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Age of Rats Affects the Degree of Retinal Neuroinflammatory Response Induced by High Acute Intraocular Pressure
Purpose. To investigate whether retinal neuroinflammatory response was affected by aging in a rat model of acute glaucoma. Methods. Young adult and aged rats were randomly assigned into normal control, 45 mmHg, 60 mmHg, and 90 mmHg groups. Intraocular pressure (IOP) of rats was acutely elevated to 45 mmHg, 60 mmHg, and 90 mmHg, respectively. Three days after high IOP treatment, loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), formation of proinflammatory microglia/macrophages and neurotoxic astrocytes, and deposition of complement C3 in the retina were detected by immunofluorescence. ELISA was used to assess the protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-1β in the retina. Results. Compared with young adult retinae, (1) loss of RGCs was more severe in aged retinae under the same IOP treatment, (2) microglia/macrophages were more prone to adopt proinflammatory phenotype in aged retinae in response to elevated IOP, (3) high IOP treatment induced astrogliosis, formation of neurotoxic astrocytes, and deposition of complement C3 more easily in aged retinae, and (4) aged retinae induced higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-1β under the same IOP treatment. Conclusion. Our data indicated that aging affects the degree of retinal neuroinflammatory response initiated by ocular hypertension, which may contribute to the age-related susceptibility of RGCs to elevated IOP.
Glaucoma is an age-related neurodegenerative disease and the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide . It is marked by the degeneration of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons, soma, and synapses . Clinical studies have clearly established that increased intraocular pressure (IOP) is the major risk factor in glaucoma . By now, therapeutic strategy for all types of glaucoma is limited to the reduction of elevated IOP, which does not completely stop the progression of glaucomatous neurodegeneration and visual field defects . Besides IOP, age is another main risk factor of glaucoma [5, 6]. A body of studies has demonstrated that the prevalence of glaucoma increases markedly with advancing age across all populations [1, 7, 8].
Consistent with these findings, we previously identified the existence of the age-related susceptibility of rat retinae to increased IOP . Other reports suggested that age-related mitochondria dysfunction and accumulation of oxidative damage make RGCs more vulnerable to damage in the progression of glaucomatous neurodegeneration [10, 11]. Moreover, chronic exposure of tissue stress (oxidized lipoproteins and free radicals) triggered the low-grade inflammation (parainflammation) in aged retinae . A physiological level of parainflammation was critical for maintaining the retinal homeostasis, but when injuries occurred, dysregulated parainflammation developed into detrimental inflammatory response which exacerbates the glaucomatous neurodegeneration . Similar to other neurodegenerative diseases, resident microglia and astrocytes as well as infiltrated macrophages participated in the retinal neuroinflammatory response in glaucoma . These immune cells could recognize and respond to various stimuli including glaucoma-related stress and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) arising from stressed or damaged RGCs . Recent studies have well established that microglia/macrophages and astrocytes can be activated by these stimuli and transform into the proinflammatory/neurotoxic phenotype [16–19]. In glaucoma, these proinflammatory microglia/macrophages and neurotoxic astrocytes produced proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-12), chemokines (e.g., C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CXCL2), and CXCL10), complement component (e.g., C1q, C3, and C4), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO) to directly induce RGC death or amplify the retinal neuroinflammatory response .
Recent evidence hinted that some microglia and astrocytes lose their ability to maintain homeostasis and adopt a more proinflammatory or “primed” phenotype as a result of the aging process [20–22]. Compared to the resting microglia and astrocytes, these “primed” microglia and astrocytes were more sensitive to inflammatory cues and displayed the more robust inflammatory response, as the higher expression of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines and complement component [23, 24]. Our previous results showed that high IOP treatment induces the more evident activation of microglia/macrophages (characterized by the more IBA1- (ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1-) positive cells and IBA1-positive stained area) in aged retinae than young adult retinae . However, the proinflammatory features of microglia/macrophages have not been identified in this scenario.
In the present study, we detected the formation of proinflammatory microglia/macrophages and neurotoxic astrocytes, deposition of complement C3, and production of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF and IL-1β) in the rat glaucoma model we previously used . These findings raised the possibility that retinal neuroinflammatory response may contribute to the age-related vulnerability of RGCs in glaucoma.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animal and Grouping
Thirty-six young adult (aged 2 months, 200–250 g) and thirty-six aged (aged 15 months, 300-350 g) female Sprague-Dawley rats were supplied from Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China. All rats were housed under controlled environmental conditions on a 12 h light/dark cycle with ad libitum access to food and water. All experiments were approved by the animal ethics committee in the Xiangya Hospital of Central South University. Young adult and aged rats were randomly divided into normal control (; , 6 eyes for retinal whole mounts; , 6 eyes for retinal cross-sections; and , 6 eyes for ELISA test), 45 mmHg (; , 6 eyes for retinal whole mounts; , 6 eyes for retinal cross-sections; and , 6 eyes for ELISA test), 60 mmHg (; , 6 eyes for retinal whole mounts; , 6 eyes for retinal cross-sections; and , 6 eyes for ELISA test), and 90 mmHg (; , 6 eyes for retinal whole mounts; , 6 eyes for retinal cross-sections; and , 6 eyes for ELISA test) groups. IOP of rats in 45 mmHg, 60 mmHg, and 90 mmHg groups was increased acutely to 45 mmHg, 60 mmHg, and 90 mmHg, respectively. All rats were sacrificed with an i.p. overdose of pentobarbital at 3 days after high IOP treatment.
2.2. Acute IOP Model
The animal model was prepared following the reported method [9, 25]. Briefly, under anesthesia of 2% pentobarbital (40 mg/kg), a 30-gauge infusion needle connected to the installation instrument filled with sterile saline was inserted into the anterior chamber of rats. The IOP was raised to 45 mmHg, 60 mmHg, or 90 mmHg for 60 min. After maintenance of 60 min, the 90 mmHg of IOP was decreased through 80 mmHg for 5 min, 70 mmHg for 5 min, 60 mmHg for 5 min, and 30 mmHg for 5 min. For the condition of 45 mmHg and 60 mmHg of IOP, the IOP was directly decreased to 30 mmHg after maintenance of 60 min.
2.3. Retinal Tissue Preparation
After anesthetizing, rats were transcardially perfused with ice-cold 0.9% saline followed by ice-cold 4% paraformaldehyde. The eyeballs were enucleated, and the corneas, lenses, and vitreous bodies were removed. For retinal cross-sections, the remaining eye cups were postfixed overnight in 4% paraformaldehyde at 4°C, placed into 30% sucrose for cryoprotection, and embedded in OCT compound (Tissue-Tek). The 20 μm tissue sections were prepared with a Leica cryostat. For retinal whole mounts, the remaining eye cups were postfixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 1 h, and the whole retinas were dissected and processed as described previously .
For ELISA, rats were transcardiac perfused with ice-cold 0.9% saline. The eyeballs were enucleated and retinae were collected. Then retinae were homogenized by sonication on ice in a digestion buffer containing protease inhibitors (Sigma). The homogenates were treated with centrifugation, protein concentration determination, and denaturation.
Retinal whole mounts and cross-sections were blocked with PBS containing 5% BSA and 0.3% Triton X-100 for 1 h at room temperature and incubated with primary antibodies diluted in PBS containing 5% BSA and 0.1% Triton X-100 overnight at 4°C (rabbit anti-rat RBPMS (RNA-binding protein with multiple splicing), GeneTex, GTX118619, 1 : 500; rabbit anti-rat IBA1, Wako, 019-19741, 1 : 200; mouse anti-rat CD68, Abcam, ab31630, 1 : 200; mouse anti-rat MHC-II (major histocompatibility complex class II), Abcam, ab23990, 1 : 200; mouse anti-rat GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein), Cell Signaling Technology, #3670, 1 : 2000; and rabbit anti-rat C3, Abcam, ab200999, 1 : 200). Then the retinal whole mounts and cross-sections were incubated with secondary antibodies labeled with fluorescent dyes (1 : 1000, Jackson ImmunoResearch) for 2 h at room temperature followed by nuclei staining with DAPI (Vector Laboratories). As negative controls, an adjacent series of sections were processed in parallel without the primary antibodies.
2.5. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Analysis (ELISA)
The levels of secreted TNF and IL-1β in the retinal supernatants were detected by rat TNF (#CSB-E11987r, CUSABIO, China) and IL-1β (#CSB-E08055r, CUSABIO, China) ELISA kits. Briefly, the testing sample and standard sample were added in duplicates to plates precoated with the primary antibody and incubated for 2 h at 37°C. Next, the biotin-labeled secondary antibody was added and incubated for 1 h at 37°C. After incubation, HRP-conjugate reagent was added followed by repeat incubation. Then, tetramethylbenzidine enzyme-substrate (TMB) was added and incubated for 30 min at 37°C. Finally, stop solution was added for stopping the reaction, and the absorbance (OD450) of all BSA Standards and samples were recorded within 5 min.
2.6. Cell Counting and Data Analysis
The central and peripheral regions of the rat retina were defined as previously described . For each retinal whole mount, twelve images from the central and peripheral region of the retina were taken under 20x magnification, respectively, using the Leica DM6000 fluorescence microscope. RBPMS-labeled RGCs in each 20x field were counted. A total RBPMS+ cell number of 12 fields per region were averaged to represent RGC density in the central and peripheral retinae, respectively.
Three sections from each eye for CD68/IBA1, MHC-II/IBA1, and GFAP/C3 double staining were chosen. The proinflammatory microglia/macrophages were defined by colabeling of IBA1 (microglia/macrophages marker) and CD68 (phagocytic marker)/MHC-II (antigen presenting molecular). The neurotoxic astrocytes were defined by colabeling of GFAP (astrocyte marker) and complement C3. Two images from the central region for each retinal cross-section were randomly captured under 40x magnification using the Zeiss LSM780 confocal microscope. The number of CD68+IBA1+ and MHC-II+IBA1+ cells in captured images of the inner retina (including nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer, and inner plexiform layer) was blindly counted, respectively. Relative mean gray value and relative positive area of GFAP and C3 staining in the inner retina were measured by ImageJ.
All data were presented as (). Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test was used to assess the statistical significance. Assessments with were considered significant.
3.1. The Same High IOP Caused More Serious Loss of RGCs in Aged Retinae than in Young Adult Retinae
Loss of RGCs is the major pathological hallmark of glaucoma . Here, we assessed the RGC loss by counting the number of RBPMS- (a specific marker of RGC in the retina) labeled cells in retinal whole mounts of aged and young adult rats 3 days after IOP treatment of 45 mmHg, 60 mmHg, and 90 mmHg (Figure 1). Two-way ANOVA analysis showed that aging exacerbates the loss of RGCs after IOP treatment (, , for central; , , for peripheral). Moreover, increased IOP also exerted effects on RGC loss (, , for central; , , for peripheral). Compared with the normal aged retinae (Figures 1(e) and 1(m)), the number of RGCs in central and peripheral regions of aged retinae was significant decreased since IOP of 45 mmHg compared with the normal aged retinae (Figures 1(f), 1(h), 1(q), 1(n)–1(p), and 1(r)). However, significant loss of RGCs in central and peripheral retinae of young adult rats could not be detected until at 90 mmHg (Figures 1(d), 1(q), 1(l), and 1(r)). Of note, RGC loss was more evident in aged retinae than young adult retinae at each IOP treatment (Figures 1(q) and 1(r)). These results were consistent with our previous data , indicating that aged retinae are more vulnerable to increased IOP compared to young adult retinae.
3.2. Microglia/Macrophages of Aged Retinae Were More Prone to Exhibit Proinflammatory Phenotype than That of Young Adult Retinae after High IOP Treatment
In glaucoma, activated microglia/macrophages could adopt proinflammatory phenotype that contributes to neuronal death by releasing neurotoxic factors . These proinflammatory microglia/macrophages might upregulate CD68, a lysosomal marker indicative of phagocytic activity of microglia/macrophages, and antigen presentation molecule MHC-II . Here, we detected the proinflammatory microglia/macrophages in the inner retina by double immunostaining of IBA1 and CD68/MHC-II (Figure 2). Two-way ANOVA analysis showed that aging significantly increases the number of CD68+IBA1+ and MHC-II+IBA1+ cells 3 days after IOP treatment (, , for CD68+IBA1+ cells; , , for MHC-II+IBA1+ cells). IOP treatment also significantly increased the number of CD68+IBA1+ and MHC-II+IBA1+ cells (, , for CD68+IBA1+ cells; , , for MHC-II+IBA1+ cells). The significant increases in CD68+IBA1+ and MHC-II+IBA1+ cells were detected in aged retinae since IOP of 60 mmHg (Figures 2(g), 2(h), 2(q), 2(o), 2(p), and 2(r)) and in young adult retinae at 90 mmHg (Figures 2(d), 2(q), 2(l), and 2(r)). The number of CD68+IBA1+ and MHC-II+IBA1+ cells in aged retinae was significantly higher than that of young adult retina at 60 and 90 mmHg (Figures 2(q) and 2(r)). These findings suggested that increased IOP induces the proinflammatory activation of microglia/macrophages more easily in aged retinae than young adult retinae.
3.3. Aged Retinae Were More Prone to Induce Astrogliosis and C3 Deposition than Young Adult Retinae in Response to Increased IOP
We previously found that no significant difference of astrogliosis (quantified by the relative mean gray value of reactive astrocyte marker GFAP) exists between young adult and aged retinae under the same high IOP treatment . In the present study, we assessed the astrogliosis represented as the relative mean gray value of GFAP and relative GFAP+ area in the inner retinae (Figure 3). Two-way ANOVA analysis showed that IOP treatment significantly increases the relative mean gray value of GFAP (, ). However, aging shows no effects on the relative mean gray value of GFAP in the inner retina after IOP treatment (, ) (Figure 3). Of note, we found that aging affects the positive staining area of GFAP after IOP treatment (, ). Moreover, IOP treatment significantly increased the GFAP+ area in the inner retinae (, ). Significant increase in the GFAP+ area in the young adult retinae was not detected until at IOP of 90 mmHg (Figures 3(a)–3(d), YB). The GFAP+ area in aged retinae was increased since IOP of 60 mmHg (Figures 3(e)–3(h), YB). Additionally, the GFAP+ area in aged retinae was significantly higher than young adult retinae at 60 mmHg (Figure 3, YB). These results suggested that strong astrogliosis is induced more easily in aged retinae than young adult retinae.
Reactive astrocytes might adopt neurotoxic phenotype in glaucoma to drive neurodegenerative process . These neurotoxic astrocytes are marked by the production of complement C3 . Recent studies identified that retinal deposition of C3 contributes to glaucomatous neurodegeneration . We saw the upregulation of C3 within astrocytes in both aged and young adult retinae in response to elevated IOP (Figures 3(q)–3(t) and 3(u)–3(x)). Further, we assessed the C3 deposition in the inner retinae by measurement of the relative mean gray value of C3 and C3+ areas (Figure 3, ZA and ZB). We found that aging affects the relative mean gray value (, ) and positive staining area (, ) of C3. In addition, IOP treatment dramatically increased the relative mean gray value (, ) and positive area (, ) of C3. We found that the relative mean gray value and positive area of C3 in aged retinae are not different from that of young adult retinae at the normal control (Figures 3(i) and 3(m), ZA and ZB). The increase in the relative mean gray value of C3 was detected in aged retinae since IOP of 45 mmHg, whereas the C3+ area was increased at 60 and 90 mmHg (Figures 3(n)–3(p), ZA and ZB). However, significant increase in the relative mean gray value and C3+ area could not be detected in young adult retinae until at IOP of 90 mmHg (Figure 3(l), ZA and ZB). Moreover, aged retinae showed significantly higher levels of the relative mean gray value of the C3 at 60 mmHg and C3+ area at 60 and 90 mmHg than young adult retinae (Figure 3, ZA and ZB). These results suggested that reactive astrocytes may be more primed to adopt neurotoxic phenotype in aged retinae than in young adult retinae, which is characterized by the higher levels of C3 deposition in the inner part of retinae.
3.4. High IOP Treatment Induced Higher Production of Proinflammatory Cytokines in Aged Retinae than in Young Adult Retinae
Proinflammatory microglia/macrophages and neurotoxic astrocytes produced various proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF and IL-1β to mediate neuroinflammatory response [28, 32]. Here, we detected the protein levels of TNF and IL-1β in rat retinae by ELISA (Figures 4(a) and 4(b)). Two-way ANOVA results suggested that aging seriously affects the TNF and IL-1β protein levels after IOP treatment (, , for TNF; , , for IL-1β). Moreover, IOP treatment significantly increased the TNF and IL-1β protein levels (, , for TNF; , , for IL-1β). We saw that TNF protein levels are dramatically increased in aged retinae since IOP of 45 mmHg (Figure 4(a)). The increase in TNF protein levels in young adult retinae could not be detected until at IOP of 90 mmHg (Figure 4(a)). The protein levels of IL-1β in aged retinae were significantly elevated since IOP of 60 mmHg (Figure 4(b)). Young adult retinae showed modest but not statistically significant increase in IL-1β levels at 90 mmHg () (Figure 4(b)). The protein levels of TNF in aged retinae were significantly higher than that of young adult retinae at each IOP treatment (Figure 4(a)). Aged retinae also showed higher degree of IL-1β protein levels than that of young adult retinae since IOP of 60 mmHg (Figure 4(b)). Collectively, these data indicated that high IOP treatment induces stronger neuroinflammatory response in aged retinae compared to young adult retinae.
The purpose of this study was to investigate if age of rats affects the retinal neuroinflammatory response in acute rat glaucoma. Here, we demonstrated that compared to young adult retinae, (1) RGCs in aged retinae are more susceptible to acute IOP elevation, (2) microglia/macrophages are more prone to adopt the proinflammatory phenotype in response to IOP elevation in aged retinae, (3) astrogliosis and C3 deposition are induced more easily in aged retinae, and (4) high IOP treatment induces higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines in aged retinae. These results supported that aged retinae induce more severe neuroinflammatory response than young adult retinae in acute glaucoma.
Loss of RGCs was the main pathological hallmark of glaucomatous degeneration . In our previous study, loss of neurons at ganglion cell layer (GCL) after high IOP treatment was measured by counting the number of NeuN+ cells in retinal cross-sections. Here, we quantified the loss of RGCs by counting RBPMS+ (a specific marker of RGC in retina) cells in retinal whole mounts. The results of RGC loss in this study were consistent with the findings we have previously reported , which indicates the existence of age-related susceptibility of RGC to elevated IOP.
In glaucoma, microglia/macrophages might transform into “ameboid” morphology and upregulate phagocytosis-associated protein CD68, antigen presentation molecule MHC-II, and other neurotoxic molecules, displaying the proinflammatory and phagocytic phenotypes [34, 35]. In the present study, we saw the upregulation of CD68 and MHC-II in IBA1+ microglia/macrophages of the retina after high IOP treatment. We found that significant increase in CD68+IBA1+ and MHC-II+IBA1+ cells could not be detected in young adult retinae until IOP of 90 mmHg. However, aged retinae increased CD68+IBA1+ and MHC-II+IBA1+ cells at 60 mmHg and more as IOP increased. Moreover, the number of CD68+IBA1+ and MHC-II+IBA1+ cells in aged retinae was significantly higher than young adult retina at 60 and 90 mmHg. These findings indicated that microglia/macrophages are more prone to adopt proinflammatory phenotype in aged retinae in response to elevated IOP. Recent studies discovered several factors contribute to the age-related proinflammatory changes in retinal microglia, including the altered metabolism and reduced immunoregulatory signaling (e.g., CX3CL1-CX3CR1 and CD200-CD200R signaling) from the retinal neurons . In addition, Tang et al. unraveled that epigenetic modification may induce the aged-related proinflammatory alterations in microglia . In their reports, decreased expression of histone demethylases Jumonji domain-containing protein 3 (Jmjd3) and increased levels of Tri-methylation lysine 27 of histone H3 (H3K27me3) were detected in the midbrain of aged mice, which is accompanied by the upregulation of proinflammatory microglia markers (TNF, IL-6, and nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2)) and downregulation of anti-inflammatory microglia marker Arginase-1 (Arg-1) .
Recent studies identified that neurotoxic astrocytes were major effectors to drive glaucomatous neurodegeneration [29, 37]. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying how these neurotoxic astrocytes contribute to the damage of retinal neurons remained unclear. As the specific marker of neurotoxic astrocytes, complement C3 was tightly associated with neuroinflammation . Lian et al. found that astrocyte-released C3 impaired dendritic morphology and network functions of cortical neurons through neuronal C3aR (C3a receptor) . On the other hand, astrocyte-derived C3 could induce the proinflammatory activation of microglia via triggering the microglial C3aR . In the present study, we firstly detected the degree of astrogliosis by immunostaining of reactive astrocyte marker GFAP. We found that high IOP treatment induces the increase in GFAP+ area more easily in aged retinae than in young adult retinae. The obvious GFAP-positive processes in the inner plexiform layer were observed in aged retinae at IOP of 60 mmHg, while the GFAP+ area in young adult retinae was limited to the ganglion cell layer under the same IOP. These findings implied that astrocytes in aged retinae may be more sensitive to increased IOP.
Next, we found upregulation of C3 within astrocytes in both young adult and aged retinae in response to increased IOP, suggesting the formation of neurotoxic astrocytes. Recent studies have identified that C3 contributes to glaucomatous neurodegeneration . Here, we showed higher degree of C3 deposition in aged retinae than in young adult retinae since IOP of 60 mmHg. These findings might provide evidence for the existence of age-related proinflammatory changes in retinal astrocytes. In fact, recent studies unraveled that normal aging can induce the proinflammatory changes of astrocytes in the mouse brain, which is characterized by the upregulation of genes involved in complement, inflammatory cytokines, and antigen presentation pathways . Of note, it was identified that aging-induced proinflammatory changes of astrocytes is mediated by microglia-released inflammatory signal (TNF, IL-1β, and C1q) factors. This indicated that aging-induced alterations of microglia and astrocytes may be a coordinative process .
Proinflammatory microglia/macrophages and neurotoxic astrocytes were the main source of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF and IL-1β in the context of glaucoma . Several studies revealed that TNF/TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) signaling can directly induce RGC death via proteolytic caspase cascade, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative damage [41–43]. On the other hand, TNF and IL-1β could promote the proinflammatory activation of microglia/macrophages and astrocytes in the autocrine or amacrine manner, which further amplifies the neuroinflammatory response . Thus, we detected the TNF and IL-1β protein levels to evaluate the degree of retinal neuroinflammatory response after different IOP treatments. We found that significant increase in TNF protein levels cannot be detected in young adult retinae until IOP of 90 mmHg. In addition, young adult retinae showed a slight but not statistically significant increase in IL-1β at 90 mmHg. However, aged retinae upregulate TNF and IL-1β levels at IOP of from 45 to 90 mmHg. Besides, upregulation of TNF and IL-1β in aged retinae was significantly higher than that of young adult retina under the same IOP. These findings indicated that elevated IOP might induce a more severe neuroinflammatory response in aged retinae than young adult retinae.
Taken together, our findings highlighted that aging can seriously affect the degree of retinal neuroinflammatory response in acute rat glaucoma. This might explain the age-related vulnerability of RGCs to increased IOP. Further studies should identify the molecular mechanisms that drive the age-related proinflammatory changes within microglia/macrophages and astrocytes, which may provide the promising target for glaucoma treatment.
The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81900890, No. 81670858, and No. 81974134), Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Hunan, China (No. 2021JJ40991, No. 2021JJ70147), and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2018M643004).
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domain: biology


