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|Kin' of the bleedin' Hawaiian Islands |
|Reign||May 20, 1819 – July 14, 1824|
|Kuhina Nui||Kaʻahumanu I|
|Died||July 14, 1824 (aged 26)|
|Burial||May 11, 1825|
|House||House of Kamehameha|
Kamehameha II (c. 1797 – July 14, 1824) was the oul' second kin' of the bleedin' Kingdom of Hawaii. Right so. His birth name was Liholiho and full name was Kalaninui kua Liholiho i ke kapu ʻIolani. It was lengthened to Kalani Kaleiʻaimoku o Kaiwikapu o Laʻamea i Kauikawekiu Ahilapalapa Kealiʻi Kauinamoku o Kahekili Kalaninui i Mamao ʻIolani i Ka Liholiho when he took the feckin' throne.
Kamehameha II was born circa 1797 in Hilo, on the feckin' island of Hawaiʻi, the feckin' first born son of Kamehameha I with his highest-rankin' wife Keōpuolani. It was originally planned that he would be born at the Kūkaniloko birth site on the feckin' island of Oʻahu but the oul' Queen's sickness prevented travel.
Given in care to his father's trusted servant Hanapi, who took the feckin' child to rear yer man in the bleedin' lands of Kalaoa in Hilo Paliku, he was taken back, after five or six months, by his maternal grandmother Kekuʻiapoiwa Liliha because she felt he was not gettin' the oul' right diet, you know yerself. Kamehameha I, then, put yer man in the oul' care of Queen Kaʻahumanu (another wife of Kamehameha I), who was appointed as Liholiho's official guardian.:15
Jean Baptiste Rives, a feckin' Frenchman about his age, arrived on the feckin' islands in the bleedin' early 19th century. Rives taught the oul' royal princes some English and French, becomin' a close friend (ʻaikāne). Other companions included Charles Kanaʻina, Kekūanāoʻa and Laʻanui.
Liholiho officially inherited the throne upon Kamehameha I's death in May 1819. Story? However, Queen Kaʻahumanu had no intention to give yer man actual leadership, game ball! When Liholiho sailed toward the oul' shores of Kailua-Kona (the capital at the bleedin' time), she greeted yer man wearin' Kamehameha's royal red cape, and she announced to the bleedin' people on shore and to the surprised Liholiho, "We two shall rule the bleedin' land." Liholiho, young and inexperienced, had no other choice, bedad. Kaʻahumanu became the first Kuhina Nui (co-regent) of Hawaii. C'mere til I tell ya. He was forced to take on merely an oul' ceremonial role; administrative power was to be vested in Kaʻahumanu. Sure this is it. He took the oul' title "Kin' Kamehameha II", but preferred to be called ʻIolani, which means "heavenly (or royal) hawk".
Kamehameha II is best remembered for the oul' 'Ai Noa, the oul' breakin' of the bleedin' ancient kapu (taboo) system of religious laws six months into his reign when he sat down with Kaʻahumanu and his mammy Keopuolani and ate a feckin' meal together. What followed was the feckin' disbandin' of the bleedin' social class of priest and the oul' destruction of temples and images.
Kamehameha I had bequeathed his war god Kūkaʻilimoku and his temples to his cousin Kekuaokalani, to be sure. Kekuaokalani demanded that Liholiho withdraw his edicts against the Hawaiian priesthood, permit rebuildin' of the feckin' temples, and dismiss both Kalanimōkū and Kaʻahumanu. Kamehameha II refused. At the oul' battle of Kuamoʻo on the oul' island of Hawaiʻi, the feckin' kin''s better-armed forces, led by Kalanimōkū, defeated the bleedin' last defenders of the Hawaiian gods, temples, and priesthoods of the ancient organized religion. Jesus Mother of Chrisht almighty. The first Christian missionaries arrived only a feckin' few months later in the feckin' Hawaiian Islands.
He never officially converted to Christianity because he refused to give up four of his five wives and his love of alcohol, the hoor. He (like his father) married several relatives of high rank, but he was the feckin' last Hawaiian kin' to practice polygamy, you know yourself like. His favorite wife was his half-sister Kamāmalu, bedad. Kīnaʻu (Kamāmalu's full-blood sister) was his second wife who would later remarry and become Kuhina Nui. Jasus. Princess Kalani Pauahi was his niece by his half-brother Pauli Kaōleiokū, would ye believe it? She later remarried and gave birth to Princess Ruth Keʻelikōlani. Kekāuluohi was half-sister of Kamāmalu and Kīnaʻu through their mammy Kaheiheimālie who was another of his father's wives. Princess Kekauʻōnohi was Liholiho's niece and granddaughter of Kamehameha I, and would later become royal governor of the islands of Maui and Kauaʻi.
He was known to be impulsive. For example, on November 16, 1820 he bought an oul' Royal Yacht known as Cleopatra's Barge for 8000 piculs of sandalwood (over an oul' million pounds), estimated to be worth about US$80,000 at the time. Would ye believe this shite?It had been sold a bleedin' few years before for $15,400 by the bleedin' Crowninshield family of Salem, Massachusetts. Kamehameha II was quite proud of his ship; in the bleedin' words of Charles Bullard, the feckin' agent for the bleedin' shipowner:
If you want to know how Religion stands at the feckin' Islands I can tell you — All sects are tolerated but the oul' Kin' worships the feckin' Barge.
He tried to gain favor with missionaries by offerin' free passage on the bleedin' opulent ship, and regularly entertained foreign visitors with their choice of alcoholic beverages. Bejaysus this is a quare tale altogether. On April 18, 1822 it required an oul' major overhaul because most of the oul' wood had rotted. Listen up now to this fierce wan. He paid to have wood shipped in from the bleedin' Pacific Northwest for repairs, and then renamed his ship Haʻaheo o Hawaiʻi ("Pride of Hawaii"). After re-launchin' May 10, 1823 it was wrecked less than an oul' year later.
In the summer of 1821, he was in a bleedin' small boat intended for the ʻEwa beach, just west of Honolulu, to be sure. A few nobles such as Chiefess Kapiʻolani and Governor Boki were aboard, with about 30 men, for the craic. He ordered the oul' ship to instead cross a bleedin' dangerous channel all the oul' way to the bleedin' island of Kauaʻi, despite havin' no compass, charts, nor provisions on board. Bejaysus. They somehow made it to Kauaʻi. When they arrived, the bleedin' local Chief Kaumualiʻi did not fire his cannons on the oul' unarmed ship but welcomed the bleedin' young kin'. C'mere til I tell ya. The Royal Yacht was sent for, and the oul' royal party entertained themselves for over a holy month. Whisht now and eist liom. Then one night after he invited Kaumualiʻi on board, Kamehameha II abruptly ordered the bleedin' yacht to sail in the feckin' night, the hoor. Upon returnin' to Honolulu, he had Kaumualiʻi "marry" Kaʻahumanu and kept yer man under house arrest in exile until his death.:138
Fatal visit to Great Britain
Another of his voyages would prove fatal. On April 16, 1822 English missionary William Ellis arrived with a feckin' schooner Prince Regent of six guns to add to his growin' collection of ships. Holy blatherin' Joseph, listen to this. It was a gift from George IV the oul' Kin' of Great Britain, and Kamehameha II wrote to thank yer man, requestin' closer diplomatic ties.:282 He wanted to travel to London, but all his advisors includin' Keōpūolani and Kaʻahumanu were opposed to the bleedin' idea, the hoor. After his mammy Keōpūolani's death on September 16, 1823, he made up his mind to go.
In November 1823 Kamehameha II and Queen Kamāmalu commissioned the oul' British whalin' ship L'Aigle (French for "the Eagle") under Captain Valentine Starbuck to carry them to London. Goin' along were High Chief Boki and wife High Chiefess Kuini Liliha, and other chiefs and retainers includin' Manuia, Naihekukui, James Young Kānehoa, Kekūanāoʻa, Kauluhaimalama, Naʻaiweuweu, and Naukane who had already been to America (where he picked up the oul' name John Coxe) and then England.:256
Since Ellis wanted to travel back to England anyway, he offered to be translator and guide, but Starbuck refused. Somehow Rives talked his way on board instead as translator.
In February 1824 they arrived at Rio de Janeiro in the newly independent Empire of Brazil where they met Emperor Pedro I. The Emperor gave Kamehameha II a bleedin' ceremonial diamond-encrusted sword with a bleedin' gold sheath, and in return was presented with a feckin' native Hawaiian feather cloak made from rare tropical bird feathers which in 2018 was lost in the bleedin' fire that destroyed National Museum of Brazil, so it is. Queen Kamāmalu receives a feckin' diamond rin'; in return, she offers a yellow feather necklace.
They arrived on May 17, 1824 in Portsmouth, and the bleedin' next day moved into the feckin' Caledonian Hotel in London. Bejaysus this is a quare tale altogether. Foreign Secretary George Cannin' appointed Frederick Gerald Byng (1784–1871) to supervise their visit. Here's a quare one. Byng was an oul' Gentleman Usher, fifth son of John Byng, 5th Viscount Torrington and friend of Beau Brummell, known more for his gaudy fashions than diplomacy. Their arrival was met by the local press with a bleedin' mixture of curiosity and derision. Whisht now and listen to this wan. They were not sure what to call the feckin' kin', spellin' his "Liholiho" name various ways such as "Rheo Rhio". Some made puns on the fact that Byng's nickname was "Poodle" and in Hawaiian ʻīlio ʻīlio would mean "dog of dogs" and that the feckin' British name of the kingdom was "Sandwich Islands". Byng made sure they would have appropriate attire for all their public appearances.
On May 28 a holy reception with 200 guests includin' several Dukes was held in their honor. They toured London, visitin' Westminster Abbey, but he refused to enter because he did not want to desecrate their burial place. In the feckin' words of Bill Mai'oho, the bleedin' curator of the Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii, "Liholiho, Kin' Kamehameha II, refused to step in there, because he wasn't blood-connected. Arra' would ye listen to this. These were the oul' kings, and he felt he had no right, to walk around their caskets. G'wan now and listen to this wan. He didn't even step foot [sic] in there, he didn't want to desecrate their burial places with his presence or his feet steppin' in that area." They attended opera and ballet at Royal Opera House in Covent Garden on May 31, and the bleedin' Theatre Royal in Drury Lane on June 4 in the bleedin' Royal Box. He and Kamāmalu were an unusual sight to the British people who had seen few Native Hawaiians, moreover, Kamāmalu was over six-feet tall. Several members of the oul' court had portraits painted by the feckin' Hayter family.
Kin' George IV finally scheduled a bleedin' meetin' for June 21, but it had to be delayed as Kamāmalu became ill. The Hawaiian court had caught measles, to which they had no immunity, begorrah. They probably contracted the bleedin' disease on their June 5 visit to the Royal Military Asylum (now the oul' Duke of York's Royal Military School). Kamāmalu died on July 8, 1824. The grief-stricken Kamehameha II died six days later on July 14, 1824.
Vast crowds lined up when he was laid in state at the bleedin' Caledonian Hotel on July 17. On July 18 the bodies were stored in the feckin' crypt of St Martin-in-the-Fields church where they awaited transportation back home, bejaysus. Boki took over lead of the bleedin' delegation and finally did have an audience with Kin' George IV, would ye swally that? Kānehoa (James Young), with superior English language skills conferred by his English father John Young, was entrusted with the official letters of introduction and served as new translator. Here's a quare one. Rives and Starbuck were accused of misspendin' the oul' royal treasury and departed.
The Blonde arrived back in Honolulu on May 6, 1825. Kalanimōkū had been notified of the oul' deaths in a holy letter from Rives, so Hawaiian royalty gathered at his house where the feckin' bodies were moved for the funeral. The marines and crew from the bleedin' ship made a holy formal procession, the bleedin' ship's chaplain read an Anglican prayer, and an American missionary was allowed to make a feckin' prayer in the oul' Hawaiian language.:266 They were buried on the grounds of the feckin' ʻIolani Palace in a coral house meant to be the feckin' Hawaiian version of the tombs Liholiho had seen in London. Jesus Mother of Chrisht almighty. They were eventually moved to the oul' Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii known as Mauna ʻAla. Kamehameha II was succeeded by his younger brother Kauikeaouli, who became Kin' Kamehameha III.
|Ancestors of Kamehameha II|
- Roger G. Rose, Sheila Conant and Eric P. C'mere til I tell ya. Kjellgren (1993). "Hawaiian standin' kahili in the feckin' Bishop museum: An ethnological and biological analysis". Journal of the bleedin' Polynesian Society, for the craic. Polynesian Society. G'wan now. 102 (3): 273–304. Would ye believe this shite?JSTOR 20706518, you know yourself like. Retrieved 2011-09-18.
- Esther T. Jesus, Mary and holy Saint Joseph. Mookini (1998). "Keopuolani: Sacred Wife, Queen Mammy, 1778–1823", like. Hawaiian Journal of History. Hawaiian Historical Society. G'wan now. 32: 12. Be the hokey here's a quare wan. hdl:10524/569.
- Ii, John Papa; Pukui, Mary Kawena; Barrère, Dorothy B, bejaysus. (1983), to be sure. Fragments of Hawaiian History (2 ed.). Jesus, Mary and Joseph. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. In fairness now. ISBN 978-0-910240-31-4.
- Taylor, Albert Pierce (1928). C'mere til I tell ya now. "Liholiho: a revised estimate of his character". Hawaiian Journal of History. Would ye swally this in a minute now?Hawaiian Historical Society: 23. hdl:10524/964.
- James Macrae (1922). Jaykers! William Frederick WilsoN, would ye believe it? (ed.). With Lord Byron at the Sandwich Islands in 1825: Bein' Extracts from the oul' MS Diary of James Macrae, scottish botanist. C'mere til I tell ya now. W.F. Jesus Mother of Chrisht almighty. Wilson. Stop the lights! ISBN 978-0-554-60526-5.
- Paul Forsythe Johnston (Winter 2002). "A Million Pounds of Sandalwood: The History of Cleopatra's Barge in Hawaii" (PDF), that's fierce now what? The American Neptune. I hope yiz are all ears now. 63 (1), be the hokey! pp. 5–45. Arra' would ye listen to this shite? Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-03-11.
- Hiram Bingham I (1855) . A Residence of Twenty-one Years in the bleedin' Sandwich Islands (Third ed.). Here's a quare one. H.D. Goodwin.
- William Ellis (1853). Story? Polynesian researches durin' a holy residence of nearly eight years in the oul' Society and Sandwich islands. Arra' would ye listen to this. 3. Henry G, so it is. Bohn, London. Jesus, Mary and Joseph. ISBN 978-1-56647-605-8.
- Dunmore, John (1992); Who's Who in Pacific Navigation, Australia:Melbourne University Press, ISBN 0-522-84488-X, p 238
- Kamakau, Samuel (1992) . Jaykers! Rulin' Chiefs of Hawaii (Revised ed.). Honolulu: Kamehameha Schools Press, enda story. ISBN 978-0-87336-014-2.
- Janice K, to be sure. Duncan (1973). "Kanaka World Travelers and Fur Company Employees, 1785–1860". Hawaiian Journal of History. 7, so it is. Hawaii Historical Society. Jesus, Mary and holy Saint Joseph. p. 99. hdl:10524/133.
- Royal Hawaiian Feather Cloak Feared Lost in Brazil Museum Fire
- Adrienne L. Whisht now and listen to this wan. Kaeppler (1978). Whisht now. ""L'Aigle" and HMS "Blonde": The Use of History in the bleedin' Study of Ethnography", the cute hoor. Hawaiian Journal of History. 12. C'mere til I tell yiz. Hawaii Historical Society. Whisht now. pp. 28–44. Right so. hdl:10524/620.
- Marhorie Bloy, that's fierce now what? "Biography: Hon. Frederick Gerald Byng (1784–1871)". A web of English history, fair play. Retrieved 2010-02-26.
- Pukui and Elbert (2003). Arra' would ye listen to this. "lookup of ilio". Right so. on Hawaiian dictionary. Here's a quare one for ye. Ulukau, the oul' Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaii. Soft oul' day. Archived from the original on 2012-12-28. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
- J. Susan Corley (2008). C'mere til I tell yiz. "British Press Greets the oul' Kin' of the Sandwich Islands: Kamehameha II in London, 1824". Hawaiian Journal of History, game ball! 42, so it is. Hawaii Historical Society, you know yourself like. pp. 69–101, be the hokey! hdl:10524/261.
- "Nu'uanu, O'ahu -- A Native Place: Pohukaina". Would ye believe this shite?Retrieved 3 December 2013.
- Shulman, Stanford T.; Shulman, Deborah L.; Sims, Ronald H. Whisht now. (August 2009), for the craic. "The Tragic 1824 Journey of the feckin' Hawaiian Kin' and Queen to London: History of Measles in Hawaii", for the craic. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. Jesus Mother of Chrisht almighty. 28 (8): 728–733. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e31819c9720. Here's another quare one. PMID 19633516.
- Theophilus Harris Davies (July 26, 1889). Story? "The last hours of Liholiho and Kamamalu: a holy letter sent to H.R.H, bejaysus. Princess Liliuokalani presented to the feckin' Hawaiian Historical Society". Annual report of the Hawaiian Historical Society 1897. pp. 30–32. Soft oul' day. hdl:10524/75.
- Andrew Bloxam (1925), the cute hoor. Diary of Andrew Bloxam: naturalist of the feckin' Blonde on her trip from England to the Hawaiian islands, 1824–25. Whisht now and listen to this wan. Volume 10 of Bernice P, be the hokey! Bishop Museum special publication.
- Johnston, Paul F. Would ye swally this in a minute now?(2015). Shipwrecked in Paradise: Cleopatra's Barge in Hawai‘i. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, for the craic. ISBN 978-1-62349-284-7. Me head is hurtin' with all this raidin'. OCLC 1004129511.
- Kamehameha II: Liholiho and the feckin' impact of change. Kamehameha Schools Press. 2001. Here's another quare one. ISBN 978-0-87336-049-4.
- William Ellis (1823). Jasus. A Journal of a holy Tour around Hawaii, the Largest of the feckin' Sandwich Islands, would ye believe it? Crocker and Brewster, New York, republished 2004, Mutual Publishin', Honolulu. Whisht now. ISBN 1-56647-605-4.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kamehameha II.|
- Kamehameha II (Liholiho) 1797–1824 on HawaiiHistory.com web site
- "Kamehameha II". Arra' would ye listen to this. Biography from Hawaiʻi Royal Family web site, game ball! Kealii Pubs. Retrieved 2010-01-30.
| Kin' of Hawaiʻi


