Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) tend to accumulate in adipose tissue and induce toxicity due to their high lipophilicity and persistence. Tuna play an important role in the ocean food web and human diet. PCBs can damage the growth of tuna directly and have some adverse effects on human indirectly. This review aims to provide geographic variations, bioaccumulation factors and the toxic effects of PCBs in tuna. PCB levels found were varied significantly among the different regions and it showed a trend of offshore greater than pelagic, with the northern hemisphere higher than the southern hemisphere. The highest PCB concentration of tuna was in FAO area 37. Nearly all of the specimens presented similar domain configuration, while their concentrations varied significantly. PCB congeners and concentrations in tuna were affected by a vast of factors, such as geographical distribution, tissue types, trophic level and growth stage, gender, tuna species and physical and chemical properties of PCBs. They can damage reproductive, neurologic and development systems. This review gives a systematic insight into PCBs in tuna and highlights the more attention should be paid to the long-term changes of PCBs in tuna and oceans. There is also a need to strengthen the assessment of PCB impacts on tuna ecology.
The following titles are freely-available, or include a link to a preprint or postprint.
• The implementation of evidence in policymaking requires a guideline referenced by scientists and political makers.
• Five perspectives cover the points that should be considered in the process of producing and using evidence.
• Institutionalization via the science-policy interaction prescribes a way of evaluating the process of producing and using evidence.
• Reference framework promotes evidence-based policymaking and its implementation.
• Case study on mercury pollution proves how the framework provides specific guidance that can promote evidence-based policy and practice.
This study presents wave measurements in the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ) obtained from ship mounted sensors. The system combines altimeter readings from the ship bow with ship motion correction data to provide estimated single point ocean surface elevation. Significant wave height and mean wave period, as well as one-dimensional wave spectra are derived from the combined measurements. The results are compared with integrated parameters from two spectral wave models over a period of eight days in the open ocean, and with spectra and integrated parameters derived from motion detecting instruments placed on ice floes inside the MIZ. Mean absolute errors of the integrated parameters are in the range 13.4-29.9% when comparing with the spectral wave models and 1.0-9.6% when comparing with valid motion detecting instruments. The spatial wave damping coefficient is estimated by looking at the change in spectral wave amplitude found at discrete frequency values as the ship was moving along the longitudinal direction of the MIZ within time intervals where the wave field is found to be approximately constant in time. As expected from theory, high frequency waves are effectively dampened by the presence of sea ice. The observed wave attenuation rates compare favourably with a two-layer dissipation model. Our methodology can be regarded as a simple and reliable way to collect more waves-in-ice data as it can be easily added to any ship participating to ice expeditions, at little extra cost.
Despite increasing threats to Tonga’s coral reefs from stressors that are both local (e.g. overfishing and pollution) and global (e.g. climate change), there is yet to be a systematic assessment of the status of the country’s coral reef ecosystem and reef fish fishery stocks. Here, we provide a national ecological assessment of Tonga’s coral reefs and reef fish fishery using ecological survey data from 375 sites throughout Tonga’s three main island groups (Ha’apai, Tongatapu and Vava’u), represented by seven key metrics of reef health and fish resource status. Boosted regression tree analysis was used to assess and describe the relative importance of 11 socio-environmental variables associated with these key metrics of reef condition. Mean live coral cover across Tonga was 18%, and showed a strong increase from north to south correlated with declining sea surface temperature, as well as with increasing distance from each provincial capital. Tongatapu, the southernmost island group, had 2.5 times greater coral cover than the northernmost group, Vava’u (24.9% and 10.4% respectively). Reef fish species richness and density were comparable throughout Tongatapu and the middle island group, Ha’apai (~35 species/transect and ~2500 fish/km2), but were significantly lower in Vava’u (~24 species/transect and ~1700 fish/km2). Spatial patterns in the reef fish assemblage were primarily influenced by habitat-associated variables (slope, structural complexity, and hard coral cover). The biomass of target reef fish was greatest in Ha’apai (~820 kg/ha) and lowest in Vava’u (~340 kg/ha), and was negatively associated with higher human influence and fishing activity. Overall mean reef fish biomass values suggest that Tonga’s reef fish fishery can be classified as moderately to heavily exploited, with 64% of sites having less than 500 kg/ha. This study provides critical baseline ecological information for Tonga’s coral reefs that will: (1) facilitate ongoing management and research; and (2) enable accurate reporting on conservation targets locally and internationally.
The escalating rate at which coral communities are declining globally requires urgent intervention and new approaches to reef management to reduce and halt further coral loss. For reef systems with limited natural larval supply, the introduction of large numbers of competent coral larvae directly to natural reef substrata provides a potentially useful approach to replenish adult coral populations. While few experiments have tested this approach, only one experiment has demonstrated its long-term success to date. Given the differences in life-history traits among corals, and different sensitivities of larvae to abiotic and biotic factors, coupled with the dynamic nature of post-settlement survivorship and recruitment processes, trials of the larval enhancement technique with larvae of different coral species are needed to test the broader applicability and viability of this approach. Accordingly, in this paper we examine the applicability of the larval enhancement technique to restore a population of Acropora loripes in the Bolinao-Anda Reef Complex, Pangasinan, northwestern Philippines. Larvae were cultured ex situ following spawning of collected A. loripes colonies in June 2014. Competent larvae were transported to degraded reef areas and approximately 300,000 larvae were introduced in each of three 6 × 4 m plots directly on the reef. Fine mesh enclosures retained the larvae inside each treatment plot for five days. Three adjacent 6 × 4 m plots that served as controls were also covered with mesh enclosures, but no larvae were introduced. Each plot contained ten 10 × 10 cm conditioned settlement tiles cut from dead tabulate Acropora that were used to quantify initial larval settlement. After allowing larval settlement for five days, mean settlement on tiles from the larval enhancement plots that were monitored under stereomicroscopes was significantly higher (27.8 ± 6.7 spat per tile) than in control plots, in which not a single recruit was recorded. Post-settlement survivorship and growth of spat and coral recruits on tiles and reef substrata inside the experimental plots were monitored periodically for 35 months. After 35 months, the mean size of each of the remaining 47 A. loripes coral colonies surviving on the reef substrata was 438.1 ± 5.4 cm3, with a mean diameter of 7.9 ± 0.6 cm. The average production cost for each of the surviving A. loripes colonies at 35 months was USD 35.20. These colonies are expected to spawn and contribute to the natural larval pool when they become reproductively mature, thereby enhancing natural coral recovery in the area. This study demonstrates that mass coral larval enhancement can be successfully used for restoring populations of coral species with different life-history traits, and the techniques can rapidly increase larval recruitment rates on degraded reef areas, hence catalysing the regeneration of declining coral populations.
Water quality standards are essential for regulation of contaminants in marine environment. Seawater quality criteria (SWQC) for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) have not been developed for India. The aim of this study is to derive the SWQC for the metals based on Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD). Eight species of sensitive marine organisms belonging to five phyla were assessed for their sensitivity to toxicity of As, Cd and Pb. Median effective concentrations (EC50) and Median Lethal Concentrations (LC50) were derived from the acute toxicity bio-assays. No Observed Effect Concentrations (NOEC), Lowest Observed Effect Concentrations (LOEC) and chronic values were derived from chronic toxicity bio-assays. Diatoms were more sensitive to As with 96 h EC50 of 0.1 mg/l and copepods were more sensitive to Cd and Pb with 96 h EC50 of 0.019 mg/l and 0.05 mg/l respectively. Estimated NOECs ranged from 4.87 to 21.55 µg/l of As, 1.0 to 120 µg/l of Cd and 5.67 to 91.67 µg/l of Pb. Similarly, chronic values (µg/l) were in the range of 6.71–26.1, 1.38–170, and 7.67–91.67 of As, Cd and Pb respectively. The Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC), Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) and Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC) values were prescribed as SWQC. The CMC (µg/l) of 19, 1.7 and 17 for As, Cd, and Pb were derived respectively for acute exposure during accidental marine outfalls. The CCC (µg/l) for As was 4.6, 1.1 for Cd and 5.9 for Pb are recommended as SWQC for protection of 95% of marine organisms. PNEC (µg/l) of 3.8 for As, 0.92 for Cd and 4.3 for Pb are suggested for highly disturbed ecosystems, shell fishing and mariculture uses of water bodies. These values are recommended as a baseline for site specific water quality criteria for the coastal waters of the country.
To evaluate the current microplastics (MPs) contamination on the NW coast of Portugal, opportunistic samples from coastal areas with different levels of anthropogenic impacts were analyzed. Water samples were collected from a coastal marine protected area, an urban estuary, a submarine wreck, and a recreational marina. An optimized protocol for the quantification of MPs, followed by visual identification and FTIR spectroscopy analysis was used to characterize MPs (polymer, type, size, color). MPs were found in all the case studies. A total of 2456 MPs particles were identified and classified as fibers (39%), film (39%), and fragments (22%). Up to 54% of MPs had a size range between 1 and 3 mm. Transparent was the dominant color (56%), followed by white (19%). Polyethylene and polypropylene were the main MPs polymers detected. Higher MPs concentration were found in areas associated with high intense fishing and shipping activities. This study showed that different types of MPs were present in all the aquatic environments surveyed, mainly in areas with more anthropogenic activities, emphasizing the need for measures to properly manage plastic litter and mitigate marine plastic pollution.
To generate innovative solutions for marine sustainability challenges, scientists, policymakers, and funders are increasingly calling for interdisciplinary research that transcends disciplinary boundaries. However, challenges associated with doing interdisciplinary research persist and undermine progress toward tackling the complex challenges faced by marine social-ecological systems. One barrier for engaging in effective interdisciplinary research is a lack of understanding about the institutional capacities that support interdisciplinary knowledge production. Based on in-depth qualitative interviews with members of the Centre for Marine Socioecology in Australia, we identify five principles that underpin effective interdisciplinary research organizations. The principles are: (1) support female leadership; (2) forge partnerships outside of academia; (3) develop impact-based performance metrics; (4) focus on long-term funding; and (5) cultivate a visible brand. Going forward, these principles could be used to inform organizational design that transforms institutional barriers into enablers of innovative interdisciplinary research for more sustainable, desirable, and equitable futures.
CircularSeas European Project, as part of the European Union Circular Economy , aims at promoting the Green Economy by encouraging the development of green products, parts and components by Maritime Industries. The strategy is a combination of Circular Economy principles, with the use of ocean plastic waste for developing new greener materials, and the uptake of advanced manufacturing technology, 3D printing, flexible enough to adapt to the manufacturing conditions for new eco-innovative small and medium parts and components. The paper presents the ongoing research in the project about strategies to introduce Circular Economy in the maritime sector from plastic wastes. This first prospective phase is focused on a series of interviews with each node stakeholders. The paper presents the survey results, together with the challenges to be faced for the implementation of Circular Economy in that specific scenario, despite the -apriori- short term low-profit disadvantages.
Today, many science communicators are using social media to share scientific information with citizens, but, as research has shown, fostering conversational exchanges remains a challenge. This largely qualitative study investigated the communication strategies applied by individual scientists and environmental non-governmental organizations on Twitter and Instagram to determine whether particular social media practices encourage two-way conversations between science communicators and citizens. Data from Twitter and Instagram posts, interviews with the communicators, and a survey of audience members were triangulated to identify emergent communication strategies and the resulting engagement; provide insight into why particular practices are employed by communicators; and explain why audiences choose to participate in social media conversations with communicators. The results demonstrate that the application of interpersonal communication strategies encourage conversational engagement, in terms of the number of comments and unique individuals involved in conversations. In particular, using selfies (images and videos), non-scientific content, first person pronoun-rich captions, and responding to comments result in the formation of communicator-audience relationships, encouraging two-way conversations on social media. Furthermore, the results indicate that Instagram more readily supports the implementation of interpersonal communication strategies than Twitter, making Instagram the preferred platform for promoting conversational exchanges. These findings can be applicable to diverse communicators, subjects, audiences, and environments (online and offline) in initiatives to promote awareness and understanding of science.
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are valuable tools for marine conservation that aim to limit human impacts on marine systems and protect valuable species or habitats. However, as species distributions shift due to ocean warming, acidification, and oxygen depletion from climate change, the areas originally designated under MPAs may bear little resemblance to their past state. Different approaches have been suggested for coping with species on the move in conservation. Here, we test the effectiveness of different MPA designs, including dynamic, network, and different directional orientations on protecting shifting species under climate change through ecosystem modeling in a theoretical ecosystem. Our findings suggest that dynamic MPAs may benefit some species (e.g., whiting and anchovy) and fishing fleets, and these benefits can inform the design or adaptation of MPAs worldwide. In addition, we find that it is important to design MPAs with specific goals and to account for the effects of released fishing pressure and species interactions in MPA design.
