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(This 4 Days Paris Itinerary was written by Samantha Karen of Sam Sees World. Follow all of her adventures on Instagram)
Paris is one of the most beautiful cities in all of Europe. Therefore, it’s not surprising that you’d want to create the perfect, 4 days Paris itinerary before your visit.
This iconic European city is filled with so much history, romance, beauty, sophistication, and character that it’s easy to get lost in the eternal magic of this mesmerizing metropolis.
And with so much to see, do, eat, and explore:
It’s hard (if not impossible) to see everything with just 4 days in Paris.
I’ve been to Paris 3 times and there are still so many amazing things that I’d love to explore and experience.
That’s okay since I know that I will 100% be back soon.
Now, because of all my past, Paris experiences:
I wanted to share my perfect, 4 days Paris itinerary with you so that you can fall in love with this enchanting city, just like I did.
If you’re visiting Paris for the first time, or tenth time, then this itinerary is perfect for you since it has the ideal balance of Paris top attractions with some of the city’s most intriguing, hidden gems.
Because Paris is so big, it’s best to explore this city in sections, as opposed to frantically dashing around town and wasting a bunch of time.
For each day of this 4 day Paris itinerary, all of the listed activities are relatively close to one another and typically, within the same neighborhood (at least, as close as you can get in an enormous city like Paris).
Please remember that is itinerary is just a suggestion.
If you really enjoy one attraction during your 4 days in Paris, then stay a little longer and skip the next one!
I firmly believe that travel should be savored, and not just feel like you’re checking something off a giant to-do-list.
Sit back, relax, and use this post to enjoy yourself and your beautiful, 4 days in Paris.
Since I am incapable of making it rain money, there’s a high chance that this post may contain affiliate links. Please see my disclosure for more information. As an Amazon Associate, I earn a small commission from qualifying purchases.
***Not sure where to stay in Paris? If you’re on a budget, Jo & Joe has a great location and fantastic customer service. It is a cross between a hotel and hostel and features fun, funky, and un-fussy, private rooms that start at $50 per night. However, if you’re looking for a hotel that is a bit more luxurious, then try the Hotel Opera Aida. This lovely accommodation sits in a quiet part of Paris that is still well located and within walking distance of several metro stations. Rooms here start at $130 a night and feature modern decor, spacious beds, LCD TVs, Wifi, air conditioning, and more. But, for an even more luxurious stay in Paris, try the posh, Hotel Trianon Rive Gauche. Centrally located in the Latin Quarter, with one of the best Eiffel Tower views in all of Paris, rooms here start at $210 per night and feature vivacious, red decor, with a vintage style bed and writing desk. Rooms here also include complimentary coffee and tea, plush bedding, free WIFI, and a 32 inch LCD TV.***
Paris Itinerary Day 1
Breakfast isn’t a huge meal. However, Parisians still absolutely love their pastries and carbs.
Let’s take this moment to delve a bit further into
Home to some of the most unique, and delicious, pastries in the city:
Angelina Café is known for its iconic, Mont Blanc, which is a decadent
It’s WAY better than it sounds. And if your sweet tooth is feeling a bit large today, you can also order one of their fabulous, hot chocolates to go with your pastry.
Located right beside the Louvre:
This cafe really is an icon and the perfect place to start your very first day in Paris.
Price Range: $$$ – Nothing in Paris is cheap. So while you do pay a bit more here, it’s worth it since you can taste the difference in the quality of
After enjoying your pastry and coffee:
You’ll be ready to experience some of the iconic masterpieces at the Louvre, which is just a short walk from the cafe.
Because this is one of the most iconic sites in the city:
Visiting first thing in the morning (like right when the museum opens) means that you’ll get there before the crowds and be able to take some photos before it gets busy.
If you’re not a morning person, you can also try visiting late at night, on a Wednesday or Friday, when the museum is open until 10 pm.
Once you’ve finished admiring the exquisite architecture of the Louvre Palace, the lovely Napolean Courtyard, and the iconic glass pyramid that forms the entrance to this museum, head inside because this is where the real beauty of the Louvre lies.
Want to save time?
Try entering the museum through the secret entrance at Porte des Lions, which typically has shorter wait times than the entrance through the pyramids.
You can also purchase a skip the line, timed admission tickets to the Louvre since this is one of the most visited museums in the world, with queues that can easily take hours to trudge through.
Head straight to the audio guide kiosk since these guides, with interactive visual maps, not only help prevent you from getting lost, but they also provide you with fascinating information about some of the most famous pieces of art in the world.
These stands also tend to run out of audio guides by mid-morning. Therefore, definitely procure one before you enter the actual museum.
Feel free to enjoy this vast museum, which is home to tens of thousands of pieces that span regions like Mesopotamian, Egypt, and Greece, and include masterpieces from artists like da Vinci (Be sure to visit the Mona Lisa), Michelangelo, Rembrandt, and more!
The depth and breadth of art that you’ll find here is truly staggering.
Because you have a limited amount of time here, select a few pieces that you absolutely must see and limit your visit to those points of interest since there is no possible way that you’ll be able to see all that this museum has to offer in just a few short hours.
You’ll probably be feeling a bit hungry and ready for lunch.
Then enjoy a scenic, 15-minute walk, along the Seine River, to the immortal, Latin Quarter.
This bubbly little Parisian neighborhood is filled with fantastic restaurants, charming cobblestone streets, and quaint souvenir shops that you’ll absolutely love.
One of my all-time favorite neighborhood eateries is Pizza Sarno, a fantastic, family-owned, Italian restaurant that is a great place to sit down and enjoy large portions of delicious food, at a reasonable price.
Try either the lasagna or the pizza since both are amazing!
After lunch, it’s a quick 3-minute walk along the Seine to the iconic, Notre Dame Cathedral.
Since the devastating fire in April, you are no longer allowed to go near the building.
You can still admire this masterpiece of French Gothic architecture from afar, with its magnificent towers and enchanting flying buttresses.
In so doing:
You’ll begin to understand why this alluring attraction is still at the spiritual and physical center of this amazing city.
***Since you can’t go inside Notre Dame Cathedral, definitely try to visit Sainte-Chapelle instead. This quaint little church is just an 8-minute walk from Notre Dame and sits inside the Palais de Justice. Completed in 1248, this Gothic-style chapel is known for its wonderfully beautiful, stained glass windows. Enter through the ground floor (pre-book your tickets to avoid long lines) and head upstairs to watch in awe as the sun hits these windows and lights the entire building up with a kaleidoscope of vibrant colors.***
After witnessing the magnificence of Notre Dame:
Take a leisurely, 30-minute stroll over to the awe-inspiring, Jardin du Palais Royal; an elegant green space that surrounds the fantastic neoclassical Palais Royal, which was constructed in 1633 by Cardinal Richelieu.
And while the Palais Royal is closed to the public:
These elegant gardens are not and are the perfect place to wander around and admire over 250 of
After a busy morning and afternoon, this is really is the perfect place to sit and people watch.
A great way to simultaneously save money and soak up some Parisian culture is to have a picnic along the Seine for dinner.
Just head to the nearest grocery store and purchase a nice crusty baguette, fresh brie, delicious meat, and, of course, cheap wine so that you can relax along the Seine like the locals do.
