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A couple of weeks ago I posted a picture with this book in. Maria asked me about it, and other people expressed an interest, and I’ve been meaning to take photos of the inside, but it’s been all dark and dingy and they all come out looking murky and horrible. Fortunately for all of us, someone else has more sunshine and has taken some proper photos – take a peek here.
‘This place is a topographical disaster. Everything has been arbitrarily hurled into the ocean; the ground is rutted, downward sloping and hostile’
This comes under the heading of Fabulous Books You’d Never Buy For Yourself. As always, they’re beautiful to hold and to flick through, and they look great on the bookshelf. They’re usually what’s referred to in my family as a ‘dippy book’ – a book you don’t read cover to cover, but dip into, preferably with a cup of tea and a biscuit, and usually while you’re meant to be doing something else (or is that just me?)
‘In a small town in the foothills of the Vosges, a six-year-old boy is visited by dreams in which he is taught a completely unknown language…’
This one was a present from my auntie, Auntie Lou, who is our family’s resident book enthusiast. She always bought us books for Christmas and birthdays, whether we wanted them or not, and she’s bought me many a book that I’ve read over and over and over.
‘Just before the end of the world is nailed down with boards, the last post in the known world is an island in the far north, where the sea is so wild and forbidding that no one wants to travel there, a day’s journey away from where the seas flow into each other…’
Are you a traveller? I confess I’m not. I’ve never really longed to be somewhere else. I love the seaside, of course, and adventures, especially if they involve trains, but I’m most happy if I can be back home in time for tea.
‘The Banabans’ most important tool is made of wild almond wood and sharpened turtle shell. It is used to tattoo the skin with ink made of a dark paste of coconut ash mixed with salt and fresh water…’
Auntie Lou inspired a longing to visit Orkney though, by buying me this book many years ago. I don’t know what it was that caught my imagination, but something did, and when I got chance, I skipped off up there with my bicycle and my tent and spent a week buying books and drinking tea and getting thoroughly cold and wet.
I’ve been back six times now, the last few times taking Peter with me, and we were fortunate enough to meet the lovely Fay, who actually lives in Orkney (can you even imagine??)
‘Its shape is both strange and marvellous…’
Anyway, where was I? Ah yes – islands, and this book, which is a strange celebration of tiny remote islands that you’d probably never visit, but somehow it’s good to know they exist.
It’s not a practical book. Someone I know is off to St Helena soon, and the book says:
‘In the pouring rain, a procession of forty-three carries his sarcophagus to the road, where it is heaved on to a wagon and covered with a purple pall embroidered with golden bees and majuscule Ns.’
But it is a book to get lost in, to imagine what life would be like living somewhere so remote it takes several days to get there from a place the rest of us might consider to be the end of the world. (Actually, when I wrote about how much I love reading newspapers from small communities, a friend told me she regularly reads the Tristran Times, online newspaper for Tristran da Cunha, just to be nosey about what life is like there. I’m so glad it’s not just me).
‘The law of this snow dome land is simple and bold. Everyone is equal, everything is shared, and a marvellous patriarch oversees everything…. whoever runs aground here and wishes to stay must tell the story of his life as if it were the story of a stranger…’
I have no idea whether half the things in the book are even true. Some of it sounds so made up that it must be true.
‘Even the pigs on the island are black and white. It is as if they have been made specially for the seventy five people of Pingelap who see no colour…’
I don’t care. It’s enough for me to look at a map (ah, maps! an enthusiasm for another day I think), just a small shape in a page of empty sea, to look at the place names, the mountains, and see that this island is precisely 3,770km from somewhere else I’ve never heard of.
I’m not sure it’s possible to buy this book for yourself. I think you might need to persuade someone to buy it for you. Its sheer uselessness makes it the perfect Christmas present.
‘Exile to this paradise is the harshest punishment for a criminal…’
Do you idle away your hours reading books like this too? What’s your favourite?
I’m not a map enthusiast and geography isn’t really my thing, but I do have a fantastic dictionary collection that I spend many hours browsing through!
Oh dear….now where should I start? Well on topic, I guess, with “The Islands of western Scotland” – a 1973 volume dealing with everything from ancient history to current (ha ha) political matters. Utterly useless as it is so out of date, but somewhat fascinating nonetheless.
For my second offering (and this could end up with a blog post all of its own) I’ll mention The Readers Digest Complete Atlas of the British Isles – a charity shop find which we paid about £3 for, its uncertain date makes it all the more interesting. In fact the maps are the least of the book, with more than half of it given over to such vital statistics as population figures for all manner of areas, beautifully coloured maps showing where the hot seats of various religions were around the country, from Jews to Mormans, and all sorts of geographical and natural history to boot. THE most fantastic book, I’ve just asked MrEH to get it down from the shelf and he’s now buried in it…which is precisely what happens every time it gets brought down. if I can’t stay awake at work tomorrow, I shall blame YOU!
Oh how lovely! Thank you Jenni for an extended post on this lovely book 🙂 I feel very flattered if my and others’ comments brought this on. It’s very interesting hearing how a book sparked your interest in Orkney, so much so that you’ve now been 6 times! I do love islands, especially Scottish ones lately – Skye anyone?
I agree that this is the kind of book one wouldn’t buy for oneself… although that might mean I have to cheekily point some people to this blog 🙂
My favourite quirky book is Attention All Shipping – an adventure literally around the shipping forecast. Some fantastic stories, and great for armchair travelling 🙂 If I’m not sure what to buy someone for a present, it’s often what I choose.


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Hannah took a one-way flight to Southeast Asia to start the adventure of a lifetime—here's how she's navigated travel with chronic illness.
The Ultimate Guide to Geoarbitrage: Work Where You Want, Save More Money, Semi-Retire & Travel the World
Geoarbitrage is moving to a place with a low cost of living while maintaining or increasing your income. Learn more in this extensive guide.
Let's examine the 10 best episodes of Anthony Bourdain: Parts Unknown. Take time to watch, and you’ll be hungry for more than just food.
These amazing digital nomad destinations have it all: affordability, safety, convenience, and access to healthcare and other necessities.
Hot pot is more than just delicious. It’s communal. Rarely eaten alone, hot pot is an experience shared with good friends and family.
If you're ready to live the remote work lifestyle in Southeast Asia, check out our top picks for the best coworking and coliving spaces!
Travelers from the US and Canada feel awkward and rude when expected to haggle in foreign countries. Let's look at how to do it right!
A trip to Vietnam should include attending an opera, as it is best seen as a live performance. Here's a quick intro to this art form!
How do you easily convert Vietnamese Dong to USD? This guide will teach you, so you won't have to use your phone for conversions on the go!
Located in Quang Ninh Province on the northeast coast of Vietnam, UNESCO Heritage Site Ha Long Bay is a great destination for any traveler.

domain: travel


The Field Services Technology Stack
Technology is incredibly important to field services operations. Various platforms and applications are required to understand customer history, account entitlement and consumption, appointment scheduling, and to perform on-site repairs. TSIA has identified 17 separate application categories recommended for highly productive, scalable field service, including core infrastructure technology, productivity tools, and tools to understand and track customer behaviour and sentiment. Field services executives should understand which enabling technology components are already well adopted, as well as emerging tools that may provide a boost to operational and financial metrics.


