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A Mathematical Model Shows High Viral Transmissions Reduce the Progression Rates for Severe Covid-19
The model suggests a clue as to when a pandemic will turn into an endemic A mathematical model demonstrated that high transmission rates among highly vaccinated populations of COVID-19 ultimately reduce the numbers of severe cases. This model suggests a clue as to when this pandemic will turn into an endemic. With the future of the pandemic remaining uncertain, a research team of mathematicians and medical scientists analyzed a mathematical model that may predict how the changing transmission rate of COVID-19 would affect the settlement process of the virus as a mild respiratory virus. The team led by Professor Jae Kyoung Kim from the Department of Mathematical Science and Professor Eui-Cheol Shin from the Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering used a new approach by dividing the human immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 into a shorter-term neutralizing antibody response and a longer-term T-cell immune response, and applying them each to a mathematical model. Additionally, the analysis was based on the fact that although breakthrough infection may occur frequently, the immune response of the patient will be boosted after recovery from each breakthrough infection. The results showed that in an environment with a high vaccination rate, although COVID-19 cases may rise temporarily when the transmission rate increases, the ratio of critical cases would ultimately decline, thereby decreasing the total number of critical cases and in fact settling COVID-19 as a mild respiratory disease more quickly. Conditions in which the number of cases may spike include relaxing social distancing measures or the rise of variants with higher transmission rates like the Omicron variant. This research did not take the less virulent characteristic of the Omicron variant into account but focused on the results of its high transmission rate, thereby predicting what may happen in the process of the endemic transition of COVID-19. The research team pointed out the limitations of their mathematical model, such as the lack of consideration for age or patients with underlying diseases, and explained that the results of this study must be applied with care when compared against high-risk groups. Additionally, as medical systems may collapse when the number of cases rises sharply, this study must be interpreted with prudence and applied accordingly. The research team therefore emphasized that for policies that encourage a step-wise return to normality to succeed, the sustainable maintenance of public health systems is indispensable. Professor Kim said, “We have drawn a counter-intuitive conclusion amid the unpredictable pandemic through an adequate mathematical model,” asserting the importance of applying mathematical models to medical research. Professor Shin said, “Although the Omicron variant has become the dominant strain and the number of cases is rising rapidly in South Korea, it is important to use scientific approaches to predict the future and apply them to policies rather than fearing the current situation.” The results of the research were published on medRxiv.org on February 11, under the title “Increasing viral transmission paradoxically reduces progression rates to severe COVID-19 during endemic transition.” This research was funded by the Institute of Basic Science, the Korea Health Industry Development Institute, and the National Research Foundation of Korea. -PublicationHyukpyo Hong, Ji Yun Noh, Hyojung Lee, Sunhwa Choi, Boseung Choi, Jae Kyung Kim, Eui-Cheol Shin, “Increasing viral transmission paradoxically reduces progression rates to severe COVID-19 during endemic transition,” medRxiv, February 9, 2022 (doi.org/10.1101/2022.02.09.22270633) -ProfileProfessor Jae Kyung KimDepartment of Mathematical SciencesKAIST Professor Eui-Cheol ShinGraduate School of Medical Science and EngineeringKAIST
Commencement Ceremony Honors the Class of 2022
Third online commencement ceremony since the pandemic outbreak celebrates 2741 graduates The 2022 commencement ceremony convened online on February 18 to celebrate and award degrees to the Class of 2022. The graduating class of 2022 included 663 PhDs, 1,383 Masters, and 695 Bachelors. The limited number of attendees included 86 graduate representatives and approximately 20 faculty members in senior leadership, as well as Korea’s Minister of Science and ICT Hyesook Lim. The ceremony was livestreamed on KAIST’s YouTube channel. Valedictorian Ji-Young Lee from the Department of Physics received the Minister of Science and ICT’s Award. Yu-Jin Bang from the School of Business and Technology Management was the Awardee of the Chairman of the KAIST Board of Trustees and the KAIST Presidential Awardee was Jong-Hwan Lee from the Department of Mathematical Sciences. KAIST conferred honorary doctorates to Honorary Chairman Jae-Chul Kim of Dongwon Group and Chairman Sung-Hwan Chang of Samsung Brush. Chairman Kim, whose donation funded the establishment of the Kim Jae-Chul Graduate School of AI, was awarded an honorary doctorate of science technology. Chairman Chang was awarded an honorary doctorate of business administration in recognition of his funding in the fields of medical science and engineering at KAIST. This year’s undergraduate commencement speaker was Hye-Lin Park from the School of Computing. She has severe cerebral palsy and was the first student admitted to KAIST with a severe physical handicap. “I loved mathematics and wanted to become a mathematician. When I learned programming in my second year, I was so mesmerized by it that I transferred to the School of Computing,” said Park, who plans to continue studying programming languages in graduate school at KAIST. “I spent my entire life of 24 years in this beautiful wheelchair. Without the support and help of my parents, friends, and my special teachers who helped me move and study at the campus, I would not have made it this far,” said Park. For easier access to classrooms and facilities, KAIST started to remodel its facilities to make the entrance of buildings more wheelchair-friendly. Park made many suggestions to the Office of Student Life and the Facilities Management Office on how to ease mobility for handicapped people on campus. The physical education course that was required for graduation was also revised to stipulate exceptions. Minister Lim stressed the role of young scientists and researchers in these times of digital transformation dominated by AI and the metaverse. She encouraged the graduates to carry out their dreams with warm hearts and challenging spirits. KAIST President Kwang Hyung Lee also stressed the power of dreams, calling for graduates to dream big even in times of uncertainty. “Humanity stands at an inflection point in history. The fourth industrial revolution and outbreak of Covid-19 have unfolded the grand global transformation. Although the future gives us new opportunities, it also comes with anxiety regarding the uncertainties ahead.” “Dreams make your heart race and push us to live life to the fullest. Dreams will help you keep moving forward even in the face of adversity,” he said.
Eco-Friendly Micro-Supercapacitors Using Fallen Leaves
Green micro-supercapacitors on a single leaf could easily be applied in wearable electronics, smart houses, and IoTs A KAIST research team has developed graphene-inorganic-hybrid micro-supercapacitors made of fallen leaves using femtosecond laser direct writing. The rapid development of wearable electronics requires breakthrough innovations in flexible energy storage devices in which micro-supercapacitors have drawn a great deal of interest due to their high power density, long lifetimes, and short charging times. Recently, there has been an enormous increase in waste batteries owing to the growing demand and the shortened replacement cycle in consumer electronics. The safety and environmental issues involved in the collection, recycling, and processing of such waste batteries are creating a number of challenges. Forests cover about 30 percent of the Earth’s surface and produce a huge amount of fallen leaves. This naturally occurring biomass comes in large quantities and is completely biodegradable, which makes it an attractive sustainable resource. Nevertheless, if the fallen leaves are left neglected instead of being used efficiently, they can contribute to fire hazards, air pollution, and global warming. To solve both problems at once, a research team led by Professor Young-Jin Kim from the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Dr. Hana Yoon from the Korea Institute of Energy Research developed a novel technology that can create 3D porous graphene microelectrodes with high electrical conductivity by irradiating femtosecond laser pulses on the leaves in ambient air. This one-step fabrication does not require any additional materials or pre-treatment. They showed that this technique could quickly and easily produce porous graphene electrodes at a low price, and demonstrated potential applications by fabricating graphene micro-supercapacitors to power an LED and an electronic watch. These results open up a new possibility for the mass production of flexible and green graphene-based electronic devices. Professor Young-Jin Kim said, “Leaves create forest biomass that comes in unmanageable quantities, so using them for next-generation energy storage devices makes it possible for us to reuse waste resources, thereby establishing a virtuous cycle.” This research was published in Advanced Functional Materials last month and was sponsored by the Ministry of Agriculture Food and Rural Affairs, the Korea Forest Service, and the Korea Institute of Energy Research. -Publication Truong-Son Dinh Le, Yeong A. Lee, Han Ku Nam, Kyu Yeon Jang, Dongwook Yang, Byunggi Kim, Kanghoon Yim, Seung Woo Kim, Hana Yoon, and Young-jin Kim, “Green Flexible Graphene-Inorganic-Hybrid Micro-Supercapacitors Made of Fallen Leaves Enabled by Ultrafast Laser Pulses," December 05, 2021, Advanced Functional Materials (doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202107768) -ProfileProfessor Young-Jin KimUltra-Precision Metrology and Manufacturing (UPM2) LaboratoryDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringKAIST
KAIST and KNUA to Collaborate on Culture Technology
Distinguished Visiting Scholar Soprano Sumi Jo Accompanied by AI pianist ‘VirtuosoNet’ during the Special Concert at KAIST KAIST will expand the convergence of arts education and culture technology research in collaboration with the Korea National University of Arts (KNUA), the nation’s top arts university. KAIST President Kwang Hyung Lee signed an MOU with President Daejin Kim of the Korea National University of Art on January 6 at KAIST’s Daejeon campus for collaborations in arts education and research. KAIST and KNUA will expand educational programs such as student exchanges and co-credit programs. The two universities will team up for cooperation focusing on research centers and academic conferences for the creation of culture technology and convergence arts. Minister of Culture, Sports, and Tourism Hee Hwang also attended the ceremony. Minister Hwang said that the Ministry will invest 132 billion KRW in R&D for developing metaverse and content technologies. He added that this collaboration will be a very meaningful turning point for creating a new culture combining high-level technologies. President Kim also expressed his expectations saying, “The collaboration of our two universities will generate a huge synergistic impact for nurturing talents and the creation of convergence arts. President Lee said that the collaboration with KNUA will take KAIST another step forward as it aims to foster well-rounded talents. “We look forward to proactive collaborative research that will expand the new chapter of convergence arts and future stage performances.” Right after the signing ceremony, world renowned soprano Sumi Jo, who was named a Distinguished Visiting Scholar, took the KAIST auditorium stage for a special concert. AI pianist ‘VirtuosoNet’, developed by Professor Juhan Nam at the Graduate School of Culture Technology, made its debut at the concert by playing Mozart’s Turkish March arranged by Arcardi Volrodos. VirtuosoNet also accompanied Soprano Jo on one of her songs. The concert by Sumi Jo and AI pianist VirtuosoNet heralds what KAIST is pursuing for education and research in culture technology. The Graduate School of Culture Technology plans to conduct research on future culture industries combined with technologies for the metaverse. The Sumi Jo Performing Arts Research Center will conduct research on performing technologies together with virtual artists. Head of the Graduate School of Culture Technology Woontack Woo said that KAIST will expand the sphere of the culture industry including tourism in collaboration with KNUA by incorporating technology into arts.