There is a growing number of methods to assess data-limited stocks. However, most of these methods require at least some basic data, such as commercial catches and life history information. Meanwhile, there are many commercial stocks with an even higher level of data limitation, for which the inference of stock status and the formulation of advice remain challenging. Here, we present a stepwise approach to achieve the best possible understanding of extremely data-limited stocks and facilitate their management. As a case study we use a stock of the shrimp Plesionika edwardsii (Decapoda, Pandalidae) from the eastern Mediterranean Sea, where the only available data was a sub-optimal sample of length frequencies coming from a small-scale trap fishery. We use a suite of different methods to explore and process the data, estimate the growth parameters, estimate the natural and fishing mortalities, and approximate the reference points, in order to provide a preliminary evaluation of stock status. We implement multiple methods for each step of this process, highlighting the strong and weak points of each one of them. Our approach illustrates the better insights that can be gained by applying ensembles of models, rather than a single ‘best’ model when working with limited data of poor quality. The stepwise approach we propose here is transferable to other extremely data-limited stocks to elucidate their status and inform their management.
Male fin whales sing by producing 20 Hz pulses in regular patterns of inter-note intervals. While singing, fin whales may also alternate the frequency ranges of their notes. Different song patterns have been observed in different regions of the world's oceans. New song patterns suddenly emerging in an area have been hypothesized to either be indicators of new groups of whales in the area or signs of cultural transmission between groups. Since the status of fin whales around Hawaii is unknown and visual surveys are expensive and difficult to conduct in offshore areas, passive acoustic monitoring has been proposed as a way to monitor these whales. We used passive acoustic recordings from an array of 14 hydrophones to analyze the song patterns of 115 fin whale encounters made up of 50,034 unique notes off Kauai, Hawaii from 2011 to 2017. Fin whale singing patterns were more complicated than previously described. Fin whales off Hawaii sang in five different patterns made of two 20 Hz note types and both singlet and doublet inter-note interval patterns. The inter-note intervals present in their songs were 28/33 s for the lower frequency doublet, 30 s for the lower frequency singlet, 17/24 s for the higher frequency doublet, 17 s for the higher frequency singlet, and 12/20 s for the doublet that alternated between both note types. Some of these song patterns were unique to these fin whales in Hawaiian waters, while others were similar to song patterns recorded from fin whales off the U.S. west coast. Individual fin whales often utilized several different song patterns which suggests that multiple song patterns are not necessarily indicators of different individuals or groups. The dominant song pattern also changed over these years. Cultural transmission may have occurred between fin whales in Hawaiian waters and off the U.S. west coast, which has resulted in similar songs being present at both locations but on lagged timescales. Alternatively, groups occupying the Hawaiian waters could shift over time resulting in different song patterns becoming dominant. This work has implications for the population structure and behavior of Hawaii fin whales.
The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) has been hypothesized to drive interannual variability in Bermudan coral extension rates and reef-scale calcification through the provisioning of nutritional pulses associated with negative NAO winters. However, the direct influence of the NAO on Bermudan coral calcification rates remains to be determined and may vary between species and reef sites owing to implicit differences in coral life history strategies and environmental gradients across the Bermuda reef platform. In this study, we investigated the connection between negative NAO winters and Bermudan Diploria labyrinthiformis, Pseudodiploria strigosa, and Orbicella franksi coral calcification rates across rim reef, lagoon, and nearshore reef sites. Linear mixed effects modeling detected an inverse correlation between D. labyrinthiformis calcification rates and the winter NAO index, with higher rates associated with increasingly negative NAO winters. Conversely, there were no detectable correlations between P. strigosa or O. franksi calcification rates and the winter NAO index suggesting that coral calcification responses associated with negative NAO winters could be species-specific. The correlation between coral calcification rates and winter NAO index was significantly more negative at the outer rim of the reef (Hog Reef) compared to a nearshore reef site (Whalebone Bay), possibly indicating differential influence of the NAO as a function of the distance from the reef edge. Furthermore, a negative calcification anomaly was observed in 100% of D. labyrinthiformis cores in association with the 1988 coral bleaching event with a subsequent positive calcification anomaly in 1989 indicating a post-bleaching recovery in calcification rates. These results highlight the importance of assessing variable interannual coral calcification responses between species and across inshore-offshore gradients to interannual atmospheric modes such as the NAO, thermal stress events, and potential interactions between ocean warming and availability of coral nutrition to improve projections for future coral calcification rates under climate change.
Coral reefs are critically important marine ecosystems that are threatened worldwide by cumulative impacts of global climate change and local stressors. The Solomon Islands comprise the southwestern boundary of the Coral Triangle, the global center of coral diversity located in the Indo-Pacific, and represent a bright spot of comparatively healthy coral reef ecosystems. However, reports on the status of coral reefs in the Solomon Islands are based on monitoring conducted at 5 stations in 2003–2004 and 2006–2007, with no information on how corals in this region have responded to more recent global bleaching events and other local stressors. In this study, we compare reef condition (substrate composition) and function (taxonomic and morphological diversity of hard corals) among 15 reefs surveyed in the Western Province, Solomon Islands that span a range of local disturbance and conservation histories. Overall, we found high cover of live hard coral (15–64%) and diverse coral assemblages despite an unprecedented 36-month global bleaching event in the three years leading up to our surveys in 2018. However, there was significant variation in coral cover and diversity across the 15 reefs surveyed, suggesting that impacts of global disturbance events are moderated at smaller scales by local anthropogenic factors (fisheries extraction, land-use impacts, marine management) and environmental (hydrodynamics) conditions. Our study provides evidence that relatively healthy reefs persist at some locations in the Solomon Islands and that local stewardship practices have the potential to impact reef condition at subregional scales. As coral reef conservation becomes increasingly urgent in the face of escalating cumulative threats, prioritising sites for management efforts is critical. Based on our findings and the high dependency of Solomon Islanders on coral reef ecosystem services, we advocate that the Western Province, Solomon Islands be considered of high conservation priority.
Along the Florida reef tract, stony-coral-tissue-loss disease (SCTLD) has caused extensive mortality of more than 20 scleractinian coral species. The pathogen is unknown, but its epizoology indicates that the disease, facilitated by water currents, has progressed linearly along the tract, affecting reefs at the scale of hundreds of kilometers. To inform ongoing disease mitigation efforts, we examined the small-scale spatial and temporal epidemiology of SCTLD. We established a series of sites in the middle Florida Keys at offshore and inshore locations that had not yet shown signs of SCTLD. We then conducted high-frequency monitoring from February 2018 through September 2019 and documented the onset of SCTLD and its progression through the sites. SCTLD was first observed at one site during early February 2018 and by early March 2018 all sites showed signs of the disease. A dynamic multistate model suggested that disease transmission was independent of coral density and found little evidence of a positive association between a colony showing signs of SCTLD and the condition or distance to its neighboring colonies. The model did, however, indicate that the probability of a colony showing signs of SCTLD increased with increasing colony surface area. These results are consistent with the water-borne transmission of a pathogen that progressed rapidly through the survey area. However, by the end of our survey the progression of SCTLD had slowed, particularly at inshore sites. Many affected colonies no longer exhibited progressive tissue mortality typical of the disease, suggesting the existence of differentially resilient colonies or coral communities, meriting their use for future coral rescue and propagation and disease research. These results are useful for refining ongoing SCTLD mitigation strategies, particularly by determining when disease rates are sufficiently low for direct intervention efforts designed to arrest disease progression on individual coral colonies will be most effective.
Quantifying early life movements is essential to understanding migratory pathways and habitat use that can impact individuals’ success later in life. To gauge how neonatal movements set the stage for later habitat use, we tracked neonate leatherback turtles (n = 94) with acoustic tags from Pacuare, Costa Rica, in 2016 and 2018. We analyzed movements using a first passage time analysis and random walk models, the results of which indicated neonates followed a fixed compass direction as they traveled away from shore and that strong currents in these areas resulted in advection. We combined the tracking data with concurrent environmental variables in a generalized additive mixed model framework. Our results showed the south-east current flow in this area has spatial and temporal structure consistent with large-scale geostrophic currents and not tidal current or local wind speed influences. After accounting for advection by currents, true neonate swimming speed was significantly related to current speed, first passage time, and the year. Neonates had three main response strategies to currents above 0.5 m s–1, with most increasing their swimming speed and the rest maintaining either a constant or decreased swimming speed. Neonates were significantly larger in 2018 than in 2016 but their average swimming speed was not significantly related to body size, indicating that environmental factors were more important contributors to their dispersal. We conclude that abiotic factors, including the strength and direction of the currents, significantly affect the swimming and dispersal strategy of neonate leatherback turtles and these results can help to inform strategies for releases of neonate turtles from hatcheries, future tracking studies, and conservation efforts.
Coastal marine ecosystems provide critical goods and services to humanity but many are experiencing rapid degradation. The need for effective restoration tools capable of promoting large-scale recovery of coastal ecosystems in the face of intensifying climatic stress has never been greater. We identify four major challenges for more effective implementation of coastal marine ecosystem restoration (MER): (1) development of effective, scalable restoration methods, (2) incorporation of innovative tools that promote climate adaptation, (3) integration of social and ecological restoration priorities, and (4) promotion of the perception and use of coastal MER as a scientifically credible management approach. Tackling these challenges should improve restoration success rates, heighten their recognition, and accelerate investment in and promotion of coastal MER. To reverse the accelerating decline of marine ecosystems, we discuss potential directions for meeting these challenges by applying coastal MER tools that are science-based and actionable. For coastal restoration to have a global impact, it must incorporate social science, technological and conceptual advances, and plan for future climate scenarios.
Based on the 2019 assessment of the Global Carbon Project, the ocean took up on average, 2.5 ± 0.6 PgC yr−1 or 23 ± 5% of the total anthropogenic CO2 emissions over the decade 2009–2018. This sink estimate is based on simulation results from global ocean biogeochemical models (GOBMs) and is compared to data-products based on observations of surface ocean pCO2 (partial pressure of CO2) accounting for the outgassing of river-derived CO2. Here we evaluate the GOBM simulations by comparing the simulated surface ocean pCO2 to observations. Based on this comparison, the simulations are well-suited for quantifying the global ocean carbon sink on the time-scale of the annual mean and its multi-decadal trend (RMSE <20 μatm), as well as on the time-scale of multi-year variability (RMSE <10 μatm), despite the large model-data mismatch on the seasonal time-scale (RMSE of 20–80 μatm). Biases in GOBMs have a small effect on the global mean ocean sink (0.05 PgC yr−1), but need to be addressed to improve the regional budgets and model-data comparison. Accounting for non-mapped areas in the data-products reduces their spread as measured by the standard deviation by a third. There is growing evidence and consistency among methods with regard to the patterns of the multi-year variability of the ocean carbon sink, with a global stagnation in the 1990s and an extra-tropical strengthening in the 2000s. GOBMs and data-products point consistently to a shift from a tropical CO2 source to a CO2 sink in recent years. On average, the GOBMs reveal less variations in the sink than the data-based products. Despite the reasonable simulation of surface ocean pCO2 by the GOBMs, there are discrepancies between the resulting sink estimate from GOBMs and data-products. These discrepancies are within the uncertainty of the river flux adjustment, increase over time, and largely stem from the Southern Ocean. Progress in our understanding of the global ocean carbon sink necessitates significant advancement in modeling and observing the Southern Ocean carbon sink including (i) a game-changing increase in high-quality pCO2 observations, and (ii) a critical re-evaluation of the regional river flux adjustment.
Most studies report the abundance of plastic items in the environment, but mass is an equally important currency for monitoring plastic pollution, particularly given attempts to balance the global plastic budget. We determined the size/mass composition of litter stranded on a remote, infrequently-cleaned sandy beach on the west coast of South Africa. Traditional surveys of superficial macro-litter were augmented by sieved transects for buried macro-litter (8-mm mesh), meso-litter (2-mm mesh) and sediment cores for micro-litter. Aggregating the data across all sampling scales, the total density was ∼1.9 × 105 anthropogenic particulate pollutants per linear meter of beach, 99.7% of which were microfibers (most of which are likely not ‘plastic’). Plastics comprised 99.6% of beach macro- and meso-litter by number and 89% by mass. Small items dominated samples numerically, but were trivial relative to larger items in terms of their mass. Buried litter accounted for 86% of macro-plastic items, but only 5% of the mass of macro-plastics, because smaller items are buried more easily than large items. The total density of plastic (∼1.2 kg⋅m–1), at least half of which was from fisheries and shipping, is much lower than predicted by global models of plastic leakage from land-based sources. Ongoing degradation of plastic items already in the environment, particularly on beaches, is likely to result in a marked increase in plastic fragments, even if we stop leaking additional plastic. The collection of large items from beaches is a useful stop-gap measure to limit the formation of micro-plastics while we formulate effective steps to prevent plastic leakage into the environment.


