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- Arrive at Nairobi International Airport
- Accommodation at Hotel in Nairobi
- Scheduled flight to Masai Mara
- Afternoon game drive
- Accommodation in Masai Mara
DAY 3 – 7
- Morning game drive
- Afternoon game drive
- Accommodation in Masai Mara
- Morning game drive
- Scheduled flight back to Nairobi
- International flight home
We all know that the Masai Mara is home to the ‘greatest show on earth’. So we decided to run the best photo safari we could muster in the heart of the greatest show.
The Mara River – A place where wildlife meets conflict: in its millions. The migration is a constant dynamic. But at one point during the cycle, a major obstacle stands in the way of the momentum. At first it causes a stutter and a pause, but then the surge comes, and millions of animals cross the Mara River in one of the most spectacular wildlife scenes on earth. We have reserved a small, intimate and private camp in the heart of the action in perhaps the best time of year to see this phenomenon.
The Masai Mara, as Africa’s loveliest game reserve is affectionately known, forms the northernmost limit of the greater Serengeti-Mara ecosystem, where an abundance of Africa’s game roams over the seemingly endless grasslands. A year-round destination with a temperate climate and seasons dictated by rainfall, the Mara never fails to deliver, and is a breathtaking setting for wildlife photographers, safari enthusiasts, first-timers and seasoned travellers alike.
Named in honour of the Masai people who call this corner of Africa home, the Mara is world renowned for its exceptional populations of lion, leopard, cheetah, herds a thousand-strong of buffalo, the rare black rhino and of course the thriving elephants. In approximately July of each year, the Great Migration arrives for an annual four month stay.
Typically defined by the annual movement of over two million migratory wildebeest – these seasonal wanderers are just one element of the greater Serengeti-Mara ecosystem. Numerous distinct habitat types exist, with soil type and rainfall being the main influences. The ecosystem is driest in the southeast (where the Crater Highlands form a ‘rain-shadow’) and wettest in the northwest.
South of the Kenyan border, Tanzania’s Serengeti consists of various types of woodland and grassland. It is on the ‘shortgrass plains’ – an area of shallow, volcanic soils west of Ngorongoro – that the wildebeest’s story begins. Here, they give birth to young calves every January and February. These plains flush green with highly nutritious grass after the rain, but are grazed flat and dry-out completely by March when the herds trek north. Their destination is the Masai Mara, which is still blanketed with nutritious grass when the rest of the ecosystem has dried out.
Around July, the rainy season comes to an end and the Mara is carpeted in tall, rippling swathes of seeding grass. To the south, the oceans of Serengeti fodder have been denuded by over a million wildebeest that have been milling around, rutting, mating and feeding since late March and April. They are not alone. Over 200,000 zebra are part of the procession. Slowly but steadily, this tide of herbivores moves north.
It could be in the last week of July – perhaps sooner or later depending on rainfall patterns – but eventually over half a million of these wildebeest and zebra cross the invisible border that demarcates Kenya from Tanzania, and the Mara from the Serengeti. Like any invasion, there are always frontrunners. Bands of bewildered-looking wildebeest canter in loose columns, wide-eyed and alert to the dangers of awaiting predators. Beyond them, the rising clouds of dust betray the vast herds. Migratory wildebeest may enter through the eastern Mara but the herds that marched north through the Serengeti’s Western Corridor are programmed to overcome one last hurdle: to reach the pastures that will sustain them through the dry season, they must cross the Mara River. No matter how high the river is, or how rapidly it is flowing, the wildebeest are not deterred. To cross, they must withstand the crash-landing of leaping off the embankment, avoid the jaws of crocodiles and lions that wait in ambush, paddle and thrash their way across the river, and finally they must hope that they do not get simply crushed in the commotion. A good many have their journey tragically ended at the crossing points, and in some years, piles of bloated carcasses accumulate to provide an ongoing banquet for crocodiles and vultures. The Great Migration is a clockwise, round-trip journey of around 600km during which an estimated 250,000 wildebeest perish each year. Exhaustion, hunger, injury and predation are the main factors, with newborns within their first year and those older than fifteen being the most vulnerable. As the star of the show, with its shoebox snout, spindly legs and tousled beard, the wildebeest looks a little less than elegant, and appears to have been put together by a committee. In addition to its ungainly appearance, it seems – even at the best of times – to be a somewhat confused and bewildered creature. But like everything else, it is built for a purpose, and that is to consume vast quantities of grass and have enough stamina to cover great distances. Often simply called a gnu (which is a fairly good description of its singular vocal ability), in both of these roles, the wildebeest excels.
Just a few degrees south of the equator, there are only minor fluctuations in the length of day and temperature over the year. What does vary however, is the rainfall: there are two distinct seasons, the long rains from mid-March through June; and the short rains during the months of November and early December. Clear bright mornings are the norm throughout most of the year, and in season, the rain tends to arrive in the afternoon and evening. Far from being a depressing event, the rain in the Mara is a life force. To be out in the midst of it – on the plains amongst the wildlife – is to be in the middle of nature’s celebration, and the approach of a storm is spectacular, with its darkening sky and accompanying lightning and thunder.
The question is often asked, ‘when is the best time to visit the Mara?’ To be truthful, there is not one correct answer, as safari travellers to the Mara are assured of astonishing and abundant wildlife sightings all year round. For guests wanting to experience the Great Migration and the dramatic crossings of the Mara River, July through September or October are the best months to visit. Others prefer a gentler time with less visitors and enjoy the Mara all by themselves – together with the resident population of game, the numerous resident herds which quite rightly do not deem it necessary to leave this beautiful reserve by embarking on the annual trek to Tanzania.
All members of Africa’s Big Five – lion, leopard, elephant, buffalo and black rhino – are regularly sighted in the Mara, together with hyena, jackal, cheetah and the bat-eared fox, and the Mara River is home to numerous pods of hippo and some of Africa’s largest crocodiles. Great photographic opportunities present themselves with topi standing perched on anthills, Masai giraffe moving gracefully across the plains, and both Grant’s and Thomson’s gazelles grazing peacefully amongst Coke’s hartebeest, impala and herds of lovely eland, the continent’s largest antelope.
The Mara is also home to more than 470 bird species, including almost 60 raptors. Surely the loveliest of them all has to be the graceful crowned crane, always found in pairs, together with secretary birds, lilac-breasted rollers, long-crested eagles, superb starlings, pygmy falcons and endangered ground hornbills to name just a few. Entim private Camp’s experienced guides will make every effort to deliver a life-changing wildlife adventure for guests, be it for first timers, birding enthusiasts, photographers of all skill levels, or safari devotees whose great joy is just to simply be amongst Africa’s creatures, both great and small.
It’s simple really – find a camp in the middle of the action, book it exclusively for 8 photographers only with the best camp operator in the business and then have professional photographers personally guide you whilst on safari. Isak Pretorius have had many seasons in the Mara and has mapped his own special places and secret spots which he will share with you while being driven around. The Mara is a very large system and much of the conventional tourist traffic concentrates on a small section of the river. There is so much to see and photograph, and with these knowledgeable professional wildlife photographers as your guides, you will have the best positions available. You will be taken to the far-flung corners of the Masai Mara, you will not only get to experience the migration, but also the beauty, freedom and wilderness of one of Africa’s greatest ecosystems. Each photographer will have their own seat with window and roof hatch, ensuring that everyone has ample room to photograph from. Brackets, braces and clamps can be fixed onto the rails on the vehicles for tripod heads and flash brackets. Everything is designed to aid your photographic enjoyment.
We have negotiated, in the interest of photographic excellence, a camp right in the heart of the action, in the middle of the Mara.
- The camp is inside the Masai Mara National Reserve with a view of the main crossing point
- You are within 5 minutes from the main crossing points and 10 minutes from the other crossing points. Most camps are at least 60 minutes from these central areas.
- The position of the camp is within the two main rivers – the Talek and Mara rivers, meaning easy and fast access to the most productive game viewing areas.
- You will be personally guided and driven by professional wildlife photographers who know the Massai Mara eco system exceptionally well.
- No gate restrictions or racing for the gate during the best hours of light. (All gates close at 18h30, and as most camps are outside the reserve, vehicles must leave the reserve) we are inside the Mara, thus can stay till dark
- We will have 4 x Land Cruisers game viewing vehicles for our use. There will be 2 photographers per vehicle. Non-photographers can share the same bench as the photographer, or sit in the front seat. Each photographer will have a whole row as well as a roof hatch.
- We will have the whole camp to ourselves.
- The camp is a permanent tent camp – tents have flush toilets and running hot water showers
- There is a battery bank and silent generator for charging batteries and laptops
- For each safari, we have organised a minibus that will take our cargo luggage from the Nairobi Serena Hotel to the Camp and back again upon return.
- The entire weight limit for the internal flight is 15kg. This is strictly enforced by SafariLink. We have provided the transport for the cargo luggage for your cargo luggage. It is up to you to ensure you are within the limits for the internal flights. You will be liable for any excess weight.
- There are bean bags in the camp. These are filled with beans. If you would like to bring your own bag to fill with rice or sand, we will provide rice.
- For those not arriving from South Africa, we will have separate airport transfers to meet you. All transfers for single arrivals will have your Surname typed on a name board that the driver will hold up.
