text:
Deficits and the demand for money.
In recent years, the large budget deficits of the Federal Government have renewed interest in the effects of government debt on private sector behavior. To date, empirical research has focused on the relationship between debt and two key variables, consumption and interest rates.(1) By contrast, empirical research on the effects of government debt on other variables of interest to macroeconomists is limited. This paper examines the relationship between government debt and one such variable, real money balances. The neglect of government debt as a determinant of money demand is surprising. Many traditional macroeconomic models, such as Blinder and Solow's |9~ influential work, include government debt as an argument to the money demand function. Moreover, macroeconomic theorists have long been aware that a government debt -- money demand relationship has important implications for the efficacy of fiscal policy.(2)
This paper examines the relationship between government debt and real money holdings over the 1950-1990 period. A positive money -- debt relationship was previously noted by Butkiewicz |12~ and Deravi, Hegji, and Moberly |15~ (hereafter referred to as DHM). Our work improves upon this research in two ways. First, in contrast to Butkiewicz |12~ and DHM |15~, we investigate the time-series properties (stationarity, cointegration) of relevant variables. Second, we distinguish between supply-side and demand-side explanations of the debt-money relationship. The explanation advanced by Butkiewicz |12~ and DHM |15~ is that an increase government debt is perceived by the private sector as an increase in net wealth and hence should increase money demand.(3) This explanation ignores a potentially important connection between government debt and money supply. If the Federal Reserve monetizes debt, and if the private sector's adjustment to this monetization is lagged, then debt and real money balances will exhibit a positive correlation in the short run (but not the long run) even in the absence of a net wealth effect in money demand. It is thus crucial to distinguish between money demand and supply effects in empirical work on debt and real money holdings. To distinguish between these effects we develop a two-equation model of money demand and supply. Our model draws on Carr and Darby's |13~ "shock-absorber" framework, as well as work by Mishkin |39; 40~ and Bohara |10~.
The empirical results reported in this paper are stronger than those reported by Butkiewicz |12~ or DHM |15~. Their research found a contemporaneous relationship between money demand and government debt over the 1950-1973 period. We confirm this finding. We also find a strong evidence of lagged demand-side effects of changes in real government debt on real money holdings over the entire 1950-1990 period as well as the 1973-1990 period. However, we find no evidence that deficits are monetized. Thus, the positive correlation between money demand and government debt appears to be purely a result of demand-side factors.
The paper is organized as follows. In section II, we discuss the role of government debt in money demand and supply functions. In section III, we present the empirical analysis. We first test for the stationarity of the relevant variables. The evidence suggests that these variables are level non-stationary but difference stationary. Therefore, we perform co-integration tests on the money demand and monetary base reaction functions. For both functions, the null hypothesis of no-cointegration is not rejected. Finally, we bring demand and supply elements together using a "shock-absorber" money demand model. We jointly estimate money demand and monetary base reaction functions using the technique suggested by Mishkin |39; 40~. We find strong evidence that deficits increase the demand for money. By contrast, we find little evidence for a supply-side relationship. Section IV presents our concluding comments.
II. Deficits and the Demand for and Supply of Money
In this section, we discuss the role of government debt in money demand and supply. We begin with money demand. Economic theory suggests that money demand is related to a scale variable (i.e., transactions or wealth) and an opportunity cost measure. In equation (1), |m.sup.d~ is real money demand, y is real income, R is the nominal interest rate.
|m.sup.d~ = f(y, R, b) (1)
The inclusion of real government debt (b) in a money demand equation such as (1) can be justified on several grounds. The simplest justification is a net wealth effect, as discussed by authors such as Blinder and Solow |9~, Butkiewicz |12~, Mankiw and Summers |35~ and DHM |15~. Of course, if government bonds are part of net wealth, Ricardian Equivalence does not hold. However, there are models which imply a relationship between real money balances and government debt that do not rely upon a net wealth effect. One such model was suggested by Rodriguez |45~. He demonstrates that, in a cash-in-advance model, issuance of government debt increases transactions and hence money demand. Moreover, recent work on the liquidity effect by Grossman and Weiss |26~, Rotemberg |46~, Lucas |33~ and Christiano |14~ also derive conditions under which an open market operation increases real money holdings.(4)
There is also a supply-side explanation for a money-debt relationship that is not considered in previous work. Increases in government debt may be monetized by the government. If the private sector's adjustment to money supply shocks is not instantaneous, then positive money supply surprises lead to short run increases in real money holdings. This mechanism requires both that real money balances act to absorb real money shocks, as in the model of Carr and Darby |13~, and that deficits are monetized. Many papers, including Niskanen |41~, Hamburger and Zwick |27~, Allen and Smith |2~, Allen and McCrickard |1~, and Joines |29~, have investigated whether deficits are followed by increases in the money supply. To date, however, the empirical results on this question are mixed and the issue remains unsettled.
The theoretical foundations for a money supply reaction function are not well-developed. Our choice of explanatory variables for this function is therefore determined by earlier studies. Previous research found that the Federal Reserve has targeted interest rates (R), output (y), unemployment rates (U), and the price level (P).(5) Debt monetization by the Federal Reserve implies that we must include nominal debt (B) in the base money (H) reaction function.(6) Thus, the money supply reaction function can be written as:
H = g(y, R, B, P, U). (2)
III. The Interaction of Supply and Demand Factors in a "Shock-Absorber" Framework
In this section, we investigate the effects of government debt on the demand and supply of money. The analysis proceeds in the following steps. First, we test for the level and difference stationarity of all variables included in equations (1) and (2). We find that these variables are level non-stationary but difference stationary. Second, we test for a long-run cointegrating relationship for money demand and supply. In accordance with previous research, we find little evidence of cointegration for either relationship. Finally, we consider the short-run relationship between real money holdings and government debt implied by a first-difference formulation of equations (1) and (2), using Carr and Darby's |13~ shock-absorber model.
Recent work in econometrics has stressed the importance of time-series properties of the data, such as the degree of integration. As a preliminary step, we tested for the stationarity of all the variables in equations (1) and (2). Table I reports the results of three standard tests for stationarity, the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF), and the Z|Alpha~ and Zt, tests developed by Phillips |43~ and Phillips and Perron |44~. (These tests are described in Appendix I. The data are described in Appendix 2.) The results suggest that all variables are level non-stationary but difference stationary. For some variables, notably the inflation rate and nominal money base growth, the Z|Alpha~ and Zt tests provide stronger evidence in favor of stationarity than the ADF tests. Nonetheless, all three tests can reject the null hypothesis of difference non-stationarity for most variables.(7)
TABULAR DATA OMITTED
Cointegration is a long-run equilibrium relationship between non-stationary variables. As the above results support the hypothesis of non-stationarity, a natural extension is to test for cointegration. We tested for the cointegration of variables in equations (1) and (2) by applying the ADF, Z|Alpha~ and Zt stationarity tests to the residuals of equations (1) and (2). The results for both equations strongly suggested that no cointegration exists. The null hypothesis of no cointegration was not rejected for any period for either equation.(8) Our failure to find a cointegrating relationship in money demand confirms earlier work by Miller |38~ and Friedman and Kuttner |21~.
However, the absence of cointegration does not preclude the existence of short-run relationships between the variables in (1) and (2). We test for short run relationships by expressing equations (1) and (2) in first difference form. In addition, we estimate the demand and supply relationships jointly.
The first building block of our model is a money demand equation.(9) In the absence of a long-run (cointegrated) relationship, we posit the following short-run money demand function where m* are desired money balances.
|Mathematical Expression Omitted~
Next, we incorporate a monetary base reaction function (along the lines of Barro |5; 6~, Mishkin |39; 40~, and Bohara |10~) into the analysis.
|Mathematical Expression Omitted~
Note that this specification permits a different response of the monetary base to changes in nominal indebtedness (||Mu~.sub.3i~) and inflation (||Mu~.sub.4i~).
The "shock absorber" money demand function of Carr and Darby |13~ provides a convenient way to jointly estimate the money demand and reaction functions. In this model, money surprises induce temporary increases in real money holdings as agents respond passively to money supply shocks. This relationship is given by equation (2|double prime~):
|Mathematical Expression Omitted~.
We estimate equations (1|prime~) and (2|double prime~) jointly using a non-linear generalized least squares technique. Carr and Darby's |13~ original work used a linear generated regressor method similar to that of Barro |5; 6~. The non-linear method is superior to the generated regressor method for three reasons, as Pagan |42~ and Mishkin |39; 40~ point out. First, the non-linear method yields more efficient parameter estimates. Second, the test statistics for the joint technique allow us to account for contemporaneous cross-equation correlations of the error terms ||Epsilon~.sub.t~ and ||Eta~.sub.t~. Finally, this method allows us to impose and test non-linear cross-equation restrictions.
In our empirical work we tested four restrictions:
(i) |Theta~ = 0 Monetary base shocks do not affect real money holdings
(ii) ||Phi~.sub.3i~ = 0 No effect of the real deficit on real money demand, i = 0 to 4.
(iii) |Theta~ = ||Phi~.sub.3i~ = 0 No effects of real deficits or money base surprises on real money holdings, i = 0 to 4.
(iv) ||Mu~.sub.3i~ = 0 No effects of nominal deficits on nominal money base movements, i = 0 to 4.
We used Gallant and Jorgensen's |23~ statistic to test these restrictions. This test statistic is n(|S.sub.r~ - |S.sub.u~), where n is the number of observations, |S.sub.r~ and |S.sub.u~ are the sums of squared errors for the restricted system and unrestricted system, respectively. This statistic is distributed Chi-squared with degrees of freedom equal to the number of restrictions.
Restriction (i) tests the "shock absorber" approach. The second restriction tests whether or not an increase in the real deficit increases the demand for real balances. Restriction (iii) is a joint test of restrictions (i) and (ii). The final restriction is a test of the debt monetization hypothesis.
We determined the lag length for each equation using the Akaike Information Criteria. The results suggested that the optimal lag length for both equations on all explanatory variables was 4.(10) In addition, we split the sample at 1972:4. We choose this breakpoint given the widespread evidence of instability in money demand after this date |24~.
The results are reported in Tables II, III, and IV. Table II provides the tests results and the adjusted system R-squares as well as Durbin's F-Test for serial correlation as suggested by Maddala |34, 248~.(11) Table III reports the sums of the estimated coefficients on |Theta~, |Phi~, and |Mu~. Finally, Table IV presents the individual coefficient estimates of ||Phi~.sub.3i~, i = 0 to 4, for the unrestricted version of equation (2|double prime~).
The results suggest that deficits increase the demand for real money balances. With respect to the entire 1950-1990 period, we find a strong positive relationship between changes in debt and changes in money demand. From Table III, the restriction (ii) that ||Phi~.sub.3i~ = 0, is always rejected at better than the 95 percent level. From Table III, note that the coefficients on the deficit sum to 0.18. In addition, note from Table IV that most of the explanatory power for the debt terms in money demand is due to lags 3 and 4.
With respect to the 1950-1972 sub-period, a strong contemporaneous relationship between changes in debt and changes in money demand is present. Our results are similar to those of DHM |15~, who found a contemporaneous money-deficit relationship during the same period. As well, lags 3 and 4 are significantly different from zero (||Phi~.sub.33~ = 0.07, ||Phi~.sub.34~ = -0.09) at the 90 percent level or better. With respect to the 1972-1990 sub-period, a stronger relationship between changes in debt and changes in money demand is apparent. The first lag is positive and significantly different from zero at the 90 percent level, while lags 3 and 4 are positive and significantly different from zero at the 95 percent level or better. As Table III shows, restriction (ii) that ||Phi~.sub.3i~ = 0, is again rejected at the 95 percent level. Over this period the deficit terms sum to 0.43.