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Get involved: Send your news, views, pictures and video by texting SUPIC to 80360 or email us.
New lease of life for Brighton pub
The new owner of a popular pub and music venue has said he will look to continue to run the pub in the tradition of its previous owners.
Nathan Wright has taken over at The Greys in Southover Street, Brighton, and will reopen it tomorrow (November 3) at noon.
Previous licensees Chris Beaumont and Gill Perkins called time on their stay at the pub they had run for nine years after failing to agree new terms on the lease.
Mr Wright, landlord of the neighbouring The Geese, said he hoped Greys regulars would see that he was not an “evil pub baron” looking to turn the traditional real ale pub into a chain.
He said he hoped that regulars who visited the pub under his management wouldn’t notice the difference from previous owners.
Mr Wright, landlord at The Geese for the last two years, said that when he learned that The Greys was to close he had mixed feelings.
He was happy that a competitor had gone but also concerned that his pub would become isolated if The Greys remained closed and also worried about the impact on the Hanover community.
He said: “I know some people are worried that there will be an overhaul like The Geese had.
“The problem was when we took The Geese on, it was a bit dour and it needed improving but The Greys doesn’t need that and we will continue in the same vein it always has dating back to the 80s.”
It is believed Mr Beaumont and Ms Perkins had fallen out with leaseholders Enterprise Inns over the renegotiation of a 20-year-old lease.
Mr Wright said he will look to continue the pub’s tradition of Monday night music which has seen big acts such as Martin Carthy, Damien Rice and Buddy Holly guitarist Tommy Allsup perform.
The new owner will also revive food at the pub, off the menu for the last few months after the chef left.
Continuity between the two owners will be provided by Mark Robinson, the bar manager for the last five years, who is staying on along with other members of staff.
Anyone interested in working at The Greys should contact 01273 680734.
See the latest news headlines from The Argus:
- Travel Watch Live
- Sentenced to life: Royal Marine from Brighton who shot wounded Afghan in cold blood
- Updated: "Biscuit tin" bomb hoaxer hunted in Brighton
- Sussex business winners line up to take top honours
- Severe flooding in Shoreham after River Adur bursts its banks
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Star Wars Insider
Lots of exclusive Boba Fett merchandise for sale, such as a denim jacket, Dave Dorman lithograph, and more. Also included some key art from Boba Fett in the Droids cartoon.
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This is a book for readers who like to be scared! An unforgettable chilling psychological thriller, nightmarish as it ghoulishly unfolds.
And “The Ghoul” is the name 13 year old Elissa gives the shadowy man who steals her away from her mother at a Junior Chess Tournament (Elissa is a chess prodigy, which stands her in good stead as her terror begins). The Ghoul imprisons her, in shackles, in an old, abandoned cellar, where she is discovered by Elijah, a strange, simple 12 year old boy.
At first Elissa is overjoyed, thinking Elijah will tell the police and rescue her. But Elijah is pitifully lonely. He wants to keep Elissa as a friend, kept secret in his Memory Wood, a creepy, literally haunted forest in which Elijah has lived all his life.
Psychologically this novel is enormously tense and dark. Who is Elijah? Who are “mama and papa”? Who is Elijah’s brutal brother, Kyle? And will spirited, clever Elissa manage to escape from this monstrous wood.
In his debut thriller, Sam Lloyd has drawn on all our worst childhood terrors, on the deep well of Grimm’s Fairytales, Hansel and Gretel, Rumpelstiltskin, and Red Riding Hood’s Big Bad Wolf. All those old half-remembered childish nightmares are here in The Memory Wood.
Elissa is manacled in what Elijah calls the “gingerbread house”, and the reader can almost feel the terrifying reality, the damp, cold evil that mocks the fairytale description. Elissa herself is a fabulous character, brave, defiant and resourceful. She shines like a torch, illuminating her pitch dark prison with intelligence and courage.
The reader’s assumptions about her captor are constantly turned upside down, and shocking details eventually reveal the heartbreakingly massive childhood trauma which has led to Elijah’s strange half-life.
The Memory Wood is a disturbingly chilling story. But it’s a terrific read! Sweet Dreams!