- It is very important to get your yellow fever injection and certificate. It should be done no later then 2 weeks before your trip. It is valid for 10 years, so if you have had one done, you should just remember to bring the certificate.
- On all our safaris we may ask participants to rotate seats in the vehicles, taking it in turn to sit in the more popular seats in the front and the less popular ones in the rear. This requirement applies to everyone. If there is some reason why you can’t take your turn in the back of a vehicle (e.g. a bad back or travel sickness) please inform our office at the time of booking to see if we can accommodate you. We regret that anyone failing to inform us of such limitations before the safari will be expected to rotate seats in the same way as everyone else.
Complete this enquiry form to book
Arrive in Kenya’s capital of Nairobi. This photo safari starts and ends in Nairobi, so it is your responsibility to arrange your own international flights. If you need help with this please email me at email@example.com for a quote and options.
A representative will meet you at Nairobi’s Jomo Kenyatta International Airport. A 45-minute road transfer will take you to the African elegance of the Nairobi Serena Hotel. You will spend the evening in the lush and open surrounds of the Serena Hotel. One of Nairobi’s original hotels, this hotel has all the comforts of the past with the convenience of the modern era: The perfect place to relax for the evening. Isak will make contact with you at the hotel to arrange dinner for the photography group and discuss the logistics of the following morning.
Your heavy cargo luggage should be ready early morning to be transferred from Nairobi to the Masai Mara by road. Isak will confirm those logistics with you at the hotel the previous evening.
Breakfast is served from 6:30am. At 8am we’ll be transferred to Wilson Airport in Nairobi. We depart for the Masai Mara on the 10am scheduled flight and touchdown at Ol-Kiombo Airstrip after a short 1-hour flight. From there we are transferred by road to our camp situated in the Mara. You will be staying in a classic East African style safari camp consisting of canvas tents, staffed by local Masai. You will have en-suite bathrooms with flush loos, flowing water and hot showers. While traditional, the camp is comfortable with large beds and private verandah’s. In the afternoon we will embark on our first game drive to sample one of Africa’s greatest ecosystems.
For these five full days, we will focus on showing you the best of the Masai Mara and this will include tracking the migration and getting to the heart of the action. You will be taken out each morning in first light. We will have Toyota Land Cruiser vehicles with roof top hatches and large windows from which to photograph. Each client will have their own row in the vehicle with open windows and hatch, ensuring that everyone has ample room to photograph from. Brackets, braces and clamps can be fixed onto the rails on the vehicles for tripod heads and flash brackets. Everything is designed to aid your photographic enjoyment. Depending on how and where the migration is moving, we might spend whole days in the reserve taking a picnic lunch along with us. We will find the best crossing points on the Mara River and spend pleasant hours watching the wildebeest mass on the banks with hungry crocs waiting below. If we are patient enough and fortune favours us, we will witness a wildebeest crossing, arguably the most spectacular wildlife event on the planet. Beside the actual visual spectacle, the noise of the crossing is something that will never be forgotten. Besides tracking and following the migration, we will search for as many predators as possible, including cheetah, as the great plains are home to these majestic cats. You will also enjoy unfamiliar sights of general game such as Topi standing aloft termite mounds and tiny shy dik-dik’s going about their daily routine. The Mara also houses some of the largest buffalo bulls on the continent and a huge density of raptors. A special for birders, amongst others, is the large and relatively common Ruppell’s Griffon.
Our time in the Masai Mara will not just be about the wildlife though. We will take you to seldom-visited parts of the ecosystem and indeed right up to the southern boundary where the Masai Mara and Serengeti adjoin. Here, there is little human traffic, and we will enjoy the peace and quiet of the great plains as well as some private game viewing. This element of our safari is unique as most safari operators concentrate all their efforts on the river but we feel that by combining superb game viewing with a wilderness experience, we will offer our guests the very best of the Masai Mara.
The evenings will be spent sitting around the campfire and dining on excellent camp cuisine. As the coals die down, the warm camp beds beckon and everyone retires to bed.
The aim of this photo safari is to help you take amazing photographs and improve your own photography, no matter what level of photographer you are. The C4 photo guides will help you and during the safari will also present a series of photo critiques, Lightroom and other slide show sessions in the evenings. These are always immensely popular and helps our clients gain some insight into the skill levels and experience of our guides- who easily impart their knowledge to you. Should you have any other specific requirements, you are welcome to ask for your guides expert advice.
During the next five full days the daily schedule will remain more or less the same. The times are flexible and might vary slightly depending on the sunrise times, the sightings and our activities (e.g. we might decide to stay out longer if wildebeest are congregating at the river’s edge and the likelihood of seeing a river crossing is high). Generally we follow this schedule:
05:30 Wake-up and meet for coffee and a small meal
06:15 Game drive
09:30 Breakfast in the bush
10:00 Game drive
11:30 Return to camp for rest and own time (depending on what we see and the likelihood of seeing a wildebeest river crossing, this might be later)
13:00 Lunch, followed by rest and own time
15:30 Meet for high tea
16:00 Game drive
19:00 Return to camp
19:15 Photo presentation and client photo feedback (not compulsory)
20:00 Dinner and then retire to bed for another day of more great photography
After a last morning game drive, we return to camp for a hearty brunch before departing to the airstrip at 11:00 where we return to Nairobi. A transfer back to Jomo Kenyatta International Airport/your hotel concludes the safari. Most of the international flights depart in the early evening and this fits with most connections. This is unfortunately the end of the safari and another special package from Isak Pretorius.
Isak Pretorius looks forward to hosting you in the Mara for the greatest wildlife show on the planet.
Justly famed for its exceptional standards of efficiency, service and five-star hospitality, the elegantly sophisticated Nairobi Serena is a member of the Leading Hotels of the World group and is consistently voted ‘Best Hotel in Nairobi’ by airlines and international travel magazines alike.
Despite its pivotal central location, the Serena Nairobi hotel remains true to its title and offers an oasis of serenity amidst the bustle of one of Africa’s most vibrant capital cities. The Nairobi Serena Hotel offers a number of dining experiences, and a selection of bars, coffee shops and café areas, both inside and out. The hotel also features a dedicated resident’s lounge: The Bambara Lounge, which offers a café service, newspapers and private seating throughout the day. Or try our restaurant in Nairobi, the Mandhari, renowned for the excellence of its seasonally inspired menu and extensive wine cellars. An internationalized buffet breakfast and lunch are served in the Moroccan-styled Café Maghreb, which also features a table d’hôte dinner menu and 24-hour brasserie service.
Entim Main Camp
Entim meaning “forest” in Maasai is discreetly tucked on the edge of the riverine woodlands. From the shaded seclusion of this attractively designed camp, guests can relax in luxury and admire unforgettable views over the Mara River and across expansive plains, with the distant backdrops of undulating escarpments and volcanically-sculpted hills. From the veranda of each tent it is even possible to witness the breath taking sight of thousands of Wildebeest crossing the river during their annual migration through this vast wilderness area.
We have kept the camp eco-friendly and small, with only ten, tastefully but differently furnished, well-equipped tents. Our decor aims to enhance the surrounding environment.
All 10-guest tents overlook the Mara River and are well placed, en-suite with flush-toilets and hot showers. There is a cosy lounge area with a small library, separate bar and dining area, which is open-fronted allowing guests the unmatched experience of eating meals while watching the animals move to and from the river to drink and forage for their food. The camp has been designed to give guests the feel that it is part of the landscape. The experience at Entim is not your average hotel or lodge experience: it’s about being right in the hub of one of the most famous wildlife reserves in the world and part of a quintessential Kenya Safari Experience.
Picnic lunches can be taken on longer game drives and enjoyed al fresco, while out exploring this vast and diverse area. Early evenings can be enjoyed over sundowner drinks in discreetly selected spots away from camp; or after a game drive and hot shower, around the campfire. The dining area offers a more intimate setting for our delicious home-cooked meals. We have a selection of house wines from the famous wineries of South Africa. Bread, cakes and pastries are all baked in camp, while fresh produce is flown in regularly. We aim to produce healthy, balanced and enticing menus, and are happy to cater to your individual requirements. If you wish you can dine privately on your own veranda, whilst enjoying the personal service of our helpful, well-trained staff.
WHAT OUR GUESTS SAY
About this wonderful safari
Click on the thumbnails to get a glimpse of the photos you could be taking.
Masai Mara Exclusive
09 – 16 September 2023
USD 10,400 price per sharing person
USD 12,250 price per single person
Masai Mara Classic
16 – 23 September 2023
USD 8,500 price per sharing person
USD 9,350 price per single person
Masai Mara Exclusive, with Jonathan Scott
24 September – 01 October 2023
USD 15,900 price per sharing person
USD 17,900 price per single person
30% deposit confirms your booking. Balance payable 8 weeks prior to your departure.
Maximum of 9 clients. There will be 3 vehicles with max 3 clients per vehicle. There will be two C4 Guides that will rotate between the three vehicles.
The above costs include:
Costs do not include:
Is vital for any tour anywhere in the world. The foresight to protect not only the experimental investment of the safari i.e trip cancellation, travel interruption/ban, flight cancellation, but also the traveller themselves when in need of primary medical care, evacuation to the hospital of choice most of the time in nearby countries is one of the most important decision you can make to assist in a stress free trip. Please speak to your travel agent/insurer for available options that will best suite your needs. Please note that when travelling with C4 Photo Safaris, that Travel Insurance is mandatory for all of our tours.
* Terms and conditions are clearly described in the PDF brochure under “Booking Information”

