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The concept of ‘social entrepreneurship’ has been rapidly emerging in the private, public and non-profit sectors over the last few years, and interest in social entrepreneurship continues to grow. Currently, the non-profit sector is facing intensifying demands for improved effectiveness and sustainability in light of diminishing funding from traditional sources and increased competition for these scarce resources. At the same time, the increasing concentration of wealth in the private sector is promoting calls for increased corporate social responsibility and more proactive responses to complex social problems, while governments at all levels are grappling with multiple demands on public funds.
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In light of this, social entrepreneurship is emerging as an innovative approach for dealing with complex social needs. With its emphasis on problem-solving and social innovation, socially entrepreneurial activities blur the traditional boundaries between the public, private and non-profit sector, and emphasize hybrid models of for-profit and non-profit activities. Promoting collaboration between sectors is implicit within social entrepreneurship, as is developing radical new approaches to solving old problems. Social entrepreneurship has a strong intuitive appeal, and several recently documented examples highlight its potential in a variety of contexts. However, this is still a very new area, and research on social entrepreneurship lags far behind the practice.
The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of existing literature in this emerging area, and to examine social entrepreneurship in light of growing expectations that it will generate and support radically new and effective ways of dealing with pressing social problems. The first part of this paper will briefly examine the contextual factors influencing the emergence and development of social entrepreneurship. The second section will focus on defining social entrepreneurship, and understanding the parameters of this rather broadly-used term. The third section will examine the characteristics and motivations of social entrepreneurs. This will be followed by a discussion of some of the key issues emerging around social entrepreneurship in the literature, including support for social entrepreneurs, training and capacity building, implementation issues, and gaps in the existing research/opportunities for future research (with particular emphasis on the Canadian context) in this rapidly developing field.
Although the literature on social entrepreneurship comes from a variety of sources, this literature review draws heavily on the available academic literature, and focusses primarily on social entrepreneurship within the North American context. It should be noted that while there were numerous examples of social entrepreneurship in the United States, no Canadian examples were found in the popular or academic literature, nor were any of the researchers affiliated with Canadian institutions.
As with any change-oriented activity, social entrepreneurship has not evolved in a vacuum. Rather, it has evolved within a complex framework of political, economic and social changes occurring at the global, national and local levels. One change that has had a significant impact in North America has been the global shift away from a social welfare state approach to development and towards a neoliberal approach with an emphasis on market forces as primary mechanisms for the distribution (and redistribution) of resources. Related to this is the emergence of an increasingly globalized economic system. While the impacts of this shift are generally discussed in economic terms, they also have significant implications for social change initiatives, e.g., the contradictory phenomena of our current times – unprecedented wealth creation coupled with a growing gap between rich and poor ( Reis, 1999).
Within a social welfare state paradigm, many social change initiatives were undertaken by the public and/or non-profit sectors, in the latter case drawing on resources transferred from the public sector and/or philanthropic sources. Non-profits were (and to a great degree still are) viewed as valuable contributors to social change. While demand for social services has not decreased in the last two decades (and many would argue it has increased), the transfer of funding to these organizations has decreased significantly. For example, in the United States, federal and state funding for non-profits decreased 23% in the 1980s, and continued to decline in the 1990s (McLeod, 1997).
During this same period, the number of non-profit organizations seeking funding has increased exponentially. Peter Drucker estimates that 800,000 non-profits have been established in the last 30 years (Bornstein, 1998) (although Drucker does not specify the geographic boundaries for this estimate); while Cannon (2000) notes a 40% increase in the number of non-profits in the United States in the last decade. As such, non-profit organizations are finding themselves facing stiff competition from other non-profits, and sustainability of funding has become a serious issue for many.
This competition has many implications for non-profit organizations. It necessitates judicious use of scarce resources and increases pressure on non-profits to demonstrate organizational effectiveness (e.g., by producing empirical results). The prevalence of market-based development models has also resulted in pressure on non-profits to become more conversant with the language and vision of market models (e.g., conducting market research with client groups, targeting ‘investments’ rather than ‘donations’). Finally, the uncertainty surrounding traditional funding sources has required non-profits to begin to rethink funding strategies.
With the decrease in public funding, questions have been raised concerning the sustainability of not only non-profit organizations, but also the sustainability of their social change initiatives. Reis (1999) notes the recent emergence of a new group of philanthropists, much more diverse than the “white, male leaders from mainstream America.” (p.15) who had previously dominated North American philanthropic foundations. Many of these new philanthropists are young ‘emerging innovators’ from diverse backgrounds, and are challenging old assumptions about charitable giving. In particular, they argue that traditional philanthropy has focussed too much on donor satisfaction and not enough on producing measurable results – either outcomes or impacts. (Reis, 1999)
Internationally, the non-profit situation is much the same. Fowler (2000) assesses the situation of non-governmental development organizations (NGDOs) working in developing countries, noting their role as primarily ‘subsidy-providing intermediaries’ on behalf of global donors. This has created the circumstances for patronage, dependency, pathological institutional behaviour and financial malpractice. In addition, the sector has become “…a system whose performance, after 30 years, still leaves much to be desired. For example, poverty-oriented interventions of European development agencies appear to be sustainable in only about 15% of cases” (Fowler, 2000, p. 638).
While the changing global context has had obvious impacts on the non-profit sector, the impacts have been felt in the public and private sectors as well. Within the public sector, governments at all levels have had to adjust to a rapidly changing environment, one that has shifted from a production-based economy to a knowledge-based economy (Reis, 1999, p. 2) and all the changes this entails, including a faster pace of change. Globalization processes have also created an increasingly powerful market sector, one in which governments at all levels are finding they have less overt power to regulate or even influence. The prevalence of a global market model leave governments in a difficult position vis-a-vis social spending in an era of increasing calls for tax relief.
Recent grassroots opposition to globalization processes attest to a growing citizen uneasiness with an increasingly powerful market sector, and some view this as an opportunity for the private sector to balance corporate profit with a corresponding commitment to public responsibility (Reis, 1999, p.2). In a global marketplace, the importance of differentiating a product from one’s competition should not be underestimated, and growing corporate interest in areas such as corporate social responsibility are one way to do this. This is not to say that those in the private sector are not motivated by more idealistic goals, but rather to note that some organizations are rethinking the assumption that doing social good and making a profit are mutually exclusive. Or, as noted in a discussion regarding the success of Ben and Jerry’s, a socially-conscious ice cream company, “… having a social conscience is also good for business” (Cannon, 2000, p.1904).
One of the notable themes arising out of the above discussion is that of a blurring of traditional sectoral boundaries between the public, private and non-profit sectors (Reis, 1999, p. 2) and the need for new approaches to social problem-solving that incorporate inter-sectoral collaboration. Noting that deeply entrenched social problems are not being solved through the fragmented, currently predominant, single-sector approach, Reis (1999) argues that all sectors need to work together exchanging and sharing traditionally accepted roles.
There is growing recognition that entrenched competition between sectors may in fact be counterproductive. “We have shifted to a world of accelerating, never-ending change without the mechanisms for people to work together to deliberate about their changed environment and take collective action….yet signs are everywhere that the old model…simply does not work for the new environment” (Henton et al., 1997, p.2). Cannon (2000) quotes one social innovator who notes that “(g)reat strength can be created when two powerful and traditionally antithetical forces bond in a common purpose” (p. 1904), for example, when the focus is on leveraging both sides against the middle to create a ‘radical centre.’ Implicit within this is the need to create spaces for new forms of collaboration “….to promote, facilitate and invest in more effective approaches to social investment” (Reis, 1999, p. iii). A new generation of ‘social entrepreneurs’ is emerging out of this context, driven by innovators increasingly committed to using market-based approaches to solve social problems.