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Multlingual Song at MILK Cafe Glasgow
Friday,16 August, 2019 7 – 9 p.m.
An evening of singing and song sharing.
There will be singing in various languages including Spanish, French, Swedish and Macedonian.
Come and join in and maybe share some songs in your own language.
Everyone welcome, and no pressure to join in, just a safe space to share songs and music.
MILK Cafe, 452 Victoria Road, G42 8YU
This section: Community event
Filed under: Community event
- Carols in the Garden, Wilton Street, Glasgow West End
- Light Up Maryhill
- G20 and The Children’s Wood Christmas Fair
- Making Her Mark Launch Event
- Spot The Signs Renfrewshire
- Samhain: fire and jam session Halloween, North Kelvin Meadow
- Paisley Halloween Festival 2019
- Let’s Go Green Family Day Kelvin Hall
- Glasgow Wood Recycling, October Sale
- Thank Funk It’s Friday, South
- Black History Month Street Level Photography Temporary Hoarding Magazine and Anti-Racist Graphics
- CINE[STHESIA]: Filmichean Gàidhlig/ Gaelic Films Ghlaschu Mod 2019
- Planting Day at North Kelvin Meadow – Come Along and Volunteer
- Torchlight Parade St Andrew’s Day, WEF
- St Bride’s Knit and Natter Group, Hyndland.
- G20 Festival GBX Fundraiser
- East End Free Festival
- The Rebirth of the Clyde, Fairfield Heritage
- Bowled Over, Partickhill Bowling and Community Club
- Multlingual Song at MILK Cafe Glasgow