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Congratulations goes out to the members of the A-C Central Concert band for receiving a Division I – Superior rating at IHSA contest on Friday evening 4/11. Members of the band traveled to Petersburg to perform for a panel of judges, The A-C Central Band received a superior rating from all 3 judges. Selections performed were Rough Riders by Karl L King, Black is the Color…. arr. by Robert W. Smith and Trail of Tears by James Barnes. The band is under the direction of Kim Webster.
Members of the A-C Concert band that performed are: Jennifer Adkins, Bailee Devlin, Briley Eilers, Adam Hoffman, Ty Kesselring, Molly Betters, Dalton Johnston, Lane Newell, Brit Beddingfield, Emily Koch, Hannah Miller, Kayla Moffitt, Alexa Waters, Maddy Elder, Carrie Allen, Alex Brue, Chenoa Butler, Carlee Critchelow, Hallie Greer, Kristin Irlam, BreAnn Knapp, Serena Nicholas, Sabrena Reek, Caseelynn Johnston, Kenzie Stephens, Shelbi Thornley, Brittany Smith, JayCee Harris, Allyson Quick, Sidney Donnan, Baylee Smith, Erin Kelly, Mat Bobbitt, Austin Cuba, Zach Kays, Brian Koch, Kolby Vandenbergh, Phillip Wessel, David Miller, Taylor Miller, Megan Anderson, Quinn Allen, Jared Curry, Eric Savage, Ryan Woodard, Cerys Boston, Kirby Cowman, Riley Cowman, Craig Houchin, Quinlan Mahoney, Kyle Winkelman, Jackson Allen, and Hoaby Hoagland.

