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domain: medical


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Bob Dylan's Nobel Prize acceptance speech
From the Los Angeles Times
As with most things involving Bob Dylan, the publication of his Nobel Prize acceptance speech came out of the blue and minus much fanfare. It was uploaded to YouTube -- with piano accompaniment! -- and that's pretty much it.
The musician, who won the 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature "for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition," upended tradition last year when he coyly avoided the spotlight that most winners take for granted.
But he made a speech, one that Dylan recorded on Sunday in Los Angeles and published Monday morning, according to the 27-minute video upload.
"When I received the Nobel Prize for literature," Dylan says in his opening remark, "I got to wondering exactly how my songs related to literature. I wanted to reflect on it, and see where the connection was."
Dylan then proceeds to do just that, admitting that, "most likely I will go in a roundabout way, but I hope what I say will be worthwhile and purposeful."
What follows is an ode to his heroes and their recordings, including Buddy Holly, Leadbelly, Woody Guthrie and others. He cites as inspiration the many "work songs, Georgia sea-shanties, Appalachian ballads and cowboy songs" that came to define folk music in America.
He then honors three books -- "Moby-Dick," "All Quiet on the Western Front" and "The Odyssey" -- by offering his extended thoughts on their themes and their import to his own work.
After focusing on Herman Melville's "Moby-Dick," Dylan moves to Erich Maria Remarque's wartime classic.
"'All Quiet on the Western Front' is a horror story," Dylan says. "This is a book where you lose your childhood, your faith in a meaningful world and your concern for individuals. You're stuck in a nightmare, sucked up into a mysterious whirlpool of death and pain. You're defending yourself from elimination."
Dylan then moves to Homer's "The Odyssey."
"What does it all mean?" he wonders after exploring the epic poem's themes, before answering his own question.
"If a song moves you, that's all that's important. I don't have to know what a song means," Dylan says. "I've written all kinds of things into my songs and I'm not going to worry about it, what it all means."
He closes with the hope that people continue to listen to and perform powerful music, "in concert or on record, or however how people are listening to music these days."
"I'll return once again to Homer," Dylan says in conclusion, "who says, 'Sing in me, o muse, and through me tell the story.'"

domain: artistic


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VRBO is part of the HomeAway family, the world leader in vacation rentals with over 1 million listings. We offer the largest selection of properties for any travel occasion and every budget. We’re committed to helping families and friends find a perfect vacation rental to create unforgettable travel experiences together. Learn More
This beautifully decorated full round log cabin, is set among the amazing Mosquito Range in the heart of South Park Colorado, private forested acreage bordering national forest with aspen groves, pines and spruce! Secluded, yet easy access and only minutes to charming mountain towns and Colorado vacation resorts such as Breckenridge. Wonderful every season - Winter Wonderland, Spring Awakening, Summer Wildflowers, Autumn Aspen Colors - the sunshine and night skies in Colorado Mountains at this altitude is a must have experience all year round.
Windows and Skylights throughout provide mountain beautiful scenes within the comfort of this rustic, yet modern and luxurious, log cabin. Completely furnished 2 bedrooms w. quality queen beds, a queen sofa sleeper and futon in open loft sleeps 7 adults nicely. The loft overlooks living area w reclining chairs and wood stove and open to dining room. Kitchen has everything you need for gourmet cooking and large dinner parties. Enjoy breakfast at the counter coffee bar. Open concept for quality entertaining time with family and friends! A wood stove, books, games, cable TV w. premium movie channels, BlueRay/DVD, wifi, music room (keyboard, drums and guitar!) and most importantly, a top of the line 7 person Hot Tub Spa to start your day and for enjoying a relaxing soak after (Apres) your outdoor adventures, under amazing stars on a private, open deck! Right off the cabin's secluded lot, you'll find world class hiking, biking, fishing, boating, skiing and climbing. The neighboring towns are mtn friendly and rich with heritage and major ski resorts are nearby - Breckenridge, Keystone, A-Basin, etc. You'll relax, emerge in luxury and lose yourself in the comforts of mountain living. The perfect get-away, a log cabin in the mountains!
Beautifully decorated with luxury in mind! Skyllights for natural sunlight, views and stars galore at night. In Master Bedroom - Queen bed, a large mirror, fully furnished with dressers and bookshelfs, sitting area and master bath off the loft upstairs. Downstairs Bedroom w. Queen is quiet, dark and so cozy! Has vcr with movies. Full Sofa Sleeper in Living Room by fire and Futon in loft! All v Dreamy. Quality high thread linens and down comforters. Books to nod off with. Quiet. While you are among the wildlife, the most you'll hear is the bugling elk. Pack/Play for child avail....moreless
2 Bathrooms off each bedroom. All new and updated - running hot water w. beautiful bath and thrones in a mountain log cabin? Yes!! Very luxury, but we won't tell :) An instant hot water heater for the high vitamin and mineral well water will be refreshing and enough for all after all the mountain play. towels and paper goods provided. ...moreless
The Perfect Mountain get away for any and all reasons! Imagine a beautiful full round log cabin in the middle of the rocky mountains at 10.5k ft, surrounded by 14 and 13k peaks, in remote area with creek and national forest trails. major ski resorts nearby, whitewater, rafting, kayaking, alpine lakes, sailing and canoeing, fishing in gold waters and creek next door, trails for biking, hiking, snow shoeing, x-skiing, rockhounding, climbing, horseback riding, photo opportunities! After your perfect day, enjoying a fire, hot tub and the natural feeling of being wrapped in beautiful log cabin, nestled in the woods with your family and friends! These are dream come true moments that will be cherished and healing. You'll be back, again and again! ...moreless
love books! there are a couple libraries with wide selection of books in the cabin for your use while there :) let me know your interests and I'll make sure its fully stocked with choices! ...moreless
children really enjoy being at the cabin! games, toys, books, musical instruments and arts and crafts supplies are avail, its popular! Sleds for your use. ...moreless
Lots of great movies! wide variety for everybody's entertainment...moreless
Away From It All
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Nestled in 13 & 14ers, private forested acres with aspens, pines, spruce and wildflowers (or snow :) bordering Pike National Forest with trails from property, Sacramento Creek across road. secluded...moreless
Sports & Adventure Activities
Cross Country Skiing
Hot Air Ballooning
Ski Lift Privileges
Ski Privileges Optional
large table with bench seats and extra chairs.
Candlelight, fondue, fresh cut flowers... and or let me know if you need highchair(s). :)...moreless
Seating for 8 people
Just open the windows for the cool Rocky Mountain breeze! at high altitude, it is always cool enough! perfect....moreless
Rates are based on 4 guests; add $10 per night, per additional guest
Additional information about rental rates
Refundable Damage Deposit$200
100% refund if canceled at least 30 days before arrival date.
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South Park is precisely center of beautiful Colorado, central to all the corners and amazing areas in the state! The cabin is easy access all year long - only few minutes off main hwys to a secluded, hidden mtn oasis! In the heart of the Rocky Mountains, this beautiful full round log cabin is situated on 2.7 acres bordering Pine National Forest! With miles of summer and winter trails for mtn biking, hiking, climbing, skiing, snowshoeing, horseback riding and in the nearby creeks, rivers and lakes for fishing, boating - surrounded by Mosquito Range's 14ers Democrat, Lincoln, Cameron and Bross, Sherman and many 13er peaks, a perfect mtn scene for the outdoor lover! Trails from the house, lot is forested with pine, spruce, aspen grooves and mtn wildflowers. Remote and serene, with amazing star gazing, yet close to quaint mountain towns, major ski resorts and Denver - the best of everything in your own slice of heaven.
The property has room for trailer parking, horse corral and equestrian friendly.
Year Purchased: 2005
About the owner: a Colorado native that loves the mountains and has a home in Denver. The cabin is my slice of heaven and I enjoy sharing it with others! It is the perfect get-away, to connect with nature, play in the great outdoors, relax and cherish the moments! While you can still 'connect' there, it is easy to forget about everything else when you're at the cabin! Cozy and peaceful in one of the most beautiful areas in the world. An outdoor paradise for everything you want to do - hiking, biking, rock hounding, fishing, climbing, kayaking, rafting, canoeing, x-skiing, alpine at resorts, snowshoeing, horseback riding, soaking in the nearby hot springs!
I love the community there too! Fairplay, Buena Vista, Breckenridge, and Alma, highest elevation inc town in North America. I had a small outdoor gear store - OutYaGo Mountain Gear. Maybe you remember it? :)
Why the Owner Chose Fairplay: The South Park region is a beautiful treasure among the major ski resorts! Close to Breckenridge, Keystone, A Basin, Copper, Frisco, etc.. there is also the raging Arkansas River for whitewater, 13 and 14k ft peaks to climb and meadows of wildflowers and aspen, even gold mines to explore. South Park is perfectly center of Colorado state! Doesn't get better then this!
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domain: geography