domain: entertainment


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(KGTV) – The company that operates Rubio’s Coastal Grill restaurants has filed for bankruptcy protection, citing the COVID-19 pandemic as one of the reasons for its decision.
Reuters reported Monday that the Carlsbad-based company filed a restructuring plan that includes a plan to reduce its debt.
The company confirmed in a statement that it “filed a prepackaged plan with the acceptance of its lenders, and voluntarily filed petitions for protection under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware.”
Additionally, Rubio’s said they expect “to complete its restructuring by the end of the year." The company has 47 locations in San Diego County and more than 1,000 local employees.
"It was COVID that got us here, a very extraordinary situation, such as that we find ourselves in this position," co-founder Ralph Rubio said in an interview. "The great news is all of our restaurants are open, everybody is still employed, we're still operating just as we were before."
Marc Simon, president and CEO of Rubio’s, said: “Rubio’s entered the year in a strong financial position, which has helped the Company remain flexible in navigating the unprecedented impact of the pandemic. The agreement with our sponsor and lenders will position the Company to thrive in this constantly evolving market. This plan will strengthen our finances and allow us to continue to serve our loyal guests and drive our business forward.”
Rubio added, in a company statement: “COVID-19 has had a significant impact on Rubio’s, like most businesses, and I’m proud of how we have responded to the challenge. Our investments in critical digital technologies in 2019, including online ordering, a mobile app, a new loyalty program and Rubio’s delivery, allowed us to pivot swiftly under varying state and county restrictions. We quickly launched family meal kits and shifted to takeout, curbside pickup and free delivery operations, allowing our guests to enjoy our delicious food when and where they want it. This restructuring plan creates the long-term financial stability we need to continue to serve our communities for years to come.”
Despite the bankruptcy filing, company officials said all of its more than 150 locations in Arizona, California, and Nevada will continue to operate as normal.
Rubio told ABC-10 that sales plummeted in the first two months of the pandemic, but have since recovered to just single-digit percentages off from last year's sales.
Legal filings show Rubio's has $50 million to $100 million in assets, but $100 million to $500 million in liabilities.
The company permanently shut down 26 locations in Colorado and Florida due to “this year’s unforeseeable business circumstances.” Those locations had been temporarily closed at the onset of the pandemic.
Rubio’s, known for its fish tacos, first started as a taco stand in Mission Bay in 1983.