text:
1 unbaked pie crust
¼ c butter
¾ c brown sugar
1 tbsp cinnamon
1 tsp allspice (leave it out if you don't have any- it's not exactly crucial)
Any other spices you would like (nutmeg, ginger, mace, etc)
3-4 tbsp butter
2 tbsp white sugar
Flour to make it crumbly
First, figure out how many apples you will be using by putting as many apples into the pie pan as you can fit in a single layer.
Put the butter and brown sugar in a big pot and melt them together. Stir in the salt and spices.
Heat oven to 350°.
Cut up the apples. You need not peel them. Also, don't worry about bruises or soft spots on the apples- no one will ever know once the pie is baked. Stir the apples into the pot of brown sugar, then pour it all into the pie crust. Pour any extra butterscotch sauce left in the pot over the apples.
To make the topping, mix the butter and sugar. add flour until it crumbles, then sprinkle it on top of the pie. If you made your own pie crust or if you bought a frozen crust that you put in the pan yourself, you can take the scraps, work in about 2 spoons of sugar and enough flour to make it all crumbly with your hands, and use that instead.
Bake until the apples are tender when you poke the pie with a toothpick, knife or skewer-- about 1 hour. This pie will be fine if the oven is opened multiple times as it bakes, so feel free to push it to the side of the oven and cook other things alongside it.
Note: If you're either trying to do a lot of things ahead or if (like me) you got a big bag of apples from the clearance bin in the produce section and they're already looking squishy in some places, you can make the filling, freeze it, and then later thaw it and put it in a pie crust.
*I used Gala. Use any apple you think is good enough to eat- the best way is to taste one of the apples and see if it's good enough that you want to eat the rest of it. Avoid bland varieties like Red Delicious. Also, I've found that as much as I like Honeycrisp apples, they seem to turn into a really bland mush when baked. So just eat those as they are and use another variety for baking.
You just know whatever you're making will be good when it starts out looking like this.
This is the hardest part of making any recipe that involves butterscotch-like things: trying not to eat everything in the pot.
However, this time it looked kind of runny. We like it to be this really thick butterscotch stuff, especially since the apples will let out a lot of juice. Fortunately, there was an easy fix:
You may be thinking "It looks just the same as it did before!" And to that I say, "You're right." But it is definitely a lot thicker, which you would be able to see if you weren't just looking at a picture.
And now, we add spices! I usually just add cinnamon, but found a long-forgotten shaker of allspice in the back of the cabinet. It turned out to be perfect for this. But there's no need to grab your money and go to the spice aisle if you don't have allspice- the pie will be delicious with or without. Besides, if you didn't already have allspice, you would probably use it so rarely that you'd have yet another shaker taking up cabinet space for a long, long time.
Lookit the pretty spice swirls!
If you can actually mix the apple slices in without eating at least one, you have no soul.
And now, we just dump the whole thing into the pie pan! Which today is a cake pan lined with foil. It works great when you realize you forgot to get enough disposable pie pans- you can just lift the whole pie out when you get to wherever you were taking it and drop the empty pan in your vehicle. That way, there will be no fuss over whether you got your pans back. Besides, you won't have to wash it.
|This looks so good...|
For those who also find pie crusts a lot of bother, we at A Book of Cookrye have good news: You can just take the excess scraps from the crust you already made, mix in some sugar with your hands, and just sprinkle it on. There. You've made a crumb topping- which I think is better than a crust on top of apple pie because the juices will boil up and soak into the crumbs- so good. Also, you don't need to bother trying to do a top crust which is so much harder to patch than the crust in the pan.
Although, if you decide the extra dough didn't make enough topping, you can make some more in a pinch. Just kind of mash the ingredients together with your hands until they're mixed.
And here it is, ready to bake! If you couldn't be bothered to get the flour off the countertop from rolling out the pie crust, you should at least wipe the bottom of the pan. Otherwise, the flour will land on the bottom of the oven and make your kitchen smell like burnt.
Tada! Apple pie!
But don't take my word for how good it is. This is how much was left at Thanksgiving:

domain: food


It's time to talk about that email.
You know the one: the heartfelt "let's catch up!" from an old friend you just haven't had a chance to reply to. Maybe it's the thread that picks up the difficult social media conversation you let lapse. Or the invite to that thing you've been putting off responding to.
Whatever it is, this weekend you'll finally have an excuse to stop procrastinating and finally hit reply. Saturday, April 30, is Email Debt Forgiveness Day, the second annual celebration of an idea spawned at random in 2015 by the hosts of the popular Reply All podcast, PJ Vogt and Alex Goldman.
As they put it, "If there's an email response you've wanted to send but been too anxious to send, you can send it on April 30th, without any apologies or explanations for all the time that has lapsed."
The public response was so positive they're holding Email Debt Forgiveness Day again this year. And they recommend that if you don't feel like explaining your delayed responses, you can simply drop a link to their explanation at the bottom of each email.
At first glance, it's easy to write off the simple concept of sending an email as something unworthy of such a production. A whole day devoted to sending an email or two? But Email Debt Forgiveness Day isn't really about finally replying the email you've been sitting on for too long — it's about the fraught nature of human communication.
The real magic of the "holiday" is that it gives you permission to send whatever you've been holding back; it's that it gives you permission to feel all the things, the tiny social anxieties and insecurities or fear of expressing yourself that prevented you from replying in the first place.
Does it work? Well, it probably won't magically clean out your inbox, but giving yourself permission to respond to the one email (or three) that's been haunting you might make it easier to conquer any niggling communication-related worries you might face throughout the rest of the year. If you need a nudge to help you stop dallying and tackle those letters, this is it.
Don't be afraid to hit send.


Fuel Cell Vehicle Sales: The Future Isn’t So Big?
“Fuel cell vehicles have been an elusive goal for the automotive industry, but they are on the verge of commercial reality. With substantial support from the largest automakers, the pressure is on gas companies and governments to make sure that hydrogen fueling stations are available to support this emerging market.” That’s Dave Hurst, analyst with Pike Research, speaking to an issue that is covered in the just-released “Fuel Cell Vehicles” study that the firm has conducted.
He cited Daimler AG, General Motors, Honda, Hyundai, and Toyota as being the key OEM players in the fuel cell vehicle (FCV) arena.
According to the study, FCVs will be available in “most regions of the world by 2014, and cumulative sales of fuel cell cars and trucks will surpass 2.8 million vehicles globally by 2020.” Drilling down a bit, here’s where they project the primary sales during that period:
- 37% Western Europe
- 36% Asia-Pacific
- 25% North America
Let’s assume that the global FCV sales in 2020 are 2.8-million vehicles. The total, not the cumulative. While that seems like a big number, consider this: the 25% that North America would account for is 700,000 units. In 2008, before things got really bad in the car industry, Ford sold 515,513 F-Series pickups in the U.S. If you add in the other trucks—Rangers, Econolines, Low Cab Forwards, and heavy trucks—it sold 713,391 units. One company. And just the trucks.
Maybe that 2.8-million isn’t so big.
The common wisdom seems to be that midsize cars have pretty much had it in the U.S. new car market.
For conducting business in the U.S. market, Toyota has historically had several separate business entities: a sales and distribution company headquartered in California (Toyota Motor Sales, USA); manufacturing operations (Toyota Motor Manufacturing North America); a racing subsidiary (Toyota Racing Development, USA); the Toyota Technical Center for R&D in Ann Arbor; and a design facility in California (Calty Design Research, Inc.). On April 1, 2006, Toyota merged its R&D operations and its manufacturing operations into a single company.
Back in 2012 Audi bought Italian motorcycle manufacturer extraordinaire Ducati for €860-million which, at the time, probably seemed like a good idea.


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Narine open to Tests once action improves
Embattled off-spinner Sunil Narine could soon be available again for the West Indies in the longest version of cricket but first wants to continue fine-turning his action.
West Indies head coach Phil Simmons said he had spoken during the Caribbean Premier League (CPL) to the 27-year-old who indicated he would make himself available only for the limited-overs versions at this stage, reports CMC.
“Speaking with Narine during the CPL, he still wants to be 100 percent confident about the consistency of his action before returning to Test cricket. He noted he is happy with the improvement (in) his action during CPL and is available for the West Indies in the limited-overs section at present,” Simmons said. Narine has not suited up for the Windies in over a year with his last appearance coming during Bangladesh’s tour of the Caribbean in August 2014. His last Test outing was nearly two years ago.
His action has since come under heavy scrutiny in the Indian Premier League (IPL) and he was twice called for a suspect action during the Champions League Twenty20 and subsequently banned from bowling in the final for Kolkata Knight Riders.
Narine opted out of the West Indies World Cup squad earlier this year to focus on his rehabilitation and was forced to undergo Indian cricket board (BCCI) -sanctioned testing on his action before he could turn out for KKR in the 2015 season.
The West Indies will also have to do without all-rounder Dwayne Bravo and opener Lendl Simmons in Tests with players indicating their unwillingness to return because of the pay structure of the new Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA).
“I have had good discussions speaking with all the players. Yes, Bravo and Lendl said they don’t want to play Tests for reasons (CBA pay structure) you mentioned, but I’m happy that they were honest about that,” Simmons said.

domain: news


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Frankenstein AI: A Monster Made By Many
Frankenstein AI: a monster made by many reimagines the Frankenstein narrative, recasting Shelley's creature as a naive, emotionally aware,…
A Thousand Thoughts
A live music documentary experience that follows the trajectory of the iconic Kronos Quartet.
Localore: Finding America
Connecting independent producers with local public media to amplify under-represented narratives created with and for the people.
Pop-Up Magazine is a live magazine, created for a stage, screen and a live audience.
Invisible Monument is a series of geolocated soundscapes that both document and invite continued engagement with protest movements.
An Astronaut looks down on Earth and sees a stream of unnamed YouTube videos.
Say Something Bunny!
A found audio recording from 1950’s New York is unpacked in an immersive performance.
Just a Reflektor
The interactive Arcade Fire music video bridges the worlds of analog and digital, reality and fiction, film and the web.
Last Hijack Interactive
Last Hijack Interactive is an online transmedia experience that allows you to explore the hijacking of a ship in Somalia.
Produced by the RTVE Laboratory of Audiovisual Innovation, this project offers a virtual tour through the Guadalquivir River with panoramic…
An experimental transmedia documentary to digitally commemorate the 30th anniversary of the Malvinas war and to propose that we relive the…
The Disaster Resilience Journal
42 short online serialized articles, released daily via social media networks, blogs, and word of mouth.

domain: artistic


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Made a stop at the Creamers Field this afternoon. It was busy, lots of people using the viewing areas and the walking trails. Beautiful day, sunny and warm.
An archaeological adventure by the Bering Sea
Commentary, Reviews and Nature Photography
Learn How To Make Jewelry
artist-run gallery in Edmonton: established 2008
Yup'ik/Alaska Native contemporary and traditional arts and crafts
DIY Jewelry, Beads And Patterns
Making the world more beadiful, one cup of coffee at a time.
Sharing the love of Hand Made
author / illustrator / educator


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Ababi on sat 6 apr 02
I have an offer to CM.
I bought lately two books that were made out of articles in the CM.
The CM has two great tiny books "great ideas to the potter". As small
they are they are over crowded. Why not take the best ideas, or make
some books according to subjects, bigger colorful and with better
Kibbutz Shoval- Israel

domain: library


The Google Pixelbook Go was announced in October 2019 and was launched in the United States of America and Canada a few weeks later. And just this week, the Pixelbook Go reached the United Kingdom. In this post, you will get to see its prices based on its different specifications.
Also read Sony Xperia 5 Plus Surfaces: It cones With Dual Front Speakers
Google Pixelbook Go Features and Prices
The Google Pixelbook Go has a 13.3-inch touchscreen with 1080 pixels or 4K resolution. The laptop’s body is made of magnesium and it weighs just 1kg. Google claims that the Pixelbook Go battery will last 12 hours of usage.
The base configuration features an Intel Core m3 processor, 8GB RAM, and 64GB storage, ad it is priced at just £630. The 4K “Molecular Display” is only available on the top configuration with an Intel Core i7, 16GB of RAM, and 256GB storage – this one has a huge price tag of £1,330.
The middle option is priced under £1,000 and has a Core i5 and 128GB storage, plus 8GB or 16GB of RAM. You can buy the laptop straight from Google or various retailers in the UK. All CPUs are 8th gen Intels.
You should also note that the Google Pixelbook Go has only two USB-C ports, and it does not have a card slot for memory expansion. On the plus side, both USB ports can be used to fast charge the laptop (0-35% in 30 minutes).


