did not root at all, reaching only the callus stage. Several researchers have reported root induction in cuttings from juvenile material originated from seed germination (Goyal, 1982; Goyal and Arya, 1984) of P. cineraria. (Jordan and Balboa, 1985; Jordan et al., 1985a; Balboa et al., in print). Jordan et al. (1985b), with P. tamarugo, P. alba and P. chilensis. Aguirre and Wrann (1985) reported 80% rooting with P. tamarugo and 27% with P. chilensis, using the grafting method.
Nitrogen Fixation. Nitrogen fixation for Prosopis species under natural conditions has been reported by several researchers (Kohl et al., 1981; Virgina et al., 1981; Rundell et al., 1982; Shearer et al., 1983). Nitrogen fixation values have been estimated to vary between 23–30 kgN/ha/year in the Sonoran Desert habitat (Rundell et al., 1982). These values could be higher if tree density were increased and/or the symbiotic association were improved. However, the deep Prosopis root system (Felker and Bandurski, 1979) makes it difficult to find the root nodules and therefore to isolate the symbiot. Felker and Clark (1982) found that P. glandulosa bears active root nodules deep into the soil, and as soil humidity shifts in the soil profile, both nodule presence and nodule activity change.
Prosopis inoculation with different strains has been reported (Felker and Clark, 1980; Franco, 1982; Dobereiner, 1984; Torres, 1984; Herrera et al., 1985). We report nitrogen fixation of P. chilensis and P. alba juveniles inoculated with Rhizobium strains 151 or 163 (native to Chile), with significant differences (P<0.05) in nitrogen fixation, fluctuating from 9.9 to 74.1 nmol C2H4/mg/h for strain 163 and 151, respectively. However, no significant differences in total nitrogen and seedling dry weight were found, but seedling height showed differences reaching 43.5 cm and 52.1 cm with strains 163 and 151, respectively, versus control (Table 3).
Evaluation of Two Rhizobium Strains for Prosopis chilensis Biological Nitrogen Fixation*
|Treatment||Height (cm)||Dry Weight|
|n moles C2H4|| Total N|
|mg nodule D.wt.h|
|C - 163||43.5 ± 5.8A||0.60 ± 0.16||9.9 ± 9.5A||2.17 ± 0.14|
|C - 151||52.1 ± 6.5B||0.74 ± 0.18||74.1 ± 35.2B||2.28 ± 0.12|
|C - N||44.7 ± 5.1AB||0.71 ± 0.16||—||2.23 ± 0.18|
|C + N||50.7 ± 7.6AB||0.72 ± 0.42||—||2.25 ± 0.13|
* Values with different letters are significantly different according to Tukey's test (P<0.05).
Figure 1. Effect of sodium chloride solutions and sea water on Prosopis chilensis growth and mortality (watered at 0, 6, and 30 days after germination).*
* Columns with different letters are significantly different according to Tukey's test (P <0.05).
Prosopis sp. show great potential for livestock production in arid lands.
Figure 2. Effect of aeration, non-aeration and photoperiod on rooting, number and roots and root length of Prosopis chilensis, Prosopis alba and Prosopis alpataco cuttings pretreated with IBA (100 mg/l) for 10 minutes.*
* Columns with different letters are significantly different according to Tukey's test (P<0.05).
Great variability in effectivity of nitrogen fixation was observed in both Prosopis species juveniles, ranging from 24 to 124 nmol C2H4/mg/h in P. chilensis from Peldehue and San Pedro de Atacama populations, and 55 and 100 nmol C2H4/mg/h in P. alba from Quillagua and La Tirana, respectively (Fig. 3). However, no clearcut correlations were found among nitrogen fixation effectivity, plant total nitrogen content, plant height, dry weight, compared to control plants, except for P. chilensis from Chincolco and P. alba from Quillagua, which showed significant differences (Table 3).
Significant differences in dry weight and plant height were found between inoculated and nitrogen-free watered P. chilensis (from Chincolco and San Pedro de Atacama populations). Nevertheless, the inoculated plants always showed higher dry weight and height compared to nitrogen-free watered plants, and in some instances these parameters were equivalent to or higher than those for plants watered with nitrogen solution.
Figure 3. Rhizobium strain 151 evaluation for nitrogen fixation on Prosopis chilensis and Prosopis alba from different sites.*
aguirre, j. and wrann, j., 1985: “Especies del género Prosopis y su manejo en la Pampa del Tamarugal,” in: Estado actual del conocimiento sobre Prosopis tamarugo; Habit, M.A. (Ed.) fao-Rome pp. 3–33.
arce, p., 1985: “Identificación de los factores que controlan la propagación vegetativa de Prosopis chilensis,” Arch. Biol. Med. Exp. Vol. 18. No. 2, pp. 183.
balboa, o.; cortes, i. and arce, p.: “Propagación vegetativa de Prosopis, problemas y perspectivas,” Interciencia, in print.
corfo, Gerencia de Desarrollo, 1985: “Valoración nutricional de tamarugo y algarrobo y perfiles metabólicos de ovinos y caprinos en la Pampa del Tamarugal,” in: Estado Actual del Conocimiento sobre Prosopis tamarugo; Habit, M.A, (Ed.) fao-Rome.
corfo/infor, 1981: “Programa Pampa del Tamarugal-Corfo,” Estudio de las especies del género Prosopis en la Pampa del Tamarugal, Vol. II. Instituto Forestal, Santiago, Chile. 101 p.
dobereiner, J., 1984: “Nodulacão e fixacão de nitrogenio em leguminosas florestais,” in: Pesquisa agropecuária brasileira, embrapa, Brasil, pp. 83–90.
felker, p., 1984: “Legume trees in semiarid and arid areas,” in: Pesquisa agropecuária brasileira, embrapa. Brasil, pp. 47–58.