The results suggest that, in accordance with the "shock-absorber" approach, money supply shocks increase real money holdings. Note also that both restrictions (i) (|Theta~ = 0) and (iii) (|Theta~ = ||Phi~.sub.3i~ = 0) are rejected at the 95 percent level or better for the whole period, as well as the two sub-samples. As shown in Table IV, most values of |Theta~ lie between 0.3 and 0.4, suggesting that a one-percent shock to the monetary base corresponds to an increase in real money balances of between 0.3 percent and 0.4 percent.
However, there is little evidence of a supply-side relationship between money and debt. Table III shows that restriction (iv), (||Mu~.sub.4i~ = 0) cannot be rejected at conventional significance levels in either period. Moreover, as shown by Table IV, the ||Mu~.sub.4i~ parameter estimates are highly sensitive with respect to the choice of sample and imposition of restrictions. Therefore, it would appear that the money-debt relationship is not explainable in terms of debt monetization. Our TABULAR DATA OMITTED results confirm those of Joines |29~ who found that previous evidence in favor of the debt monetization hypothesis resulted from seasonality. Thus, the positive correlation between real money balances and government debt is due to demand factors.
IV. Concluding Comments
This paper has analyzed the relationship between real money demand (|m.sub.1~) and the government deficit (adjusted for inflation and measured at market value). We found that increases in the deficit raised the demand for real balances especially for the post-1972 period. In addition, we found TABULAR DATA OMITTED TABULAR DATA OMITTED that the positive correlation between deficits and real money holdings is not explainable by money supply factors. Indeed, for no period did we find evidence that deficits were monetized by the monetary authorities.
However, the existence of a positive relationship between the deficit and real money holdings is not necessarily evidence against Ricardian Equivalence as implied by DHM |15~. Rather, the presence of transactions costs or a financial transactions demand for money can give rise to a positive debt-money relationship, even if Ricardian Equivalence holds. Thus, the underlying origins of the positive correlation between debt and money established in this paper remains a question for further research.
Appendix 1: The Z|Alpha~ and Zt Tests
Phillips's |43~ and Phillips and Perron's |44~ non-parametric Z|Alpha~ and Zt for any variable V are calculated by first running the regression
|Mathematical Expression Omitted~.
Next, the test statistics are defined as
|Mathematical Expression Omitted~
|Mathematical Expression Omitted~
|Mathematical Expression Omitted~
|Mathematical Expression Omitted~.
A modification of the above is made for the case in which the trend term is included.
Appendix 2: Data Description
1. |m.sub.1~: Nominal Money (M1) deflated by GNP Deflator. Source: Federal Reserve Bulletin, National Income and Product Accounts. Seasonally adjusted by authors with X-11 procedure.
2. H: Nominal Monetary Base. Source: Federal Reserve Bulletin. Seasonally adjusted by authors with X-11 procedure.
3. y: Real Gross National Product, Seasonally Adjusted. Source: National Income and Product Accounts
4. P: Gross National Product Deflator, Seasonally Adjusted. Source: National Income and Product Accounts
5. R: Nominal Commercial Paper Rate. Source: Federal Reserve Bulletin
6. B, b: Nominal, Real Government Indebtedness at Market Value. Source: W. Michael Cox, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas.
7. U: Unemployment rate, Seasonally Adjusted. Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce.
The authors are indebted to an anonymous referee for helpful comments.
1. Barro's |4~ article on Ricardian Equivalence stimulated much of this work. Empirical studies of debt and consumption include Feldstein |18~, Kormendi |30~, Aschauer |3~, Barth, Iden, and Russek |8~, Kormendi and Meguire |31; 32~, Modigliani and Sterling |36; 37~, and Feldstein and Elmendorf |19~. Empirical studies of deficits and interest rates include Feldstein and Eckstien |20~, Evans |16~, and Barro and Sala-i-Martin |7~.
2. In the IS/LM model a deficit induces a leftward shift in the LM curve (in addition to the expected rightward shift of the IS curve) if government debt is an argument of money demand. See the debate surrounding Milton Friedman's Monetary Framework in Gordon |25~ and especially Brunner and Meltzer |11~. More recently, see Mankiw and Summers |35~.
3. However, as discussed in section II, a net wealth effect is not necessary for deficits to affect money demand. Increases in government indebtedness may induce additional transactions (and hence increase money holdings). Thus, a money demand -- debt relationship does not imply a refutation of the Ricardian Equivalence Hypothesis.
4. These papers use variants of the cash-in-advance constraint. Critical to their results is the timing of monetary and consumption transactions. For example, the papers of Grossman and Weiss |26~ and Rotemberg |46~ rest on the assumption that not all agents can conduct financial transactions simultaneously.
5. The date after which the Federal Reserve ceased to target interest rates is generally taken to be 1979. However, Hoelscher |28~ claims that there is little difference between the pre- and post- 1979 behavior of the Fed with respect to interest rate targeting.
6. Empirically, our results reported below are unchanged if real debt is used.
7. The reported results do not include a time-trend. For most variables, inclusion of a time-trend does not change results. Two variables, unemployment (U) and the nominal interest rate (R) appear to be level-stationary if a time trend is included. However, for these variables, the time-trend is not statistically significant. Thus, we enter U and R into subsequent estimations in first difference form. When the detrended levels of these variables were used, we obtained identical results.
8. For example, the ADF t-statistic with 4 lags, ADF(4) for the residual of the money demand equation estimated over the entire period was 2.89. The 95% critical value is 4.02, as shown in Engle and Yoo |17~. Complete results are available from the authors on request.
9. The original Carr-Darby |13~ formulation included lagged adjustment. Our empirical results are unchanged if a lagged dependent term is included.
10. The criteria were applied to each equation separately.
11. The F-statistic is a test of the restriction |a.sub.1~ = 0 in the regression |e.sub.t~ = |a.sub.0~ + |a.sub.1~|e.sub.t - 1~ + |a.sub.2~|y.sub.t - 1~ + |Sigma~||Beta~.sub.i~|x.sub.i~ + error, where e is the residual of regressions (1|prime~) or (2|double prime~), y is the dependent variable (real |m.sub.1~ or the monetary base H) and the |x.sub.i~ are the explanatory variables. This test is an alternative to Durbin's H. The null hypothesis of no serial correlation is not rejected only for restriction (iv). In all other cases, the null hypothesis of serial correlation is rejected.
1. Allen, Scott D., and Douglas D. McCrickard, "Deficits and Money Growth in the United States: A Comment." Journal of Monetary Economics, January 1983, 143-53.
2. ----- and M. D. Smith, "Government Borrowing and Monetary Accommodation." Journal of Monetary Economics, November 1983, 605-16.
3. Aschauer, David Alan, "Fiscal Policy and Aggregate Demand." American Economic Review, March 1985, 117-27.
4. Barro, Robert, "Are Government Bonds Net Wealth?" Journal of Political Economy, November-December 1974, 1095-117.
5. -----, "Unanticipated Money Growth and Unemployment in the United States." American Economic Review, March 1977, 101-15.
6. -----, "Unanticipated Money, Output, and the Price Level in the United States." Journal of Political Economy, August 1978, 548-80.
7. ----- and Xavier Sala-i-Martin. "World Real Interest Rates" in NBER Macroeconomics Annual, edited by O. J. Blanchard and S. Fischer. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990, pp. 15-59.
8. Barth, James, George A. Iden and Frank S. Russek, "Government Debt, Government Spending, and Private Sector Behavior: Comment." American Economic Review, December 1986, 1158-67.
9. Blinder, Alan and Robert Solow, editors. The Economics of Public Finance. Washington: The Brookings Institution, 1974, pp. 3-118.
10. Bohara, Alok K., "Testing The Rational-Expectations Hypothesis: Further Evidence." Journal of Business Economics and Statistics, June 1991, 337-40.
11. Brunner, Karl and Allan H. Meltzer, "Friedman's Monetary Theory" in Milton Friedman's Monetary Framework: A Debate With His Critics, edited by R. Gordon. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970.
12. Butkiewicz, James L., "Outside Wealth, the Demand for Money, and the Crowding Out Effect." Journal of Monetary Economics, April 1979, 249-81.
13. Carr, Jack L. and Michael R. Darby, "The Role of Money Supply Shocks in the Short-Run Demand for Money." Journal of Monetary Economics, September 1981, 183-99.
14. Christiano, Laurence, "Modeling the Liquidity Effect of a Money Shock." Quarterly Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, Winter 1991, 3-34.
15. Deravi, M. Kevin, Charles E. Hegji, and H. Dean Moberly, "Government Debt and the Demand For Money: An Extreme Bounds Analysis." Economic Inquiry, April 1990, 390-401.
16. Evans, Paul, "Do Large Budget Deficits Produce High Interest Rates?" American Economic Review, March 1985, 68-87.
17. Engle, Robert F. and Byong Sam Yoo, "Forecasting and Testing in Cointegrating Systems." Journal of Econometrics, May 1987, 143-59.
18. Feldstein, Martin S., "Government Deficits and Aggregate Demand." Journal of Monetary Economics, January 1982, 1-20.
19. ----- and Douglas W. Elmendorf, "Government Debt, Government Spending, and Private Sector Behavior Revisited: Comment." American Economic Review, June 1990, 589-99.
20. ----- and Otto Eckstein, "The Fundamental Determinants of the Interest Rate." Review of Economics and Statistics, November 1972, 363-75.
21. Friedman, Benjamin and Kenneth Kuttner, "Money, Income, Prices and Interest Rates." American Economic Review, June 1992, 472-92.
22. Fuller, Wayne A. Introduction to Statistical Time Series. New York: Wiley 1976, pp. 371-73.
23. Gallant, A. Ronald and Dale W. Jorgensen, "Statistical Inference for a System of Simultaneous, Nonlinear, Implicit Equations in the Context of Instrumental Variables Estimation." Journal of Econometrics, October/December 1979, 275-302.
24. Goldfeld, Stephen M., "The Demand for Money Revisited." Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 1973; 3, 577-638.
25. Gordon, Robert, Milton Friedman's Monetary Framework: A Debate With His Critics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970.
26. Grossman, Sanford and Laurence Weiss, "A Transactions-Based Model of The Monetary Transmissions Mechanism." American Economic Review, December 1983, 871-80.
27. Hamburger, Michael J. and Burton Zwick, "Deficits, Money, and Inflation." Journal of Monetary Economics, January 1981, 141-50.
28. Hoelscher, Gregory, "1979-1982: Rules or Discretion in Monetary Policy?" Economic Inquiry, April 1990, 249-56.
29. Joines, Douglas H., "Deficits and Money Growth in the United States, 1872-1983." Journal of Monetary Economics, November 1985, 329-51.
30. Kormendi, Roger C., "Government Debt, Government Spending, and Private Sector Behavior." American Economic Review, December 1983, 994-1010.
31. ----- and Phillip Meguire, "Government Debt, Government Spending, and Private Sector Behavior: Reply." American Economic Review, December 1986, 1180-87.
32. -----, "Government Debt, Government Spending, and Private Sector Behavior: Reply and Update." American Economic Review, June 1990, 604-17.
33. Lucas, Robert E. Jr., "Liquidity and Interest Rates." Journal of Economic Theory, April 1990, 237-64.
34. Maddala, G. S. Introduction to Econometrics. New York: MacMillan, 1992.
35. Mankiw, N. Gregory and Larry Summers, "Consumption, Money Demand, and Fiscal Policy Effects." Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, November 1986, 415-29.
36. Modigliani, Franco and Arlie Sterling, "Government Debt, Government Spending, and Private Sector Behavior: Comment." American Economic Review, December 1986, 1168-79.
37. ----- and -----, "Government Debt, Government Spending, and Private Sector Behavior: A Further Comment." American Economic Review, June 1990, 600-603.
38. Miller, Stephen M., "Monetary Dynamics: An Application of Cointegration and Error-Correction Modeling." Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, May 1991, 139-54.
39. Mishkin, Fredrick S., "Does Anticipated Monetary Policy Matter: An Econometric Investigation." Journal of Political Economy, February 1982, 22-51.
40. -----, "Does Anticipated Aggregate Demand Policy Matter? Further Econometric Results." American Economic Review, September 1982, 788-802.
41. Niskanen, William A., "Deficits, Government Spending, and Inflation: What Is the Evidence?" Journal of Monetary Economics, August 1978, 591-602.
42. Pagan, Adrian R., "Econometric Issues in the Analysis of Regression With Generated Regressors." International Economic Review, February 1984, 221-47.
43. Phillips, Peter C. B., "Time Series Regressions with a Unit Root." Econometrica, March 1987, 277-301.
44. ----- and Pierre Perron, "Testing for a Unit Root in Time-Series Regressions." Biometrika, June 1988, 335-46.
45. Rodriguez, Alvaro, "The Debt-Money Ratio: What Are The Limits." Rivista di Politica Econonomica, December 1990, 330-51.
46. Rotemberg, Julio J., "A Monetary Equilibrium Model With Transactions Costs." Journal of Political Economy, February 1984, 40-58.
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Welcome to the Draycote Laser Fleet!
We are one of the largest most active Fleets at Draycote last year with 43 different helms taking part in Sunday Morning Race and 45 in the Wednesday Evening races.
On average there were 15 boats contesting the result on a Wednesday
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For any more information or questions please feel free to email the Fleet Captain Marcellus on email@example.com.
Click here for Laser race results.
Click here for details on how the fleet scores its championships