It is Catford (1998) who articulates the issues and one possible solution most eloquently: “Traditional welfare-state approaches are in decline globally, and in response new ways of creating healthy and sustainable communities are required. This challenges our social, economic and political systems to respond with new, creative and effective environments that support and reward change. From the evidence available, current examples of social entrepreneurship offer exciting new ways of realizing the potential of individuals and communities…into the 21st century” (p. 97).
WHAT IS SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP?
Defining what social entrepreneurship is, and what its conceptual boundaries are, is not an easy task. This is in part because the concept is inherently complex, and in part because the literature in the area is so new that little consensus has emerged on the topic. While the ideas fuelling social entrepreneurship are not new (Victorian private hospitals and the hospice movement are both cited as examples of social entrepreneurship (Thompson et al., 2000)) the term as it is used in the academic and popular literature currently encompasses a rather broad range of activities and initiatives.
Peter Drucker argues that social entrepreneurs “…change the performance capacity of society” (Gendron, 1996, p. 37) while Henton et al. (1997) speak of ‘civic entrepreneurs’ as “…a new generation of leaders who forge new, powerfully productive linkages at the intersection of business, government, education and community” (p.1). Schulyer (1998) describes social entrepreneurs as “…individuals who have a vision for social change and who have the financial resources to support their ideas….who exhibit all the skills of successful business people as well as a powerful desire for social change” (p. 1). Boschee (1998) presents social entrepreneurs as “…non-profit executives who pay increased attention to market forces without losing sight of their underlying mission” (p. 1). Thompson et al. (2000) describe “…people who realize where there is an opportunity to satisfy some unmet need that the state welfare system will not or cannot meet, and who gather together the necessary resources (generally people, often volunteers, money and premises) and use these to ‘make a difference’”(p. 328).
To add to the confusion of these somewhat differing descriptions of social entrepreneurs, several other terms are currently also used to describe similar activities and initiatives, including, but not limited to: social purpose venture; community wealth venture; non-profit enterprise (Roberts Enterprise Development Fund, no date); venture philanthropy; caring capitalism; social enterprise (Cannon, 2000); and civic entrepreneurship (Henton et al., 1997).
In spite of the varying definitions of social entrepreneurship, one commonality emerges in almost every description: the ‘problem-solving nature’ of social entrepreneurship is prominent, and the corresponding emphasis on developing and implementing initiatives that produce measurable results in the form of changed social outcomes and/or impacts. For example, McLeod (1996) quotes one social entrepreneur who criticized his own organization’s earlier ineffective approach, noting they originally asked “…’how many people walked in the door’ rather than ‘how many people are better off for having walked in the door?” (p. 103).
In the literature overall, the main definitional debates are over the locus of social entrepreneurship. Many define it as bringing business expertise and market-based skills to the non-profit sector in order to help this sector become more efficient in providing and delivering these services (e.g., Reis, 1999). This category includes non-profits running small, for-profit businesses and channelling their earnings back into social service problems as well as non-profits adopting private sector management techniques in order to get more mileage out of existing resources” (McLeod, 1996, p.2). Boschee (1998) distinguishes between for-profit activities which serve to help offset an organizations’ costs, and what he calls ‘social purpose ventures’ whose primary purpose is to make a profit which can then be used for non-profit ventures.
Others define social entrepreneurship more broadly, and argue that social entrepreneurship can occur within the public, private or non-profit sectors, and is in essence a hybrid model involving both for-profit and non-profit activities as well as cross-sectoral collaboration. These definitions tend to put more emphasis on the ‘entrepreneurial’ nature of these activities and the creativity and innovation that entrepreneurs bring to solving social problems in unique ways rather than focussing on the social benefits such services can provide. This conceptualization suggests social entrepreneurship can take a variety of forms, including innovative not-for-profit ventures, social purpose business ventures (e.g., for-profit community development banks, and hybrid organizations mixing for-profit and not-for-profit activities (e.g., homeless shelters that start small businesses to train and employ their residents) (Dees, 1998).
In this spirit, Henton et al. (1997) comment that “…(l)ike the business entrepreneur, the civic entrepreneur operates in a time of dramatic change, sees opportunity and mobilizes others in the community to work toward their collective well-being” (p. 4), essentially acting as catalysts for social change processes. It is the innovativeness of the approach that essentially defines this conceptualization of social entrepreneurship. Dees (1998) comments that just as not every new business venture qualifies as ‘entrepreneurial,’ not every social venture qualifies as ‘socially entrepreneurial.’ This isn’t to depreciate the impact of non-entrepreneurial social initiatives in any way, but merely to make the distinction clear given the broad use of terminology around social entrepreneurship. //Social Entrepreneur
The most recent academic literature on social entrepreneurship shows the emergence of a nascent taxonomy. Thompson et al. (2000) distinguish between activities that emphasis social benefits through traditional means, and those that emphasize creativity and innovation in the problem-solving process. “In some cases the idea will be completely new and innovative and associated with the founder – in essence, truly entrepreneurial. In other cases the initiative will be a variant on a theme – sometimes a close copy, sometimes genuinely different – but real enterprise will be required to make things happen” (p.330). However, they go on to note that some valuable community initiatives are not in any real sense entrepreneurial, and do not achieve anything new and different. In these cases, enterprising and committed people essentially repeat what has happened successfully elsewhere (p. 335).
Fowler (2000) has produced the most complex social entrepreneurship typology to date, highlighting three broad categories of socially entrepreneurial activities. The first, ‘integrated social entrepreneurship,’ refers to situations in which economic activities are expressly designed to generate positive social outcomes, and where surplus generating activities simultaneously create social benefits, and ideally create horizontal, vertical, forward or backward economic linkages. Fowler identifies the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh as an example of integrated social entrepreneurship (p. 645).
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A second type of social entrepreneurship, ‘re-interpretation’ is used in situations where existing non-profit capacity is utilized in ways that either reduce costs for the organization, or increase and/or diversify the organization’s income streams. Fowler cites the example of an organization with the mission of delivering meals to the elderly and infirm finding a market niche for delivering (for profit) meals to an affluent, non-infirm elderly population (p. 646).
Thirdly, Fowler identifies ‘complementary social entrepreneurship,’ referring to non-profit organizations which add a for-profit enterprise division that does not in itself engender a social benefit, but whose profits can be used to offset the costs of the organization’s non-profit social mission. In discussing these three models of social entrepreneurship, Fowler highlights the difference between economic activities that simultaneously provide social benefits and those which do not (as in the third model), and notes that the former make more complex and stringent demands on an organization than the latter. This issue is also raised by De Leeuw (1999) in a discussion of the complex, shifting and often unpredictable environment that social entrepreneurs face in trying to simultaneously fulfill social and economic goals.
As a final note, there is some reference to the various roles required for social entrepreneurial activities. Thompson et al. (2000) note the distinction between social entrepreneurial leaders and managers – the former critical as the catalysts for entrepreneurial projects, the latter being critical for seeing these initiatives through. In some cases one individual will be able to fulfill both roles, in other cases different individuals will be required for each role. De Leeuw (1999) argues that social entrepreneurs are more likely to be found in the role of ‘change agents’ than ‘change managers’ while Thompson et al. (2000) distinguish between ‘enactors’ (entrepreneurs) and ‘enablers’ (professional managers). Henton et al. (1997) argue that a one-size-fits-all approach to social entrepreneurship is not viable, and that each project will proceed through a series of four stages: initiation; incubation; implementation; and improvement/renewal. Breaking initiatives into identifiable stages may be helpful in terms of identifying the type(s) of individuals with appropriate skills for each stage of the process.
MOTIVATIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURS
The definitional confusion surrounding social entrepreneurship as a field not surprisingly extends to the definition of individual social entrepreneurs as well. If social entrepreneurship is defined as bringing market sector management and skills to the non-profit sector, the characteristics needed to fulfill the role of a social entrepreneur will be very different than cases where social entrepreneurship emphasizes innovation and creativity in finding new ways to meet existing needs through the private, public or non-profit sectors.