As you watch the people wander on by and enjoy the mesmerizing views:
You’ll begin to see under why Parisians love to sit along the river with a good bottle of wine and even better friends.
Paris Itinerary Day 2
Let’s start the day with a traditional French breakfast at Chez Ribe.
Located just 3 minutes from the immortal, Eiffel Tower:
This cafe is a great place to stop before seeing one of the most iconic structures in all of Paris, the Eiffel Tower.
A typical breakfast here, and in most of France really, consists of fresh juice, a croissant, French bread, and coffee.
Which is perfect since:
There really is nothing quite like having a croissant in Paris. Plus, you can get all this for under 10 Euros; a price that is pretty reasonable, at least by Parisian standards.
It’s just a short trip to the one monument that everyone wants to see while in Paris, the Eiffel Tower!
Constructed by Gustave Eiffel for the 1889 World’s Fair:
I’m still amazed by the massive size and scale of this exquisite, art nouveau structure every time I visit.
Definitely take some time to walk around and see the Eiffel Tower from a variety of different angles (and yes, there will be a ton of people here since I visited before sunrise and was still not the only one taking photos).
Looking for a truly amazing Instagram shot while you’re here? Then head over to Rue de
You’ll get a beautifully unique perspective of the tower that both you and your followers will love.
If you want to ascend to the top of this 134-meter tower and enjoy some fantastic, panoramic views of the city, then definitely pre-purchase a skip-the-line ticket with summit access since lines to go through security and purchase tickets can be quite long.
Be sure to purchase a ticket with SUMMIT access since some, cheaper ticket options will only let you visit the second floor and not the highest observation deck on the tower.
***If you’re feeling ambitious, you can skip the elevator altogether and purchase a ticket to climb the 720 steps to the Eiffel Tower’s second floor. You can also visit just the base of the tower for free.***
Please be aware of the fact that final entry times can sometimes be more than 90 minutes prior to closing time.
Definitely double check final admission times and make sure that you can still ascend the tower when you arrive.
And if you’re feeling a bit peckish:
Not to worry because the Eiffel Tower has the 58 Tour Eiffel snack shop on the first floor, the Le Jules Verne restaurant on the second floor, a macaron bar, and a Champagne bar at the top, if you’re feeling really fancy (Yes, they’re all totally over-priced).
***If you decide not to ascend the Eiffel Tower, you can also use the morning to visit Palais de Tokyo. Just 10 minutes from the Eiffel Tower, this uniquely wonderful museum is home to an eclectic collection of modern and contemporary art that is fun to explore. Trust me, this museum is definitely one of the more unique things to do in Paris.***
If you want to skip the overpriced food at the Eiffel Tower then head to Le Bosquet for some fresh and authentic French food served amidst a warm and we
With an emphasis on fresh and delicious ingredients:
Dishes here elevate modern French cuisine to the next level, with playful twists on classic entrees like Confit of duck with new potatoes
And while all the food here is wonderful:
My personal favorite is the decadent, Ravioli au gratin. Served in a rich cream sauce, this entree is filling but not overwhelmingly so.
A truly fantastic way to unwind after your visit to the Eiffel Tower.
Once you’ve eaten lunch:
It’s just a quick walk to the Seine, where you can join one of the many enchanting river cruises that depart from here (purchase your tickets here).
Amidst picturesque, panoramic views of the city:
Guests aboard this fantastic, hour-long cruise can enjoy a fun and engaging, onboard commentary that details the fascinating history of top Paris attractions like the Grand Palais, the Louvre, Notre Dame, Musée d’Orsay, and more.
Along the way:
Savor a complimentary glass of champagne as you admire the city’s intoxicating beauty from a truly unique perspective.
Once your cruise has ended:
Disembark and head back towards the Eiffel Tower, as you make your way towards Trocadero metro station.
Board metro line number 9 and get off at Franklin D. Roosevelt Station.
Upon exiting the station:
You’ll find yourself at the bottom of one of the most famous streets in all of Paris, the Champs-Elysees.
Take a stroll up this historic Parisian boulevard and marvel at the opulent grandeur of the historic architecture that surrounds you.
Continue past the many designer stores that sit along this affluent avenue and take in the exquisite views of the Tuileries and the Arc de Triomphe.
If you have time:
Definitely stop by Laduree’s for some of the most delicious macarons in all of Paris (you can also get your pastries to go if you’re not hungry right now).
Once you make it to the top of the avenue:
You’ll come face to face with the majestic, Arc de Triomphe.
Commissioned by Napoleon in 1836:
This monument was created to commemorate the French military victory at Austerlitz.
This beautifully sculpted victory arch still stands as a symbol of Paris and as a home for the tomb of the unknown soldier.
Buried here in 1921:
This grave was created in remembrance of the 1.3 million French soldiers who lost their lives during WWI.
Everyday, at 6:30 pm:
The tomb’s eternal flame is continually rekindled to ensure that the memory of these brave soldiers is never forgotten.
To access the arch:
Do not take your life into your hands and attempt to cross the massive roundabout that surrounds this Paris landmark.
Use the multitude of pedestrian tunnels that will take you safely underneath the roundabout and to the base of the arch.
No visit would be complete without climbing the 284 steps (don’t worry, you can take the elevator too), to the viewing platform at the top of the arch.
To avoid waiting on a line that never seems ends:
Be sure to purchase your Arc de Triomphe tickets in advance so that you can quickly and easily visit the viewing platform, as well as the accompanying museum.
Once at the Top:
Savor some of the most exquisite views in all of Paris. Not only do you get a fantastic, panoramic view of the Eiffel Tower, but you can also enjoy a unique, bird’s eye view of the legendary Champs-Elysées; truly one of the best photo ops in Paris.
After all that climbing, I bet you’re feeling pretty hungry.
If you are:
Then you’re in luck because the Champs Elyses is home to a multitude of exceptionally beautiful and incredibly delicious restaurants that admittedly, are also a bit of a splurge.
But a worth while one for anyone who loves food.
So, if you’re looking for some of the most deliciously refined Italian
Run by expert chef Vito Grippa:
All of the food here is fresh, simple, elegant, and packed with refined flavor that is sure to please even the pickiest of eaters.
Which is understandable when you learn that all of their ingredients are imported directly from Italy.
When dining here, expect iconic, Italian ingredients like ricotta, truffle, lemon, and olive oil, that are presented in a unique, but
To get the most out of their menu:
Consider ordering either the asparagus salad with quinoa black truffle soufflé or the linguine with clam sauce, both of which are on their set, prix fixe menu, where you can order an appetizer and an entree or an entree and dessert for anywhere between 40 and 50 Euros.
Don’t forget to save room for rich, freshly made desserts like traditional Tiramisu or Pannacotta and Caprese almond cake s
Definitely pure decadence at its absolute finest.
Once you’ve finished dinner, take a short, leisurely stroll down the Champs Elysèes and towards the Seine, where you can admire the mesmerizing, Beaux Arts style, Pont Alexandre III bridge.
This fabulous, late 19th century, deck arch bridge not only connects the Champs-Élysées quarter with Invalides and the Eiffel Tower, but it is also widely regarded as the most ornate bridge in the entire city.