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SAN ANTONIO (KTSA News) – A man is dead after an exchange of gunfire with the U.S. Marshal’s Lone Star Fugitive Task Force outside a West Side health facility.
The officers tracked down the fugitive in the parking lot of the Texas Diabetes Institute-University Health System on South Zarzamora at San Luis Street around 9 Wednesday morning.
Chris Bozeman with the U.S. Marshal’s office says when officers approached the man in his parked car, he fired a shot.
“When they went to make contact with the fugitive, that’s when he presented the firearm. They did hear the gunshot and that’s when shots were fired, ” said Bozeman.
The suspect is dead, but Bozeman says it’s not known whether he shot himself or was killed by the officers’ gunfire.
A family across the street heard several gunshots, but one of the teens there says she wasn’t surprised.
“That’s not new. It’s normal for us,” said Desiree Lopez about hearing gunshots in the neighborhood.
The fugitive was being sought on four felony warrants, including homicide, aggravated assault and continuous family violence.
A section of the Texas Diabetes Institute parking lot was closed off for hours as officers from various agencies investigated the crime scene.

domain: law


I have been refomating my Dell Inspiron 5100 notebook. I have found all the drivers except for the Network Controller. I have figured out what I need but can't find any place that will left me download it. It is the 802.11 b/g Wireless LAN Controller. Chip number BCM4309. Vendor ID 0x14E4 and Device ID 0x4320.


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During the second half of December, 2015 Griffin and Sporticulture announced an exclusive distribution agreement, Preesman announced that they will be renamed in 2016, cut rose grower Red Land Roses announced that El Niño affects client's trust in Kenyan Horticulture and Ontario Flower Growers said that the Christmas sales have not been affected by the warm weather. Below the overview.
US: Griffin and Sporticulture announce exclusive distribution agreement
In December 2015, Griffin Greenhouse Supplies (“Griffin”) and Sporticulture announced a partnership through which Griffin will serve as the exclusive distribution partner for Sporticulture grower products including NFL-licensed containers, labeling and point-of-purchase (POP) materials.
Rose breeder Preesman to be renamed
In December 2015, Preesman announced that they will be renamed. Five years ago the journey of the Dutch rose breeder Preesman started. In these years, they established breeding facilities in Kenya, selection and show locations all around the world, a totally new assortment for all altitudes, new product lines and much more. In short, Preesman has undergone many changes to enhance the quality of their services and products. Now it is time for the final change: a new name.
UK: Walberton Nursery to introduce new begonia varieties
In December 2015, Walberton Nursery announced that they will introduce a new range of foliage begonias to UK Garden Centres in the summer of 2016. These new patio begonias were bred in Denmark and have been named and propagated by Walberton Nursery in the UK. "Over the last year, we've trialed a large range of new begonias and in September, we took the first cuttings of five selected varieties. These were new and different to varieties we had seen before. We are highly optimistic regarding the demand and sales here," says Mike Wainwright, Walbertons’ Technical Production Manager.
"Gaza flowers barred from export to Europe"
For the third year in a row, the farmers in the Gaza Strip will not be able to export flowers to European markets, due to Israeli restrictions, according to www.imemc.org.
El Niño threatens trust in Kenyan horticulture
Kenyan rose growers are worrying about their Valentine's Day sales as El Niño is not only affecting the quantity and quality of their flowers, but also the client's trusts. This was explained by Stefano Banella, IPM Consultant at Red Land Roses, a Kenyan rose farm that is also dealing with the effects of the weather phenomenon El Niño, in an interview this month, December 2015.
Colombia: New dustymiller variety from Flores de Altagracia
Noticing a trend and acting immediately. This is what one of the largest minicalla farms in Colombia called Flores de Altagracia, did last year. "Thanks to one of our customers we noticed an increasing demand for the dustymiller in our main market, the USA. We directly took this opportunity to find out how we could add this foliage to our portfolio and what we needed to do to meet all the customers' expectations. Now, we are one, if not the largest, Colombian farm producing 300,000 dustymiller on a yearly basis. We even developed a new variety," says Flores de Altagracia's sales leader Laura Hernandez.
Canada: Despite warm weather, Christmas sales not affected
In Canada, the start of is Christmas season is usually characterized by snow. This year, however, the weather was considerably warmer than last year, which caused a slow start to the Christmas season and sales. Fortunately, the sales caught up as the weather enabled people to go out and do their shopping. In the end the Christmas sales of this year were even slightly up compared to last year. This is explained by Michelle Sloot of the Ontario Flower Growers in Canada.
- Account Manager – North Germany
- Operational Grower - Strawberries
- Retail Key Account Manager
- Sales Representative Southeastern US
- Bedding and Perennials Sales Manager Europe
- Horticultural Technician
- Head Grower Strawberries, Norway
- Tissue Culture Laboratory Scientist
- Manager Operations & Logistics
Top 5 - yesterday
- California Spring Trials, day 2
- "Before the official opening, farms are already fighting for budwood"
- US (FL): Scientists warn of invasive plant pest; say early detection, reporting key
- Top-level Dewi-delphiniums from Kenya
- US (NB): Omaha greenhouse experiencing severe worker shortage, delaying planting season
Top 5 - last week
Top 5 - last month
December 16-23, 2015:
Agreement Griffin and Sporticulture, Preesman to be renamed, El Niño affecting client's trust and Christmas Sales not affected by warm weather
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Other news in this sector:
- 2017-12-22 December 2017: Christmas preparations and fires in California
- 2017-12-21 Remember these? Special Year Overview
- 2017-12-20 Photo reports: Proflora, Ontario Greenhouse Conference, IFEX, PMA and WF&WFSA
- 2017-12-19 September 2017: Hurricane Irma disrupts flower industry in US, South America
- 2017-12-18 Kenya's post-election, minimum wage hike Canada, Costa Rican Mother's Day, Chinese Valentine's Day and more
- 2017-12-15 July 2017: Tendence Outdoor Living, Cultivate'17, Hishtil's 10th anniversary in South Africa and more
- 2017-12-14 IFTEX, FlowerTrials, Salon du Végétal, Hortitec and more
- 2017-12-13 Industry in the ban of GM petunia ban and Mother's Day sales results
- 2017-12-12 Iran Green Trade Fair, Hortiflorexpo, orange petunia and more
- 2017-12-11 CAST, new joint venture Benary+, Easter, AstanaFloraExpo and more
- 2017-12-08 Exhibitions, exhibitions and more exhibitions
- 2017-12-07 The first weeks of March 2017: Holiday preparations in full swing
- 2017-12-06 February 2017: Horticontact, MyPlant & Garden and of course... Valentine's Day
- 2017-12-05 Fierce mother nature, company changes and exhibitions
- 2017-12-04 The first few weeks of 2017
- 2017-12-01 Special Year Overview
- 2016-12-23 Christmas sales in full swing
- 2016-12-22 Unrest Royal Van Zanten Uganda, IFTF, FHTF, election Trump and more...
- 2016-12-21 Unrest Ethiopia, cold nights Ecuador, 10th anniversary Fleurizon, expansion Ball Australia and more
- 2016-12-20 Esmeralda farms Ethiopia closes down, new Red Naomi grower in Spain, Exhibitions and more