The CDL’s Professor Timmons Roberts chaired the discussion with leading experts: Professor Eduardo Viola (University of Brasilia), Natalie Unterstell (Kennedy School of Government at Harvard), Professor Kathryn Hochstetler (University of Waterloo) and Carlos Rittl (Executive Secretary of the Brazilian Climate Observatory).
In 2009, Brazil established a national greenhouse gas reduction target of roughly 36 percent below “business as usual” projected emissions by 2020, largely based on reducing deforestation rates. Brazil’s emissions from deforestation have declined considerably but emissions from agriculture and energy have now surpassed them. Brazil under the current administration of President Dilma (like many others around the world) is more concerned with development than with climate change.
In regards to whether Brazil can be considered a leader or spoiler on climate change policy, Carlos Rittl commented that Brazil is not necessarily a big spoiler but not really a leader either. Natalie Unterstell suggested that Brazil has had many opportunities to be a leader but has not taken them. Rittl stated that reducing emissions can bring important benefits to the economy, yet this discourse was failing to gain traction in the current economic climate.
Kathryn Hochstetler said that Brazil’s inconsistent position at the UN climate talks meant that other countries could not count on it. She stated that other country delegates are never sure which Brazil will show up—the leader or the spoiler—making collaboration with other countries more difficult.
Referring to the significance of President Dilma’s cabinet changes, Eduardo Viola commented that two powerful ministers in Brazil are climate skeptics. The minister of agriculture Kátia Abreu has been nicknamed the “chainsaw queen” by green groups and has questioned whether global warming really exists. The minister of science and technology, Aldo Rebelo, is also known as a climate skeptic.
Before the COP21 in Paris, countries are expected to submit their national contributions on climate change. These contributions or Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) will serve as countries’ national climate change action plans and will include how they will reduce their emissions and adapt to climate impacts.
Brazil is expected to submit its INDC in October despite major emitters being invited to submit them by March 31. Natalie Unterstell said that Brazil needs to put forward a post-2020 contribution on climate beyond reducing emissions from deforestation. She commented that the Brazilian government has held two public meeting about the preparation of its INDC. Carlos Rittl commented that Brazilian civil society is demanding that the government presents its INDC to the public before officially submitting it to the UN. Eduardo Viola argued that Brazil’s pledge needs to be unconditional, and in absolute terms of tons of CO2, since pledges relative to “Business as Usual” projections are “a fraud.”
The panelists then discussed whether the ongoing droughts across Brazil were having an impact on the climate debate. Eduardo Viola said that the debate had not linked the drought with climate change. Viola added that Brazil is going through an economic and moral crisis in addition to the drought which has resulted in the climate issue falling off the agenda.
Carlos Rittl mentioned that although climate change is not a priority for president Dilma, she has referred to Brazil's vulnerability to climate impacts and how climate will be on the agenda for her State Visit to the US this June. Natalie Unterstell said that the drought and economic crisis in Brazil can be an opportunity to publicly debate Brazil's position for the Paris round.
Reflecting on the role of the Brazilian private sector and civil society on climate policy, Kathryn Hochstetler said that in 2009 the private sector was instrumental in advancing Brazil’s position before COP15. This was due to concerns that proposed legislation in the US which included tariffs on high-carbon imports could adversely affect Brazilian exports. However, in 2015 the private sector is not focusing on climate change, due to the economic crisis.
However, Paolo Moutinho, Executive Director for the Amazon Environmental Research Institute (IPAM), said shortly after the panel that this year presents a great opportunity for Brazilian civil society to make a difference on climate change. He pointed out how innovative these groups have been at key moments in Brazil’s environmental history, and how this might just be one.
Kathryn Hochstetler mentioned that Brazil has 1.5 times the power of the huge Belo Monte hydropower project in wind under contract to be built by 2019. Citing the example of reductions in deforestation prior to Brazil announcing its 2009 emissions reduction target, Hochstetler argued that Brazil takes action on climate at the global level once it has made national progress on the issue. With some success developing a wind industry, Brazil could be interested in pushing for further global action to promote clean energy.
This June the EU and the Community of Latin America and Caribbean States (CELAC) will meet in Brussels for their bi-annual summit. These summits are often characterized by wooly rhetoric and family photos of heads of states. However, the EU will likely prioritize climate on the agenda given France is hosting the COP21. The EU’s INDC, which offers to achieve a 40% reduction in emissions compared to 1990 levels by 2030, presents an encouraging area of discussion. The EU-CELAC Summit could be useful for climate diplomacy and consensus building and promoting cooperation on clean energy between the EU and Brazil and the rest of the region.
*This panel was generously funded by the Fundación Botín.


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Our DreamWe dream of prosperous world where knowledge is equally shared among rural or urban , rich or poor without any discrimination. We dream of a society that is not poor; a world which is literate, healthy and empowered.
MissionTo create awareness and share the latest tools, services and resources which enrich the experiences of users of the libraries and enhance their learning and career development activities.
To support scholarship, intellectual growth and critical inquiry, and to promote a continuing love of learning in a welcoming space where people choose to gather.
OLPV Vision(1) Libraries as Universities
(2) Libraries as community centers for diverse populations,
(3) Libraries as centers for the arts,
(4) Libraries as community builders,
(5) Libraries as champions of youth.

domain: library


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Visiting the pyramids
Visiting the pyramids in Egypt is not the only attraction!
What characterizes this African country? Why are more and more people deciding to go there? Statistics in general clearly show that Egypt is very popular with Europeans. There are also Poles in this group. What is worth knowing about this country? It is located in Africa. The weather conditions are excellent all year long, so can freely decide to visit the pyramids or other activities; in this country. There is plenty of sun and the temperatures are relatively high.
Even when in our country the weather is gloomy during the fall and winter period. It is worth adding that Egypt is a country with a very rich history. What can you see there? Certainly, one of the most important activities is visiting the pyramids. Where can you meet such structures? For example in Giza. No wonder then that this tourist destination is so crowded.
Besides, in Giza there is also (not far away) a statue of the Great Sphinx. Egypt, however, is not only about visiting the pyramids. You can also count on a number of other attractions. What kind of attractions? This includes Cairo. There are many interesting locations in the capital of this country. For example, you can visit the famous Egyptian Museum. Maybe not everyone is aware of it, but there are hundreds of thousands of exhibits that come … from ancient times.
In Cairo, we also recommend visiting places such as the Cairo Tower, Alabaster Mosque, etc. What else is popular with tourists? It is worth mentioning that these are the Oasis of Siwa, Alexandria, the Valley of the Kings. You need to know that Egypt borders on the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Thanks to this, tourists do not complain about the lack of places to rest after a day of sightseeing. The beaches are clean and there is a beautiful view all around. This confirms that Egypt is not only about visiting the pyramids… www