KAIST Plans to Open a New York Campus
President Lee signs an MOU with New York-based Big Continent Inc. Chairman Hee-Nam Bae on funding the New York campus President Kwang Hyung Lee announced a plan to open a KAIST campus in New York with funding from New York-based entrepreneur Hee-Nam Bae. President Lee and Big Continent Inc. Chairman Hee-Nam Bae signed the MOU last week for the funding to open the campus in New York. President Lee said it will take years to open up a campus in New York in order to conform with both Korean and US legal procedures. However, during a news conference in New York following the signing of the MOU with Chairman Bae, President Lee said this is the first step toward realizing KAIST’s new vision of a ‘Global Twin Strategy’ by making New York KAIST’s newest stronghold to target both domestic and global markets. “New York is the center of the world’s commerce, culture, and new technologies. If we want to grow big, we should go to one of the biggest cities in the world and New York is the place. I highly encourage our students and faculty go into the world and never be satisfied enjoying the top position in Korea. The next place to investigate will be Silicon Valley,” said President Lee. “We still have many issues to resolve domestically. We need to discuss more details first with the Board of Trustees and the Korean government,” he added. The New York campus will aim to become an enterprise-type university to help KAIST create global value. "Our goal is to make sure that Korean businesses gain competitiveness in the global market and can become listed on the NASDAQ. We plan to open majors related to AI, financial engineering, and cultural technologies. We will recruit students from both the US and KAIST to study at our New York campus.” President Lee said. Chairman Bae, a self-made entrepreneur who immigrated to the US in 1981, also leads the Global Leadership Foundation in the US. “President Lee and I have already toured several candidate sites for the campus in the New York region and we will make a final decision on the best site to purchase,” said Chairman Bae. Chairman Bae added that he has always dreamed of fostering young global talents who will take on global challenges with pioneering minds. He believes KAIST shares this global vision. The New York campus will be the first KAIST campus for global students funded by someone from the private sector. This is also a major step forward for KAIST, which was founded by a six million dollar USAID loan in 1971. KAIST announced its plans to establish Kenya KAIST in 2018 with funding from the Korea Eximbank’s 95 million USD development cooperation fund loan to the Kenyan government. KAIST will provide turn-key-based education consultancy featuring curriculum design and the construction of facilities for Kenya’s first advanced science and technology institute. The campus will be located in the Konza Techno City near Nairobi and plans to open in 2023.
A Team of Three PhD Candidates Wins the Korea Semiconductor Design Contest
“We felt a sense of responsibility to help the nation advance its semiconductor design technology” A CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor)-based “ultra-low noise signal chip” for 6G communications designed by three PhD candidates at the KAIST School of Electrical Engineering won the Presidential Award at the 22nd Korea Semiconductor Design Contest. The winners are PhD candidates Sun-Eui Park, Yoon-Seo Cho, and Ju-Eun Bang from the Integrated Circuits and System Lab run by Professor Jaehyouk Choi. The contest, which is hosted by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy and the Korea Semiconductors Industry Association, is one of the top national semiconductor design contests for college students. Park said the team felt a sense of responsibility to help advance semiconductor design technology in Korea when deciding to participate the contest. The team expressed deep gratitude to Professor Choi for guiding their research on 6G communications. “Our colleagues from other labs and seniors who already graduated helped us a great deal, so we owe them a lot,” explained Park. Cho added that their hard work finally got recognized and that acknowledgement pushes her to move forward with her research. Meanwhile, Bang said she is delighted to see that many people seem to be interested in her research topic. Research for 6G is attempting to reach 1 tera bps (Tbps), 50 times faster than 5G communications with transmission speeds of up to 20 gigabytes. In general, the wider the communication frequency band, the higher the data transmission speed. Thus, the use of frequency bands above 100 gigahertz is essential for delivering high data transmission speeds for 6G communications. However, it remains a big challenge to make a precise benchmark signal that can be used as a carrier wave in a high frequency band. Despite the advantages of CMOS’s ultra-small and low-power design, it still has limitations at high frequency bands and its operating frequency. Thus, it was difficult to achieve a frequency band above 100 gigahertz. To overcome these challenges, the three students introduced ultra-low noise signal generation technology that can support high-order modulation technologies. This technology is expected to contribute to increasing the price competitiveness and density of 6G communication chips that will be used in the future. 5G just got started in 2020 and still has long way to go for full commercialization. Nevertheless, many researchers have started preparing for 6G technology, targeting 2030 since a new cellular communication appears in every other decade. Professor Choi said, “Generating ultra-high frequency signals in bands above 100 GHz with highly accurate timing is one of the key technologies for implementing 6G communication hardware. Our research is significant for the development of the world’s first semiconductor chip that will use the CMOS process to achieve noise performance of less than 80fs in a frequency band above 100 GHz.” The team members plan to work as circuit designers in Korean semiconductor companies after graduation. “We will continue to research the development of signal generators on the topic of award-winning 6G. We would like to continue our research on high-speed circuit designs such as ultra-fast analog-to-digital converters,” Park added.
Scientists Develop Wireless Networks that Allow Brain Circuits to Be Controlled Remotely through the Internet
Wireless implantable devices and IoT could manipulate the brains of animals from anywhere around the world due to their minimalistic hardware, low setup cost, ease of use, and customizable versatility A new study shows that researchers can remotely control the brain circuits of numerous animals simultaneously and independently through the internet. The scientists believe this newly developed technology can speed up brain research and various neuroscience studies to uncover basic brain functions as well as the underpinnings of various neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders. A multidisciplinary team of researchers at KAIST, Washington University in St. Louis, and the University of Colorado, Boulder, created a wireless ecosystem with its own wireless implantable devices and Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructure to enable high-throughput neuroscience experiments over the internet. This innovative technology could enable scientists to manipulate the brains of animals from anywhere around the world. The study was published in the journal Nature Biomedical Engineering on November 25 “This novel technology is highly versatile and adaptive. It can remotely control numerous neural implants and laboratory tools in real-time or in a scheduled way without direct human interactions,” said Professor Jae-Woong Jeong of the School of Electrical Engineering at KAIST and a senior author of the study. “These wireless neural devices and equipment integrated with IoT technology have enormous potential for science and medicine.” The wireless ecosystem only requires a mini-computer that can be purchased for under $45, which connects to the internet and communicates with wireless multifunctional brain probes or other types of conventional laboratory equipment using IoT control modules. By optimally integrating the versatility and modular construction of both unique IoT hardware and software within a single ecosystem, this wireless technology offers new applications that have not been demonstrated before by a single standalone technology. This includes, but is not limited to minimalistic hardware, global remote access, selective and scheduled experiments, customizable automation, and high-throughput scalability. “As long as researchers have internet access, they are able to trigger, customize, stop, validate, and store the outcomes of large experiments at any time and from anywhere in the world. They can remotely perform large-scale neuroscience experiments in animals deployed in multiple countries,” said one of the lead authors, Dr. Raza Qazi, a researcher with KAIST and the University of Colorado, Boulder. “The low cost of this system allows it to be easily adopted and can further fuel innovation across many laboratories,” Dr. Qazi added. One of the significant advantages of this IoT neurotechnology is its ability to be mass deployed across the globe due to its minimalistic hardware, low setup cost, ease of use, and customizable versatility. Scientists across the world can quickly implement this technology within their existing laboratories with minimal budget concerns to achieve globally remote access, scalable experimental automation, or both, thus potentially reducing the time needed to unravel various neuroscientific challenges such as those associated with intractable neurological conditions. Another senior author on the study, Professor Jordan McCall from the Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Clinical Pharmacology at Washington University in St. Louis, said this technology has the potential to change how basic neuroscience studies are performed. “One of the biggest limitations when trying to understand how the mammalian brain works is that we have to study these functions in unnatural conditions. This technology brings us one step closer to performing important studies without direct human interaction with the study subjects.” The ability to remotely schedule experiments moves toward automating these types of experiments. Dr. Kyle Parker, an instructor at Washington University in St. Louis and another lead author on the study added, “This experimental automation can potentially help us reduce the number of animals used in biomedical research by reducing the variability introduced by various experimenters. This is especially important given our moral imperative to seek research designs that enable this reduction.” The researchers believe this wireless technology may open new opportunities for many applications including brain research, pharmaceuticals, and telemedicine to treat diseases in the brain and other organs remotely. This remote automation technology could become even more valuable when many labs need to shut down, such as during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. This work was supported by grants from the KAIST Global Singularity Research Program, the National Research Foundation of Korea, the United States National Institute of Health, and Oak Ridge Associated Universities. -PublicationRaza Qazi, Kyle Parker, Choong Yeon Kim, Jordan McCall, Jae-Woong Jeong et al. “Scalable and modular wireless-network infrastructure for large-scale behavioral neuroscience,” Nature Biomedical Engineering, November 25 2021 (doi.org/10.1038/s41551-021-00814-w) -ProfileProfessor Jae-Woong JeongBio-Integrated Electronics and Systems LabSchool of Electrical EngineeringKAIST
New Chiral Nanostructures to Extend the Material Platform