Two Trees SP-3 CoreXY 3D Printer With Dual Gear Extruder
Introducing the Two Trees SP-5 CoreXY Structure 3D Printer – a professional-grade 3D printer that offers high precision printing at an affordable price. With advanced features such as dual drive extruders, a filament sensor, and a 3.5-inch color touch screen, the SP-5 is designed to provide users with an efficient and user-friendly 3D printing experience.
Its sturdy metal body and double linear guide ensure stability and printing accuracy, while its resume printing function and power-off feature help prevent printing errors and material waste. Whether you’re a professional designer or a hobbyist, the Two Trees SP-5 CoreXY Structure 3D Printer is a versatile and reliable tool that can help bring your ideas to life.
Affordable Professional 3D Printing With Two Trees SP-5 CoreXY 3D Printer
Introducing the Two Trees SP-5 CoreXY Structure 3D Printer – an affordable professional-grade printer that delivers high-quality and precision 3D printing. Among the best 3D printers under $500, the SP-5 boasts advanced features such as resume printing, filament sensor, dual drive extruder, double linear guide, and a full metal body. With its fast printing speed and high accuracy, this printer is the perfect tool for professionals and enthusiasts looking for an affordable yet reliable 3D printing solution.
Intelligent Material Management With Two Trees SP-5 CoreXY 3D Printer
The Two Trees SP-5 CoreXY Structure 3D Printer features an intelligent material management system that helps users save time and minimize waste. With its filament sensor, the printer automatically detects when the filament is running low or has broken, preventing printing errors and material waste.
Additionally, the SP-5 comes equipped with a power off function that allows users to resume printing from the last layer if the electrical power is lost. This feature ensures that users can complete their prints without having to start over from scratch, saving both time and materials. With these intelligent material management features, the Two Trees SP-5 CoreXY Structure 3D Printer delivers a more efficient and cost-effective 3D printing experience.
User-Friendly Operation And Maintenance Of Two Trees SP-5 CoreXY 3D Printer
The Two Trees SP-5 CoreXY Structure 3D Printer is not only a powerful and efficient 3D printing tool but also a user-friendly one. Its simple installation and maintenance process make it easy for anyone to set up and operate. Additionally, the 3.5-inch color touch screen interface ensures a comfortable and straightforward operation experience.
The printer’s resume printing function, filament sensor, and power parameter display features also help reduce maintenance time and material waste. Among the best FDM 3D printers, the Two Trees SP-5 CoreXY Structure 3D Printer stands out for its easy-to-use interface and maintenance process, making it a favorite among professionals and hobbyists alike.
Advanced Features Of The Two Trees SP-3 CoreXY 3D Printer
The Two Trees SP-5 CoreXY Structure 3D Printer is packed with advanced features that make it stand out in the world of 3D printing. Some of the notable features include:
- Resume Printing: The SP-5 comes with a power-off function that allows it to automatically resume printing from the last layer in case of unexpected power outages, thereby saving time and reducing printing errors.
- Filament Sensor: The printer is equipped with a filament sensor that alerts users when the filament runs out or breaks, preventing printing errors and wastage of materials.
- Dual Drive Extruder: The dual drive extruder ensures smooth and high-speed printing without any blockages, ensuring consistency and quality of prints.
- Double Linear Guide: The SP-5 features a double linear guide that reduces friction, improves printing accuracy, and ensures stable and precise movement during printing.
- 3.5 Inch Color Touch Screen: The printer is equipped with a high-sensitivity color touch screen that enables easy and convenient operation and control of the printer.
- Full Metal Body: The SP-5 comes with a durable full metal body that enhances its professional-grade durability, ensuring long-lasting performance and minimal maintenance requirements.
With these advanced features, the Two Trees SP-5 CoreXY Structure 3D Printer is the ideal choice for professionals and enthusiasts who demand high-quality and precision 3D printing.
Specifications Of The Two Trees SP-3 CoreXY 3D Printer
- Colour: Black
- Software format: STL, OBJ, JPG
- Print file format: Gcode
- Printing method: TF card / online printing (PC)
- Support software: Cura, 3DPrinterOS, Repetier-Host and other slicing software
- Operating language: EN, RU, ES, FR, IT, ZH-CN, ZH-HK
- Machine material: Sheet metal
- Print material: PLA, ABS, PETG, Wooden Filament
- Number of nozzles: 1
- Filament diameter: 1.75mm
- Nozzle diameter: 0.4mm
- Hot bed size: 235″235mm
- Print size: L220*W220*H220mm
- Machine size: L405*W380*H466mm
- Layer thickness: 0.1-0.4mm
- Package size: L500*W430*H250mm
- Machine weight: 11.5Kg
- Display: 3.5″ color touch screen
- Printing speed MAX: 200mm/s
- Recommended speed: 60mm/s
- Power parameter: 220V/110V 360W
- Operating system: Windows, MAC
- Extrusion head temperature (MAX) 260°C
- Hot bed temperature (MAX): 100°C
- Working environment
- Maximum Temperature: 5-40 ° C
- Humidity: 20-60% RH
Specification: Two Trees SP-3 CoreXY 3D Printer With Dual Gear Extruder
Shipping And Payment FAQ
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The City of Lincoln Council has submitted plans for a 42-home affordable housing scheme off Rookery Lane.
The development would see the authority demolish properties at 89-93 to facilitate an entrance road to the build, which will include 32 two to four-bed houses, four two-bedroom bungalows and six one-bedroom flats.
According to documents submitted to the authority’s planning department, funding for the build will include Homes England money, while the properties will be let by the council.
“Continued housing growth is a key need in the city to ensure there is a sufficient availability of homes to support economic growth and job creation,” said the documents.
“The proposed development will enable the construction of high quality sustainable housing to contribute to meeting the needs of Lincoln city residents.
“In addition, the construction work valued in the region of £7 million, would be carried out by local contractors and sub-contractors and materials sourced locally further supporting the local economy further.”
Parking will be built into the scheme, with the road acting as a shared space for cars and pedestrians in a bid to “give equal priority to pedestrians cyclists” while ensuring “cars travel slowly”.
The plans will be examined by the authority at a later date.


Looking for a reliable supplier of rapid test antibody kits? Look no further than Hangzhou Hengsheng Medical Technology Co., Ltd. Our company is a leading manufacturer and supplier based in China, dedicated to providing high-quality and accurate diagnostic products for various applications. Our rapid test antibody kit is designed for the qualitative detection of antibodies in human serum, plasma, and whole blood samples. The kit is ideal for use in clinical settings, hospitals, laboratories, and other healthcare facilities. It offers a quick and convenient way to detect the presence of COVID-19 antibodies, allowing for accurate diagnosis and timely treatment. As a factory-direct supplier, we offer competitive pricing, exceptional quality control, and prompt delivery. We are committed to providing our customers with top-notch products and services that meet their specific requirements. Contact us today to learn more about our rapid test antibody kit and other diagnostic products.


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Game Questions & Answers (Q&A) service lets you ask questions about video games for game consoles or PC games. So ask your Port Royale 3 question for PC and get answers from real gamers or answer questions and share your insights and experience with the rest of the gaming community.
Question & Answers
Finding new orleans
How do I find new Orleans and explore the map to find unexplored towns

domain: hobby


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We are doing everything we can to protect the things people value most, but the financial situation we face is very serious.
While we will continue to work every penny of taxpayers' money as hard as we can, the Government’s squeeze on public spending means we will inevitably face some very difficult decisions over the coming months.
More top news
Public services union Unison says it will nominate Jeremy Corbyn in the Labour Party leadership contest.
Google search now shows you when businesses and attractions are busiest.
The planning application said the museum would be dedicated to celebrating the achievements of East End women. Residents are very angry.

domain: economics


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Why Choose Farmers Markets?
We all know how important fruits and vegetables are to our diets; I’m sure “finish your broccoli!” is a phrase we can all say we’ve heard more than once throughout our lives. I have come to find true love for fruits and vegetables and their incredible nutritional values. The vitamins and minerals found in fruits in veggies are truly essential to our diets and healthy lifestyles; our body needs them to thrive.
The quality and freshness of our vegetables and fruits are important to get the max amount of minerals and nutrients. This is why I make it a priority to shop at farmers markets as often as possible. “Most food found at the farmers market is minimally processed, and many of our farmers go to great lengths to grow the most nutritious produce possible by using sustainable techniques, picking produce right before the market, and growing heirloom varieties. (Feb 2015, cuesa.org)” I choose to shop at farmers markets as much as possible for ethical and health reasons. I will share some of my reasons with you and invite you to see why shopping at farmers markets is beneficial to you and the planet as a whole.
When you shop at farmers markets, you can cut the middle man (large agribusinesses) and are able to directly support family farmers. Now that large agribusiness dominates food production in the U.S. small family farms have been shutting down left and right; those that are still open have a hard time surviving. Buying directly from farmers gives them a better return for their produce and, even more importantly, a fighting chance in this globalized economy.
I’m sure most of us yogis bring the peace and self- love we feel on our mats out to the world with us and exercise it. We care for the environment and for all animals and beings that occupy it. With pollution being one of the largest dangers in the world it is important that we all do our part to help rid the world of it. “Food in the U.S. travels an average of 1,500 miles to get to your plate. All this shipping uses large amounts of natural resources (especially fossil fuels), contributes to pollution, and creates trash with extra packaging. Conventional agriculture also uses many more resources than sustainable agriculture and pollutes water, land, and air with toxic agricultural by-products. Food at the farmers market is transported shorter distances and is generally grown using methods that minimize the impact on the earth. (Feb 2015, cuesa.org)”
Even animal products like meats, cheeses, and eggs from farmers markets can be bought with more peace in mind. Most of these animal products at farmers markets have been raised without hormones or antibiotics, have grazed on green grass and eaten their natural diets. They have also mercifully been unexposed to any animal cruelty, unlike animals that have been raised and butchered by the agribusiness meat production.
Another great reason for shopping at farmers markets is the opportunity to connect with your community. Here at NY Loves Yoga we are big fans of community, it brings together great energy and smiles. Strolling around farmers market on a sunny day beats strolling around a supermarket with artificial lights any day. It can be a great place to spend a lovely weekend morning and get a taste of small town life amidst our great big city.