domain: geography


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As gut health continues to be a hot topic in the wellness world, there’s no time like the present to stock up on good-for-you items from Hudson Valley makers.
Rather than getting your stomach into a knot while questioning which foods to buy, make it simple by stocking up on key fermented treats. These vendors around the Hudson Valley offer foods to promote everything good in your gut.
Kick out the Bad Bacteria With Kraut
Gut health is linked to immune support, boosted energy, and positive brain function. That is why Hawthorne Valley has been crafting fermented foods for the past 20 years. Using a traditional process called wild fermentation, Hawthorn Valley can preserve nutrients and vitamins while creating probiotics and enzymes. An impressive 95 percent of the vegetables used in the ferments are sourced from New York farms focused on organic, regenerative agriculture. Offerings include original sauerkraut, turmeric sauerkraut, raw heat habanero carrot hot sauce, Daily Fix kraut juice, and more. Products are available at various markets and grocers across the Hudson Valley.
You may not realize it, but sauerkraut is a fermented food that reaches superfood status according to Superkrauts in New Paltz. Containing live lactobacilli and beneficial microbes, sauerkraut restores and aids in digestive health. It is also helpful in treating gastrointestinal issues like peptic ulcers, acid reflux, and ulcerative colitis. Sauerkraut may also help rid the body of environmental toxins. With 20 different krauts, kimchi, and tonics, foodies can enjoy fermented goodness from Superkrauts with multiple dishes. Some notable options are wasabi ginger Superkraut, Turmeric Kimchi Tonic, Healing Kraut, and Brain Kraut. Purchase online on the Superkrauts website and ship directly to you.
Combat Gut Distress With Kombucha
This fermented beverage is full of probiotics, which serve to create a happy gut microbiome. Laughing Gut Kombucha in Poughkeepsie is known for its light, flavorful kombuchas perfect for sipping when you need a little boost. Flavor offerings include Rooibos Ginger, Star Anise & Orange Zest, Chamomile & Mint, Lavender, and more. Find Laughing Gut around the Hudson Valley at various markets, grocery stores, and eateries.
Did Someone Say Ice Cream?
While the typical sugary dessert may not be doing much for our gut, Culture Cream in Hudson approaches the sweet treat a bit differently. With a fermentation process that takes place before churning the delicious flavors, Culture Cream scoops are full of probiotics. In addition, local Hudson Valley ingredients are added for a burst of fresh flavor. Take a sneak peek at flavor offerings on the website, with flavorful offerings running the gamut from blueberry thyme kombucha sorbet and vegan roasted banana ice cream to Earl Grey lavender kefir ice cream, vanilla cardamom kefir ice cream, and more.
Say Goodbye to a Sour Stomach With Sourdough
Sourdough is easier to digest than other breads due to the fermentation process. The bread also acts as a prebiotic because the fiber helps to feed good gut bacteria. A house favorite, the freshly baked sourdough loaf from All You Knead is crafted from a 12-year-old artisan starter. The sourdough bread is also available in whole wheat. Sourdough is the perfect addition to any meal. Enjoy it in the morning as crispy toast, as part of a sandwich for lunch, and as the perfect side to a pasta dinner. Stop by All You Knead in Beacon or check out the bakery’s offerings at a Hudson Valley farmers/ market near you.

domain: food


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To the Editor,Feb. 19 started out peacefully enough, but turned into a day of devastation. That day, my sister’s car, which was unoccupied and parked in our driveway, was totally destroyed as a result of a high-speed chase involving Upper Darby and Springfield police. They were chasing a male suspect, who struck our car, pushed it onto our lawn and kept going.
While we realize the police vehicles did not strike our car, we feel they acted irresponsibly in conducting a high-speed chase in a residential area.
This accident has caused us a great deal of stress and financial hardship. I am retired, my sister is currently unemployed and that one car was our sole means of transportation. Not only did we have to pay for a rental car, we now are forced to buy one. Also, because there was damage to our lawn, we made a claim to Allstate, our homeowner’s insurance carrier. Initially, Allstate denied the claim on a technicality. Due to these unprovoked circumstances, we subsequently wrote a letter to the superintendent of police who called us and said one of his officers would contact us about this incident. We did receive a call from the officer and he, in turn, suggested we call Rep. Nicholas Micozzie’s office about the insurance claim. The officer also stated that he would be looking into what could possibly be done for us through a victim’s assistance program.
Through Rep. Micozzie’s intervention, our homeowner’s claim was approved. However, the cost of the lawn repair was $115 and our deductible was $100, leaving us to absorb the entire cost.
When I didn’t hear from the officer I, again, wrote to the superintendent and respectfully asked if we could be reimbursed for car rental fees in the amount of $3,700. We received a phone call from a subordinate of the superintendent who informed us “the boss asked me to call.” Our request for reimbursement was flatly denied – no options, no explanations, no good reason given other than “this never happened before, so no funds are available.” We are now left with a heavy financial burden because of the reckless actions of the police departments.
I had to withdraw money from my 401(k) retirement fund to pay for a car; the entire cost of the damages to our lawn is our responsibility, and we owe for car rental fees, which were not covered under my sister’s insurance plan.
Let me ask you; is this how law-abiding citizens should be treated? My sister and I are not litigious people, but if we could manage to pay to have this pursued legally, believe me, we would do so in this case.
I cannot believe that the county has no funds for victims of needless and totally preventable police actions. And the most curious aspect of this whole incident is that it wasn’t written-up in the newspapers nor was it reported on television, despite the fact that an NBC 10 helicopter was hovering over the area.
All I can say is: Watch out fellow residents of Delaware County, you’ll never know when a high-speed police chase may occur on your street!
EILEEN CARPANI LORETTA CARPANI

domain: finance


Health Secretary Matt Hancock has announced mass covid testing will take place in schools in the worst affected areas of Kent, Essex and London.
Speaking at a briefing today (December 10) he said: “I’m particularly concerned about the number of cases in London, Kent and Essex. Cases are rising – and in many areas, already high.
“Looking into the detail, the testing results and surveys show us that by far the fastest rise is among secondary school age children, 11 to 18 year-olds while the rate among adults in London is broadly flat.
“But we know from experience that a sharp rise in cases in younger people can lead to a rise amongst more vulnerable age groups later. We’ve seen that happen before. So we need to do everything we can to stop the spread among school-age children in London right now.
“We must not wait until the review which will take place on the 16 December. We need to take targeted action immediately.
“Having spoken to the leaders of London’s councils, and to the mayor, we have decided to put in place an immediate plan for testing all secondary school aged children in the 7 worst affected boroughs of London, in parts of Essex that border London, and parts of Kent.
“We want to keep schools open, because that’s both right for education and right for public health. We are therefore surging mobile testing units and we will be working with schools and local authorities to encourage these children and their families to get tested over the coming days.”
Kent County Council has welcomed the government announcement that targeted asymptomatic testing is being offered to secondary schools in Kent before Christmas.
Roger Gough, Leader of Kent County Council said: “Schools have worked hard to provide high quality education to school children throughout the pandemic and we remain concerned about the high and increasing case numbers in Kent and the number of school age children testing positive. It is right that pupils and families are offered a test to identify cases of coronavirus and ensure swift action can be taken as the festive break approaches.
“Along with other measures being taken to keep children and young people safe, these tests will help reduce the risk of people without symptoms transmitting the virus.
“It is a logistical challenge of considerable scale but we are committed to ensuring that tests are available, and have urged all schools to support the programme.
“I want to remind everyone that there is plenty of testing capacity in the system for people experiencing symptoms, and anyone with symptoms should book a test https://www.gov.uk/get-coronavirus-test. In addition, I urge people to continue to abide by the rules of Tier 3 restrictions, limit your contact with other people, wear a mask in public places where appropriate and maintain excellent hand hygiene.”