Researchers observed a wide window of chiroptical activity from nanomaterials A research team transferred chirality from the molecular scale to a microscale to extend material platforms and applications. The optical activity from this novel chiral material encompasses to short-wave infrared region. This platform could serve as a powerful strategy for hierarchical chirality transfer through self-assembly, generating broad optical activity and providing immense applications including bio, telecommunication, and imaging technique. This is the first observation of such a wide window of chiroptical activity from nanomaterials. “We synthesized chiral copper sulfides using cysteine, as the stabilizer, and transferring the chirality from molecular to the microscale through self-assembly,” explained Professor Jihyeon Yeom from the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, who led the research. The result was reported in ACS Nano on September 14. Chiral nanomaterials provide a rich platform for versatile applications. Tuning the wavelength of polarization rotation maxima in the broad range is a promising candidate for infrared neural stimulation, imaging, and nanothermometry. However, the majority of previously developed chiral nanomaterials revealed the optical activity in a relatively shorter wavelength range, not in short-wave infrared. To achieve chiroptical activity in the short-wave infrared region, materials should be in sub-micrometer dimensions, which are compatible with the wavelength of short-wave infrared region light for strong light-matter interaction. They also should have the optical property of short-wave infrared region absorption while forming a structure with chirality. Professor Yeom’s team induced self-assembly of the chiral nanoparticles by controlling the attraction and repulsion forces between the building block nanoparticles. During this process, molecular chirality of cysteine was transferred to the nanoscale chirality of nanoparticles, and then transferred to the micrometer scale chirality of nanoflowers with 1.5-2 2 μm dimensions formed by the self-assembly. “We will work to expand the wavelength range of chiroptical activity to the short-wave infrared region, thus reshaping our daily lives in the form of a bio-barcode that can store vast amount of information under the skin,” said Professor Yeom. This study was funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT, the Ministry of Health and Welfare, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, the National Research Foundation of Korea,the KAIST URP Program, the KAIST Creative Challenging Research Program, Samsung and POSCO Science Fellowship. -PublicationKi Hyun Park, Junyoung Kwon, Uichang Jeong, Ji-Young Kim, Nicholas A.Kotov, Jihyeon Yeom, “Broad Chrioptical Activity from Ultraviolet to Short-Wave Infrared by Chirality Transfer from Molecular to Micrometer Scale," September 14, 2021 ACS Nano (https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c05888) -ProfileProfessor Jihyeon YeomNovel Nanomaterials for New Platforms LaboratoryDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringKAIST
MCM Utilized at Residential Treatment Center in Gyeonggi
The Mobile Clinic Module (MCM) developed by the KAIST Action for Respiratory Epidemics was installed at special residential treatment center in Gyeonggi Province on September 13. The MCM is an isolate negative pressure unit fitted with high-quality medical equipment, developed by Professor Taek-Jin Nam of the Department of Industrial Design under the KAIST New Deal R&D Initiative. This is also a part of the Korean Disease Control Package Development Project from last July. In January, a ward with four beds for critical care was installed at the Korea Institute for Radiological & Medical Sciences in Seoul for a trial operation, and two mild cases were treated there. It was also implemented as an isolated negative pressure unit in the Daejeon Konyang University Hospital emergency room in June, and has treated 138 cases since. The special residential treatment center installed in the Gyeonggi Provincial Academy gymnasium, which consists of 28 beds in 14 rooms (double occupancy) and a multipurpose room (for X-rays and treatment), is to remain open through October 10. Unlike existing treatment centers that have quarantined COVID-19 patients for two weeks, the Gyeonggi MCM will act as a self-treatment-associated short-term treatment center. While in self-treatment, patients showing symptoms requiring special attention will be moved to the MCM, followed by short-term hospitalization of 1-3 days for observation before further measures are taken. Patients can be treated using the MCM’s own treatment capacities, including in-person and oxygen treatment, X-rays, and IVs. There are individual bathrooms in each room, and the pressure, ventilation, and the automatic opening and closing of the entrance can be centrally monitored and controlled. Patients showing symptoms during treatment will be moved to a specially designated hospital for critical care, and will return to the self-treatment center if no further abnormalities are reported. The Gyeonggi Provincial Medical Center’s Ansung Hospital will take charge of operating the special treatment center. Each day, one or two doctors, three nurses, two nursing assistants, one administrative staff member, two or three disinfection specialists, and a medical imaging engineer will work in three shifts. There will also be about 20 additional specially designated staff members including KAIST researchers, firefighters, and police officers. The MCM was internationally recognized as an excellent medical facility not only for its functionality, economic feasibility, and utility, but also for its unique design and aesthetics. It received two Best of Best awards at the Red Dot Award in product design and Communication Design in user interface. By running this special treatment center, KAIST will conduct research on how to build an optimized model for efficient negative pressure medical units. This research is expected to lead to advances in waste water treatment systems, mobile bathrooms optimized for infectious cases, and MCM user interfaces for electronic devices, etc. Professor Taek-Jin Nam, the general director of the project and design, said “if there is a gymnasium available, we can convert it into a special treatment center fitted with a waste water treatment system, and pressure equipment in two weeks even without additional infrastructure.” The head of the KAIST New Deal R&D Initiative Choongsik Bae said, “our MCM research started in July of last year, and in just over a year, it has become a successful and innovative case that has undergone trials and become commercialized in a short period of time.” He added, “In response to COVID-19, KAIST is conducting research and empirical studies, not just in relation to the MCM, but in other areas of disease control as well.” Based on the excellent disease control technologies developed by KAIST research teams, the KAIST Action for Respiratory Epidemics is conducting technology transfers and industrialization, and is developing a Korean disease control package model
Aline and Blow-yancy Win the Red Dot Design Awards: Brand & Communications Design 2021
‘Aline’ and ‘Blow-yancy’ developed by Professor Sang Su Lee’s team at the Department of Industrial Design won the Red Dot Design Awards in Brand & Communications Design. Aline is a mobile investment portfolio application used in the NH Investment & Securities Co. Blow-yancy is a suva diving VR device for neutral buoyancy training.Professor Lee sought ‘sustainability’ while developing Aline to meet the growing awareness of ESG (environmental, social, and governance) investing. ESG investing relies on independent ratings that help consumers assess a company’s behavior and policies when it comes to its social impact. Aline’s personal value index with six main criteria translates values into sustainable finance. By gathering data from the initial survey and regular value updates, the index is weighted according to the user’s values. Based on the index, the investment portfolio will be adjusted, and consumption against the values will be tracked. Blow-yancy is a diving VR device for neutral buoyancy training. Blow-yancy’s VR mask helps divers feel like they are wearing an actual diving mask. Users can breathe through a regulator with a built-in breathing sensor. It allows training like actual diving without going into the water, therefore enabling safer diving. “We got an idea that about 74% of scuba divers come into contact with corals underwater at least once and that can cause an emergency situation. Divers who cannot maintain neutral buoyance will experience a tough time avoiding them,” said Professor Lee. The hardware consists of a nose covering VR mask, a regulator with a built-in breath sensor, and a controller for virtual BCD control. Blow-yancy’s five virtual missions were organized according to the diving process required by PADI, a professional diving education institute. Professor Lee’s team already received eight recognitions at the iF Design Award in April. Professor Lee said, “We will continue to develop the best UX design items that will improve our global recognition.”
KAIST KPC4IR Presents the AI Global Guide for Healthcare
The benchmark for the responsible usage of AI technology in the healthcare sector will promote clarity and high standards for technological applications The KAIST Korea Policy Center for the Fourth Industrial Revolution (KPC4IR) published 'Using AI to Support Healthcare Decisions: A Guide for Society.' This global guide is designed to serve as a benchmark for the responsible usage of AI technologies, and will promote clarity and high standards for technological applications in the healthcare sector. The guide details what should be considered when making clinical decisions to help reduce the chances of the AI giving false or misleading results. The KPC4IR presented the guide in collaboration with the Lloyd’s Register Foundation Institute for the Public Understanding of Risk at the National University of Singapore (NUS IPUR) and Sense about Science, a non-profit organization in the UK specialized in science communication, during the 2021 SIG-KDD (Special Interest Group on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining) Conference on August 15. AI technology is being widely used in the healthcare sector and has already proved its accuracy and efficiency in diagnosing and predicting diseases. Despite its huge impact on our daily lives in every sector of society, AI technology has some drawbacks and comes with risks, especially due to biased algorithms. “We focused on the ‘reliability’ of AI applications in the healthcare sector to make all data well represented, in good quality. The technology will eventually innovate to better serve the people’s new demand, especially critical demands for safety and precision in healthcare services. This global guide will help both developers and people’s understanding of the appropriate technology applications,” says Director So Young Kim at the KPC4IR. The guide, for instance, says that to scrutinize quality and reliability, the source of the data must be clearly known; the data must have been collected or selected for the purpose it’s being used for; the limitations and assumptions for that purpose have been clearly stated; the biases have been addressed; and it has been properly tested in the real world. It also reflects the importance of the representativeness of data that will affect the accuracy of the AI applications. “By being transparent and demonstrating the steps taken to check that the AI is reliable, researchers and developers can help give people confidence about providing their data,” the guide states. For this guide, the KPC4IR and its collaborators collected data after working with numerous experts from the Graduate School of AI at KAIST, the Science and Technology Policy Institute in Korea, Asan Medical Center in Seoul, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, and AI solution companies.