domain: news


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American socialite Paris Hilton has reportedly split from her beau Good Charlotte guitarist Benji Madden after romancing him for 9 months. According to sources, the hotel heiress had been busy with her filming commitments and she had been staying away from him most of the time.
Recently, the socialite had attended a party alone at Mokai nighclub in Miami on November 15 night. She was also spotted getting real cosy with her ex-boyfriend Stavros Niarchos.
It is said that My New BFF star is saddened by the breakup but they're just too different and they wanted different things in life. "He was loyal and sweet but it was time to take a break," a source quoted Paris saying.
They started dating in February when she started visiting her best friend Nicole Richie. It is also said that Paris is the real reason behind Benji break up with singer Sophie Monk.

domain: celebrity


The mission of the Del Norte Local Transportation Commission is to prepare, plan and fund transportation programs for the citizens of Del Norte County.
The Commission welcomes your comments and input. To submit your comments, download the printable form (PDF) which can be completed and mailed. Thank you for helping us to better serve Del Norte County’s transportation needs or email the Tamera Leighton, DNLTC Executive Director at email@example.com.
The Program Manager would serve as the consultant for the Del Norte Walk and Roll to School program for Bees Maxwell and Joe Hamilton Elementary Schools to improve the health of our children by encouraging active transportation. Proposals due by February 24, 2015. Click the link above for more information.
January Public Input Meetings! January 26, 27, and 28. Click below for more information. Del Norte Local Transportation Commission has been advocating for improvements on US Highway 101 at Last Chance Grade since its inception in 1982. The documents posted on the Caltrans’ project website tracks the State’s more recent efforts and their conclusions leading to …More
This project is top priority for the DNLTC. Completed, it will remove restrictions on commercial truck traffic, improve public safety and encourage economic development. However, a recent injunction has placed the project on hold and funding in jeopardy. Opinion or False Statement? The facts about safety on US Highway 199. Please read the recent Opinion …More
The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) is currently developing the Interregional Transportation Strategic Plan (ITSP), the long-range planning document that helps prioritize transportation projects across the state and supports Caltrans’ role in improving the interregional movement of people, vehicles, and goods. The ITSP guides Interregional Transportation Improvement Program (ITIP) funds towards intercity rail corridors and …MoreMore


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both have been helpful in deﬁning clear limits and frames to the size of study modules. Regular assessments of the content, careful planning and co-ordination of the study-modules have also helped. Students’ regular feedback and the intensive co-operation between teachers (in the units, on national and international level) also keep the workload at a reasonable level.
3.4. Occupations for Gender Studies Graduates This part discusses the employment opportunities for Gender graduates. It is based, among other sources, on the ﬁndings of the FP5 research project (2001-2003) on ‘Employment and Women’s Studies: The Impact of Women’s Studies Training on Women’s Employment in Europe’ (EWSI). It refers extensively to the volume Gabrielle Grifﬁn, ed., Doing Women’s Studies. Employment Opportunities, Personal Impacts and Social Consequences (2005) based on the research project. In general, “Women’s Studies graduates predominately end up in ﬁve employment sectors: research and education, equal opportunities, civil society, journalism and information, and the social and health sector.” (Silius 2005, 118) The jobs they have are: “(…) equality adviser, representative for an association, secretary, project manager, editor, ofﬁce manager, researcher, social worker, journalist, archivist, policewoman, museum guide, librarian, planning ofﬁcer of a programme at university, lecturer, midwife, teacher, childcare worker, coordinator, architect, psychologist. In some countries, graduates also had jobs in NGOs.” However, some students “(…) continued their studies, working on their master’s degree or doctorate. Some recent graduates were looking for work, participating in voluntary work, or creating a family.” (Silius 2005, 117) Gender Studies shares with many of the humanities and with studies in law that graduates ﬁnd jobs in a wide range of occupations. For Gender Studies this broad range is complicated by the fact that there is not one ‘core occupation’ such as lawyer for those who study law, or teacher for those who study a language or history. For many outsiders equal opportunities policies are the core business of Gender Studies, but for stakeholders in the ﬁeld this is incorrect. The broad and diversiﬁed ﬁeld of knowledge production on gender in art, in society, in economics, in culture, in politics, in health, in international relations, 49
Published on Jan 18, 2011
Published on Jan 18, 2011
Tuning Educational Structures in Europe The name Tuning was chosen for the project to refl ect the idea that universities do not look for u...

domain: sociology


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Show Notes: — A coup is underway in the U.K. to scuttle Brexit — Jeremy Corbyn will not be allowed to run the U.K. —
Ethereum, simply put, builds on Bitcoin’s ledger system to create ‘smart contracts’ that can house more nuanced information. Ethereum can close a property transfer (like buying a house) with all of the legally necessary information embedded and verified.
But, more importantly, we can build distributed applications (DAPPS) on top of the Ethereum blockchain. For me this means the end of voting fraud. One person, one vote. Verified in the blockchain. No singular nodes of corruption like a Supervisor of Elections stuffing a ballot box, or Diebold machines programmed to George Soros’ preferred outcome.
— Trump is at the G-7 taking control of things from Germany
— Catalonia’s push for independence is gathering no moss
— Bitcoin is proving Gresham’s Law correct, looking at $3000 now.
— OPEC no longer controls the price of oil, the Saudis are suing for peace
Angela Merkel will not be pleased. Catalonia has issued an ultimatum to the Spanish government. Allow and respect the results of our secession referendum or we leave now.


Just a little heads up about a few very good sources.
First for a little reading, anyone who even thinking about making or organising a sound library should read these articles. I read them and actually saved them as they are so useful! Written by the excellent field recordist and blogger/writer Paul Virostek:
My second weekend suggestion is the latest Tonebenders podcast with Michael Raphael being the guest. You can learn about MS, dual-MS, XY and ORTF techniques, listen to examples and hear some opinions about the usage of those. Really valuable information not only if you’re plan to record in these formats, but even some very good tips and opinions about using the recordings in surround, stereo and mono.


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Music & Entertainment
Karaoke Night Fundraiser at UUCQC
Music on the Lawn this Saturday!
Theresa Caputo, from TLC's Long Island Medium, will be featured at the Adler Theatre on Tuesday, November 12.
Blues Duos Come to Live Music Night at Pepperjack’s American Food & Spirits
The Music Man in Concert
Theatre Cedar Rapids
West Music Quad Cities to Host Steinway Artist BK Davis
America's Got Talent Live Tour Coming to Adler Theatre
Iowa State Fair to Close with Talent Aplenty
CCHS Alumni and UOI graduate returns to perform at his high school Performing Arts Center prior to chasing his dream as a musician!
Director Hosted Documentary Screening Aug 26th
Governor Quinn Proclaims Dennis Farina Day in Illinois
Hardacre Film Festival Announces 2013 Award-Winning Films
Hardacre Film Festival
Skip-a-Long Child Development Services Moline Kids’ Choir to Sing at Southpark Mall
Great Seats Available for Iowa State Fair Grandstand Shows
Brucemore’s Cabaret in the Courtyard Presents Sidney Wingfield and Chase Garrett
"Eric Clapton’s Crossroads Guitar Festival 2013" Comes to Nearly 500 Select U.S. Cinemas August 13
Trinity Broadcasting Network Launches Full-Power Christian TV Station in Illinois-Iowa Quad Cities
New Anthem: local Christian recording project
ABSOLUTELY JASON STUART Podcast on TradioV!
Twentieth Anniversary Bluesmore Music Festival: Lineup Includes Lucky Peterson featuring Tamara Peterson, The Scott Holt Band, and LCBS All Stars

domain: artistic


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Veteran Ghanaian musician, Michael Kwabena Okyere Darko, popularly known as Obrafour, has eulogized budding Sunyani-based artiste Joe Felix.
After an encounter with Joe Felix at Apollo FM in the Western Region, Obrafour stated emphatically that the future of Ghana’s music industry is very bright.
Joe Felix, who was preparing towards the 2018 edition of ‘October to Remember’ at Bogoso–together with Obrafour gave an impressive freestyle on air and the ‘Rap Sofo’ couldn’t hide his joy.
Obrafour disclosed that he was overwhelmed by Joe Felix’s creativity.
“How did he manage to use my name in his rap, it was too short for any rapper to create this kind of deep rap. I am very impressed.
“Ghana music has a brighter future if you have upcoming artistes so prepared to surprise his audience with a quality rap like he just did and he did that with so much composure, confidence and calmness. Even though we are meeting for the first time but I think this guy here call Joe Felix will go to places…and I believe guys like this holds the future of Ghana music, people should mark it down. He will light up the stage soon,” he said.
Joe Felix expressed his profound gratitude to Obrafour for his advice and words of encouragement.
He explained Obrafour has been his role model in his musical career and it was his singular honour meeting and sharing a stage with him.
When asked what fans should expect, Joe Felix said Ghanaians should expect something big in the next few months.
He thanked his fans for their massive support and pledge not to disappoint them. To him, hard work pays.
Joe Felix’s latest song ‘Rozay’–which featured D Cryme is enjoying a massive airplay in some parts of the country.