Interestingly, while many definitions of social entrepreneurship emphasize the ‘social’ rather than the entrepreneurial nature of the activity (e.g., by focussing on non-profit organizations and their activities), much of the literature on social entrepreneurs emphasizes the ‘entrepreneurial’ characteristics of such individuals. They are often compared to business entrepreneurs with a social mission, or more colourfully as being “…one species in the genus entrepreneur” (Dees, 1998, p. 3).
Many authors note that social entrepreneurs (much like economic entrepreneurs) do not allow the lack of initial resources to limit their options, and that their reach often exceeds their grasp (e.g., Dees, 1998; Henton et al., 1997). In addition, many social entrepreneurs share with their economic counterparts a strong desire to be in control of their environment, the urge to experiment, and a higher than average tolerance for uncertainty (Prabhu, 1999). Catford (1998) notes that social and economic entrepreneurs share the same focus on vision and opportunity and the same ability to convince and empower others to help them turn these visions into a reality. In social entrepreneurs, however, these characteristics are coupled with a strong desire for social justice.
Obviously, there are also other major differences between social and economic entrepreneurs. Prabhu (1999) argues that they are distinguished primarily by ideology, which guides their choices of mission, means and ends, and that social entrepreneurs are “…persons who create or manage innovative entrepreneurial organizations or ventures whose primary mission is the social change and development of their client group” (p. 140) rather than the pursuit of profit. Social entrepreneurs involved in for-profit activities see profit as a means to an end, while economic entrepreneurs see profit as an end in itself (Dees, 1998; Thalhuber, 1998) In addition, social entrepreneurs are generally operating in community environments that are dynamic and somewhat unpredictable” (De Leeuw, 1999), adding yet another layer of complexity to the process.
Also, somewhat unlike their economic counterparts, social entrepreneurs emerge not only as highly entrepreneurial individuals, but also highly collaborative ones, providing “….collaborative leadership to bring diverse parties to the table, identify common ground and take joint action. They build bridges” (Henton et al., 1997, p. 153). The ability to develop a network of relationships and contacts is a hallmark of visionary social entrepreneurs, as is the ability to communicate an inspiring vision in order to recruit and inspire staff, partners, and volunteers (Thompson et al., 2000, p.331). Because social entrepreneurship often demands establishing credibility across multiple constituencies, and the ability to mobilize support within those constituencies, networking is a critical skill for social entrepreneurs (Prabhu, 1999). Unlike economic entrepreneurs, Prabhu argues that social entrepreneurs are often highly supportive of each other’s efforts, in some cases writing letters to one another to show this support.
As such, the social entrepreneur emerges as a rare individual with multiple talents, including no less than the ability “…to analyse, to envision, to communicate, to empathize, to enthuse, to advocate, to mediate, to enable and to empower a wide range of disparate individuals and organizations” (De Leeuw, 1999, p. 261). Continuing along this theme, Bornstein (1998) characterizes a social entrepreneur as “…a pathbreaker with a powerful idea, who combines visionary and real world problem-solving creativity, who has a strong ethical fibre and who is totally possessed by his or her vision for change” (p.36).
Dees (1998) identifies five criteria that social entrepreneurs possess: adopting a mission to create and sustain social value; recognizing and relentlessly pursuing new opportunities to serve that mission; engaging in a process of continuous innovation, adaptation and learning; acting boldly without being limited by resources currently in hand; and exhibiting a heightened sense of accountability to the constituencies served and to the outcomes created (p.4). Dees argues that the closer an individual gets to satisfying these criteria, the more that individual fits the model of a social entrepreneur. But he also recognizes that in many ways, the literature on social entrepreneurship describes “…a set of behaviours that are exceptional. These behaviours should be encouraged and rewarded in those that have the capabilities and temperament for this kind of work….Should everyone aspire to be a social entrepreneur? No. Not every social leader is well-suited to being entrpreneurial. The same is true in business. Not every business leader is an entrepreneur in the sense that Say, Schumpeter, Drucker and Stevenson had in mind” (Dees, 1998, p.6).
While common sense dictates that not everyone will have the skills and talents required to undertake entrepreneurial activity for social and/or economic purposes, Thompson et al. (2000) raise the issue of latent entrepreneurial ability. It is possible that latent social entrepreneurship exists in individuals with “…the potential to be entrepreneurial but, for some reason or another, (where) the talent is trapped and needs spotting and releasing” (p. 332).
Coming at the issue from another perspective, various motivations for social entrepreneurship are identified in the literature. Cannon (2000) recognizes three general types of people who become social entrepreneurs. The first are individuals who have made a lot of money elsewhere and are interested in giving some of it back to further social goals. The second are ‘recovering social workers’ who are disenchanted with the existing social support system and looking for a more effective approach. The third type are a new breed who have gone to business schools (or along a similar path) with social enterprise in mind (p. 1904). Thompson et al. (2000) distinguish between ‘vision-oriented’ motivations for socially entrepreneurial activities and ‘crisis-oriented’ ones, while Prabhu (1999) notes uneasiness with the status quo, a need to be true to one’s values, and a need to be socially responsible as other motivations for social entrepreneurs.
Catford (1998) summarizes these issues nicely in his eloquent discussion of social entrepreneurs. “Social entrepreneurs combine street pragmatism with professional skills, visionary insights with pragmatism, an ethical fibre with tactical thrust. They see opportunities where others only see empty buildings, unemployable people and unvalued resources….Radical thinking is what makes social entrepreneurs different from simply ‘good’ people. They make markets work for people, not the other way around, and gain strength from a wide network of alliances. They can ‘boundary-ride’ between the various political rhetorics and social paradigms to enthuse all sectors of society” (p. 96).
ISSUES IN SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Several issues related to the discussions above also emerge out of the literature on social entrepreneurship, and these are noted briefly here. These issues include support for social entrepreneurs; capacity-building and training; implementation issues; and gaps in the literature.
Support for Social Entrepreneurs
One of the issues that emerges out of the discussion above is the need to support the rare and exceptional individuals with the talent and drive to become innovative social entrepreneurs. Given the demands on funding and the need for radical new approaches that social problem solving demands, social entrepreneurs emerge as a dynamic group with a viable and highly sustainable approach. Yet because the concept of social entrepreneurship (in its current incarnation) is relatively new, there are few institutional mechanisms in place to support this work.
Writing about Britain, where no less than Prime Minister Tony Blair has embraced the concept, Zadek and Thake (1997) remark that “(t)he role of the social entrepreneur is neither recognized nor rewarded in contemporary Britain. The business community has long appreciated the role of entrepreneurs in successful commercial ventures…(for social entrepreneurs) their insights, initiatives and wealth of experience are too often unrecognized and unsupported” (p. 1).
The danger in not supporting social entrepreneurship is obvious to Reis (1999) who calls for systematic intervention to accelerate and improve philanthropic efforts. Without this he argues that substantial numbers of potential donors and social entrepreneurs could be “…discouraged, turned-off, and lost from philanthropy and social change work” (p. 4). Catford (1998) argues that “…social entrepreneurs…will only flourish if they are supported by the right environment, which will be created largely by governments together with the private sector” (p. 96). For example, greater flexibility in the use of public resources to respond to innovative community proposals, and venture investments from foundations and the private sector could be used to stimulate innovation in areas thought to be too risky for government as the sole investor (Catford, 1998).
Training and Capacity Building for Social Entrepreneurship
Related to the issue of support for social entrepreneurs is the issue of training and capacity building for social entrepreneurship. To a great extent, the definition of social entrepreneurship used will also determine the degree to which these skills can be ‘taught’ at the individual level. If social entrepreneurship is defined as principally bringing business and management skills to the non-profit sector, the skills of the entrepreneur are fairly replicable. If a social entrepreneur is defined as an ‘exceptionally creative and innovative individual,’ replication will be much more difficult to achieve, and the focus should then be on creating conditions in which latent entrepreneurial talent can be harnessed for social purposes. The latter is obviously the more difficult of the two situations, as it is far easier to develop skills to help people translate ideas into realized opportunities than it is to teach them to spot the opportunities in the first place (Thompson et al., 2000).