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The Best Hotel Tips To Make Journeys Much EasierFor practically everyone, going on vacation is an event that is looked forward to for weeks before it actually happens. However, there are many details that need to be addressed to make it as enjoyable as possible. Accommodations are one such detail. Where you stay can make or break your vacation. Keep reading for tips on finding the best hotels.
To find the best deals on hotels consider a travel agent. Many times travel agents can find wonderful hotels at a great price. When booking with a travel agent, ensure that the agent knows both your wants and your needs. This will allow the travel agent to shop for both and offer you choices.
If you want a nice meal at night with your special someone, and you are too comfortable in your room to go out, order some food through room service. The cost will be a bit higher, but not having to dress up and go out will be worth it.
If you are hungry when you get to your hotel and do not want to leave, consider ordering room service. While it may cost a little extra, it is worth it if you can stay in your comfortable room as you satisfy your cravings.
Best hotel hospitality supplies by Hotels For Humanity
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To keep your family active and engaged when you are in a hotel far from home, talk to the concierge when you check in to get a list of nearby attractions. At the end of each day, sit down and map out a plan for the next morning. This gives you more vacation time and less time sitting in front of a television waiting to decide what to do.
Once you get to your hotel, do not unpack until you check the room. It should be free of any mildew or mold. Do the sink, shower, and toilet all work properly? Are all the towels you'll need present in the room? If you see that there are problems with your room, let the people at the front desk know right away so they can get things taken care of. Or, they can move you to another room.
If you're training for a marathon and have a weeklong business trip planned, there's no reason to let your running slip. Look online for local running groups in the city where you are going to stay, and join them for their social runs. If there aren't many groups, look for local running stores, as they also offer social jogs.
In order to save money on hotel stays, book far in advance. If you can book early, you may get a huge discount. This can save you as much as 40 percent off of the cost of your hotel.
Before you make your hotel reservation, check to see if any fees will be added to your bill. Many hotels charge extra for parking, Wi-Fi and even room cleaning. These charges can make your stay more costly than you anticipated, so be sure to ask about them before you make your decision.
When booking your room, get exactly what you want. If you want a good view, make sure you get one. If you want to be away from the pool area, make sure you get that as well. Look at a layout of the hotel before calling or booking so you have a good idea of what to expect.
Sign on to Facebook and find the page of the hotel you are staying at. Write a little message on their page, and see if the staff responds. You never know, they may offer you a special perk! If nothing else, keep up with what is happening on the page in case any specials are announced.
Before booking a hotel room, ask the hotel about their return policy. You never know what could happen and you may end up having to cancel your reservation. If there is no return policy, you could be basically throwing your money down the drain. Don't book with a hotel until you know this information.
If possible, try to stay in a hotel during the off-season. Most hotels know how desperate people are to find a room during the travel season. They tend to jack up their prices because they know people are willing to pay for the room. If you go during the off-season, you will get big discounts!
To keep your car safe and secure while you are staying at a hotel, make sure that you either bring your valuables inside or conceal them in the trunk when you park the car. Even if you lock the doors, if valuable items are visible, thieves will often break in and take them, so be proactive and save your treasures.
Don't limit your hotel bed bug inspection to the bed. Bed bugs can be up to fifteen feet away. So, check just click the next site and other furniture around the room. Also look in drawers and closet spaces before unpacking your clothes and risking them. As always, flag someone on the staff down if you find anything.
Stay safe and secure in a hotel. Travelers to hotels are often robbed even when they are inside the room. Use every lock the hotel provides, including the handle lock, chain and deadbolt. Hotels are a magnet for shady characters looking to exploit people who are traveling with a lot of money and valuables.
If you plan on using any glasses from the hotel minibar, make sure that you wash them first. Even if moved here appear to be clean, they may have been wiped with a chemical cleaner. Many housekeeping staff use the same products that they use to clean windows and mirrors on those glasses.
15 Luxury Hotel-quality Bathrobes You Can Buy Online
Thankfully, there is a way to bring that luxury feeling back to your home. A lot of hotels now have online stores where you can purchase the same products, including bathrobes, that are available in those oh-so-comfortable-and-stylish hotel suites. Just imagine putting on a soft terry robe from Ritz Carlton after taking a hot bath and cuddling up in your own bed. 15 Luxury Hotel-quality Bathrobes You Can Buy Online
To get the most out of a hotel room on a business trip, look online at the various choices to see which places offer a free happy hour. At the end of a long day of meetings, having a free margarita or beer at your hotel before getting ready for dinner can be quite pleasant.
Did you receive a newspaper outside of your hotel room this morning? If so, chances are you will be charged for it. To avoid being charged for an unwanted newspaper, take the newspaper to the front desk and inform the desk clerk that you do not wish to receive a newspaper during your stay.
Funding the right hotel can be easy when you know how to do it. Using the hints from above are the perfect way to find the right hotel and a price that makes it even better. So remember the advice from above when looking for a hotel and you can enjoy your stay even more.

domain: travel


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GET THE OP NEWSLETTER
October Project interview with Tami Simon, founder of Sounds True on her Insights at the Edge podcast. Explore the power of The Book of Rounds, 21 Songs of Grace.
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With The Book of Rounds, a song cycle of 21 original musical rounds, conceived of and written by Julie Flanders (lyrics) and Emil Adler (music) and produced with Marina Belica, October Project offers an album to comfort, heal and awaken listeners.


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Copyright © 2017 - 2019Shandong Leader Machinery All Rights Reserved

domain: food


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IsraelNationalNews.comPrime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu met on Sunday with children from the Valley of Springs (Emek Hamaayanot) Regional Council ahead of the holiday of Shavuot, which begins at sundown on Tuesday.
The children brought the prime minister a basket of locally grown fruits, in memory of the biblical commandment for farmers to bring the “first fruits” (bikurim in Hebrew) to the Holy Temple in Jerusalem. “First fruits” had to be one of the seven species that the Bible lists as Israel’s best crops — wheat, barley, grapes, figs, pomegranates, olives, and dates, and each year’s “first fruits” would be brought to the Temple from the holiday of Shavuot onward. Farmers would go to their orchards early in the season and mark the first fruits that appeared on the trees so that once they ripened, they could be brought to the Temple, accompanied by joyful song and music in gratitude for the harvest.
Prime Minister Netanyahu told the children, “I thank you for the basket of first fruits and I wish you and all Israelis a happy Shavuot. The first fruits are a symbol of growth, development, and renewal; may all our efforts bear fruit.”
The first fruits were from a new, educational section of a 70-year-old experimental farm in the Valley of Springs Regional Council area that was developed in order to preserve local children’s and residents’ links to the soil and the achievements of both the experimental farm and local farmers.
In the video below (in Hebrew), Netanyahu is seen with the children as they explain about the fruits they have brought.