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18 Years Worth of Days
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For dressing the inclined impulse surface of the escape teeth.
Crom, HST, page 443, describes this as Vallet's improvement, circa 1820, on the the original tool by LeNormand, and is shown in Foucher's Manuel d'Horlogerie of 1850, plate 4. Brass body, steel escape wheel mounting. Height 11 cm.
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At the age of 11, Jonathan started his comedy career as a traveling acrobatic clown, falling into trampoline springs to the delight of large groups of strangers. Experiencing the thrill of the stage at such a young age instilled a deep-seated need for attention that would prevent Jonathan from ever maturing into a stable, functioning member of society. Jonathan gives an uninhibited show, sharing thoughts, feelings and experiences that most would push deep into their subconscious. The result is hilarious.
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Everyone’s favorite couple, Rihanna and C Breezy, were spotted on Melrose Avenue while on a shopping spree yesterday. These two have been seeing a lot of each other lately. How cute, ole Rih Rih’s got Chris carrying the pooch and the bags – dig more pics below.
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What Is Woodworking?
Woodworking means a great deal of things, however below’s reasonably monotonous definition I thought of that most hobbyists will probably agree with
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Who Are Woodworkers?
There made use of to be 2 stereotypes of woodworkers. The cranky store instructor that instructed an actually uninteresting class to youngsters that really did not intend to be there, and also the retired grandpa who puttered around in his garage with a great deal of time to build a periodic birdhouse.
Luckily, those stereotypes are no more real. There is even more diversity in woodworking currently than ever before, thanks to on-line neighborhoods as well as the affordability of devices and products.
In the past ten years there has been a significant rise in two groups of people making woodworking a hobby. First, females. It had not been that long ago when a women woodworker was unusual. Today, ladies woodworkers are commonplace. There is absolutely nothing regarding woodworking that anyone can not do.
The 2nd big market spike has actually been amongst millennials, individuals in their 20s and also 30s. I speak with people at all times who operate in silicon valley or just have some type of office job and also feel the requirement to make things with their hands.
What’s The Difference In Between A “Maker” And Also A “WoodWorker”?
A maker is a fairly brand-new term that has actually turned up in the past years approximately. It’s a comprehensive term for individuals who like to dabble in various crafts. This could suggest a little woodworking, metalworking, epoxying, concreting, computer system programs, electronics, 3D printing, cooking, stitching, knitting, fashion jewelry making, sculpting, porcelains, robotics, also playing with Legos. So primarily, we are all makers.
A woodworker is a manufacturer that is mostly curious about finding out and improving the craft of creating things out of wood. Often we bring other materials right into our tasks, however the emphasis gets on the wood. It’s an affordable, timeless material that’s simple to build with.
Ted’s 16,000 Woodworking Plans
I have actually had my eye on Ted’s 16,000 woodworking plans for some time.
It seemed too excellent to be real. Even though I’m not a devoted woodworker, I figured if I made one or a few of the jobs from the set it would be cash well invested.
My interest obtained the most effective of me. I sucked it up as well as bought it. They supply a reimbursement so I figured if it was absolutely worthless I could request for my money back.
Is is too excellent to be real?
Not truly. It’s respectable. It’s not ideal, however it’s excellent.
A few of the plans are so poor however are included just to increase the sales pitch of “16,000” strategies.
And after that a few of the strategies are wonderful. Some are alright. I’m not stunned it’s not ideal. It’s a large collection and mishmash of different plans for all kinds of items.
Below’s the frame of mind you should have if you get Ted’s Woodworking. Accept the reality you will not such as every plan. Actually, accept you will possibly not do 90% or even more of them for any variety of factors such as the strategies are bad and/or they aren’t projects you wish to build.
BUT, the few strategies that you simulate and that are respectable high quality, if you construct them, will certainly be make the expense of this digital collection of woodworking strategies worth it.
That should buy Ted’s Woodworking?
This is for individuals who like DIY projects. The majority of the strategies are labeled “beginner”, “intermediate” or “advanced” which is practical.
Even if you have actually never ever built anything or done any kind of woodworking, this is a respectable collection of plans to get going with due to the fact that there are novice projects consisted of.
You can build all kinds of stuff for your home. See the listing of plan groups below.
At the end of the day, if you do the odd DIY task or meddle woodworking, this is a good collection of strategies to have in your supply.
Concerning the Item
I have not counted to see if there are 16,000 plans, however I verify there are a great deal of them.
Luckily they are well organized so you can locate specifically what you’re searching for.
Ted’s Woodworking is delivered as a PDF download. It’s in fact a collection of PDF downloads (see strategy groups above).
Nonetheless, you can also order the DVD version but it sets you back an added $19.95 (I really did not pay $19.95 for the DVD variation).
Some fantastic woodworking plans: Obviously if a strategy is something you want to build as well as the strategy is detailed sufficient to make sure that you can complete the project it’s good.
Nonetheless, several of the tasks are old and the strategies are poor high quality … so negative you’ll most likely simply disregard them.
On the and also side, there are many superb projects worth structure. For instance, the loft space bed strategy over is excellent (one of several).
Well Organized: I was eliminated after buying Ted’s Woodworking that I really did not have to filter through hundreds of PDF web pages. Rather, Ted a minimum of place some initiative into arranging the strategies in several groups. This made locating some respectable plans very simple.
As a matter of fact, the participants’ location is actually easy to use as well as well organized.
Good value for cash: One or two finished jobs from this product makes it worth the money. I believe I’ll get my money’s worth in the long run and I’ve yet to have a look at every single plan included. I have actually discovered sufficient quality tasks that I’m satisfied with the product worth offered it’s rather affordable.
Price: It’s not really costly. Since it’s an electronic download, you do not have to pay for a pricey publication, which is great.
Ideas: One benefit of there being many plans is just by brushing via the strategies I generated brand-new project concepts I had not considered in the past.
Some terrible strategies: However several of the strategies are awful which indicates you have to invest time filtering through the bad strategies. I would choose a product with fewer plans with each one be premium quality.
Woodworking Video clips: These are a joke. Fortunately it’s just an incentive so I didn’t care. I think these deteriorate the product. The videos are mainly from YouTube. Ted just combed through YouTube searching for woodworking videos as well as placed them in the participants’ location. I looked into a few of the video clips and also they weren’t worth seeing.
Generally, I’m satisfied. I located several tasks worth doing and the strategies were completely described that I ‘d be able to develop them.
It’s a wonderful supply to carry hand although I have no instant requirement. If ever I want to construct something, I have an excellent set of plans to take a look at.