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Description - BuildHer: Empowering women to build & renovate their Australian dream home by Kribashini Hannon
Renovating or building your own home is one of the biggest investments (financially and emotionally) you can ever make. For years, the BuildHer Collective have helped women around the world make this a fun, rewarding and empowering experience. Led by dynamic Australian duo Kribashini Hannon and Rebeka Morgan, BuildHer have created a movement. In this book, they're here to share their building expertise, for women of all experience levels.
Whether you're contemplating a renovation, or are flipping your third property, this book is catered for varying levels of experience in building and construction. (Even those of us with zero experience!) Using case studies and stories from the BuildHer community, Kribashini and Rebeka show how anyone can achieve their goal and become an accomplished BuildHer.
Buy BuildHer: Empowering women to build & renovate their Australian dream home by Kribashini Hannon from Australia's Online Independent Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Format: Paperback / softback
(250mm x 210mm x mm)
Smith Street Books
Publisher: Smith Street Books
Country of Publication:
Book Reviews - BuildHer: Empowering women to build & renovate their Australian dream home by Kribashini Hannon
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A Preview for this title is currently not available.

domain: literature


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Hospital staff testify in death of 76-year-old woman
BRENTWOOD, N.H. (AP) — Medical professionals have testified in the trial of a New Hampshire woman accused of allowing her 76-year-old grandmother to lay in her own waste for days before she died.
Exeter Hospital physician Dr. Katherine Fernando and nurse Jennifer Jourdanais took the stand Tuesday in the trial of Meritel Saintil, who faces negligent homicide charges in the 2016 death of Nancy Parker.
Saintil’s mother, Katherine Saintil-Brown, faces similar charges and is scheduled for trial in January.
Authorities say Parker died after she was found in an Exeter mobile home during a welfare check.
Fernando said she diagnosed Parker with necrotizing fasciitis after she found rotting flesh on the woman’s thigh. Jourdanais said she had to use a spray cleaner to clean Parker because she was covered in dried stool that stuck to her skin.

domain: health


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Our Featured Seasonal Drinks
3..2..1..Blast off! Introducing our Galaxy Tea made with whimsical Butterfly Pea Flowers. Don’t be fooled by the mesmerizing colors of this drink, it is full of antioxidants and vitamins that is sure to make you feel out of this world.
Sencha Tea Bar is helping create stars this season through our partnership with The Billingsley School of Music and Art. Enjoy a refreshing and sweet Pomegranate Starling tea all spring and we will donate part of the proceeds from each drink sold to help support the artistic dreams of the new generation!
Sencha Tea Bar is the premier frontier of loose leaf tea in Minnesota, with a presence in Madison, WI. Sencha’s large and growing selection of loose leaf teas guarantees to satisfy the most demanding and eclectic taste of traditional tea drinkers. Bubble tea, originating from Taiwan, combines freshly brewed teas with a large variety of exotic natural fruit concentrates, served cold with delicious chewy tapioca pearls.
We're proud to provide you the highest quality teas, hand-selected from the finest international growers. Community comes first at Sencha, and our community is global. We aim to transform and empower the lives of our customers and employees through patient reflection found at the end of a cup of tea. No task is too small and no goal is too lofty for us, and we believe in the bottomless well that is the power of a unified community. We come together over a pensive, traditional cup of sencha and find the unity and equity in between us. Alone, we are strong, but together we are undefeatable.