Coronavirus: Commission issues guidelines to protect critical European assets and technology in current crisis
The European Commission issued guidelines to ensure a strong EU-wide approach to foreign investment screening in a time of public health crisis and related economic vulnerability. The aim is to preserve EU companies and critical assets, notably in areas such as health, medical research, biotechnology and infrastructures that are essential for our security and public order, without undermining the EU’s general openness to foreign investment. President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen said: “If we want Europe to emerge from this crisis as strong as we entered it, then we must take precautionary measures now. As in any crisis, when our industrial and corporate assets can be under stress, we need to protect our security and economic sovereignty. We have the tools to deal with this situation under European and national law and I want to urge Member States to make full use of them. The EU is and will remain an open market for foreign direct investment. But this openness is not unconditional.” Commissioner for Trade, Phil Hogan, said: “We are facing an unprecedented public health crisis with deep consequences for the European economy. In the EU, we are and wish to remain open to foreign investment. In the current circumstances, we need to temper this openness with appropriate controls. We need to know who invests and for what purpose. The EU and its Member States have the right legal tools for that. Today’s guidelines call upon Member States to use these tools to the fullest extent and will bring additional clarity on how to use our investment screening framework to prevent a sell-off of strategic EU assets in the current crisis.” Protection of the EU strategic assets is also subject of discussions between President von der Leyen and EU leaders in today’s European Council video conference. For more information, see the press release and the guidelines available online.


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Jim Jones and Entertainment One announced the Harlem rap star is relaunching the ByrdGang collective with a new record label and compilation album. For Jones, the collaboration with eOne is a full-circle moment for Capo. Jones’s first four albums were released through the label when it used to be called KOCH Records.
Jones and ByrdGang 2.0 members Dyce Payso and Keen Streetz are starting things off with their new single “Go Girl” off the forthcoming “Byrdgang 2.0” full-length project.
“Go Girl” is a classic uptown NY record sure to make the streets go wild and the strip clubs go crazy as the weather gets hotter. Dyce sets the tone with an easy-breezy chorus, while Jim and Keen kick cool bars like running under a hydrant on a hot summer day. “Go Girl” is produced by Cover Cod (Fat Joe, Benny the Butcher, Maino).


if fsck exits with error code 4 no way for non-experts to recover
|Dimitri John Ledkov|
Binary package hint: sysvinit
When mounting the rootfs fails because of fsck exiting with error code >= 4 the user sees a message that he/she needs to manually run a file system check. It does not tell the user how to do that. A non-expert is left in the dark at this point how to restore his system.
Booting into recovery mode (and use the fsck option there) does not work either because the checkroot.sh is still run and drops to a shell.
I would like to improve the error output to contain instructions what the user needs to do, something like:
@@ -320,9 +320,10 @@
# Surprise! Re-directing from a HERE document (as in "cat << EOF")
# does not work because the root is currently read-only.
-A manual fsck must be performed, then the system restarted.
+A manual fsck must be performed, then the system restarted.
The fsck should be performed in maintenance mode with the
root filesystem mounted in read-only mode."
+ log_failure_msg "Please run \"fsck $rootdev\" manually to fix the problem."
A maintenance shell will now be started.
After performing system maintenance, press CONTROL-D
In addition we may consider ignoring this failure and continue booting in ro-mode when the user selects the recovery option and/or check for /usr/share/


While many fuels may include engine-cleaning additives, the fact is that these comprise a very small percentage of the total chemical make-up of that gasoline. So, the cleaning job is a little like putting half a drop of dishwashing liquid in your sink and expecting it to cut through the grease. This becomes even more of an issue when the fuel doesn’t touch the back side of the valves at all, as in direct-injection engines, so there’s no chance that the deposits that build up on the back side and the stems of your valves will be cleaned off by the fuel, without complete disassembly of your engine. Or so one might think. CRC Industries has developed its aerosol GDI IVD Intake Valve Cleaner with 150 times more concentrate of advanced COzol than any petrol on the market. Applied directly into the back of the valves through the intake, it removes the built-up carbon deposits that form in any engine, GDI or not — they simply tend to build up faster in GDI engines.
Why do we need to worry about these deposits? Well, your engine’s performance for one. As these deposits build up, they begin to restrict airflow into the head and weaken the seal between the valve and seat. This will cause increased fuel consumption, poor emissions, and a loss of power and throttle response.
How to apply
It’s a pretty easy application process to use CRC GDI IVD Intake Valve Cleaner, although the process will differ depending on your engine and chassis. On a car with a mass-airflow (MAF) sensor, you’ll want to locate the sensor and remove the intake pipe off the front. It’s important to do it this side, as the engine still needs to be able to run. On any vehicle without a MAF sensor, simply remove your filter and you’re ready to spray. It’s turbo and intercooler safe, so spraying directly into the turbo is fine, and has the added benefit of cleaning both components.
Before spraying, ensure the engine is up to running temp. Insert the spray nozzle past the MAF sensor, as any spray on the sensor could cause a fault code to be thrown. Get someone to hold the throttle at 2000rpm, then spray in 30-second intervals until the 400ml can is empty. If you find the engine tries to stall, simply increase throttle pressure, but do not exceed 3500rpm. Once the can is empty, let the car idle for a minute then switch off and let it heat soak for an hour. Use this time to reassemble anything you have disassembled, ready for the final part — 10 minutes of 100-kilometre-per-hour driving.
Key points to remember
- Spray directly into your intake while maintaining 2000rpm.
- Do not spray onto the MAF sensor — spray past it using the Permastraw.
- Use the entire 400ml can in one treatment.
- Do not exceed 3500rpm during treatment.
- Let the engine heat soak for an hour after treatment, followed by 10 minutes of ‘highway’ driving.
- Treat the engine every 16,000km to maintain the system.
Check out crc.co.nz for more info.


Jinan Chenyang Technology Co., Ltd. still remembered the time when we successfully developed the new product - Automatic 3d pellet extruded corn puffed snack food machine. The product is absolutely new and has something different in it. At Jinan Chenyang Technology Co., Ltd., it is our goal to provide the highest quality products and superior service to our customers, both being our top priority. Since our inception, Jinan Chenyang Technology Co., Ltd. have been striving forward with the aim of being a leading company in the globe. We will focus more on improving our R&D capabilities and upgrading technologies in order to develop more creative products, therefore leading the industry trends and keeping us competitive in the market.
|Applicable Industries:||Food & Beverage Factory, puffed snack food machine||Showroom Location:||Egypt, Italy, Viet Nam, Philippines, Brazil, Peru, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Pakistan, Mexico, Spain, Thailand, Morocco, Kenya, Argentina, South Korea, Chile, Colombia, Algeria, Sri Lanka, Romania, Bangladesh, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, Nigeria, Uzbekistan, Japan|
|Video outgoing-inspection:||Provided||Machinery Test Report:||Provided|
|Marketing Type:||New Product 2022||Warranty of core components:||1 Year|
|Core Components:||PLC, Engine, Bearing, Gearbox, Motor, Pressure vessel, Gear, Pump||Condition:||New|
|Place of Origin:||Shandong, China||Brand Name:||Chenyang|
|Voltage:||380V/50HZ or customizable||Power:||30-75KW or customizable|
|Weight:||3000 KG||Dimension(L*W*H):||36000*1200*2000mm or customizable|
|Key Selling Points:||Easy to Operate||Product name:||Automatic 3d pellet extruded corn puffed snack food machine|
|Raw material:||grain flour||Capacity:||100-300kg/h|
|Inveter brand:||Simens||Advantage:||Easy Operation High Performance|
|Application:||snacks food machine||After Warranty Service:||Video technical support|
Automatic 3d pellet extruded corn puffed snack food machine
wheat flour, potato starch, potato flour, corn starch, cassava starch, etc.
Mixer--Extruder--Pulling Cutter-Compound Shaper--Roller Drum--Vibration Cooler--Hoister--Dryer--Fryer--Flavoring
triangle bugles, potato food and other 3D Pellet with various shapes.
Stainless steel 304 201 or as customer’s request
Electricity ,Diesel, Steam ,Gas
Easy to carry, Long shelf life
Double/Single Screw Extruder
Main Motor Power
The material is thrown up on the screen and moves forward in a straight line
Change the material into the drying box when the material is not uniform.
Double Roller Flavor Machine
1. Are you manufacturer or trader?
A: Certainly we are manufacturer. Welcome to visit us to check it!
2. Do you supply formula to buyers?
A: Yes, we supply free formula to buyers.
3. What kind of fuels we can choose?
A: You can choose gas, diesel, electricity, steam as fuels, but please tell us when you ask for quotation.
4. How much are a corn puffed snack food machine needs?
A: The best way is telling us your workshop area, then we will draw a draft for you to ensure the rational use of your space.
5. If the power supply is not 3ph 380V 50HZ, could you offer the suitable machine?
A: Yes, we can offer the suitable machine according to your power supply, for example 3ph 380V 60HZ, 3ph 415V 60 HZ, 3ph 220V 60HZand so on.
6. Do you supply packing machine?
A: We have long-term cooperation packing machine supplier, we will help to contact them.
Talk To Us About Your Next Automation Project?
Get in touch and let us know how we can help you. If you have any questions about our products or services, feel free to reach out to customer service team.
Our factory covers an area of more than 8,000 square meters and has more than 200 sets of various production lines and mechanical equipment.