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versão impressa ISSN 0100-736X
versão On-line ISSN 1678-5150
Pesq. Vet. Bras. v.26 n.3 Rio de Janeiro jul./set. 2006
Patogenicidade atogenicidade em camundongos de isolados clí- clínicos, nicos, ambientais e humanos de Rhodococcus equi
Mateus M. CostaI; Sérgio A. MachadoII; Cristina C. KrewerI; Márcia R.S. IlhaIII; Dominguita L. GraçaIV; Ana L.M. GuaraldiV; Agueda C. VargasVI, *
IPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000
IIPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS 97105-900
IIIMédico Veterinário. Rua Paissandu 385, Apto 201, Flamengo, Rio de Janeiro RJ 22210-080
IVDepto Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS 97105-900
VCentro Biomédico, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. 28 de Setembro 87, Vila Izabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20551-030
VIDepto Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS 97105-900.
Rhodococcus equi is a facultative intracellular pathogen associated with bronchopneumonia, mesenteric lymphadenitis and enterocolitis in foals. Although R. equi is likely to be found in every horse-breeding farm, the clinical disease is unrecognized in most of them. Capsule components, equi factor, micolic acid and some products encoded by the large 85-90Kb plasmid were described as virulence factors. However, the pathogenesis of R. equi infections and the sensibility of foals are not completely understood. The aim of this study was evaluate the virulence of R. equi isolated from human, horses and environment for mices. Nine strains carrying the 85-90Kb plasmid isolated from foal clinical specimens, one from immunodeficient human patient and six plasmidless strains (four isolated from feces, one from pasture and one from immunodeficient human patient) were inoculated in cyclophosphamide immunossuppressed mice. The pathological changes and viability of R. equi cells in the liver of mice was verified after the 3rd, 6th an 10th day after inoculation for horse and environmental isolates and for R. equi isolates from human patients on the 1st, 3rd and 6th day. During the necropsy procedures, infiltrate of macrophages and pyogranulomatous lesions were detected after the sixth pos-inoculation day in the liver and spleen. In horse isolates, only plasmid positive strains were virulent, but in human isolates both strains (plasmid positive e plasmid negative) were virulent. Both groups of the immunossupressed mice inoculated with R. equi isolated from environment showed pathological changes. All R. equi strains were unable to kill non imunossuppressed mice.
Index terms: Rhodococcus equi, mice, virulence, cyclophosphamide.
Rhodococ-cus equi é um patógeno intracelular facultativo associado com broncopneumonia, linfadenite mesentérica e enterocolite em potros. Apesar do patógeno ser amplamente distribuído no ambiente equino, a doença não é encontrada em todos os criatórios. Componentes capsulares, "fator equi", ácido micólico e alguns produtos codificados por um grande plasmídeo de 85-90Kb foram descritos como fatores de virulência. Entretanto, a patogênese da infecção e a susceptibilidade dos potros não são completamente entendidas. Nove cepas carreando o plasmídeo e isoladas de potros doentes, um isolado de paciente humano imunossuprimido, e seis cepas sem plasmídeo (4 de fezes, 1 de pastagem e 1 de paciente humano imunossuprimido) foram inoculadas em camundongos imunossuprimidos com ciclofosfamida. As alterações patológicas e a viabilidade das células de R. equi no fígado foram verificadas depois do terceiro, sexto e décimo dia após a inoculação para isolados clínicos e depois do primeiro, terceiro e sexto dia para isolados de pacientes humanos. Na necropsia foram detectados infiltrado de macrófagos e lesões piogranulomatosas no fígado e baço dos camundongos após o sexto dia da inoculação. Para isolados clínicos, somente os plasmídeo positivos foram virulentos, mas para os humanos, ambos os isolados (plasmídeo positivos e plasmídeo negativos) foram virulentos. Ambos os grupos de camundongos imunossuprimidos inoculados com isolados ambientais mostraram alterações patológicas. Todos os isolados foram incapazes de matar camundongos imunocompe-tentes.
Termos de indexação: Rhodococcus equi, camundongos, virulência, ciclofosfamida.
Rhodococcus equi is a pleomorphic coccobacillus gram positive bacteria, usually found in the gastrointestinal tract of horses. It has been recognized as an important pathogen due to reports of 3% of foal deaths widespread in the world (Takai et al. 1993, Sellon et al. 2001). R. equi is a major lung pathogen in less than 6-month-old foals with high mortality (Ozgur et al. 2000). The pneumonia induced by R. equi may also occur in adult horses, particularly in immunocompromised individuals, when it causes systemic infections (Takai et al. 1996).
Nowadays, R. equi has also been increasingly related as opportunistic pathogen of human immunocompromised patients, especially HIV reactor, although infections in immunocompetent hosts may occur (Kedlaya et al. 2001). However, little is known about the characteristics of R. equi strains isolated from humans. Cryptic plasmids of various sizes and fimbrial structures were detected frequently suggesting the antibiotic resistance (Nordmann et al. 1994). The majority of clinical isolates of R. equi from imunossuppressed human patients did not carry virulence plasmids and were no virulent to mice, suggesting that the pathogenesis of R. equi infections in immunossupressed hosts may be different from that which occurs in foals (Meijer et al. 2004).
Despite of the importance of R. equi disease, its pathogenesis and the singular sensibility of foals are not completely understood (Takai et al. 1993, Takai et al. 1999). The pathogenicity varies among strains and it is associated with the ability of R. equi to resist pulmonary and splenic clearance (Hines et al. 1997, Hondalus et al. 1994). Virulence of R.. equi has been related to several microbial factors, as capsular antigens, equi factor, micolic acid from cell wall, and the thermoregulated 15-17kDa protein (VAP A) encoded by the 85-90Kb plasmids. Guiguerre et al. (1999) showed that the presence of the 85-90Kb plasmid was essential for R. equi disease development among susceptible horses. Strains lacking the 85-90Kb plasmid were less virulent to horses and mice (Takai et al. 1993, Guiguerre et al. 1999). The aim of this study was evaluate the virulence of R. equi isolated from human, horses and environment for mice.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The pathogenicity test in mice, used eight Rhodococcus equi strains isolated from sick foals; four strains from feces, two from soil of pasture in an endemic horse breeding farm; two R. equi strains obtained from human imunossupressed patients and R. equi ATCC 33701 P+ e 33701 P- (Table 1). For molecular characterization of Vap A gene, the R. equi isolates were submitted to PCR assays according with methods described previously (Takai et al. 1995). The samples were grown in ovine blood agar and incubated at 37ºC for 48h. Colonies from these cultures were transferred into tubes with BHI (Brain Heart Infusion) and the suspension was adjusted to Mac Farland Standart 1.
The imunossupressed murine model described by Multimer & Woolcock (1982) was used in this study. In brief, the imunossuppression in 4 to 5-week-old mice with 20-25g was achieved by intraperitoneal inoculation of cyclophosphamide (80mg/g body weight) on challenge day and the next 3 days. R. equi was inoculated into the lateral tail vein and the inoculum range was 1.5x106 to 1.25x109 cells in 0.2ml of BHI suspension. The animals of the control group were inoculated with bacterial free BHI. Each R. equi isolate were inoculated six normal and 12 immunossuppressed mice. The control group treated and untreated with cyclophosphamide consisted of six animals.
The pathological changes and viability of R. equi cells in the liver of mice was verified after the 3rd, 6th and 10th day after bacterial inoculation of R. equi isolates from horse clinical samples, horse feces and soil of pasture; and 1st, 4th and 6th day after inoculation of R. equi isolates from human patients. The animals were sacrificed, necropsied and examinated to observe macroscopic changes, and liver fragments were removed for histopathological analysis and enumeration of R. equi CFU/g in the hepatic content of inoculated mice. Twenty-five microliters of hepatic content was streaked in two plates of ovine blood agar and kept for 48h at 37ºC. Blood samples were collected from the control group at 4th and 10th day after inoculation to make a blood leukocyte count. The results were analyzed by the chi (c2) test.
Results in Table 1 demonstrate that 81.5% of cyclophosphamide treated mice died due to equine Rhodococcus equiisolates infection. In necropsy, since the sixth day after inoculation with virulent equine strains was observed lesions in the liver and spleen in cyclophosphamide treated mice. The same lesions were present in inoculated mice with human isolates. The histopathological analysis of the liver presented multifocal granulomatous hepatitis. Histopathological changes were characterized by infiltrate of macrophages and pyogranulomatous lesions, but avirulent strains caused weak hepatic lesions without granuloma formation. The evaluation of R. equi counts (CFU) in the hepatic tissue showed differences among cyclophosphamide treated and untreated mice. Clearance of R. equi cells from the hepatic tissue was reduced among cyclophosphamide treated mice. Differences in the results of bacterial survival assays were statistically significant (p<0.0001) and proved a high susceptibility of immunocompromised hosts to R. equi infection. Strains isolated from foal clinical specimens, all carrying the 85-90 Kb virulence plasmid were able to persist longer in the hepatic tissues of cyclophosphamide treated mice. In contrast to the ATCC 33701P+, ATCC 33701P- and human isolates results; data demonstrate that the CFU number of clinical and environmental horse isolates increased in the 6th day after bacterial challenge. However, in the 10th experimental day, the R. equi ATTC and horse isolates were reduced in the liver of inoculated mice. Human R. equi isolates show a increasing in bacterial number at the 10th after inoculation.
Death of cyclophosphamide treated mice occurred only when challenged with 85-90 Kb plasmid-positive isolates, although human Rhodococcus equi isolates killed mice independent of the presence of the virulence plasmid. This date is different from previous reports, where the human R. equi isolates were only virulent to mice when carrying virulence plasmid (Meijer et al. 2004).
Liver and spleen lesions in mice, inoculated with virulent R. equi, may be caused by a diffuse proliferation of macrophages and epithelioid cells, as well as hepatic necrosis due to thrombosis and pyogranulomatous lesions (Madarame et al. 1997). Avirulent strains may cause weak hepatic lesions without granuloma formation (Madarame et al. 1997, Guiguerre et al. 1999).
The ability of R. equi to cause infection and death in foals and mice experimentally inoculated was related to survive and multiply within macrophages (Takai et al. 1993, Madarame et al. 1997, Takai et al. 1999). The animals with a sound immune system did not die naturally, independently of the presence of virulence plasmids and of the bacterial number in their hepatic tissue. Many authors also suggest the presence of R. equi in inoculated animals without pathological manifestations (Multimer & Woolcock 1982, Yager et al. 1991, Lazzari et al. 1997). Previous investigations demonstrated R. equi lethality in immuno-competent mice (Takai et al. 1999). Our data demonstrated the effect of immunodeficiency on resistance to R. equi infection in mice. The cyclophosphamide helped human and foal clinical R. equi isolates to turn virulent to Swiss mice. However the mechanism which cyclophosphamide induces immuno-suppression and increase of mortality rates to infected mice remains unknown. Data demonstrated that the cyclophos-phamide inhibited neutrophil production in mice, as previously observed in dogs (Madarame et al. 1997). Results of this paper support the findings in literature where increased lethality of R. equi in mice was associated with immunosuppression (Bowles et al. 1989a,b, Yager et al. 1991, Multimer & Woolcock 1992, Hondalus & Mussel 1994). Further studies are necessary to determine the cyclophosphamide effect in phagocytosis process.
This study showed that R. equi containing 85-90 Kb plasmids such as the ATCC 33701 P+ strain, were virulent to foal and mice. Only cyclophosphamide treated mice died due to R. equiinfection. However, death of cyclophosphamide treated mice was related with the presence of the 85-90 Kb virulence plasmid just in R. equistrains obtained from foals. On the other hand, R. equi strains isolated form HIV reactors were virulent to immunossupressed mice independent of the presence of 85-90Kb plasmid. The majority of R. equi clinical isolates from patients with or without AIDS did not carry virulence plasmid and were avirulent to mice (Takai et al. 1999).
Acknowledgments.- This study was supported by grant from CNPq, CAPES, FAPERGS, FAPERJ, FATEC, PRONEX and SR2-UERJ.
Bowles P.M., Woolcock J.B. & Multimer M.D. 1989a. The effect of immunosuppression on resistance to Rhodococcus equi in mice. Vet. Immunol. Immunopat. 22:369-378. [ Links ]
Bowles P.M., Woolcock J.B. & Multimer M.D. 1989b. Early events associated with experimental infection of the murine lung with Rhodococcus equi. J. Comp. Pat. 101:11-420. [ Links ]
Guigerre S., Hondalus M.K., Yager J.A., Darrah P., Moser D.M. & Prescott J.F. 1999. Role of the 85 Kb plasmid and plasmid encoded virulence protein A in intracellular survival and virulence of Rhodococcus equi. Infect. Imun. 67:3548-3557. [ Links ]
Hines S.A., Kanaly S.T., Byrne B.A. & Palmer, G.H. 1997. Immunity to Rhodococcus equi. Vet. Microbiol. 56:177-185. [ Links ]
Hondalus m.k., & mossel d.m. 1994. survival and replication of Rhodococcus equi in macrophages. Infect. Immun. 62:4167-4175. [ Links ]
Kedlaya I., Ing M.B. & Wong, S.S. 2001. R. equi infections in immuno-competent hosts: case report and review. Clin. Infect. Dis. 32:39-47. [ Links ]
Lazzari A., Vargas A.C., Dutra V., Araujo L.A., Castagna L. & Costa M.M. 1997. Pathogenicity of clinical and environmental Rhodococcus equi isolates in mice. Vet. Téc. 4:24-30. [ Links ]
Madarame H., Takai S., Matsumoto C., Minamiyama K., Sasaki Y., Tsubaki S., Hasegawa Y. & Nakane A. 1997. Virulent and avirulent Rhodococcus equi infection in T-cell deficient athymic nude mice: pathologic, bacteriologic and immunologic responses. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 17:251-262. [ Links ]
Martens J.G., Martens R.J. & Renshaw H.W. 1988. Rhodococcus (Coryne-bacterium) equi: Bactericidal capacity of neutrophils from neonatal and adult horse. Am. J. Vet. Res. 49:295-299. [ Links ]
Meijer W.G. & Prescott J.F. 2004. Rhodococcus equi. Vet Res. 35(4):383-96. [ Links ]
Multimer M.D. & Woolcock J.B. 1982. Experimental Corynebacterium equi infection in mice. J. Rep. Fert. 32:469-472. [ Links ]
Nordmann P., Zinzendorf N., Keller M., Lair I., Ronco E. & Guenounou M. 1994. Interaction of virulent and non-virulent Rhodococcus equi human isolates with phagocytes, fibroblast- and epithelial-derived cells. FEMS Immunol Med. Microbiol. 9(3):199-205. [ Links ]
Ozgur Y., Ikiz S., Carioglu B., Ligas A. & Takai S. 2000. Two cases of dead foals associated with R. equi pneumonia in Turkey. J. Eq. Sci. 11:1-5. [ Links ]
Sellon D.C., Besser T.E., Vivrette S.L. & Mcconnico R.S. 2001. Comparison of nucleic acid amplification, serology and microbiological culture of diagnosis of R. equi pneumonia in foals. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39:1289-1293. [ Links ]
Takai S., Ikeda T., Sasaki Y., Watanabe,Y., Ozawa T., Tsubaki S. & Sekizaki T. 1995. Identification of virulent Rhodococcus equi by amplification of gene coding for 15-17 kDa antigen. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:1624-1627. [ Links ]
Takai S., Anzai T., Sasaki Y., Tsubaki S. & Kamada M. 1993. Virulence of Rhodococcus equi isolated from lesions of infected foals. Bull. Eq. Res. Inst. 30:9-14. [ Links ]
Takai S., Fukunaga N., Ochiai S., Sakai T., Sasaki Y. & Tsubaki S. 1996. Isolation of virulent and intermediately virulent Rhodococcus equi from soil and sand on parks and yards in Japan. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 58:669-672. [ Links ]
Takai S., Kobayashi C., Murakami K., Sasaki Y. & Tsubaki S. 1999. Live virulent Rhodococcus equi, rather than killed and avirulent, elicits protective immunity to R. equi infection in mice. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 24:1-9. [ Links ]
Yager J.A., Prescott C.A., Kramar D.P., Hannah H., Balson G.A. & Croy B.A. 1991. The effect of experimental infection with Rhodococcus equi on immunodeficient mice. Vet. Microbiol. 28:363-376. [ Links ]
Received on October 21, 2005.
Accepted for publication on February 15, 2006.