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The Media’s Role in Political Campaigns
Kent State researchers look at the media’s influence on political decisions as election season nears Paul Haridakis, Ph.D., director of Kent State University’s School of Communication Studies, has been researching political campaigns since the 2008 presidential election. At that time, he began his research with colleague Gary Hanson, professor in the School of Journalism and Mass Communication.
“In 2008, we got involved because we were interested in the role that social media plays in political campaigns,” says Haridakis.
Haridakis and his colleagues don’t study the effectiveness of media campaigns – they study how people use media for political campaigns.
The researchers examine many forms of media, but the emphasis this campaign season continues to be the social Web.
“We focus on social media,” says Haridakis. “Mostly social networking sites like Facebook and video sharing sites like YouTube, but we look at a variety of media.”
New to the research team in 2012 is Mei-Chen Lin, Ph.D., associate professor and graduate coordinator for the School of Communication Studies. All three faculty members, along with several graduate students, are conducting research for the 2012 election concentrating mainly on emerging social media platforms, such as Twitter, and the relationship of political identity and perception of media bias.
The team applied its research to the Republican primaries. The researchers wanted to see which media people return to most often. The primary media are Internet and television, regardless of age group.
“First-time voters use television and the Internet,” says Haridakis. “Within all age groups, television is predominant.”
Advertising Assistant Professor Danielle Coombs, Ph.D., who also studies media coverage in elections, believes that television is still number one because “TV has a broad reach.”
“A lot of people who vote in America aren’t young people,” says Coombs.
Haridakis says that social networking websites are being used more for the 2012 campaign than they were in 2008, but they are still not as dominant as television, general Internet or newspapers.
He believes that people use social media platforms primarily for socializing, not for finding out information about political issues, although social media websites are still making an impact on political campaigns.
“Social media provides an interpersonal channel,” says Haridakis. “We turn to each other more to make political decisions rather than the media.” This is where social media is likely to have the most impact.
“People trust their friends because they see those people as being more credible. So they trust information from these networks more,” says Coombs.
“People who get info from social media tend to be less cynical,” says Haridakis. “Some media use – social media use – may reduce cynicism. Our prediction is that it is how they get the information that they trust about the campaign.”

domain: sociology


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Defining Price Ratio Analysis and Its Importance To Companies ⚖
The direct relationship between market prices of a company’s shares and its earnings is what is known as a price ratio analysis or price-to-earnings ratio. This is a valuable concept for both investors and businesses alike that helps determine the relative values of shares. In this article, we’ll do a brief overview of what it means and how to increase profitability with the correct ratio. We’ll also be taking a look at the telecommunication industry as a case study example.
Price Ratio Analysis – Importance and Definition
Price ratio analysis or price-to-earnings ratio (P/E ratio) is a method to measure a company’s share price. This is relative to its per-share earnings. P/E ratios are also known as price multiples or earnings multiples best for financial forecasting.
These ratios are what analysts use to determine the relative values of company shares. It’s also one of the most important stock analysis tools that investors use to define stock valuation versus what a company earns. In other words, this tells investors the dollar value they need to invest in order to earn one dollar from company profits.
PE Ratio = Market Price Share/Earnings per Share
A high P/E ratio means investors expect to earn more in the future. A lower P/E might mean investors will earn less or that the company is undervalued. It can also indicate that it’s doing historically better than previous years. If a company doesn’t earn anything or is posting losses, the price ratio is expressed as N/A or not applicable.
The median of a company’s P/E ratio over several years can be seen as a benchmark for their performance, indicating whether or not the company is worth investing in or if a stock is worth buying.
As with anything, price ratio analysis has its limitations. A single metric shouldn’t be used to determine whether a company is worth investing in or not. Using P/E ratios to compare companies in different sectors to each other can prove faulty. It’s because companies become profitable at different times.
That’s why price ratios are best used as a form of reference to compare companies in the same sector. In fact, market trends differ too much between different industries for this ratio to be valuable across industries. Debt and leverage might also skew insights from P/E ratios.
Price Ratio Analysis in The Telecom Industry
The telecom sector is a good example of where evaluating P/E ratios can be beneficial. Telecom companies are high in growth, and P/E ratios indicate their growth potential. Though COVID-19 has given all industries problems, the telecom industry is not doing as bad.
Australian-owned and operated Central Telecoms have doubled the size of its customer base and increased its number of employees in 2020. They have plans to open up 40 new locations in the next two years. The company also received numerous awards for growth and ratings this year.
We’re seeing the same trends all around the world. Reports of telecom industries in Poland show rebounds in the last quarter of 2020 that project numbers will return to pre-pandemic performance in 2021. Telecommunication companies have taken defensive measures during the pandemic expect to see positive impacts.
These are some examples of changes the industry is seeing due to the pandemic:
Positive Impact during the Pandemic for Telecom Companies
- Higher usage of mobile data due to increased purchases from individuals. This will cause increases in revenues for operators and services provided by smartphones.
- Remote work or work-from-home increases the need for company SIM cards, mitigating negative losses from other areas.
- Higher volumes of social and business phone calls in mobile or fixed-line networks due to virtual meetings replacing in-person interactions.
- Increased call minutes due to lockdowns and quarantines preventing social interaction.
- Projected demand increases for value-added services.
- Increased demand for private VPN networks.
Read about Telstra’s global pricing objectives and strategies
Read about how a Telco CEO structures his pricing department
Telecom P/E Ratios – Are Low Ratios Bad?
Accelerated online presence and digital transformations are happening across most industries. This is an expected effect of travel restrictions, lockdowns, and remote working. Behavioural shifts toward e-commerce are also affecting how businesses operate, creating a surge in demand for telecom services.
Negative impacts and disruptions persist despite numerous positive effects. Communication Systems (JCS) and Wireless Telecom Group’s P/E ratio falls at zero at one point this year. Thus, telecom companies need to step up, respond to demand and new opportunities created by the pandemic. Boosts may be short-term and companies need to transform those opportunities into long-term growth.
Low-zero P/E ratios don’t always mean a company is doing bad, however. It could be that stocks are at bargain prices. Tesla is a good example of a company with a low or zero P/E ratio since they pour their cash flow into massive expansions. This number is also in contrast to previous years when they’ve done better.
How to increase profitability ratio
As a business, you need to adapt to customer behaviour trends if you want to achieve sustainable growth. Below are some ways to do that:
1. Manage costs. Find which processes in operation teams/departments produce waste the most. There will always be ways to minimise this and discover how to put them to good use. At the same time, don’t cut costs in ways that reduce the quality of your products/services.
Reexamine your budget costs. What are your terms with suppliers? There may be ways to negotiate a better deal with them or find a new supplier if need be. Also, recheck your operational costs. How can you maximise office premises? Be careful not to compromise office environment quality though.
2. Expand to a new market. With constantly changing customer needs, there are problems that help people solve using your products and services. For instance, just take a look at how the restaurant industry coped during the pandemic.
3. Reassess your price, marketing strategy, and customers. Your pricing should be reviewed often. Price adjustments can be made based on competitors or customer demands. So, it’s important to determine which price changes will be temporary or permanent. Decide if you must lower or raise current prices.
4. Who are your most profitable customers? The Pareto principle suggests that 80% of consequences come from 20% of causes. This is also applicable to business operations. Are you targeting the right market? Identifying this needs research and evaluation. Take a look at how Nike achieves this.
5. Find cross-selling and upselling opportunities. Most businesses achieve this by adding extra services or product features that other competitors lack. Some brands that achieve this include Apple, McDonald’s, and those in the telecom industry.
Value-added services often show how much customers are willing to pay in exchange for great customer service and value. Of course, how you set the price and market these extra features play a huge role too. Take a look at how McDonald’s and the mobile phone industry do this.
The takeaway from this is that using price ratios to analyse a company’s profitability can be very useful and insightful. Otherwise, there are many limitations and other factors you’ll want to consider to get the full picture of a company’s performance. P/E ratios are helpful for sectors like telecoms, but may not be the best metric to look at for disruptor companies like Tesla. Nonetheless, it’s an important tool to understand in order to navigate the stock market and know how to increase your overall profitability ratio.
For a comprehensive view on maximising your companies margins,
Are you a business in need of help to align your pricing strategy, people, and operations to deliver an immediate impact on profit?
If so, please call (+61) 2 9000 1115.
You can also email us at firstname.lastname@example.org if you have any further questions.
Make your pricing world-class!
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domain: finance


Genre agnostic. Screenwriter of the movie Detention.
Host of The '00s Zone podcast.
Balloons flying above powerlines, an image cribbed from Fritz Lang’s M, is visual shorthand for stolen childhood here as well. There are also elements of Wes Craven’s underrealized My Soul to Take in the idea of shared teenage trauma as collective empowerment, and that’s ultimately where this tale of abuse, extending from bad parenting to schoolyard violence, really excels. The ‘70s soundtrack could be more original than “What songs were in Dazed and Confused?” But otherwise this was pretty tight.
It's always a tricky proposition when you make dinner for your date and she then demands to see your own movie. I hadn't watched DETENTION in several years, and this is the first time it started to feel like a long time ago and that I was sort of able to experience it as a regular audience member might.
My date had a couple questions about things like why the neighbours don't hear Riley screaming when chased through suburban backyards.…
1) I lost my mother in March of this year. Part of that experience is there’s an initial outpouring of sympathy, which of course meant a lot to me, though I was never sure what to say to anyone. Then it mostly stops. I guess people think you’re over the worst of it, but a tragedy of that scope (however universal) is processed in stages over time. It’s too much to weigh it all at once. When a parent dies,…