Young (1997) criticizes the preponderance of stories about ‘exceptional’ individual leaders, noting that “…there is almost nothing here about how some of the skills described can be transferred to more ordinary people” (p. 20). However, Cannon argues that ordinary people are not triumphing as social entrepreneurs “…because they are not organized for success…They lack the tools, training, finances and resources they need to reach their full potential” (p. 1899) To that end, a multitude of supports have been recommended to help ease the transition from start-up to sustainability for social entrepreneurs
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Meandering through the pages of the Bible, one is bound to encounter various references and insights about what’s considered “unholy”. The term often pops up in stories and parables, serving as a cautionary archetype against which believers are encouraged to measure their actions. It’s no secret that the Bible places a profound emphasis on leading a righteous life, but how does it specifically address unholiness?
Diving into this topic will open up an array of interpretations and lessons derived from numerous biblical passages. From Old Testament laws to New Testament teachings, there’s no shortage of instances where ‘unholiness’ is discussed or implied. The Bible doesn’t shy away from illustrating the consequences of being unholy either. In fact, it underscores the importance of eschewing unholy behavior.
In navigating these complex messages, it’s crucial to appreciate that ‘unholiness’, according to biblical terms, isn’t just about committing heinous acts. Rather, it also encompasses attitudes and practices that deviate from God’s commands – anything that strays away from His divine plan for humanity. So buckle up! This exploration into what the bible says about being unholy promises to be enlightening indeed!
Unveiling the Concept of Unholiness in the Bible
Diving headfirst into biblical texts, one can’t help but notice references to unholiness. It’s a recurring theme that shapes many narratives and parables throughout both Old and New Testaments. To put it simply, unholiness according to biblical teachings indicates actions, thoughts, or attitudes that are contrary to God’s nature or His divine laws.
Now let’s take a closer look at some specific examples from scripture. In Leviticus 11:44-45, it says “For I am the LORD your God; consecrate yourselves therefore, and be holy because I am holy. Here we see a clear indication that any act not aligning with God’s holiness is deemed unholy. Similarly, Galatians 5:19-21 lists practices such as sexual immorality, idolatry, and jealousy among others as “acts of the flesh”, implying they’re forms of unholiness.
There are numerous instances where individuals faced consequences for their unholy acts. Remember King Saul? He was dethroned by God for disobedience – an act considered unholy (1 Samuel 15:23). And then there’s Judas Iscariot who betrayed Jesus for thirty pieces of silver (Matthew 26:14-16).
It is important to note though that while these scriptures highlight certain behaviors as unholy:
- Idol worship (Exodus 20:3-6)
- Dishonoring parents (Deuteronomy 27:16)
- Murder (Genesis 9:6)
- Adultery (Exodus 20:14)
- Bearing false witness (Exodus 20:16)
The Bible also emphasizes on grace and forgiveness for those who repent their sins sincerely.
In essence, our journey through scripture shows us that ‘unholiness’ isn’t just about disobeying commandments. It’s about straying from God’s character and His divine plan for mankind. It’s a reminder of the need to strive towards holiness, in thought, action, and spirit.
Biblical Verses Addressing ‘Unholy’ Behavior
When it comes to the concept of ‘unholy’ behavior, the Bible has quite a lot to say. From Old Testament regulations on cleanliness and moral conduct to New Testament teachings about love and righteousness, there’s no shortage of biblical guidance for those looking to steer clear of unholy actions.
Hebrews 12:14 warns believers, “Pursue peace with all people, and holiness, without which no one will see the Lord.” This verse not only highlights the importance of holy living but also underscores its crucial role in our relationship with God. So what does it mean to be unholy? In essence, it’s any action or attitude that goes against God’s standards as outlined in Scripture.
In Ephesians 5:3-4, Apostle Paul provides some specific examples: “But among you there must not be even a hint of sexual immorality, or of any kind of impurity, or of greed…Nor should there be obscenity, foolish talk or coarse joking…” Here is a clear warning against behaviors that are considered unholy – acts driven by lustful desires or inappropriate speech.
The book of Galatians delves deeper into this topic. Galatians 5:19-21 lists out what are commonly referred to as ‘the works of the flesh’: “Now the works of the flesh are evident…sexual immorality, impurity,…idolatry,…jealousy,…and things like these.” These represent attitudes and behaviors that stand opposed to God’s character.
However bleak these verses might make our human condition seem though, they’re not written merely for admonition. They’re meant as guides to help us navigate life in ways pleasing to God. As Romans 6:1-2 says: “…shall we go on sinning so that grace may increase? By no means!” By recognizing and addressing unholy behavior, believers can live lives that reflect God’s love and righteousness. That’s the heart of these biblical teachings on the unholy – not just a list of don’ts, but a roadmap to being more like Christ.
The Consequences of Unholiness According to Scripture
If there’s one thing the Bible’s clear about, it’s the serious consequences tied to unholy behavior. Take a look at Hebrews 12:14, for instance. It explicitly states that without holiness, “no one will see the Lord”. This implies a spiritual blindness or disconnection from God as an outcome of unholy living.
Then you’ve got Ephesians 5:5 which is equally straightforward. It suggests that unrighteous individuals won’t inherit the kingdom of God. That’s a pretty sobering perspective on the fate awaiting those who choose not to live in accordance with biblical standards of morality.
It doesn’t stop there though. In Revelations 21:8, John spells out more dire repercussions for ungodly actions including lying, murder, and sexual immorality among others. They’re grouped together as those destined for what he calls “the second death”, symbolizing eternal separation from God.
The Old Testament isn’t silent either on this subject matter. Leviticus 20:26 commands followers to be holy because God Himself is holy. Failure to do so is met with severe punishment including being cut off from His presence.
So when it comes down to it, scriptural texts paint a rather grim picture for those engaging in unholy deeds:
- Spiritual blindness
- Disconnection from God
- Exclusion from heaven
- Eternal separation (second death)
- Severe punishment
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In essence, they underscore the importance of leading lives pleasing to Him and staying away from all forms of unholiness.
How the Bible Encourages Holiness Over Unholiness
Let’s dive right into what the Good Book has to say about holiness versus unholiness. There’s no denying it. The Bible is very clear on its stance: Holiness is where it’s at! It consistently encourages believers to choose righteousness and reject sin.
For starters, take a look at 1 Peter 1:15-16, “But as he which hath called you is holy, so be ye holy in all manner of conversation; Because it is written, Be ye holy; for I am holy.” These verses essentially tell us that God himself is the epitome of holiness and he calls his followers to reflect that same standard in their lives.
Contrast this with what the Scriptures say about unholiness. Ephesians 5:5 warns “For this ye know, that no whoremonger, nor unclean person, nor covetous man, who is an idolater, hath any inheritance in the kingdom of Christ and of God.” In other words, those who choose a path contrary to holiness are excluded from God’s kingdom.
Then there’s James 4:8 – “Draw nigh to God and He will draw nigh to you.” This implies a call towards purity and away from unholy practices. You see? The Bible doesn’t mince words when it comes down to encouraging holiness over unholiness!
Of course, let’s not forget about Jesus’ teachings. He was adamant about promoting a life of righteousness. Remember the Sermon on Mount (Matthew 5-7)? It’s chock-full of guidance urging us towards moral living – being merciful (5:7), pure in heart (5:8), peacemakers (5:9).
To sum up this section without saying “in conclusion”, one could easily state that the Bible persistently nudges its followers towards holiness while cautioning against unholiness. It’s all about living a life that mirrors the purity and righteousness of God Himself. And as we’ve seen, it’s not just a suggestion – it’s an expectation!
Conclusion: Applying Biblical Teachings on Unholiness
In the final analysis, it’s evident that the Bible takes a strong stance against anything unholy. It clearly outlines how one should strive for holiness and avoid all that’s considered unholy.
Understanding these teachings and applying them is a significant part of a believer’s journey. They’re encouraged to live a life of holiness, separating themselves from things deemed unclean or unholy in their faith traditions.
Here are some basic principles drawn from biblical teachings on unholiness:
- Living in accordance with God’s commandments: This goes hand-in-hand with avoiding what the Bible labels as “unholy” or sinful behaviors.
- Pursuing righteousness: Striving for moral uprightness helps believers steer clear of any form of unholiness.
- Seeking spiritual growth: Regular prayer, meditation on scripture, and active participation in religious communities can help individuals grow spiritually and resist unholy influences.
Remember, it’s not about perfection but progression. Everyone stumbles at times; what matters is getting back up, learning from those moments, and continuing to strive towards living a holy life.
While these points provide an overview about applying biblical teachings on unholiness in daily life, individual interpretation may vary based upon personal beliefs and religious denominations. Therefore, seeking guidance from trusted religious leaders can be beneficial when trying to fully understand how best to apply these teachings in your own life.
In this way, anyone can draw nearer to leading a lifestyle pleasing to God by understanding what constitutes ‘unholy’ according to their faith tradition – thus creating an environment conducive for spiritual growth.