3.88ℹCiteScore: 2018: 3.880 CiteScore measures the average citations received per document published in this title. CiteScore values are based on citation counts in a given year (e.g. 2015) to documents published in three previous calendar years (e.g. 2012 – 14), divided by the number of documents in these three previous years (e.g. 2012 – 14).
3.771ℹImpact Factor: 2018: 3.771 The Impact Factor measures the average number of citations received in a particular year by papers published in the journal during the two preceding years.
Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate Analytics, 2019)
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.770ℹFive-Year Impact Factor: 2018: 3.770 To calculate the five year Impact Factor, citations are counted in 2018 to the previous five years and divided by the source items published in the previous five years.
Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate Analytics, 2019)
Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP):
1.201ℹSource Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP): 2018: 1.201 SNIP measures contextual citation impact by weighting citations based on the total number of citations in a subject field.
SCImago Journal Rank (SJR):
1.039ℹSCImago Journal Rank (SJR): 2018: 1.039 SJR is a prestige metric based on the idea that not all citations are the same. SJR uses a similar algorithm as the Google page rank; it provides a quantitative and a qualitative measure of the journal’s impact.
Author StatsℹAuthor Stats: Publishing your article with us has many benefits, such as having access to a personal dashboard: citation and usage data on your publications in one place. This free service is available to anyone who has published and whose publication is in Scopus.
Aims and scope of the Special Issue:
An important and distinct theme in Additive Manufacturing concerns the rational design and optimization of materials used in powder-based production processes.
This Special Issue (VSI) is dedicated to recent progress in materials selection and elaboration for additive manufacturing (AM), in particular for such laser-based AM methods as powder bed fusion and directed energy deposition.
The VSI will cover recent advances in the synthesis of new metal and polymer powder materials for efficient laser-based 3D additive manufacturing through material formulation, additivation (including nano-additivation), and chemical modification of both newly developed and commercial powders.
Examples of topics to be covered in this VSI are:
- Specific adaptation of material parameters such as the absorption coefficients for infrared and visible lasers, glass transition and crystallization temperatures, as well as crystallization kinetics and enthalpy of powders to optimize laser-based additive manufacturing processes.
- Developments of (scalable) powder synthesis processes that aim at creating optimized crystallization-melting windows, e.g. by additive dispersion, providing shape and size-controlled powders, improved polymer chain mobility, kinetic control of melting and resolidification, and/or defined alloy recrystallisation.
- Significant extension of the property profiles of laser-based additive manufacturing parts by new and improved materials with e.g. adapted meltability, flowability, and wetting behavior.
- Improved understanding of the melting and sintering dynamics by in situ process monitoring, as well as analytical and theoretical methods.
- Improved understanding of the relationship between material structure and processability at different length scales via modelling and simulation.
All submitted papers must be clearly written in excellent English and contain only original work, which has not been published by or is currently under review for any other journal or conference. Papers must not exceed 25 pages (one-column, at least 11pt fonts) including figures, tables, and references. A detailed submission guideline is available as “Guide to Authors” at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/materials-and-design/
All manuscripts and any supplementary material should be submitted through Elsevier Editorial System (EES). The authors must select as “VSI:Materials for AM” when they reach the “Article Type” step in the submission process. The EES website is located at: http://ees.elsevier.com/jmad/
All papers will be peer-reviewed by three independent reviewers. Requests for additional information should be addressed to the guest editors.
PD Dr. Bilal Gökce, University of Duisburg-Essen, Technical Chemistry and Center for NanoIntegration Duisburg-Essen CENIDE
Prof. Dr. Dongdong Gu, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, College of Materials Science and Technology
Prof. Dr. Michael Schmidt, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Prof. Dr. Stephan Barcikowski, University of Duisburg-Essen, Technical Chemistry and Center for NanoIntegration Duisburg-Essen CENIDE
As part of Elsevier’s ongoing efforts to promote gender diversity and advance gender equity using data and an evidence-based approach, we are preparing a new gender report—The Researcher Journey Through a Gender Lens—which will be released on March 5, 2020. Our latest report will further examine critical issues and performance in research through a gender lens and will include quantitative analyses into new areas and themes and incorporate a qualitative research component:
Research participation: Assessing gender diversity among researchers
Research footprint: Measuring the research footprint of both genders
Career progression & mobility: Assessing author continuity and mobility
Collaboration networks: Evaluating collaboration patterns and gender differences
Researcher perspectives: Perceptions about gender-related issues in academia
Our intention is to continue to share powerful data-driven insights with governments, funders, and institutions worldwide to inspire evidence-based policy and initiatives and inform further studies.
Sign up on the Report Landing Page to receive information about the report and related events and activities.
Renewed investments in hydrogen fuel cell technologies and infrastructure by companies like Amazon, nations like China, and automakers like Toyota, Honda and Hyundai are sparking sales and fresh interest in the vast possibilities of polymer-electrolyte fuel cells. This fresh interest could revolutionize transportation and fill streets with vehicles whose only exhaust fumes are water vapor.
But that vision of clean, green cars and trucks is stymied by the need not only for massive infrastructure investment, but also for more efficient processes in the fuel cells themselves. Innovations that lower the cost of production – meaning lower prices – and that open the door to more vehicle segments, including performance cars, could drive greater adoption.
A team of researchers at the NYU Tandon School of Engineering and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has now created a novel polymeric material with the potential for solving both these problems. The researchers include Miguel Modestino, professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering at NYU Tandon, and Yoshi Okamoto, a professor of chemical engineering and director of the Polymer Research Institute at NYU Tandon.
Their hybrid material can deliver copious amounts of oxygen from the atmosphere to the cell's electrode reaction sites – generating more power – while also reducing the amount of expensive materials like platinum needed in fuel cells, potentially solving a major industry challenge. They describe this material in a paper in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.
Hydrogen fuel cells comprise an anode and a cathode separated by an electrolyte membrane. Electricity is produced as a result of hydrogen being split into electrons and protons at the anode. Ion-conducting polymers (ionomers) are used to transfer the protons to the cathode, where they combine with oxygen from the air to produce water, while the electrons are sent round an external circuit to generate electricity.
Current, commercially available ionomers are typically perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) polymers, which comprise a linear chainlike backbone composed of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) matrix and pendant sulfonic-acid groups attached to the PTFE backbone that impart ion conductivity. While this complex combination, molecularly similar to Teflon, confers high mechanical strength, research shows that it suffers from low oxygen permeability, leading to significant energy losses in fuel cells.
The researchers solved several problems at once by swapping the linear PTFE polymer chains for a bulky fluorinated chain, creating a hybrid material that comprises an ion conducting polymer and a highly permeable matrix. This added more free volume to the matrix, vastly enhancing its ability to transport oxygen.
"We've created a novel copolymer – two components bound together. One part conducts ions, and the other is highly permeable to oxygen," explains Modestino. "Okamoto had been working on highly permeable polymers for gas separation processes. When I joined NYU Tandon, we realized that the polymers that he had developed could be adapted to improve fuel cells."
A multidisciplinary team of researchers has developed a new class of protein-based filtration membranes that are faster to produce and higher performing than current technology. These membranes could reduce energy consumption, operational costs and production time in industrial separations, making them useful for a variety of applications, from water purification to small-molecule separations to contaminant-removal processes.
Led by Manish Kumar, associate professor in the Cockrell School of Engineering at The University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin), the research team reports the new high-performance membranes in a paper in Nature Materials.
These filtration membranes possess a higher density of pores than found in commercial membranes and can be produced much faster – in two hours, versus the several-day process currently required. Until now, integrating protein-based membranes into the technology used for industrial separations has been challenging because of the amount of time needed to create these membranes and the low density of protein pores in them.
This study brought together engineers, physicists, biologists and chemists from UT Austin, Penn State, the University of Kentucky, the University of Notre Dame and the company Applied Biomimetic. It presents the first end-to-end synthesis of a true protein-based separation membrane with pores between 0.5nm and 1.5nm in size.
The membranes created by the researchers are biomimetic, meaning they mimic systems or elements of nature, specifically those that naturally occur in cell membranes for transporting water and nutrients. The high-density packing of protein channels into polymer sheets forms protein pores within the membrane, similar to those seen in human eye lenses, but within a nonbiological polymer environment.
The researchers fabricated three different biomimetic membranes, demonstrating a sharp, unique and tunable selectivity with three different pore sizes formed by the protein channels. The methods described can be adapted by inserting protein channels of different pore sizes or chemistries into polymer matrices to conduct specifically designed separations.
"In the past, attempts to make biomimetic membranes fell far short of the promise of these materials, demonstrating only two to three times improvement in productivity," said Yu-Ming Tu, a UT Austin chemical engineering doctoral student and lead on the study. "Our work shows a surprising 20 to 1000 times improvement in productivity over the commercial membranes. At the same time, we can achieve similar or better separation of small molecules, like sugars and amino acids, from larger molecules, like antibiotics, proteins and viruses."
This high productivity was made possible by the very high density of pore proteins in the membrane. Approximately 45 trillion proteins can fit onto a membrane the size of a US quarter, although the membranes created were actually 10–20 times larger in area. This makes the pore density 10 to 100 times higher than in conventional filtration membranes with similar nano-sized pores. Additionally, all the pores in these membranes are exactly the same size and shape, allowing them to better retain molecules of desired sizes.
"This is the first time that the promise of biomimetic membranes involving membrane proteins has been translated from the molecular scale to high performance at the membrane scale," Kumar said. "For so long, engineers and scientists have been trying to find solutions to problems only to find out nature has already done it and done it better. The next steps are to see if we can fabricate even larger membranes and to test whether they can be packaged into flat sheet and spiral-wound-type modules like the ones common in industry."
Nuclear Materials & Energy was launched in 2015 with the support of the Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (MPIPP). The journal aims to provide a unique open access venue for the nuclear materials community to share their results. Since the journal’s launch it has published over 700 papers and received its first Impact Factor in mid-2019.