A Study Reveals What Triggers Lung Damage during COVID-19
A longitudinal study of macrophages from SARS-CoV-2 infected lungs offers new insights into dynamic immunological changes A KAIST immunology research team found that a specific subtype of macrophages that originated from blood monocytes plays a key role in the hyper-inflammatory response in SARS-CoV-2 infected lungs, by performing single-cell RNA sequencing of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells. This study provides new insights for understanding dynamic changes in immune responses to COVID-19. In the early phase of COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 infected lung tissue and the immediate defense system is activated. This early and fast response is called ‘innate immunity,’ provided by immune cells residing in lungs. Macrophages are major cell types of the innate immune system of the lungs, and newly differentiated macrophages originating from the bloodstream also contribute to early defenses against viruses. Professor Su-Hyung Park and his collaborators investigated the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of immune responses in the lungs of SARS-CoV-2 infected ferrets. To overcome the limitations of research using patient-originated specimens, the researchers used a ferret infection model to obtain SARS-CoV-2 infected lungs sequentially with a defined time interval. The researchers analyzed the 10 subtypes of macrophages during the five-day course of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and found that infiltrating macrophages originating from activated monocytes in the blood were key players for viral clearance as well as damaged lung tissue. Moreover, they found that the differentiation process of these inflammatory macrophages resembled the immune responses in the lung tissue of severe COVID-19 patients. Currently, the research team is conducting a follow-up study to identify the dynamic changes in immune responses during the use of immunosuppressive agents to control hyper-inflammatory response called ‘cytokine storm’ in patients with COVID-19. Dr. Jeong Seok Lee, the chief medical officer at Genome Insight Inc., explained, “Our analysis will enhance the understanding of the early features of COVID-19 immunity and provide a scientific background for the more precise use of immunosuppressive agents targeting specific macrophage subtypes.” “This study is the first longitudinal study using sequentially obtained immune cells originating from SARS-CoV-2 infected lungs. The research describes the innate immune response to COVID-19 using single cell transcriptome data and enhances our understanding of the two phases of inflammatory responses,” Professor Park said. This work was supported by the Ministry of Health and Welfare and KAIST, and was published in Nature Communications on July 28. -PublicationSu-Hyung Park, Jeong Seok Lee, Su-Hyung Park et al. “Single-cell transcriptome of bronchoalverolar lavage fluid reveals sequential change of macrophages during SARS-CoV-2 infection in ferrets” Nature Communications (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24807-0) -ProfileProfessor Su-Hyung ParkLaboratory of Translational Immunology and Vaccinologyhttps://ltiv.kaist.ac.kr/ Graduate School of Medical Science and EngineeringKAIST
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One of the largest financial cybercrime events in history happened in early 2016. Hackers successfully breached Bangladesh Bank’s systems and attempted to steal nearly $1 billion from its account at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. By the time it was uncovered, the heist had netted hackers more than $80 million.
Following the event, the FBI released a statement warning U.S. banks of a malicious cyber group targeting foreign banks, saying that, "The actors have exploited vulnerabilities in the internal environments of the banks and initiated unauthorized monetary transfers over an international payment messaging system."
To date, no perpetrator has been identified. Blame for the loss has yet to be determined. Nonetheless, the attacks demonstrated a host of significant issues for banks.
- An ability to compromise a wholesale payment origination environment, bypassing information security controls
- A capability for hackers to use valid operator credentials to create, approve and submit messages
- A sophisticated understanding of funds transfer operations and operational controls
- The use of highly customized malware to disable security logging and reporting, as well as other operational controls to hide fraudulent transactions
- The capacity to transfer stolen funds rapidly across multiple jurisdictions to avoid recovery
FFIEC Statement Regarding Cybersecurity of Interbank Messaging and Wholesale Payment
On June 7, 2016, the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC) issued a follow-up statement reminding financial institutions—including community banks—about the vital importance to manage all risks associated with interbank messaging and wholesale payment networks.
They recommend that banks take a systematic approach to risk management practices and controls associated with information technology (IT) and wholesale payment systems networks. To address threats related to information security, business continuity and third-party provider management, ongoing wholesale risk assessments should include authentication, authorization, fraud detection and response management systems and processes:
- Conduct ongoing information security risk assessments
- Perform security monitoring, prevention and risk mitigation
- Protect against unauthorized access
- Implement and test controls around critical systems regularly
- Manage business continuity risk
- Enhance information security awareness and training programs
- Participate in industry information-sharing forums
Their most important piece of advice for banks is to stay on the offense to secure your network. Combining an adversarial mindset and advanced penetration testing is the most effective way to protect your data, network, and reputation.
While the FFIEC requirements and regulations must be addressed, compliance is insufficient to securing your institution. Replace the perimeter security mindset with a habit of considering what it looks like if an attacker gains access to your system, whether through someone else’s credentials or a compromised node on your network.
In addition, keep in mind that the combination of proper network segmentation, firewalls, strong authentication and patching is likely to provide a more secure environment than any single control alone. Conduct penetration testing and risk assessments on a routine basis.
Banks spent centuries perfecting the secure handling of tangible wealth. Every step of progress criminals made in stealing that wealth was addressed by improvements in physical security and the practices surrounding storing and transferring wealth.
Wealth is no longer directly tied to tangible assets, as it once was. As we saw with the Bangladesh Bank, cyber criminals can steal with an almost unimaginable level of skill and efficiency.
Your bank must evolve security measures to address these new threats. Investing in cybersecurity and a team of trusted partners that can test your security with a hacker mindset is a no-lose proposition. The same can’t be said for the alternative.
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domain: finance


text:
I love shopping at Target, and recently got the Target RED card (debit card version so it doesn’t hurt my credit score!). My new office is a dangerously close distance from a Super Target…which did not exist in Pennsylvania mind you…so of course, I spend most of my “lunch break” browsing the aisle when I need to get out and walk. As we’ve recently moved to a new house, I find myself spending most of my time in the home decor aisles.
I must say Target continues to impress me with their collaborations with fashion designers, interior designers, and famous global brands. One of my favorite collaborations is with Nate Berkus. I hope you enjoy browsing 5 of my favorite pieces at Target now!
Shop the Post:
Carlisle Dining Chairs in Metallic (other colors available) – $89.99 for two
Accent Rug Linear Shag Cream 2′ x 3′ – $19.99 (Nate Berkus)
Gold Accent Table with Glass Top – $89.99 (Nate Berkus)
Barrel Chair – $170.99
Lazy Susan Set of 5 Hexagonal Mirrors – $238.00

domain: design


Most Cited Flow Measurement and Instrumentation Articles
The most cited articles published since 2011, extracted from Scopus.
Capacitance sensor for hold-up measurement in high-viscous-oil/conductive-water core-annular flowsDomenico Strazza | Marco Demori | Vittorio Ferrari | Pietro Poesio
Volume 22, Issue 5, October 2011, Pages 360-369
Capacitance sensors are widely used in multiphase flows, for example, to estimate the hold-up in a given section of the pipe, taking advantage of the different permittivity values of the two liquids. The estimation is obtained by capacitance measurements between two electrodes, flush mounted on the external surface of the experimental pipe. Usually, capacitance sensors are used to investigate flows with non-conductive fluids, but they have the possibility to work also when, for example, conductive water is used. However, the capacitance technique applied to conductive fluids develops some issues. In this paper, we present a concave electrode sensor system developed for oil/conductive-water flows. A key contribution is to propose a modelization to the problem of capacitive sensing in presence of conductive fluids, based on a new approach to the parasitic couplings outside the measurement section. Thanks to this modelization, we propose a new design method for the working frequency and the electrode measurement head. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Discharging capacity of rectangular side weirs in straight open channelsM. Emin Emiroglu | Hayrullah Agaccioglu | Nihat Kaya
Volume 22, Issue 4, August 2011, Pages 319-330
A side weir is a hydraulic control structure used in irrigation and drainage systems and combined sewer systems. A comprehensive laboratory study, including 843 tests for the discharge coefficient of a sharp-crested rectangular side weir in a straight channel, was conducted in a large physical model under subcritical flow conditions. The discharge coefficient is a function of the upstream Froude number, the ratios of weir length to channel width, weir length to flow depth, and weir height to flow depth. An equation was developed considering all dimensional parameters for discharge coefficient of the sharp-crested rectangular side weir. The average error of the proposed equation is 4.54%. The present study data were compared with ten different discharge coefficient equations developed by several researchers. The study also presents water surface profile and surface velocity streamlines. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Comparison of acoustic backscattering techniques for suspended sediments investigationM. Guerrero | R. N. Szupiany | M. Amsler
Volume 22, Issue 5, October 2011, Pages 392-401
The aim of this paper is to compare different methods for suspended sediment investigation using the backscattering power of acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs). Different concentration-backscattering models and calibration strategies were compared using two frequencies or only one and accounting or not for sound adsorption due to sediments. Two Teledyne RD Instruments (RDI) ADCPs, working at different frequencies (600 and 1200 kHz), were used simultaneously on the same water column to investigate the suspended sediment concentration and grain size distribution at four cross-sections of a lower Paraná River bifurcation near San Martín city (Argentina). In the same campaign, a Sontek 1000 kHz ADCP previously calibrated with water samples was also used. By applying a mixed electric-acoustical backscatter approach, each RDI ADCP was calibrated on an expected mean concentration, and a homogeneous grain size was fixed among the whole measurement field. Concerning the concentration results, the calibration on the mean value was found to be sufficiently reliable when compared to the previously tested and accepted acoustical backscatter method calibrated against an array of field samples that covered the concentration range of extrapolation. The same electric-acoustic approach was applied for the two frequency method. In this case, the backscatter was calibrated against the expected mean grain size and concentration. Preliminary results concerning the concentration and grain size distribution are consistent with the results of other methods. The quantity and texture of suspended sediments of the Paraná River were found to be consistent with instrument limits in terms of backscattering sensitivity. The wash load did not affect the sound propagation, and sound adsorption due to suspended sand did not perturb the sand concentration assessment. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
A spatial filtering velocimeter for solid particle velocity measurement based on linear electrostatic sensor arrayChuanlong Xu | Jian Li | Shimin Wang
Volume 26, Issue , August 2012, Pages 68-78