Classified as a French monument in 1975:
This bridge provides you with a beautiful view of Les Invalides (a building that is home to the various museums and monuments that are associated with French military history) and is the perfect place to end day 2 of our 4 days Paris itinerary.
***While you’re here, please watch out for pickpockets since they frequent this area.***
Paris Itinerary Day 3
Let’s embrace a more Parisian way of life and start the day with a simple, yet delicious,
Known for baking the best baguette in all of Paris:
This iconic, French bakery now has more than thirty stores across the globe and is a perfect place to try traditional Parisian bread, pastries, coffee, and more.
Take some time to savor your warm, flakey, freshly baked croissant before heading out to our first stop of the day, Montmartre, one of the most famous districts in all of Paris.
Known for its charming cobblestone streets, stunning basilica, tragically chic artists, and quaint bistros, no 4 days Paris itinerary would be complete without a trip to the 18th arrondissement in the north of Paris.
Now, truth be told:
One could easily spend several days meandering through the exquisite nooks and crannies of this village-like neighborhood (check out this detailed walking tour of Montmartre to learn more).
Since you only have 4 days in Paris, here are just a few things to do in Montmartre that will help you better appreciate the unrivaled beauty and amazing history of this enchanting section of Paris.
So, let’s start with a visit to the immortal, Sacré-Coeur Basilica.
Perched atop the Butte (hill in French) Montmartre, this all white cathedral is accessible via funicular, from Place Saint-Pierre, or by climbing the many steps along the Square Louise Michel.
Once at the top:
Walk towards the forecourt of the church and enjoy some of the most amazing, unobstructed, panoramic views in all of Paris.
After admiring the exquisite views all around you:
Walk inside this grand masterpiece of Romano-Byzantine style architecture (it’s free to enter) and marvel at the stunning stained glass windows, the Mosaic of Christ in Glory (the largest mosaic in France), and the assortment of exquisite architectural details found within one of the most beautiful buildings in all of Paris.
The real hidden treasure here is the view from the dome of the basilica. Ascend 300 spiral steps and enjoy one of the most amazing panoramic views in all of Paris while getting up close and personal with the largest bell in France, La Savoyarde.
If you can:
Try and arrive right when the church opens, at 6 am, to avoid the crowds and have the basilica virtually all to yourself.
***Desperate for a photo of the sinking house of Montmartre? Then walk to the left side of the stairway (hop over the railing if need be) and look straight ahead. From here, turn your camera so that the bottom of your photo is parallel with the slope of the hill. Snap your photo and TADA, you now have a hot of the sinking house of Montmartre.***
After exploring the church:
Stroll through the narrow, cobblestone alleys of Montmartre, stop in one of the many picturesque cafes, and enjoy the beauty of Montmartre’s bohemian past and present.
Definitely take a moment to stop by the Place du Tertre and stroll through the immortal plaza where dozens of local artists gather every day to paint and draw caricaturists for inquisitive tourists.
If you have time:
Other top attractions on Montmartre include the Museum of Montmartre (learn about the neighborhood’s eclectic history and see paintings, documents, and an assortment of other memorabilia that commemorate Montmartre’s Bohemian past)., Clos Montmartre (one of the oldest and last vineyards in Paris), Le Bateau-Lavoir (the historic building where Modigliani and Picasso lived and worked), La Maison Rose (Pink building that was once frequented by many famous 20th century painters), Lapin Agile (one of the oldest cabarets in Paris), LeMoulin de la Galette (one of Montmartre’s last windmills), and Montmartre Cemetery (a beautiful cemetery where artist Degas and writer Alexandre Dumas were both buried).
Next, it’s just a 17-minute walk to the Paris’ world famous, Moulin Rouge.
Immortalized in Toulouse-Lautrec’s posters and later in the film of the same name starring Nicole Kidman, this immortal, Parisian cabaret shines beneath a 1925 replica of its iconic, red windmill.
While I’m not a huge fan of the legendary show that is held here nightly (if interested, book well in advance and dress up (so no sneakers)), definitely stop by and take some photos before you head off to lunch.
After taking in the vivid, red beauty of this historic windmill:
Walk about 5 minutes to Pigalle metro station. Once here, board metro line number 12 and get off at the Notre-Dame-de-Lorette.
After you exit the metro:
It’s about a 10-minute walk to La Taverne, in the 9th arrondissement.
This lovely Italian bistro is the perfect place to sit and enjoy lunch since they have a beautiful outdoor patio and serve an assortment of delicious, Italian dishes that include pizza, pasta, salad, and more.
I loved the Caprese
Stroll through the 9th Arrondissement and see what this magical part of the city has to offer.
Along the way:
You’ll see the one and only Paris Opera House, the Palais de Garnier.
Done in neo-Baroque style architecture
This stunning o
This building remains open to the public (Do book your tickets in advance to avoid a long line. Also get the accompanying audio guide to enhance your visit) and welcomes visitors to step inside and marvel at the opulent decor of the exquisite stage, stunning balconies, divine salon, and enchanting library.
You can also visit several temporary exhibits as well as some permanent display cases filled with unique costumes that were once worn by former performers.
After exploring one of the most alluring buildings in all of Paris:
Stroll over to Boulevard
I adore Galeries Lafayette since they have a fantastic, rooftop bar, with sweeping views of the Eiffel Tower, as well as an amazing, ground level food court where you can devour desserts from pastry icons like Jean-Paul Hevin, Jacques Genin, Sadaharu Aoki, and more. (The rooftop bar and dessert court are located in separate Galeries Lafayette buildings).
Take some time to relax and enjoy a world-class pastry with your mesmerizing, and totally free, panoramic view of Paris.
Now, if you’re hungry:
You can always head to a local store and grab a crusty baguette, fresh brie, and delicious red wine, for an enchanting picnic beneath the Eiffel Tower.
To get to the Eiffel Tower:
Just board metro line number 9, at Havre –
Find a quiet spot to lay down your blanket and unpack your goodies so that you can watch the setting sun beneath the tower’s twinkling lights.
It truly is a once in a lifetime experience.
If you’re in the mood to do a bit more sightseeing, then hop aboard the number 68 bus, at Opera-Scribe, and take it all the way to the Musee d’Orsay (about seven stops).
Try to visit on a Thursday evening when the museum is open until 9:45 pm. Otherwise, the museum normally closes at 6 pm (and free to all visitors on the first Sunday of every month).
Before you visit though:
Be sure to reserve your skip-the-line, entrance tickets since this museum is one of the most popular in Paris and routinely has a line of people waiting to get in (Also, splurge and get the audio guide since it’s 110% worth it).
As you walk inside:
Stop and admire the exquisite, art-nouveau railway station that is now home to a vast collection of pieces done in impressionist, post-impressionist, and art nouveau styles (between 1848 and 1914).
And while this museum is home to some fantastic sculptures, decorative art, and graphic art, you’re really here to see the museum’s impressive collection of contemporary paintings.
Located on the top floor of the museum, to the left as you walk in:
This part of the building is home to the world’s largest collection of impressionist and post-impressionist art, featuring the works of masters like Manet, Monet, Cézanne, Renoir, Degas, Pissarro, Van Gogh, and more.