domain: agronomy


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Thirty one years ago, near a small atoll in the South Pacific a thousand miles southwest of Hawaii, American forces were in the midst of highly secret tests of biological warfare weapons. At sunset one quiet July day an armada of ships was positioned in the ocean waters around Johnson Atoll, upwind from a line of barges carrying hundreds of rhesus monkeys. A lone Marine Phantom jet flew in low past the island, then shot off over the horizon. As it passed the island, a pod under one wing released a powder into the air, a long tendril of smoke that soon disappeared. Only a small amount of powder was released in the few minutes the plane shot across the several miles of this “line-source laydown”, and the wind soon carried the tiny particles out to sea. A thin, long curtain of powder swept past first one barge loaded with monkeys, then, at increasing intervals, another and another, finally passing the most distant barge nearly fifty miles away. Afterwards, the monkeys were taken back to Johnson Atoll. Over the next few days half of them died. Even the monkeys positioned fifty miles away from the laydown were not protected by distance. Anyone watching that test that day knew beyond any doubt that biological weapons really work, that bioweapons could be used to kill millions of people. The same Phantom jet passing down Route 40 could kill half the people in metro St. Louis.
In 1972 the United States signed the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, calling for the destruction of all stocks of offensive bioweapons agents, and termination of all research on bioweapons. Research on bioweapons in this country ground to a halt. Russia also signed the treaty, but defections by senior officials of its bioweapons program reveal that Russia viewed our stopping bioweapons research as an opportunity for them to gain a military advantage. Instead of stopping, they massively expanded their bioweapons program. The cessation of American vaccination for smallpox, a disease thought to have been eradicated, was viewed by the Russians as another opportunity, and they began a program to “weaponize” smallpox virus — to modify the virus so that particles of it can be efficiently disseminated in tiny aerosol droplets. They then set out to produce the weaponized smallpox virus on a very large scale. Ken Alibekov, former first deputy chief of research and production for the Russian biological weapons program, reports that by 1989 dozens of tons of weaponized smallpox had been produced.
It is not easy to make a bioweapon. Plague and most other disease-causing bacteria and viruses are simply too difficult to grow and dispense. Only two disease agents are easy to produce, easy to dispense, and deadly: smallpox and anthrax. When dispersed as an aerosol, smallpox has a case fatality rate of 30%, anthrax more than 80%. Thus, smallpox and anthrax are effectively alone on the list of practical bioweapon agents. Smallpox has one deadly advantage as a bioweapon over anthrax — individuals infected with anthrax simply die, while those infected with smallpox first infect many others, then die, in an explosive chain reaction of infection and death. Its case fatality rate may be lower, but a smallpox agent will, for particle applied, eventually kill far more people.
With the economic meltdown of the Soviet Union in the last decade, the Russian bioweapons program ground to a halt, and substantial numbers of the scientists working for it migrated to other countries seeking employment. Iraq, Libya, Iran, and Syria have actively recruited them, and with the lax security of Russian research centers no one knows what bioweapon samples they might have taken with them. That is the nightmare we face, that smallpox is no longer confined to two vials stored in laboratories here and in Russia, a genie in two bottles, but rather has been released from its confinement. Rogue states and religious cults may well have access to it. If so, the future is a nightmare waiting to happen.
There are hints from Russia of a blacker nightmare, of genetic engineering experiments that have linked smallpox with Ebola virus to produce a “black pox,” a hemorrhagic form of smallpox with a case fatality rate of 100%. No one knows if these rumors, reported by Alibekov, are true. It doesn’t matter, to my way of thinking. Garden variety smallpox is plenty bad enough. The key to keep in mind is that a smallpox pandemic needs only ONE infected individual to get started. When Cortex invaded Mexico, he brought along one slave with smallpox — and most of the Indians of Central America were dead of smallpox within a few years. Smallpox vaccinations are only good for 10-20 years, and there has been no smallpox vaccination in the United States for the last 20 years. Americans today are as vulnerable as Cortez’s Indians. One aerosol can sprayed in a New York subway, or tossed into a ventilation duct at St. Louis’s Lambert airport, could change the history of our nation. It is a nightmare scary to contemplate.
But contemplate it we must, if we don’t want to live it. The recent decision by President Clinton to defer the scheduled June destruction of the U.S. stock of smallpox virus in case it is needed to prepare new vaccines reflects a growing concern of these dangers. At a major symposium on bioterrorism held four months ago by Johns Hopkins University and the government’s Department of Health and Human Services, two recommendations were made that should be taken very seriously.
First, a program should be undertaken to prepare our nation’s doctors to deal with a smallpox outbreak. The strain on our medical establishment would be severe, but adequate preparation could make a major difference. The president has budgeted $11.4 billion for antibioterrorism. We should support this funding, and urge that a significant fraction of these funds should be devoted to preparing our doctors to deal with the potential threat.
Second, our only defense against smallpox is a twenty year old stockpile of vaccine. No one knows if it is any good any more. New modern vaccine is needed, badly needed. $51 million has been appropriated in the federal budget for the Center for Disease Control to prepare new vaccine. This seems way too modest a sum, considering the numbers of people in 120 major cities and 50 states, and should be increased substantially.
Finally, it seems high time we had a frank talk with the Russians about the details of their bioweapons research program. A clearer idea of what sort of weaponized smallpox agents might have left the Soviet Union would both help intelligence efforts and guide our defense preparations.

domain: news


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Looking for a new side dish to jazz things up, I picked up a package of Trader Joe's 'Spearean Risotto one afternoon while picking up a few groceries. I've had risotto once, many moons ago, and since I love asparagus I figured it was going to be a unique and different side to have alongside dinner one night. That was, in fact a good thought.
The bag lists the dish as a "creamy risotto with a generous amount of savory and crisp cut asparagus spears." The dish is frozen and easily heated up in a pan over an open flame (or in the microwave if you're going for simple). The risotto and asparagus are frozen, while the creamy "sauce" is frozen in chunks which melts as the dish heats through - creating a creamy risotto dish. The asparagus isn't all tops as they appear on the bag ... it's more like stems and an occasional asparagus tip. Honestly, I like asparagus so it didn't bum me out that it wasn't all tops.
The risotto is softer in texture, the "sauce" is buttery and creamy, while the asparagus remains firm and not overcooked. Overall it was an enjoyable dish. Not overly rich in flavor but satisfying. If it were overly buttery my stomach would have probably put up the white flag and I wouldn't have enjoyed it as much as I did. But overall, it got two thumbs up from me and I will repurchase.
A serving is 1 cup, which is 170 calories or 5 points plus values.


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Are you looking for a great night out in Chicago? River North is the place to be, with its vibrant and varied nightlife that has something for everyone. From classic dive bars to chic cocktail lounges, there’s always something new and exciting to experience. In this post, we’ll take a look at the best River North bars, guide you to the most popular hotspots, share what to look for in a great nightlife experience, highlight the unique features of each bar and wrap up with a powerful call to action. So if you’re ready for an unforgettable evening out on the town, then let’s get started!
Exploring the best river north bars
River North is one of the most vibrant and exciting areas for nightlife in Chicago. The area is full of a variety of venues, from classic dive bars to chic cocktail lounges, offering something for everyone. The overall atmosphere and vibe of River North are electric, with people thronging the streets and music emanating from every corner.
The types of venues you can find in River North are diverse; there’s something to suit all tastes and preferences. Whether you’re looking for a laid-back evening at a local pub or an upscale night out at an exclusive venue, you’ll be sure to find it here. There are also live music venues if you’re looking for some entertainment throughout your evening.
River North has long been known as one of the best areas for nightlife in Chicago. It has a rich history that dates back to the 19th century when it was a hub for entertainment and was home to some of the city’s earliest theaters, hotels, saloons, and restaurants. Over time, River North has evolved into what it is today – an area full of life, energy, and excitement.
What makes River North unique compared to other popular nightlife areas in Chicago? It’s known as being more intimate than other spots such as Wicker Park or Lincoln Park; the smaller venue sizes allow you to get closer to the action without feeling overwhelmed by crowds. Plus, there are plenty of hidden gems tucked away in alleyways or on side streets that offer an unbeatable atmosphere coupled with great drinks specials – perfect for those who really want to explore! Finally, River North has become renowned for its excellent customer service – bar staff is always friendly and welcoming no matter where you go!
So why is River North one of the best areas for nightlife in Chicago? Its unique combination of intimate settings, hidden gems, and excellent customer service creates an unforgettable experience no matter what kind of night out you’re looking for – so why not come join us tonight? Share your own experiences with us by leaving your comments below!
A Guide to the popular hotspots
River North is home to some of the most popular bars and nightlife hotspots in Chicago. From classic dive bars to chic cocktail lounges, there’s something for everyone. To help you find your perfect spot, here is a guide to some of the best River North bars:
The Barrelhouse Flat: This lively bar serves classic cocktails with a modern twist, along with a selection of craft beers and wines from around the world. Its unique atmosphere is completed by DJs spinning old-school tunes, live music performances, and weekly trivia nights. On top of that, its friendly staff makes it one of the friendliest places in town!
The Drifter: This underground speakeasy bar offers an eclectic mix of classic drinks as well as signature cocktails crafted with rare ingredients and house-made tinctures. It also hosts regular events such as comedy nights and live music performances. The Drifter’s intimate setting and dark but stylish decor make it a great place to spend an evening out.
Berlin Nightclub: Berlin Nightclub is one of the more unique nightlife spots in River North. It offers an immersive experience combining DJs playing electronic music from around the world with state-of-the-art light shows and video projections that transform the room into a vibrant dance floor. With its retro vibe and ever-changing party themes, it’s sure to be an unforgettable night out!
To get ahead of the crowd when visiting any of these hotspots, consider asking friends for recommendations or doing research online about specials or events taking place at each venue before heading out on your night-out adventure. With this knowledge, you can be sure that your time spent in River North will be filled with fun memories made alongside new friends! So come join in on the fun – explore River North’s vibrant nightlife scene and share your own experiences!
What to look for in a great nightlife experience
When it comes to having a great nightlife experience in River North, there are certain qualities that make all the difference. From craft beers to high-end cocktails, having a variety of drinks to choose from is key. Not only should the bar have a wide selection of options river north bars, but making sure the bartenders know how to mix drinks is also important– if you’re looking for an expertly crafted cocktail or an old favorite, you won’t be disappointed.
The atmosphere and service should also be taken into consideration when choosing where to go out. A friendly atmosphere and attentive staff can make all the difference in making your night out enjoyable. You want to feel welcomed and cared for while enjoying your time out with friends or family. Additionally, many bars offer live music or other entertainment as an added bonus, allowing guests to dance and enjoy the night even more.
Staying open late hours is another factor that helps create a great nightlife experience. Some bars will stay open until after midnight on weekdays and even later on weekends so that guests can party well into the night without worrying about their time limit being cut short by closing time. Comfortable seating is also essential for enjoying an evening out – nobody wants to stand up all night! Finally, plenty of space for socializing allows people to move around freely throughout the venue without feeling crowded or cramped.
Having these qualities present within a bar makes all the difference when it comes to having an incredible nightlife experience in River North. With its vast array of options available, you’ll be sure find something that suits your needs whether you’re looking for a lively atmosphere or simply wanting somewhere cozy and relaxing!
Finally, if you’re looking for further inspiration or have questions about River North’s nightlife hotspots, don’t hesitate to leave feedback on this blog post or reach out directly via email or social media. Above all else, just remember: “Life is too short not to go out and party!”