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-KICK ASS DECK - Josh has this planned out. It is going to be amazing. It should run the full length of the back of the house and have space for a hot tub, dining, and lounging. It's really going to be a wonderful part of our lives. We spray for mosquito's and it is just so pleasant here in the summer.
Set up middle barn room into a tool room that is organized and under control.
Deep clean the party barn area.
Blow out the loft and let kids work with me on how to keep making it cool.
Sunflower bed. Staggered with different height plants. Harvest seeds for chicken feed.
Greenhouse and Shed
Clean out dog area
Start meal worm pins to feed the chickens and ducks.
Lily's desk - Use our old metal cabinets cleaned and painted with a counter top to be her desk.
Max desk - built into his closet with wall ladder to loft area.
Boys bathroom mirror up.
Master bedroom - headboard and wall art
Living room - new couch and chairs or love seat

domain: design


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Short Cut Tarwewijk
On March 19, 2016, 200 people hiked along one straight long line directly through the open spaces and private yards of the Tarwewijk (Rotterdam). The group went through front doors and out backdoors into the neighbours yard on the following street. The continuous line included schools, churches, homes and gardens that were randomly selected. It crossed not only the picturesque places but also the architectural highlights, historical buildings, average homes, and forgotten corners. The line crossed seamlessly from one location into the next.
There were negotiations with each resident or owner of a location so that the line would flow without interruption. An important motive for the promenade was to create an experience of seeing a familiar urban environment from another perspective. Short Cut Tarwewijk is a poetic mechanism that sets the scene for equality and breaks apart hierarchies: equality because everyone is engaged in the same activity (in a line); power structures that fall apart because people see their surroundings in a different way.
As a result, the hike could create a reflection about the basic idea that a city is just a collection of properties and structures. ‘Maybe they will shed a new light on the lost, utopian idea of shared spaces or the communal.’
(Film/ Full HD: 30′:00”)
Discussion Short Cut Tarwewijk
Thank you for your contribution, Stijn. It makes a great case for reflecting on how to reclaim public and common spaces in the city through simple actions. I find the idea of the ‘straight line’ very fascinating, as much as problematic: it represents, as you suggest, equality at its best, but I am afraid that in an attempt to ‘equalize’ the urban landscape we loose sensibility for the conflicts, the differences, the tensions, etc. Is there a way in which the ‘participatory’ nature of the walk won’t hinder the possibility of visibilising the tensions specific to the spaces that it passes through? How can you make the negotiations with local residents central part of such a project, rather than the result (being able to pass through ‘without interruption’)?
thank you for your appropriate remark. To answer this I first have to make a distinction between two different shapes of the work: the performance (and preparation of the walk) and the document(s)/ film(s) which are meant to be seen in a gallery/ museum. This distinction is important in the context of one of the main subjects of my practice, which I would describe as a constantly reflective search for the art space and its meaning in todays problematic capitalistic/ neoliberal context.
Organizing the walk is much more then the concept (which isn’t maybe really that interesting on itself I think). Details were very important, the fact for example that I lived for almost three months in that specific neighborhood, that I frequent many local organizations, that I helped as a volunteer during an annual feast ect.. It was a really heavy task to succeed and I don’t have to tell you that there were also many negative reactions which were equally meaningful as the positive ones. Important seems to be that the idea started to live in the neighborhood and that this rather senseless action was part of debate and discussions. I can assure you that tensions and conflicts were part of the game and thus intensified differences in the neighborhood rather than equalize everything. In a certain sense in this phase it is an artistic idea that comes as ‘a jammer’ into the daily life and of course that is as much part of the work as the very ‘positive’ / collective/ ‘festive’ experience of the walk.
Bringing this experience into the artspace endeed causes many questions. It asks for a translation which has to do with installing a new distance. My initial plan was to work with two layers in which two elements were equally important. I wanted to capture the walk (while the city was approached as a kind of map/ 24 cameraviews registered the trip), and I wanted to use the stories/ conversations ect. I collected during my working period (often very normative ideas and visions). The idea was to confront the walk with a kind of latent, mental architecture that is not really visible, but nevertheless structured social life in an important way. Starting the montage, I decided very soon to quit the second layer because the film lost to much of its potential quality (it’s much more related to Kafka than to … Jeanne Van Heeswijck e.g I guess). Anyway I didn’t give up to make an additional/ confronting document with the stories (which I’m working on at the moment). Although the direction it goes seems to be much more art reflective than society reflective … The idea is to confront these two documents in an exhibition context.
Not sure if that is a proper answer to your question/ in anyway the supporting text I added on the web page doesn’t really suffice…
Fascinating project, Stijn. While it resonates with a lot of the situationists, it brings me back to earlier iterations, particularly Alfred Watkins mad ramblings on ley lines–the mysterious occult connections between different physical locations. By envisioning physical geometries of significance, it brought forth discussions on not only use-value and social-cultural meaning but also intrinsic values that are part of our geological world. A straight line is both abstract and very real. Do you see a value in repeating this again in the same location, in the sense of ritual making?
he Michael, thanks for the link to Alfred Watkins, quiet interesting.
Another peace in public space I’m working on at the moment, is based on the idea of a participative annual ritual gesture (action), in stead of making a kind of fixed sculpture. In the case of short cut Tarwewijk, some people of the neighborhood asked me about it, about making an annual event of it. Although it sounds very appealing for me, I also still doubt about the idea. Won’t it become a shadow of the first edition? It needs a lots of energy … but possibly… The question is how to realize this, probably together with a small group of engaged residents who carry out the idea…
A shadow of the initial or perhaps an etching of that original, digging the line a bit deeper each time. It makes me think of the German proverb, Einmal ist keinmal (once is never), which Milan Kundera plays on in his Unbearable Lightness of Being. Perhaps only through ritual does this shortcut become something more than a gesture. Should the ritual be local or global (inviting outsiders)? Should it be you who plays the role of choreographer or local officials or perhaps supra-local actors? I look forward to following this work in the coming years.


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Nax Joye’s practice is centered on construction and commercial dispute resolution and litigation, with a primary focus on the representation of design-builders and contractors in the development, prosecution, defense, and resolution of complex construction claims. His most recent work includes the ongoing representation of the design-builder on an $1B+ heavy civil and rail PPP project in Colorado, with an essential role in the successful resolution of claims in excess of $100M, and the ongoing prosecution of claims in excess of $150M; significant assistance in the development, prosecution and successful resolution of approximately $80M in claims for the design-builder on a PPP cable stay bridge project in New York; significant assistance in the ongoing development and prosecution of over $400M on a heavy rail project in Virginia; and the ongoing, successful defense of $3M+ in claims against the general contractor for a high rise project in south Florida.
He has over a decade of experience in the contracting business, with concentration on large commercial roofing systems, as well as a strong background in residential and commercial real estate sales and development. His experience provides him valuable insight into both the business and technical complexities inherent to the firm's work.
- Construction Law and Litigation
- Commercial Litigation
- University of Florida Levin College of Law, Juris Doctor, Magna Cum Laude, 2018
- Activities and Honors: Book Awards in Complex Litigation, Appellate Advocacy, Electronic Discovery, Criminal Procedure, Law & Entrepreneurship, and Florida Condominium Law; Global Antitrust Institute International Moot Court Competition, Best Team Brief; Student Bar Association, President; Dean's Leadership Award, Spring 2018; Teaching Assistant, Legal Writing and Appellate Advocacy; Florida Blue Key Leadership Honors Society, Member; Order of the Coif Honor Society, Member
- University of Florida Warrington College of Business, BSBA, Marketing, 2012
- Hansell M. Pasco III & Sean M. Dillon, CONSTRUCTION DISPUTES: REPRESENTING THE CONTRACTOR § 18 (Michael T. Callahan, et al. eds., 4th ed., 2019) (significant contributions to the chapter Pricing Damages)
- N. Joye and C. Tribbey, Unbundling Rights: An Overview of TDR, 88 THE BRIEFS 7 (Aug. 2020)
Organizational Involvement and Professional Associations
- The Florida Bar
- Florida 4-H Foundation, Board of Directors