If you have time after your brief foray into the world of impressionist art:
Definitely stop by the museum’s lovely cafe, which serves delightful food amidst a beautifully decorated topiary that is continually bathed in natural sunlight.
Paris Itinerary Day 4
For our final day in Paris:
Let’s make our breakfast extra special and head over to Treize Bakery, a quaint little eatery that uses high-quality, seasonal ingredients to create decadent, breakfast dishes like pancakes with spiced apples and Treize Benedict with poached eggs, hollandaise sauce, roasted tomatoes, and mushrooms, with a freshly baked, buttermilk biscuit.
The perfect way to start your day, especially if you want to sleep in a bit since this bakery doesn’t open until 10 am.
And if you’re looking for something a bit lighter:
Then try their fresh greek yogurt with homemade strawberry rhubarb compote and delicious, house granola.
A breakfast that truly is light, refreshing and totally delicious.
***You can also grab a pastry or piece cake to go and enjoy breakfast amidst the beautiful gardens of Jardin du Luxembourg.***
After you finish breakfast:
Let’s get away from the hustle and bustle of the city, and explore one of the most beautiful gardens in all of Paris, Jardin du Luxembourg.
As the second largest park in Paris:
This green space definitely has a lot to offer.
Take some time to experience the magnificent beauty of this place as you wander past the quaint chestnut groves, the iconic French Parliament building, the vibrant gardens, the enchanting apple orchards, and the giddy school children who are happily sailing their 1920’s era sailboats along the calm waters of the Grand Bassin.
Along the way:
Stop and marvel at a vivacious children’s puppet show at the Theatre du Luxembourg.
Take a spin on the carousel as you let this ethereal, oasis of greenery transport you back in time, to an era when ladies wore full-length dresses, gentlemen donned top hats, and horse-drawn carriages ruled the streets.
After you’ve had your fill of nature:
It’s just a short walk to Eggs & Co., a modern little cafe with bright white walls, chic black tables, and light, country-style chairs.
As the name suggests:
Many of the delicious dishes here include eggs, like my personal favorite, the Oeufs Bénédictine, salade, fromage frais aux
Better known as Eggs Benedict, this entree is served with a side of salad and an order of cheese fries!
Not only is this menu item tasty, but it will also keep you energized as you continue on with this 4 days Paris itinerary.
After you’re finished lunch:
Take a short walk to the Bonaparte – Saint-Germain bus stop and get on bus number 95.
Once on board:
Continue riding the bus for 9 stops and get off at Saint-Paul station, where you’ll find the exquisite Parisian neighborhood of Le Marais.
Also known as SoMa (South Marais):
This fabulous, Parisian neighborhood, in the 4th arrondissement, is brimming over with hip boutiques, modern art galleries, quaint streets, and charming parks.
Once home the city’s Jewish quarter:
You can relive this neighborhood’s vibrant past with a stroll along Rue des Rosiers, a street that was once at the epicenter of Jewish life in Paris.
You’ll find a variety of Jewish restaurants, high-end clothing stores, and vintage shops where you can do some window-shopping while snacking on hamantaschen from a local Jewish bakery or while savoring a falafel and smoked eggplant filled pita sandwich from the ever popular, L’As du Fallafel.
If you can’t possibly stomach eating again, then wander over to the oldest planned square in all of Paris, Place
This elegant little park is the perfect place to relax after a long walk through the busy streets of Le Marais.
Take a moment to rest on one of the many picturesque benches here and admire the square’s four beautiful fountains, rows of meticulously trimmed trees, and the enormous bronze statue of Louis XIII in the center.
If you have time:
This building is a small, free museum that is open to the public. Visitors can step inside and see mementos from Hugo’s childhood as well as several fully furnished rooms that accurately reflect the building’s decor at the time of the author’s residence.
Another fantastic museum in the Le Marais neighborhood is the Musee Picasso.
Recently reopened in 2014 after extensive renovations:
This museum sits inside the historic, 14th-century Château Grimaldi, a former hotel that was once Picasso’s painting studio between July and December of 1946.
This gorgeous space has been converted into an extensive museum that currently displays over 5,000 works from Pablo Picasso (think lithographs, paintings, drawings, ceramics, etc.), including a vast collection of photos of the legendary artist himself.
Also on exhibit here are pieces from the artist’s private collection, including paintings done by artists like Paul Cézanne, Edgar Degas, Henri Matisse, and more.
However, like most museums in Paris:
This one is incredibly popular. Therefore, definitely pre-book your tickets if you want to avoid a long wait to get in.
If you have time after your cultural sojourn:
Check out some other neighborhood highlights, which
***Are you a fan of Instagram? If you are, then take a 15-minute walk to Rue Crémieux. This adorable little Parisian side street is filled with vibrant, pastel-colored homes that are the perfect backdrop for some amazing Instagram photos.***
Let’s finish off your trip with an exceptional meal at Café Barge.
Just a quick, 11-minute walk from Rue Crémieux:
You’ll find that this former barge has been transformed into a posh, shiny, and ultra-glittery eatery that permanently sits, nestled along the Seine.
Here, amidst the festive, party-like atmosphere (this restaurant turns into a club that is open until 2:00 am on weekends):
Guests can enjoy fantastic views of the river while savroing divine, French fusion cuisine that is definitely worth the high price tag.
Of all the dishes served here though:
My favorite is definitely the Picanha de bœuf, légumes verts, sauce
A dish that is truly to die for, making this the perfect way to conclude your 4 days Paris itinerary!
PRINT OUT YOUR FREE 4 DAYS PARIS ITINERARY!
There you have it, the perfect 4 days Paris itinerary!
Tell me, what did you think? Did you enjoy my 4 days in Paris?
Did I miss something? Leave a comment below and I’ll get back to you ASAP!
Also, don’t forget to pin this now so you can read it again later!
About Samantha Karen
Samantha Karen is the founder of the travel bog Sam Sees World. She is on a mission to seek the new and unknown so that she can document her experiences and inspire others to travel around this wondrous world.
Tuesday 8th of December 2020
Love this! I really need to try all these restaurants <3
Wednesday 9th of December 2020
Thanks so much for reading!
Thursday 1st of August 2019
its a great idea, I always struggle what to see first when in Paris, I just want to see everything - lol
Saturday 22nd of June 2019
What a thorough post this is of Paris. Even in the rain with the gery skies it's beautiful. I did a short trip a few years back and thankfully got to see Notre Dame, my heart twinged reading about the fire and that you can no longer go inside. I'm glad the majority is stil there. Stunning photos too, I loved the black and white columns Daniel Buren, so retro/vintage.
Sunday 23rd of June 2019
Thanks so much and this post makes me want to take a trip back to Paris ASAP.
Saturday 22nd of June 2019
Great itinerary. I so love Paris. Really need to go and visit again soon. Tempted to just hop on the Eurostar and go for a day. I’ve been a few times, so have seen several of the so called ‘must-sees’. But just wandering the streets, taking in the scenery and everyday life is what does it for me. And must remember to finally go to Musée D’Orsay. Can’t miss that view from behind the clock.
Sunday 23rd of June 2019
OMG I LOVE that museum so much. it's such a magical place!
Saturday 22nd of June 2019
Saving this itinerary for future as Paris is high on my list. Thanks for sharing.
Sunday 23rd of June 2019
Always happy to help!!