2020 sees a new era for the journal and some significant editorial changes. We would like to thank the founding Editor-in-Chief, Professor Joachim Roth, for his excellent contribution and commitment to ensuring the success of the journal in its formative years. Professor Roth will now step down from his role as Editor-in-Chief, but will continue his association with the journal in a new role as Special Content Editor.
We’re delighted to welcome three new Co-Editors-in-Chief for Nuclear Materials & Energy, starting their association with the journal in early 2020. The three editors are Dr Russ Doerner (University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States), Dr Wolfgang Jacob (Max-Planck-Institute of Plasma Physics, Garching, Germany) and Professor Pär Olsson (Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden). Each now has joint responsibility for the peer review of content in the journal and the editorial direction of the journal.
Russ Doerner received degrees from Texas A&M University (B.S. in Physics, 1981) and the University of Wisconsin-Madison (M.S. in Materials Science, 1984 and Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, 1988). Since that time he has performed experiments in the edge and scrape-off layer plasma of confinement machines throughout the world and has been involved in fundamental plasma-material interaction measurements conducted in various linear plasma devices. He has worked extensively with the IAEA in numerous plasma-material interactions coordinated research projects and presently leads the plasma-material interaction research program in the PISCES Laboratory at UCSD, and the US-EU Bilateral Collaboration on Mixed-Material Research for ITER.
Wolfgang Jacob graduated from Julius-Maximilian University in Wuerzburg, Germany in 1985 and earned his PhD in experimental physics in 1988 from same university while being affiliated with the Max-Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (IPP), Garching. After a research year as a PostDoc at the IBM Almaden Research Center in San Jose (USA) he returned to IPP and joined the “Plasma Technology” Group at IPP. In 1993, he became group manager of the “Plasma Technology” Group. His research focused on quantitative plasma diagnostics of reactive low-pressure plasmas, in-situ investigations of a-C:H film growth and characterization of a-C:H layers. Since about 2010, his research focus shifted to laboratory investigations of basic plasma-wall-interaction processes with emphasis on hydrogen retention in fusion-relevant materials and interaction of nitrogen with tungsten.
Pär Olsson graduated with an MSc in theoretical physics from Uppsala University, Sweden in 2001 and earned his PhD in Physics and Nuclear Technology from the same university in 2005. After five years working with modeling of radiation damage phenomena and aging of structural materials at EDF R&D near Paris, France, he was appointed Associate Professor of physics at KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden in 2011. He is since 2017 Professor of physics with specialization in nuclear materials, since 2016 Head of Nuclear Engineering, and since 2020 Head of the Physics Department at KTH. He is working with radiation damage modeling for fission and fusion reactor systems, with development and modeling of advanced structural materials and nuclear fuels and with development of materials characterization techniques.
We wish the new editors the best of luck with their appointments and we hope that you will join us in welcoming them to the journal!
Joe d’Angelo - Executive Publisher, Materials Science, Elsevier
Cross-linked polymers (CPLs) are structures where large molecular chains are linked together, producing materials with exceptional mechanical properties and chemical resistance. But modifying them has always proved tricky. Now, scientists at the Tokyo Institute of Technology in Japan have developed a method for easily fusing different CPLs together, allowing the properties of the final material to be tuned precisely by selecting appropriate base polymers and mixing them in the right proportions. The scientists report their method in a paper in Angewandte Chemie Intenational Edition.
Polymers – large molecular chains composed of small repeating subunits – can be found all around us and also within us: DNA and proteins are some familiar natural polymers. In contrast, synthetic polymers, such as plastics, were first produced about a century ago, but have since found their way into our everyday lives because of their amazing properties. Polymers can be tailored according to their constituent subunits to possess many desirable characteristics, such as mechanical strength, stretchability, permeability, and so on.
Another way to obtain even more functionality in polymers is by using special cross-linker molecules to form CPLs, which can exhibit outstanding properties due to their interlocked tridimensional structures. Motivated by the potential applications, a research team from Tokyo Institute of Technology, led by Hideyuki Otsuka, has recently achieved a breakthrough in this field, by managing to cross-link different CPLs together using an unprecedented approach.
"The development of a novel method to fuse different CPLs would bring a revolution in the field, as their mechanical properties can be easily and systematically tuned in an operationally simple process," explains Otsuka.
The researchers achieved this feat by employing a novel cross-linker molecule. For a CPL to have self-healing capabilities, which is very attractive for many applications, the polymers have to be linked by what are known as dynamic covalent bonds, which also allow different types of CPLs to be fused together. But the carbon molecules used in currently available linkers are prone to oxidizing, which complicates the fusion and processing of CPLs in bulk.
So the research team employed a linker molecule called BiTEMPS, which cross-links polymers through a central sulfur-sulfur (S-S) covalent bond. This bond can be temporarily cleaved in half at temperatures higher than 80°C to produce cleaved ends known as TEMPS radicals. These cleaved ends can then stick back together, but in different arrangements, offering a way to link different CPLs to each other. One of the main advantages of TEMPS radicals is that they are highly stable against oxygen, meaning that all the processing can be done without needing to protect the CPLs from oxygen.
To prove the usefulness of this novel approach, the researchers cross-linked two types of CPLs, one of which was much more elastic than the other. By hot-pressing the mixture, they managed to fuse the CPLs together, and the mechanical properties of the final material were dependent on the ratio of the two component CPLs.
"The mechanical properties of the fused samples could be widely tuned to make them as soft and elastic as desired," says Otsuka. "As the variety of available polymers is almost infinite, it should be possible to generate materials that exhibit a broad spectrum of physical properties using our method by judiciously choosing appropriate polymer compositions and mixing ratios." This innovative method will significantly advance the field of CPLs, allowing for the development of highly tailored materials for specialized applications.
The core message is that there is diversity in the defects in luminescent materials. This allows us to better steer the performance of luminescent materials and to bring more functionality to those materials by controlling the different types of defectsPhilippe Smet
Scientists from Ghent University in Belgium have produced a pressure-sensitive light-emitting material that can visualize the location where it was hit up to three days after it happened, allowing for the analysis of impacts and deformations, and their associated stresses. The material could find uses in investigating the reasons behind an impact to part of an aircraft or the blade of a wind turbine.
As reported in Light: Science & Applications [Petit et al. Light Sci. Appl (2019) DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0235-x], the team demonstrated how different types of defects can be present in luminescent materials, and their specific responses to stimuli such as heat, light and pressure. In many luminescent materials defects can be a problem, while for other materials such as in glow-in-the-dark paints, they are essential to the storage process. In this new mechanoluminescent material, however, which can emit light either when deformed or pressure applied to it, sensitivities to pressure or mechanical action and infrared radiation can be identified.
A range of materials have already been developed that can repeatedly emit light when pressure is applied due to the storage of energy in the crystal lattice of the luminescent material after exposure to ambient or UV light, although the mechanoluminescent emission has to be constantly monitored since the emission only happens when pressure is applied. In this study, memory was added to a mechanoluminescent material, and its imperfections or defects were used to visualize where the pressure had been applied.
The mechanoluminescent material was incorporated in polymer plates and exposed to UV light, during which defects in the material are populated with electrons originating from the luminescent centers. When pressure is applied to the luminescent material, these electrons are released again from the defects, or traps. Some of the released electrons return to the centers, emitting light. Some of the electrons are transferred to “deep traps” where the electrons are not easily released again – by scanning an infrared laser beam over the sample surface, the areas where electrons had been stored light up as soon as the infrared photons push them out of their traps. The electrons return to the luminescent center and the material again lights up. As the deep traps are extremely stable, the signal was still visible after three days.
As co-author Philippe Smet told Materials Today, “the core message is that there is diversity in the defects in luminescent materials. This allows us to better steer the performance of luminescent materials… and to bring more functionality to those materials by controlling the different types of defects”. The team would now like to improve the sensitivity of the mechanoluminescent material, optimize the write and read conditions, and also apply it in applications where optimal use of the memory function can be exploited.
This understanding of the immune response to peptide biomaterials improves our ability to design effective materials and to tailor their use for specific biomedical applicationsJeffrey Hartgerink
A team from Rice University and the Texas Heart Institute have shown how hydrogels synthesized from bioengineered molecules are able to control inflammation and assist the healing process. They achieved this by modeling how multidomain peptide hydrogels can tune the body’s inflammatory response, establishing a baseline set of injectable hydrogels that holds potential for the healing of wounds, delivering drugs and treating cancer.
As reported in the journal Biomaterials [Lopez-Silva et al.Biomaterials (2019) DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119667], to understand the best way to develop materials around the inflammatory responses they provoke, they examined a sample of chemically distinct, synthetic and biocompatible hydrogels to identify how tuning them could influence the body’s inflammatory response, eventually developing around 100 different types.
The hydrogels, which are also compatible with a variety of cell types, offer a copy of cellular scaffolds in particular locations, as well as acting as placeholders while new blood vessels and cells are naturally fed into the scaffold. This gradually degrades to leave just natural tissue. The hydrogels can also carry chemical or biological triggers to ascertain the scaffold’s structure and affinity to the surrounding tissue, assisting the objective of tailoring therapeutic delivery that is functionally relevant and predictable.
The body’s inflammatory response is key for wound healing and clearing infection, and achieving the most appropriate inflammation is therefore crucial – for instance, in wound healing inflammation is beneficial as it triggers the process of rebuilding vasculature and recruits regenerative cells to that site. They tested four basic hydrogel types, two with positive charge and two with negative, to distinguish the kind of inflammation they might trigger, with the positively charged hydrogels being shown to provide a much stronger inflammatory response than negatively charged ones.
For the positive materials, and contingent on the chemistry generating the charge, either a strong or a moderate inflammatory response can be generated. For wound healing, it is preferable to have a moderate response, which was demonstrated in one of the four materials. However, for the treatment of cancer a higher inflammatory response is more useful, while for drug delivery, where inflammation is not effective, a negatively charged material can be preferable.