domain: literature


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This study provides a mechanism to divide the complete geographical extent of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) under attack of a jammer into different zones as per the severity of jamming experienced by various nodes of the network. There are some existing methods such as, `Localised Edge Detection in Sensor Field`, `Robust Edge Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks` and `JAM: A Jammed Area Mapping Service for Sensor Networks`, that solve similar problems; but all of them are able to map the geographical extent into only two zones ` `jammed` and `not jammed`, and they all are vulnerable to information warfare as they all require to communicate even while under a jamming attack. The proposed method for zonalisation of the geographical extent of WSNs based on the effects of jamming on various nodes follows the centralised approach, where the mapping is done by the base station through hull tracing of jammed nodes as per their pre-calculated jamming indices thus enforcing the economy of scale, and making it one of the most energy-efficient and fastest-known mapping systems. The method is procedure-centric, as against almost all of the known systems that are protocol-centric, wherein the proposed method dispenses with the need of inter-nodal communications during moments of jamming. The system has no inherent inaccuracies.


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Support Strawberry Mansion High School
Thank you for your interest in supporting the Strawberry Mansion High School. As the designated Section 501(c)(3) organization of the School District of Philadelphia, PCFF will accept funds on behalf of Strawbery Mansion High School in two specific categories:
* Please note, the role of the PCFF is to serve as a fiscal agent on behalf of the School District. The staff of Strawberry Mansion, as agents of the School District of Philadelphia, direct the expenditures of all funds donated. PCFF is not involved in the decision-making process regarding how funds are allocated.
PCFF is a Section 501(c)(3) tax-exempt organization, contributions to which are tax-deductible to the extent permitted by law.
Interested individuals may donate online or contact Angela Connor, Executive Director, at 215-979-1188 or firstname.lastname@example.org.
Thank you for your interest in supporting the School District of Philadelphia through Philadelphia's Children First Fund. You can make a secure, one-time donation and choose to support one of the following programs:
The Philadelphia Burger Brawl
An event that will be held on May 5, 2013 to support the William M. Meredith School Computer Lab.
Philadelphia School District classrooms are often unable to take advantage of free programming in the arts, music, museum trips, athletics and other supplemental activities. This fund covers the costs of bus rentals for Philadelphia school classrooms.
Crisis Emergency Fund
This fund provides critical services and resources to students and their families who experience extraordinary hardship as a result of death, fire, violence or other personal tragedies. This fund provides assistance with funeral costs in times of tragedy and has also provided provisions such as clothes, food and other basic need essentials.
With a gift to Philadelphia's Children First Fund, your support will directly impact Philadelphia's public school students through targeted program areas:
* Arts, Music and Culture
* Early Childhood Education
* School Climate
* Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)

domain: finance


Report 2012-103 Summary - November 2012
Los Angeles Unified School District:
It Could Do More to Improve Its Handling of Child Abuse Allegations
Our review of the Los Angeles Unified School District's (district) handling of allegations of employee abuse against students highlighted the following:
- The district often did not properly notify the Commission on Teacher Credentialing (commission) when required to do so. After reviewing past practices, the district reported about 600 cases to the commission in a span of three months.
- At least 144 of these cases—including cases involving employee misconduct against students—were submitted a year or more late.
- Of the 144 cases, 31 were more than three years late when reported to the commission.
- There is no statewide mechanism to communicate among school districts when a classified employee at any school district separates by dismissal, resignation, or settlement during the course of an investigation involving misconduct with students.
- Although it appears the district generally followed state law when reporting suspected child abuse and generally followed its policies, it did not always act in a timely manner on some allegations during the investigation process—one case did not move forward for almost 14 of the more than 18 months the case was open.
- The district could not adequately explain some delays in disciplining or dismissing certain employees suspected of child abuse—we noted an eight-month delay in one case between the time the district's investigations unit issued a report concerning the allegation and when the principal took action.
- The district paid $3 million in salaries to 20 employees whom the district has housed—relocated away from school sites—the longest for allegations of misconduct against students, including one employee who has been housed for 4.5 years.
RESULTS IN BRIEF
In terms of student enrollment, the Los Angeles Unified School District (district) is the largest school district in California. During the 2011-12 school year, it was responsible for 659,246 enrolled kindergarten through 12th-grade (K-12) students receiving educational instruction at 759 school sites and 198 charter schools. The district employed approximately 27,000 certificated K-12 classroom teachers and more than 4,600 substitute teachers. Additionally, it employed more than 5,100 teacher assistants who do not hold a certificate to teach from the Commission on Teacher Credentialing (commission). The district also employed nearly 30,400 classified employees, who are not required to have a teaching certificate, in positions such as campus aide, food service worker, and clerk. Because most students attending district schools are under the age of 18, employee misconduct against students generally entails child abuse. Examples of child abuse include physical abuse and sexual abuse or exploitation.
State law requires that school employees report suspected child abuse immediately or as soon as practically possible by calling a law enforcement entity and filing a suspected child abuse report within 36 hours. District policies have detailed reporting and investigative processes for allegations of suspected child abuse, including allegations of employee abuse against students.
Moreover, state regulations require school districts to report to the commission within 30 days cases of a certificated employee's change of employment status, such as a dismissal or other termination, as a result of an allegation of misconduct or while an allegation of misconduct is pending. Further, state law requires the commission be notified within 10 days when a certificated employee is put on a compulsory leave of absence because of charges for certain sex offenses or controlled substance crimes. However, the district often did not properly notify the commission when required to do so, such as when employees were dismissed while allegations of misconduct were pending. The district did not realize it had failed to report many of these cases until a high-profile incident that went unreported for more than six months led the district to review its past reporting practices. The commission uses these reports to review an employee's case and to suspend or revoke his or her teaching credential if necessary.
The superintendent of schools directed district officials and principals to undertake two separate projects intended to improve district reporting processes. One of the projects—the commission reporting project—led to about 600 cases being reported to the commission in a span of three months. However, this large increase in the number of cases reported included many not requiring reporting and caused a needless increase in workload for the commission. Our review of the information the district provided to the commission found that the district failed to report as required at least 144 cases—including cases involving employee misconduct against students—and they were submitted a year or more late when the district finally did report them. Of the 144 cases, 31 were more than three years late when they were reported to the commission. This lack of reporting resulted from systematic problems within the district, such as inconsistent office processes. As a result of the delays in reporting these cases, the commission was not able to determine promptly whether it was appropriate to revoke the teachers' certificates and thus prevent the individuals from working in other school districts. The district has yet to complete the second project, which involves a review of employee files by school principals, and the district will not know the project's full effect until all files are reviewed by its central office and it determines how many cases were investigated and whether disciplinary actions were taken.
Further, California has no statewide mechanism to communicate among school districts when a classified employee at any school district separates by dismissal, resignation, or settlement during the course of an investigation involving misconduct with students. Thus, a classified employee who has separated from his or her district might be able to find employment with other school districts without those school districts knowing the circumstances under which the employee left a previous position.
The district has made improvements to its policies and procedures related to reporting, investigating, and tracking suspected child abuse over time. For example, the district implemented two tracking systems that allow improved reporting and tracking of suspected child abuse and created a unit that investigates complex cases of suspected child abuse. In addition, although independent charter schools are largely autonomous and are not required to follow the district's policies and procedures regarding child abuse reporting, the information we reviewed at two charter management organizations indicated that adequate processes are in place to report child abuse. District-required charter language also obligates charter schools to inform the district about notices of investigations by outside regulatory agencies, lawsuits, or other formal complaints within one week of the school's receipt of such notices.
Available documentation related to our review of 24 personnel files containing child abuse allegations indicate that the district generally followed state law when reporting suspected child abuse and generally followed its own policies and procedures related to investigating child abuse allegations and to removing a suspected employee from a school site after an allegation was reported. However, we found that the district did not always act in a timely manner on some allegations during the investigation process. Although a criminal investigation conducted by law enforcement might cause the district to delay or put on hold an administrative investigation by the district, we found some delays in the investigation process that the district was unable to justify. For example, until the district's investigations unit took it, one case we reviewed did not move forward for almost 14 of the more than 18 months that it was open. The local district was unable to explain what occurred during that 14-month time period.
In addition, the district follows a progressive discipline process and state laws related to dismissing employees, both of which increase the time for the district to see a case to its conclusion. Nonetheless, for cases we reviewed, the district could not adequately explain some delays in disciplining or dismissing certain employees suspected of child abuse. For example, in one case, we noted an eight-month delay between the time that the district's investigations unit released a report concerning a child abuse allegation and the date on which the school's principal issued a memo to the employee about the incident, with no indication of anything occurring in the interim. According to district staff, the principal struggled to write the memo.
The district is responsible for keeping an employee who is being investigated for misconduct away from the school site during the investigation. The district's policy for addressing this responsibility is to house the employee—to relocate him or her away from its school sites. Since its creation in 2008, a database that tracks housed employees reports that the district has housed more than 700 employees for various reasons. The length of time that the employee is housed can range from a day to years, depending on the time it takes to make a determination on the case. During this time, the district continues paying the employee's salary. In fact, as of mid-September 2012, the district had paid $3 million in salaries to 20 employees whom the district had housed the longest for allegations of misconduct against students, including one employee who has been housed for 4.5 years.
Our review found that the length of time and the expense of the process for dismissing the district's certificated employees suspected of child abuse contribute to the district's entering into settlement agreements rather than continuing with attempts to dismiss the employees. State law outlines the dismissal process that must be used for certificated and classified employees. The dismissal of classified employees and substitute teachers is effective immediately, regardless of whether the employees challenge the district's decisions. In contrast, the process for dismissing certificated employees is more lengthy and expensive for the district. Certificated employees who appeal their dismissals are each entitled to a hearing before the Commission of Professional Competence. As a result, the district may decide to reach a settlement agreement with certificated employees rather than attempt to continue with this lengthy process. The district has made some efforts to track settlement agreements; however, none of its tracking efforts provides the total cost of the settlement or complete information on the nature of the misconduct. Having one division within the district maintain a districtwide tracking mechanism for issued settlements could ensure that the district has complete and readily accessible information. We believe this information could help the district identify and analyze patterns and trends associated with providing settlements, which could help streamline and make the process less expensive.
To ensure that the commission is made aware of certificated employees who need to be reviewed to determine whether the employees' teaching credentials should be suspended or revoked, the district should adhere to state requirements for reporting cases to the commission.
The Legislature should consider establishing a mechanism to monitor classified employees who have separated from a school district by dismissal, resignation, or settlement during the course of an investigation for misconduct involving students, similar to the oversight provided by the commission for certificated employees. If such a mechanism existed, school districts throughout the State could be notified before hiring these classified employees.
To ensure that investigations proceed in a timely manner and that the district disciplines employees promptly, the district should increase its oversight of open allegations of employee abuse against students.
To ensure that it does not duplicate efforts and that its information is complete, the district should identify one division to maintain a districtwide tracking mechanism for settlements that includes the total amounts paid and descriptions of the misconduct.
The district agreed with our recommendations and outlined the steps it has taken or plans to take to implement the recommendations we directed to it.