domain: biology


Almost 80% of Leaving Cert student’s estimated grades will remain the same – Minister for Education Norma Foley has announced.
The remainder will be either reduced (17%) or increased (4%). However, overall, Minister Foley said the results, which will be released on Monday September 7, would be ‘stronger’ this year.
At a press conference at Government Buildings, Minister for Education Norma Foley said this move was the fairest and most appropriate way to calculate students’ grades.
She said teachers estimated grades will be the “core” of students results. However, she said results will be standardised – or adjusted – to ensure students are treated fairly.
Kildare Senator Fiona O’Loughlin has welcomed today’s announcement from the Minister for Education regarding the national standardisation process put in place to ensure that no student will be unfairly advantaged or disadvantaged in the Calculated Grades system.
The Rathangan native said: “We saw in the UK with their A- Level results the importance of being so careful with the calculated grades model and I am very pleased today to welcome the announcement from Minister Foley that school by school historical data has been removed from the standardisation model used by the Department.
“This means a greater emphasis will be placed on the estimated grades provided by schools for their students which is a fairer model.
“In addition to this, the Department have also agreed to provide 1250 additional higher education places for certain high demand courses for 2020/2021. I hope this will alleviate some of the anxiety and concerns expressed by students. This will have a cascade effect, creating more capacity in lower demand courses.
“Students will be able to access their Calculated Grades from the Student Portal on Monday 7th of September at 9am and I’d like to wish everyone the very best of luck.
“It was a very hard year to be a Leaving Certificate student with all of the uncertainty they experienced after schools closed.
“I have been in touch with various groups representing students and have been really impressed with how they have advocated for their peers in ensuring a fair outcome for all.
“The next important date after the 7th of September will be the first round of CAO offers which come out on the 11th of September for acceptance by the 16th.”


text:
In my drum set part, I created slash notation by using a percussion instrument (cabasa) and getting rid of the stems. However, when I put a snare drum part in at rehearsal mark 25 to show kicks, etc., rests appeared in all the bars previously (because the cabasa/slash notes) were in a different voice. (See attached)
None of the standard tricks (make voice start here, delete rests, etc.) worked. Any ideas?
Thanks, as always.

domain: artistic


text:
Two up rules simple
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Soccer’s rules and regulations are maintained and updated annually by the International Football Association Board (IFAB). The board consists of eight members, four of which come from FIFA, and the other four coming from England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales – all countries that contributed to the development of the sport. How to Play Gin Rummy for Beginners: Rules and Scoring A set is three or four cards of the same rank (5-5-5), and a run is three or more cards of consecutive rank in the same suit (4-5-6). An example of a set is 10 of diamonds, 10 of spades, and 10 of clubs. An example of a run is jack of diamonds, queen of diamonds, and king of diamonds. Scrabble Rules | Official Word Game Rules | Board Games
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We've added an additional rule below as an example of two required rules. 3 Rules for Following Up With a Recruiter - The Muse A couple of weeks have gone by, and you’ve got nothing but radio silence from the recruiter. Should you follow up with them? And how? Get Up Kids - there are rules, 9,99 €
Soccer’s rules and regulations are maintained and updated annually by the International Football Association Board (IFAB). The board consists of eight members, four of which come from FIFA, and the other four coming from England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales – all countries that contributed to the development of the sport.
Simple Rules of Law - LessWrong 2.0 Simple Rules of Law. byZviDon't Worry About the Vase4h19th May 2019No comments.Even if the two choices are fully non-objectionable, choosing between them still means placing the need toThe second mystery is also simple. Marketing, winners curse, fooled by randomness and adverse...
8 Simple Rules for Dating My ... yet frequently the two girls team up against their parents' authority or ... 8 Simple Rules returned two months after Ritter's ...
TWO-UP TERMINOLOGY. Heads: Both coins land inside the ring with heads facing up. Tails: Both coins land with tails facing up. Odds: One coin shows a head and the other a tail. Odding Out: Spinning five “odds” in a row, ending the spinner’s run. Two-up: Your guide to the Aussie gambling game that's ...
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Even here in the UK, Central Government and Local Government are not taking climate change seriously. In particularly here in Manchester, the Council is still allowing developers to build properties which are not energy efficient, do not harvest rainwater or recycle grey-water and make no use of renewable power. Nor do they incorporate district heating into any of their developments. They only need to look across the channel to see what can be done. This article from Truthout makes the point that not enough is being done.
Climate Scientists Lament a Nation Stuck on the Wrong Debate.