While the study does not aim at a particular application, it could help bring synthetic hydrogels into the clinic. As study leader Jeffrey Hartgerink said, “This understanding of the immune response to peptide biomaterials improves our ability to design effective materials and to tailor their use for specific biomedical applications”.
A biomimetic hydrogel can exploits a light-triggered antimicrobial effect to be used in post-operative surgical dressings to reduce the risk of potentially lethal hospital-acquired, and other, infections.
Writing in the journal Angewandte Chemie researchers from the Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China, Radboud University, in Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and the University of Queensland, in Brisbane, Australia, have demonstrated how red light activates the gel to generate reactive oxygen species that can kill bacteria and fungi. [Xing, C. et al., Angew Chem (2020); DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910979]
Hydrogels are polymer networks that can carry water within their matrix. The addition of antimicrobial components to the matrix can give us an antimicrobial hydrogel. However, there are pros and cons to such an approach to making medical dressing that way. The current team has instead used photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy. In their approach photosensitizers are also added to the system so that it is an active, excited state, only when irradiated with light at an appropriate range of wavelengths. Non-radiative transitions help generate the reactive oxygen species.
Critically, the new system is, unlike earlier designs, biocompatible and biodegradable, but relies on a biometic approach rather than using materials from biological sources, which bring with them issues of contamination and immune reactions as well as being less reproducible. The team used a polymer with a helical backbone - polyisocyanide with grafted ethylene glycol chains. This polymer can form porous, highly biocompatible hydrogels with a thread-like architecture that is not dissimilar to collagen and fibrin fibers. The photosensitizer used was based on a polythiophene.
In solution the photosensitizer forms disordered clumps and absorbs violet light but once incorporated into the spiralised hydrogel, it takes on a linear configuration that is instead activated in the red region of the visible spectrum. Red light penetrates more deeply and does not lead to bleaching of the photosensitizer.
The team has successfully tested their gel against common microbes Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, and the fungal pathogen Candida albicans. The system is active even against strains that are resistant to antiobiotics. They suggest that the work is a good starting point for making wound dressings with what they refer to as "built-in infection stoppers".
Please take the time to watch a video introduction where I introduce the 2020 Plenary and Keynote Speakers and talk about the benefits of attending this next event in the successful Colloids Conference series.
Oral and poster abstracts are invited on the following conference themes:
Advanced soft matter systems, including functional polymers, surfactants, gels and biocolloids
Engineered responsive, adaptive and functional interfaces, surfaces, films, membranes and composites
New materials for catalysis, separations, energy generation and storage
Bio materials, nano-medicines and medical diagnostics
New theory, novel phenomena and advanced experimental techniques
Visit the conference website to view the full list of Keynote and Plenary Speakers, including talk titles, and to submit your abstract.
Don’t forget, abstract submission closes on the 14 February 2020.
I look forward to welcoming you in Palma, Mallorca, Spain.
Scientists at Northwestern University have successfully combined a nanomaterial effective at destroying toxic nerve agents with textile fibers. This new composite material could one day be integrated into protective suits and face masks for use by people facing hazardous conditions, such as chemical warfare.
The material, a zirconium-based metal-organic framework (MOF), can degrade in minutes some of the most toxic chemical agents known to mankind, including VX and soman (GD), a more toxic relative of sarin.
"With the correct chemistry, we can render toxic gases nontoxic," said Omar Farha, associate professor of chemistry in the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences at Northwestern University, who led the research. "The action takes place at the nano-level." Farha and his colleagues report their work in a paper in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.
The authors write that their work represents, to the best of their knowledge, the first example of the use of MOF composites for the efficient catalytic hydrolysis of nerve agent simulants without using liquid water and toxic volatile bases – a major advantage.
The new composite material integrates MOFs and non-volatile polymeric bases onto textile fibers. The scientists found that the MOF-coated textiles could efficiently detoxify nerve agents under battlefield-relevant conditions using just the gaseous water in the air. They also found that the material can stand up to degrading conditions such as sweat, atmospheric carbon dioxide and pollutants over a long period of time. These features bring the promising material closer to practical use in the field.
"MOFs can capture, store and destroy a lot of the nasty material, making them very attractive for defense-related applications," said Farha, a member of the International Institute for Nanotechnology.
MOFs are well-ordered, lattice-like crystals. The nodes of the lattices are metals, while organic molecules connect the nodes. Within their very roomy pores, MOFs can effectively capture gases and vapors, such as nerve agents. It is these roomy pores that also pull enough water from the humidity in the air to drive the chemical reaction in which water breaks down the bonds of the nerve agent.
The approach developed at Northwestern seeks to replace the technology currently in use: activated carbon and metal-oxide blends, which are slower to react to nerve agents. Because the MOFs are built from simple components, the new approach is scalable and economical.
While many scientific achievements come from long years of careful planning, once in a while researchers stumble onto something completely unexpected. "At the beginning, we were looking to create a particular effect," says graduate student Wei-Shao Wei at the University of Pennsylvania. "Then, we observed something weird."
A new paper in Nature details this ‘weird’ finding by showing how droplets containing chain-like liquid crystal molecules transform into complex shapes when the temperature drops. This unexpected discovery by Wei and his colleagues provides new understanding about how molecular polydispersity – a condition where the lengths of liquid crystal molecules vary widely – can drive simple droplets to change into unusual shapes.
Liquid crystals are composed of rod- or disc-like molecules called mesogens, and, as a result of the alignment of these mesogens, can exhibit remarkable physical properties in between those of a solid and a liquid. The liquid crystals used in this study have similar characteristics to the ones used in LCD screens, but are instead made of oligomers, flexible short-chain polymers comprised of smaller rod-like molecular building blocks.
Wei's initial goal was to use this type of liquid crystal to create Janus droplets, which contain two different types of materials on opposite sides of the droplet. In this case, one half would be a rubbery network called a liquid crystal elastomer, made by ‘locking’ liquid crystal molecules in place with cross-linking, and the other half would be silicone.
Wei quickly discovered that the droplets were instead transforming into strange filamentous structures. At first, the researchers thought that what they were seeing was an experimental error, but because the results were repeatable, they realized it was something remarkably new that they should try to understand.
"It was a visually spectacular effect. I wasn't expecting it at all," says Arjun Yodh, professor of science at the University of Pennsylvania. "We were trying to make designer drops, but in the process, we saw something interesting and different."
Both amazed and puzzled by their strange results, the researchers began a rigorous investigation to explain what they were seeing. With the help of the lab of Shu Yang, professor of materials science and engineering at the University of Pennsylvania, Wei studied droplets that contained different mixtures of liquid crystal oligomers made of mesogens of varying lengths. The researchers varied oligomer chain length, used different surfactants to hold the droplets together, and explored simple theoretical models to make sense of their findings.
The essential feature of the model the researchers developed is that the structure of the droplet is driven by two forces. These are: surface tension, the tendency of fluid surfaces to shrink into the smallest area possible; and elastic energy, with one example being the mechanical energy stored in bendable objects like bed springs or an archer's bow. To keep surface energy to a minimum, the liquid crystal droplet normally forms a sphere – the shape with the smallest surface-to-volume ratio. Inside the droplet, however, the individual rods want to be both perpendicular to the sphere's surface while also sitting parallel with other rods.
With these opposing forces at play, at high temperatures (90°C/194°F) the liquid crystal droplets are spherical and have a classic ‘radial hedgehog’ internal structure, where all of the rods point towards the center, a configuration that requires elastic energy to form. Then, when the temperature decreases, surface tension and elastic energy change, and both the shape of the droplet and the alignment of the rods inside the droplet transform to minimize total energy cost.
By happenstance, the resulting droplet structures form a stunning array of complex shapes, from ‘flowers’ that resemble microscopic chrysanthemums to massive ‘Medusa’ networks of intertwining fibers. The effects are also reversible – droplets can go from spheres to tangled networks and then back again.
In addition to the remarkable new droplet morphologies, one of the surprising findings of this work was that the key to this strange phenomenon was having both long-chain and short-chain rods in the drop – in scientific terms, having a liquid crystal system with polydispersity.
When the rod-like mesogens were of similar length, no strange effects were seen, but if they had many different lengths, then the rods would move to different places inside the droplet based on their length. Rods made of smaller chains preferentially moved to where the elastic energy is larger, near the center of the droplet, while those made of larger chains moved to the surface.
"Usually when your sample contains a mixture of constituents of different size, or length, or even composition, then phase transitions or self-assembly events are smeared out or prevented altogether," explains Yodh, "But here, polydispersity in the mixture helps to drive the effect, because chains of different length can move to different parts of the drop. This doesn't happen for the homogenous, monodisperse system."
While many questions still remain – like why, exactly, the droplets branch out in strange ways that make the material seem alive – the researchers hope to use these insights to explore new applications and concepts.
"One reason we decided to use these particular liquid crystal oligomers is that we can cross-link them and make them into an elastomer," explains Yodh. He adds that these and other similar kinds of chain-like liquid crystal molecules could be used to create new types of soft materials, like actuatable fibers that could move and change shapes in response to temperature or moisture.
The researchers are also thinking about other phenomena where polydispersity plays a role in driving a material's assembly, and shaping its structure and function. Molecular heterogeneity in biology is potentially related to what the researchers found with the polydisperse, chain-like liquid crystal molecules, and might facilitate ways to synthesize and pattern materials based on what already exists in the living world. Many polymers found in nature, like natural rubber, wood cellulose and silk, are themselves polydisperse.
"In general, scientists tend to control things – you want to control so you can understand it, and thus we usually try to make and work with monodisperse systems," says Yang. "But in biology, the source materials are sometimes a mixture of molecules with different chain lengths and functions: They can have different stiffness, hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity, and that's why it's so complicated to understand."
The researchers hope that this study, which united efforts in materials science and engineering with physics, will encourage others to see new implications and possible benefits of polydispersity. "This work was fun," adds Yodh. "It was fun to be surprised in the beginning, and then frustratingly fun to try to understand it for so long. And it's fun looking back. The disorder of the polymers makes something that's different."