A novel spatial filtering velocimeter for solid particle velocity measurement in gas-solid flow system is presented based on a Linear Electrostatic Sensor Array (LESA) in the paper. The fundamental spatial filtering principle of the LESA is theoretically described, and a differential filter based on two LESAs is further proposed to remove the pedestal component of the output signal from the LESA. Thus solid particle velocity can be measured by determining the central frequency of the periodic output signal of the differential filter. A spatial filtering velocimeter consisting of a measurement head, seven-channel differential amplifiers and a computer-based data acquisition and processing system is designed and its performance is evaluated on a purpose-built gravity-fed particle flow rig and a belt rig, respectively. Experimental results show that the system repeatability is within ±5.4% over the velocity range of 1.72-3.91m/s for a particle concentration range 0.011-0.163m 3/m 3. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
An examination of suitability of multi-hole pressure probe technique for skin friction measurement in turbulent flowS. J. Lien | N. A. Ahmed
Volume 22, Issue 3, June 2011, Pages 215-224
The problems of misalignment to flow direction and the need to drill a tapping hole on a measurement surface to obtain total and static pressures make the use of Preston probe in skin friction measurement in a turbulent flow a cumbersome task. The suitability of a multi-hole pressure probe in a non-nulling mode to overcome these problems was, therefore, investigated. The near-wall effect on multi-hole pressure probe readings was examined both experimentally and theoretically. The results indicate that the presence of the wall had negligible overall effect. Experiments were carried out in a pipe, on a flat plate and on a swept forward facing step to simulate one-, two-, and three-dimensional turbulent flows. The skin friction coefficient determined using the multi-hole pressure probe was found to have good agreement with published data. Since the technique is based on similarity principle with probe diameter as a characteristic parameter, it is expected that the method would be effective with probe geometries of different sizes provided that they are small enough to be submerged in the boundary layer and that their calibration coefficients are accurately determined. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Electromagnetic inspection of a two-phase flow of GaInSn and argonNatasa Terzija | Wuliang Yin | Gunter Gerbeth | Frank Stefani | Klaus Timmel | Thomas Wondrak | Anthony Peyton
Volume 22, Issue 1, March 2011, Pages 10-16
In the continuous casting process, an adequate control of liquid steel flow through the submerged entry nozzle is essential for maintaining steel cleanliness and ensuring good surface quality in downstream processing. Monitoring the flow in the nozzle presents a challenge for the instrumentation system because of the high temperature environment and the limited access to the nozzle in between the tundish and the mould.In this paper, the distribution of a two-phase liquid metal/gas flow is studied by using a liquid metal laboratory model of an industrial steel caster and an inductive sensor array. The experiments were performed with the liquid eutectic alloy GaInSn as an analogue for liquid steel, which has similar conductive properties as molten steel and allows the measurements at room temperature. A scaled (approx. 1:10) experimental rig consisting of a tundish, a stopper rod, a nozzle and a mould was used. Argon gas was injected through the centre of the stopper rod and the behavior of two-phase GaInSn/argon flows was studied.The electromagnetic system used in the experiments to monitor the behavior of two-phase GaInSn/argon flows consists of an array of 8 equally spaced inductive coils arranged around the object, a data acquisition system and a host computer. The present system operates at 10 kHz and has a capture rate of 10 frames per second.The results show clearly that the injection of the argon gas is distinguishable from the single phase flow by observing the appearance of oscillation patterns. These oscillations become more dominant with the increase of the argon flow. In some cases two main oscillation patterns were present in the raw signals. In general, the signals and the reconstructed void fractions in the nozzles are highly correlated with the observed oscillations of the level height in the mould and the pressure in the nozzle. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Application of small size cavitating venturi as flow controller and flow meterHojat Ghassemi | Hamidreza Farshi Fasih
Volume 22, Issue 5, October 2011, Pages 406-412
The cavitating venturi is using to provide constant mass flow rate of liquid which is passing through a passage, independent of downstream pressure changes. The flow rate is a function of the upstream pressure, the throat area, the density and saturation pressure of the liquid. An experimental setup with capability of supplying water flow rate and constant upstream pressure was designed and manufactured. Three cavitating venturis with throat diameter of 5, 2.5, and 1 mm were designed and built to investigate the effect of venturi size on its mass flow rate. Three different sets of experiments were conducted to investigate the performance of the venturis. In the experiments, the mass flow rates were examined under different downstream and upstream pressure conditions and time varying downstream pressure. The results show for the ratio of downstream pressure to upstream pressure less than 0.8, the mass flow rate is constant and independent of the downstream pressure. Whenever the pressure ratio exceeds 0.8, the venturi acts like an orifice. This pressure ratio has been predicted analytically to highlight the affecting parameters, mainly the geometry of the venturi and viscous losses. It is found that the venturi size has no effect on its expecting function to keep mass flow rate constant. Also, it is shown that by applying a discharge coefficient and using only upstream pressure, the cavitating venturi can be used as a flowmeter with a high degree of accuracy in a wide range of mass flow rate. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Discharge characteristics of a modified oblique side weir in subcritical flowS. Mahmoud Borghei | Ali Parvaneh
Volume 22, Issue 5, October 2011, Pages 370-376
Side weirs are frequently used in many water projects. Due to their position with respect to the flow direction, side weirs are categorized as plain, oblique and labyrinth. One of the advantages of an oblique side weir is the increase in the effective length of the weir for overflowing and, therefore, diverting more discharge with the same channel opening, weir height and flow properties (i.e., upstream discharge, upstream Froude number and so on). In this paper, an experimental set-up of a new design of an oblique side weir with asymmetric geometry has been studied. The hydraulic behavior of this kind of oblique side weir, with a constant opening length, different weir heights and asymmetric oblique angle, has been investigated in a subcritical situation. The results from over 200 test measurements show that this kind of weir is up to 2.33 times more efficient with respect to the conventional side weir in a rectangular channel among the tested conditions. Finally, the discharge coefficient as a function of geometrical and flow variables are presented for design engineers. In addition, a more precise relation has been obtained for flow with Froude numbers less than 0.4. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Determination of capacity of labyrinth side weir by CFDM. Cihan Aydin | M. Emin Emiroglu
Volume 29, Issue , March 2013, Pages 1-8
Side weirs are widely used in irrigation, land drainage, urban sewage systems, flood protection, and forebay pool of hydropower systems by flow diversion or intake devices. The hydraulic behavior of side weirs received considerable interest by many researchers. A large number of these studies are physical model tests of rectangular side weirs. However, in the study, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models together with laboratory models of labyrinth side weirs were used for determining the discharge capacity of the labyrinth side weir located on the straight channel. The discharges performances obtained from CFD analyses were compared with the observed results for various Froude number, dimensionless nappe height, dimensionless weir width, and weir included angle. The results obtained from both methods are in a good agreement. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
The fractal flow conditioner for orifice plate flow metersB. Manshoor | F. C G A Nicolleau | S. B M Beck
Volume 22, Issue 3, June 2011, Pages 208-214
The sensitivity of orifice plate flow meters to the quality of the approaching flow continues to be a cause for concern in flow metering. The distortions caused by pipe fittings such as valves, bends, compressors and other devices located upstream of the orifice plate can lead to non-standard velocity profiles and give errors in measurement. The design of orifice plate meters that are independent of the initial flow conditions of the upstream is a major goal in flow metering. Either using a long straight pipe, or a flow conditioner upstream of an orifice plate, usually achieves this goal.The effect of a fractal flow conditioner for both standard and non-standard flow conditions was obtained in experimental work and also using simulations. The measurement of mass flow rate under different conditions and different Reynolds numbers was used to establish a change in discharge coefficient relative to a standard one. The experimental results using the fractal flow conditioner show that the combination of an orifice plate and a fractal flow conditioner is broadly insensitive to upstream disturbances.The simulation results also show that the device can be used as a part of a flow metering package that will considerably reduce installation lengths. Previous work with orifice plates has shown that a combination of flow conditioner and orifice plate was promising. The results of using a combination of the fractal flow conditioner and orifice plate for non-standard flow conditions including swirling flow and asymmetric flow show that this package can preserve the accuracy of metering up to the level required in the Standards. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Estimation of volume fractions and flow regime identification in multiphase flow based on gamma measurements and multivariate calibrationBenjamin Kaku Arvoh | Rainer Hoffmann | Maths Halstensen
Volume 23, Issue 1, March 2012, Pages 56-65
Gamma measurements combined with multivariate calibration were applied to estimate volume fractions and identify flow regimes in multiphase flow. Multiphase flow experiments were carried out with formation water, crude oil and gas from different North Sea gas fields in an industrial scale multiphase flow test facility in Porsgrunn, Norway. The experiments were carried out with a temperature of 80 °C and 100 bar pressure which is comparable to field conditions. Different multiphase flow regimes (stratified-wavy, slug, dispersed and annular) and different volume fractions of oil, water and gas were investigated. A traversable dual energy gamma densitometer instrument consisting of a 30 mCi Ba 133 source and a CnZnTd detector with a sampling frequency of 7 Hz was used.111 partial least square prediction models were calibrated based on single-phase experimental data. These models were used to predict all the volume fractions and also to identify the different flow regimes involved. The results from the flow regime identification were promising but the first results for the predictions of volume fractions were not acceptable. Principal component analysis was then applied to the calibration data and some of the calibration and test data in combination. The results from the PCA showed that there were differences between the calibration and test data.An average linear scaling technique was developed to improve the models volume fraction prediction performance. This technique was developed from half of the three-phase data sets and tested on the other half. The root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) for the test data for gas, oil and water was 37.4%, 39.2% and 6.3% respectively before this technique was applied and 6.5%, 8.9% and 4.4% respectively after this technique was applied. Average linear scaling also improved the flow regime identification plots. Average scaling was then applied to predict the volume fractions and to identify the flow regimes of both the Gas/Oil and Gas/Water two-phase data sets. The RMSEP for gas, oil and water for Gas/Oil test data was 4.8%, 6.0% and 6.8% respectively. In the case of Gas/Water, the RMSEP for gas, oil and water were 6.2%, 9.2% and 5.8% respectively. Likewise their respective flow regimes were also easier to identify after this technique was applied. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Theoretical study of vertical slug flow measurement by data fusion from electromagnetic flowmeter and electrical resistance tomographyXiang Deng | Guangyu Li | Zheng Wei | Zengwei Yan | Wuqiang Yang