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by Caroline Hendrie
Fascinated, I watched as a skilful glass blower fashioned a blob of molten glass into a vase. Next, with a few deft twists he created a leaping horse. Our visit to the foundry on the island of Murano came on the third day of our short break in Venice.
I have been lucky enough to visit Venice several times, but had never before crossed the lagoon to Murano where coloured glass has been produced for 600 years. Having no wish to buy fiddly little glass animals or an elaborate chandelier, I had always felt it would be a waste of valuable time on a brief stay in the city.
But here I was, on a really enjoyable half-day trip by private boat. After the glass demonstration I spent an engrossing hour in the newly revamped museum of glass in a historic bishop’s palace with exquisite pieces from the 15th to 21st century beautifully displayed. My partner and I found a lovely restaurant in a residential square for a light lunch of calamari and salad (surrounded by brawny foundry workers who had their own hearty menu), and planned the rest of our day.
Having come this far, we decided to explore a bit further and took a waterbus to Burano, famous for its hand-made lace, with another interesting small museum devoted to the craft, and packed with colourful houses.
I also fulfilled a wish to ride in a gondola, something I had never dared try on previous visits, far too expensive and we might be mown down by a waterbus in the Grand Canal, I thought. But we had a gentle half hour, gliding under the Bridge of Sighs and into tiny canals, past crumbling palazzos and old apartments with no sounds but water on the skilful gondolier’s oar, all for just 20 euros (about £15) per person.
These new experiences were all thanks to a well-organised escorted tour based for four nights in characterful four-star Hotel Principe, looking onto the Grand Canal and a few steps from a ‘Vaporetto’ waterbus stop and a pleasant stroll to cafes in quiet piazzas and a big choice of restaurants.
English tour leader Wendy, who has lived in Italy for 25 years, met our group of 50 at the airport. On the short coach transfer to the city she handed out maps, a sheet of useful notes and museum passes for our free afternoons, then checked us into the hotel. Every evening of our four-night trip she was in the lobby of the hotel for an hour, smiling and ready to answer questions and give advice, before we headed out wherever we felt like it for dinner. Every morning at 9am there she was again, to accompany us on our three excursions.
I was a bit daunted by the idea of a guided tour in a group of 50 through tourist-packed Venice, but thanks to receivers round our necks and ear pieces we could hear Piero’s, our local guide’s commentary perfectly, ambling along on his carefully chosen, less crowded route, taking in our surroundings.
On our first morning our focus was on classic Venice, lingering outside many interesting churches, past the Accademia, home to the largest collection of Venetian art in the world, to La Fenice opera house and through St Mark’s Square to the cathedral. Along the way he pointed out some of the lesser-known, easy to miss museums that we could pop back to visit later, using our passes which allowed any time entry to the Doge’s Palace and ten other museums, including the lace and glass ones out on the islands.
Shepherded by Wendy, with her car aerial with a red dahlia on top, held aloft so we didn’t lose her in the melee, we swept past the long queue into St Mark’s to see the gold mosaic ceilings and inlaid marble floors, and with perfect timing emerged into the huge square at two minutes to 11 to see the bronze figures on the top of the clock tower banging out the hour on its enormous bell.
There was time for a sit down and a cappuccino in one of the notoriously expensive cafes with views of the Doge’s Palace – half price with a voucher provided by Wendy – before our gondola ride, the only extra of the trip, which all of us, bar two, opted for.
We then all struck off on our own, some to visit the Doge’s Palace. I and my partner bought three-day vaporetto passes letting us hop on and off waterbuses as we pleased. Taking the number 1 that ziz-zags up and down the Grand Canal we alighted at Ca' Rezzonico for the Museum of the 18th Century, a Baroque palazzo where the romantic poet Robert Browning was living at the time of his death in 1889. Richly decorated with frescoed ceilings it has a great collection of scenes of daily Venetian life, by Pietro Longhi, dubbed the Italian Hogarth.
The next morning we met at nine again, this time for a walk off the beaten track in the district of Cannaregio, visiting the first ‘ghetto’, the Jewish quarter founded in the 16th century. Then to the canal-side house where Tintoretto grew up and the church of Madonna dell’Orto, containing many works by him and his grave. Our two-hour walk ended at the old fish market by the Rialto Bridge.
Standing at a bar, cappuccinos and triangular, thin white sandwiches with thick fillings, a Venetian speciality, made an inexpensive early lunch. In the afternoon we pottered around the shops and returned to the ghetto to do a tour of the Jewish Museum and the historic synagogues.
On our last day, boarding a boat conjured up by Wendy to pick us up at a private dock near our hotel to take us to Murano. As we chugged along the Giudecca Canal, with Wendy pointing out some of the landmarks, I heard one of our group say appreciatively, ‘This itinerary is perfect. Just the right amount of guiding and information, then the rest of the day to ourselves.’ I couldn’t have agreed more.


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Godspell (musical) - Custer
Jun 21, 2012 - Jul 8, 2012
Black Hills Playhouse performs the musical by Stephen Schwartz based on the Gospel according to St. Matthew. Tickets: $25-$35.
|Location:||Black Hills Playhouse|
|Map:||24834 S Playhouse Rd, Custer, SD 57745|
Jun 21, 2012 - Jul 8, 2012 Performances Tuesday through Saturday at 7:30 PM with matinees Saturday and Sunday at 2:00 PM. **July 4th performance is at 2:00 PM
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+ Take your modern jazz piano and hip-hop beat making to new heights with Soundfly’s new course, Elijah Fox: Impressionist Piano & Production!
By Lee Dynes
The sound palette of Arabic, Persian, and various Middle Eastern regional cultures are generally not typically heard in the West outside of TV shows like Homeland and some films. Those droning tones, the anguished cries reminiscent of classical singers like Oum Kalthoum of Egypt or Yusuf Omar of Iraq, can evoke uneasy feelings of the unknown, especially when heard in the context of today’s Islamophobic rhetoric. In fact, as an emotive device used by these shows to create anxiety, that sound works really well on Western audiences.
The unknown languages (Arabic, Urdu, Farsi, Turkish, etc.), the takht ensemble (featuring instruments like the oud, qanun, and riqq), and the other-worldly sounds of maqam sends people’s head spinning. Maqam are the musical scales or modes used in music from the Middle East that feature tones between Western notes on the piano or guitar, called quarter-tones.
Usage of different maqamat can actually be traced back to antiquity and are thought to have been used in some of the first recitations of the Quran. While these sounds may be unknown to most in the West, in the East they’ve been the backbone of the most significant artistic and cultural movements, similar to how the 12-bar-blues progression has made up the backbone of rock music in America.
Back to Homeland briefly. The soundtrack to the series, composed by Sean Callery, is actually well-known for its use of jazz in the show, appearing as both diegetic and non-diegetic music. But this music is mostly anchored in Western melodic and harmonic language. Let’s explore some jazz artists who have been able to incorporate Arabic melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic characteristics into their work more organically.
Hafez Modirzadeh is an American jazz saxophonist and composer. His father was from Iran, and Modirzadeh studied the intricacies of Persian radif (classical music of Iran) for many years. Combining the radif, his saxophone mastery and mid-century modern jazz styles, Modirzadeh created his own philosophical and theoretical approach to playing which he calls “Chromodal Discourse.”
Modirzadeh was originally concerned with utilizing the intricacies of intonation found in the Middle East inside a modern jazz or free jazz setting, but this quickly gave way to a more universal approach. His flexibility and comfort with the tuning systems of both the West and the East have enabled him to engage in a dialogue with any musician he chooses, from Indonesian Gamelan to American jazz, and anything in between.
Although not directly influenced by Ornette Coleman, Modirzadeh notes how Coleman experimented with the same concepts early in his career. The way he played with intonation, most likely influenced initially by the note-bending capabilities of Delta blues musicians, offers a distinct parallel to Modirzadeh’s work with radif.
Segâh is a Persian musical mode featuring an interval of a Western third flattened by a quarter tone (approximately 50 cents). It has also been found in early blues and the various indigenous music across Africa, Indonesia, Vietnam, and all over the world. The segâh interval is a symmetrical division of a fifth or a “split-fifth” as Modirzadeh calls it. There are also split-fourths and split-thirds, hidden from our Western ears and eyes.
The mystery and power of symmetry is as old as the pyramids, and Modirzadeh has successfully leveled the playing field of our worldly musical consciousness by puncturing the equilibrium of Western 12-tone equal temperament. This isn’t just a fancy idea. It’s an example of a musician who’s striving to renew the humanity in an art form, seeking to bring cultures, art, and thought together in a system that balances alternative forms of harmony and philosophy.
On his most recent recording Post-Chromodal Out!, you can find these concepts fleshed out to a radical extent. Featuring trumpeter Amir ElSaffar (below) and pianist Vijay Iyer, two musicians also part of the same “continuum,” the compositions and improvisations on this recording truly transport the listener to a place where future and past seem to co-exist.
Modirzadeh and Iyer address the problem of Western tuning in equal temperament by re-tuning the piano to one devised by Modirzadeh that incorporates Persian tones; not always quarter-tones, but involving some slightly larger half-steps and smaller whole steps. Listen to how this plays out in the video above when Iyer takes his solo.
+ Read more on Flypaper: “Uncovering the Jazz Influence in Pop, Rock, and Hip-Hop Classics”
The son of Iraqi immigrants, Amir ElSaffar is a young, masterful trumpeter who has worked with Modirzadeh, among many other contemporary greats, and developed his own take on the discourse between the Iraqi maqam and American jazz. His instrumental repertoire also includes the Iraqi santur, an instrument played like a hammered dulcimer but indigenous to Iraqi music. Iraqi maqam and Persian radif share similar principals of melodic development, microtonal inflections, and subtleties of tuning, but they’re very different in actual practice.
Persian music uses scales called dastgah, while Iraqi music uses the Arab-Turkish maqam. Iraq has a long history of master vocalists who gathered in the cultural epicenter of Baghdad. They would meet to discuss, at great length, the poems that were to be sung during their performances, which often lasted for hours to entertain both elite audiences and common people alike.
ElSaffar traveled to Baghdad multiple times to study the santur and its musical language, absorbing the traditional teachings of the masters of maqam. He has been relentless in his pursuit of quality art music, producing multiple recordings each year and collaborating with many of New York’s top jazz, avant-garde, and world music artists. The results he achieves through these collaborations is as varied as the artists with whom he works, ranging from abstract modern jazz to tracks that sound closer to traditional Middle Eastern music played on Western instruments.
As is the case with Hafez Modirzadeh, ElSaffar has used his in-depth knowledge of another musical world to create an elastic palette from which to craft new forms of music. Yet, his compositions are as relevant to the American musical vernacular as anything else, and his trumpet work is just as dazzling.
ElSaffar’s ability to play shades of microtones on every note at high velocity is nothing short of spectacular. A recent project of his called “Crisis” (featured in the video above), which meditates on conflicts with the Middle East and America, is particularly apropos given our current sociopolitical climate.
Dr. Lloyd Miller
Here’s a shocker. In 1968, an intriguing album was released called Oriental Jazz by a white guy named Lloyd Miller and the “Press Keys Quartet.” Ever heard of him? Or them? Didn’t think so.
To this day, there’s barely any information available on the web about Miller. We do know that Lloyd Miller was born in 1938 and is a prodigious multi-instrumentalist, improviser, and composer within multiple genres. He could play almost 100 instruments in 30 different styles — including, but not limited to, clarinet, oud, piano, guitar, Persian santur, upright bass, the ney flute, and many more — and speak several languages fluently. He also hosted a primetime music and arts variety TV show in Tehran, Iran, in the 1970s where he was known by the name Kurosh Ali Khan. He is truly an enigma.
Having received his doctorate in Middle East Studies, Miller is known for his research work on Persian and Afghan music. He also plays straight-ahead jazz, Indonesian Gamelan music, and Indian music among other styles. His mix-and-match approach to reconciling the vast influence of the Middle East, India, and the Far East was way ahead of its time. What’s really important to keep in mind here is the fact that Lloyd Miller was one man capable of doing the work of fifty men.
For example, this wacky video below starts with Miller playing the oud solo in a Turkish folk style complete with the fast ornaments that accompany any traditional performance of a melody. Then, he simply puts the oud down, picks up a clarinet, and a full jazz ensemble proceeds to play a swinging “My Favorite Things”-type tune. Later in this same video, Miller can be seen combining the oud with a jazz ensemble to suggest his interest in fusing the two.
+ Read more on Flypaper: “Rudy Van Gelder: The Optometrist Who Pioneered an Ethos in Record-Making”
Miller is a fluent piano player as well, often mediating between the styles of Bill Evans or Red Garland, for example, and playing in the idiosyncratic Persian tunings of radif, which come with their own performative actions. This style of playing differs greatly from the Western style in its physicality; many melodies are played with one finger on one hand and another finger on the other hand, flicking ornamental notes in a rapid succession.
Miller’s approach seems more like a mix and match between cultural and musical identities, almost like flipping channels on a TV, but he does incorporate some fusion. Modirzadeh and ElSaffar have strived to create singular, new universal languages, building bridges between language, people, and culture. Miller, on the other hand, put 30 languages up next to each other and would code-switch fluently in front of our eyes (and ears). His thirst for knowledge of other cultures is perhaps something we can all learn from today and may have somehow paved the way for musicians like Modirzadeh and ElSaffar to break new ground.
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Continue your learning adventure on Soundfly with modern, creative courses on songwriting, mixing, production, composing, synths, beats, and more by artists like Kiefer, Kimbra, Com Truise, Jlin, Ryan Lott, RJD2, and our newly launched Elijah Fox: Impressionist Piano & Production.
Lee Dynes is a professional oud player, guitarist, composer, and music educator. He currently resides in the San Francisco Bay Area, where he teaches at Marin Music Center in Novato, CA. At a young age, Dynes began studying jazz guitar, and has studied Hindustani Classical Music, Middle-Eastern music, the folk music of America, Ireland, and Scotland, as well as the music of West Africa, and the Caribbean. Dynes has spent the last 6 years teaching music at elementary, high school, and college levels, and just independently released an album of original music called Pathways.