Drilling and fracking for oil under the seabed produces 100 billion barrels of oil-contaminated wastewater every year by releasing tiny oil droplets into surrounding water. Most efforts to remove oil from water focus on removing large oil slicks from industrial spills, but the same approaches aren't suitable for removing tiny droplets. Instead, scientists are looking for new ways to clean the water.
Now, researchers at the University of Toronto (U of T) in Canada and Imperial College London in the UK have developed a sponge that removes over 90% of oil microdroplets from wastewater within 10 minutes. After capturing oil from wastewater, the sponge can be treated with a solvent, which releases the oil from the sponge. This allows the oil to be recycled, while the sponge is ready to be used again.
The new sponge improves upon a previous version, which lead author Pavani Cherukupally, now at Imperial's Department of Chemical Engineering, developed during her PhD at the U of T. Although the previous sponge removed more than 95% of the oil in the samples tested, it took three hours to do so – far longer than would be useful for industry.
Acidity and alkalinity also presented an issue, as the pH of contaminated wastewater dictated how well the sponge worked. "The optimal pH for our system was 5.6, but real-life wastewater can range in pH from four to 10," said Cherukupally. "As we got toward the top of that scale, we saw oil removal drop off significantly, down to just six or seven per cent."
Now, Cherukupally, together with colleagues at U of T and Imperial, has chemically modified the sponge to be of potential use to industry. As the researchers report in a paper in Nature Sustainability, the new sponge works faster, and over a much wider pH range, than the previous version.
To create the original sponge, Cherukupally used ordinary polyurethane foams – similar to those found in couch cushions – to separate tiny droplets of oil from wastewater. The team carefully tweaked the pore size, surface chemistry and surface area of these foams to create a sponge that attracts and captures oil droplets – a process known as 'adsorption' – while letting water flow through.
To improve the sponge's properties in the new study, Cherukupally's team worked with U of T chemists to add tiny particles of a material known as nanocrystalline silicon to the foam surfaces. This gave better control over the sponge's surface area and surface chemistry, improving its ability to capture and retain oil droplets – a concept known as critical surface energy. After use, the sponge could be removed from the water and treated with a solvent, releasing the oil from its surface.
"The critical surface energy concept comes from the world of biofouling research – trying to prevent microorganisms and creatures like barnacles from attaching to surfaces like ship hulls," said Cherukupally. "Normally, you want to keep critical surface energy in a certain range to prevent attachment, but in our case, we manipulated it to get droplets to cling on tight.
"It's all about strategically selecting the characteristics of the pores and their surfaces. Commercial sponges already have tiny pores to capture tiny droplets. Polyurethane sponges are made from petrochemicals, so they have already had chemical groups which make them good at capturing droplets.
"The problem was that we had fewer chemical groups than what was needed to capture all the droplets. I therefore worked with U of T chemists to increase the number of chemical groups, and with Imperial's Professor Daryl Williams to get the right amount of coating."
"Current strategies for oil spill cleanup are focused on the floating oil slick, but they miss the microdroplets that form in the water," said co-author Amy Bilton, a professor at U of T. "Though our sponge was designed for industrial wastewater, adapting it for freshwater or marine conditions could help reduce environmental contamination from future spills."
Cherukupally will continue to improve the sponge's performance for oil applications, but she has also teamed up with Huw Williams at Imperial's Department of Life Sciences to investigate how the sponges could be used to remove bacteria from saltwater. In addition, she wants to use the sponges to treat contamination from gas, mining and textile industries, and intends to make the technology affordable for use in developing countries – mainly for ridding contaminated rivers of organics, heavy metals and pathogens.
Researchers led by engineers at Tufts University have developed a novel, significantly more efficient fabrication method for silk that allows them to heat and mold the material into solid forms for a wide range of applications, including medical devices.
The end products have superior strength compared to other materials and physical properties that can be ‘tuned’ for specific needs. They can also be functionally modified with bioactive molecules, such as antibiotics and enzymes. This thermal modeling of silk, reported in a paper in Nature Materials, overcomes several hurdles to producing a material with the flexibility common to many plastics.
"We and others have explored the development of many silk-based devices over the years using solution-based manufacturing," said David Kaplan, professor of engineering at the Tufts University School of Engineering and corresponding author of the paper. "But this new solid-state manufacturing approach can significantly cut the time and cost of producing many of them and offer even greater flexibility in their form and properties. Further, this new approach avoids the complications with solution-based supply chains for the silk protein, which should facilitate scale up in manufacturing."
Silk is a natural protein-based biopolymer that has long been recognized for its superior mechanical properties in fiber and textile form, being used to produce durable fabrics and in clinical sutures for thousands of years. Over the past 65 years, scientists have devised ways to break down the fibers and reconstitute the silk protein, called fibroin, into gels, films, sponges and other materials for applications that range from electronics to orthopedic screws, as well as for use in devices for drug delivery, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. But breaking down and reconstituting fibroin requires a number of complex steps. Additionally, the instability of the protein in aqueous soluble form sets limits on storage and supply chain requirements, which in turn impacts the range and properties of materials that can be created.
The researchers now report that they have overcome these limitations by developing a method for the solid-state thermal processing of silk, allowing the protein polymer to be molded directly into bulk parts and devices with tunable properties. The new method – similar to a common practice in plastics manufacturing – involves fabricating nanostructured 'pellets' with diameters from 30nm to 1µm by freeze drying an aqueous silk fibroin solution.
These nanopellets are then heated from 97°C to 145°C under pressure, at which point they begin to fuse. The pleated pattern structure of the silk protein chains becomes more amorphous, and the fused pellets form bulk materials that are not only stronger than solution-derived silk materials but also superior to many natural materials such as wood and other synthetic plastics. The pellets are an excellent starting material since they are stable over long periods and thus can be shipped to manufacturing sites without the requirement for bulk water, resulting in significant savings in time and cost.
The properties of the heat-molded silk, such as flexibility, tensile and compression strength, can be tuned by altering the conditions in the molding process, such as temperature and pressure. The bulk materials can be further machined into devices such as bone screws and ear tubes, or imprinted with patterns during or after the initial molding. Adding molecules such as enzymes, antibiotics or other chemical dopants allows the bulk materials to be modified to create functional composites.
To demonstrate applications, the researchers conducted in vivo tests on silk bone screws produced with solid state molding and found they showed biocompatibility as implanted devices, supporting the formation of new bone structure on the screw surfaces without inflammation. The silk screws could also be resorbed by the body as they were gradually replaced with bone tissue. The resorption rates can be tuned by preparing screws at different temperatures, ranging from 97°C to 145°C, as this alters the crystallinity of the bulk material and therefore its ability to absorb water.
The researchers also manufactured ear tubes – devices used to help drain infected ear canals – doped with a protease that breaks down the silk polymer to accelerate degradation as needed after the tube has served its function.
"The thermal molding process is made possible because the amorphous silk has a well-defined melting point at 97°C, which earlier solution-based preparations did not exhibit," explained Chengchen Guo, a post-doctoral scholar in the Kaplan lab and co-first author of the paper. "That gives us a lot of control over the structural and mechanical properties of what we make."
Chunmei Li, a research assistant professor at Tufts who teamed up with Guo as first author, added that "the starting material – the nanopellets – are also very stable and can be stored over long periods. These are significant advances that can improve the application and scalability of silk product manufacturing."
This story is adapted from material from Tufts University, with editorial changes made by Materials Today. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent those of Elsevier. Link to original source.
Polymers are used to develop various materials, including plastics, nylons and rubbers. In their most basic form, polymers are made up of many of identical molecules joined together like a chain. Engineering these molecules to join together in specific ways can allow researchers to control the characteristics of the resulting polymer.
Using this method, an international team led by Sheng Shen, an associate professor of mechanical engineering at Carnegie Mellon University, created a polymer thermal regulator that can quickly transform from a conductor to an insulator, and back again. When it's a conductor, heat transfers quickly; when it's an insulator, heat transfer much more slowly. By switching between the two states, the thermal regulator can control its own temperature, as well as the temperature of its surroundings, such as a refrigerator or computer.
In order to switch between high and low thermal conductivity, the very structure of the polymer has to change. This transformation is activated solely with heat. The polymer starts "with a highly-ordered crystalline structure," Shen said. "But once you increase the temperature of the polymer fiber, to around 340K, then the molecular structure changes and becomes hexagonal." Shen and his team report their work in a paper in Science Advances.
The transformation occurs because the heat targets the polymer’s molecular bonds. "The bonding of the molecules becomes pretty weak," Shen explained. "So the segments can rotate." And once the segments rotate, the structure becomes disordered, greatly reducing its thermal conductivity. This type of transition is known as a solid-solid transition: although the polymer reaches temperatures close to its melting point, it remains a solid throughout the process.
When studying the polymer's transformation, Shen focused on how its conductivity changed. He also gathered data on other phase transitions so he could compare the ratios. "When you look at all the materials we have on Earth, the conductivity change is, at most, a factor of four," Shen said. "Here, we've already discovered a new material that can have a conductivity change of around 10."
Additionally, the structural change can happen quickly, within a range of 5K. It's also reversible, which allows it to be turned on and off like a switch.
The polymer can handle much higher temperatures than other thermal regulators, remaining stable up to 560K. It's hard to break down, so it can survive many transitions. And since it's heat-based, it doesn't require as many moving parts as typical cooling methods, making it much more efficient.
While this research has been explored theoretically in the past, Shen's work is the first time it's been shown experimentally. He believes that the polymer will have many real-world applications. "This control of heat flow at the nanoscale opens up new possibilities. Such as developing switchable thermal devices, solid-state refrigeration, waste heat scavenging, thermal circuits and computing."
This work builds on previous research in Shen's lab, where his team developed a polymer nanofiber that was strong, lightweight, thermally conductive, electrically insulating and biocompatible – all at less than 100nm wide.
A team of researchers at McMaster University in Canada has developed a self-cleaning surface that can repel all forms of bacteria, preventing the transfer of antibiotic-resistant superbugs and other dangerous bacteria in settings ranging from hospitals to kitchens.