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Blockchains are distributed (i.e., without a single repository) and decentralized digital ledgers that are tamper-evident and resistant. At their most basic level, they allow users to record transactions in a shared ledger within that group. The result is that no transaction can be modified once it has been published under standard blockchain network functioning.
The blockchain concept was integrated with numerous other technologies and computer concepts in 2008 to create modern cryptocurrencies: electronic cash that is protected by cryptographic processes rather than a central repository or authority.
Blockchain implementations are frequently created with a specific goal or function in mind. Cryptocurrencies, smart contracts and distributed ledger systems for businesses are all examples of functionalities.
Bitcoin was the first blockchain-based cryptocurrency, allowing users to share data publicly so that participants can independently verify the transaction’s validity. Cryptocurrencies are built on blockchain technology, which is named after the intensive use of cryptographic functions.
To digitally sign and securely transact within the system, users use public and private keys. Users can solve puzzles using cryptographic hash functions in the hopes of being paid with a fixed quantity of money in cryptocurrency-based blockchain networks that involve mining.
The field of blockchain technology has seen a steady stream of advancements, with new platforms being introduced regularly — the environment is constantly shifting. Other than cryptocurrencies, blockchain technology can be used to establish a permanent, public, and transparent ledger system for collecting sales data, tracking digital usage, and making payments to content creators like musicians.
This article explains blockchain technology and gives an overview of how it works.
To read more on the different types of blockchain networks, please click here.
How does blockchain work?
A blockchain’s fundamental goal is to let people — especially those who don’t trust one another — communicate vital data in a safe, tamper-proof manner.
Hash function, blocks, nodes, miners, wallets, digital signatures and protocols are the various main concepts in the blockchain.
Let’s imagine that 10 people in one room decided to make a new currency. They have to follow the flow of funds to ensure the validity of the coins in their new monetary ecosystem. One person — let’s call him Bob — decided to keep a list of all actions in a diary. However, another person — let’s call him Jack — decided to steal money. To hide this, he changed the entries in the diary.
Then one day, Bob noticed that someone had interfered with his diary. He decided to change the format of his diary to prevent future tampering. He used a program called a hash function that turns text into a set of numbers and letters, as shown in the table below.
This process harnesses a secure hash algorithm, or SHA, that turns the letters into character strings. Bob can choose different types of SHAs that each varies in complexity and serves different needs.
A hash is a string of numbers and letters, produced by hash functions. A hash function is a mathematical function that converts a variable number of characters into a string with a fixed number of characters.
Just a small alteration in a string creates a completely new hash. After each diary entry, Bob inserted a hash. But then Jack decided to change entries again. He got to the diary, changed the record and generated a new hash.
Bob noticed that somebody had sifted through the diary again. He decided to complicate the record of each transaction. After each record, he inserted a new hash generated from the recorded last hash. Therefore, each entry depends on the previous.
If Jack tries to change the record, he will have to change the hash in all previous entries. Jack, however, was a determined thief, so he spent the entire night counting all the hashes.
Bob did not want to give up, so he added a different, random number after each record. This number is called a “nonce.” Nonces should be chosen in a way that results in the generated hash ending in two zeros.
To forge records with Bob’s updated entry system, Jack would now have to spend hours and hours determining the nonce for each line.
Nonces are difficult for even computers to figure out, but the task is possible, as miners compete to discover them as part of the blockchain mining process.
Bob’s initial spreadsheet of 5,000 transactions is called the genesis block — the starting point for this blockchain. The adoption of this currency has spread, so transactions come quickly and often. New blocks are created, which can also hold up to 5,000 transactions and have codes that correlate with former blocks, making them unforgeable.
Let’s assume that this blockchain updates itself every 10 minutes with a new block. It does so automatically. No master or central computer instructs the computers to do this.
As soon as the spreadsheet or ledger or registry is updated, it can no longer be changed. Thus, it’s impossible to forge it. You can only add new entries to it. The registry is updated on all computers on the network at the same time. Changes to blockchains require consensus from a majority of the network’s participants.
One potential risk to a blockchain is a “51% attack,” during which a party overtakes the majority of a blockchain’s hash rate, allowing them to then dictate the network.
In general, a block contains a timestamp, a reference to the previous block, the transactions and the computational problem that had to be solved before the block went on the blockchain. The distributed network of nodes that must reach consensus makes fraud almost impossible within the blockchain.
Bob kept up the diary in this manner for a short time. As new transactions continued occurring, however, he soon became burdened by the number of records, seeing his current system as unsustainable. So, as soon as his diary hit 5,000 transactions, he converted it to a one-page spreadsheet. Mary checked the accuracy of all transactions.
Bob then gave his spreadsheet diary to 3,000 different computers, each located in different regions globally. These computers are called nodes. Every time a transaction occurs, it must be approved by those nodes, each of which checks the transaction’s validity. Once every node has checked a transaction, essentially a type of electronic vote occurs. Some nodes may think the transaction is valid, while others may see it as fraudulent.
Each node has a copy of the spreadsheet diary. Each node checks the validity of each transaction. If a majority of nodes say that a transaction is valid, then it is written into a block.
Now, if Jack wants to change one entry in the spreadsheet diary, all the other computers will have the original hash. They would not allow the change to occur.
Mining is the process by which miners add new blocks to the chain. Every block in a blockchain has its unique nonce and hash, but it also refers to the hash of the previous block in the chain, making mining a block difficult, particularly on big chains.
Miners utilize specialized software to solve the exceedingly difficult math issue of generating an acceptable hash using a nonce. Because the nonce is only 32 bits long and the hash is 256 bits long, there are around four billion nonce-hash combinations to mine before finding the proper one.
Miners are considered to have discovered the “golden nonce” when this happens, and their block is added to the chain. Making a change to any block earlier in the chain necessitates re-mining not only the affected block but also all subsequent blocks.
This is why manipulating blockchain technology is so tough. Consider it “safety in math” because identifying golden nonces takes a long time and a lot of computational resources. When a block is successfully mined, all nodes in the network acknowledge the change, and the miner is compensated financially.
Read more in the article “How to mine Bitcoin?”
Wallets, digital signatures and protocols
Continuing with the same example, Bob gathered the 10 people together (the 10 people initially gathered that are part of the new currency). He needed to explain the new digital coin and ledger system to them.
Jack confessed his sins to the group and apologized. To prove his sincerity, he gave Ann and Mary their coins back.
With all that sorted, Bob explained why this could never happen again. He decided to implement something called a digital signature to confirm every transaction. But first, he gave everyone a wallet.
What is a wallet?
If you possess digital money, then you need a digital wallet or an online platform or exchange for storage.
A wallet is a string of numbers and letters, such as: 18c177926650e5550973303c300e136f22673b74. This is an address that will appear in various blocks within the blockchain as transactions take place. No names or personally identifiable information is included — just the wallet number.
Public wallet addresses are strings of characters to which certain assets can be sent. The address of each particular wallet is generated from a public key.
To carry out a transaction, you need two things: a wallet, which is an address, and a private key. The private key is a string of random numbers. Unlike the address, however, the private key must be kept secret. A private key controls funds held within its related wallet.
When someone decides to send coins to anyone else, they must use their private key to sign the message containing the transaction. The system of two keys — a private and a public key — is at the heart of encryption and cryptography, and its use long predates the existence of blockchain. It was first proposed in the 1970s.
Once the message is sent, it is broadcast to the blockchain network. The network of nodes then works on the message to make sure that the transaction it contains is valid. If it confirms the validity, the transaction is placed in a block. After that, no information about it can be changed.
What are cryptographic keys?
A cryptographic key is a string of numbers and letters. Cryptographic keys are made by key generators or keygens. These keygens use very advanced mathematics involving prime numbers to create keys. Such keys can be used for encrypting or decrypting information.
Blockchain technology consists of individual behavior specifications, a large set of rules that are programmed into it. Those specifications are called protocols. The implementation of specific protocols essentially makes blockchain what it is — a distributed, peer-to-peer, secured information database.
Blockchain protocols ensure that the network runs the way it was intended to by its creators, even though it’s completely autonomous and isn’t controlled by anyone.
Here are some examples of protocols implemented in blockchains:
- Input information for every hash number has to include the previous block’s hash number.
- The reward for successfully mining a block decreases by half after 210,000 blocks have been mined. For Bitcoin (BTC), this is called halving. At 10 minutes per block, mining 210,000 blocks takes about four years; hence, Bitcoin’s halving event every four years.