domain: artistic


After completing their 18-month Parts Apprenticeship, Nathan Buchanan-Carver and Kieran Sealeaf have recently moved into Parts Business Development roles within their respective Ford & Slater dealerships and will be taking on their first company cars to help them advance in their sales careers.
We caught up with Nathan and Kieran to see how their Ford & Slater Apprenticeship helped them get to where they are today.
What made you decide to join the Ford & Slater Parts Apprentice Programme?
Nathan: After realising A-Levels weren’t for me, I wasn’t sure what to do next! I knew I wanted to earn money, learn new skills, and find a career path – that’s when I found the Parts Apprenticeship at Ford & Slater. It turned out to be the best decision I have ever made!
Kieran: I joined the programme as I wanted to challenge and throw myself into something I knew nothing about. It was a chance for me to learn a completely new set of skills and work in a different environment.
What did you learn during your time as an apprentice?
Nathan: I started with learning about the basic parts for truck and trailer. Moving on to the workshop counter, I learnt more on the workings of the parts, what they did and where they fitted. I also learnt a lot from our talented technicians.
Going into the sales office, I learnt the importance of a good phone manner! The office is where I learnt the key skills of sales and it brought me to my next challenge.
Kieran: I learnt how to provide the best level of customer service to not only existing customer but new ones as well. The programme gave me the tools I needed to help understand what the customer expects of us and how I can assist them in the most efficient and effective way.
What would you say to someone who was looking at becoming a parts apprentice?
Nathan: Do it! Coming into this trade as an apprentice allows you to gain the skills and knowledge whilst earning. It comes with great rewards and plenty of opportunities ahead of you.
The dedication the Ford & Slater team have in ensuring the apprentices are completely supported throughout their apprenticeship is one of the reasons why the programme is recognised as one of the best in the country. Nathan Buchanan-Carver says: “They [Ford & Slater] supported me all the way through ensuring I was enjoying the experience. They’re the reason I’m getting my company car today!”
Kieran Sealeaf comments: “Ford & Slater always have my back. Everyone was so welcoming, friendly and always had time to answer my questions.”
Ford & Slater’s Group Apprenticeship Manager, Lee Sursham, oversaw both Nathan and Kieran throughout their apprenticeship: “The key thing that both Nathan and Kieran shared throughout their apprenticeships was their commitment. It’s this quality that has seen them rise through the ranks so quickly, going the extra mile for our customers and surpassing their expectations, as they did with mine. They both deserve every success in what I believe will be a very bright future.”
The Ford & Slater Parts Apprenticeship is one of the most integral parts of the business, Lee explains: “This apprenticeship is key for bringing young, ambitious people into our business. It offers them a platform into a fast paced, exciting sector of the industry that combines technical knowledge and providing an excellent customer experience. This is the first step of a career that is both challenging and rewarding.”


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Drum roll please… Introducing our newly improved Devices Details page! We’re giving you a full page layout of the Devices Details page and everything within it to streamline navigation, surface more meaningful information, and allow you to do more, in one place.
We’ve added some cool new features, quick actions, and relocated some information more intentionally. But for the most part, everything you’re used to seeing, or doing on this page will be the same, but better.
The main differences you’ll see are:
- A full page layout
- Device actions have moved into a neat, easily accessible quick actions menu
- The Details tab has been repurposed with more valuable information and renamed to Insights
- A new Commands tab
Note: Click on the images below to see them in a bigger view.
- The new Highlights tab still provides a Device Overview and sections for Users, Device Groups, Policies, and Device Activity.
- The main update is the actions that were located under the name of the device have moved to the top right corner of the page under a new quick Actions dropdown menu.
- The name of the device, Operating System, and Serial Number have also moved to the top of the page.
- The other change is that there is a new section for Device Configuration that allows you to enable or disable System Insights, and MFA Login. This used to be a dropdown menu selection under the name of your device.
- The Insights tab has consolidated information from Device Details and System Insights to create a new experience outlining both.
- You’ll see all of your system’s information under the following tabs; Summary, System and Hardware, Operating System, Software, Network, and Local Users and Groups.
- Once you click into any of these specific tabs, a separate table of contents will appear on the right. Use this to navigate to each section within that tab quicker.
Device Groups Tab
The Device Groups tab has been updated to a full page layout with the quick Actions menu in the top right corner.
- The Users tab also received a simple update, extending to a full page layout.
- If you select a user, or click Show bound device users, you’ll have the option to edit the Password Sync dropdown menu to Yes or No, see Device Password Sync to learn more.
- Once a user is selected, you can also edit the Permissions by clicking the pencil icon next to the permission for the user. Then select an option for the user’s Permission Level from the dropdown menu, see Set Admin/Sudo Permissions to learn more.
- The MDM tab has the same sections as before with the exception of the MDM Command Results section. This has moved under the Commands tab.
- You can also schedule OS updates from here.
Note: You’ll only see this tab for Macs, and if you have MDM configured on the device, otherwise you’ll see an option to enroll in MDM.
The EMM tab also received a simple update, extending to a full page layout. You can still edit the name of the device and description under the Highlights tab.
The Apps tab also received a simple update, extending to a full page layout.
Note: You'll only see this tab if you have any Apps configured.
The Policies tab also received a simple update, extending to a full page layout.
Policy Results Tab
You’ll only see the Policy Results tab if you have policies applied to the device. This tab also received a simple update, extending to a full page layout.
- The new Commands tab displays all commands that are bound to the device.
- Click Run Command to run any of the commands on the device from this page instead of having to navigate to the Commands page to run them.
- Click the Recent Commands dropdown at the top of the page to see a list of the last five commands that were run on the device.
If you have questions about the new full device page layout, please see Contact JumpCloud Support.