domain: travel


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|Priority date||Oct 23, 1998|
|Also published as||DE69942615D1, EP1124912A1, EP1124912A4, EP1124912B1, WO2000024842A1|
|Publication number||09425358, 425358, US 6447563 B1, US 6447563B1, US-B1-6447563, US6447563 B1, US6447563B1|
|Original Assignee||Arch Specialty Chemicals, Inc.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (23), Referenced by (113), Classifications (25), Legal Events (8)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/105,366 filed on Oct. 23, 1998.
This invention relates to the field of semiconductor manufacturing. More particularly it relates to a chemical-mechanical polishing slurry system used in semiconductor manufacturing.
Semiconductors are typically made up of millions of active devices that are connected together via metal interconnections to form circuits and components. The active devices are interconnected by a well-known multilayer interconnect process. In a typical interconnect process, alternating layers of metal and dielectric are put on the silicon wafer by a variety of processes. After each layer is applied, a means is used to remove excess amounts of these layers and to assure both local and global planarity of the surface in preparation for the application of the next layer.
A common process used to accomplish these goals is chemical mechanical planarization (CMP). In this process, an aqueous solution containing various chemicals and suspended abrasive particles, namely, a slurry, is interposed between the wafer and a moving pad while pressure is applied. The combination of the mechanical effects of the abrasive particles, applied pressure, imposed relative velocity and the chemical effects which result from chemical reaction between the material being polished and constituents in the solution result in a synergistic enhancement of the polishing rate or material removal rate. That is, the material removal rate is higher than that produced by either the mechanical effects or chemical effects alone.
There are two general types of layers that can be polished. The first layer is interlayer dielectrics (ILD), such as silicon oxide and silicon nitride. The second layer is metal layers such as tungsten, copper, aluminum, etc., which are used to connect the active devices.
In the case of CMP of metals, the chemical action is generally considered to take one of two forms. In the first mechanism, the chemicals in the solution react with the metal layer to continuously form an oxide layer on the surface of the metal. This generally requires the addition of an oxidizer to the solution such as hydrogen peroxide, ferric nitrate, etc. Then the mechanical abrasive action of the particles continuously and simultaneously removes this oxide layer. A judicious balance of these two processes obtains optimum results in terms of removal rate and polished surface quality.
In the second mechanism, no protective oxide layer is formed. Instead, the constituents in the solution chemically attack and dissolve the metal, while the mechanical action is largely one of mechanically enhancing the dissolution rate by such processes as continuously exposing more surface area to chemical attack, raising the local temperature (which increases the dissolution rate) by the friction between the particles and the metal and enhancing the diffusion of reactants and products to and away from the surface by mixing and by reducing the thickness of the boundary layer.
An ILD slurry typically is a one part system, which usually contains an alkaline fumed silica dispersion containing 12 to 25% fumed silica. Examples of commercial fumed silica dispersions are Cabot SS-25® and Wacker K 1020®. The ILD slurry is then shipped to the customer as a concentrate. The customer then dilutes the slurry by adding water at the point of use.
CMP metal slurries, on the other hand, are two part mixtures consisting of a dispersion and an oxidizer. The dispersion comprises an abrasive, an acid to lower the pH to about 2 to 6, optionally a surfactant which maintains the abrasive in suspension and other chemicals tailored to the metal being polished. An example is a tungsten layer slurry called Biplanar® made by EKC. The dispersion is an acidic dispersion (approximately pH of 3, with 5 to 15% alumina particles). Acids reportedly used in the slurry include carboxylic acids or nitric acid. At the point of use, the dispersion is mixed with an oxidizer, such as hydrogen peroxide or ferric nitrate, to form the slurry that will be used to polish the metal layers.
Metal slurry manufactures typically sell only the acidic dispersion while the customer buys the oxidizer independently and mixes the two parts at the point of use. In this case, the oxidizer is a standard bulk commodity solution that can be mixed with the different customized metal dispersion solutions. The problem with this system is that the customer has to inventory the various types of metal dispersion solutions. Since a semiconductor manufacturer typically uses many different metal layers and consumes many thousands of gallons of dispersions for each layer, controlling, storing and waste treating the inventory can be a formidable problem. For example, if the manufacturer does not forecast appropriately and the dispersion reaches its shelf life, then a large volume of dispersion may have to be disposed of which is very expensive and environmentally unfriendly.
In addition, the shelf life of the metal dispersions are reduced when the solid abrasive is mixed with the many different types of chemicals used in the dispersion. The abrasives tend to react with the chemicals in the dispersion resulting in reduced shelf life. Also, the finer particles tend to agglomerate in the presence of these chemicals. Agglomerates tend to settle in the container resulting in a non-uniform product, which can ultimately lead to serious problems or defects on the surface of the substrate.
Therefore, the present invention modifies the current metal slurry system so that the current problem of inventory control is simplified by standardizing the dispersion and customizing the activator for the particular metal layer being polished.
One advantage of the present invention is that the inventory control of the slurry is greatly simplified since the volume of chemicals that have to be controlled is greatly reduced. The volume of the activator will typically be 5 to 10 times less than the volume of the dispersion. Therefore, instead of controlling a large volume of different dispersions, the manufacturer will only have to control a small volume of different activators. This significantly reduces the amount of inventory space required because the manufacture does not have to stock a large volume of different dispersions. Also, the inventory can be more effectively managed because the manufacturer can quickly and accurately measure the use of the generic dispersion solution and forecast appropriately.
Another advantage of the present invention is that since the aggressive chemicals are removed from the abrasives, the shelf life of the dispersion will be increased. Thus, it is less likely that large volumes of dispersion material will have to be disposed due to the increased shelf life and better forecasting. Conversely, since the activator solution does not have any abrasive, it has a reduced shelf life problems and, therefore, many smaller quantities of the activator solution may be stored whenever necessary.
Still another advantage of the present invention is that by using a standard dispersion, (withoutaggressive chemicals), one can take advantage of all the reliability storage life data already generated on these products. For example, if customers standardize their dispersion using a familiar commercialized product such as Cabot SS-25®, the storage life data is well known and does not have to be generated.
Furthermore, the present invention offers a major advantage for slurry manufacturers because it reduces their inventory. Instead of manufacturing a large variety of metal layer dispersions, the manufacturer only needs to prepare one or two standard dispersions. The chemical supplier, who is the expert in the area, will manufacture the activator solution so that it will be optimized for the metal layers.
The present invention also provides many additional advantages which shall become apparent as described below.
The present invention relates to a novel CMP slurry system used for polishing metals comprising: (a) a dispersion solution comprising an abrasive; and (b) an activator solution comprising at least two components selected from the group consisting of: an oxidizer, acids, amines, chelating agents, fluorine-containing compounds, corrosion inhibitors, buffering agents and biological agents, which are customized for the specific metal layer being polished.
This invention relates to a novel CMP slurry system for use in semiconductor manufacturing. The slurry system comprises two parts. The first part is a generic dispersion that only contains an abrasive and optionally a stabilizing agent, such as KOH or NH4OH, and a surfactant that keeps the abrasive in suspension. The generic dispersion can be used for polishing metals as well and interlayer dielectrics (ILD). The second part is a novel activator solution. The activator solution comprises chemicals such as oxidizers and acids that are customized for the metal layers.