felker, p. and bandurski, r.s., 1979: “Uses and potential uses of leguminous trees for minimal energy input agriculture,” Econ. Bot. 33: 172–184.
felker, p. and clark, p.r., 1980: “Nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) and cross inoculation in 12 Prosopis (mesquite) species,” Plant & Soil, 57: 177–186.
felker, p. and clark, p.r., 1981: “Rooting on Mesquite (Prosopis) cuttings,” Journal of Range Management, 34: 466–468.
felker, p. and clark, p.r., 1982: “Position of mesquite (Prosopis) nodulation and nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) in 3-m long phreotophytically simulated soil columns,” Plant & Soil 64: 297–305.
felker, p.; clark, p.r.; laag, a.e. and pratt, p.f., 1981: “Salinity tolerance of the tree legumes: Mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana, P. velutina and P. articulata) Algarrobo (P. chilensis) Kiawe (P. pallida) and Tamarugo (P. tamarugo) grown in sand cultures on nitrogen-free media.”
fernandes, p.c., 1985: “Trabajos de investigación con especies del género Prosopis de la región semiárida del Brazil,” in: Estado Actual del Conocimiento sobre Prosopis tamarugo; Habit, M.A. (Ed.) fao-Rome, pp. 125–133.
franco, a., 1982: "Fixacão de N2 atmosférico Prosopis juliflora (Sw) dc. ler. Simposio Brasileiro sobre Algaroba, 1. Natal, Brazil, pp. 319–329.
goyal, y., 1982: “Thesis: Clonal multiplication on Prosopis and Zizypbus through tissue culture,” Jodhpur University, Jodhpur, India.
goyal, y. and arya, h.c., 1984: “Tissue culture of desert trees: I. Clonal multiplication of Prosopis cineraria by bud culture,” Journal Plant Physiology, 115: 183–189.
habit, m.a., 1981: “Prosopis tamarugo: Arbusto forrajero para zonas áridas,” Producción y Protección Vegetal No. 25, fao-Rome.
habit, m.a., 1985: “Estado Actual del Conocimiento sobre Prosopis tamarugo,” fao-Rome (Ed.) 483 p.
herrera, m.a.; bedmar, e.j. and olivares, j., 1985: “Host specificity of Rhizobium strains isolated from nitrogen-fixing trees and nitrogenase activities of strain grh2 in symbiosis with Prosopis chilensis,” Plant Science 42: 177–182.
hoagland, d.r. and arnon, d.i., 1950: “The water culture method for growing plants without soil,” Circular 347, Calif. Ag. Exp. Station.
jordan, m. and balboa, o., 1985: “In vitro regeneration of Prosopis tamarugo Phil. and Prosopis chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz from nodal sections,” Gartenbauwissenschaft, 50 (3), pp. 138–142.
jordan, m.; montenegro, g.; balboa, o. and cortes, i., 1985a: “Propagación de plantas económicamente importantes en zonas áridas en Chile,” Medio Ambiente. 7(2): 53–62.
jordan, m.; pedraza, j. and goreux, a., 1985b: “In vitro propagation studies of three Prosopis species (P. alba, P. chilensis and P. tamarugo) through shoot tip culture,” Gartenbauwissenschaft, 50(6): 265–267.
klass, s.; bigham, r.; finkner, l. and felker, p., 1985: “Optimization of environment for rooting cuttings of highly productive clones of Prosopis alba (mesquite/algarrobo),” J. Hort. Sci. 60: 275–284.
kohl, d.h.; nryan, b.a.; schearer, g. and skeeters, j.l. 1981: "Natural abundance of 15N of Prosopis as an index of N2-fixation in desert ecosystems, Bull. Ecol. Soc. Am. 62: 133–134.
maldonado, l., 1985: “Manejo de la cubierta vegetal en zonas áridas,” in: Estado actual del conocimiento sobre Prosopis tamarugo; Habit, M.A. (Ed.) fao-Rome, pp. 151–167.
murashige, t.f. and skoog, f., 1962: “A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassay with tobacco cultures,” Physiol. Plant. 15: 473–497.
national academy of sciences, 1980: “Firewood crops. Shrub and tree species for energy production,” Washington, d.c.
rundel, p.w.; nilsen, e.t.; sharifi, m.r.; virginia, r.a.; jarrel, w.m.; kohl, d.h. and shearer, g.b., 1982: “Seasonal dynamics of nitrogen cycling for a Prosopis woodland in the Sonoran desert,” Plant & Soil, 67: 343–353.
saunders, r.m.; becker, r.; meyer, d.; del valle, f.r.; balestin, e.m. and torres, m.e., 1985: “Identification of commercial milling to produce high sugar, high fiber, high galactomannan gum fraction from Prosopis pods,” Simposium on Establishment and Productivity of Tree Plantings in Semiarid Regions, April–May, Texas A&I University Kingsville-Texas.
shearer, g.; kohl, d.h.; virginia, r.a.: bryan, b.a.; skeeters, j.l.; nilsen, e.t.; sharifi, m.r. and rundel, p.w., 1983: “Estimates of N2-fixation from variation in the natural abundance of 15N in Sonoran desert ecosystems,” Oecologia, Berlin, 56: 365–373.
souza, s.m. and nascimento, c.e., 1984: “Propagacão vegetativa de algarroba a través de estaquia,” Petrolina, embrapa-cpatsa, Circular técnica No. 27.
stephen, j., 1982: “Hup+ and Hup- Rhizobia: N fixation in Cajanus cajan and oxidation of envolved H2 by Rhizosphere Bacteria,” Ph. D. Thesis, University of California, Riverside, Soil Science.
torres, m.e., 1984: “Fijación biológica de nitrógeno en Prosopis tamarugo y Prosopis alba,” Research within the “Arid Zone” Project of the Gerencia de Desarrollo of the CorporaCión de Fomento de la Producción (corfo,), Chile.
virginia, r.a.; jarrel, w.m.; kohl, d.h. and shearer, g.b., 1981: “Symbiotic nitrogen fixation in a Prosopis (Leguminosae) dominant desert ecosystem,” in: Current Perspectives in Nitrogen Fixation, gibson, a.h. and newton, w.e. (Eds.) Canberra Aust. Acad. Science 483 p.