- To keep the amount of time needed to mine one block at approximately 10 minutes, mining difficulty is recalculated every 2,016 blocks. Mining difficulty essentially balances the network to account for the number of miners. More miners mean a more competitive atmosphere, making blocks more difficult to mine. Fewer miners mean it’s comparatively easier to mine blocks, thus enticing miners to participate.
Blockchain technology: Pros and cons
The majority of blockchains are built as a decentralized database that acts as a distributed ledger. These blockchain ledgers keep track of and store data in blocks that are arranged in chronological order and linked by cryptographic proofs.
The development of blockchain technology has resulted in numerous benefits across a wide range of businesses, including enhanced security in trustless situations. However, the fact that it is decentralized has significant drawbacks. For example, blockchains have restricted efficiency compared to typically centralized databases and require more storage space.
Various pros and cons of blockchain include:
What is decentralization in blockchain and why is it important?
Blockchains are essentially types of distributed databases. The database is the blockchain, and each node on a blockchain has access to the whole chain. No one node or computer regulates the information it contains. Every node can validate the records of the blockchain. This is all done without one or several intermediaries in control of everything.
It is architecturally decentralized, and there is no single point of failure that would bring down the blockchain, which makes it a critical component of blockchain systems. However, the nodes of a blockchain are logically centralized, as the entire blockchain is a distributed network performing certain programmed actions.
In decentralized peer-to-peer (P2P) transmission, communication always occurs directly between peers rather than through a central node. Information about what is happening on the blockchain is stored on each node then passed to adjacent nodes. In this way, information spreads through the whole network.
Transparency in blockchain technology
Anyone inspecting the blockchain is capable of seeing every transaction and its hash value. Someone using the blockchain can act pseudonymously if they wish, or they can give their identification to others. All that is seen on the blockchain is a record of transactions between wallet addresses.
Once a transaction is recorded on the blockchain and the blockchain updates, altering the record of this transaction becomes impossible. Why? That particular transaction record is linked to the record of every preceding one, making it immutable. Blockchain records are permanent, they are ordered chronologically, and they are available to all other nodes.
It is nearly impossible to turn off the network. As numerous nodes exist and operate globally, a single party can not take over the entire network.
Faking a block is also nearly impossible because the validity of each block and, by extension, its inclusion into the blockchain is determined by an electronic consensus of nodes. There are thousands of these nodes, scattered all over the world. As a result, capturing the network would require a computer with a virtually impossible amount of power.
Using blockchain technology as a normal database would prove difficult, however. Can you store three gigabytes of files on the blockchain in the same way as using database platforms such as Microsoft Access, FileMaker or MySQL? This would not be a good idea. Most blockchains are not suitable for this by design or simply lack the required capacity.
Traditional online databases usually use a client-server network architecture. This means that users with access rights can change entries stored in the database, but the overall control remains with administrators. When it comes to a blockchain database, each user is in charge of maintaining, calculating and updating every new entry. Every single node must work together to make sure they are all coming to the same conclusions.
Blockchain technology architecture also means that each node must work independently and compare the results of its work with the rest of the network, so reaching a consensus can be very time-consuming. Because of this, blockchain networks historically have been considered slow when compared with traditional digital transaction technology. Advancements have increased blockchain-related transaction speeds in some cases, as seen in some crypto assets, projects and solutions.
That said, there are experiments in producing databases with blockchain technology. These platforms aim to take an enterprise-class distributed database and build on top of it while adding the three key attributes of blockchain: decentralization, immutability and the ability to register and transfer assets.
How secure is blockchain technology?
Although blockchain is not immune to hacking, its decentralized nature provides it with a stronger line of security. A hacker or criminal would need control of more than half of all machines in a distributed ledger to change it.
The most well-known and largest blockchain networks, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum (ETH), are open to everyone with a computer and an internet connection. Having more participants on a blockchain network tends to boost security rather than create a security concern. More nodes participating means more individuals are reviewing each other’s work and reporting bad actors. That’s one reason why, counterintuitively, private blockchain networks that require an invitation to join can be more vulnerable to hacking and manipulation.
Furthermore, blockchain is beneficial in combating “double-spending” attacks in payments and money transfers. Cryptocurrency attacks are a significant source of concern. A user will spend their cryptocurrency more than once in a double-spending attack. It’s a problem that doesn’t exist when dealing with cash.
If you spend $3 on a cup of coffee, you no longer have $3 to spend on anything else. However, when it comes to crypto, there’s a chance that a user will spend the cryptocurrency numerous times before the network notices.
This is something that blockchain can help with. Within a cryptocurrency’s blockchain, the entire network must agree on the transaction sequence, confirm the most recent transaction, and publish it publicly, which helps preserve the network’s security.
Bitcoin vs blockchain
Let’s understand how Bitcoin and blockchain are two different things:
Where can blockchain technology be used?
The last portion of this article will discuss some of blockchain’s many applications. Blockchain technology is particularly ideal for what is known as “smart contracts.” So, what exactly are smart contracts?
Smart contracts define the rules and penalties around a specific agreement, similar to the function of traditional contracts. The big difference, however, is that smart contracts automatically enforce those obligations. Thanks to their coding, smart contracts discharge on the fulfillment of specific criteria.
Decentralized finance, or DeFi, is the utilization of blockchain technology that allows participants access to features similar to those common in the mainstream financial world, except in a decentralized fashion. Using different DeFi solutions, participants can loan and borrow funds — as well as access other opportunities — governed on the blockchain away from the control of a centralized authority.
Nonfungible tokens, or NFTs, serve as an application of blockchain technology with vast potential in several different use cases. Such tokens are verifiably unique and are not exchangeable one-for-one with others for the same value. One potential use case for NFTs is the authentication of artwork, with art pieces tied to NFTs, which can verify their authenticity and ownership.
Applying blockchain technology to a supply chain can provide the ability to track ingredients, foods, materials and more back to the source to prove their origins, as well as to provide other pertinent information about any given supply chain.
Settling warranty claims can be expensive, time-consuming and often difficult for those making the claim. It is possible to implement smart contracts using blockchain technology, which will inevitably make the process notably easier.
With smart contracts, a certain set of criteria for specific insurance-related situations could be established. In theory, with the implementation of blockchain technology, you could just submit your insurance claim online and receive an instant automatic payout — pending, of course, that your claim meets all the required criteria.
With blockchain and its decentralization aspect, the verification of identity online could be much quicker and potentially safer. Keeping online identity data in a central location could become a practice of the past with the use of blockchain, meaning computer hackers would no longer have centralized points of vulnerability to attack.
The Internet of Things (IoT)
Linked together via the internet for interaction purposes, the IoT is an ecosystem of software-friendly items, such as vehicles and devices, which include certain technological specifications that make such interaction possible.
Blockchain technology could play a role in the future of IoT, partly by providing potential methods for guarding against hackers. Because blockchain is built for decentralized control, a security scheme based on it should be scalable enough to cover the expansion of IoT.
Archiving and file storage
Google Drive, Dropbox and others have thoroughly developed the electronic archiving of documents with the use of centralized methods. Centralized sites are tempting for hackers. Blockchain and its smart contracts offer ways of reducing this threat substantially.
As the technology gains more mainstream attention, blockchain and its smart contracts have the potential to help in the fight against money laundering tactics.
Blockchain provides for a more comprehensive analysis of the system rather than only monitoring entry and exit points. As blockchain is a decentralized network in which each user or node is responsible for validating updates, it enhances the network’s security.
Voting in elections and similar processes, could be greatly improved with smart contracts and blockchain. Various related applications have come into existence over time.
The future of blockchain technology
The potential of blockchain technology is virtually limitless, and recent advancements have brought us closer to a decentralized, trustless internet, transaction transparency and more.
As we move away from the pandemic period and into the era of the ‘new normal,’ blockchains are likely to be at the forefront of our progress in addressing these new societal challenges and redefining the true meaning of wealth in the brave new world of digital money.
The future of blockchain technology appears bright, and given that it is already demonstrating potential in nearly every field, it seems that the best is yet to come.
Meanwhile, it will be intriguing to see where blockchain technology goes in the future, particularly in terms of banking services, money transfers, decentralized markets and other areas