domain: design


Following these steps to connect to the secured "STAGEnet-Member" SSID on the wireless network. A 10.x.x.x internal IP address will be assigned with access to all of the resources typically available via a standard network connection.
- Download the zipped STAGEnet-Member Setup File
- Extract the BAT and EXE files to the computer
- Execute the BAT file on the computer
Desktop administrators are encouraged to automate the BAT file deployment using login-scripts or a desktop management solution such as Altiris.


text:
An artist’s back catalogue dating from when he was two years old has gone viral around the world.
Jake Lockett posted a collection of drawings and paintings saved from his childhood on his work’s website which was then swiftly shared on social media and online news sites.
He said: “It feels a bit strange knowing that the collection has been shared globally as it’s quite an abstract idea, but its nice that people are interested.
“It’s a small project but I’ve had loads of comments and emails from people saying how much they appreciate it.”
Some of the feedback Jake received included school teachers asking if they could use it to base their lessons on. He added: “I might even be making a little video interview for a school in Istanbul.”
The 24-year-old said people often feel artists have an inherent talent, but in this project he “intended to show that with work, progression is inevitable, a concept that will hopefully inspire others to peruse their interests whole -heartedly”.
He added: “I like to think of it as a ‘chicken and the egg’ scenario. Do I draw a lot because I am good, or am I good because I draw a lot? I don’t know, probably a bit of both.”
Jake has his mum to thank for keeping and dating his early scribblings. He said it was during a nostalgic evening of looking through them that he got the idea to catalogue and document them.
He said: “I used to love drawing as a child and I have fond memories of drawing with my sister of an afternoon. It was, and still is, one of my favourite recreational activities.”
As you scroll through the pictures, you can see a child’s skill develop into the talent that earned Jake his current job with Eat With Your Eyes marketing and design studio, in Priory Park, Bedford.
He said: “I definitely had themes running through my work at certain points in my life. You can see the point when I was most into Jurassic Park or Star Wars, and I have sketchbooks full of Mighty Max drawings.
“Although I had themes in my artwork, I would always throw in the odd wildcard; my mum specifically remembers a Mother’s Day card on which I drew a fly being swatted.”
You can view the artwork at www.eatwithyoureyes.co.uk/my-drawing-journal
Jake said: “My childhood drawings are just online at the moment, that is unless you count my mum’s fridge.”


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Festival of Trees
The Festival of Trees
The Festival of Trees is an annual event sponsored by local businesses. It is an annual Gardner tradition that brings the community together in celebrating the the holiday season with long lines of decorated artificial Christmas trees.
This is an exhibit and RAFFLE of various sized decorated trees and each one with a special theme, along with wreaths, baskets and other items.
Download the flyer for the 18th Annual Festival of Trees, 2023
Each year the Festival of Trees is a real pleasure.
Please enjoy the 2021 Festival of Trees image carousel below.
TBA: Winners of the 18th Annual Festival of Trees
Images courtesy of Chris Roux Photography and Seaman Paper


How to upgrade / flash bios tips and guide
In computers, the basic input/output system (BIOS) , also known as the System BIOS. It is a boot firmware, designed to be the first code run by a PC when powered on. The initial function of the BIOS is to identify, test, and initialize system devices such as the video display card, hard disk, floppy disk and other hardware. The BIOS sets the machine hardware into a known state, so that software stored on compatible media can be loaded, executed, and given control of the PC. This process is known as booting.
BIOS programs are stored on a chip and are built to work with various devices that make up the complementary chipset of the system. They provide a small library of basic input/output functions that can be called to operate and control the peripherals such as the keyboard, text display functions and so forth. In computer, certain peripheral cards such as hard-drive controllers and video display adapters carried their own BIOS extension ROM, which provided additional functionality. Operating systems and executive software, designed to supersede this basic firmware functionality, will provide replacement software interfaces to applications.
There are three main reasons to update a BIOS:
1. The motherboard manufacturer might release an updated BIOS to correct bugs in the original. For example, a BIOS update might reduce the operating temperature of the computer.
2. BIOS updates sometimes allow the computer to use hardware or software that wasn't available when the original BIOS was released. Examples are a new version of Windows, a hard drive with greater storage capacity than the previous BIOS allowed for, or a processor that didn't exist at the time the BIOS was written.
3. BIOS updates can enable new features, such as Plug & Play technology or hibernation (storing the contents of the memory on the hard drive and shutting off the power so that when the user restarts the computer, the session is left as if the computer had not been shut down).
Note: If everything is working well, then in most cases you should leave the BIOS alone and not update it. Updating the BIOS for no reason other than the fact that there is a new version available could actually cause problems.
Before upgrading your bios, you should, firstly, back up, print, or write down the current settings found on the bios setup screens. This information may be lost during the upgrade. For how to use backup utility, please see the following. Secondly, make sure that the updated bios will address the issue you are trying to solve. So you really have to read the documents to see if the upgrade addresses your specific concern. Thirdly, in order to locate the correct bios upgrade for your motherboard you need to know who made it and the model number and always try to download the files needed for flashing bios from your motherboard maker.
Usually you need to download two things. One is the flash utility which is the software used to reprogram the BIOS and the other is a copy of the new BIOS firmware.
Finally, it is important to remember that during the upgrade, do not turn off your computer or power in any case because if you do it, your pc will get serious problems, that is, you may not get your computer to work.
What to Do about a Failed BIOS Update?
Unfortunately, sometimes BIOS updates are not successful. If you saved the original BIOS, you can usually run the flash utility to restore it. If this doesn't work, you will probably have to replace the chip. Some Gigabyte - brand motherboards have a backup BIOS that automatically takes over in the event of a primary BIOS failure, but this feature is not common. In other boards, if the chip is permanently attached to the motherboard, you'll either have to send the motherboard back to its manufacturer for chip replacement, or buy a new board.
If you have a replaceable BIOS chip, then you can hopefully find a replacement. You can try the motherboard or computer manufacturer for a replacement.
How to back up BIOS?
To backup your BIOS, you will need to run the BIOS upgrade software to read BIOS contents to a file. First you will need to know your BIOS company, that is, to find out if it is AMI, Award, or Phoenix by looking at your computer screen just after you turn it on. The BIOS manufacturer name will be shortly displayed.
For AMI BIOS, click here to download the software. For Award or Phoenix BIOS, click here to download the software. It will then open a list with many versions of this software, try the latest one. You should know that Phoenix has bought Award, so you have to use Phoenix software on Award BIOS.
You need to unzip the downloaded file and copy the uncompressed file to a bootable floppy disk (formated with Format a:/s). You will need to boot from this floppy, since the BIOS upgrading program does not run under Windows (you may also need to change boot sequence on setup to allow booting from the floppy disk). You can also save the files on USB stick if you can get your computer boot up from USB stick.
Some motherboard manufacturers have their own BIOS upgrade software, usually Windows-based. In this case, you can use the motherboard manufacturer software instead of the AMI, Award or Phoenix software. But you will need to know your motherboard manufacturer and go to its website to find the utility.
Just perform the BIOS upgrade procedure and tell the programming software to write your current BIOS to a file. The exact option to do that depends on the software version used and if you are using the BIOS manufacturer software or the motherboard manufacturer software. The following are the most commom steps for AMI, Award and Phoenix BIOS using the original BIOS manufacturer software to write the BIOS backup file to a floppy disk or USB stick.
Backing Up AMI BIOS
For AMI Bios software, just tell the software by using its menus to save the BIOS contents to a file.
Backing Up Award and Phoenix BIOS
For backing Up Award and Phoenix BIOS, use the following command:
awdflash a:backup.bin /sy /pn
|©1994 - 2010 Edusoftmax Inc. All rights reserved. Questions? Comments? Visitors:


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SHORT NOTES FROM LPI PAGE
--contains significant chlorogenic acid and caffeine
--unfiltered coffee is a significant source of cafestol and kahweol
--cafestol and kahweol = diterpenes that incr serum total and LDL chol in humans
--assoc w/ decr risk of type 2 diabetes, Parkinson’s disease and liver disease
--little evidence that coffee consumption increases the risk of cancer
--some evidence coffee can increase blood pressure
--moderate coffee consumption appears to NOT be assoc with incr risk of cardiovascular disease
--SUMMARY: little evidence of health risk and some evidence of health benefits for adults consuming moderate amounts of filtered coffee (3-4 cups/d providing 300-400 mg/d of caffeine)
--some people are more sensitive:
----2-3 cups of coffee may raise blood pressure, esp in pts with borderline or high BP
----uncertain impact on risk of miscarriage and fetal growth (LPI recommends preg women limit to max 3 cups/day with no more than 300 mg/day caffeine
----adequate calcium and vitamin D intake and limiting coffe intake to limits for preg women may help reduce the risk of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture, particularly in older adults
--coffee = among the most widely consumed beverages in the world
--=complex mix of many chems: carbs, lipids, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, alkaloids, and phenols
--coffee is a rich source of chlorogenic acids
--chlorogenic acids = a family of esters formed between quinic acid and phenolic compounds (cinnamic acids) --most abundant chlorogenic acid acid = 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
-- = an ester formed between quinic acid and caffeic acid
--200 ml (7-oz) cup of coffee contains 70-350 mg-->35-175 mg of caffeic acid
--chlorogenic and caffeic acid have ANTIOXIDANT activity in vitro, but in vivo uncertain
--they are extensively metabolized and the metabolites are not as strong antiox
--caffeine is a purine alkaloid that occurs naturally in coffee beans
--at coffee drinking levels, caffeine appears to work by antagonizing some types of adenosine receptors
--adenosine is endogenous, modulates the response of neurons to neurotransmitters, is mostly inhibitory in CNS
--blocking adenosine receptors is thus mostly stimulating
--caffeine is rapidly and almost completely absorbed in the stomach and small intestine
--once absorbed it goes through the body incl to the brain
--caff concentrations in coffee beverages are variable:
72-130mg/8 oz brewed cup by a recent analysis samples from specialty coffee shops in US
--espresso coffees ranged from 58-76 mg per shot
--outside the US coffee is often stronger but the volume is lower so intake/cup is not radically different
--Cafestol and kahweol
--raise serum total and LDL cholesterol concentrations in humans
--largely removed from coffee by paper filters
--more in Scandinavian boiled coffee, Turkish coffee, and French press (cafetiere) coffee (6-12 mg/cup)
--less in filtered coffee, percolated coffee, and instant coffee (0.2-0.6 mg/cup)
--relatively high in espresso coffee but small serving size--> (4 mg/cup)
--coffee beans/grounds are high in cafestol and kahweol, regular ingestion may also raise tot & LDL chol
TYPE 2 DIABETES
--higher coffee intakes to be assoc w/ significant reductions in the risk of type 2 DM
--9 studies, 193,000 men and women: risk 35% lower drinking 6+ cups/d of coffee
--28% lower at 4-6 cups/d
--compared to less than 2 cups/d (16)
--three prospective cohort studies in the U.S.:
Health Professionals Follow-up Study (41,934 men)
Nurses’ Health Study (84,276 women)
Nurses' Health Study II (88,259 women)
--men who drank 6+ cups/day 54% lower risk of developing type 2 DM than men who did not drink coffee
--women at 6+ cups/day-->29% lower risk than non coffee drinkers
--women at 4+ cups a day-->39% lower risk, similar results at 2-3 cups/day
--in all three cohorts: higher caffeine intake also assoc w/ DM2 reduction
--decaff-->more modest decrease in the risk
--decaf was the only type of coffee sig assoc w/ lower DM2 risk in a cohort of 28,812 postmenopausal women
--short-term clinical trials have found that caffeine administration impairs glucose tolerance and decreases insulin sensitivity
--relationship between long-term coffee consumption and DM2 not fully understood and coffee not recommended as preventative measure: YET
--several large studies have found high coffee/caffeine intake assoc with reduction in P dz risk in men
--prospective study of 47,000 men:1+ cup/day-->40% reduced risk for a decade
--caffeine consumption from other sources also inversely associated with Parkinson’s dz risk (dose-dependent)
--prospective study in 29,335 Finnish men and women: 1+ cups/day-->60% risk reduction
--three or more cups of tea also decreased the risk
--mechanism?: caffeine may protect dopaminergic neurons by acting as an adenosine A2A-receptor antagonist in the brain
--results not as strong for women, mbdt est replacement
--prospective study of more than 77,000 female nurses: coffee reduces Parkinson's in postmenopausal women who drink 6+ cups/day and have never used supplemental estrogen
--women who used estrogen not helped
Some studies have shown that coffee drinking protects against development of colorectal cancer. In general, coffee consumption has been inversely associated with the risk of colon cancer in case-control studies, but not in prospective cohort studies (29, 30). A meta-analysis that combined the results of 12 case-control studies and five prospective cohort studies found that those who drank four or more cups of coffee daily had a risk of colorectal cancer that was 24% lower than that of nondrinkers (30). However, coffee consumption was not associated with colorectal cancer risk when the results of only the prospective cohort studies were combined. Although case-control studies usually include more cancer cases than prospective cohort studies, they may be subject to recall bias with respect to coffee consumption and selection bias with respect to the control group. A more recent review of epidemiological studies also found evidence of an inverse association between coffee consumption and colon cancer risk from case-control studies but no evidence of such an association from prospective cohort studies (29). No overall associations between coffee and rectal cancer emerged in this review. In contrast, the two largest prospective cohort studies to examine the relationship between coffee and colorectal cancer to date found that American men and women who regularly consumed two or more cups of decaffeinated coffee daily had a risk of rectal cancer that was 48% lower than those who never consumed coffee (31). Consumption of caffeinated coffee, tea, or total caffeine was not associated with either colon or rectal cancer risk in either study. More recently, prospective studies conducted in Sweden (32) and Japan (33-35) have generally not found consumption of caffeinated coffee to be associated with colon, rectal, or colorectal cancer in men or women; however, examination of two cohorts revealed an inverse association in women with respect to colon cancer (33) and invasive colon cancer (34). Despite promising findings in case-control studies, it is unclear whether coffee consumption decreases colon or rectal cancer risk in humans. Coffee drinking has not been found to increase the risk of colon or rectal cancer.
Cirrhosis and Liver Cancer
Liver injury resulting from chronic inflammation may result in cirrhosis. In cirrhosis, the formation of fibrotic scar tissue results in progressive deterioration of liver function and other complications, including liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) (36). The most common causes of cirrhosis in developed countries are alcohol abuse and viral hepatitis B and C infection. Coffee consumption was inversely associated with the risk of cirrhosis in several case-control studies (37-39) and with mortality from alcoholic cirrhosis in two prospective cohort studies (40, 41). An 8-year study of more than 120,000 men and women in the U.S. found that the risk of death from alcoholic cirrhosis was 22% lower per cup of coffee consumed daily (42). A 17-year study of more than 51,000 men and women in Norway found that those who consumed at least two cups of coffee daily had a risk of death from cirrhosis that was 40% lower than those who never consumed coffee (41). A recent prospective cohort study in 125,580 U.S. adults found that coffee drinking was protective against alcoholic cirrhosis but not nonalcoholic cirrhosis (43). Specifically, risk of developing alcoholic cirrhosis was 40% lower in those who drank 1-3 cups/day of coffee and 80% lower in those who drank four or more cups daily (43). Several case-control studies in Europe (44-46) and Japan (47, 48) have found significant inverse associations between coffee consumption and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Results of three prospective cohort studies in Japan (49-51) and one in Finland (52) have supported findings of case-control studies. In two of the prospective cohort studies, coffee consumption was associated with significant reductions in risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japanese men and women with liver disease or hepatitis C infection (49, 50). In those high-risk individuals, consumption of at least one cup of coffee daily was associated with a 50% reduction in the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma compared to those who never drank coffee. Similarly, one of the prospective studies found that drinking at least one cup of coffee daily resulted in a 50% reduction in risk for death caused by hepatocellular cancer, but the association was not statistically significant in subjects without a history of liver diseases (51). Further, two meta-analyses have found inverse associations between coffee consumption and liver cancer (53, 54).
A prospective cohort study in U.S. adults (41,736 men and 86,214 women) participating in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study and Nurses' Health Study examined whether coffee drinking was associated with all-cause, cardiovascular disease, or cancer mortality. In both men and women, caffeinated coffee consumption was inversely associated with all-cause and cardiovascular-related mortality but not with cancer mortality (55). Other smaller cohort studies have reported habitual consumption of caffeinated coffee reduces all-cause mortality (56-59) and cardiovascular-related (57) mortality, but the associations have not always been consistent among women and men. Yet, other studies have found that coffee is not related to or may increase all-cause or cause-specific mortality (reviewed in (55)).
HEALTH RISKS ASSOC WITH COFFEE CONSUMPTION
--5+ cups-->??increased risk of coronary heart disease, only some studies not all
--prospective study in Norway: high intakes of unfiltered boiled coffee were associated with increased risk of death from CHD before that population switched to filtered coffee
--two separate meta-analyses: no support for CHD conxn
--well-recognized risk factor for cardiovascular disease
--caffeine acutely raises blood pressure, particularly in individuals with hypertension
--habitual consumption increases tolerance
--tolerance is not always complete even in those who consume caffeine daily
--coffee consumption significantly increased systolic, diastolic BP by 2.4 an 1.2 mm Hg
--meta-analysis incl 18 RCT's: coffee consumption significantly increased systolic BP
--estimated that an average systolic blood pressure reduction of 2 mm Hg in a population may result in 10% lower mortality from stroke and 7% lower mortality from CHD
--caffeine in the form of a pill elevated blood pressure more than coffee
--other compounds in coffee may counteract caffeine's blood pressure-raising effect (ritual??)
--recent prospective study conducted in the Nurses' Health Studies I and II cohorts (140,544 women total) reported that caffeinated cola intake, but not habitual coffee intake, was linked to an increased risk for hypertension
LDL cholesterol: A meta-analysis of 14 randomized controlled trials found that the consumption of unfiltered, boiled coffee dose-dependently increased serum total and LDL cholesterol concentrations, while the consumption of filtered coffee resulted in very little change (76). Overall, the consumption of boiled coffee increased serum total cholesterol by 23 mg/dl and LDL cholesterol by 14 mg/dl, while the consumption of filtered coffee raised total cholesterol by only 3 mg/dl and did not affect LDL cholesterol. The cholesterol-raising factors in unfiltered coffee have been identified as cafestol and kahweol, two diterpenes that are largely removed from coffee by paper filters (see Diterpenes above) (7).
Homocysteine: An elevated plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) concentration is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, including coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, but it is unclear whether the relationship is causal (77). Higher coffee intakes have been associated with increased plasma tHcy concentrations in cross-sectional studies conducted in Europe, Scandinavia, and the United States (78-82). Controlled clinical trials have confirmed the homocysteine-raising effect of coffee at intakes of about 4 cups/d (83-85).
Cardiac arrhythmias: Clinical trials have not found coffee or caffeine intake equivalent to 5-6 cups/d to increase the frequency or severity of cardiac arrhythmias in healthy people or in people with coronary heart disease (86, 87). A large prospective study in the U.S. that followed more than 128,000 people for seven years found no association between coffee consumption and sudden cardiac death. More recently, two prospective studies in Scandinavia found no association between coffee consumption and the risk of developing atrial fibrillation, a common supraventricular arrhythmia (88, 89).
Numerous epidemiological studies have examined relationships between coffee and caffeine intake and cancer risk in humans. In general, there is little evidence that coffee consumption increases the risk of cancer, especially when the analyses are adjusted for cigarette smoking [reviewed in (90)].
Miscarriage: The results of epidemiological studies that have examined the relationship between maternal coffee or caffeine intake and the risk of miscarriage (spontaneous abortion) have been conflicting. While some studies have observed significant associations between high caffeine intakes, particularly from coffee, and the risk of spontaneous abortion (91-95), other studies have not (96-98). Most studies that observed significant associations between self-reported coffee or caffeine consumption and the risk of spontaneous abortion did so at intake levels of at least 300 mg/d of caffeine (90). The only study that assessed caffeine intake by measuring serum concentrations of paraxanthine, a caffeine metabolite, found that the risk of spontaneous abortion was only elevated in women with paraxanthine concentrations that suggested caffeine intakes of at least 600 mg/d (99). It has been proposed that an association between caffeine consumption and the risk of spontaneous abortion could be explained by the relationship between nausea and fetal viability (100). Nausea is more common in women with viable pregnancies than nonviable pregnancies, suggesting that women with viable pregnancies are more likely to avoid or limit caffeine consumption due to nausea. However, at least one study found that the significant increase in risk of spontaneous abortion observed in women with caffeine intakes higher than 300 mg/d was independent of nausea in pregnancy (92). Additionally, two other studies found that caffeine consumption was associated with increased risk of spontaneous abortion in women who experienced nausea or aversion to coffee during pregnancy (91, 94). Although the topic remains controversial, the available epidemiological evidence suggests that maternal consumption of less than 300 mg/d of caffeine is unlikely to increase the risk of spontaneous abortion.
Fetal Growth: Epidemiological studies examining the effects of maternal caffeine and coffee consumption on fetal growth have assessed mean birth weight, incidence of low birth weight (less than 2,500 g), and fetal growth retardation (less than the 10th percentile of birth weight for gestational age). Several studies found that maternal caffeine intakes ranging from 200-400 mg/d were associated with decreases in mean birth weight of about 100 g (3.5 oz) (101-103). However, a large prospective study found that caffeine-associated decreases in birth weight were unlikely to be clinically important in women with caffeine intakes of less than 600 mg/d (104). The results of epidemiological studies examining the association between maternal caffeine consumption and the risk of low birth weight or fetal growth retardation have been mixed [reviewed in (90)]. Moreover, some of the available epidemiological studies have been criticized for inadequately controlling for important risk factors for low birth weight and fetal growth retardation, particularly smoking (100). More recently, a double-blind, intervention trial randomized women to drink decaffeinated (median caffeine intake of 117 mg/day) or caffeinated coffee (median coffee intake of 317 mg/day) throughout the second half of their pregnancy (105). No differences in length of gestation or infant birth weight were found between the two groups (105). Although the relationship between maternal caffeine consumption and fetal growth requires further clarification, it appears unlikely that caffeine intakes less than 300 mg/d would adversely affect fetal growth in nonsmoking women.
Birth defects: At present, there is no convincing evidence from epidemiological studies that maternal caffeine consumption ranging from 300-1,000 mg/d increases the risk of congenital malformations in humans [reviewed in (90, 106, 107)].
The American Academy of Pediatrics categorizes caffeine as a maternal medication that is usually compatible with breast-feeding (108). Although high maternal caffeine intakes have been reported to cause irritability and poor sleeping patterns in infants, no adverse effects have been reported with moderate maternal intake of caffeinated beverages equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee daily.
Most adverse effects attributed to coffee consumption are related to caffeine. Adverse reactions to caffeine may include tachycardia (rapid heart rate), palpitations, insomnia, restlessness, nervousness, tremor, headache, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and diuresis (increased urination) (109). Very high caffeine intakes, not usually from coffee, may induce hypokalemia (abnormally low serum potassium) (110). Sudden cessation of caffeine consumption after long-term use may result in caffeine withdrawal symptoms (111). Commonly reported caffeine withdrawal symptoms include headache, fatigue, drowsiness, irritability, difficulty concentrating, and depressed mood. Significant withdrawal symptoms have been observed at long-term intakes as low as 100 mg/d, although they are more common with higher intakes. Gradual withdrawal from caffeine appears less likely to result in withdrawal symptoms than abrupt withdrawal (112).
Habitual caffeine consumption increases hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 activity, which has implications for the metabolism for a number of medications (113). Additionally, drugs that inhibit the activity of CYP1A2 interfere with the metabolism and elimination of caffeine, thereby increasing the risk of adverse effects (114).
Drugs that Alter Caffeine Metabolism
The following medications may impair the hepatic metabolism of caffeine, decreasing its elimination and potentially increasing the risk of caffeine-related side effects: cimetidine (Tagamet), disulfiram (Antabuse), estrogens, fluconazole (Diflucan), fluvoxamine (Luvox), mexiletine (Mexitil), quinolone class antibiotics, and terbinafine (Lamisil) (113). Use of the drug phenytoin (Dilantin) or cigarette smoking increases the hepatic metabolism of caffeine, resulting in increased elimination and decreased plasma caffeine concentrations (109).
Caffeine Effects on Other Drugs
Caffeine and other methylxanthines may enhance the effects and side effects of beta-adrenergic stimulating agents, such as epinephrine and albuterol (109, 113). Caffeine may inhibit the hepatic metabolism of the antipsychotic medication, clozapine, potentially elevating serum clozapine levels and increasing the risk of toxicity. Caffeine consumption can decrease the elimination of theophylline, potentially increasing serum theophylline levels. Caffeine has been found to decrease the systemic elimination of acetaminophen and to increase the bioavailability of aspirin, which may partially explain its efficacy in enhancing their analgesic effects. This is important because many pain-relievers on the market today combine caffeine with aspirin and/or acetaminophen. Further, caffeine may decrease serum lithium concentrations by enhancing its elimination.
CALCIUM AND OSTEOPOROSIS
--coffee/caffeine decrease efficiency of calcium absorption
--loss of 4-6 mg of calcium per cup of coffee
--most studies have found no assoc btw caff & change in bone mineral density (BMD)
--1 study found caffeine consumption assoc w/ accelerated loss of BMD only in women with calcium intakes less than 744 mg/d
--another study found that consumption of more than 300 mg/d of caffeine was associated with accelerated bone loss in elderly women
--at least six prospective cohort studies have examined associations between caffeine (mainly from coffee) or coffee consumption and the risk of hip fracture in women
--2 studies, Finland & Japan, found no association
--Norway study: 9+ cups in women--> increased risk of hip fracture, only 7% drank so much
--3 studies in US find coffee assoc w/ risk of hip fracture in women
--Framingham cohort: women drinking 2+ cups of coffee/day-->69% higher hip fx rx in 12 yrs compared to noncoffee drinkers
--Nurses’ Health Study: women drinking 4+ cups had 3x risk over 6 yrs
--another study: women 65+ drinking 2cups-->incr hip fx risk
--31,527 older Swedish women 4+ cups-->only risk for hip fx w/ low Ca++ intake (< 700 mg/day)
Phenolic compounds in coffee can bind nonheme iron and inhibit its intestinal absorption (127). Drinking 150-250 ml of coffee with a test meal has been found to inhibit the absorption of iron by 24-73% (128, 129). To maximize iron absorption from a meal or iron supplements, concomitant intake of coffee should be avoided.