Volume 22, Issue 4, August 2011, Pages 272-278
Electrical resistance tomography (ERT) can be used to obtain the conductivity distribution or the phase distribution of gas/liquid flows (e.g. slug flow). Using proper parameter models and flow regime identification models, the measurement of phase size, void fraction, and pattern recognition can be realized. Electromagnetic flowmeters have been used to measure conductive single-phase liquid flows. However, neither ERT nor electromagnetic flowmeters (EMF) can provide accurate measurement of gas/liquid two-phase flows. This paper presents an approach to fuse the information from ERT and an electromagnetic flowmeter. A model for the measurement signal from the electromagnetic flowmeter has been developed based on the flow pattern and the phase distributions, which are obtained from the reconstructed images of ERT, aiming to reduce the measurement error of the electromagnetic flowmeter and enhance the measurement accuracy. Through the simulation research of virtual current density distribution, the feasibility of fusion of electromagnetic flowmeter and ERT to measure gas/liquid two-phase vertical slug flow is verified. By theoretical analysis, the relationship between the output of electromagnetic flowmeter and flow parameters is established. The electrical potential difference of the electromagnetic flowmeter, average velocity, volume flow rate and gas void fraction between the bubble size and location are also investigated. The fusion approach can be used to measure vertical slug flows. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Processing of X-ray tomographic images: A procedure adapted for the analysis of phase distribution in MellapakPlus 752.Y and Katapak-SP packingsA. Viva | S. Aferka | E. Brunazzi | P. Marchot | M. Crine | D. Toye
Volume 22, Issue 4, August 2011, Pages 279-290
We developed a practical methodology to face common problems encountered in the analysis of tomographic images to get quantitative information on phase distributions in gas liquid contacting columns packed with complex metallic packings. In the present study, the procedure was developed and validated for MellapakPlus 752.Y and Katapak-SP packings, but it may be applied to any type of metallic or modular packing of similar dimensions. Steps of tomographic image processing and associated parameters (threshold, calibration factors for solid and liquid phase) were first determined on images of dry and flooded packing elements of MellapakPlus 752.Y. The parameter values were then adapted to analyse images of dry and flooded packing elements of Katapak-SP, which are made of an alternation of MellapakPlus 752.Y sheets and catalytic baskets. In a certain way, MellapakPlus 752.Y and Katapak-SP (11 and 12), the global geometrical properties of which are well known, are used as physical phantoms to develop a validated image post-processing procedure. The latter is used to quantitatively analyse liquid distribution images in irrigated MellapakPlus 752.Y and Katapak-SP (11 and 12) packings, giving access to spatial distribution of local values of hydrodynamic quantities such as the liquid holdup and gas-liquid interfacial area. Global values of the liquid hold-up, relative to the whole packed bed volume are determined by averaging tomographic results over the column height. They are successfully compared with bed scale data measured on the same MellapakPlus 752.Y and Katapak-SP (11 and 12). This analysis further validates the procedure used for the processing of tomographic irrigated images. So the proposed methodology enables one to obtain quantitative information on the spatial distributions of structural quantities as well as of hydrodynamic quantities in complex metallic packings, which are fully validated on the basis of a comparison with global values obtained by well-established measurement techniques. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Uncertainty in open-channel discharges measured with the velocity-area methodJ. Le Coz | B. Camenen | X. Peyrard | G. Dramais
Volume 26, Issue , August 2012, Pages 18-29
A large part of the discharge measurements conducted in open-channels are performed using the velocity-area method, which consists of sampling flow velocity and depth throughout the cross-section for discrete integration of discharge. To address the limitations of the method proposed by the ISO748 standard, a generalized approach is introduced for computing the uncertainty associated with velocity-area discharge measurements. Direct computation methods are suggested for estimating the uncertainty components related to the vertical integration of velocity and to the transversal integration of velocity and depth. Discharge extrapolations to the edges and in the top/bottom layers are explicitly taken into account, as well as the distribution of the verticals throughout the cross-section. The new uncertainty analysis method was applied to varied stream discharge measurements, and the results are discussed and compared with the results obtained following the ISO748 standard method. Similar results were obtained for standard measurements conducted in natural sections, while more variable and more relevant uncertainty levels were computed for less standard cases, especially in man-made canals with regular shapes and low width-to-depth ratios. The new method appears to be more versatile than the ISO748 method, while as simple and robust. It can be easily implemented in usual discharge computation software. Some perspectives are drawn for improving the assessment of instrumental and environmental error sources, including errors due to variable discharge. Further validation tests still need to be conducted, but the method already provides interesting results, especially in terms of the contribution of the different error sources. It constitutes a useful practical tool to conduct sensitivity analysis and to plan and improve the measurement strategy. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Explicit solutions for critical and normal depths in channels with different shapesAli R. Vatankhah | Said M. Easa
Volume 22, Issue 1, March 2011, Pages 43-49
Critical and normal depths are important for computing gradually varied flow profiles and for the design, operation, and maintenance of open channels. A closed-form analytical equation for the normal depth computation can only be derived for triangular channels. For exponential channels, it is also possible to obtain such equations for the critical depth. This is not possible, however, for other geometries, such as trapezoidal, circular, and horseshoe channels. In these channels, the governing equations are implicit and thus the use of trial procedures, numerical methods, and graphical tools is common. Some channels have explicit solutions for the critical and normal depths, while others do not. This paper presents new and improved explicit regression-based equations for the critical and normal depths of open channels with different shapes. A comparison of the proposed and existing equations is also presented. The proposed equations are simple, have a maximum error of less than 1%, and are well-suited for manual calculations and computer programming. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Design of capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection sensorZhiyao Huang | Jun Long | Wenbo Xu | Haifeng Ji | Baoliang Wang | Haiqing Li
Volume 27, Issue , October 2012, Pages 67-70
As a newly developing measurement technique, capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C 4D) is mainly studied and used in the research field of Analytical Chemistry for ion concentration/conductivity detection in a capillary. To expand the application fields of C 4D, in this work, a new C 4D sensor which is suitable for conductivity detection in a millimeter scale pipe is developed. With the introductions of series resonance principle and a new shield configuration (the single-shield configuration), the negative influences of coupling capacitances and stray capacitances on the conductivity measurement are significantly reduced and the performance of the developed C 4D sensor is improved. Experimental results show that the developed C 4D sensor is successful and its accuracy is satisfactory. Compared with the conventional C 4D sensors, the developed C 4D sensor can effectively implement conductivity measurement in larger scale pipes (up to 7.8mm i.d.) and has the advantages of wider detection range and higher detection resolution. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Investigation of upward cocurrent gas-liquid pipe flow using ultrafast X-ray tomography and wire-mesh sensorZhiqiang Zhang | Martina Bieberle | Frank Barthel | Lutz Szalinski | Uwe Hampel
Volume 32, Issue , August 2013, Pages 111-118
Ultrafast X-ray tomography and wire-mesh sensor as two high-speed imaging modalities were applied to study upward gas-liquid flow in a vertical pipe of 50. mm inner diameter. High speed scanning of the flow cross-section was performed with 2500 frames per second with both modalities. Sequences of two-dimensional distributions of local gas fraction were acquired and further analyzed. Radial profiles of time averaged gas fraction distributions show a good agreement for both the imaging techniques. Furthermore, radial gas velocity profiles were obtained from a temporal cross-correlation of the image data of both measurement techniques and also bubble size distributions from binarized image data were compared. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
Measurement of velocity profiles in multiphase flow using a multi-electrode electromagnetic flow meterT. Leeungculsatien | G. P. Lucas
Volume 31, Issue , June 2013, Pages 86-95
This paper describes an electromagnetic flow meter for velocity profile measurement in single phase and multiphase flows with non-uniform axial velocity profiles. A Helmholtz coil is used to produce a near-uniform magnetic field orthogonal to both the flow direction and the plane of an electrode array mounted on the internal surface of a non-conducting pipe wall. Induced voltages acquired from the electrode array are related to the flow velocity distribution via variables known as 'weight values' which are calculated using finite element software. Matrix inversion is used to calculate the velocity distribution in the flow cross section from the induced voltages measured at the electrode array. This paper presents simulations and experimental results including, firstly the effects of the velocity profile on the electrical potential distribution, secondly the induced voltage distribution at the electrode pair locations, and thirdly the reconstructed velocity profile calculated using the weight values and the matrix inversion method mentioned above. The flow pipe cross-section is divided into a number of pixels and, in the simulations, the mean flow velocity in each of the pixels in single phase flow is calculated from the measured induced voltages. Reference velocity profiles that have been investigated in the simulations include a uniform velocity profile and a linear velocity profile. The results show good agreement between the reconstructed and reference velocity profiles. Experimental results are also presented for the reconstructed velocity profile of the continuous water phase in an inclined solids-in-water multiphase flow for which the axial water velocity distribution is highly non-uniform. The results presented in this paper are most relevant to flows in which variations in the axial flow velocity occur principally in a single direction. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Velocity measurement of the liquid-solid flow in a vertical pipeline using gamma-ray absorption and weighted cross-correlationRobert Hanus | Leszek Petryka | Marcin Zych
Volume 40, Issue , December 2014, Pages 58-63
© 2014 Elsevier Ltd.Developing technology for the deep-sea mining of polymetallic nodules requires, theoretical analyses, simulation and numerous experimental studies. In this paper authors focused on nuclear methods adoption to velocity of solid phase measurement in an extremely hard and varying environment. Selected results of the experimental studies of two-phase liquid-solid particles flow in a vertical pipeline obtained by probing with photon beams are presented. With the use of the sealed 241Am isotopes emitting gamma radiation of 59.5keV, and the scintillation probes with NaI(TI) detectors, the average transport velocity for ceramic models representing natural polymetallic nodules were determined. In the paper for analysis of the signals coming from the probes, the cross correlation function (CCF) and its modifications consisting in the combination of the CCF with such procedures as the average square difference function (ASDF) and the average magnitude difference function (AMDF) were used. An example of measurement is presented and its resulting uncertainties determined. In described experiment the relative values of the combined uncertainty of solid particles average velocity estimation are equal to: 3.2% for the CCF, 3.0% for the CCF/AMDF and 2.8% for the CCF/ASDF.