domain: entertainment


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Note from webmistress: Margaret is busy on the road, so she asked us to thank you for all of the nice photos and emails and comments you’ve all sent in from the book tour. We love these! Thank you all for making it special! Hope to see you on the rest of the tour.
I can’t thank you enough for your book reading/signing event. I drove all the way down to Arlington from Baltimore just to come see you! Getting home was hell, I always get lost in DC!! Anyway, thank you so much for answering the question I asked during the Q&A portion about how your mom is doing today…I am so happy to hear she is well!
I posted the pictures I took from the event on photobucket so that I could send them to you. I really wanted you to see them! You looked absolutely amazing as always! Hopefully you can add these to your personal collection!
Again, thank you so much for everything and I can’t wait for your DVD and to see you out on the road again! Take care, Margaret! I LOVE YOU!
Love always, B.
I saw you at the book signing last night at Barnes & Noble. It was so wonderful to see you again as always! I was the Al-Gayda guy who welcomed you to New York! Unfortunately, when I finally got to see you all I could say in your presence was “FIERCE! FIERCE! FIERCE!” To hear you tell me “FIERCE FIERCE FIERCE!” right back at me, and see you wave back to me in your town car after the show was amazing! What I really meant to say was “You are such an inspiration to so many of us. Thank you from the BOTTOM OF MY HEART for all that you do.”
Seeing you and reading your new book last night TOTALLY GIVES ME STRENGTH GIRL to keep up the fight and to live my life more passionately. You make me proud to be me.
By the way, I just read your blog again, as always, and saw that your nerves were a little shot from the book tour. Can I PLEASE just tell you, YOU LOOKED FUCKIN FABULOUS LAST NIGHT, AND I AM NOT EVEN PLAYING AT ALL!!!!!!!!!! You keep up the tour, your voice, the fight for as long as you can. And if you ever need a break for yourself, you’ve got Army Cho right behind you girl!!!!!!
MUCH MUCH MUCH LOVE FROM NYC,
Dear Ms. Cho:
My friends and I saw you read at the Barnes and Noble on 17th st in New York City. We were VERY VERY pleased and entertained. As Deaf people it is often really hard to see comedian; ASL interpreters can’t keep up with how fast they talk! We were lucky to find two who were big fans and knew your voice well enough to give us a shot at seeing you – and we were pleased you were gracious enough to allow it at the last minute. Hope you had fun in the city! Look me up next time you come by New York, we’d be happy to buy you a drink or two (or ten!)

domain: literature


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Meadow Whimsy Reveal offers a delicate dance of warm coral blooms and cool blue wildflowers, set against the earthy tone of a craft paper background. This card imparts a sense of joyful anticipation and natural elegance for your special date.
Compare paper type
Silk: High quality cardstock with a smooth, silky, and slightly reflective surface to ensure a beautiful finish for your photos. Silk paper goes well with all types of designs, both photo cards and text based.
Glossy: Silk cardstock with a protective glossy layer. The glossy finish makes colours look more vibrant, with photos appearing sharper. Glossy paper is ideal for photo designs.
Matte: Brilliant white, uncoated cardstock, which gives your card more structure and a matt finish. The ink is absorbed into the cardstock, making it easier to write on this paper by hand. Matt paper is ideal for invitations and cards without photos.


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PM Modi attends BJP ‘Diwali Milan Samaroh’
New Delhi, Nov 28 (ANI): Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Saturday attended the ‘Diwali Milan Samorah’ organized by the BJP. Modi extended Diwali wishes to the BJP workers and others present at the event adding that the program was delayed as he was occupied elsewhere. PM Modi was on a bilateral tour to London post Diwali.
Watch the Video below

domain: politics


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Calcium deposits on brushed nickel faucets can be an unsightly and frustrating issue for homeowners. This article aims to provide a comprehensive guide on how to effectively remove these deposits, using technical and detailed instructions.
By understanding the causes of calcium deposits, preparing the necessary tools and materials, and following a step-by-step approach, readers will gain valuable insights into the removal process.
Alternative methods for tackling stubborn calcium deposits will also be explored, as well as preventive measures to avoid future build-up.
Regular cleaning with non-abrasive cleaners or natural remedies like vinegar or lemon juice is necessary to effectively remove calcium deposits from brushed nickel faucets.
Hard water with high mineral levels and a higher pH level promotes calcium deposit formation on brushed nickel faucets.
Higher temperatures accelerate the buildup of calcium deposits on these faucets.
Using soft-bristle toothbrushes and proper cleaning solutions can help in the effective removal of calcium deposits from brushed nickel faucets.
Understanding Calcium Deposits on Brushed Nickel Faucets
Calcium deposits on brushed nickel faucets can be better understood by examining their formation, composition, and potential causes.
Brushed nickel is a popular choice for faucets due to its durability and aesthetic appeal. The surface of brushed nickel faucets is created through a process of brushing the metal with abrasive materials, resulting in a textured finish that hides fingerprints and water spots. However, this texture can also provide an ideal environment for the accumulation of calcium deposits.
Calcium deposits are formed when hard water containing high levels of minerals such as calcium and magnesium evaporates on the faucet surface, leaving behind mineral residue. These deposits not only detract from the appearance of the faucet but can also impede water flow over time if left untreated.
To prevent corrosion and maintain the benefits of brushed nickel, regular cleaning using non-abrasive cleaners or natural remedies like vinegar or lemon juice may be necessary to remove calcium deposits effectively.
Identifying the Causes of Calcium Deposits on Brushed Nickel Faucets
The formation of mineral deposits on metal surfaces often occurs due to the presence of certain substances in water. Calcium deposits, also known as limescale or hard water stains, are a common type of mineral deposit that can form on brushed nickel faucets. Understanding the causes of calcium deposits is crucial in preventing their formation and maintaining the aesthetic appeal of these fixtures.
Here are three key factors that contribute to the occurrence of calcium deposits on brushed nickel faucets:
Hard Water: The high concentration of minerals such as calcium and magnesium in hard water increases the likelihood of mineral deposition on metal surfaces.
pH Level: Water with a higher pH level tends to promote the formation of calcium deposits due to increased alkalinity.
Temperature: Higher temperatures can accelerate the precipitation and buildup of minerals from water, leading to more significant calcium deposit formation.
These factors highlight the impact that hard water can have on the corrosion process, emphasizing the need for appropriate preventive measures to minimize this issue.
Preparing Your Tools and Materials for Removing Calcium Deposits
To effectively prepare for the removal of mineral deposits on metal surfaces, it is necessary to gather the appropriate tools and materials.
The first step in preparing your tools is to ensure you have a soft cloth or sponge, as these will be used to apply cleaning solutions and scrub away deposits without scratching the brushed nickel surface.
Additionally, a non-abrasive cleaner specifically designed for calcium deposit removal should be obtained. This type of cleaner is typically formulated with mild acids that can dissolve and remove the calcium buildup effectively. It is important to avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners as they can damage the brushed nickel finish.
Finally, consider having a toothbrush or small brush on hand to reach into crevices where deposits may accumulate.
Step-By-Step Guide to Removing Calcium Deposits From Brushed Nickel Faucets
One effective method for eliminating mineral buildup on metal surfaces involves using a non-abrasive cleaner formulated with mild acids. When it comes to removing calcium deposits from brushed nickel faucets, there are several steps you can follow:
Gather your materials: You will need a non-abrasive cleaner, such as vinegar or baking soda, a toothbrush with soft bristles, and a clean cloth.
Apply the cleaner: Dilute vinegar or create a paste with baking soda and water. Apply the solution to the affected areas of the faucet.
Scrub gently: Use a toothbrush with soft bristles to scrub away the mineral buildup. Be careful not to damage the brushed nickel finish.
Rinse and dry: After scrubbing, rinse off the cleaner with water and dry the faucet thoroughly.
Alternative Methods for Removing Stubborn Calcium Deposits on Brushed Nickel Faucets
This discussion will explore two alternative methods for removing stubborn calcium deposits on brushed nickel faucets: vinegar and lemon juice. Both substances have acidic properties that can help dissolve the mineral buildup.
The effectiveness of each option will be compared, considering factors such as concentration levels and application techniques.
Additionally, the debate between scrubbing and soaking as removal methods will be examined, assessing their respective advantages and limitations in tackling tough calcium deposits.
Vinegar Vs. Lemon Juice
When comparing vinegar and lemon juice for removing calcium deposits from a brushed nickel faucet, their effectiveness can be evaluated based on factors such as acidity level and the presence of natural cleaning agents.
Acidity Level: Vinegar is known for its high acidity level, typically ranging from 2 to 3 on the pH scale. This high acidity helps break down and dissolve calcium deposits effectively.
Natural Cleaning Agents: Both vinegar and lemon juice contain natural cleaning agents such as citric acid, which further aids in dissolving calcium deposits. These agents act as mild abrasives that help remove the build-up without damaging the brushed nickel surface.
Vinegar Benefits: In addition to its effectiveness in removing calcium deposits, vinegar also possesses antimicrobial properties that can kill bacteria and prevent the growth of mold or mildew on faucets.
While both vinegar and lemon juice are effective for removing calcium deposits from brushed nickel faucets, vinegar’s higher acidity level and additional antimicrobial benefits make it a preferred choice for this task.
Scrubbing Vs. Soaking
When it comes to removing calcium deposits from brushed nickel faucets, there are two main approaches: scrubbing techniques and soaking.
Scrubbing involves the use of abrasive materials or tools to physically remove the deposits from the surface of the faucet. This can be done using a soft-bristle brush or a non-abrasive sponge with gentle pressure. However, caution must be exercised to avoid damaging the brushed nickel finish.
On the other hand, soaking is a method that involves immersing the faucet in a solution for an extended period. This allows the solution to penetrate and break down the calcium deposits, making them easier to remove. Soaking solutions can include vinegar, lemon juice, or commercial descaling products.
The benefits of soaking include convenience and ease of use as it requires less physical effort compared to scrubbing. Soaking also offers better coverage and can reach areas that may be difficult to access with scrubbing alone.
Overall, both scrubbing techniques and soaking have their advantages in removing calcium deposits from brushed nickel faucets. The choice between these methods depends on personal preference and the severity of the deposits.
Preventing Future Calcium Deposits on Brushed Nickel Faucets
To prevent future calcium deposits on brushed nickel faucets, regular cleaning and maintenance are recommended. This will help to maintain the appearance and functionality of the faucet over time. Here are three best cleaning practices to prevent future corrosion:
Clean with mild soap and water: Use a soft cloth or sponge to gently clean the surface of the faucet. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners that can damage the brushed nickel finish.
Rinse thoroughly: After cleaning, make sure to rinse off any residue or soap from the faucet with warm water. This will help remove any potential buildup that could lead to future calcium deposits.
Dry completely: After rinsing, dry the faucet thoroughly with a soft towel or cloth. Moisture left on the surface can contribute to corrosion and mineral buildup, so it is important to ensure that it is completely dry.