domain: geography


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How is the August basically over and my TBR list is longer than it was when the summer began?! Even though school has begun, the days are still warm which is encouraging to stay cool inside with a stack of all the good books that keep hitting the shelves. And there are so many kinds of great new titles to devour, from David Bowie-inspired debuts to epic fantasies to breathtaking historical novels to autumn-inspired graphic novels, these are the books you're going to want to curl up and read instead of doing homework.
Jo Kuan knows that because she's Chinese, she does not fit anyone's expectations in 1890 Atlanta, but she doesn't mind. She's happy to be unobtrusive, making hats for the fashionable women in town and staying out of trouble with her adoptive father, Old Gin. But when she loses her job at the hat shop, Jo must find work elsewhere, returning to the household of one of the most important families in town to serve as a lady's maid for their daughter. Saddled with an ungrateful mistress, Jo must face the inequalities in her city. Frustrated, she begins penning an anonymous advice column as "Miss Sweetie," dispensing opinions on everything from fashion to suffragettes. Jo is happy with anonymity, but soon Atlanta is abuzz with curiosity about Miss Sweetie, leading Jo to wonder if remaining quiet and safe is the most important thing or if there are reasons to speak up.
Annaleigh lives a sheltered life at Highmoor, a manor by the sea, with her sisters, their father, and stepmother. Once they were twelve, but loneliness fills the grand halls now that four of the girls' lives have been cut short. Each death was more tragic than the last—the plague, a plummeting fall, a drowning, a slippery plunge—and there are whispers throughout the surrounding villages that the family is cursed by the gods. Disturbed by a series of ghostly visions, Annaleigh becomes increasingly suspicious that the deaths were no accidents. Her sisters have been sneaking out every night to attend glittering balls, dancing until dawn in silk gowns and shimmering slippers, and Annaleigh isn't sure whether to try to stop them or to join their forbidden trysts. Because who—or what—are they really dancing with? When Annaleigh's involvement with a mysterious stranger who has secrets of his own intensifies, it's a race to unravel the darkness that has fallen over her family—before it claims her next.
High school junior Ellis Kimball is prepared for the end of the world. She lives by the mantra "anything terrible is possible," accumulating supplies to survive various forms of disaster. If she can save her close-knit Mormon family from the apocalypse, she reasons, it will make up for all the times that her anxiety disrupted their lives. What she's not prepared for is meeting Hannah Marks in her therapist's waiting room. Hannah claims that she knows how the world will end—and she's had visions of Ellis standing beside her when it does. With the apocalypse looming, Hannah draws Ellis into a quest to find an elusive prophet to interpret her vision, as well as into her witty, diverse friend group. There Ellis meets bisexual Talmage, who helps her acknowledge her attraction to both boys and girls. But the closer the end of the world gets, the less concerned Ellis is with simple survival—she wants to define the kind of life she's surviving for.
In 1973, Jonathan Collins is trying desperately to change who he is: anxious, asthmatic, and gay. Homosexuality is still officially a mental illness, and Jonathan is committed to the treatments that will "cure" him. His only support systems are his best friend Starla and an elaborate fantasy world where he gets advice from his dead relatives and David Bowie's Ziggy Stardust. Jonathan's tenuous grip on the idealized life he craves is weakened further when Web shows up just weeks before Jonathan's last round of treatments. Web is a total fox and isn't ashamed to be gay, and he makes Jonathan wonder if he hasn't been wrong this whole time.
Birdie is successful at being “the perfect daughter,” making honor roll and staying out of trouble, until Booker blows into her life. She keeps their whirlwind romance a secret because she knows her strict parents would never accept her dating him. When Birdie’s aunt, who struggles with addiction, returns to town, Birdie’s life is further complicated. As Birdie grows closer to Booker and her aunt, she has to make decisions about the type of person she wants to be, who she wants to live for, and whose happiness is important. In the midst of this, a huge family secret is exposed that rocks the foundation of Birdie’s life.
Deja and Josiah are seasonal best friends. Every autumn, all through high school, they’ve worked together at the best pumpkin patch in the whole wide world. (Not many people know that the best pumpkin patch in the whole wide world is in Omaha, Nebraska, but it definitely is.) They say good-bye every Halloween, and they’re reunited every September 1. But this Halloween is different—Josiah and Deja are finally seniors, and this is their last season at the pumpkin patch. Their last shift together. Their last good-bye. Josiah’s ready to spend the whole night feeling melancholy about it. Deja isn’t ready to let him. She’s got a plan: What if—instead of moping and the usual slinging lima beans down at the Succotash Hut—they went out with a bang? They could see all the sights! Taste all the snacks! And Josiah could finally talk to that cute girl he’s been mooning over for three years... What if their last shift was an adventure?

domain: literature


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PALS: Where being 'different' is no big deal
Children are a resilient lot. They adjust to physical and cognitive difficulties with aplomb and hard work that embarrasses adults with similar problems.
Unfortunately, their peers, and the parents of their peers, often have problems dealing with playmates who are changed because of accidents or illness.
Click here to read the article.


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Posts tagged cabochon
Lucite with cabochon cuff by Givenchy. Kinda like Inna Cytrine, no?
Kenneth Jay Lane collar.
A vintage Chanel set.
Chanel jewelry is often exquisite!
Unicorn brooch by Ciner!
I love anything by Hollycraft that incorporates cats eye cabochons!
Gorgeous mogul necklace by Kenneth Jay Lane.
Pretty bangle by Kenneth Jay Lane.


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(THIS STORY IS SPONSORED BY RICHMOND VONA)
Richmond Vona specializes in serving injured clients throughout Western New York. Their personal injury attorneys have the skills and experience to fight for the justice and compensation you deserve. To find out more about all the legal services that Richmond Vona offers, head over to their website at www.richmondvona.com. You can give their office a call at (716) 300-5885 to speak to their staff and set up an appointment. Richmond Vona's offices are located at 192 Seneca Street (Suite 200) in Buffalo.