Radioisotope investigations of compound two-phase flows in an open channelMarcin Zych | Leszek Petryka | Jan Kepiński | Robert Hanus | Tadeusz Bujak | Edyta Puskarczyk
Volume 35, Issue , March 2014, Pages 11-15
The paper presents possibilities for use of gamma-ray sealed sources for analysis of two-phase compound flows in an open channel as an example of a mud slurry suspension hydrotransport investigation. The objective of the research was to model the Flysch Carpathian formation as a result of the suspension stream and measurements of slurry flow rate. Due to the specific properties of muds the gamma-ray absorption and ultrasonic methods were used for flow measuring and the correlation analysis was applied to the recorded signals. The constructed testing installation was described in details and examples of measurement results were given. The obtained data allow the vertical solid particle velocity distribution in a channel to be determined. That information facilitated with the additional photo documentation enables the forming geological structures to be identified. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
Discharge coefficient of a semi-elliptical side weir in subcritical flowNihat Kaya | M. Emin Emiroglu | Hayrullah Agaccioglu
Volume 22, Issue 1, March 2011, Pages 25-32
A labyrinth weir is an overflow weir, folded in plan view to provide a longer total effective length for a given overall weir width. The total length of the labyrinth weir is typically three to five times the weir width. In this study, a semi-elliptical labyrinth weir was used as a side weir structure. Rectangular side weirs have attracted considerable research interest. The same, however, is not true for labyrinth side weirs. The present study investigated the hydraulic effects of semi-elliptical side weirs in order to increase their discharge capacity. To estimate the outflow over a semi-elliptical side weir, the discharge coefficient in the side weir equation needs to be determined. A comprehensive laboratory study including 677 tests was conducted to determine the discharge coefficient of the semi-elliptical side weir. The results were analyzed to find the influence of the dimensionless weir length L/B, the dimensionless effective length L/ℓ, the dimensionless weir height p/h1, the dimensionless ellipse radius b/a, and upstream Froude number F1 on the discharge coefficient. It was found that the discharge coefficient of semi-elliptical side weirs is higher than that of classical side weirs. Additionally, a reliable equation for calculating the discharge coefficient of semi-elliptical side weirs is presented. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
A new set-up for PIV measurements in rotating turbulent duct flowsJan Visscher | Helge I. Andersson | Mustafa Barri | Henri Didelle | Samuel Viboud | Damien Sous | Jol Sommeria
Volume 22, Issue 1, March 2011, Pages 71-80
A novel set-up designed for flow visualizations and turbulence measurements in rotating high-aspect-ratio ducts has been described. The 8 m long duct was placed across a 13 m diameter turntable and the set-up enabled stereoscopic PIV-measurements over a wide range of rotation numbers Ro≡2ΩH/U≤0.80. Measurements of all three components of the instantaneous velocity vector were made in a plane spanning the channel from the pressure to the suction side. Together with the mean flow characteristics, the important turbulence statistics, such as all components of the Reynolds stress tensor and the spanwise component of the vorticity field, were obtained and compared to DNS results. The field measurements provided more details about the flow than earlier experimental studies of turbulent flows in rotating ducts.The overall observation was that the Coriolis force due to the imposed system rotation damped the turbulence level along the suction side whereas an augmentation of the turbulent agitation was found at the pressure side of the rotating channel. These findings are fully consistent with data from earlier DNS studies. The same set-up can readily be used to explore the influence of rotation on internal flows with separation bubbles provoked by massive obstructions, for instance turbulent flows over a backward-facing step or in ducts with transverse ribs of various shapes. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
On the pressure losses through perforated platesStefano Malavasi | Gianandrea Messa | Umberto Fratino | Alessandro Pagano
Volume 28, Issue , December 2012, Pages 57-66
Perforated plates are widely used in pipeline systems either to reduce flow nonuniformities or to attenuate the onset and the development of cavitation. This experimental work aims at investigating the dependence of the pressure losses through sharp-edged perforated plates with respect to the geometrical and flow key parameters. The data, collected in two large experimental campaigns carried out on different pilot plants, are reported and discussed. Several plates with different geometrical characteristics were tested. More precisely, perforated plates whose equivalent diameter ratio varies between 0.20 and 0.72; relative hole thickness between 0.20 and 1.44; and number of holes between 3 and 52. Experimental data from literature are also considered in order to ensure the reliability of the parametric investigation. The dependence of the pressure loss coefficient upon the Reynolds number, the equivalent diameter ratio, the relative thickness, and the number and disposition of the holes is studied. A comparison to different empirical equations, as available by the technical literature, and to the standard ISO 5167-2 single-hole orifice is also provided. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Laboratory validation of acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) techniques for suspended sediment investigationsM. Guerrero | N. Rüther | R. N. Szupiany
Volume 23, Issue 1, March 2012, Pages 40-48
The aim of this paper is to validate a method of investigating the grain size distribution of suspended sediments using acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) and to compare different calibration strategies of the ADCP backscattering power, which can be correlated with the concentration of corresponding sediments. Over the last two decades, the methods for suspended sediment investigation using the backscattering power of ADCPs have been gaining increasing acceptance within the river engineering community. This acceptance is due to acoustic backscattering providing the opportunity to indirectly quantify suspended sediment by non-intrusive measurements with high temporal and spatial resolution. We have already presented the method using two ADCPs working at different frequencies (600 and 1200 kHz) on the same water column to profile the concentration and grain size in the Paraná River (Argentina). The present work, as a complement to the Paraná application, demonstrates the reliability of the method by a laboratory validation of monitored concentrations and known grain size distributions. The context of our research is introduced in a discussion of the topic of river sediment transport measurement using ADCPs. Then, the underwater acoustic physics is briefly presented with a focus on acoustic backscattering (ABS) methods for the estimation of suspended sediment grain size. The laboratory tests, which were conducted at the sediment tower-mixing facility using four different known distributions of sand in the range 50-700μm, are described in detail to demonstrate the reliability of the ABS methods and to justify the adopted experimental strategies to overcome undesired air bubble interference with the ABS due to injected sand. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
On-line measurement of particle size and shape distributions of pneumatically conveyed particles through multi-wavelength based digital imagingLingjun Gao | Yong Yan | Gang Lu | Robert M. Carter
Volume 27, Issue , October 2012, Pages 20-28
On-line continuous monitoring of pneumatically conveyed particulate material is desirable in many industrial processes such as power generation, steel making, chemical processing and food handling. Co-firing of biomass with coal at existing coal-fired power plants has been widely adopted as one of the main technologies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Particle size and shape distributions of pulverised coal and biomass during pneumatic transportation are important parameters in relation to combustion efficiency and pollutant emissions and should therefore be monitored on-line continuously. In this paper, a novel instrumentation system incorporating a colour CCD camera and multi-wavelength laser sources is proposed to achieve on-line continuous measurement of particle size and shape distributions. Unlike the single-laser technique, three solid-state lasers of RGB (Red, Green and Blue) wavelengths are used to illuminate the particle flow field simultaneously whilst the camera captures the images of particles. The advantage of this approach is the simultaneous imaging of three different cross-sections of the pipe without the use of moving or scanning components. Quantitative information of the particles is obtained by decomposing the red, green and blue channels from the primary colour images. The equivalent field of view is estimated to be more than three times greater than that of the single-laser system. The size distribution of particles is determined by processing the particle images through contour-based image processing algorithms whilst the particle shape distribution is obtained by fitting the particles to the closest ellipses and determining their aspect ratios. Experimental results show that the multi-wavelength imaging system is capable of producing statistically more representative and more reliable measurement of particle size and shape distributions than the single-laser technique. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.


Here, you are going to find the best selection of relevant blog posts, advice, and tips on how to properly check if your roofing system needs a roof replacement. Every week stop by to read only the best roofing tips about roofing styles and materials coming from The Cool Roofing Company, the best roof replacement company in Atlanta. With our skills and experience in roofing for many years till now, we are able to provide the necessary guides for our customers across Atlanta metropolitan area.
Except reading the recent news and tips regarding roof replacement, you will have the opportunity to read about our recent projects as well. So, don’t miss out reading our blog posts on time, and we assure you’ll be up to date with the latest roofing trends. We are offering our services to everyone in need across Atlanta metropolitan area, and we’re always glad to help with professional advice.
Our daily routine entirely revolves around unrenewable sources of energy and high consumption of energy in general. With monthly bills rising through the roof, people are starting to consider a sustainable way of living as an alternative to expensive electricity, heating and fuel prices. Thankfully, there are numerous ways to reduce the consumption of energy without radically changing your daily routine. Small changes in your lifestyle can already cause progress but installing green technologies for home improvement will transform your home into an energy saving machine.