domain: medical


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Undergraduate Module Descriptor
ANT2087: Disability and Society
This module descriptor refers to the 2019/0 academic year.
|Term(s) and duration|
This module ran during term 1 (11 weeks)
Professor Michael Schillmeier (Convenor)
|Available via distance learning|
Disability – while commonly thought of as medical in nature – is a social topic that provides surprising insights into a range of sociological topics, from social institutions to social identities, to the ethically contentious (e.g., many issues in the realm of reproduction and end of life) to the highly topical (e.g. are the obese disabled? should schools be inclusive?). In this module you will examine disability in its historical context, and the rise - and social and cultural impacts - of critical disability politics. You will look across cultures at how normality and deviance are understood, produced and controlled, and at what shapes the varieties of disability-related experiences of people across the world. You will examine questions of social inclusion and exclusion, independence and dependence, and the constructedness of both disability and ability. The course considers the changing social context and meanings of disability rather than analysing in detail specific disabilities, although particular disabilities may be focused on in the course of investigating issues such as stigma or independence.
The module is appropriate for students with some background in sociology or anthropology, although there are no pre-requisites. It stands well with other sociology and anthropology modules on health-related topics (SOC/ANTH3076, SOC/ANTH 3088), sport, war and conflict, and complements study in business, law, education, politics, and history (among other subjects).