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Auckland is regularly voted one of the best lifestyle cities in the world, with the cosmopolitan city centre complemented by great escapes within half an hour of downtown. Indulge in Auckland's shopping, nightlife and unrivalled cuisine and experience some of the many attractions and adventure activities on offer. There is never a shortage of things to do in the City of Sails. Sights to see include Auckland Art Gallery, Auckland Zoo, and Museum of Transport and Technology.View Full Itinerary
Christchurch was founded in 1850 by members of the Church of England, who wanted a little bit of heaven on earth. They succeeded, and today the city takes great pride in its spacious layout and distinctive English-style buildings in elegant grey stone. The River Avon winds through Christchurch, along parks and gardens that cover one-third of the city.View Full Itinerary
New Zealand's premier destination on the edge of beautiful Lake Rotorua offers visitors so much to see and do the trouble is deciding what to do. From a quiet stroll through the magnificent Redwood Forest to an adrenaline rafting plunge over one of the world's highest commercially rafted waterfalls or an entertaining view of life on the farm at one of our award winning farmshows - Rotorua has it all. Famous for awesome geological forces, Rotorua has hundreds of gentle plopping mud pools, powerful erupting geysers, and intriguing geothermal lakes. Maori Culture is another unique facet to Rotorua's popularity. For more action try hiking down Mt Ngongatah, fishing for trophy-sized trout on one of Rotorua's many lakes, tandem skydiving, horse trekking, or off-road driving. Or just sit back, watch the world go by and enjoy the fresh, clean, picturesque atmosphere from one of many sidewalk cafes and bars. To end the day, soak away ailments in one of many thermally heated natural mineral spas.View Full Itinerary
Queenstown hosts an outstanding collection of adrenaline inducing activities and spectacular scenery. From jumping from tall bridges or quiet fishing, this is New Zealand's number one adventure destination. Lake and river join towering mountain ranges to make Queenstown as popular in the winter as it is in the summer. At the heart of the action are cafes, the entire spectrum of accommodation, boutique shopping, restaurants and the visitor services expected in a small town with a big reputation.View Full Itinerary
The South Island's most renowned explorer and geologist, Julius von Haast, named Franz Josef Glacier after the Emperor of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Franz Josef Glacier is a remnant of a much older, larger glacier which flowed from the alpine snowfields right to the sea. The glacier is over 7.5 miles long extending into the rainforest just 3 miles from the Franz Josef township, making it easy to visit. Walk to viewpoints and the terminal face or, for a close-up view of the spectacular ice formations, take a guided glacier walk, helihike or scenic flight.View Full Itinerary
Te Anau is known as the "sightseeing and walking capital of the world". Fiordland National Park is one of the few areas in the world with World Heritage status. Attractions include scenic boat cruises, scenic flights, sea kayaking, diving, fishing, coach tours, golf, four wheel driving, hunting and more. Te Anau Glow Worm Cave is a rare example of a living cave still under formation. Te Anau is in the hub of the great southern rugged and splendid walking tracks. Lake Te Anau encourages water skiing, swimming, fishing and kayaking on the lake during the summer. During the winter, days are crisp and clear with frosty mornings and sunny days. Te Anau's Wildlife Park is 10 minutes walking distance from the Department of Conservation Visitor Centre on the Lakefront.View Full Itinerary
One of New Zealand’s loveliest harbors is gracious, dignified Dunedin. The city boasts fine Victorian and Edwardian buildings complete with spires, gables and gargoyles. Its Scottish heritage is present in street names and the appeal of its handsome stone buildings. One of Dunedin’s most famous visitors, Mark Twain, wrote "The…Scots…stopped here on their way to heaven, thinking they had arrived." Dunedin boasts the country’s only kilt maker and whisky distillery as well as a statue of Scottish poet Robert Burns in the heart of the city. Dunedin’s surroundings are renowned for their magnificent scenery and wildlife. The nearby beautiful Otago Peninsula provides a breeding habitat for such rare birds as the royal albatross and yellow-eyed penguin. The biggest attraction is probably the albatross colony at Taiaroa Head – which can only be visited as part of pre-arranged guided tour. Nowhere else on the globe do these birds breed so close to humans. Other sights to visit include Octagon Park, St. Paul’s Cathedral, Edwardian Railway Station, and Otago Museum.View Full Itinerary
Located at southwestern North Island, New Zealand’s capital city derives its character and charm from the wooded hills that curve like a green amphitheater around Wellington’s harbor. Commercial and government buildings rim the waterfront; nostalgic Victorian buildings mingle pleasantly with more modern structures and above the business district, dwellings precariously cling to steep slopes. Wellington was the first settlement organized by the London-based New Zealand Company. Other sights include Kelburn Cable Car, Museum of Wellington, City and Sea, and National Museum and Art Gallery (Te Papa).View Full Itinerary
The Mt Cook National Park encompasses almost 173,000 acres, of which 1/3 is snow covered all year round. The rugged mountains rise steeply into the sky giving the engrossed visitor a sore neck. Nineteen peaks stretch above approximately 9,800 feet with Mt Cook the highest at 12800 feet. Be sure to give yourself plenty of time to explore the park because there is simply so much to do.View Full Itinerary
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domain: travel


text: Articles Filter Cities Helena-West Helena Lake Village Marianna Pine Bluff Fort Smith McGehee Rohwer Fifty-Six Gillett Little Rock Arkansas City Bentonville Blytheville Crossett Dumas Eudora Eureka Springs Fayetteville Gilbert Heber Springs Hot Springs Jonesboro Monticello Mountain View Piggott Ponca St. Charles Star City Stuttgart White Hall Altus Berryville Big Flat Brinkley Buffalo City Bull Shoals Calico Rock Casscoe Dardanelle Dewitt Dyess Fairfield Bay Forrest City Fort Chaffee Greers Ferry Harrison Jasper Jerome Jersey Kingsland Lake View Mammoth Spring Mena Paragould Pea Ridge Prairie Grove Rison Russellville Sheridan Siloam Springs Smackover Springdale St. Joe Subiaco Sulphur Springs (Benton County) Tyronza Van Buren Watson West Memphis Wiederkehr Village Wilson [X] Newport Facet Articles: Cities Regions [X] Lower Delta Upper Delta North Central Categories Attractions & Culture Entertainment & Nightlife Article Type Author Kim Williams Date Published January 2018 Featured Article Nature & Culture in the Ozarks Oct 24, 2020 ⁄ Ozark Gateway Tourist Council In the beauty of the Ozark Gateway region as you discover the charm found in each of our eight unique counties. From the scenic vistas, to the rich heritage and spontaneous jam sessions, the area... Discover Arkansas’ Land of Legends Oct 24, 2020 Whether it’s culture, history or just outdoor fun, Arkansas’ Land of Legends is a charming and surprising experience that will keep you busy as long you want to stay. A Musical Road Trip Jan 22, 2018 ⁄ Kim Williams What do Johnny Cash, Louis Jordan, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Conway Twitty, Howlin’ Wolf, Charlie Rich, and Al Green have in common? Arkansas.

domain: geography


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The recent $8.8 billion extension of the NCAA men’s basketball tournament with TV networks CBS Sports and Turner Broadcasting System Inc. illustrates how in recent years the business of college athletics—specifically, of Division I football and men’s basketball programs—has evolved considerably, exploding into a multibillion dollar annual enterprise. There has been no commensurate change, however, in the compensation structure for the college athletes driving these colossal profits; they are still prohibited from being paid under NCAA rules and are compensated solely through the award of athletic scholarships, as has been the case for decades. This article argues that the jurisprudence on the issue of compensating college athletes relies on shaky antitrust arguments, exposing the flaws of each in turn. In light of the increasing likelihood that a court may in the future side with college athletes on the issue of compensation, the NCAA should be proactive and establish compensation structure guidelines for Division I football and men’s basketball programs, which drive the vast majority of college athletic program profits. The author presents a novel model to achieve this goal, the Duke Model, and demonstrates how this performance-based model would be applied in practice, and further elaborates on how the NCAA could utilize its existing infrastructure to take concrete steps towards reversing its ban on the payment of college athletes.
David A. Grenardo,
The Duke Model: A Performance-Based Solution for Compensating College Athletes,
83 Brook. L. Rev.
Available at: https://brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/blr/vol83/iss1/15

domain: sports


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It produced four singles; the last of which, "Rise Up", was released after he left the band, and he does not appear in the video.
Craig Mack (born May 10, 1971) is an American rapper, who gained fame on Puff Daddy's Bad Boy Entertainment record label in the 1990s.
Although his first single was released under the name MC EZ in 1988, he is best known for his 1994 hit single "Flava In Ya Ear", which was released under his real name. G.'s debut album Ready to Die overshadowed Mack's early success on the Bad Boy label.
A concert attendee with a cellphone camera soon put the whole event on popular video website You Tube.
In this video, the thud of Craig landing on the concrete is very audible as is the grunt Craig lets out as she had her wind knocked out of her. In 2008, she took part in Norwegian Melodi Grand Prix as a composer.
Mabbitt is known for his rock based singing combined with screamed and growled vocal styles.
He also had to attend a special class due to a speech impediment, but nevertheless he overcame these setbacks, and in his adolescent years, realized his 'dream of becoming a singer in a rock band'.American rap artist Snoop Dogg also took interest in her in 2005 at the same festival, and has since used one of her songs on his compilation Welcome to tha Chuuch: Da Album.On January 21, 2006, Craig won the Newcomer of The Year award at "Alarm-prisen," a Norwegian music awards show.In an interview, Biggie Smalls says he appeared on the remix of "Flava In Ya Ear" for political reasons for Puffy.In 2002, Mack would appear in the music video for Puffy's single "I Need a Girl (Part One)".By the age of 15 she had started writing her own songs, and by 17 she was singing back-up vocals for Noora Noor.Tags: Adult Dating, affair dating, sex dating