domain: agronomy


After a barrage of media criticism, complaints of sexual harassment and a lengthy report conducted by Marie Deschamps calling for a culture change within the CAF, General Jonathan Vance issued Operation Honour earlier this month.
Operation Honour is the tough blueprint the Department of National Defence (DND) is using to hopefully eradicate sexual harassment and misconduct within the CAF. Amongst the list of offences the chief of defence staff is hoping to eliminate include:
Crude language and jokes,
Explicit materials in the workplace,
Verbal abuse of a sexual nature,
Exploiting power relations for sex and anything else that can be Considered as unwelcomed sexual advances.
One of the most tangible goals in the Op. Honour is the creation of the Sexual Misconduct Response Centre (SMRCI) which opens its doors on Sep. 15, 2015.
The SMRC(I) is designed to be the first source CAF members can turn to.
Victims can gain access to information and services, assistance planning their next steps and helping them to safety, counselling and empathetic listening.
Located in the National Capital Region, the centre is in its initial stages and expected to be fully operational within two years. Led by civilian executives, it will operate outside of the chain of command and will report to the deputy minister. With time, the government will look into the possibility of making it into a 24/7 hotline.
The centre is just one of the many steps outlined in Op. Honour. The order calls for leadership and members to report incidents. The basic principles of the Op Honour are reflected in the four lines of effort: understand, respond, support and prevent.
The “zero tolerance” attitude is visibly reflected in Op Honour and is clear that CAF leaders will be held responsible.
General Vance’s, “Intent is to eliminate harmful and inappropriate sexual behaviour within the CAF by leveraging the unequivocal support of my Commanders and all leaders in the CAF. Any form of harmful and Inappropriate sexual behaviour is a threat to the morale and operational readiness of the CAF, undermines good order and discipline, is inconsistent with the values of the profession of arms and the ethical principles of DND and CAF, and is wrong. I will not allow harmful and inappropriate sexual behaviour within our organization, and I shall hold all leaders in the CAF accountable for failures that permit its continuation,” .
Op. Honour is a result of the report conducted by the External Review Authority Marie Deschamps. In her report, she draws attention to the fact that “there is an underlying sexualized culture in the CAF that is hostile to women and LGBTQ members…” Deschamps called for an institutionalized cultural shift in the CAF to combat these unfortunate happenings.
Senior leadership of the CAF and government have taken the report very seriously as evident in the following statement from an internal message issued by the chief of defence staff and deputy minister, “Our goal is for all CAF members, and indeed for all Defence Team members, to be able to perform their duties in an environment free of harmful and inappropriate sexual behaviour and to be able to fully enjoy the support of an institution that fosters mutual trust, respect, honour, and dignity.”
The SMRC(I) will be open between the hours of 7 a.m.- 5 p.m. The number for the centre is 1-844-750-1648. Other resources available for CAF members include the Family Information Line and the Canadian Forces Member Assistance Program.
Get More! Receive six issues of Canadian Military Family Magazine in your mail box for only $17.95! Click here to subscribe NOW!


text:
The Drag Illustrated World Doorslammer Nationals presented by CTech Manufacturing has added another marquee partner, as race officials announced today that Strutmasters, an industry leader in suspension parts and air to non-air suspension conversion kits, has been named a major sponsor of the race.
The highly-anticipated inaugural event, which takes place March 6-8 at Orlando Speed World Dragway, features a purse of more than $300,000, awarding the winners in Pro Stock and Pro Mod $75,000 and $50,000, respectively. For Strutmasters founder and owner Chip Lofton, it’s another way to be involved in a sport – and now an event – he loves.
“You look at this event, and it offers big money, it’s going to draw a lot of teams, it’s at the beginning of the year, and I really think it’s going to be a great event,” Lofton said. “They’ve put a lot of time and thought into what makes a great race, and it’s a great location as well. The track owners (Ozzy and Maria Moya) are wonderful people and all of it together is going to make it a really incredible show, so I’m excited to be involved.”
In recent years, Lofton and Strutmasters have become major players in the sport, working with a number of top NHRA teams.
It’s done wonders for the business and for Strutmasters’ visibility, as Lofton noted in part because of the aggressive sponsorship deals it increased his business 30 percent last year.
His 2020 sponsorships include the likes of former NHRA Pro Stock world champion Bo Butner and three-time NHRA Pro Mod world champ Rickie Smith, and both of the standouts will be in attendance and racing for big money in Orlando.
“I’m so excited that they’re both going to be there,” Lofton said. “As a sponsor, I look at racing as branding. I hope you see the Strutmasters name somewhere and it helps you go look at my company. Both Bo and Rickie, they’re high-profile guys and bring a lot of attention. People will be watching them in Orlando, but I know there’s going to be a good car count and fan turnout.
“You’re also going to see some of the quickest times of the year and maybe some records. It’s going to be a great circus, and that’s what you need to keep people and fans enticed. And I think the drivers like that side of it, too.”
Strutmasters created the original suspension conversion kit two decades ago, and has further perfected it since then. They’ve established themselves as an industry leader when it comes to all aspects of suspension parts and kits, while Lofton has ramped up the company’s visibility in recent years.
That noticeable presence will be apparent in Orlando as well, providing support for the most successful names in the doorslammer world at one of the biggest races of the year.
“Chip and Strutmasters have been so great for drag racing and we’re thrilled they are major sponsors for this historic event, the World Doorslammer Nationals,” Drag Illustrated Founder and Editorial Director Wes Buck said. “Chip’s company is one of the finest recent examples of how loyal race fans are to companies that support drag racing. Chip has gone above and beyond to offer his support to so many teams, and it’s had a remarkable impact. It’s exciting to have Strutmasters on board for a race we are confident will deliver one of the most memorable experiences possible for everyone involved.”For

domain: sports


text:
Nigeria’s anti-corruption body, the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) says it has recovered a combined sum of N27,184,357,524.52 and $19,084,419.33 from three different money laundering cases.
The agency disclosed that out of the N27.2 billion recovered, N12.7 billion was from one individual.
According to the commission, it is also investigating former governors, ex-ministers, and several government officials across the country.
The Acting EFCC Chairman, Abdukarim Chukkol, who disclosed this in Lagos, during a media interaction with select journalists, said further efforts were being made by the agency to recover more illicit funds.
According to reports, he added that the agency would soon make public details of its ongoing investigations into the activities of some past leaders.
Chukkol, who was represented by the spokesperson for the commission, Dele Oyewale, said the anti-graft agency had received several petitions against former governors, ex-ministers and government officials.
The anti-graft agency is also carrying out ongoing investigations into some monumental procurement fraud involving some officials of the Federal Ministry of Power and the Ministry of Agriculture.

domain: politics


text:
Author: Virginia Kantra
Publisher: Berkley Books
Genre: Retelling Fiction
Source: Kristin of Kritters Ramblings
Goodreads: The timeless classic Little Women inspired this heartwarming modern tale of four sisters from New York Times bestselling author Virginia Kantra.
The March sisters–reliable Meg, independent Jo, stylish Amy, and shy Beth–have grown up to pursue their separate dreams. When Jo followed her ambitions to New York City, she never thought her career in journalism would come crashing down, leaving her struggling to stay afloat in a gig economy as a prep cook and secret food blogger.
Meg appears to have the life she always planned–the handsome husband, the adorable toddlers, the house in a charming subdivision. But sometimes getting everything you’ve ever wanted isn’t all it’s cracked up to be.
When their mother’s illness forces the sisters home to North Carolina for the holidays, they’ll rediscover what really matters.
One thing’s for sure–they’ll need the strength of family and the power of sisterhood to remake their lives and reimagine their dreams.
Ope’s Opinion: If you are a fan of Little Women – you will definitely want to pick this book up. I just saw Little Women in the theatre, so it was interesting to read this book right after that. I enjoyed comparing the movie to the book in my head while I was reading it.
Virginia Kantra wrote a sequel called Beth & Amy. I am not sure if the story picks up where this one left off or are we going to see the same story from Beth & Amy’s perspective? I think I would have preferred to have all four little women in one book.