domain: sociology


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Patricia Hughes is an experienced practitioner working in clinics in Nottingham
After having a back problem and experiencing headaches, neck and shoulder pain I tried a variety of treatments both conventional & complementary and finally a course of Craniosacral work. My condition greatly improved from this and I was impressed with the gentleness of the therapy and the deep sense of relaxation I experienced. I decided to train in Craniosacral Therapy and completed the course in 1996. Around the same time I heard of a new and exciting therapy, the Bowen Technique from Australia. After seeing a Bowen practitioner release a patient’s frozen shoulder in one treatment I was intrigued to learn and understand this therapy. I completed my basic training in Bowen Technique in 1997 and advanced training two years later.
With both therapies I continue to study post graduate courses annually. These include working with Babies & Children, Shock & Trauma, Back Pain, The TMJ and jaw problems, Mind Body relationships and more. My approach is to develop a personal treatment plan with each client and regularly review progress. I refer people to other practitioners if appropriate and work in cooperation with the medical profession.
In 2012 I trained in The Perrin Technique. Having worked with M.E. / CFS and Fibromyalgia people over the years, I was impressed by Perrin’s research based approach. I attend annual conferences and keep up to date with the latest research . I am the only registered Perrin practitioner in Nottingham.
Prior to becoming a therapist my background was in teaching, social work and the arts. I initially trained in massage, aromatherapy and counselling in the early 1990’s before specialising in CST & Bowen therapies.”
Registered Craniosacral Therapist (RCST) 1996 & member of the Craniosacral Association.
Registered Perrin Technique practitioner (PTn)
Fully qualified Bowen Therapist, 1997 & member of the Bowen Association UK (MBTA), and member of the Bowen Therapy Academy of Australia(MBTAA)
Over the years I have gained an understanding and experience in treating a wide variety of conditions.
One of my particular interests is working with babies and children who respond well to the gentle and non invasive approach of both therapies.
I also treat many people with shock, past and present, head injuries, post operative problems, acute and chronic pain, headaches, migraines, TMJ problems, and respiratory difficulties.
Other experience is with back pain, frozen shoulder, structural and postural problems, chronic conditions, including a wide range of disabilities both adults and children, digestive and menstrual disorders.
Currently working at:
The Bay Centre, West Bridgford, Nottingham
Magnolia Therapy Centre, Nottingham.
Please contact me to discuss your requirements


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SC / BG
Software Company EOOD (SC / BG)
Software Company Ltd is a Bulgarian firm that specializes in hardware and software development. Since 1996, the company has offered a wide range of high quality services in the development, delivery, and maintenance of hardware and software in worldwide.
The key market advantage of the companys is the ability to leverage a wealth of experience in this sector, a network of local and international partners, and a very competitive pricing strategy to deliver quality hardware and software solutions.
The company is also ISO 9001 :2015 certified and ISO 13485:2016 certified and has CE Mark certificate. The company has 2M euro sales for the 2019 year, 14 employees, and 11 part-time workers.
SC has extensive international experience with IT consulting services and the application of leading-edge technologies to ensure customer success. We consult on optimization of business operations, and utilization of IT resources to deliver maximum benefit and cost savings for our clients.
Despite that the software market is flooded with a large variety of software packages and specific vertical solutions, companies often define the need for a custom software solution, different from the existing on the market. Software Company Ltd is there to design, develop, and implement customer-specific solutions that fit the required need. Our software developers are experienced and skilled in a variety of platforms and technologies.
The solutions built are recognizable with high quality, reliability, flexibility, and scalability to allow for easy enhancement and maintenance. When developing software solutions, the company adheres to its own quality management system, which is certified according to ISO 9001 :2015.
The quality management approach spans the whole development cycle – end to end, to ensure maximum effect for the interim and final project results and full compliance with the requirements and expectations of its clients.

domain: economics


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Dublin has been riding one heck of a roller coaster in recent decades. In the 1990s, Ireland’s capital regained a European presence that it had last experienced in the 18th century, metamorphosing from struggling provincial backwater to the city that never slept. But when the money dried up, the Celtic Tiger lost its roar and looked as though it was going to limp away with its tail between its legs.
And yet, a few years on from the financial crash, Dublin’s appeal for visitors remains undimmed. Plane loads still arrive in the city looking for hedonism, history and the perfect pint. They come for the city’s rich literary heritage and its earthy good humour, for its Georgian architecture and high-tech arts centres, its wood-panelled Edwardian pubs and designer bars.
They find a city whose secrets are still waiting to be explored. There's history on show at Dublin Castle and a world-class collection of treasures at Chester Beatty Library. You can see European contemporary art at Irish Museum of Modern Art and Francis Bacon's studio at the Hugh Lane Gallery. You'll see Ireland's religious heritage at Christ Church Cathedral and the resting place of national heroes at Glasnevin Cemetery.
And after your sightseeing, there's plenty of special ways to wind down. You can't beat a pint at McDaid's or a live music session at The Cobblestone, and of course seeing Irish theatre at its best at the Abbey or Gaiety theatres.


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While gestures of support from U.S. neighbors and allies are appreciated, outsourcing abortion care is not a solution to the problems overturning Roe v. Wade will exacerbate.
On Wednesday, May 25, Oklahoma Governor Kevin Stitt (R) signed into law a total ban on abortion—continuing the nationwide assault on access to reproductive healthcare. As millions of patients face abortion prohibitions in their home states and the potential end of protections afforded by Roe v. Wade, proposed solutions to the prospect of forced pregnancy in the U.S. are inadequate.
Karina Gould, Canada’s minister of families, children and social development, has previously assured American women that they can obtain safe abortions in Canada. Since last fall, activists in Mexico have been working feverishly to establish networks that supply abortion pills to women in the U.S. And, while the gestures of support from neighbors and allies are appreciated, outsourcing abortion care is not a solution to the problems overturning Roe v. Wade will exacerbate.
International medical travel creates new forms of suffering, even as it may alleviate others.
Medical travel is a form of class-based privilege, where the relatively wealthy are enabled to receive health services unavailable to others. Research shows that, as middle-class individuals in developed countries, such as the U.S., experience a retrenchment of healthcare entitlements and declining healthcare access, they have begun to seek care in international settings. This includes travel for life-saving surgeries, such as organ transfer, as well as elective procedures such as cosmetic surgery. These different types of international medical travel share in common their tendency to worsen healthcare inequalities. Necessitating international travel for abortions is poised to continue this harmful trend.
Studies show that, when the distance to a clinic exceeds more than 25 miles, there is a significant drop in people of color and lower-income people being able to access medical services. Necessitating international medical travel will certainly worsen these existing racialized class inequalities.
For example, key barriers to abortion access include financial and geographic resources. The six-week abortion ban in Texas means that pregnant people must travel an average of 247 miles—one way—to obtain an abortion. Pregnant people struggling to make ends meet must scrape together the money, transportation and time to access life-saving healthcare. What’s worse, 26 states have mandatory waiting periods, adding to the overall time and money needed to see a procedure through to completion.
Considering that low-income women of color are already less likely to be able to afford time off of work and access to childcare needed to accommodate inter-state abortion travel, the prospect of them realizing international abortion care access seems far-fetched. This barrier becomes insurmountable when one considers it takes approximately eight to 11 weeks to obtain the needed passport that only about one-third of Americans currently hold.
Healthcare seekers desperate for help may seek out unregulated, cheaper and potentially more dangerous international medical travel options. These patients may be less protected by local policy and laws than what they are accustomed to in the U.S. and, in some cases, may find themselves suffering the effects of inadequate blood screening, outdated medications, and poor infection control.
Additionally, having to travel internationally for an abortion leaves people without clear access to post-operative care. Thus, where an abortion procedure performed elsewhere may have been safe, a critical lack of recovery services at home, or lack of insurance coverage for recovery care, will leave individuals who have terminated a pregnancy abroad vulnerable to infection, sepsis and even death.
Broader research on international medical travel also clarifies the potential for international abortion care markets to exacerbate the inequalities that pregnant and birthing people experience in their own communities.
In the Indian surrogacy market, for example, policy failures deny local women access to the pro-natal technologies and services that have been built for international clientele. For many Indian surrogates, their first experience with medicalized birth is for their surrogate pregnancies, not their own. Cutting-edge technology and expertise exist for the benefit of medical travelers rather than the Indian citizenry, a trend likely to expand to prospective international abortion care markets.
More broadly, international medical travel undermines global health equity efforts to extend life-saving expertise where it is most needed, as opposed to where it is most afforded. The creation of medical travel markets facilitates “brain drain” in developing countries, as skilled care providers leave in search of higher incomes in countries where demand and ability to pay are high. This thwarts healthcare provision in under-resourced communities already overburdened by conditions of ill-health and disease. In Thailand, for example, medical tourism has resulted in brain drain and higher medical costs to Thai citizens.
Increased healthcare inequality and poor international healthcare infrastructure are threats to political stability and global security. As the COVID-19 pandemic has made painfully clear, gaps in public health systems anywhere can create suffering and turmoil everywhere. Thus while some developing countries, such as the Philippines and Thailand, view medical tourism as a potential pathway to economic growth, this is a wealth-building strategy with potentially dire costs.
International medical travel is thus not a viable solution to abortion bans in the U.S.. A worldwide increase in healthcare inequality is a steep cost we simply cannot afford.
Americans must be wise to the perils of outsourcing abortion care and urge our international neighbors and allies to join the fight to uphold Roe v. Wade.
Sign and share Ms.’s relaunched “We Have Had Abortions” petition—whether you yourself have had an abortion, or simply stand in solidarity with those who have—to let the Supreme Court, Congress and the White House know: We will not give up the right to safe, legal, accessible abortion.