The generic dispersion will typically only contain an abrasive and optionally a surfactant and a stabilizer. Typically, the abrasive particles will be fumed silica which is the most common abrasive used in the semiconductor manufacturing. However, if the manufacturer desires to standardize on a different abrasive, that may be done as well. In addition to silica (SiO2), other abrasives which may be used are: alumina (Al2O3), silicon carbide, silicon nitride, iron oxide, ceria (CeO2), zirconium oxide, tin oxide, titanium dioxide and mixtures thereof. The preferred abrasive is fumed silica or a solution grown form of silica (colloidal silica). An example of the generic dispersion is Cabot SS-25® with 25% fumed silica and a small amount of KOH to stabilize the dispersion. It has been in use for over three years and is very well known in the CMP art.
The surfactant compounds which may be used in the dispersion are present in an amount of about 0.001 to 2 percent and preferably in the range of about 0.01 to 0.2 percent based on the total weight of thedispersion. Suitable surfactant compounds include any of the numerous non-ionic, anionic, cationic or amphoteric surfactants known to those skilled in the art.
Optionally, a wetting agent may be used. The wetting agent may be, for example, an acid such as hydrochloric acid, as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,246,624 to Miller et al.
The optional stabilizing agent in the generic dispersion is preferably KOH or NH4OH, which is added in sufficient amounts to adjust the pH of the dispersion to the desired value of from about 10 to 11.5.
The novel activator comprises chemicals that are customized to the particular metal being polished. For example, the activator of the present invention may include an oxidizer. Any suitable oxidizer may be used. Examples of a suitable oxidizer are hydrogen peroxide, potassium ferricyanide, potassium dichromate, potassium iodate, potassium bromate, vanadium trioxide, hypochlorous acid, sodium hypochlorite, potassium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, magnesium hypochlorite, ferric nitrate, KMgO4, and mixtures thereof. The preferred oxidizer is hydrogen peroxide. The amount of oxidizer is typically 0.01% to 10%, and preferably 0.1 to 5% by weight of the total weight of the slurry.
Other chemicals are also added to the activator depending on the type of metal. being polished. For example, the activator will typically contain an acid. The acid is added in an amount so that the pH of the slurry is maintained at about 2 to 11, preferably about 2 to 10, and more preferably about 2 to 5. Any suitable acid may be used in the activator including organic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, lactic and mixtures thereof. Also inorganic acids may be used such as hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid, and mixtures thereof. Preferred acids are those that contain one or more carboxylic acid groups substituted with hydroxyl groups such as malic acids, tartaric acids, gluconic acids, and citric acids. Also preferred are polyhydroxybenzoic acids such as phthalic acids, pyrocatechoic acid, pyrogallol carboxylic acid, gallic acid and tannic acid. In addition, suitable alkali or alkaline earth metal salts of the acids can be added as buffering agents to buffer the solution. Buffering agents maintain the solution at constant pH.
Amines are also useful in the composition of the present invention. For example, the amine may be, hydroxylamine and other alkanolamines such as monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, diethyleneglycolamine, N-hydroxylethylpiperazine, and the like.
In addition, a fluorine-containing compound may be useful when polishing tantalum or titanium layers. Examples of fluorine containing compounds are hydrogen fluoride, perfluoric acid, alkali metal fluoride salt, alkaline earth metal fluoride salt, ammonium fluoride, tetramethylammonium fluoride, ammonium bifluoride, ethylenediammonium difluoride, diethylenetriammonium trifluoride and mixtures thereof. The preferred fluoride is ammonium fluoride.
Another useful component is a corrosion inhibitor. Corrosion inhibitors, such as benzotriazole (BTA), 6-tolylytriazole, 1-(2,3, dicarboxypropyl-)benzotriazole, carboxylic acids, mixtures thereof, and the like, may be used.
Furthermore, chelating agents may be added to the activator such as ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA), N-hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetic acid (NHEDTA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), diethylklenetriaminepentacetic acid (DPTA), ethanoldiglycinate, mixtures thereof, and the like.
Still other chemicals that can be added to the activator solution are biological agents such as bactericide, biocides and fungicides especially if the pH is around about 6 to 9. Preferred bactericide is at least one compound selected from the group consisting of tetramethyl ammonium chloride, tetraethyl ammonium chloride, tetrapropyl ammonium chloride, tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide, tetraethyl ammonium chloride, tetrapropyl ammonium hydroxide, alkylbenzyldimethylammonium hydroxide, and alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chloride, wherein the alkyl chain ranges from about 1 to 20 carbons. The preferred biocide is sodium chlorite or sodium hypochlorite. The preferred fungicide is sodium pyrithione. The biological agent is present in an amount of about 0.001 to 5% weight percent based on the total weight of the activator.
Surfactant may also be added to the activator solution. Suitable surfactant compounds include any of the numerous non-ionic, anionic, cationic or amphoteric surfactants known to those skilled in the art.
In a preferred embodiment, the activator solution comprises: (a) about 0.05 wt. % to 5 wt. % of hydrogen peroxide; (b) about 0.05 wt. % to 3 wt. % of propanoic acid; (c) about 0.02 wt. % to 1.5 wt. % of benzotriazole; and (d) about 0.01 wt. % to 2 wt. % of ethanolamine.
The present invention also includes a process for polishing metal layers, using the slurry system disclosed. The process comprising the steps of: (a) providing a substrate with at least one metal layer; (b) providing a slurry system comprising (i) a dispersion solution comprising an abrasive and optionally a surfactant and a stabilizing agent; and (ii) an activator solution comprising at least two components selected from the group consisting of: an oxidizer, acids, amines, chelating agents, fluorine-containing compounds, corrosion inhibitors, buffering agents, surfactants, biological agents and mixtures thereof; and (c) chemically mechanically polishing the substrate with the slurry system.
As discussed above, the activator solution will be customized to the metal being polished. Table 1 below shows the preferred activator solution for specified metal layers.
SiO2 or Al2O3
H2O2 or ferric nitrate +
Lactic acid or Nitric Acid +
SiO2 or Al2O3
H2O2 + Propanoic acid or
phthalic acid or citric acid +
SiO2 or Al2O3
H2O2 + NH4F
SiO2 or Al2O3
H2O2 + NH4F + weak acid
SiO2 or Al2O3
H2O2 + NH4F + weak acid
This invention is explained below in further detail with references to examples, which are not by way of limitation, but by way of illustration.
A copper slurry was prepared by utilizing a silica dispersion containing 12% fumed silica. The silica dispersion was mixed with an activator containing hydrogen peroxide and propanoic acid. The final copper slurry mixture contained 1% H2O2 by weight, 4% fumed silica by weight and 0.1 molar propanoic acid. Copper wafers were obtained by sputter deposition on a silicon wafer and were polished using the copper slurry with a Rodel IC1400 pad and IPEC 472 tool. The removal rates were in excess of 450 nm, the non-uniformity was less than 5% and the selectivity of copper to SiO2 was over 200. The passive etch rate without mechanical polishing was 10 nm/minute. In comparison, a commercial copper slurry (Rodel QC 1020) had similar performance.