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domain: geography


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- Today, we’re going to use some of the Aviary suite of online graphics tools, To play along, you might want to consider installing the Chrome or Firefox extensions that interface your browser directly with their service. It’s not necessary to get a result, but it will streamline your process. It’s your call.
- I’m going to start with an old wallpaper texture from Caleb Kimbrough’s stunning and ever-growing collection at Lost & Taken. When you’ve found a texture you like, use the Aviary extension to screen capture the browser window. It should load straight into Aviary’s Image Markup Editor (aka Talon), where you can use the crop tool to trim your image down to a nice section of texture. You don’t need to be too precious about exactly where you crop your patterns — we can fix that later — but try to select an area that is relatively flatly lit. Next, hit the green ‘Image Effects’ button on the top right to transfer our image to Aviary’s Effects Editor (aka Peacock)– this is where the nifty stuff happens. When it is loaded, the workspace should show tile of your texture (labelled ‘Resource’) with an output canvas below it.A connecting arm automatically joins our sample texture to the canvas.
- Now open the ‘Effects’ tab on the left edge and you’ll find a drawer containing around 40 effect types. Rummage around till you find the ‘Seamless’ effect and drag ‘n’ drop it between our texture tile (Resource) and the canvas.
- We need to ‘wire’ these elements together. If you positioned the seamless effect just right, they may have wired themselves together automatically. If not, it’s no big deal. Just drag a connecting arm from the tiny handle on the bottom edge of our sample and the handle on the top edge of the Seamless effect tile. Follow the same process to connect the Seamless effect to the Canvas. You should now have a nice daisy-chain of Resource to Seamless to Canvas.
- Select the Seamless effect and you’ll see its properties displayed in the panel on the right. Frankly, the default settings aren’t very useful, so reset the horizontal and vertical blends to zero and the horizontal and vertical offset to 50%. This will move the hard-edged seams to the center of the canvas, making them much easier to work with.
- Now for the magic. Begin gradually sliding the horizontal blend settings and the hard-edged vertical seam should start to evaporate before your eyes. If your original sample texture is an organic texture (paper, grass, marble, etc), almost any blend of around 10% should work fine. Man-made, repeating patterns such as wallpaper and fabric will take a little more fine-tuning on your part, but it’s not super difficult.
- You’ve probably guessed the next step. Use the vertical blend slider to remove the horizontal join.
- When you’re happy with the result, click on your canvas element and check the ‘Adapt Display Size to Input Bitmap’ checkbox in the properties panel. This will automatically crop off any empty image area for you. Voila! You should nowbe looking at a perfect seamless tile.
- Now you just need to download it. In the ‘File’ menu at the top you can use the ‘Export Canvas as Bitmap’ option to download a copy. You can also save a copy to your Aviary account if you have one.
SummaryAs you’ve probably already worked out, the Effects Editor does a lot more than just generate seamless tiles. Peacock is a sophisticated tool designed to let you mix and match photographic source files, generated fractal patterns, procedural textures, lens effects and filters to create almost any surface you can conceive of. We’ve barely scratched the surface today, but the seamless tile generator is a great way to get something of value from Aviary while getting your feet wet. In this demo, I started with one of Caleb’s textures, but if you scour the web, you’ll find great, free, raw materials everywhere. In the past, I’ve sampled textures from commercial tile retailers, specialty paper suppliers, fabric wholesalers and brick manufacturers. What’s more, most of us carry high-quality ‘texture capturing devices’ in our hip pockets. Just be aware of what your eyes are seeing, grab and stow it away. It shouldn’t be long before you’ve got your own super-useful collection of free raw textures. Have fun.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on Creating Seamless Textures
What are the best tools for creating seamless textures online?
There are several online tools that you can use to create seamless textures. Some of the most popular ones include Architextures, ImgOnline, CGDirector, The3rdSequence, and Laurentvw. These tools offer a variety of features such as pattern generators, texture converters, and image editors that can help you create high-quality seamless textures. It’s important to choose a tool that suits your specific needs and skill level.
How can I make a texture seamless in Photoshop?
Making a texture seamless in Photoshop involves a few steps. First, open the texture image in Photoshop. Then, go to Filter > Other > Offset. Adjust the horizontal and vertical settings to half of the image’s width and height. This will shift the seams to the center of the image. Use the Clone Stamp tool to blend the seams and make the texture seamless. Finally, save your new seamless texture.
Can I create seamless textures without using Photoshop?
Yes, you can create seamless textures without using Photoshop. There are several online tools and software that allow you to create seamless textures. These include GIMP, a free and open-source image editor, and various online tools like Architextures and ImgOnline. These tools offer features similar to Photoshop and can be used to create high-quality seamless textures.
How can I use seamless textures in my 3D models?
Seamless textures can be used in 3D models to add detail and realism. To use a seamless texture in a 3D model, you need to apply the texture as a material to the model. This process varies depending on the 3D modeling software you are using. In general, you will need to import the texture, create a new material, and apply the texture to the material. Then, you can apply the material to your 3D model.
What are the benefits of using seamless textures?
Seamless textures offer several benefits. They can add detail and realism to 3D models and digital art. Because they are seamless, they can be tiled without visible seams, making them ideal for creating large surfaces like walls, floors, and landscapes. Seamless textures also save time and resources as you can use the same texture repeatedly without it looking repetitive.
How can I create a seamless pattern in Illustrator?
Creating a seamless pattern in Illustrator involves a few steps. First, create your design elements. Then, go to Object > Pattern > Make. This will open the Pattern Options panel. Adjust the tile type and spacing to make the pattern seamless. Finally, save your new seamless pattern.
Can I create seamless textures from photos?
Yes, you can create seamless textures from photos. This can be done using image editing software like Photoshop or GIMP, or online tools like ImgOnline. The process involves adjusting the image so that it can be tiled without visible seams. This usually involves shifting the seams to the center of the image and blending them to make them seamless.
What is a seamless pattern generator and how does it work?
A seamless pattern generator is a tool that creates seamless patterns from images or designs. It works by repeating the image or design in a way that eliminates visible seams. Some pattern generators also offer features like color adjustment, scaling, and rotation to help you create the perfect seamless pattern.
How can I improve the quality of my seamless textures?
There are several ways to improve the quality of your seamless textures. One way is to start with a high-quality image or design. The higher the resolution of your original image, the better the quality of your seamless texture. Another way is to carefully blend the seams of your texture to make them invisible. This can be done using image editing tools like the Clone Stamp in Photoshop.
Can I use seamless textures in web design?
Yes, seamless textures can be used in web design to add visual interest and depth. They can be used as backgrounds, in buttons, or in other design elements. Because they are seamless, they can be tiled to fill any size area without visible seams. This makes them a versatile and useful tool in web design.
Alex has been doing cruel and unusual things to CSS since 2001. He is the lead front-end design and dev for SitePoint and one-time SitePoint's Design and UX editor with over 150+ newsletter written. Co-author of The Principles of Beautiful Web Design. Now Alex is involved in the planning, development, production, and marketing of a huge range of printed and online products and references. He has designed over 60+ of SitePoint's book covers.