text: Brad Segal of Progressive Urban Management Associates also known as P.U.M.A presented two sessions on Thursday, March 23rd to many downtown Indianapolis building owners and the property managers. In partnership with Downtown Indy, Mr. Segal presented a case for continued investment in the Mile Square. The EID or Economic Improvement District will provide "enhanced improvements and activities, such as public safety, maintenance and image enhancement." The proposed annual assessment for properties within the service for commercial property is 0.125 per $100 of assessed property value. Residential parcels would see a $100 annual fee per unit. You can find more information here.


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Akshardham Temple Gandhinagar is one of the prominent places of worship in Gujarat and dedicates to Swaminarayan. It is a model of the best contemporary technology that speaks of traditional stonework, ancient knowledge and Indian cultural heritage. Akshardham Temple timings are from Tuesday to Sunday from 9:30 AM to 7:30 PM. Mondays are closed.
It is a magnificent shrine located in the heart of Gandhinagar in Gujarat. This beautiful temple dedicates to Lord Swaminarayan, inspired by HDH Pramukh Swami Maharaj.
The Akshardham Shrine is a miracle created with the sacrifices of thousands of artists and volunteers. The shrine is visited by over 2 million visitors every year. Many people who go to Gujarat habitually visit this famous place of worship.
And when you visit this temple, you will not only be tourists or pilgrims, and you will become an artist who finds sculpture from within.
What is the History of Akshardham Temple?
The internationally renowned Swaminarayan Akshardham Temple had established on 2nd November 1992. The credit for laying the foundation of this place of worship goes to the Akshar-Purushottam Swaminarayan Society (BAPS) of Bochasanvasi.
Akshardham Temple illustrates the concept of human preparation. Devotees believe that only a person can shape his life and become wise in the true sense.
They used this belief, literature, music and cutting-edge technology to diversify architecture with great care and passion. The success of the shrine lies in the fact that it transforms a person into a human being.
The monument symbolizes the tremendous human effort that went into its establishment. Another factor is that the leader inspires many devotees through his teachings.
The famous Swami Maharaj created a monument and a rare blend of selflessness of Guru and disciples, which attracted people from all over the world. The creation of this incredible Akshardham temple is a great event in the history of India.
Akshardham Temple Gandhinagar Significance
The inauguration ceremony of Swaminarayan Akshardham Temple was held on the same day as the Yogiji Maharaj Centenary celebrations.
It was conducted only by the eminent Swami Maharaj. The Akshardham Temple in Gandhinagar is a magnificent monument carved out of 6000 tons of pink sandstone stained with sacred stillness.
This whole structure had constructed without the use of steel to maximize the maximum longevity of the architecture.
There is a 7 feet gold leaf idol of Swaminarayan and his sacred relics. In addition, there are three performances with light and sound shows on Indian culture.
The Akshardham Temple is 108 feet high, 240 feet long and 131 feet wide. In addition, the driveway around the monument is only 1751 feet (534 meters) long. This beautiful temple had constructed with 13 years of hard work.
In addition, skilled artisans from Bansipahadpur carved the sacred shrine. The shrine’s highlight is its research centre called the Akshardham Center for Applied Research in Social Harmony (AARSH).
The centre aims to use knowledge of the past, focus on the current model and create thought-provoking answers for the future.
Akshardham Temple Gandhinagar is open from Tuesday to Sunday from 9:30 AM to 7:30 PM. Mondays are closed.
Night lighting shows had held on Saturdays and Sundays. Performances begin at 10 AM and end at 6:00 PM.
Visitors are not allowed to bring any food to the temple premises. Premawati Refreshments at Sahajanand Van offers tourists fresh vegetarian food and snacks.
Tourists can enjoy the unique taste of traditional Gujarati cuisine and even book a meal in advance. The restaurant is open from 10 AM until 8 PM.
Festivals had celebrated at the Akshardham Temple.
It had observed after Diwali and Annakoot, which signifies the offering to the Lord of food in large quantities consisting of fruits, salads, pulses and juices. About 2550 food items had offered to the deity. This food had then distributed to the pilgrims.
- Adults (Age 11+): ₹ 60
- Children (Age 3 to 11): ₹ 40
- Children (Below Age 3): Free
- Exhibition tickets include All five exhibitions include Mystic India, Neelkanth And Sahajanand, Premanand and Sant Param Hitkari.
- Separate tickets for the unique exhibition are not available.
10:30 AM to 6:30 PM.
Ticket counters close at 6:30 PM.
Time to See:
- Neelkanth and Sahajanand Darshan – Hall of value: 45 minutes.
- Mystic India: 45 minutes.
- Premanand Hall: 30 minutes.
- Sant Param Hitkari: 15 minutes.
- Entry to exhibitions on a first-come-first-serve basis.
- Expect long waiting times on busy days.
- No food or drinks are allow inside exhibition halls.
- Restrooms had located at the exit of exhibition hall 5.
Water show at Akshardham Temple
Water Show Tickets & Timings
Adults (Age 11+): ₹ 100
Children (Age 3 – 11): ₹ 70
Children (Below Age 3): Free
Timings: First show starts after sunset. Numerous shows may be held during weekends or public holidays. (Currently 7:30 PM)
Time to See: 45 minutes
- Sat-Chit-Anand is an outdoor show subject to cancellation due to rainy weather.
- Visitors sitting in the first few rows may get wet in windy conditions.
- Show language: Hindi.
- For inquiries, contact us at [email protected].
Where to Stay?
Gujarat welcomes people of all religions and cultures with equal affection and hospitality. No matter your budget, you can be confident in finding a suitable room with equal comfort and convenience in Gujarat.
People travelling alone can choose dormitories, while travellers visiting this sacred shrine can search for hotels.
- The Adalaj Trimandir
- The Mahudi Jain Temple
- The Vaishno Devi Temple
- The Vardayni Mata Temple
- Sri Kotyark Khadayata Temple
How to reach Akshardham Temple?
For those who wish to travel by air, the nearest airport to reach the temple is in Ahmedabad. It was well connect to every major city in India. You must hire a taxi from the Ahmedabad airport to reach the temple.
A devotee can also reach this temple by train. This holy place of worship locates at a distance of 2 km from the Gandhinagar Railway Station and 31 km from the Ahmedabad Railway Station.
Akshardham locates on National Highway 8c in Gandhinagar, one of the greenest cities in the world.
Therefore, Akshardham is easily accessible from anywhere, such as 25 km from Ahmedabad, 150 km from Vadodara, 230 km from Udaipur, 190 km from Mount Abu and 604 km from Jaipur.
The Department of Tourism offers many specialized buses and cars, government officials and private services.
Akshardham Temple Address
Sector 20 ‘J’ Road, Gandhinagar: 382 020 Gujarat, India
Phone: 9998999700, 9998999800, 9998993701, 9998993702
Email: [email protected]
Website: check here

domain: travel


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The quandong is a fruit-bearing wild bush or shrub naturally found in Australia. Fossils of this bush have been found in the outback, leading some to speculate it may be the oldest fruit-bearing plant on earth. Several varieties of these plants are now also being cultivated on plantations for commercial purposes.
Santalum acuminatum is perhaps the common type of this plant and is also known as desert quandong. These trees have pale green leaves, small white flowers and are typically two or three meters tall, though they can grow larger. These trees flourish in arid and semi-arid climates. These trees are considered semi-parasitic, since, after growing from seeds, they leach water from the roots of other plants. For this reason, the trees can thrive regardless of the soil and water quality in their environment.
High in vitamin C, the quandong fruit is a deep red when ripe and has white flesh. These fruits are approximately the size of an apple. Some say it tastes similar to red wine or a mango. This edible type fruit, sometimes called a wild peach, is found on santalum acuminatum trees. Quandongs were a staple of the aboriginal diet, whether eaten fresh, dried or made into jam. Tea made from this fruit was used by aborigines to flush toxins from their systems. Rheumatism and skin problems were also treated with it. The desert quandong’s kernel can also be used for decorative purposes or eaten. These plants are eaten by camel, leading to them becoming somewhat scarce in nature.
The small blue fruits found on elaeocarpus angustifolius trees are also known as blue, silver, and brush quandong. These fruits have a sour taste. Likewise, the fruits found on santalum murrayanum trees, also known as bitter quandong, have an unpleasant taste and are not generally eaten, though they resemble the fruit of the desert quandong in color and size.

domain: agronomy


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domain: hobby