A Ta slurry was prepared using a standard silica dispersion and an activator containing 0.2% H2O2 and a 2.5 ml/l solution of propanoic acid. The polishing was performed on an IPEC472 polisher using standard 8 inch wafers that contained copper/tantalum/silicon dioxide layers. The removal rates using the Ta slurry was 125 nm/min for copper, 100 nm/min for tantalum and 130 nm/min for SiO2. The passive etch rate is less than 5 nm/min.
Table 2 shows how the shelf-life of metal dispersions are reduced when the solid abrasive is mixed with chemicals used in the dispersion and stored over time.
Cu10K, 55 C
Cu15K, 55 C
Cu10K and Cu15K are slurry compositions containing the solid abrasive mixed with chemicals.
In Table 2, large particle counts (LPC) greater than 0.56 microns are shown. The data indicates that the large particle counts increase during storage of the metal dispersion, that is, there is a higher number of particles having a particle size, greater than 0.56 microns over time: Particle sizes greater than 0.56 microns contribute substantially to defects on the surface of a substrate, i.e. copper.
The present invention has been described with particular reference to the preferred forms thereof. It will be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art that changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the following claims.
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|U.S. Classification||51/309, 252/79.2, 252/79.3, 438/693, 51/308, 51/307, 252/79.4, 438/692, 106/3|
|International Classification||C09K13/02, C09K13/04, B24B37/00, C09K13/08, C09K13/06, A01N33/06, H01L21/304, H01L21/306, A01N43/40, A01N59/08, C09K3/14, C09G1/02|
|Cooperative Classification||C09G1/02, C09K3/1463|
|European Classification||C09G1/02, C09K3/14D2|
|Oct 22, 1999||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: ARCH SPECIALTY CHEMICALS, INC., CONNECTICUT
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MAHULIKAR, DEEPAK;REEL/FRAME:010367/0880
Effective date: 19991019
|Apr 5, 2004||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: GAVREL, TOM G., TEXAS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ECOLOTRON, INC.;REEL/FRAME:015182/0583
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Owner name: VINSON, IRA B., TEXAS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ECOLOTRON, INC.;REEL/FRAME:015182/0583
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|Jun 21, 2005||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: PLANAR SOLUTIONS LLC, MICHIGAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:FUJIFILM ELECTRONIC MATERIALS U.S.A.;REEL/FRAME:016700/0544
Effective date: 20050606
Owner name: FUJIFILM ELECTRONIC MATERIALS U.S.A, INC., RHODE I
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:ARCH SPECIALTY CHEMICALS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:016700/0435
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|Mar 31, 2006||SULP||Surcharge for late payment|
|Mar 31, 2006||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Mar 10, 2010||FPAY||Fee payment|
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|Mar 10, 2014||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 12


ISRO attempts Mega World Record
Monday, February 13, 2017, 5:11 PM
India will boldly go to Venus for the first time and re-visit Mars very soon. Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is to drop off a full load of 104 satellites in space in a single mission. The last world record is held by Russia, which rocketed 37 satellites in 2014 in a single launch.


When it comes to your Outdoor Equipment tools one of the most recommended tools every mechanic or handyman should have included in their toolbox or equipment should be a Mechanical clutch. There are various forms of a Mechanical clutch such as slip clutches, wrap spring clutches and much more, these types of clutches have various uses as well as benefits. Many of the benefits each mechanic who uses these clutches tend to be more useful and durable with any type of job they used on as well as being handy and convenient with each use. Experienced mechanics have also suggested to those who might not own a mechanical clutch of their own, to always look online to check out prices or to look for any online posts that say mechanical pto clutch for sale, which will give any new mechanic the idea of what to look for and to possibly save money in the process. Many of the online sales that state mechanical pto clutch for sale are almost always from experienced mechanics who are looking for newer mechanics to pass their tools down to and to allow newer mechanics to have the proper tools.
Slip clutches come in handy for those mechanics and handymen who use this for any job that deals with overload protection such as using the slip clutches for axially loaded plates and friction pads both are designed to transfer and transmit torque. Slip clutches also gives mechanics the opportunity to increase a machine’s speeds as well as having the ability to apply constant tension and also the ability to improve motion control applications properly and effectively. With any job this slip clutch is used, the benefits increase as well as providing life long and durable spectrums with each application that’s used. One of the most important parts with using slip clutches is the use and dependence of the torque aspect, the existence of torque allows the clutch to work properly and effectively.
Another way slip clutch is used for is when it comes time for the mechanic to fix or work on any type of cushioning or tension control with any job or work they need to accomplish which require continuous slip clutches. Slip clutches are designed to maintain and make sure static friction is lower than their dynamic friction which means slip clutches are there to make sure the temperature of the friction during the stage of acceleration of a machine increases, the slip clutches are made to decrease the temperature and maintain the clutches friction properly without worrying about overloading or breaking any of the materials.
The other benefit of using slip clutches includes tension control applications which are used in several types of machines such as sewing machines, printers, printing machines as well as labeling machines and wire winding. The reason why slip clutches are used in these machines is due to the machines needing tension to be able to correctly control the items or materials through the rollers which will pass through the torque setting and apply the right amount of force to the material allowing the machines to work properly.
The main use and purpose of having and using clutches is the ability to transfer the correct amount of torque with the help of an in-line or a parallel shaft, without torque or the clutch there wouldn’t be any power to connect or to be able to use any of the machines properly. Wrap spring clutches are mainly designed with various different sizes and many of those sizes differ based on the range of torque needed for a machine as well as the capacity of speed needed in the machine. Wrap spring clutches are designed to give mechanics excellent ranges of torque as well as accurate stopping control and lower power along with positive engagement. Wrap spring clutches are typically designed and are more commonly used for higher speed applications within the designs for machines and uses. Mechanics who have used the wrap spring clutch with their job have highly recommended using the wrap spring clutch over other types of clutches mainly due to wrap spring clutches being cost effective because of the simplicity of the wrap spring clutch as well as being maintenance free when used properly and do not require the use of lubrication or replacement parts.


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Building on the pioneering work of Equal Exchange in the previous round of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)-funded Cooperative Development Program (CDP), NCBA CLUSA is educating cooperatives on the importance of member-driven capitalization plans as part of its current USAID CDP project Creating an Environment for Cooperative Expansion (CECE). As highlighted in Equal Exchange’s groundbreaking report, “Developing a strong capital base is one of the most critical issues facing group owned smallholder enterprises, cooperatives and associations in developing countries.”
For cooperatives, building capital through member-owner practices such as individual member equity accounts and indivisible reserves are critical for becoming sustainable businesses that have financial resources to grow business operations, serve their members and communities in meaningful ways, and be prepared when they fall on hard times, as we have all experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic.
In February 2021, NCBA CLUSA’s local partner in Tanzania, Rural Urban Development Initiatives (RUDI), organized a learning exchange trip for leaders of 25 agricultural cooperatives and savings and credit cooperatives (SACCOs) participating in CECE’s coaching program in Tanzania to visit other cooperatives in the country that have established strong capital bases.