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The Guyana Sugar Corporation (GuySuCo) has taken over the Skeldon Sugar Factory following a successful testing period. Kaieteur News was told yesterday that the sugar company assumed control of the new factory at the end of April.
Minister of Agriculture, Robert Persaud said that the factory has been producing sugar for the entire crop and electricity for GPL using bagasse.
According to Persaud, the Chinese contractors still maintain a relatively effective presence at the factory working with the local team.
“GuySuCo’s efforts are focused on expanding and accelerating cane cultivation and improving the capacity of the Guyanese team managing the factory and electricity generation activities,” Persaud said.

domain: agronomy


This is a combination LP.08 and unit mark question. To be more explicit, a weapon number question. I have a 1917 LP.08 unit marked to the 164th Infantry Regiment, Company #1, weapon #1. The 164th was part of the 20th Infantry Div. and later joined the 111th Infantry Div.(circa 1916).
Obviously, Lugers must have been issued to the Regiment in the early part of the war, and were unit marked. Were 4" Lugers numbered separately from the LP.08s? Is this the first LP.08 issued to the company? Or were a specified number issued and the numbers reused as they were replaced due to loss or damage? Example: Luger weapon #1 is lost, captured, damaged,etc. Would the newly issued replacement weapon then be stamped weapon #1?
I believe all weapons were numbered according to numbers available and without regard to type of weapon. I would suggest that your LP08 "164.R.1.1." may have replaced a KAR88 or a Reichsrevolver that had the same property number.
Geo, That's plausable. I was just curious about it. I would think that as a weapon was replaced with another, it would be stamped with the weapon number that it replaced. It makes more sense, to me at least that, that would be the course to follow. I saw a referrence to a pistol in Görtz that made me think about it. Don't remember what the hell it was now.
GENERALLY, LUGERS/PISTOLS HAVE THEIR OWN CONSECUTIVELY WEAPONS NUMBER RANGES
Berlin, 28 January,1909, “Small Arms Marking Instructions” (Gortz, Bryans page 14)
“4. Each type of small arms is to be marked with numbers running consecutively within its type.”
If one scans through the weapons numbers found on bayonets, rifles, and Lugers, it is apparent that the weapons numbers run much higher on bayonets, the weapons numbers on rifles are lower than on bayonets and those on Lugers are lower than on rifles. (Noll, page 67-142) .
In general, the above suggests that Lugers are most often not in the same consecutive weapons number sequence as rifles and bayonets and that the rules and regulation number “4" above is complied with..
1917 LP08 WEAPONS NUMBER SEQUENCE
The weapons numbers of 1917 dated LP08's run low (70 percent bear a weapon number lower than14, medium at 8). I would suggest that some regimental armorers did not keep track of weapons numbers after the practice of applying unit markings mostly stopped in 1914 and ceased according to orders dated 2 November 1916 and 30 Dec 1916. When the influx of 1917 dated LP08's started to come in to the regimental armories, some of the armorers started marking weapons in a sequence that started at number 1. Note: most regimental armorers did not unit stamp Lugers after 1914/1916. 164 JR marked Lugers recorded in the Still Noll data base are as follows:
* 1917 LP08, s/n 5675e : 164.R.1.1.) - (164 Infanterie-Regiment, Kompagnie 1, Waffe Nr. 1.or 2?)(updated 02-23-05)
* 1917 DWM, s/n unk : 164.R.2.22. - (164 Infanterie-Regiment, Kompagnie 2, Waffe Nr. 22)
* 1917 DWM, s/n 4133l : 164.R.8.5 - (164 Infanterie-Regiment, Kompagnie 8, Waffe Nr. 5)
* 1912 ERFURT, s/n 8125a : 164.R.M.G.45. - (164 Infanterie-Regiment, Maschinengewehr-Kompagnie, Waffe Nr. 45)
What is the sn of your 1917 LP08?
In general, the Still Noll data base indicates that infantry regiment machine gun weapons numbers run higher than infantry regiment weapons numbers and infantry regiment weapons numbers run higher that cavalry weapons numbers (Still Noll data base).
This indicates that weapon types were assigned their own weapon number sequence. So this could be the first LP.08 issued to the Regiment? Or the first to be numbered in the sequence.
Referrence to pg 14 in Görtz is what I remembered seeing, but could'nt find it again. Thanks very much for the indepth information. This more than answers my question. The ser# 5675e.
Thanks again, Ron
Jan, BTW the LP.08 you have listed is the one I am talking about. When I first posted it a year or so ago. That's the way I discribed it. "# 1 or 2?". Notice the odd foot on #1 in the photo. It is a #1,however.
Also, on Pg 126 in Noll's there is a "Seitengewehr M1884/98nA" reportedly marked "164.R.1.2." This would have probably been marked much earlier than the LP.08. Possibly pre-war?
"So this could be the first LP.08 issued to the Regiment? Or the first to be numbered in the sequence"
Yours would certainally be the first numbered in the sequence as its numbered "1". Would speculate that it is may be the first LP08 issued to the regiment. Remember that LP08 production greatly increased in 1917 to comply with the directive dated August 11, 1917 that ordered each infantry company on the Western Front to be armed with 10 LP08 for attack purposes.
"Also, on Pg 126 in Noll's there is a "Seitengewehr M1884/98nA" reportedly marked "164.R.1.2." This would have probably been marked much earlier than the LP.08. Possibly pre-war?"
I cannot answer your question (know almost nothing about rifles & bayonets), but your comment raises a question that I have: Are there bayonets and rifles all matched with the same unit stamps including weapons number? Was the exact same weapons number applied to an issued rifle and its bayonet?
The (Truppenstempel) unit marks were stuck by the Waffenmeister (weapon master). I wouldn´t think that the LP08 with this unit mark was the first LP08 of the whole regiment. The unit stamps were fiscal stamps and should help the men to identify their guns. This stamp identify the LP08 as the first of the 1. company of the Infantry regiment 164.
I´m looking for one of Pistos threads. That´s the reason that I post on some older threads.
This is an older thread, you may not receive a response, and could
be reviving an old thread. Please consider creating a new thread.
Jan C. Still Lugerforums
A community dedicated to Lugers, Central Powers, Axis, Allied and related WW-I and WW-II pistols by their scholars, collectors, owners and enthusiasts. Come join the discussion about the history, technology and extraordinary background associated with these design masterpieces.