domain: chemistry


text:
- Crash Into the Moon With LCROSS Friday Morning
- Your Bug-Coated Windshield Is Lousy With Genomes
- The Direction of NASA’s Future at an Impasse
- The Human Genome in Three Dimensions
- Pigs Use Mirrors to Find Hidden Food
Posted: 08 Oct 2009 04:36 PM PDT
Tomorrow morning you'll have a rare opportunity to experience a live moon crash. At 7:31 a.m. EDT, NASA's LCROSS satellite will send a rocket hurtling toward the moon at a whopping 1.55 miles per second, and a camera mounted on the spacecraft will send live footage back to Earth. Four minutes later, the entire satellite will smack into the moon, generating a giant plume of debris that should be visible from our planet with an amateur telescope.
To find out how and where to watch the carnage, check out the posts by our friends at GeekDad:
Image: Northrup Grumman
Posted: 08 Oct 2009 02:53 PM PDT
That disgusting layer of bug guts plastered across your bumper after a road trip could also be a great way to analyze the biodiversity of where you've been.
After a long-distance drive to a conference yielded a tremendous number of squashed bugs on his bumper, genomics researcher Anton Nekrutenko of Pennsylvania State University decided to try an experiment: Why not apply the tools of metagenomics, which is the study of DNA taken directly from an environmental sample, to the collection of insects decorating his car?
"How many species inhabit our immediate surroundings?" wrote Nekrutenko and colleagues in a paper published Thursday in Genome Research. "A straightforward collection technique suitable for answering this question is known to anyone who has ever driven a car at highway speeds."
By sequencing DNA taken from the bug splatter generated by two different car trips, one from Pennsylvania to Connecticut and the other from Maine to New Brunswick, Canada, the researchers discovered significant differences in insect diversity between the two regions.
In addition to proving that bug carnage can provide valuable information about biodiversity, the experiment served as proof-of-principle for a new kind of metagenomic analsyis. Until now, metagenomics had been used primarily to study mixed samples of bacteria, such as the microbes that inhabit the human gut or live on the surface of our skin. But scientists are increasingly interested in applying the same shotgun analysis of genetic material to answer questions about higher organisms.
For instance, researchers have debated for decades just how many different kinds of insects are out there, with estimates ranging from 10 million to 30 million. Of those, only a few hundred thousand have been cataloged by biologists. But analysis of insect diversity from environmental DNA samples is incredibly complex, and the researchers say our current computational tools aren't quite up to the task.
"It's somewhat easier with bacteria because normally bacteria have small genomes, and their genomes are packed with genes that produce proteins," Nekrutenko said. Higher organisms are more complicated because they tend to have larger genomes and more "junk" DNA that doesn't code for proteins. To handle analysis of the massive amounts of data necessary to screen even a simple collection, like bugs scraped from a car, the group had to create new tools.
"One of our main goals was technology development," Nekrutenko said. "In general, life sciences are becoming kind of like physics, very data-driven, but most biologists are not trained in data-driven research." Along with colleagues from the University of California, San Diego and Emory University, Nekrutenko's group developed a straightforward, web-based program called Galaxy that walks scientists through the steps of metagenomic analysis, from obtaining raw sequencing data to drawing up an evolutionary tree.
Some biologists who have already started using Galaxy give it rave reviews. "My lab would be lost without it," said biologist Ross Hardison of Pennsylvania State University, who has collaborated with Nekrutenko but was not involved in this research. "We are dependent on Galaxy for a very large fraction of the analyses we do."
Even more importantly, Nekrutenko said, Galaxy allows researchers to publish their entire dataset and methods so that other researchers can reproduce their results. "Metagenomics is kind of a parameter-dependent science," Nekrutenko said. "You run certain tools, and they have dials, and depending how you set these dials you can get completely different results. Through our system, you can see exactly how we set these dials."
That means other researchers can repeat Nekrutenko's analysis and see if they get the same results. For instance, someone might want to double-check a particularly bizarre feature of the data: In addition to finding plenty of insect and bacterial DNA, the group uncovered genetic material from the genus Homo.
Nekrutenko said the unexpected result probably represents an artifact: Because current databases of eukaryotic DNA sequences are dominated by the human genome, spurious human results are likely to pop up. "Precise species ID from mixed samples like this is very, very challenging," he said. "We have sequences that map to human DNA, even though I'm pretty sure we didn't kill anybody."
Image 1: Flickr/John Beales. Image 2: A photograph of Nekrutenko's bumper after one of the bug collection trials/Anton Nekrutenko.
Posted: 08 Oct 2009 02:25 PM PDT
The committee charged with rethinking American human spaceflight is done thinking, but it's still unclear what the future of NASA's astronaut corps might be, and some nagging issues have yet to be resolved.
The U.S. Human Space Flight Plans Committee — known informally as the Augustine commission, after its head Norm Augustine, former CEO of Lockheed Martin — held its last teleconference today. The ball, or hot potato, will soon be in the Obama administration's court when the group formally presents its alternatives to the Office for Science and Technology Policy.
"We did not rate the overall options because, first of all, we were not asked to do that — and doing it would have required that we apply some sort of judgment as to what the relative weighting of those factors should be," Augustine said.
Even in its waning days, though, some controversies remain. The final meeting revealed some internal disputes within the group on how to "score" the alternative plans. A particularly sticky issue is the safety of the Ares I rocket, a key component of the current Constellation program.
The safety risk the panel assigned to the various human spaceflight options was based largely on the destination of the missions — to low-Earth orbit, the moon, or elsewhere.
The specific vehicles and systems involved in the missions were not a significant factor, said Ed Crawley, an MIT professor and committee member, in introducing the meeting.
Still, some members, notably Bohdan Bejmuk, chair of the Constellation program Standing Review Board, argued that the Ares I should get a higher safety rating than its competitors.
"I completely disagree with that assessment," shot back Jeff Greason, CEO of XCOR Aerospace and vice-chair of Personal Spaceflight Federation.
Other committee members, notably Augustine himself, tried to find common ground between the panel members, but the dispute clearly remains.
"Different partisans of different systems have arguments for why their systems should be exempt from the lessons of history," Greason said, before noting that probabilistic risk assessments based on the architecture of a particular space machine don't capture 90 percent of the accidents that have actually occurred.
Still, Bejmuk stuck to his guns, arguing multiple times that the Ares I was intrinsically safer than the alternatives.
"The program of record has a simpler rocket and we're not giving it credit," he contended.
Disagreement among these experts won't make decision-making any easier for John Holdren, Obama's top science adviser, who created the panel. The panel's summary report, released in September, a few weeks later than scheduled, seemed to raise as many question as it answered. During Congressional hearings, Augustine faced heated questions from several House members who attacked the meaning and methodology of the committee's work.
"Instead of focusing on how to strengthen the exploration program in which we have invested so much time and treasure," Gabrielle Giffords, Democrat chair of the space subcommittee a Democrat from Arizona, railed, "they gave only glancing attention to Constellation—even referring to it in the past tense in their summary report and instead spent the bulk of their time crafting alternative options that do little to illuminate the choices confronting Congress and the White House."
Many questioned whether the Augustine commission had given enough attention to the safety of astronauts. Several others questioned the emphasis that the Augustine committee placed on working with commercial entities.
Augustine got a kinder, almost bored reception in the Senate, but it seems clear that any plan the Obama administration may entertain to scrap the Bush-era Constellation program will face fierce criticism.
Image: NASA/Ares I test firing.
Posted: 08 Oct 2009 12:16 PM PDT
By breaking the human genome into millions of pieces and reverse-engineering their arrangement, researchers have produced the highest-resolution picture ever of the genome's three-dimensional structure.
The picture is one of mind-blowing fractal glory, and the technique could help scientists investigate how the very shape of the genome, and not just its DNA content, affects human development and disease.
"It's become clear that the spatial organization of chromosomes is critical for regulating the genome," said study co-author Job Dekker, a molecular biologist at the University of Massachusetts Medical School. "This opens up new aspects of gene regulation that weren't open to investigation before. It's going to lead to a lot of new questions."
As depicted in basic biology textbooks and the public imagination, the human genome is packaged in bundles of DNA and protein on 23 chromosomes, arrayed in a neatly X-shaped form inside each cell nucleus. But that's only true during the fleeting few moments when cells are poised to divide. The rest of the time, those chromosomes exist in a dense and ever-shifting clump. Of course their constituent DNA strings are clumped, too: If the genome could be laid out end-to-end, it'd be six feet long.
For decades, some cell biologists suspected that the genome's compression wasn't just an efficient storage mechanism, but linked to the very function and interaction of its genes. But this wasn't easy to study: Sequencing the genome destroys its shape, and electron microscopes can barely penetrate its active surface. Though its constituent parts are known, the genome's true shape has been a mystery.
In April, a paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences linked patterns of gene activation to their physical proximity on chromosomes. It still provided the most persuasive evidence to date that genome shape matters, even though the researchers' chromosome map was relatively low-resolution. The topography described in the latest research, published Thursday in Science, is far more detailed.
"It's going to change the way that people study chromosomes. It will open up the black box. We didn't know the internal organization. Now we can look at it in high resolution, try to link that structure to the activity of genes, and see how that structure changes in cells and over time," said Dekker.
To determine genome structure without being able to directly see it, the researchers first soaked cell nuclei in formaldehyde, which interacts with DNA like glue. The formaldehyde stuck together genes that are distant from each other in linear genomic sequences, but adjacent to each other in actual three-dimensional genomic space.
The researchers then added a chemical that dissolved the gene-by-gene linear sequence bonds, but left the formaldehyde links intact. The result was a pool of paired genes, something like a frozen ball of noodles that had been sliced into a million fragmentary layers and mixed.
By studying the pairs, the researchers could tell which genes had been near each other in the original genome. With the aid of software that cross-referenced the gene pairs with their known sequences on the genome, they assembled a digital sculpture of the genome. And what a marvelous sculpture it is.
"There's no knots. It's totally unentangled. It's like an incredibly dense noodle ball, but you can pull out some of the noodles and put them back in, without disturbing the structure at all," said Harvard University computational biologist Erez Lieberman-Aiden, also a study co-author.
In mathematical terms, the pieces of the genome are folded into something similar to a Hilbert curve, one of a family of shapes that can fill a two-dimensional space without ever overlapping — and then do the same trick in three dimensions.
How evolution arrived at this solution to the challenge of genome storage is unknown. It might be an intrinsic property of chromatin, the DNA-and-protein mix from which chromosomes are made. But whatever the origin, it's more than mathematically elegant. The researchers also found that chromosomes have two regions, one one for active genes and another for inactive genes, and the unentangled curvatures allow genes to be moved easily between them.
Lieberman-Aden likened the configuration to the compressed rows of mechanized bookshelves found in large libraries. "They're like stacks, side-by-side and on top of each other, with no space between them. And when the genome wants to use a bunch of genes, it opens up the stack. But not only does it open the stack: it moves it to a new section of the library," he said.
The segregation of active and inactive genes adds to evidence that genome structure affects gene function.
"It's a great description of the structure of the nucleus, and if you put that on top of what we did, it forms the big picture," said Steven Kosak, a Northwestern University cell biologist and co-author of the April PNAS paper that linked rough outlines of chromosome arrangement to gene activation. Whereas that study only looked at a few chromosomes, the Science paper "looks at fine resolution over the whole genome," said Kosak.
"Now you can produce these genome maps, and superimpose them with genome-wide analyses of gene expression. You can really start asking how changes in spatial organization relate to changes in genes turning on and off," said Tom Misteli, a National Cancer Institute cell biologist who studies how glitches in chromosome structure may turn cells cancerous. Neither Misteli nor Kosak were involved in the Science study.
Connecting genome shape to gene function could also help explain the connection between genes and disease, which remain largely unexplained by traditional, sequence-focused genomics.
"It's perfectly reasonable and almost inevitable that the 3-D structure of DNA is going to influence how it functions," said Teri Manolio, director of the National Human Genome Research Institute's Office of Population Genomics.
Researchers also want to study how genome shape is altered. That appears to happen constantly during the transition from stem cell to adult cell, and then during cell function.
"How much variation is there in structure across cell types? What controls it? Exactly how important is it? We don't know," said Dekker. "This is a new area of science."
Image: From Science, a two-dimensional Hilbert curve, and the three-dimensional shape of a genome.
Citation: "Comprehensive Mapping of Long-Range Interactions Reveals Folding Principles of the Human Genome." Erez Lieberman-Aiden, Nynke L. van Berkum, Louise Williams, Maxim Imakaev, Tobias Ragoczy, Agnes Telling, Ido Amit, Bryan R. Lajoie, Peter J. Sabo, Michael O. Dorschner, Richard Sandstrom, Bradley Bernstein, M. A. Bender, MarkGroudine, Andreas Gnirke, John Stamatoyannopoulos, Leonid A. Mirny, Eric S. Lander, Job Dekker. Science, Vol. 326 No. 5950, October 9, 2009.
Posted: 08 Oct 2009 09:48 AM PDT
In just five hours, an average farm pig can learn how to interpret an image in the mirror and use it to find hidden food.
Scientists consider the ability to use a mirror a sign of complex cognitive processing and an indication of a certain level of awareness. In addition to humans and some primates, dolphins, elephants, magpies and a famous African grey parrot named Alex have all been known to retrieve objects or remove marks on their body using a mirror. Now it looks like pigs should be added to the list of clever critters that can master a mirror: After spending five hours with a mirror in their pen, seven out of eight pigs could use the reflection to find a hidden bowl of grub.
"This is the first demonstration of the ability of pigs to use mirrors," animal behavior expert Donald Broom of the University of Cambridge wrote in an email. "Finding sophisticated learning and awareness in animals can alter the way that people think about the species and may result in better welfare in the long run." Broom co-authored the paper published this month in Animal Behaviour.
Like most animals, pigs were immediately curious when researchers placed the shiny, reflective object in their pen. They approached the mirror until they bumped into it with their snout, and then checked to see what was behind the mirror. The pigs spent an average of 20 minutes gazing at their reflection, often turning in different directions to inspect themselves from several angles.
"These kind of movements suggest that the pigs were correlating the movements of their body with the visual stimulus they were receiving from the mirror, and so learning the contingency between the two," biologist Louise Barrett of the University of Liverpool wrote in a commentary about the paper, also published this month in Animal Behaviour.
After five hours with a mirror, the pigs were placed into a new test area that contained a food bowl hidden behind a barrier. Although the pigs could see the reflection of the bowl in the mirror, they couldn't see the food directly. A fan above the bowl circulated the scent of food around the room, prohibiting the pigs from smelling their way to the treat.
Seven out of eight of the pigs with previous mirror experience spotted the reflection of the food bowl and correctly interpreted its location: Instead of searching for the food in its apparent position behind the mirror, the pigs headed around the barrier and straight for the true location of the bowl. When the researchers tested pigs with no prior mirror exposure, however, nine out of 11 of them became confused, searching behind the mirror for the food.
"These results suggest not only that pigs learn the contingency between their own movements and their image in the mirror," Barrett wrote, "but that their knowledge incorporates the layout of the environment as well, so that they can locate objects in space."
The researchers say their experiment is more than a nifty trick: The fact that pigs can learn to use a mirror means they are capable of a type of awareness called assessment awareness, which means they can understand the significance of a situation in relation to themselves, over a short period of time. In this case, the pigs remembered how their own movements appeared in the mirror, and were able to apply that knowledge to a separate situation involving a hidden food bowl.
"Having a sense of self and using it is a form of assessment awareness," Broom wrote. Although the mirror experiment doesn't directly prove that pigs have a sense of self, the researchers suggest that given how quickly the pigs learn to recognize their own movements in a mirror, they may have some degree of self-awareness. "We have no conclusive evidence of a sense of self," Broom wrote, "but you might well conclude that it is likely from our results."
Other mirror tests have been used to more directly examine an animal's sense of self — if researchers apply a yellow mark to the black feathers of a magpie, for instance, the bird will use a mirror to clean itself off. Unfortunately, Broom says the mark experiments just don't work on pigs: Pigs are so accustomed to being streaked with mud, they don't much care if researchers apply extra marks on their bodies. "We have put marks on pigs," Broom wrote. "They take little notice of them."
Combined with a host of other research studies demonstrating the keen intelligence of pigs, the researchers hope their study will lead to better treatment of the farm animals. "If an animal is clever," Broom wrote, "it is less likely to be treated as if it is an object or a machine to produce food, and more likely to be considered as an individual of value in itself."
Image: Flickr/The Pug Father
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