domain: library


text:
Casual Dragon Games , Lockport , New York.
Creators of Island Dice, Zombie Sheep, and BRYGS with more on the way.
(716) 201-1147 136 Walnut St Lockport , NY 14094, 12/12/2017 Get directions, reviews and information for Casual Dragon Games in Lockport , NY.
Casual Dragon Games 136 Walnut St Lockport NY 14094.
6 Reviews (716) 201-1147.
Menu & Reservations Make Reservations.
Order Online Tickets Tickets See Availability Directions.
Casual Dragon Games Lockport, NY.
Casual Dragon Games.
May 8 at 9:39 AM Friday May 15th is the prerelease/release of the new Magic the Gathering set: Ikoria.
Anyone wishing to preorder any of the following that hasn’t already, feel free to send the store a message for any of the following releases:, Casual Dragon Games, +1 (716) 201-1147 136 Walnut St, Lockport, NY 14094, Directions, 3 local business owners recommend Casual Dragon Games.
Visit this page to learn about the business and what locals in Lockport have to say.
Get reviews, hours, directions, coupons and more for Casual Dragon Games at 136 Walnut St, Lockport , NY 14094.
Search for other Games & Supplies in Lockport

domain: game


text:
Belle Haven Community Development Fund, a partner fund of Silicon Valley Community Foundation envisions Belle Haven as a diverse, self-sustaining and empowered community, which works to pursue its interests and attain its goals, and is a highly desirable place to live.
The Belle Haven Community Development Fund’s mission is to engage the Belle Haven Community in advocating for our common goals and broker resources to foster sustainable community development.
BHCDF is a reliable trustworthy and nonpartisan group focused on empowering the Belle Haven Community.
As the only community fund for Belle Haven we are dedicated to bringing the entire community together to develop and achieve common goals that will result in making the Belle Haven community a thriving community for residents and neighbors alike.
To learn more about the Belle Haven Community Fund, contact firstname.lastname@example.org or call 650.450.5484.
- Belle Haven Neighborhood Mini Grant Program (mini-grant) provides grants for Belle Haven residents and local non-profits serving the neighborhood to host community events and to residents who want to improve their front yard with curb appeal projects.
- One-to-One Solutions Scholarship Program (1-to-1) provides scholarships for Belle Haven elementary and middle school youth and those from surrounding communities to take classes and camps at Onetta Harris Community Center each session.
Belle Haven Expansion of the Sponsored Employment Program (SEP), a crime prevention initiative, provides summer employment, mentoring and community engagement opportunities for Belle Haven. young people with the greatest challenges to employment.

domain: sociology


Jan. 3, 2019 By Christian Murray
The special election for Queens borough president has been set for March 24, Mayor Bill de Blasio announced last night.
Five candidates are vying for the spot that was exited by Melinda Katz when she became Queens District Attorney Jan. 1.
Council Members Jimmy Van Bramer, Donovan Richards and Costa Constantinides seek the job along with former Council Member Elizabeth Crowley and Anthony Miranda, a retired NYPD sergeant and police reform advocate.
On Monday, Assemblywoman Alicia Hyndman dropped out of the race to get behind Donovan Richards who has the backing of the Queens County Democratic party. Both are African Americans from south east Queens.
The candidates now have 12 days to secure 2,000 valid signatures in order to get on the ballot.
The borough president appoints half the members of the 14 community boards in Queens; gets an advisory say on proposed rezonings; allocates millions of dollars on parks, education and other programs; and is an advocate for the borough.
The position pays $179,200 per year.
Katz’s deputy, Sharon Lee, is currently serving as acting borough president.
James Quinn former ADA Just entered the race. If you want a law and order candidate who has common sense please choose him. Thank you.
Use your brains queens!! don’t vote for a block buster . don’t vote for a militant .
There was a time decades ago when the Queens Republican Party was alive and well. Up until the 1980’s, Queens Republicans routinely qualified candidates for all Congressional, State Senate, Assembly, Boro President and NYC Council seats. During Mayor Rudy Guilian’s term in the 1990’s, they elected three NYC Council members Tom Olgibene, Mike Abel and Alfonse Stabile. Today the last GOP public official from Queens is NYC Council member Eric Ulrich. Due to term limits, he will serve until December 31, 2001. With over 125,000 registered Queens GOP voters, can they obtain 2,000 signatures to quality a candidate for Queens Borough President in this non partisan special election? Edgar Nathan was the last GOP Queens borough president who served from 1942 – 1945. Nat Hentel was the last GOP District Attorney in 1970.
Six Democrats running in this special election are going to split the vote which could give one Republican a chance to win. You would think that Republicans would find a candidate. Not doing so, will result in the remaining Queens Republicans continuing on the same path of an old fashion street corner telephone booth into extinction .
Nice to see the legendary Larry Penner on this board! Awesome letter-to-the-editor writer for many years in the local papers.
The Queens Republican Party is practically non-existent. And with the resurgence of the North-South war between the Vicky Paladino camp and County, it will never recover. Ulrich is partly to blame as he was behind the coup to oust Bob Turner. Not that it really matters, the districts have all been gerrymandered so that the 125,000 registered Republicans are all scattered into majority Dem districts.
With the exception of Staten Island, the Republican Party in the other four boroughs exists solely to provide a few patronage jobs at the Board of Elections for the kids of top party members. That’s it. It is not possible mathematically for them to win any elections.
A little late for a GOP candidate to enter the race with a week left for qualifying signatures. James Quinn just declared, making it a more interesting race.
A completely useless position. Just get rid of it. Are there quantifiable results from any actions of this position? Does it exist simply because people think it does? They have limited power, so why keep them? Just because? How many more useless politicians need to be in office? These whining, useless, political hacks vying for it just want to continue feeding their own egos.
Agreed. 179k a year is a joke for a position that does not yield any positive results for anyone. Spend the money elsewhere.
great rant, does it have anything to do with this election specifically or just trite rants like “these whining, useless, political hacks vying for it?”
yes it has everything to do with the election. More taxpayer monies wasted to fill a position that is completely useless. As useless as OKBoomer responses from whining snowflakes who like swinging from JVBs sack.
I thought it was only used to mock how completely unoriginal and dated Trump lovers are
Keep swinging from JVBs sack. Avoid the issue because you want upvotes on this site
Per City and State, the winner of the special election has to compete again in a June primary, and then win a November general election in order to serve the rest of Katz’s term through 2021.


text:
Folding bikes are convenient, but they often come with tradeoffs like lowered riding performance and higher costs. The FUBi Fixie wants to change that by letting you transform your full-sized bicycle into a folding bike at an affordable price. Designed for single-speed or fixed gear bicycles, the FUBi system uses all standard parts with the exception of its frame that folds down in seconds without the need for any tools. The frame is rigid, tested for safety, and makea handling and storing your bicycle a snap. Head over to the Kickstarter, where you can get your own FUBi bicycle for an early-bird price.
+ FUBi Fixie Kickstarter
The article above was submitted to us by an Inhabitat reader. Want tosee story on Inhabitat? Send us a tip by following this link. Remember to follow ourinstructions carefully to boost your chances of being chosen for publishing!