In the Kilimanjaro Region, home to some of Tanzania’s oldest and most successful cooperatives, the group visited Kilimanjaro Native Cooperative Union (KNCU)—a second tier cooperative representing over 56,000 coffee farmers from 90 primary coffee co-ops, Mamsera Agricultural Marketing Cooperative—made up of over 1,800 coffee farmers, and Mashati SACCO, which has nearly 1000 members. These cooperatives have active members who do high volumes of business with their coops—be it financial transactions or selling their product—and KNCU and Mamsera have also invested in diversifying their revenue streams. For example, KNCU operates a hotel and has several other commercial building investments. Mamsera runs an agri-input shop, brickmaking and selling business, and photo shop, among other income-generating activities.
While individual member equity accounts grow based on the amount of business members do with their cooperatives and are critical savings mechanisms for members—particularly for farmers who don’t have much else to rely on in terms of safety nets for retirement—these cooperatives also understand the importance of their statutory reserves and going above and beyond to contribute to their collective, indivisible reserves. A portion of their income earned from these additional activities gets allocated to the collective, indivisible reserves. Many will argue that collective, indivisible equity is an even stronger expression of member loyalty and commitment than individual member equity because it is meant for the long-term success of the cooperative and its current and future members and their families and communities.
As exchange trip participant Emmanuel Kingazi reflected, “Through this program, I have the impression that success in cooperatives is grounded in individual and collective commitment, leadership and good governance, quality of services to members, hard work, team work, involvement of individual members, solidarity towards members and the community, and respect of cooperative principles. Respect for those values gave significant results to Mamsera AMCOS and Mashati SACCOS.’’
Since this exchange trip took place, RUDI has continued to work closely with the cooperatives participating in the CECE project to help them develop capitalization plans and strengthen their governance and management capacities to be able to implement these plans with transparency and accountability. In fact, these capacities are prerequisites to implementing any capitalization plans because managing cooperative members’ limited financial resources is such a huge responsibility. All members must understand the risks, but they must also understand the potential rewards. Well capitalized cooperatives can achieve long term success, weather shocks, improve members’ livelihoods and their communities’ well-being, and contribute to more inclusive and equitable economies.

domain: finance


text:
Birth order is just not important - study
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Washington Post - Was your insanely successful older sibling born to achieve? Is your youngest child pre-programmed to seek the limelight?
Nope, says a massive new study analysing the traits of 377 000 high school students. At least, the study says, not enough to make any practical difference.
In the end, researchers found that first-born children have a single-point advantage when it comes to IQ along with some measured personality differences from those who are born later. First-borns were more “extroverted, agreeable and conscientious” overall, according to the study, which was published in the Journal of Research in Personality.
But the correlation on those personality differences is so tiny that it really doesn't speak to any noticeable effect between individuals born first and those born later.
“In terms of personality traits and how you rate them, a 0.02 correlation doesn't get you anything of note,” University of Illinois psychology professor Brent Roberts, the study's lead author, said in a statement. “You are not going to be able to see it with the naked eye. You're not going to be able to sit two people down next to each other and see the differences between them. It's not noticeable by anybody.”
Added co-author Rodica Damian: “The message of this study is that birth order probably should not influence your parenting, because it's not meaningfully related to your kid's personality or IQ.”
The researchers say their study is the biggest ever conducted on the subject of birth order, IQ and personality. It's also unusual in another way: Instead of comparing siblings from within the same family, as many smaller studies on the subject have done, it compared each individual participant to the rest of the sample. The study's authors also controlled for a number of factors that could have influenced the results: Family size, parental socioeconomic status, family structure, age and gender.
“[Within-family] studies often don't measure the personality of each child individually,” said Damian, who was a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Illinois when the study was undertaken and is now a professor of psychology at the University of Houston. “They just ask one child, usually the oldest, 'Are you more conscientious than your siblings?' “
According to Roberts, “another major problem with within-family studies is that the oldest child is always older. People say, 'But my oldest kid is more responsible than my youngest kid.' Yes, and they're also older.”
The authors suggested that a within-family study with a large sample size and a longitudinal approach - in other words, one in which the researchers measured the oldest kid, and then waited for their younger siblings to grow up and reach the same age before being measured - could also be an effective approach to looking at the same question.
The notion that birth order can determine a lot about your personality stems from the work of Alfred W. Adler, a onetime colleague of Sigmund Freud.
As the study notes, Adler's ideas about birth order were at the centre of a huge disagreement that led to Adler's resignation from the Psychoanalytic Society. He eventually branched off on his own and founded the discipline of individual psychology.
The fact that Adler, like Freud, characterised first-born children as neurotic messes and middle children (of which Adler was one) as being relatively healthier probably had something to do with it.
Since then, the basis for those explanations has changed, but familiar breakdowns of personality traits that supposedly apply to each sibling by order of birth have been popularised by an entire genre of parenting books and pop-psychology resources.
That popularity often seems to have outpaced the actual evidence supporting the theory, something Damian and Roberts' work seems to underline.

domain: psychology


Biomass collection involves gathering, packaging, and transporting biomass to a nearby site for temporary storage. The amount of biomass resource that can be collected at a given time depends on a variety of factors. In case of agricultural residues, these considerations include the type and sequence of collection operations, the efficiency of collection equipment, tillage and crop management practices, and environmental restrictions, such as the need to control soil erosion, maintain soil productivity, and maintain soil carbon levels.
The most conventional method for collecting biomass is baling which can be either round or square. Some of the important modern biomass collection operations have been discussed below:
Large square bales are made with tractor pulled balers. A bale accumulator is pulled behind the baler that collects the bales in group of 4 and leaves them on the field. At a later date when available, an automatic bale collector travels through the field and collects the bales.
The automatic bale collector travels to the side of the road and unloads the bales into a stack. If the automatic bale collector is not available bales may be collected using a flat bed truck and a front end bale loader. A loader is needed at the stack yard to unload the truck and stack the bales. The stack is trapped using a forklift and manual labor.
When biomass is dry, a loafer picks the biomass from windrow and makes large stacks. The roof of the stacker acts as a press pushing the material down to increase the density of the biomass. Once filled, loafer transports the biomass to storage area and unloads the stack. The top of the stack gets the dome shape of the stacker roof and thus easily sheds water.
In this system a forage harvester picks up the dry biomass from windrow, chops it into smaller pieces (2.5 – 5.0 cm). The chopped biomass is blown into a forage wagon traveling along side of the forage harvester. Once filled, the forage wagon is pulled to the side of the farm and unloaded. A piler (inclined belt conveyor) is used to pile up the material in the form of a large cone.
Here a forage harvester picks up the dry or wet biomass from the windrow. The chopped biomass is blown into a forage wagon that travels along side of the harvester. Once filled, the wagon is pulled to a silage pit where biomass is compacted to produce silage.
Whole Crop Harvest
The entire material (grain and biomass) is transferred to a central location where the crop is fractionated into grain and biomass. The McLeod Harvester developed in Canada fractionates the harvested crop into straw and graff (graff is a mixture of grain and chaff). The straw is left on the field. Grain separation from chaff and other impurities take place in a stationary system at the farmyard.
For the whole crop baling, the crop is cut and placed in a windrow for field drying. The entire crop is then baled and transported to the processing yard. The bales are unwrapped and fed through a stationary processor that performs all the functions of a normal combine. Subsequently, the straw is re-baled.