domain: artistic


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It’s easy to see why Fedor Bondarchuk’s WWII megaproduction Stalingrad was the top-grossing Russian film of 2013: The movie is a rah-rah tribute to the scrappy comrades who fought the Nazis in what became one of the bloodiest battles in history. What is less clear is why it was made in IMAX 3-D. Yes, the film is gorgeous — assuming you want to see rubble and soot and frostbite rendered as eye candy. But the story is pretty much your standard band-of-brothers narrative, with each soldier defined by one specific character trait (the sniper with ice in his veins, the quiet killer who was an opera tenor before hell came to town, the German with an unexpected human streak). The only surprise is a sad-eyed Russian girl (Mariya Smolnikova) who becomes a mascot of sorts to the weary men. Otherwise, Stalingrad is a 3-D epic that’s one-dimensional. B?
KEEPS STALIN Russian hit Stalingrad leaves you wondering why it was filmed in 3D. (Columbia/Sony)
Genre: War; Starring: Petr Fedorov, Thomas Kretschmann; Director: Fedor Bondarchuk; Release Date Limited: 02/28/2014; Runtime (in minutes): 135; MPAA Rating: R; Distributor: Columbia Pictures
Posted March 8 2014 — 12:00 AM EST
- 'The Dark Knight' video essay explores Heath Ledger's Joker
- Daisy Ridley says next 'Star Wars' title won't be revealed for a while
- Emily Blunt shares Julie Andrews' reaction to her Mary Poppins casting
- Kevin Smith recalls awkward text exchange with daughter
- ‘The Goldbergs’ enlists ‘The Office’ alum for ‘Brady Bunch’ episode
- Britney Spears says Carpool Karaoke was 'fun,' 'awkward'
- MTV VMAs: The most memorable performances

domain: entertainment


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Smithsonian Libraries and Archives invites you to join our next free, online webinar: “At Home with Smithsonian Libraries and Archives: Magnificent Obsessions” on Tuesday, October 5th at 5 pm ET. more »
Month: September 2021
The beginning of a school year brings many new things. New classes, new supplies, and perhaps new clothing. What did school outfits look like over one hundred years ago? Let’s take a trip back in time to the year 1915 to find out.
This post was contributed by Martha Ball, who has served as the Advancement Intern during the Summer of 2021. Martha is currently pursuing her M.S. in Library and Information Science more »
This post was written by Lezlie Hernandez, a Summer 2021 intern at the Smithsonian Institution Archives, sponsored by the American Women’s History Initiative. Her project focused on researching the history more »

domain: library


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Activision has announced that Call of Duty: Ghosts has shipped $1 billion worth of copies to retail.
“Call of Duty is by far the largest console franchise of this generation,” said Activision CEO Bobby Kotick. “And in the last 12 months, Call of Duty: Black Ops 2, including its digital content, generated more revenues than any other console game ever has in a single year. Although it is too early to assess sell-through for Call of Duty: Ghosts, it’s launching at a time when the franchise has never been more popular.”
The announcement comes ahead of the second quarter results for Activision, which should release later today.
Keep in mind that this is only shipped units. Meanwhile, Grand Theft Auto 5 sold $1 billion in three days.
Activision also noted that Ghosts was the most pre-ordered game at GameStop for 2013.

domain: game


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domain: hobby


If Leonardo DiCaprio has no plans to marry his current girlfriend Bar Refaeli, then he better run the other way because Bar is ready for kids RIGHT NOW!
According to the New York Daily News, the Victoria's Secret supermodel insists that she wants "at least three" children and plans to raise them in her native Israel.
She says, "I had a very beautiful childhood and I hope that my kids will be able to experience the same thing."
When the NY Daily news asked Leo's rep about his girlfriend’s statement, his rep snapped back, "I can't get him off the set to ask him." Ouch!


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For the Crepes
100g (4oz) Plain Flour
1 tbsp Siúcra Caster Sugar
2 Large Eggs
300ml (1/2 pint) Milk
1 tbsp Sunflower Oil, plus extra for cooking
For the Chocolate Fudge Sauce
150ml (1/4 pint) Cream
75g (3oz) Siúcra Light Golden Brown Sugar
25g (1oz) Cocoa Powder
Good pinch of Sea Salt flakes
100g (4oz) Plain Chocolate, broken into squares (70% cocoa solids)
25g (1oz) Butter
1 tsp Vanilla Extract
450g (1lb) Raspberries
Siúcra icing sugar, to dust
Sieve the flour into a bowl and stir in the Siúcra caster sugar. Make a well in the centre and whisk in the eggs, milk, and sunflower oil until you have a smooth batter. If you have time leave it to rest for 30 minutes or start cooking straight away.
Meanwhile, make the chocolate fudge sauce. Place the cream, Siúcra light golden brown sugar, cocoa powder, salt and half of the chocolate in a pan over a medium-low heat. Cook for a couple of minutes until the chocolate has melted and the sauce has thickened, stirring constantly. Remove from the heat and stir in the remaining chocolate with the butter and vanilla, stirring until smooth. Leave to cool and thicken before using.
To cook the crepes, place a medium non-stick frying pan over a medium heat and wipe it with some oiled kitchen paper. Once hot, ladle in a thin layer of batter and cook for 1 minute on each side until golden, keeping them warm in a low oven as you go.
Arrange the crepes on warm plates in cone shapes and have the raspberries spilling out of each one. Drizzle over the chocolate fudge sauce and add a light dusting of Siúcra icing sugar on the raspberries to serve.
Here you can find both satisfying and sweet treats for a very happy Easter weekend.
Time for citrus
Is there anything better than to start the morning with homemade marmalade on your toast. Let the season's citrus fruits inspire you.
Inspired by the Japanese breakfast staple, Puffed Pancakes with Strawberries, Cinnamon Syrup and Lemon Cream, served warm and straight from the pan are sure to be a winner with all the family.
Mmm! What could be better than a rich, sumptuous chocolate cake to lift the spirits – either as an indulgent treat or to round off a meal.
Cheesecakes of every kind
How about serving up a creamy, tangy cheesecake rather than a regular cake at your party? Cheesecakes come in many different variations, forms and flavours.

domain: food


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|Photo: Broiled Chicken with Herbs Recipe|
The Lebanese Recipes Kitchen (The home of delicious Lebanese Recipes and Middle Eastern food recipes) invites you to try Broiled Chicken with Herbs Recipe. Enjoy the Lebanese Cuisine and learn how to Broiled Chicken with Herbs.
Serves : 4 Persons
Duration : 30 Min
1 Kilo Whole Chicken
2 Tablespoons Olive Oil
1 Tablespoon Butter
1 Tablespoon Oregano
1 Tablespoon Rosemary
1 Tablespoon Sage
1 Tablespoon Mardakoosh
1 Tablespoon Basil
1 Teaspoon Salt
1 Teaspoon Garlic Powder
1 Teaspoon Onion Powder
1 Teaspoon Red Pepper Flakes
1 Teaspoon Lemon Zest
4/1 Cup Lemon Juice
Decorated Fresh Herbs
1. Butter the Chicken. Using a sharp knife cut the entire back of the chicken. Open and put on a flat surface. Press down to flatten.
2. In a large skillet heat olive oil and butter.
3. In a bowl mix oregano, rosemary, sage, mardakoosh, basil, salt, garlic powder, onion powder, pepper flakes, and lemon zest.
4. Sprinkle ½ of the spice mix onto the chicken.
5. Place chicken in skillet and using a heavy pot press down on the chicken releasing most of its juice. Leave the pot for 10 or 15 minutes until the juice evaporates and the bottom of the chicken is golden brown.
6. Using tongs flip the chicken and sprinkle the rest of the spices. Press down on the chicken again and leave for another 10 minutes.
7. Fit the middle rack in the oven. Preheat panggangan to 350 degrees.
8. Cook the chicken in panggangan for 30 minutes or until well done.
9. Remove chicken from panggangan and transfer to a serving plate. Cover to keep warm.
10. Put skillet on medium heat. Add lemon juice and let boil for 1 minute.
11. Spread the sauce onto the chicken. Garnish with the fresh herbs and serve.