ULTIMATE GREEN TECHNOLOGIES FOR YOUR PROPERTY
Below you can find a list of green technologies suitable for your home. These innovations help you save money and environment by either creating or saving energy. It’s best to think about these novelties from a long-term perspective because they are mostly expensive. However, keep in mind that each of them cuts your energy consumption costs on a monthly basis and pays you your money back through energy savings.
Consider number 1: solar arrays
No matter if your ultimate goal is to reduce pollution or lower annual electricity costs, solar panels are necessary home improvements. Photovoltaic cells work on a solar cell technology and are becoming increasingly popular all over the globe. The average cost of installation for an array is around 25 to 30 thousand dollars. However, tax reliefs and lower energy bills are just one of the many ways how your money will recoup the investment.
Consider number 2: solar water heaters
For a good few household spending $30, 000 isn’t an option. Luckily, there are many alternative ways to save energy through solar technology, and they can be equally effective. The home improvement you want to consider is the solar water heater. It significantly cuts down energy consumption costs by far lower initial price of roof nstallation. Your money might be recouped even quicker in comparison to solar arrays. Solar water heaters are an efficient way to evade spending tremendous amount of money but still use solar technology and cut down bills.
Consider number 3: wind generators
The majority of homeowners has a misconception of wind generators. Those huge windmills in the Netherlands and western United States are not what we suggest you install. However, a miniature version is just as useful for your home and represents an energy saving green technology. Initial costs of installation of wind generator differ. It depends on whether or not you decide to build a generator on your own or hire a professional to do it for you. The power of home wind generators is also undefinable. While some will save you up to 10 % of energy, others are likely to cut your energy consumption bills by 95 %.
Useful tip: energy monitors
Saving planet, energy, and money can be as easy as buying an energy monitor. Homeowners are often surprised by how effective these screens can be. We at Cool Roofing, a professional commercial roofer from Atlanta, Georgia can absolutely confirm that energy monitors are by far the cheapest green technology available on the market, and yet they can significantly decrease power consumption. These devices are simply clipped onto the cable, and they precisely monitor your energy consumption and display it on the screen. Following your own expenditure can influence your awareness over how much energy you are using daily and motivate you to act more responsible. On average, energy monitors save around 15 percent of energy annually.
IS IT TIME TO REPLACE YOUR ROOF?
Roofing system represents the most important part of your house. And we are not saying this just because we’re a roofing company. Think about it – it’s the structure that keeps you warm in winter, cool in summer, dry, safe and cozy. But it doesn’t just do that for you. All your possessions, personal belongings, furniture, and gadgets survive thanks to the roof.
Unfortunately, no matter how high-quality your roof is, eventually, you will have to replace it. Roof replacement is not a very desirable process among homeowners, mainly because of the price but also due to the complexity of the process. That’s why it’s important to know when to replace your roof; should you repair it or replace the whole thing? What are the visible signs? Keep reading and find out about clear signs you need to replace your roofing system.
SOON TO BE 25
The Cool Roofing Company claims that an average roofing system lasts from 20 to 30 years. Asphalt shingles have an expiration date of 25 years. If your roof is getting closer to 25th birthday, you should think about a replacement. It’s important to inspect your roof, don’t jump to conclusions.
Curling shingles are never a good sign. It can happen in two ways. First one is cupping- the edges of the shingles are at an upward angle. The other one is clawing- the middle starts to lift. Curling shingles cause leaks and other problems, so instead of constant repairs, replace your roof.
Every once in a while a storm might pull out your shingles. Maybe you’ll find some laying around the backyard. It’s okay if it happens on certain occasions like intense rainstorms. However, it shouldn’t be a regular problem. If it is, then your roof is near the end of its life expectancy.
Broken shingles will probably never seem like an actual problem. The majority of homeowners directly relate it to wind or hail, and sometimes that’s fine. If cracking comes randomly all throughout the roof, then start thinking about a replacement. Cracking is a sign that your roof will have to be immediately replaced in about two years, so it’s a better idea to do it now.
GRANULES IN THE GUTTER
Granules are typical if you’ve just put composite roofing and you find them in the gutters. That’s just a loose, extra layer of granules. However, it’s not a regular appearance, if your roofing system is older. Granules act as a protective coating, so once they peel off, the quality goes down. It’s time to replacement.
PROBLEMS WITH MOSS AND ALGAE
Moss and algae buildup is, luckily, not a structural problem. The Cool Roofing Company , a roofing company in Atlanta GA claims moss and algae are not dangerous. It will not deteriorate the quality of your roofing system, but it’s a rather cosmetic problem. If you don’t mind the thick, green layer, then you don’t have to worry about it. However, it is still a sign that your roof is aging.
Roof replacement doesn’t have to be such a nightmare. There are just a few things you need: patience and a good contractor. Have fun replacing your roof: choose colors, patterns, think of it as an opportunity to refresh the overall look of your home.
As your commercial roofing Atlanta experts, we know how important it is to take good care of the top of your home. Keeping it clean at all times maintains more than it’s appearance, it sustains the integrity and overall value, adding to it’s lifespan. More than that, keeping your roof clean prevents home insurance costs from, well, spiking through the roof! No idea how to clean a roof? You’re not alone! We’ve got plenty of insight that will help you keep your roofing Atlanta clean as a whistle. (more…)


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Features of a pair of long-wavelength (>250 km) and short-wavelength (<250 km) Bouguer gravity maps of the United States
Published:January 01, 1985
M. F. Kane, R. H. Godson, 1985. "Features of a pair of long-wavelength (>250 km) and short-wavelength (<250 km) Bouguer gravity maps of the United States", The Utility of Regional Gravity and Magnetic Anomaly Maps, William J. Hinze
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A complementary pair of wavelength-filtered regional and residual gravity maps of the United States has been compiled from a digital gravity base. Processing of simple model anomalies with the same filters as those used on the maps shows that the short-wavelength (SWL) anomalies, although exaggerated in shape and distorted in amplitude, give a clearer indication of source geometry than the total-field Bouguer anomalies. Side lobes created by the filtering process appear to be the most serious deficiency of the SWL maps, but they can often be distinguished by using simple criteria. The model studies also show that the horizontal-gradient amplitude map is a useful adjunct for interpreting the SWL anomalies. Maximum horizontal-gradient/amplitude relations indicate that most of the anomalies of the SWL map, particularly the prominent ones, have their source in the crust. There is considerable leakage of long-wavelength (LWL) energy from relatively narrow but intense anomalies into the LWL field so that moderate-wavelength anomalies in the LWL map must be interpreted with care. The SWL map defines a series of zones that are based on anomaly characteristics, primarily anomaly trend. These zones correspond in many places to previously identified geologic terranes. It is concluded that rift systems can account for many of the SWL gravity features of the eastern United States; a model of a rift deformed by compression is proposed to explain many of these features. Other gravity-geologic correlations, notably over igneous features, are discernible.
Figures & Tables
The Utility of Regional Gravity and Magnetic Anomaly Maps
The first composite magnetic-anomaly map of the conterminous United States and adjacent offshore areas has been published at a color-contour interval of 200 gammas and at the scale and projection of other national geologic and geophysical maps for easy comparison. This map, despite the inconsistent characteristics of the surveys from which it was compiled, is useful in providing a regional framework for the interpretation of magnetic studies of limited areas, in selecting areas for more detailed magnetic investigations, and in studying the distribution and character of regional geologic features.
The map has a wide variation of magnetic-anomaly patterns, trends, and types, thus reflecting the diversity of the geologic terranes of the United States. In general, the anomaly pattern east of the Cordillera in the craton and in the Appalachian Mountains consists of more and greater intensity anomalies. The muted nature of the anomalies of much of the Cordillera is a result of several factors but appears to be primarily related to a decreased crustal magnetization caused by an abnormally shallow Curie isotherm. The anomalies of the Appalachian Mountains and the Cordilleran system primarily reflect the major structural patterns of the orogens, but important exceptions occur, such as those associated with rocks underlying thrust sheets in the Appalachian Mountains and westerly-striking anomaly trends in the Cordillera, which are correlated with igneous intrusives, faults, and mineral deposits.
The buried southern and eastern edges of the Pre-cambrian craton are indicated by changes in the magnetic anomalies and their dominant trends. Within the central United States, numerous regional magnetic-anomaly provinces are observed that reflect the long, complex history of the Precambrian basement rocks of the craton. These provinces are transected by conspicuous, intense, long, generally linear anomalies that originate from mafic extrusive or shallow intrusive igneous bodies within failed rifts, such as the Midcontinent rift system, the Southern Oklahoma aulacogen, and the Reelfoot rift buried beneath the Mississippi embayment. These are only a few of the many interesting regional geologic features that are observed on the composite magnetic-anomaly map of the United States.

domain: geography


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South Lanarkshire Council have cancelled all committee meetings until after the Easter recess as a result of the coronavirus outbreak.
Today’s (Wednesday, March 18) meeting of the equal opportunities forum was called off yesterday but following the latest public health advice, all other meetings have now been cancelled.
The executive committee and full council had been expected to meet next week (Wednesday, March 25) with the council’s capital budget strategy on the agenda for the coming year.
Posting on social media, a spokesperson for South Lanarkshire Council said: “Given the current public health advice, all South Lanarkshire Council committees and forum meetings will be cancelled with immediate effect.
“This will continue until after the Easter recess, when the situation will be reviewed.”
The earliest councillors will now meet will be Monday, April 27 when the planning local review body are scheduled to meet.
Earlier, First Minister Nicola Sturgeon announced that all schools would close from next week and the council have said they are working towards this.

domain: news