The new plastic surface – a treated form of conventional transparent wrap – can be shrink-wrapped onto door handles, railings, IV stands and other surfaces that are magnets for bacteria such as MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and Clostridioides difficile. The treated material is also ideal for food packaging, where it could stop the accidental transfer of bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella and listeria from raw chicken, meat and other foods.
The research, which is reported in a paper in ACS Nano, was led by engineers Leyla Soleymani and Tohid Didar, who collaborated with colleagues from McMaster's Institute for Infectious Disease Research and the McMaster-based Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy.
Inspired by the water-repellent lotus leaf, the new surface works through a combination of nano-scale surface engineering and chemistry. The surface is textured with microscopic wrinkles that exclude all external molecules. A drop of water or blood, for example, simply bounces away when it lands on the surface. The same is true for bacteria.
"We're structurally tuning that plastic," says Soleymani, an engineering physicist. "This material gives us something that can be applied to all kinds of things." The surface is also treated chemically to further enhance its repellent properties, resulting in a barrier that is flexible, durable and inexpensive to reproduce.
"We can see this technology being used in all kinds of institutional and domestic settings," Didar says. "As the world confronts the crisis of anti-microbial resistance, we hope it will become an important part of the anti-bacterial toolbox."
The researchers tested the material on two of the most troubling forms of antibiotic-resistant bacteria: MRSA and Pseudomonas, with the collaboration of Eric Brown at McMaster's Institute for Infectious Disease Research. Engineer Kathryn Grandfield helped the team to verify the effectiveness of the surface by capturing electron microscope images showing that virtually no bacteria could transfer to it.
The researchers are now hoping to work with an industry partner to develop commercial applications for the wrap.
This story is adapted from material from McMaster University, with editorial changes made by Materials Today. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent those of Elsevier. Link to original source.
Our main finding is that structural elements that arent directly resisting loading are actually very important for fatigue failureChristopher Hernandez
Researchers at Cornell University, Purdue University and Case Western Reserve University have shown how a “beam” in human bone is able to endure wear and tear over its lifetime, an insight that could help the development of durable 3D-printed lightweight architected materials in the construction and aerospace industries, as well as improve how we treat patients suffering from osteoporosis.
Our bones contain internal columns and beams that determine how long they last – with columns carrying most of the load and the beams connecting the columns, properties that 3D-printed buildings also possess. However, as reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences [Torres et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (2019) DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1905814116], this study demonstrated that mimicking the beams and making them around one-third thicker could produce an artificial material that lasts up to 100 times longer.
Despite being quicker and less expensive to produce, increased usage of 3D-printed houses and offices requires them to be sufficiently robust to survive natural disasters. As this can be resolved by redesigning the internal structure, or “architecture”, of the cement used, the team have been researching architected materials inspired by nature to improve on their functionality and key properties.
Bones are so long-lasting as they are made from trabeculae, a spongy structure that is a network of interconnected struts that act as columns and beams, with the denser the trabeculae the more durable the bone. However, disease and aging have an effect on their density, with the horizontal struts being lost first, increasing the chances of breakage due to continual wear and tear. The researchers discovered that while the vertical struts contribute to the stiffness and strength of bone, it is really the horizontal struts that work to increase its fatigue life and are crucial for durability.
Simulations of the bone microstructure were carried out under cyclic loading to identify if the strains would be concentrated in the horizontal struts, and by increasing the struts’ thickness they were able to mitigate some of these strains. On applying loads to 3D-printed polymers, the findings were confirmed as the thicker the horizontal struts the longer the polymer would endure the load.
As thickening the struts did not significantly increase the mass of the polymer, the design could lead to more resilient lightweight materials. As senior author Christopher Hernandez said, “Our main finding is that structural elements that aren’t directly resisting loading are actually very important for fatigue failure”. The team now hope to assess other loading modalities as well as test the application of the fatigue estimates in real-world structures.
"The Agents of Change Award will now allow the Women of Color Project to begin building a more stable online platform that is easily accessible to students across the nation. Our first goal is to ensure the resources that are available and that students who might benefit from our network know who we are." - Lanell Williams
The Materials Today Agents of Change Award will give us a great opportunity to intervene where we recognize to have a gap the lack of professional role confidence of female scientists. - Prof. Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser.
We’re delighted to announce the recipients of the Materials Today Agents of Change Award. In 2019, the awards provided financial support and exposure to initiatives that aimed to make the materials science research community more diverse and inclusive, with a specific focus on gender.
From a shortlist of seven candidates, presenting a range of different approaches, the Materials Today Agents of Change judges made the tough decision of determining which two initiatives should receive the award.
-Prof. Dr Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser, Prof. Alke Fink and Dr Sofía Martín Caba at Université de Fribourg, Switzerland and making professional role confidence a key part of educating the next generation of materials scientists. Click here to find out more.
The judges commented that the Women+ of Color Project was unique and addressed what many of them felt was a pressing need in materials science, while the Professional Role Confidence nomination was applauded for its evidence-based approach and evaluation, clear definition of success, and strong sustainability plan.
We hope that you will join us in congratulating the recipients of the award, and closely follow the projects’ journeys over the coming years. And watch this space – we’ll be doing follow up interviews with the recipients of the 2019 Materials Today Agents of Change award, as well as announcing the criteria for next year’s award.
By automating polymer synthesis and using a robotic platform, it is now possible to rapidly create a multitude of unique materialsAdam Gormley
Researchers at Rutgers University have developed an innovative automated approach to producing unique materials with polymers based on a combination of robotics and software. The new automated system, which uses custom software and liquid-handling robotics, helps make polymers, such as plastics and fibers, that have uses in chemical and biological applications from drugs and regenerative medicine to tissue engineering.
With a host of synthetic polymers finding uses in advanced materials with special properties, their development is seen as key to new technologies, which also includes diagnostics, medical devices, sensors and robots. As detailed in the journal Advanced Intelligent Systems [Tamasi et al. Adv. Int. Sys. (2019) DOI: 10.1002/aisy.201900126], this new system can produce up to 384 different polymers at one time, a huge improvement on existing techniques.
Robotics has been used for a while to automate a range of methods for producing materials, and also to discover and develop drugs. However, synthesizing polymers is problematic as most chemical reactions are very sensitive to oxygen and are not achievable without removing it during production, but this approach allows for polymer synthesis reactions that tolerate oxygen. As senior author Adam Gormley said, “By automating polymer synthesis and using a robotic platform, it is now possible to rapidly create a multitude of unique materials”.
The team developed custom software involving a liquid handling robot that assesses polymer designs and carries out each stage of the chemical reaction. Previously, such polymer chemistry was completed in glove boxes or strictly inert conditions, but the potential of robotics helps complete the chemistry through a liquid-handling platform that was custom programmed for automated capability, driven by polymer design software, and which allows the non-expert to produce libraries of sophisticated polymers without much advanced training.
While the individual properties of polymers depending on their structure/function behavior, which can be problematic to tune, this combinatorial approach brings the synthesis of thousands of unique composition for structure/function testing with comparative ease. The technology is an effective early example of how integrated robotics has a role to play in this field.
Although the method may be small in terms of scale, being only a few milligrams of material for each batch, is very powerful for the initial screening of material properties. The team are now looking to program further features powered by artificial intelligence and machine learning, computational tools that are central to the future of materials development, with smart integration of AI with polymer robotics being an obvious route to progress the technology.
We show that it is important to consider the flys-eye-view when designing tsetse targets, and our results challenge the traditional view that blue and black are the best colors for tsetse targets. In fact, because flies and humans have different photoreceptor machinery, human color descriptions are largely irrelevant to fly behaviorRoger Santer
A team of researchers has pioneered a new approach to designing colored fabrics for the devices used to attract and kill tsetse flies, and thus control sleeping sickness spread by their bites in sub-Saharan Africa. The team’s approach is based on an understanding of how flies see color, and its effectiveness was shown in field tests of fabrics in Zimbabwe.
The targets for controlling tsetse flies are traditionally large panels of black or blue cotton coated in insecticide, but there is a great need for such control devices to be as inexpensive and effective as possible. Modern polyesters are cheaper, lighter, more durable and retain insecticide better, but are sometimes not as effective in attracting tsetse as traditional cottons. As reported in the journal PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases [Santer et al. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. (2019) DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007905], this new approach allowed them to design a prototype violet polyester fabric that attracted savannah tsetse flies more effectively than a standard cotton target.
Roger Santer, of Aberystwyth University, worked with a team of experts in tsetse ecology, behaviour and control. The researchers first calculated the response of a fly's photoreceptors to a range of previously tested fabrics to identify the attractive color properties from a fly’s point of view. Working with a textile company, they then designed and produced a fabric that displayed those attractive properties. In field tests they found that a commercial blue polyester target was just as effective as a traditional black cotton one, but that their violet polyester attracted approximately 50% more female tsetse than either the traditional black cotton or a more typical blue polyester.
The findings demonstrate that fly photoreceptor-based approaches can help to engineer fabrics with greater attractiveness to tsetse and demonstrate that their violet fabric is robust and effective. As Santer told Materials Today, “We show that it is important to consider the fly’s-eye-view when designing tsetse targets, and our results challenge the traditional view that ‘blue’ and ‘black’ are the best colors for tsetse targets. In fact, because flies and humans have different photoreceptor machinery, human color descriptions are largely irrelevant to fly behavior”. The researchers hope the fabrics can be implemented in tsetse control devices to enhance the effectiveness of vector control, and as their method is transferable to other species and contexts that it can be applied in the control of others insect pests and disease vectors.