domain: design


text:
While many renowned names involve in this artistic stream, there are few who hold their stands unmatched as the propagators of artistic cultures. Two of such names are Botticelli and Raphael who introduced and developed a personal insightful depiction of some contemporary concepts and universal portrayals. Two notable works of art from Botticelli and Raphael are The birth of Venus (Botticelli) and Mond Crucifixion (Raphael). Those two works of art are very much the representing pieces for their contemporary culture picking up classical foundations to mount with artistic rendering of subtle individual depictions. Heritage of classical ages During renaissance, new developments and imaginations of most artists had come out of the classical traditions of arts. Notably, modernism had not touched the world and breaking of rules was limited only up to the imaginations of artists. Thus, artist of earlier renaissance period opted to provide their insights to some traditional themes. Both The Birth of Venus and Mond crucifixion are grounded in deep Christian imagination of human conditions. As in The birth of Venus, the iconography does not entail a violation of themes dwelling in contemporary consciousness. Similarly, in Mond Crucifixion depiction of Jesus is portrayed as a calm figure even when crucified. Theological icons as Venus and Jesus had a very specific place in classical artistic culture. On the other hand church’s influences were quite dominant over artistic depictions till renaissance. However, during renaissance most of the painters and artists had been associated and were adorned by the church too. It is mostly the style, imaginative depiction of surrounding and use of different shades which had put those arts on steps ahead of the classical ages. Materials, Style and Colors As Botticelli belonged to an era when Oil paintings were not popularized up to an extent The birth of Venus was painted on tempera while Mond Crucifixion arrived at a time when popularity of oil paintings had overtook the use of tempera around whole Europe. Historically too, Oil paintings proved to be more facilitative compared to tempera. Tempera dries very fast and painters had to be very accurate in mixing the paint. Oil painting proved to be easier to use enhancing numerous opportunities to painters to use fast brushstrokes. Comparing The birth of Venus to Mond Crucifixion, the use of oil in the later provides much scope to paint the background while in The birth of Venus background is dissolved into sea with very keen strokes till the end which is quite essential in a tempera material. In both the paintings, use of colors and lights is straight away comparable as The birth of Venus provides a little fading effect towards the third dimension while Mond Crucifixion holds sharper colors and clearer lights to sustain with the aura of Jesus which is essentially to be preserved in the painting. The birth of Venus is visualized with the imaginative beauty of painter’s convictions to the relevant matter described by many earlier artists. Instead of the three Hours of Homer's hymn and Poliziano's poem, he shows us one fair nymph, in a white robe, embroidered with blue corn-flowers, springing lightly forward to offer Venus a pink mantle sown with daisies. In the laurel groves along the shore, we see a courtly allusion to the "Laurel who sheltered the
Cite this document
(“Two Icons of Renaissance Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words”, n.d.)
Retrieved from https://studentshare.net/visual-arts-film-studies/38594-ip3
(Two Icons of Renaissance Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 Words)
“Two Icons of Renaissance Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 Words”, n.d. https://studentshare.net/visual-arts-film-studies/38594-ip3.
Cited: 0 times
Two Icons of Renaissance Art Two Icons of Renaissance Art Author Author Affiliation Two Icons of Renaissance Art Introduction Renaissance art consist of the foundations for modern artistic developments connecting modern art to the classical ages through bridging the classical ancients and liberal moderns…
The author compares and contrasts specific examples from the Renaissance and other time periods that may have influenced it. He discusses in detail the main characteristic features of the Renaissance period, the most prominent artists who worked at that period and their famous creations, including paintings.
With artists and playwrights using paintings, carvings, sculptures, drawing and verses to portray reality or the images of the most significant and influential leaders of the past times. The symbols are also seen to have been used on things or events that were foreseen and were expected to come.
The term Renaissance is originally a French word whose literal meaning is rebirth, has been applied metaphorically to a wide variety of phenomena ranging from an experience in the life history of an individual to the characterization of a culture of an entire epoch.
The arts like sculpting and architecture reached its zenith during this period and it was continued to be practiced in the earlier centuries of the Common Era. However, this legacy of classical art was destroyed with the Germanic invasions over Italy and Greece in the fifth century.
The most usual signature was a phrase Ad Gloriam (For God's glory). The situation has changed dramatically in the XV century with the development of ideas of Humanism and the beginning of the Renaissance epoch. In contrast to divine-centered art of Middle Ages, the new art style was human-centered, focused not only on the personality, being depicted, but also on the personality of an artist.
Otherwise referred to as the Proto-renaissance, art that falls under this criterion started in a Northern closed society of the current state Italy, shortly after the twelfth century (Stokstad and Michael, 2009, p. 49). Art from this era did not originally stand for an uncultivated deviation from any other medieval art.
This is the subject discussed in this paper, in particular the distinguishing features of two great or contrasting styles of art expression manifested in the sculptures of their different time periods. A focus of this paper is the Baroque style of sculptures as contrasted with those earlier Renaissance type. A clear way to notice differences is the statue of David.
played within the larger society, and as societies understanding of itself, religion, and its role in nature increased and changed, so did the associated artistic representations from those societies. Beginning with the ancient Greeks and the development of what is now referred

domain: artistic


text:
Cape Town - South African legend Neil Tovey left hospital on Sunday a week after
suffering a heart attack, the national football association said.
only white to captain an Africa Cup of Nations-winning team collapsed
last Sunday in Durban while training for a charity
It was the second health scare for the 54-year-old after suffering cardiac arrest last year while playing squash.
skippered hosts South Africa to the 1996 Cup of Nations title, with the
2-0 final victory over Tunisia watched by an 80 000 crowd that included
then state president Nelson Mandela.
He represented Bafana Bafana 52 times, 29 as captain.
centre-back spent most of his playing career with Kaizer Chiefs.
later coached several top-flight sides, steered Mamelodi Sundowns to the
2005/06 league title, and is now the national technical director of
Tovey, 54, was released on Sunday, with Bafana Bafana and SAFA confirming the news via social media.
His brother Mark Tovey had told SAFA’s official website on Saturday:
"He underwent blood tests this morning (Saturday) for doctors to determine his progress. He took a shower and had a short walk.
“The doctors have confirmed that he will be discharged either Sunday or Monday and that is a huge relief for the entire family. This is an incredible story and once again I would like to thank all South Africans for their prayers; this has been like a miracle," said Mark Tovey.

