text:
Systems and methods for implantable leadless cochlear stimulation
Systems and methods are disclosed to enable hearing in the deaf by stimulating sites in the cochlea. The invention uses electrical stimulation in the cochlea, where vibrational energy from a source is received by an implanted device and converted to electrical energy and the converted electrical energy is used by implanted electrodes to stimulate the cochlear nerve. The vibrational energy is generated by a controller-transmitter, which could be located either externally or implanted. The vibrational energy is received by a receiver-stimulator, which contains multiple electrodes to stimulate along selected sites in the cochlea.
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- SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR IMPLANTABLE LEADLESS TISSUE STIMULATION
The present application claims the benefit of provisional U.S. Application No. 60/805,323, filed Jun. 20, 2006, the full disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The systems and methods of this invention relate to electrical stimulation of the cochlea of the ear and to cochlear nerves and to regions proximal to cochlear nerves of the ear as a treatment for hearing loss. Specifically, the present invention relates to methods and apparatus for applying such stimulation to selected regions of the cochlea without the use of leads of conventional cochlear implant systems.
2. Description of the Background Art
Electrical stimulation in the cochlea of the ear for the purpose of treating patients with hearing loss has been known and actively practiced for several decades. Application of an electrical field between electrodes in the cochlea stimulates cochlear nerve tissues and is known to effectively modify signal pathways to the brain to emulate the sensation of hearing sounds. These applications currently use several components including externally applied parts and implanted parts, collectively referred to as a cochlear implant system (CIS). A cochlear implant system consists of a microphone, which picks up sound from the environment; a sound-speech processor, which selects and arranges sounds picked up by the microphone; a transceiver-stimulator, which receives signals from the sound-speech processor and converts them into electric impulses; and electrodes, which collect the impulses from the transceiver-stimulator and applies them to the cochlea. As the cochlea is stimulated, signals are sent to the brain and interpreted by the brain as sound.
A CIS device does not restore or create normal hearing, nor does it amplify sound like a hearing aid. CIS provides a train of stimulation pulses that are correlated with sound and provides this interpreted pattern of impulses to the brain. The brain is capable of associating these substituted impulses as sound which enables the patient/brain to reform environmental sound recognition and speech recognition. Depending on the individual patient, cochlear stimulation can effectively activate signal pathways along the cochlear nerve, to the brain, and the brain associates these artificially induced impulses with sounds. For example, speech recognition can be accomplished in profoundly deaf patients who learn to associate these stimuli with sound, particularly in combination with reading lips. Treatment regimens and targeted cochlear nerve locations are known in related art through use of current, common stimulation devices and methods. Commonly implanted CIS devices for cochlear nerve stimulation are made by such companies as Med El Medical Electronics, Advanced Bionics, Cochlear Inc. and others.
As illustrated in
CIS is a well known medical treatment used primarily to restore speech recognition in the patients with conditions that prevent the hair cells in the cochlea from activating, particularly in the profoundly deaf. Use of the CIS components (microphone, sound-speech processor, transceiver-stimulator, and electrodes) for a conventional CIS device is illustrated in
In CIS systems, electrical energy is delivered through lead wires to the electrodes. As shown in
As described above, CIS devices are battery-powered electronic devices connected via insulated metal lead(s) to electrodes which are placed in the cochlea around or in close proximity to the cochlear nerve or cochlear nerve bundle. The implanted electrodes for CIS are positioned on leads that are placed percutaneously, through needle punctures or through direct surgical access to position the electrodes along the spiral shaped cochlea. A typical application may utilize 16 electrodes (for example, selected and used as 8 pairs of electrodes) positioned in regions that are targeted for electrical stimulation. The implanted leads are then subcutaneously tunneled to the Transceiver-stimulator (also referred to as a controller) that is implanted in a subcutaneous pocket between the skin and the skull. The use of these lead wires is associated with significant problems such as complications due to infection, lead failure, lead migration, and electrode/lead dislodgement. Application of electrodes to the cochlea can be difficult because of the need to locate electrodes for effective therapy. Additionally, the implanted Transceiver-stimulator must be in communication with the external Sound-speech processor. This requires that the implanted Transceiver-stimulator have a percutaneous connection to the Sound-speech processor or that an RF or magnetic coupling be maintained. A percutaneous connection is often a source for infection and wound control.
Other prior art in many stimulation applications has attempted to deal with the complications and limitations imposed by the use of electrical leads. For example, self-contained implantable microstimulators and remotely powered microstimulators have been described; however each approach suffers from some significant limitation. A self-contained microstimulator must incorporate a battery or some other power supply; this imposes constraints on size, device lifetime, available stimulation energy, or all three. Constant communication from the Speech Processor would be required with the microstimulator imposing further constraints on maintaining a constant communication between the two devices. Due to high use or high energy requirements of the therapeutic stimulation some CIS devices contain rechargeable batteries or are powered remotely with the RF coupling to the controller.