domain: law


What Exactly Are Shotgun Slugs
Shotgun slugs are already a game title-changer on earth of firearms, revolutionizing the way hunters and shooters method their targets. These effective projectiles, commonly used in shotguns, supply remarkable accuracy and reliability and devastating influence, leading them to be a favorite decision among outside lovers. But just what are shotgun slugs? To get it merely, these are strong projectiles which are fired from a shotgun barrel rather than the typical distributed of shot pellets. Which means that whenever you stress a slug into the shotgun, you happen to be essentially turning it into a high-driven rifle, effective at supplying remarkable terminal ballistics. Regardless of whether you’re hunting major game, participating in competitive taking pictures, or even defending your property, knowing the ins and outs of shotgun slugs is vital. In this article, we’ll look into the several types of shotgun slugs, their characteristics, and discover why they may have become these kinds of an integral part of the firearms community. So, buckle up and make preparations to discover the power and overall flexibility of shotgun slugs!
Forms of Shotgun Slugs
When it comes to shotgun slugs, there are various kinds available. Each type features its own distinctive characteristics and is made for particular uses. Let’s consider a close look at some of the most common forms of shotgun slugs:
1. Foster Slugs: Foster slugs are the most basic type of shotgun slug and have been around for years. They feature a hollow bottom and a reliable nose, which assists stabilize the slug during trip. Foster slugs provide accuracy and reliability at reduced miles and they are widely used for hunting method-measured game.
2. Sabot Slugs: Sabot slugs are designed for long-collection accuracy and reliability and high velocities. They are made up of a lesser, less heavy projectile that may be encased in the plastic material sabot. The sabot helps the slug sustain balance during trip, causing better reliability and elevated muzzle speed. Sabot slugs are generally employed for camping bigger activity or in very competitive taking pictures situations.
3. Bolo Slugs: Bolo slugs are a special sort of shotgun slug that contains two hooked up projectiles. They are equipped for optimum effect and so are primarily utilized for personal-safeguard functions. Both attached projectiles increase the possibilities of showing up in the goal and create a disastrous wound station.
4. Rifled Slugs: Rifled slugs are specifically made for shotguns with rifled barrels. The rifling around the slug aids stabilize it during trip, causing better accuracy. Rifled slugs are normally used for seeking and are suitable for both short and long-variety photographs.
Irrespective of what sort of shotgun slug you select, it’s essential to think about the purpose of your chance, the space you’ll be taking pictures, and also the video game you’ll be seeking. Every type of shotgun slug possesses its own pros and cons, which we’ll check out further more in the following portion.
Features of Using Shotgun Slugs
Utilizing shotgun slugs gives several advantages that can make them a favorite option among hunters and shooters. Let’s have a look at a few of the crucial benefits of employing shotgun slugs:
1. Increased Reliability: Shotgun slugs provide impressive accuracy, specifically in comparison to traditional shotgun seashells loaded with chance pellets. The solid projectile design of shotgun slugs enables greater stabilization during flight, resulting in firmer groups and increased photo location.
2. Overall flexibility: Shotgun slugs are incredibly versatile and can be used for various functions. Whether you’re seeking deer, participating in competing shooting situations, or defending your own home, shotgun slugs supply the potential and range needed to complete the job.
3. Terminal Ballistics: Shotgun slugs deliver overwhelming terminal ballistics, making them highly effective for taking down video game. The sound projectile design and style and high muzzle power of shotgun slugs ensure deeply penetration and substantial tissues exploitation, raising the probability of a clean and honest destroy.
4. Inexpensive: Shotgun slugs are often more cost-effective than traditional rifle ammunition, making them an expense-efficient selection for hunters and shooters. With all the proper shotgun slug, you can achieve very similar efficiency to your gun at a tiny part of the charge.
While shotgun slugs provide several benefits, it’s crucial that you consider the potential drawbacks before making a decision. Let’s discover the drawbacks of employing shotgun slugs in the following segment.
Negatives of employing Shotgun Slugs
While shotgun slugs have their positive aspects, additionally, they feature a number of disadvantages that may impact your decision. In this article are among the essential disadvantages of utilizing shotgun slugs:
1. Minimal Variety: Shotgun slugs, specially the classic foster slugs, have a limited effective collection in comparison to rifles. Their trajectory will fall significantly following a particular length, which makes them much less suited to lengthy-range photographs.
2. Recoil: Shotgun slugs generate a lot of recoil because of the higher muzzle power. This recoil may be more noticeable in comparison to standard shotgun plenty, which can have an impact on precision, specifically inexperienced shooters or those responsive to recoil.
3. Barrel Dress in: The usage of shotgun slugs, notably sabot slugs, might cause improved use about the shotgun barrel, particularly if it is not specifically made for taking pictures slugs. The plastic material sabot can keep remains inside the barrel, leading to lessened accuracy and potentially harmful the barrel as time passes.
4. Restricted Magazine Ability: Shotgun slugs are greater and heavier than shot pellets, therefore you can suit fewer rounds within a shotgun journal. This limited newspaper ability might be a problem in conditions wherein a increased number of rounds is wanted, including in self-protection circumstances.
Despite these drawbacks, shotgun slugs continue to be a popular choice for a lot of hunters and shooters due to their distinctive features and flexibility. The trick is to find the appropriate shotgun slug for your particular requirements, which we’ll check out in the following section.
Choosing the Right Shotgun Slug to meet your needs
In terms of deciding on the best shotgun slug for your needs, several elements ought to be evaluated. Here are a few recommendations to help you make a well informed selection:
1. Goal: Establish the planned use of the shotgun slug. Are you currently camping deer, engaged in competing snapping shots situations, or using it for self-defense? Various kinds of shotgun slugs excel in different scenarios, so comprehending your purpose will limit your choices.
2. Range: Think about the greatest successful array necessary for your planned use. If you’re seeking in packed forest, a shotgun slug with a shorter powerful array might be enough. Even so, if you’re hunting in wide open fields or engaging in very long-range capturing competitions, a shotgun slug with longer variety functionality will be more suitable.
3. Accuracy: Assess the accuracy of different shotgun slug varieties. This can be achieved by studying reviews, consulting experienced shooters, or tests various slugs your self. Keep in mind that reliability may vary depending on the specific shotgun and barrel employed, so it’s essential to find the right combination for best performance.
4. Recoil: Look at the recoil produced by distinct shotgun slugs. Recoil can impact your shooting encounter and accuracy, particularly if you’re responsive to recoil or have actual constraints. Think about trying out distinct shotgun slugs to obtain the proper stability between efficiency and workable recoil.
5. Barrel Compatibility: Ensure that the shotgun slug you decide on works with your shotgun barrel. Some shotgun barrels are specifically made for snapping shots slugs and possess rifling or changeable chokes that increase accuracy. In case your shotgun barrel is not really created for slugs, take into account seeking skilled advice before making use of them.
By contemplating these aspects, you may limit your alternatives and choose the right shotgun slug that best fits your preferences. Upon having picked the right slug, it’s vital that you realize how to appropriately load and shoot them, which we’ll explore in the following area.
The best way to Appropriately Load and Capture Shotgun Slugs
Reloading and capturing shotgun slugs call for a slightly distinct technique compared to standard shotgun seashells. Below are a few actions to make sure you stress and capture shotgun slugs safely and effectively:
1. Find the Proper Slug: Ensure that you have picked the correct shotgun slug to your distinct purpose and weapon. Make reference to the manufacturer’s suggestions as well as particular instructions furnished with the ammunition.
2. Look into the Barrel: Before reloading the shotgun slug, check out the barrel for just about any obstructions or debris. Clear the barrel if necessary to ensure a definite route for that slug.
3. Load the Slug: Refer to the instructions offered by the producer to correctly weight the shotgun slug into the chamber or magazine. Ensure that the slug is fully seated and protected set up.
4. Goal and Capture: When capturing shotgun slugs, aim exactly like you would by using a rifle. Take time to line up the picture effectively, and whenever completely ready, squash the trigger easily. Be ready for the recoil made from the slug and sustain a company hold in the shotgun.
5. Practice and Familiarize: Shotgun slugs might have various recoil qualities in comparison with classic shotgun lots. It’s important to exercise taking pictures with slugs to get knowledgeable about their functionality and adjust your snapping shots strategy accordingly.
Appropriate launching and taking pictures strategies, combined with normal training, will ensure harmless and accurate use of shotgun slugs. Being familiar with their ballistics and reliability can further more improve your shooting expertise, which we’ll investigate in the next area.
Shotgun Slug Ballistics and Precision
Being familiar with shotgun slug ballistics and accuracy is crucial for enhancing your shooting overall performance. Below are a few important considerations:
1. Muzzle Acceleration: Shotgun slug muzzle speed has a significant position in figuring out its efficient range and accuracy. Greater muzzle velocities generally result in slimmer trajectories and downrange functionality.
2. Power Exchange: Shotgun slugs supply substantial vitality upon impact, causing tissue problems and incapacitating the marked. Learning the power transfer of various shotgun slugs will allow you to select the appropriate slug for your meant goal.
3. Bullet Drop and Wind Drift: Shotgun slugs, in particular those with lower muzzle velocities, are influenced by bullet decline and blowing wind drift. Learning the trajectory attributes of different shotgun slugs will allow you to compensate for these variables, ensuring accurate photos at different ranges.
4. Shotgun and Barrel Compatibility: The actual shotgun and barrel mixture employed may affect the ballistics and accuracy of shotgun slugs. Some shotguns were created with rifled barrels or changeable chokes, that may increase precision. Testing diverse shotgun and barrel combinations may help you obtain the optimum set-up to your capturing requires.
When it comes to shotgun slug ballistics and accuracy and reliability, it’s significant to be aware of that each slug variety and shotgun combo could have its unique overall performance qualities. Screening and training with some other slugs will allow you to get to know their specific ballistics, helping you to turn into a better shooter.
Well-liked Shotgun Slug Brands and Types
The marketplace is filled with shotgun slug possibilities from numerous manufacturers. Here are several popular shotgun slug brands and models worth looking at:
1. Government Top quality Barnes Expander Tipped: This sabot slug includes a copper-tipped hollow-position layout that enlarges upon affect, giving destructive terminal ballistics.
2. Hornady SST Shotgun Slugs: Recognized for their accuracy and regularity, Hornady SST shotgun slugs employ a polymer hint to enhance aerodynamics and expand upon effect.
3. Remington Slugger: Remington Slugger foster slugs are widely used for his or her cost and trustworthiness. They feature very good precision at shorter distances and are suitable for searching method-scaled online game.
4. Winchester Dual Bond: Winchester Twin Link sabot slugs include a unique twin-primary design and style that combines direct and copper for serious penetration and controlled growth.
These are only a few samples of well-liked shotgun slug manufacturers and models in the marketplace. It’s always a great idea to do further research, go through evaluations, and check with skilled shooters for the greatest shotgun slug that meets your expections.
Shotgun Slug Hunting Techniques and strategies
Camping with shotgun slugs requires a distinct approach when compared with making use of shot pellets. Here are some tips and methods to assist you to make the most from your shotgun slug searching practical experience:
1. Picture Positioning: Shotgun slugs supply superb stopping strength, but shot positioning is still essential. Achieve vital areas like the coronary heart or respiratory system to make certain a clean and honest eliminate.
2. Use Satisfactory Optics: Shotgun slugs are capable of correct pictures at various ranges, particularly if combined with correct optics. Consider using a reddish colored dot sight, scale, or fiber content optic scenery to boost your objective and objective acquisition.
3. Training Various Shooting Jobs: Shotgun slug camping might need capturing from numerous roles including ranking, kneeling, or vulnerable. Practice capturing from diverse placements to boost your accuracy and snapping shots assurance in actual hunting situations.
4. Pick the best Slug to the Activity: Various game demands diverse shotgun slug sorts. Research the particular activity you’ll be hunting and choose a slug that offers adequate energy and penetration to have an moral get rid of.
5. Follow Community Laws and Regulations: It’s vital to get to know neighborhood hunting regulations about the use of shotgun slugs. Certain locations might have constraints on the usage of shotgun slugs or particular needs for searching a number of online game.
By simply following these tips and techniques, you’ll be-prepared for shotgun slug hunting and raise the chances of you a prosperous and satisfying camping experience.
Conclusion and Final Opinions
Shotgun slugs have revolutionized the firearms planet, giving hunters and shooters an excellent and functional instrument. Making use of their impressive accuracy, devastating terminal ballistics, and wide variety of software, shotgun slugs are becoming a fundamental part of the firearms sector. Whether you’re hunting big activity, engaged in very competitive snapping shots activities, or How much does a Glock charge? – Tankórterem defending your home, learning the different types of shotgun slugs, their advantages, drawbacks, and appropriate consumption is essential.
Keep in mind to find the correct shotgun slug for your particular demands, thinking of aspects for example function, collection, accuracy and reliability, and recoil. Practice launching and shooting shotgun slugs safely and precisely, and get to know their ballistics and gratifaction attributes. Analysis well-liked shotgun slug brand names and versions, and try different combos to find the ideal setup to your snapping shots demands.
In relation to shotgun slug hunting, picture positioning, adequate optics, and following community legal guidelines are very important. Practice various shooting jobs and select the best slug for the game you’ll be hunting. By using these strategies, you’ll be well-prepared for an effective and satisfying shotgun slug hunting experience.
So, whether you’re a skilled shooter or only starting out, embrace the energy and adaptability of shotgun slugs, and relish the enjoyable field of firearms with full confidence and duty.