domain: news


text:
I don't like to talk about the hard parts of working from home, but sometimes, they happen. I gave up my full-time job for a part-time job when I moved to Australia so I could focus on my writing. There's still enough money to pay for necessities and have fun, but it's not quite as plentiful. I'm OK with that. I don't know how people go full-time working from home without an income stream, because that seems like a very hard thing to do to me, but mine's worked out well so far.
What have I learned from the last few months working from home? That the pressure to succeed becomes huge. That you really only can go to yourself at the end of the day to succeed, or fail. And that when you have setbacks, the failure feels more than other failures you experience.
Because it feels like you only have yourself to blame.
When you sit down to do work, prioritizing becomes a necessity. Putting in your full workload is vital. So is finding time to goof off and keep yourself oriented.
Making a plan is important, because it's easy to get overwhelmed when you don't have anyone to assist in the workload.
There are also benefits to working from home, but I haven't reaped many of them yet. Let's see if I feel the same way once I'm done revising this book.
And despite all of this, I still wouldn't trade it for the world.


text:
The majority of respondents to Professional Pensions research are worried stock or share bubble may be about to burst.
Among the 119 respondent to this week's Pensions Buzz, 28% said bonds were too costly, 6% said stock markets were poor value, and 17% said both were overpriced. Elsewhere, just 37% of respondents said...
Some of the UK's biggest pension schemes will be forced to report on climate risk in line with recommendations from the Taskforce for Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD).
TPT Retirement Solutions has launched a pension scheme for the education sector which offers schools both defined contribution (DC) and defined benefit (DB) pension provision.
The People's Pension has revealed plans to overhaul its charging structure, cutting fees and returning profits to members with an aim to help people save more money for retirement.
Data consultancy ITM has appointed Akash Rooprai as head of client management to lead its de-risking business.

domain: finance


Read through step-by-step tutorials to help you prepare for any installation pertaining to your plumbing.
The 6 Best Tankless Water Heaters (2023 Review)
Tankless water heaters save energy, provide hot water on-demand, and take up less space when compared to traditional tank water heaters. In this review, the This Old House Reviews Team researched the six best tankless water heaters on Amazon to help you find the product that’s right for you and your home.
All About Septic Tanks
While many homes in the United States use municipal sewers, due to factors like location, some homeowners must opt for septic tanks. Read on to learn a few fundamentals of this sewage system.
Installing a Dishwasher in an Old Kitchen
In this DIY Smarts, Ask This Old House plumbing and heating expert Richard Trethewey and carpenter Nathan Gilbert team up to help a homeowner retrofit a new dishwasher into an old kitchen.
Well Pump Cost and Installation Guide (2022)
The well pump is an integral part of your well system, feeding water into your home for use on a daily basis. In this article, we explain the steps you need to take to repair or replace your broken well pump.
How to Install a French Drain
French drains serve to collect and remove groundwater that would otherwise cause a problem. They’re often used along driveways, in damp areas of a lawn, and around house foundations to help keep the basement or crawlspace dry. Read this guide to learn more about how to install a french drain in your yard.
How to Install a Gas Lantern
Ask This Old House plumbing and heating expert Richard Trethewey travels to St. Louis to install a gas lantern on an original 1890s home in a historic neighborhood.
How to Install a GPS-Enabled Smart Thermostat
Ask This Old House plumbing and heating contractor Richard Trethewey installs a thermostat that can be programmed automatically from a smart phone
Replacing a Kitchen Sink
Give your kitchen a quick update by replacing an old kitchen sink with a new one. Watch as Ask This Old House plumbing and heating expert Richard Trethewey helps a homeowner update a kitchen sink.
How to Install a Reverse Osmosis Water Filter
This Old House plumbing and heating expert Richard Trethewey removes the impurities, VOCs, and excess minerals from water with a simple reverse osmosis water filter system.
Tankless Water Heaters: What You Need to Know Before You Buy
Tired of running out of hot water? That’s not a problem with one of these compact, ultra-efficient units that heat water as you need it. Here’s what you need to know about choosing, installing, and living with a tankless water heater.
How to Install an Electric Heat Pump Water Heater
Ask This Old House plumbing and heating expert Richard Trethewey travels to Celebration, Florida to help a homeowner select and install the right electric water heater
How to Connect an Ice Maker
Ask This Old House plumbing and heating expert Richard Trethewey walks host Kevin O'Connor through the "dos and don'ts" of hooking up an ice maker to a refrigerator
How to Install an Industrial Kitchen Faucet
Ask This Old House plumbing and heating expert Richard Trethewey helps a homeowner add an industrial looking faucet to his kitchen sink
How to Bring Hot Water Outside
Ask This Old House plumbing and heating expert Richard Trethewey helps a homeowner add an outdoor faucet with both hot and cold water
How to Install a Water Saving Toilet
Ask This Old House plumbing and heating expert Richard Trethewey replaces an old toilet with a "Water Sense" solution.
How to Hook Up Washing Machine Plumbing
This Old House plumbing and heating expert Richard Trethewey re-plumbs a washing machine.
Fixing Running Toilets and Dripping Faucets
Simple repairs for two of the most annoying kitchen and bath plumbing problems
How to Replace a Kitchen Sink
Ask This Old House Plumbing and Heating Expert Richard Trethewey explains how to replace a kitchen sink and faucet from start to finish.
Automatic Valve Shut-off for Washing Machines
The Intelliflow turns washing machine water-supply valves on and off, so you don't have to
How to Create Zones in a Hot Water Heating System
In this how-to video, This Old House plumbing and heating contractor Richard Trethewey shows how to share the warmth by installing zone valves.
How to Install a Freezeproof Faucet
Follow this step-by-step guide to learn how to protect your exterior faucets from freezing and bursting in the winter.
How to Install a Kitchen Sink
From costs to tools and plumbing, here’s what to do for a new kitchen sink installation.
How to Stop Your Toilet from Sweating
Dry out your bathroom or install a sweat valve—a little warm water will keep the exterior of your toilets dry all summer long.
Adding Sink Shutoff Valves
How to keep them level. Making this simple change will yield a lifetime of convenience and ensure a quick response.


text:
So today’s Abolish ASUN carnival was fairly successful. We demonstrated what government spending looks like, saw spontaneous order form from free individuals, and generally demolished Statist argument (much to admiration of onlookers, while those arguing in favor of the institution clearly backpeddled from position to position).
But I wanted to share some various anecdotes of what occurred and what each represents.
The Gluttonous Former Senator
A former senator of the ASUN stood in line and grabbed two whole boxes of pizza (while others around him gladly only took two or less slices of pizza). When I pointed out that we would donate the remaining food to a homeless shelter he merely looked up, smiled the shit-eating-est of smiles, and said “I paid my student fees, did they?” He grabbed three more boxes and waddled himself away.
The moral: 1. Coercive institutions can have some serious schmucks for employees (employees, I might add, that can’t be fired), 2. When resources are pooled, there is no incentive have ‘left-overs.’ 3. When people are forced to pay into a system, they tend to lose their humanitarian streak.