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Particle Moves is an installation developed in collaboration with the Elision contemporary music ensemble to be a responsive sound environment in which the members of the ensemble can work intuitively. The performance of the ensemble is processed and mixed through a set of specially designed metal loudspeakers placed throughout the exhibition space. The mix changes continually to produce an ever-shifting alignment of the sounds in space. The intermittent movement of a series of kinetic elements — flexing rods, floor-crawling discs, and solenoid-driven resonators — serve as an occasional punctuation for the ongoing sound mix and underline the use of sound here as a physical force that moves around the listener as it shapes and reshapes the listening space.
The Elision Ensemble are Daryl Buckley, Ben Marks, Michael Hewes and Tim O'Dwyer. The production of Particle Moves at the Institute of Modern Art was supported by a grant from Arts Queensland. The realization of Particle Moves was assisted by Leon Waud.


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July 1 2013 UPDATE – See this PDF for latest news – Newsletter 2
June 1 2013 – UPDATE -Two members of the Rathmines Catalina Memorial Park Trust Catalina recovery team have returned to San Juan, to proceed with further work to recover their recently purchased Catalina PBY 5A , proposed for static display at the Heritage listed WW2 Rathmines RAAF Sea Plane base at Lake Macquarie, NSW. Weather conditions at present are not very helpful, but it is hoped that a hangar will be made available on site in San Juan soon, so as work can be carried out regardless. A third member will also fly across this week to assist. A bee hive had made its home in the tail plane assembly, causing quite a bit of angst, and delay, but this has now been removed, and work should be able to proceed without further anxiety. It is hoped that all preparation work for crating and eventual shipping to Australia will be completed within the next 6-8 weeks, weather and labour permitting.Contact has been made with local shipping providers for advice, quotations and arrangements to transport to Australia as deck cargo. This has been done with valuable support & assistance from agents here in Australia.
25th April, 2013
A former RAAF WW2 base i have traveled to and visited 2 times, located north of Sydney, is now in the early stages of becoming a state and world wide tourist attraction, with the first stage underway of making a museum on the site now swinging into action.
I am humbled and proud to release to warbird and aviation enthusiast around the world, an exclusive press release, detailing the efforts of a group of hard volunteers who are achieving results in seeking to preserve important RAAF WW2 history on the NSW Central Coast.
The Rathmines Catalina Memorial Park Trust have purchased a static PBY-5a Catalina for the future museum / hangar which will be built at the former RAAF Rathmines base. This aircraft will hopefully also complement the Catalina Flying Memorial Limited aircraft which will be based on site. Currently the CFML aircraft is undergoing repairs back to flight status at Bankstown Airport, Sydney.
Please read press release and photos shown below.
Rathmines Catalina Memorial Park Trust
Patron Mr. Gregory Piper MP
ABN: 23 400 220 598
Mr. Robert Furner
Mr. William Mitchell
Mr. John Richard
Mrs. Penny Furner (nee Wearne)
3 Whitelock St, Carey Bay
Ph: (02) 49 504030
Mob: 0438 1946 11
CATALINA FLYING BOAT BOUND FOR RATHMINES
A long-held dream to have an historic Catalina Flying Boat permanently displayed on the site of the World War II air base at Rathmines is a step closer to fruition following the purchase of a disused aircraft by the Rathmines Catalina Memorial Park Trust. The Trust sourced the rare Catalina PBY-5A aircraft in Puerto Rico after a seven-year search. The purchase was confirmed this week and the aircraft is expected to arrive later this year, after being dismantled and shipped to Australia. The Catalina will become one of the key attractions of a hangar-style museum planned for the heritage-listed lakeside memorial park at Rathmines.
It is intended to be the museum’s centrepiece static exhibit, complementing the operational Catalina VH-CAT. VH-CAT, a PBY-6A Catalina brought to Australia from Portugal in 2008, is owned by a private consortium, Catalina Flying Memorial Ltd, and is currently being restored to flying condition in Sydney. Rathmines Catalina Memorial Park Trust Registrar Penny Furner said the purchase of the Catalina PBY-5A was a real coup. “This is very exciting – Catalinas are very hard to come by and this is one of the models that flew out of Rathmines during the war,” she said. “It will make a marvellous static display for our proposed museum and will boost our efforts to secure government support for the project. We want to build a fitting home for VH-CAT and the PBY-5A so anyone interested in wartime history or aviation can come and see these wonderful old aircraft first-hand.” The PBY-5A Catalina was paid for with money raised by the Trust through donations and community events such as the annual Rathmines Catalina Festival. The former RAAF site at Rathmines has a colourful history. It was the largest seaplane base in the southern hemisphere during World War II and was of vital strategic importance to the Allied war effort. Two representative’s are currently in Puerto Rico arranging the preparation of the Flying Boat for transport to Australia.
For more information, contact Penny Furner on 0438 194 611 or at firstname.lastname@example.org
Shown below are photos of the Catalina in Puerto Rico as it is currently prior to being shipped to Australia.

domain: news


IG Sindh Kaleem Imam replaced, govt proposes three new names
The Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP)’s provincial government has penned a letter to the Establishment Division and proposed the names of three IG Sindh to pick one of them for the post.
The names of Ghulam Qadir Thebo, Mushtaq Mahar, and Kamran Afzal have been recommended for the post of IG Sindh in the letter.
The names have proposed by the Sindh government after consultation with the federal government.
The letter sent to the Establishment Division through Chief Secretary Sindh.
On Monday, the Sindh High Court (SHC) had issued notices to the federal and provincial authorities on a petition questioning the Sindh government’s decision to remove Inspector General of Police (IGP) Dr. Kaleem Imam.
A bench of the SHC had directed them to furnish their comments until the next hearing scheduled for Jan 28.
The bench ruled that Dr. Kaleem Imam will continue as the IG Sindh until the federal government responds to the provincial government’s request for his removal.
The provincial cabinet during an urgent meeting on January 15 had decided to appoint a new IG to replace Dr. Kaleem Imam over alleged failure in maintaining and improving law and order.
It also demanded action against him for allegedly exceeding his authority and making irresponsible statements.
In Sept 2018, Dr. Syed Kaleem Imam was appointed as the inspector general of Sindh police (PSP, BS-21).
PM lauds inclusion of Karachi coastal uplift plan in CPEC
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PTI saves billion of rupees by ensuring transparency in road projects: Murad
Minister for Communications and Postal Services Murad Saeed on Sunday said that...
PM Imran shares pictures of Buddhist temple on Twitter
Prime Minister Imran Khan Sunday shared on Twitter pictures of the ancient...
Balochistan: Sepoy embraces martyrdom thwarting terrorists’ attack on military post
The terrorists on Sunday targeted Security Forces’ post in Mach, Balochistan, where...
There will be an additional tax on the electricity bills of those who work from home
Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) member Internal Revenue Operations Qaiser Iqbal has...


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text:
Lana Del Rey. Controversy. What's new?
In a move that stunned the fashion community on Thursday, British Vogue announced the 25-year-old indie songstress as its March cover girl.
And the backlash has been tremendous.
This is not Del Rey's first time gracing the cover of a glossy, but what irks people in this case is that someone so obscure is plastered on the front of the holy grail of fashion publications- a privilege given to musicians like Rihanna, Beyonce and Lady Gaga.
Del Rey has been the subject of significant amounts of buzz leading up to the release of her album Born to Die. For legitimate reasons.
She comes from an extremely privileged background. The girl has beautiful features- a puffy pout, dramatic blue eyes, sky-high cheek bones- all of which will be put to good use since she recently signed with NEXT modeling agency. Her voice is haunting, her lyrics resonate with those who've experienced heartbreak, and some of her songs are downright alluring, if not seductive.
But it's not all good.
There was that cringe-worthy SNL performance last month. She's changed her name from Lizzy Grant to Lana Del Rey (and for some reason, that bugs people). Then there's rampant speculation that her lips have been injected with vials of Botox- a rumor she's furiously denied. If people adore Lana on one end of the spectrum, the opposite side is full of passionate critics who cannot fathom (or stomach) her brewing success.
They slam Del Rey for being "fake." And some of her most outspoken critics are in fashion, because the industry is about authenticity, originality and creativity.
Which leads us to her Vogue UK cover. After news circulated that Del Rey was the publication's cover girl Thursday evening, many were not pleased.
On Friday, in response to the overwhelming criticism, Alexandra Shulman released a portion of her Editor's letter:
"I am many of the thousands of people enraptured by the throaty, seductive voice of Lana Del Rey. Once I had seen Lana play at a small event in London, I was convinced that she would be a great Vogue cover girl, even though she is probably one of the newest stars in her field that the magazine has ever had on the cover."
What are your thoughts? Do you think Lana deserves to land a Vogue cover?
The issue is available on February 6.

domain: celebrity