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SHOOTINGCase #19-14078FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE On June 13, 2019 around 3 a.m., officers were sent to the 500 block of S. 10th street in regards to a shooting. When Officers arrived on scene they found a 34-year-old male suffering from a single gunshot wound to the torso. The suspect, Anthony Blake West AGE 29 fled the […]
Stay up-to-date with the latest news on activities and events.
THE ARANSAS PASS POLICE BEAT
Each month, we provide a report to the City Council on department activities. We also make that report accessible to the community. Here’s the report for last month.
Recent Arrests – The following arrests were made this past month. Those arrested are presumed innocent until their case has been disposed of by the court. We share public information to keep our community informed of police activities taking place within the City. Post expires on Friday June 12th, 2020.

domain: law


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This was the club’s second outing to the Black Loch, and my first ever. It was a big outing: 24 rods out. The weather threw everything at us in the course of the day… flat calms, wind off every point on the compass, including a fresh breeze. Cool, then warm, then cold for July (12°C on the road home). Light drizzle, then sunny, then heavy rain, then dry. With all this going on, it’s perhaps not surprising that the fish were playing it a bit arsy with (most of) us.
Due to late call-offs and no-shows I ended up having a boat to myself. At the start there was a nice light WSW breeze, giving a drift straight from the dock, along Forest Bend to School Bay, so I just pushed out, squared the boat up and picked up the rod (which I’d set up with a black half-hog and an Adams hopper). The first thing I saw was a mafly dun. Oh-no – I’d had my box of mayfly patterns with me last week at Menteith, and had taken them out, as I thought we were done with mayflies for the season! However, it turns out that was the only one I saw all day.
The second thing I saw was a fish rise right in front of me. I dropped the flies on it. It had a swing at them. I lifted and fresh-aired it. I dropped them back on it. It had another swing. I fresh-aired it again. A third cover, and this time it nailed the hopper. I lifted into it, it thrashed about on the surface for about the next 10 seconds and then fell off. Oh well, a promising start. I drifted all the way down the shoreline without bothering another fish. When I got to Schoolhouse Bay the breeze was lifting to get over the trees behind, leaving the bay largely flat clam. Here, there were a few odd rises. However, I could see a good number of Caenis spinners on the water, and guessed that was what they were on. The couple of fish I covered both gave me swirly looks without commitment. If I had been able to stay, I might have changed flies, but there were several boats drifting in behind me, plus one anchored in the bay, so I had to move out.
A short drift onto the School shore produced nothing, so I took it all the way up to the top and into North Reedy Bay. I started to see one or two risers in the calm water, close to the reeds. I started to concentrate on these. There were good numbers of sedges of several medium and quite lage sized species coming off, and with not much sign of other stuff, I had to assume the fish were rising to sedges. I stayed with what I was on while I got a feel for it. After a bit of tuning into them I started to get some action around the point between north and south Reedy Bay. I landed one, lost one and missed two or three others (fantastically good at taking you right in the middle of doing something else!). It was about that time that the proper rain came on – that particularly wet rain… That rather scunnered dry fly fishing for a bit. After the rain went off, I got another shot at them and picked up a nice resident on the half-hog.
Then the weather changed completely. A fresh breeze got up from the SW and the temperature plummeted. The risers stopped completely. I put up the other rod with Diawl Bachs and had a twiddle, guessing they might be taking ascending sedge pupae down below. A drift with that produced nothing, all the way back down to School Bay. At a bit of a loss as to what else to try, I went back to dries and did what I should have done earlier – put on some proper sedgy stuff. I put on a sedgy half-hog and a size 10 ginger CDC F-fly-come-hopper. I went back for another look at the Reedy Bay area. There wasn’t the fish rising that there was, but there was an odd one. By now the wind was southerly, giving me a drift across the whole west end of the loch. One long range cover and 3 ‘out-the-blues’ brought me 3 more landed plus one lost.
One thing I hadn’t done in advance was check the reports on the fishery’s website. If I had, I would have seen mention that the yellow owl was doing well. This is very much an ‘in pattern’. I’ve never got round to tying some and trying them, but basically it is a CDC shuttlecock, tied in the style of the wet fly pattern, the yellow owl. It could well be a good imitation of the sedge pupae, as I have often seen them with yellow and black striped bodies. Who knows? Anyway, there were 4 bags of note, and they were dominated by the yellow owl (or things very like it).
Bob Whyte and Davie Tyrie shared 10 to the boat, and (not 100% certain from the cards) nine of them were on yellow owls. Derek Kilgour took 6 to a static quill shuttlecock (need to find out how different this is to a yellow owl).
Stand-out bag was taken by Jimmy McBride: 11 fish. Five more than anyone else! Jimmy’s card states: Yellow Owl, Daddy, bubble sedge and Diawl Bach, fished static.
The 24 rods landed 48 fish.


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With all the other fussy babies, is anyone on the total elimination diet?
I'm almost ready to try, just trying to psych myself up for at least two weeks of squash, sweet potatoes, rice and pears
none of which I particularly dislike, I just have to talk myself into it.
DS1 was a very regular pooper. This one? Not so much. He skipped two days earlier this week and is now on 2.5 days. And he's not too happy when he doesn't poop. He sleeps good once he's out and has content awake times, I just feel bad for him when he's clearly uncomfortable.
And he certainly will not take a soother. Tried a second kind today, he'd take it for DH for about a minute at a time. With me, he just gets very mad about it. So much for a shortcut!
DH is starting to feel left out and worried that we have an overly attached child.
Which is in turn worrying me. Blech! It's not that big of a deal, mind you I may feel a little stressed if he doesn't take a bottle (haven't tried yet) because there are a couple times I would like to leave him for a few hours this summer but I am not comfortable leaving him unless he takes a bottle.
When DH and I were dating, his brother had us babysit their kids once when our neice was a couple weeks old. She never took a bottle, *ever* and spent the entire 3 hours screaming despite us calling them and telling them they needed to come home. It was traumatic and I swear I'll never do that with my kids lol!


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Heroine Trisha has been part of the industry since more than a decade and though her career in Tollywood has not been going that great, things are somewhat better for her in Kollywood. More than films, Trisha has now become the chosen one for brand endorsements in Chennai.
Meanwhile, the discussion is on about Trisha’s personal life and it is heard that her mother Uma has been given the task of shortlisting the prospective grooms. Sources say recently Uma had done some filtration and brought out two good boys. However, Trisha has reportedly rejected them.
The reason according to sources is, Trisha wants someone local in Chennai so that she continues focusing on her career. The two shortlisted boys were reportedly living abroad. With this, it is heard that Uma has reached square number 1 and has to go through the process of finding a local boy. This is going to be a challenge.

domain: news


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Brussels Sprouts with Chili + Black Beans
Brussels sprouts and fresno chili peppers are sautéed with black beans, lime, and garlic to create a balanced side or light entree.
gluten-free, grain-free, Paleo, vegan
-3 as an entree, 4-6 as a side
The Grateful Grazer
ends removed and halved
or oil of choice
fresno chili peppers
sliced horizontally into rings (or sub with chili pepper of choice)
can black beans
drained and rinsed
Zest and juice of 1/2 lime
Heat skillet over medium-high heat. Toss brussels sprouts with oil and salt and add to skillet. Cook until tender, 6-8 minutes.
Add remaining ingredients and cook until warmed through, another 2-3 minutes before serving.
This recipe originally appeared on GratefulGrazer.com.

domain: food


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Diving Aliwal Shoals, South Africa
After leaving Zimbabwe we flew back to South Africa to go on a three-day dive trip in the Kwazulu-Natal on Aliwal Shoals. We were pretty excited to get wet again after being in the blistering heat for a week but I think we expected the weather to be a bit warmer than it was. Unfortunately for us, a cold front had moved in the day we arrived and the temperature outside was around 15 C. Aliwal Dive Centre and Bed and Breakfast is an hour drive from the King Shaka Airport and because we arrived so late in the day the only way for us to get there was via a taxi and it cost us 1278 Rand which is the equivalent of about $128 USD. By the time we got to the Centre, found our room, and settled in it was almost 10pm and we had to get up for our first dives at 6:30 the next morning. We decided to use another one of our MRE’s and boiled some water in the electric kettle in the room and enjoyed our Mountain House Chili Mac with Beef using teaspoons.
When we woke up in the morning, we could see the ocean from our balcony and the sea was calm but the weather was cold and looked like it would rain. Luckily, when you dive you get wet anyway so rain isn’t too much of a bother. We set up our gear and loaded the inflatable rib and rode down to the beach in the back of the pickup truck. The skipper launched the boat from the river side of the beach, loaded us in, and then rocketed out through the shore break to the shoals, a twenty minute boat ride out to sea.
Our first dive the visibility was poor but we did get to see our very first Sand Tiger shark, otherwise known as a Raggie. They are such docile sharks despite their menacing teeth; they just cruise around and seem very unfazed by divers around them.
On all our subsequent dives the visibility remained poor, ten meters at best and four meters at worst. We did get to see a few more Raggies, a couple of green sea turtles (one that was absolutely massive!), giant Potato Bass (groupers), and some fun little nudibranchs as well as a slew of other species of fish all swimming in a plankton soup. On one of our dives, the number of salps was staggering, there must have been tens of thousands of them.
The dive shop we went with, Aliwal Dive Centre was top notch, run by very professional and nice people. The B&B upstairs makes early morning diving easy and hassle free, and the complimentary English breakfast after the dives is delicious and fills you up after a great morning underwater. The diving was a bit disappointing but I think our timing and the poor visibility made what could be incredible diving, slightly lack luster.
Our last day there we didn’t dive because Ronen started to get a cold and he didn’t want to push it and ruin our diving in Mozambique. We relaxed at the shop and then we wanted to walk around town a bit. Umkomass is a quiet town but it is apparently not safe to walk around even during the middle of the day. We were warned on several occasions not to walk on the beach at all. Then when we did walk during the day to the little surf shop up the street, we were told by a local man that muggings were on the rise and it would be in our best interest just to go back to the dive shop. Not being able to walk to dinner or stroll down the beach was very hard for me throughout our time in South Africa. Everywhere we went it wasn’t safe to walk at night or even during the day in some places, which is something that I am not used to and I don’t think I could ever get used to. For me it put a whole different feeling to our experiences. Knowing that you aren’t the most safe or secure made it impossible for me to completely relax and enjoy myself.