text:
Fort Lauderdale ferry port in United States connects you with Freeport in Grand Bahama with a choice of up to 5 ferry crossings per week. The duration of the Fort Lauderdale to Freeport crossing is from 2 hours 30 minutes and the crossing is operated by Balearia Caribbean.
Fort Lauderdale port is located on the south east coast of the Florida peninsula.
Fort Lauderdale ferries arrive and depart from Port Everglades terminal 1. In addition to being one of the worlds most popular cruise ports, Fort Lauderdale serves as a gateway to the Bahamas.
Know as the Venice of America, due to its miles of navigable inland waterways, Fort Lauderdale also offers its visitors a wealth of museums, wildlife, natural wonders, dining, entertainment and shopping.
Fort Lauderdale, Port Everglades 201 Eller Drive, Terminal 21. Fort Lauderdale, FL 33316
If you need to spend a night at or near Fort Lauderdale ferry port before or after your trip or if you are looking for accommodation for your entire stay, please visit our Fort Lauderdale Accommodation page for the best accommodation prices and one of the largest selections available online!

domain: geography


text:
All signs point to another banner year for New Jersey online gambling.
Earlier this month, the New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement released the state’s 2017 revenue numbers for online gambling. The data showed that the state pulled in nearly $250 million in revenue and saw its revenue grow year-on-year for the fourth straight time.
Breaking down the numbers in NJ online gambling
There are no signs that the ever-increasing chip stack that is NJ online gambling revenue will shrink anytime soon.
This year’s $245.6 million in revenue represented an increase of 12.92 percent over 2016. Online casinos anchored that growth, seeing a 15.6-percent jump, a jump that balanced out the 7.82-percent revenue loss in online poker.
This year’s revenue total is a new high, eclipsing 2016’s $196.7 million and 2015’s $148.9 million. Percentage-wise, that’s a 24.8-percent increase and a 64.9-percent increase, respectively.
In addition to impressive year-on-year gains, 2017 saw the NJ online gambling industry post gains month-on-month; the state earned more in each month than they did in 2016.
These numbers are encouraging but not surprising. This past year marked a rebirth of the casino industry in Atlantic City, with seven casinos maximizing their presence in the state and raking in more revenue than ever.
Golden Nugget continues to lead the way among NJ casinos
As far as market share goes, Golden Nugget took the biggest piece of the pie. Here’s a breakdown of each casino’s share of the online gambling revenue:
- Golden Nugget: 29.3 percent
- Borgata: 20.7 percent
- Caesars: 18.3 percent
- Tropicana: 16.2 percent
- Resorts: 15.4 percent
Golden Nugget’s online presence is split three ways: Golden Nugget, Betfair (now FanDuel NJ), and SugarHouse.
The casino’s online sites have been a revenue machine, posting three straight months of $6 million revenue. No other casino in Atlantic City has posted a $5-million month.
Other interesting stats to note:
- Borgata hits $4 million in revenue for the fifth consecutive month
- Resorts’ December month-on-month revenue was down 15 percent
Looking ahead to 2018: Two new casinos on their way
There’s nothing we see in the numbers from the past four years that indicates the state’s online gambling revenue will decline this year. Quite the opposite, actually.
With Hard Rock International opening their Atlantic City hotel this spring and Ocean Resort Casino to open soon after that, it’s almost guaranteed that we’ll see another year of record revenue from AC’s online gambling.
What remains to be seen, though, is how the presence of two new casinos and, presumably, their online casinos, will affect how much revenue the other seven casinos will bring in.
In an interview with NJGS, David Schwartz, director of the Center for Gaming Research at the University of Nevada Las Vegas, said the city’s gambling revenue is like a pizza being divided among hungry people. Adding two more people to the mix may result in some casinos not getting enough to eat.
Right now, it’s clear that Golden Nugget and Borgata will get their slices no matter what. Tropicana and Resorts may be a tenuous position, though, as they have the smallest slices of the state’s current revenue.


text:
Catalog Printing Services
Catalogs give your business a means to put your fine products and services on display. Savvy companies employ catalogs to show off their wares and offer customers an opportunity to order what they see. With striking images and engaging text, a catalog can become a valuable part of your advertising arsenal.
Offering a Selection of Options for High-Quality Catalogs
We can print catalogs for your company at our facility in Irvine, CA. Our printed catalogs provide a number of desirable features, including:
- Glossy print
- High-quality photographs
- The ability to provide input on the text, order of products, and design on the page
You can draw on our experience with catalog production to get the best possible product. Our professional graphic artists know how to list your products in a way that will draw people’s attention and help highlight the things you want to push. We also understand how to arrange the layout to hold the attention of potential customers as they skim through your catalog.
Do you need your catalog fast? We provide quick turnaround times to accommodate your business’s busy schedule. Want to see one of the catalogs we designed? Stop by our facility. We can show you past examples, and you can flip through catalogs to get ideas for your own layouts.
Customized Design for Full-Color Catalogs
Many of the companies we work with have artwork they like to use with their promotional materials. You can upload digital images we use in your catalog, allowing you to create consisting branding across materials. Our graphic artists work with you to come up with designs that speak to your company identity. A few of our most popular layout options include:
- Open combinations
We can help you try out new design ideas as well. You don’t have to stick to the same layouts you have seen elsewhere. We love helping our customers get creative and develop something unexpected.
Catalogs add a layer of professionalism to your organization and help you organize your offerings into one visually appealing marketing material. You can distribute them at meetings, conferences, parties, and other events, or send them out via direct mail. Get started on your catalog design today and contact us for a quote.