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Premier Inn brings its latest product into the heart of Oxford city centre and marks the opening of its 1000th Premier Plus bedroom.
Recovery ahead of expectations and outperforming the market Throughout this release all percentage growth comparisons are made on a two-year basis, comparing the current year (FY22) performance for the 26 weeks to 26 August 2021 to the same period in FY20 (26 weeks to 29 August 2019), with FY20
Premier Inn owner Whitbread today, Wednesday, October 06, announces a pay increase for its UK-based hourly-paid team members following a buoyant summer for leisure guests across the hotel market. The company is also recruiting 2,000 roles, including positions in housekeeping, reception and kitchens. The news was shared with 30,000
Whitbread secures planning permission to convert Grade II Listed former police station into new Square Mile hotel
The City of London Corporation has approved plans to transform the former Snow Hill Police Station into a 219-bedroom hub by Premier Inn hotel.
Hoardings go up at the former New Look store as it is converted into all-day steakhouse restaurant
Whitbread’s hotels are playing a vital part in contributing to the safe and successful reopening of the West End this summer.
The UK’s leading hotel business has added 566 rooms to its network in Scotland so far this year.
Whitbread works with In-Work Progression Commission work to share best-practise and explore progression prospects for workers
Whitbread has been working with the In-Work Progression Commission to share best-practise and explore progression opportunities to help workers climb the jobs ladder
Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH) welcomes its first patients to the new Sight and Sound Centre supported by Premier Inn, the UK’s first dedicated medical facility for children with sight and hearing loss.
The UK’s largest hotel business is targeting 2,500 Premier Inn rooms in Dublin