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KHHT L.A. Slow Jams Jingles by Sound Quadrat
German production company Sound Quadrat produced sung station IDs for KHHT Hot 92.3 Los Angeles. The station idents were for the station’s syndicated nightly program – Slow Jams. KHHT Hot 92.3, a sister station of KIIS FM, is an urban AC music station.
Slow Jams Jingles by Sound Quadrat (copyright www.soundquadrat.de)


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Blackmail. Sex. Ferro.
An engaement is the farthest thing from my mind, but as Neil holds up the ring I glance around and notice someone is missing. Maggie. The man had the audacity to invite everyone else except my best friend. Where is she? When I go to find out, I don't like what I discover.
Once, I'd thought I was different from the Ferros and the Campagones, but when it comes down to it--I'm exactly the same.
Holy crap! We get yet again another volume that left me on the edge of my seat and in shock like the entire time! Things for Hallie just keep getting worse. She is trying to deal with Neil, who surprises the hell out of her. I felt bad that she kind of got forced into this situation. Maggie is ever worse off. Things for Hallie take a nasty turn in this one. She is forced to make life and death situations. Murder, adultery, illness, and crazy sex are happening. Hallie's past is not good. Will she survive this? What is she going to do with her life?
I really like Bryan. Even with all the other Ferro stories, the stories are still very unique. The characters are all different. Bryan has a secret and I am chomping at the bit to know what it is!! Hallie is too. I am curious as to what is going to happen with Hallie and her little blackmail business. I think she cares for Bryan more then she cares to admit. They obviously have amazing sexual chemistry. So what's stopping them?!? I'm dying to know. Neil seems like a safe tame little puppy compared to Bryan. So many questions...I NEED answers!!
These books just keep getting better and better. I am so excited for the next one in this series!! Keep em' comin' Holly!
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domain: literature


text:
Culture and Counseling: New Approaches
Frederick D. Harper, John McFadden
Allyn & Bacon, 2003 - Education - 426 pages
Culture and Counseling has been designed to serve as a resource for professionals in the fields of Multicultural Counseling, Cross-Cultural Counseling, or Diversity and Culture in Counseling. In this authoritative new book, leading authors address culture and counseling as related to theoretical models, American ethnicities, spirituality, immigrants, intercultural families, gender, sexual orientation, diagnosis and interventions, supervision, and ethics. Counseling professionals, psychologists.
Results 1-3 of 76
... children, families, women's issues, racial/ethnic identity, worldview, biracial
identity/children, spirituality, spousal abuse, gender and relationships, cultural
assessment, acculturation, and multicultural competence). Table 1 .2 presents a
list of ...
In R. H. Dana (Ed.), Handbook of cross-cultural and multicultural personality
assessment (pp. 131-172). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Roysircar-Sodowsky, G., &
Maestas, M. L. (in press). Assessment of acculturation and cultural variables. In
K. S. ...
The Development of Cultural Assessment Instruments The proliferation of
inventories and instruments for measuring various aspects of multicultural and
cross-cultural counseling phenomena and behaviors are likely to increase. An
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PART ONE Cultural Viewpoints of Counseling
On Becoming an Existential CrossCultural
Increasing the Cultural Awareness Knowledge
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Live DJ Entertainment
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domain: entertainment


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September 17, 2008
AOPA ePublishing staff
In an effort to allow foreign flight school students to continue flight training in the United States, the Department of Homeland Security said that it will create a new visa category, M, to replace the J-1 visa, which is set to end in June 2010.
“AOPA has been pressing for an alternative to the current visa being phased out,” said Craig Spence, AOPA vice president of security. “As things currently stand, the M visa will have all of the characteristics of the J-1 visa, so our expectation is the transition should be seamless for students and flight schools.”
The new visa will be administered under the DHS instead of the State Department, which had been granting J-1 visas, and the Transportation Security Administration will conduct criminal history checks on all applicants before visa issuance.
Since 2006, only eight schools in the United States have had permission to train students with J-1 visas; however, the DHS has indicated that it will remove the cap and expand the program if needed.
AOPA will meet with industry leaders and government representatives again on Oct. 1 to iron out the details for the flight schools that can train foreign flight students.
AOPA's first regional fly-in of 2014 kicks off April 26 in San Marcos, Texas. Here are 10 tips to look forward to the day of the fly-in.
Able Flight, the nonprofit organization that works to provide free flight training to individuals with physical disabilities, announced the awards of a record-setting nine scholarships in 2014.
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Analysis of the short story “the tell-tale heart” by edgar allan poe literary and rhetorical devices “the tell-tale heart” is a story of a nameless person edgar allan poe's the tell-tale hear, 1997 poedecodercom/essays/ttheart. Poe tell tale heart essays - critical analysis of poe's the tell tale heart three elements of literary work that truly sum up the theme of the tell tale heart . Human beings have all experienced guilt, the consequence of committing a wrong, and the manipulation it has on decisions in the short story “the tell-tale .
Free essay: the tell-tale heart a literary analysis like many of poe's other works, the tell-tale heart is a dark story this particular one focuses on the. Text(s), “the tell-tale heart” by edgar allan poe and “i felt a funeral, in my at the end of the unit, students will write a multi-paragraph essay from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.
To poe's literary criticism, but what concerns me here is the rhetoric of one of poe's “the tell-tale heart” is actually a specimen of courtroom rhetoric— judicial, or forensic popular art of rhetoric made easy (1739), john mason's essay on elocution and he also produced analysis of the principles of rhetorical delivery. Edgar allan poe's the tell-tale heart: a critical analysis: a smart, decisive literary analysis - kindle edition by patrick mccarty phd download it once and .
Analysis this passage comes from the tell-tale heart by edgar allan poe, that can be found in our international baccalaureate world literature section. Analysis tell tale essays papers - the tell-tale heart: an analysis the tell- tale heart a literary analysis like many of poe's other works, the tell-tale. He had always given me great lesson plans for “the tell-tale heart” and common core aligned essay rubrics, a quiz, everything you see on this page, they also make great pre-writing for literary analysis and other writing assignments.
Criticism and interpretation we return to the “moral insanity” of “the tell-tale heart” by paige essay, 'on the supernatural in fictitious composition,' fortnightly review (1827) ian analysis, the identity of narrator remains fixedly male. In “the tell-tale heart” poe uses first person point of view to create suspense and tension, literature: an introduction to fiction, poetry, and drama, sixth ed. It exemplifies poe's thought of making a integrity of consequence in every work of literature tell-tale heart impresses the reader with a.
Short story the tell-tale heart analysis, writing and textual evidence provides literary analysis practice: students will analyze character, plot, point of view, setting, theme, writing prompt and graphic organizer for argumentative essay. This tell-tale heart study guide starts off with a summary and then moves on to analysis looking at symbolism in poe's story it will raise some.
A summary of “the tell-tale heart” (1843) in edgar allan poe's poe's short stories perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans analysis poe uses his words economically in the “tell-tale heart”—it is one of his shortest stories—to poe's short stories (sparknotes literature guide. “the tell-tale heart” was written by poe in 1843 when he was just 34 years of age, 6 years before his death this is a very sinister story which. Perhaps he was referring to poe's literary criticism, but what concerns me here is the rhetoric of one of let us consider the protagonist of the tell-tale heart.


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“Whether we are Jews, Christians or Muslims, we all need to take responsibility for the poor among us.”
By JEREMY SHARON
Rabbis, kadis and priests were all in attendance at a special seminar in Jerusalem Tuesday night hosted by the Interreligious Coordinating Council in Israel to discuss the notion of social justice and charity within the three monotheistic faiths.The symposium was held in the early evening, followed after sunset by an iftar meal to break the day’s Ramadan fast, which Muslims in Israel and around the world are currently observing.Muhammad Abu Obeid, the kadi (Islamic judge) of the Israeli-Arab town of Baqa al- Gharbiyye near Haifa, gave the evening’s central address and spoke about the importance Islam places on societal equality and fairness.“Justice means equalizing all aspects of society so that all people have the same duties and rights, where no one is discriminated against and where there is equal opportunity for everyone to advance in society,” Abu Obeid said.“The Koran prescribes justice for all members of society, including if one rules over others.”Tuesday’s event was the third annual iftar event that the ICCI, a coexistence organization, has staged. In cooperation with the Konrad Adenaur Institute, it was attended by religious leaders of several different faiths and denominations.The obligation in Islam of giving charity is especially emphasized during Ramadan, and zakat, or alms-giving, is one of the five pillars of Islam.AdvertisementRabbi Ron Kronish, director of the ICCI, said that the event “demonstrates that interreligious coexistence is possible in Israel.” Responding to Abu Obeid’s comments, Rabbi Ronen Lubitz of the religious moshav Nir Etzion in the North noted the “striking parallels” between Islam and Judaism regarding the centrality of charity and justice in both faiths.Lubitz also explained that in Jewish thought, charity is the joint work of humanity and God, in that the world was created in an imperfect state and that it is the work of man to perfect it.The rabbi pointed to numerous biblical references, especially among the words of the Hebrew prophets such as Isaiah, who said that the Jewish people would only be redeemed when charity and justice are done throughout society.Concluding the lineup of speakers was Pastor Fuad Dagher of Shfaram, who described the detailed laws and precepts of Judaism and Islam regarding the obligations of charity as “works of art,” while emphasizing the spiritual nature of charity in Christian practice.“Whether we are Jews, Christians or Muslims, we all need to take responsibility for the poor among us,” said Dagher. “We must live up to the demands which God makes of us towards the less fortunate and in so doing make the world we live in, where we all live amongst each other, a better place to be.”Sheikh Hilmi Hamad from Ilot near Nazareth then recited the elaborate prayers that conclude the fast, after which the assembled religious leaders and conference attendees broke bread together.
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