A SCHEME of improvements at Chester Railway Station has increased the number of cycle parking spaces from 48 to 157.
Arriva Trains Cymru, in partnership with Network Rail, has installed double-decker cycle racks at two locations in the station.
Cyclist Simon Brown, who regularly catches the train to work in Wrexham, said: “For a long time the cycle parking provision at Chester Station has been totally inadequate.
“Not only was there not enough space to securely leave your cycle but the cycle parking that was previously installed was sited too close together meaning that many of the spaces provided were especially difficult to access.
“With these new double-decker racks not only are there plenty of spaces for the current numbers of cyclists catching trains, but they are far easier to access than before.
“I have been to the Netherlands and have visited Groningen where there are more than 10,000 spaces at the railway station. “Whilst Chester clearly has a long way to go in terms of cycle parking at the station it is seeing what can happen elsewhere that gives you hope that it is possible to substantially increase the number of cycling commuters. Who knows how many cycle spaces we’ll see in Chester in decades to come?”


text:
|Publisher||Russkoye Delo (1888 edited version) |
The Intermediary (1906)
The Triumph of the Farmer or Industry and Parasitism (Russian: Torzhestvo zemledel'tsa ili Trudoljubie i Tunejadstvo) is a treatise by Russian peasant philosopher Timofei Bondarev. The work details Bondarev's labor philosophy, in particular his idea of "bread-labor", by which every man is responsible for the physical labor required to sustain himself. The treatise captivated writer Leo Tolstoy, who began a long correspondence with Bondarev and endeavored for years to see the work published. An abbreviated version was published in 1888, and the full work was published in 1906.
The work details Bondarev's philosophy on morality and labor. In particular, Bondarev explicates the theory of "bread-labor", arguing that all men, regardless of social position, are morally obligated to perform the physical labor necessary to sustain themselves. Bondarev took his inspiration from Genesis 3:19, in which God tells Adam after banishing him from the Garden of Eden: "In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, till thou return unto the ground; for out of it wast thou taken....." Bondarev interprets this not as a curse, but as a commandment that will lead to salvation if followed. According to Bondarev, social inequality, exploitation, and strife are the product of society's failure to adhere to the principal of bread-labor, which he regards as an inexorable moral and religious imperative.
Bondarev was born a serf in southern Russia. In the 1850s, his owner commissioned him into the army for a 25-year term, forcibly separating Bondarev from his wife and children. In the army he abandoned his Russian Orthodox faith and became a Subbotnik. In 1867, he was arrested for apostasy and exiled to a remote village on the Yenisey River for life. As the village's only literate resident, Bondarev founded a school. He spent the next 30 years teaching, farming and developing his philosophy of labor. The culmination of his life's work was his treatise The Triumph of the Farmer or Industry and Parasitism, which he composed primarily in the late 1870s and early 1880s.
In July 1885, another political exile sent a copy of The Triumph of the Farmer to Leo Tolstoy, who had read of it earlier in a journal. Tolstoy was captivated, saying he agreed with "everything in" the manuscript, and started a correspondence with Bondarev, which lasted until Bondarev's death in 1898. Tolstoy went to great lengths to get the work published, but its radical content ran it afoul of government censors. Censors excised it at the last moment from the journal Russian Wealth in 1886 and from Russian Antiquity in 1888. Later in 1888, the weekly Russkoye Delo (The Russian Cause) published an abbreviated version edited by Tolstoy, who also provided a supplementary essay, in issues 12 and 13. The Ministry of Internal Affairs issued a caution and all copies were later destroyed.
The Triumph of the Farmer or Industry and Parasitism was translated into French and English in 1890. Tolstoy worked with the French publishers to produce the translation by V. Tseytline and A. Pages, released in Paris as Le'on Tolstoi et Timothe' Bondareff: Le travail. That year Mary Cruger produced an English translation in Toronto under the name Labour: The Divine Command. This was based not on the original Russian, but on Tseytline and Page's French version. The same year in Chicago James F. Alvord produced another English translation, also adapted from the French version, under the title Toil. Bondarev was unhappy with the quality of the translation and with the abridgments, and communicated his displeasure to both Tolstoy and to Gleb Uspensky. Finally in 1906, eight years after Bondarev's death, Tolstoy's publishing house The Intermediary published The Triumph of the Farmer or Industry and Parasitism in full, along with Tolstoy's introduction.


text:
Lily Import And Export
201 N 9Th St
Lily Import & Export was founded in 2004, and is located at 201 N 9th St in Brooklyn. It employs 1 employees and is generating approximately $79,000.00 in annual revenue.
by dandb on March 19, 2015 from
Privacy & Terms

domain: economics


text:
Cosey Fanni Tutti
"The difficulties I’ve had in life, I could have
been a tortured artist, if I didn’t think fuck this, let’s just
get on with it"
When it comes to British badasses in art and music, Cosey Fanni Tutti is in a league of her own. As part of Throbbing Gristle in the 1970s, she helped pioneer industrial music and her solo shows, modelling work and ‘actions’, as she calls them – including those that were part of the cultish collective and commune COUM Transmissions – blurred the lines between performance art, sex and subversion. Once considered shocking, her gallery shows shut down, now her vision is celebrated.
After TG, Cosey and her partner Chris Carter formed the musical duo Chris and Cosey and moved to the Norfolk countryside, where Cosey takes great pride in her blooming garden. It’s quite a contrast with the machine-led music that comes out of their home studio, which is where Cosey made TUTTI, her first solo album since 1982, and which was released in 2019.
Cosey's autobiography, Art Sex Music, depicts a truly alternative thinker for whom acceptance is the last thing on her mind. An audience with Cosey is a real insight into a life dedicated to the decidedly unsubtle art of not giving a fuck.
This episode is produced by Alison Gardiner.

domain: entertainment


text:
Apple is Requiring iOS Games to Disclose Odds when Purchasing Loot Boxes
Recently, Apple has made some questionable choices when it comes to consumers, yet they have also made one which directly benefits consumers. Loot boxes in games are a bit like booster pack cards, wherein a user can spend money to open a virtual case or card pack and receive an in-game item in return. Games on PC like Counter-Strike: Global Offensive and Hearthstone (which is also on Android and iOS) employ these loot boxes in the form of cases and booster packs respectively. Apple now says that any games which provide these loot boxes on the App Store must disclose the odds of getting different items in each of these loot boxes. Other games that would be affected are The Simpsons: Tapped Out and Clash Royale.
Apple is known for their stringent rules on their App Store—applications must reach a certain quality standard to be released, with Apple actually testing and reviewing applications (though not always) before they even go live. Now with the recent controversy over loot boxes in games, Apple is taking a stance and making sure that app developers disclose their odds. This is in an attempt to mitigate gambling, as these loot boxes are somewhat of a grey area when it comes to defining what they are.
“Apps offering “loot boxes” or other mechanisms that provide randomized virtual items for purchase must disclose the odds of receiving each type of item to customers prior to purchase” – quote from Apple’s updated App Store review guidelines
In China, applications with loot boxes legally have to supply loot box odds somewhere within the application, which is basically what Apple has just started to require. The increased transparency is welcomed by all, but will this change mean that users are less likely to buy them? Maybe, maybe not.
Although this disclosure is not required in apps distributed through the Google Play Store, it will at least provide users of cross-platform games an easy way to view loot box odds by simply navigating to the game’s App Store page. Furthermore, it’s not out of the realm of possibility to see Google eventually follow suit and implement such a requirement. Google has recently announced major changes in the Play Store to crack down on apps targeting older API levels, so they’re not hesitant to roll out sweeping changes to their policies.
Do you think Google should require games with loot boxes to disclose the odds of getting each item? Let us know in the comments below!