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domain: law


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I’m in the process of pitching three pieces (a cosy mystery, a children’s fiction and a non-fiction gift book) to various publishers and agents. I also hope to have a few short pieces ready to submit to various journals and publications in the near future. What does this mean? Well, I suspect that I’m going to see a heck of a lot of rejections. Time to celebrate! I learn a little something from each knock-back, and every one of them brings me a step closer to an acceptance.
So far I’ve received a total of 26 rejections. This has been over two years, and they are from a variety of sources, for six separate projects. This is pretty low in the scheme of things and is an indicator that I need to send more work out. To celebrate, I’m adding a widget to the front page – a counter to record the rejections of the work as they come in. I may even do some snazzy stats at the end of the year to really paint a picture. It’ll be a fun ride.
This is a rehash of a post from last year. I’m in the market for an agent and/or a publishing contract with a traditional publisher. Again, I’m being asked (and asking myself) “Why go traditional when you’ve had some success (albeit limited) with self publishing?”
I have a number of reasons for wanting to take the traditional path. The most significant reason for me is that it is an indicator of success and acceptance by the wider literary community. Yes, yes, I know that this is strictly a personal belief and my not having traditional publisher representation doesn’t mean that I’m not an author. It’s a personal goal.
My other reasons for wanting a traditional publisher (and these are probably more important than the personal achievement component) are access to an established distribution network and marketing expertise. (Yes I know that I’m still going to have to do the bulk of the marketing myself – its the distribution network I really want).
For me, the pros and cons of Self-Publishing and Traditional Publishing are as follows:
- You have a 100% chance of being published (and that’s a very nice thing)
- You can choose to publish only e-books, or print books or both
- You can publish short stories, serials, novellas, novels – whatever takes your fancy
- You’re in control of the entire process
- You determine your timetable
- You received a significantly larger proportion of the royalties than if you went through a traditional publisher (Anything from 30-70% compared to 5-10%)
- You will learn a lot about the entire publishing process: from writing, to business set up, to printing, to marketing, to sales. This is an invaluable set of experiences (trust me)
- You cover 100% of the cost
- You take 100% of the risk
- You’ll need to buy/pay for an honest opinion on the potential marketability of your book
- You need to edit your manuscript very carefully and not rely on your Beta readers to do the work of a professional editor
- You’re on your own in terms of marketing and distribution
- It’s very difficult to get book sellers to stock your book/host book launches/host other promotional activities.
- It’s very difficult to get people/professional organisations/journals/ and/or other publications of merit to review your book.
- You’re in this together.
- You’ll not have to make a financial contribution to the process (if you do then you’re not in a traditional publishing contract – beware)
- With any luck you will receive an advance (depends on the size of the publisher, type of book and your experience)
- You’ll receive advice on selecting the best possible cover for your book
- You’ll receive a professional opinion on the saleability and appeal of your writing
- You’ll receive advice/services from a professional editor (again you will need to do work here – humans make mistakes no matter how good they are).
- You’ll have access to people with experience marketing books, press releases, and working with areas of the media
- You’ll have access to an established distribution network
- You have a statistically low chance of obtaining a publisher (or even a literary agent) and therefore a low chance of actually being published
- A traditional publisher is no guarantee of sales and/or success
- You’re in a contract and will be expected to understand and comply with that contract
- You need to give up some artistic freedoms to produce a product that fits with the publisher (Suck it up – they’re doing this to try and sell your book)
- You need to fit in with their time frames and demands
- You received a significantly smaller proportion of the royalties than if you were self published (about 5% but it varies)
- Don’t expect an easy ride. You’ll still need to work hard to promote your own book!
Good luck! Strive to do what’s best for you and your writing project.
I have read a number of articles & blog posts about writing not being considered to be an actual job. Last week during dinner with a friend, she made the comment that I was semi-retired (not fully retired as I do some paid work at a University). I was a little taken-aback but let it slide. After all I wanted to check the definition of “retirement” to ensure that I wouldn’t be speaking out of turn if I objected to the label. My assumption about the meaning of “retirement” was confirmed, with all definitions implying that it means “leaving the work force”. I was left feeling more than a little annoyed.
I have not left the work force! As a writer I expect that I never will (assuming that my capacity to write remains). My part time/casual work is to get some extra money in the door, and is not the only work I do. I object to the assumption that I’m doing nothing and am available whenever anyone wants a chat, someone to visit, someone to go out with. I’m very busy!
Here are my reasons for believing, no, make that knowing, that writing is a full time job, and is my career:
- I work everyday. And I mean every day – even if it’s only for an hour or two.
- My standard work day is about 6 hours long. When you consider that those working in office jobs spend a significant amount of time lunching, having tea/coffee breaks, chatting with colleagues, attending boring non-relevant meetings, I think that makes us even.
- I get paid. And I get paid regularly. It may not be much, but I get a cheque every three months from the distributer of my children’s book, a monthly payment from the bookstore where my book is stocked, and a payment from Amazon/Kindle at the end of every month.
- I’m published. You can google me/my titles.
- I’m considered to be an author/emerging writer (by industry definition).
- I participate in professional development courses related to my business.
- I belong to a writer’s group and various formal writing and publishing organisations and groups.
- I am listed as a writer/author/publisher on my tax return, legal documents and census details.
- I have a business plan (really I do), business card, business email, business website, an accounts system, an Australian Business registration number, and an EIN (US tax number).
I am in business. Writing is my job, my career and my passion.
I know that I sound like a bit of a stroppy cow, and in reality those who believe that I do nothing all day is limited to that particular friend, some distant acquaintences and my mother. I really believe that it’s important that we value work in any and all of the arts industries. Being a writer is more than a job, it’s a career and a way of life.
Perhaps some people are jealous that I (we) have taken the risk and are trying to make a living doing something we love.


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Are you planning on travelling to Iceland without renting a car? Even though Icelanders are in the top 5 for the most motor vehicles per capita in the world, it is possible to get around without driving everywhere. We have compiled a list for you of how to get around in Iceland without a car
If you plan on staying in downtown Reykjavik for the majority of your trip, you should be able to walk everywhere. Reykjavik is a small city with only 120.000 habitants which makes it the perfect city for walking around in. Just be prepared for any type of weather!
If you need to travel within the Reykjavik area but don’t feel like walking, you can take the bus. The bus company in Iceland even has a handy app where you can figure out how to get to where you want to go. The app even allows you to pay with your credit card so you don’t need to have any money on you.
Another possibility when travelling within the Reykjavik area is to take a taxi. You can either go to a spot downtown where all of the taxis arrive, or you can call and order one. The cabs come quickly but they can be a little bit pricey so if you are on a budget, you might want to use these sparingly.
If you want to get out of Reykjavik for a day and go out and explore the nature, taking a day tour is perfect for you. You will get picked up close to where you are staying and taken on a tour wherever you desire in Iceland. Exploring the amazing scenery is the reason most people go to Iceland, so we strongly suggest that you get out of the capital! Here are some of the day tours that we offer
If you want to go out of the capital for more than a day, and we highly suggest this, it is best for you to schedule an overnight tour. You will get picked up close to where you are staying and taken on a tour wherever you desire in Iceland. Staying overnight gives you the possibilities to explore more of Iceland and to see the midnight sun or the northern lights, depending on when you are in Iceland. Everything will be arranged for you, all you need to do is show up and enjoy! Hereare some of the multi-day tours that we offer