domain: news


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Samuel Patthey and Silvain Monney were born in 1993. They studied Animation at Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts (HSLU) in Switzerland. Both of them directed a few short animation films before they teamed up to direct PEEL. They are based in Fribourg, Switzerland, where they work as freelance film animation directors and illustrators.
Filmography: Peel (2020)


A hospital in the United Kingdom may be the first medical facility to treat young people addicted to technology.
Capio Nightingale Hospital has opened a clinic in central London for what doctors dubbed "screenagers" - children and teens who can't pull themselves away from the Internet, video games, and even cell phones.
Dr. Richard Graham, the psychiatrist spearheading the new program, said methods used to treat substance abuse are not the answer for this particular form of addiction.
''What we need are official guidelines now on what counts as healthy or unhealthy use of technology," he told the London Evening Standard.
''We have found that many of the existing services fail to recognize the complexity of these situations, borrowing from older models of addiction and substance misuse to very limited effect," he explained.
"This is why Capio Nightingale Hospital has launched the first Young Person Technology Addiction Service, which we hope will address the underlying causes of this addiction to transform screenagers back into teenagers," Graham said.
The clinic will provide in-patient, day care, or group therapy for children ages 12 through 17.


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Singers, musicians, researchers and midwives have banded together to deliver a musical mum and bub group for migrant and refugee women in Logan City.
‘Sing to Connect’ combines midwifery check-ups and antenatal classes from Metro South Health with a singing program from the Queensland Conservatorium Research Centre (QCRC). Access Community Services support staff help with child minding of older siblings.
QCRC singer-researcher Dr Charulatha Mani, a recent migrant from Chennai, India, coordinates the 12-week pilot program. She says the focus is on encouraging the diverse women who attend to sing lullabies in their traditional languages and to share their stories.
“During the singing, the children and mums join forces with the midwives and the room comes alive with musically spurred energy and a sense of connective vitality.”
“We are observing, even at this early stage in the project, that the receptivity of the women to the key midwifery messages — from safe sleeping to breastfeeding — is enhanced when accompanied by singing.”
While the music program also includes popular playgroup songs, the lullabies focus on connecting with and drawing out the women who attend. The group is currently learning to sing the Indigenous children’s song ‘Inanay’ popularised by the Tiddas band.
About 20 women have participated so far with languages including Chin Zomi, Burmese, Kirundi, Swahili, Persian, Somali, Urdu, Tamil and Maori being represented.
Dr Mani hopes the pilot study will help researchers better understand how music can enhance social wellbeing and health outcomes in disadvantaged communities.
“Professor Brydie-Leigh Bartleet has been a source of great support for the research design of this project, and music facilitators Lynette Lancini and Daisy Nussey have played a key role in uplifting the spirits of those in attendance.
“We’re already seeing the ways singing contributes to social cohesion and the collected data will shine much-needed light on how music could enhance public health outreach.”
The ‘Sing to Connect’ project is a collaboration between the Queensland Conservatorium Research Centre, Midwifery at Metro South Health and Access Community Services. It is funded through the 2020 Logan City Council Community Projects Grant.


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This is a spooky excerpt from my novel The Vanquished and the Surviving, which I anticipate publishing on my new Substack, Whimsical Words.
Vincent saw under the gaslights a raggedly dressed person who was about the same diminutive size and age as he. When he peered at her, she ran away, sliding on the cobblestones, so she had to grab a lamppost. Vincent wondered why she was out alone, a girl his age. It was futile to try thinking about a stranger when Nathaniel kept returning to the forefront of his mind. Yet he preferred to focus on his present surroundings to blot out the horror.
He staggered up and stood on the cobblestones. More than anything he wished to go home, although he had no idea what direction to take. He walked very quickly, his shoes pounding against wet stone while the rain whispered in his ears.
He sensed a presence to his right: the wind wasn’t the only thing whispering. The ghost of a lost newsboy murmured in his ear. Vincent shivered and walked faster. The newsboy kept up the pace, as did a little girl on his left. She asked for change. When he turned and looked at her directly, she asked again. He blinked and didn’t believe she was a ghost. He glanced back at where the newsboy had stood seconds ago, but that little ghost had vanished.
The little girl spoke more clearly. “Please, sir, a guinea? I have a family to feed.”


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All reviewscinnamon rollsstayed herethe breakfast areapool area and poolnice hotelmaintained hotelfront desk staff was very friendlyplatinum memberroom was cleanbiscuits and gravywould definitely stay here againyogurthard boiled eggsnext morningfridge and microwaveone night stayvery nice stay
The hotel was clean and the employees were helpful. I'd stay here again. Breakfast is the standard fair in a nice sized room. My only negative comment is that the mattresses need to be replaced....the springs make noises when you move.
Response from HIExpres S, Social Media Champion at Holiday Inn Express Hotel & Suites Rockford - Loves ParkResponded 2 weeks ago
Thank you for taking the time to review our hotel. We are pleased to hear that your stay with us was great. Hope to see you again soon.
On a quick turnaround trip to Rockford, we were booked to stay at this hotel for a Friday night performance. I must say I was pleasantly pleased by the cleanliness of the room and the size. My room was a handicapped room which was quite...More
Response from HIExpres S, Social Media Champion at Holiday Inn Express Hotel & Suites Rockford - Loves ParkResponded 22 February 2018
Thank you Rosie313 for taking the time to review our hotel. We are pleased to hear that your stay with us was great. Hope to see you again soon.
We stopped for the night while returning from Florida, but were disappointed by the fact that the Holiday Inn Express in Loves Park was far below our expectations.
We have always been satisfied with the Holiday Inn Express facilities we've stayed in, but the one...More
1 Thank bcalsr1
Response from HIExpres S, Manager at Holiday Inn Express Hotel & Suites Rockford - Loves ParkResponded 7 April 2018
bcalsr1, I would like to apologize for not delivering you an exceptional stay and meeting your expecations. I understand your concerns and I am happy to tell you that we are starting a complete renovation for our property and we are installing another elevator so...More
Overall we had a very nice stay here- the room was very clean, desk staff were very friendly and helpful, the breakfast buffett was above average for this level of hotel (those little cinnamon rolls!) The bed in our suite was very comfy- a great...More
Response from HIExpres S, Social Media Champion at Holiday Inn Express Hotel & Suites Rockford - Loves ParkResponded 23 March 2018
Thank you justbeachy6 for taking the time to review our hotel. We apologize for the issues you encounter during your stay. We hope you give our hotel another chance to prove we are a 5 star hotel.
We stayed one night on a Saturday. We were a group of 4 ladies in town for a visit with friends. Our expectations were for clean, comfortable beds and a chance to sit in the hot tub and work out in the morning. Oh, and...More
Response from HIExpres S, Manager at Holiday Inn Express Hotel & Suites Rockford - Loves ParkResponded 15 March 2018
Thank you for taking the time to leave your valued feedback regarding your recent stay at our property. I am sorry to hear that we did not deliver an exceptional stay for you and your party. I completely understand your frustrations with having no...More

domain: travel


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words // Brandon Richard
Evan Macpherson of Revive Customs drops off a photo set of his latest project — the 'Rocket Science' Air Jordan 5.
Made for rapper Flo-Rida, the 'Rocket Science' 5 is a highly detailed creation featuring colorful blast lines throughout the upper. Jumpman logos on the tongues and heels have also been changed to a neon green color and hold oranges as a tribute to Flo's Florida roots.
Describing his most time consuming project to date, Evan says the concept is an expressionist take on Flo-Rida's music.
What do you think about this unique look for the Air Jordan 5? Be sure to follow @ReviveCustoms on Twitter for project updates.


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Finally holiday season is coming to town! How delighted I am as there will be more ‘me’ or family time to discover new culinary experiences by having Shao Kao Chinese skewers at Gading Serpong. In Chinese language, Shao Kao (烧烤) means barbecue. No wonder if you smell BBQ smoke fresh from the open kitchen while heading to the entrance door.
Continue reading “Shao Kao: Chinese Street Skewers – Ruko Batavia, Gading Serpong, Tangerang”
Let’s imagine yourself waiting for the heavy rain to be at ease accompanied with a bowl of meatballs or bakso. Hmm.. isn’t it perfect enough to fulfill your belly with something warm and mouth-watering? Among Indonesians, bakso never fails its lovers especially during rainy season. Even though it comes from China (called as bah-so in Hokkien pronunciation), it is assumed that bakso has a mixture of culinary influences back in colonial Dutch East Indies according to some culinary experts. Gosh, such a fascinating fact, isn’t it? Continue reading “Basolo – Permata Sport Club, Lippo Karawaci, Tangerang”

domain: food


|bearing name:||NSK HR30307C bearing|
|Brand model :||HR30307C|
|outer diameter D :||Advisory mm|
|diameter d :||Advisory mm|
|thickness B :||Advisory mm|
|category:||RAD BEARING LTD|
|Remark:||NSK HR30307C bearing price|
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