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Dodge County is a county located in the state of Minnesota. The population was 20,087 as of the 2010 census. Its county seat is
Dodge County is part of the Rochester, MN Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Named for Henry Dodge and his son Augustus. Henry Dodge, was territorial governor, delegate in Congress and US Senator from Wisconsin, 1836-57. Augustus Dodge was delegate to Congress for Iowa Territory, 1840-47 and US Senator from Iowa, 1848-55
County QuickFacts: CensusBureau Quick Facts
Dodge County was originally inhabited by American Indians, as many counties in Minnesota were. This area was a common
hunting and battle ground for the Mdewakanton Sioux, often fighting the Sauk and Fox Indians who had wandered into their territory. The first
white person to visit Dodge County, however, is not known. It is believed by some that a French fur trader from Canada was the first, setting
foot on its soil in the spring of 1655. Guides deemed this area unsafe due to the Natives living there. But, it was not until over two hundred
years later that the locality truly came to life.
The original founders of Dodge County consisted entirely of settlers from New England. These people were "Yankee's", that is to say they were descended from the English Puritans who settled New England in the 1600s. They were part of a wave of New England farmers who headed west into what was then the wilds of the Northwest Territory during the early 1800s. Most of them arrived as a result of the completion of the Erie Canal. When they arrived in what is now Dodge County there was nothing but a virgin forest and wild prairie, the New Englanders laid out farms, constructed roads, erected government buildings and established post routes. They brought with them many of their Yankee New England values, such as a passion for education, establishing many schools as well as staunch support for abolitionism. They were mostly members of the Congregationalist Church though some were Episcopalian. Culturally Dodge County, like much of Minnesota would be culturally very continuous with early New England culture, for most of its history. It was in 1853 that government surveyors set lines for the townships. A year later, the Mantor brothers, along with Eli P. Waterman, established their claims, which would later be an important town to the area known as "Mantorville." Still a year later, in 1855, Dodge County was organized for local government.
As reported by the Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 440 square miles (1,100 km2), of which 439 square miles (1,140 km2) is
land and 0.3 square miles (0.78 km2) (0.07%) is water.
Dodge County is located in the Southeastern part of Minnesota and spans 24 miles (39 km) long and 18 miles (29 km) wide. To the North and center of the county, it is hilly, high, and rolling with pebbly, loose soil, laid with a considerable amount of timber. This makes it well-suited for grain raising. The Southern part is quite the opposite. Being it is flat and wet, it's adapted perfectly for grazing and raising stock. The soil in this area is excellent for yielding huge crops, considering its extremely fertile soil. The heavy, black, clay loam makes this area a prime location for agriculture. Dodge is one of seven southern Minnesota counties that have no forest ecosystems; only prairie and savanna soils exist here.
Dodge County's plentiful amount of sand and rock also make the area a center for building. Quarries in Mantorville were once enterprises and consist of layers of thick stone which can be cut into any desired shape. Wasioja is also known around the nation for its excellent "Wasioja stone."
Bordering counties are as follows:


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Prince Charles 'heartbroken' by teenage COVID-19 death
In the past week many wealthy business owners including Richard Branson and Victoria Beckham, have been questioned for using tax-payer money to pay their employees. Sir Philip Green, Lord Lloyd Webber and Stella McCartney have also been reported to use the scheme.
Ms Beckham has 35 staff working for her fashion brand that will allegedly cost the taxpayer £200,000 to keep on until the scheme ends in June.
Meanwhile, Prince Charles has 197 staff at The Prince’s Foundation, where staff have been furloughed at the cost of a £4.5 million wage bill that he is funding from the reserves of his charity.
The furlough scheme was designed for employers to maintain jobs as they provide staff with 80 per cent of their earnings up to a cost of £2500 a month.
Prince Charles has been praised by Britons for paying staff out of his own finances.
It is expected that nine million workers are now furloughed and is likely to cost the Exchequer £42 billion.
Most small businesses have been forced to use the scheme in order to keep staff, however, mega-rich individuals and lucrative companies that could cover the cost of paying workers have taken advantage of it.
Victoria Beckham launched her “money-losing” business back in 2008, and for the fourth year in a row, it has continued to not turn a profit.
In 11 years the company has seen a loss of £35.5 million, Ms Beckham is now said to be avoiding Instagram after the criticism.
For weeks the former Spice Girl, 46, has posted luxurious photos of herself in the family’s Cotswold estate during the lockdown.
A spokesperson for the brand said: “Having carefully assessed all our options, we made the decision to furlough a proportion of staff on an enhanced package.”
But this did not stop GMB host Piers Morgan lashing out at the former popstar over this decision.
He said during last Monday's GMB:"Talking about altruism and generosity, how nice it was to read over the weekend that Victoria Beckham has decided to furlough 30 of the staff of her failing fashion business - the one that makes no money that loses money year after year.
"The one that's been bailed out until now by her fabulously rich husband, David Beckham… This furlough scheme was not for primadonna, multimillionaires like you two, running a failed vanity business that makes no money."
Richard Branson’s warning AGAINST bailing out UK airline [INSIGHT]
Why Richard Branson may lose island after pleading for government loan [ANALYSIS]
Richard Branson: Why Virgin Care co-founder dubbed criticism ‘wrong’ [OPINION]
She is not alone as entrepreneur Sir Richard Branson, 69, has also furloughed around 8000 workers, that will now be paid 80 per cent of their salaries for three months.
He is now said to be asking the government for a £500 million bailout to keep Virgin Atlantic afloat, after Virgin Australia last week went into administration.
His Virgin Empire has mostly been profitable, however recent events have caused the airline to make a loss.
It has been reported that since moving to his private island in the British Virgin Island he has paid no income tax.
Daughter of Sir Paul McCartney, Stella McCartney has her own fashion line that is part-owned by LVMH who also own Louis Vuitton, Christian Dior and Veuve Clicquot.
Ms McCartney, 48, has furloughed up to 1400 staff which she is not topping up.
The designer currently resides in a £30 million house in Belgravia, as well as owning a farmhouse in Worcestershire and a property in The Hamptons.
Multi-millionaire business owner Phillip Green, whose wife lives in tax haven Monaco is reported to have furloughed 14,500 of his 16,000 employees.
Mr Green owns struggling Arcadia group that saw Topshop and Topman lose a reported £500 million last year.
The tycoon worth a reported £1 billion has made senior staff take a pay cut of between 25-50 per cent.
The groups chief executive Ian Grabiner has elected to receive no salary or benefits till the pandemic ends.
Mr Grabiner said: “The actions we have taken are essential."

domain: news


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Trailer for the 1978 movie.
Scott Derrickson’s Dr. Strange looks every bit as wild and mind-warping as the trailers have us believe, but there was a previous attempt at bringing Marvel’s creation to the screen back in 1978.
The CBS TV movie is mostly everything you’d expect from back in the days when films like Cat From Outer Space were the thing to get excited about. Although, there was also a splattering of fairly decent comic book television back then.
In this film, Steven Strange is a different person, an altered version of himself, who inherits his dad’s mystical power and ring.
While the film will stand testament to the time, it isn’t all bad and has some fantastic elements to it.
You can check the full movie below and the new Dr. Strange opens tomorrow. Enjoy!
Video no longer available.

domain: entertainment


Tennessee and Alabama are set for their annual meeting tonight. Bryant-Denny Stadium will play host as the No. 4 Crimson Tide look to win their 14th straight game in this series.
The 6-1 Tide are coming off of an easy win over Mississippi State last week, while the 4-3 Volunteers are coming off of an emotional loss to Ole Miss. Per DraftKings Sportsbook, the current line (as of late Friday night) sits at Alabama -25.
For Tennessee, there are several injury situations to monitor. None are bigger than starting quarterback Hendon Hooker, who left the Ole Miss game late. His status has not been determined for this one, joining offensive linemen Cade and Cooper Mays, along with running back Tiyon Evans in the questionable column.
How will Tennessee respond after such a wild game last weekend? That’s what I’m watching for tonight.
How to watch
- Location: Tuscaloosa, Alabama
- Kickoff Time: 7 p.m. ET
- TV: ESPN (Jason Benetti, Greg McElroy)
- Streaming Link: Watch ESPN
- Radio: Vol Network (107.7 FM Knoxville)
Odds/Lines subject to change. T&Cs apply. See draftkings.com/sportsbook for details.


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