For non-percutaneous connection solutions, between the Sound-speech processor and the Transceiver-stimulator, CIS devices have previously utilized either radiofrequency (RF) or electromagnetic transformer power transmission. RF energy transmission, unless the transmitting and receiving antennae are placed in close proximity, suffers from inefficiency and limited safe power transfer capabilities, limiting its usefulness in applications where recharging or stimulation must be accomplished at any significant depth (>1-2 cm) within the body. Electromagnetic coupling can more efficiently transfer electrical power, and can safely transfer higher levels of power (devices with capacity in excess of 20 Watts have been produced) but again relies on close proximity between transmitting and receiving coils.
The methods and apparatus of the current invention utilize vibrational energy, particularly at ultrasonic frequencies, to overcome many of the limitations of currently known solutions for cochlea stimulation, by achieving a cochlea stimulation capability without direct connection to the Sound-speech processor or without the use of leads connected to a controller.
The following patents, all of which are incorporated in this disclosure in their entirety, describe various aspects of using electrical stimulation for achieving various beneficial effects by cochlear implant systems. U.S. Pat. No. 3,751,605 titled “Method for Inducing Hearing” by Michelson describes methods for inducing the sensation of intelligible hearing by direct electrical excitation of the auditory nerve endings distributed along the basilar membrane within the cochlea. U.S. Pat. No. 4,400,590 titled “Apparatus for multichannel cochlear implant hearing aid system” by Michelson describes an intra-cochlear electrode array for electrically stimulating predetermined locations of the auditory nerve within the cochlea of the ear. U.S. Pat. No. 4,819,647 titled “Intracochlear electrode array” by Byers et al. also describes an intra-cochlear electrode array for electrically stimulating the cochlea of the ear. U.S. Pat. No. 6,671,559 titled “Transcanal, transtympanic cochlear implant system for the rehabilitation of deafness and tinnitus” by Goldsmith et al. describes an implantable application for cochlea stimulation using a system that couples communication and energy via RF or inductive coupling. U.S. Pat. No. 6,889,094 titled “Electrode array for hybrid cochlear stimulator” by Kuzma describes an implantable cochlear electrode array. U.S. Pat. No. 5,405,367 titled “Structure and Method of Manufacture of an Implantable Microstimulator” by Schulman et al. describes an implantable microstimulator used generally for stimulation of tissue. U.S. Pat. No. 6,037,704 titled “Ultrasonic Power Communication System” by Welle describes the use of ultrasound energy transfer from a transmitter to a receiver for purposes of powering a sensor or actuator without being connected by a lead/wire. U.S. Pat. No. 6,366,816 titled “Electronic Stimulation Equipment with Wireless Satellite Units” by Marchesi describes a tissue stimulation system based on a wireless radio transmission requiring the charging of a battery at the receiver and separate command signals used to control the delivery of stimulation. German patent application DE4330680A1 titled “Device for Electrical Stimulation of Cells within a Living Human or Animal” by Zwicker describes a general approach to power transfer using acoustic energy for tissue stimulation.BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to methods and devices for using electrical stimulation in the cochlea of the ear as a treatment for hearing loss, effectively modifying signal pathways along the cochlear nerve, to the brain, to provide a functional capability of hearing, particularly for environmental sound recognition and speech recognition. This invention uses vibrational energy as a means to transmit energy and signal information from a first device, to a second device containing means to receive such vibrational energy and converting it into electrical energy and then apply that electrical energy to stimulating electrodes. The first device is intended to be either implanted or to be used externally. The second device is intended to be either permanently or temporarily implanted with stimulating electrodes in the cochlea of the ear.
This application of electrical stimulation is to specifically eliminate one or more direct lead connections between the components of a Cochlear Implant System. The invention is a system comprising a microphone, a sound-speech processor, a controller-transmitter, and an implanted receiver-stimulator with stimulation electrodes, such that the stimulation electrodes would be implanted in the cochlea of the ear, in close proximity to the cochlear nerve or cochlear nerve bundle to be stimulated to facilitate a sensation of sound in the brain. Systems incorporating the concepts presented herein are advantageous with respect to currently available devices, particularly by eliminating the requirement for leads connecting components of conventional CIS systems, and by providing the capability for simultaneous or sequenced stimulation of multiple sites.
In one preferred embodiment, the controller-transmitter is applied on the external surface of the skin. In another embodiment, the controller-transmitter is implanted subcutaneously beneath the skin. The receiver-stimulator is implanted such that electrodes of the receiver-stimulator are within the cochlea of the ear. In one embodiment of the receiver-stimulator, the receiver-stimulator is positioned at one implantation site and connected to the electrodes in the cochlea via a lead. In another embodiment of the receiver-stimulator, the receiver-stimulator is adapted to be implanted within the cochlea and multiple electrodes are dispersed on the device throughout the cochlea. In yet another embodiment of the receiver-stimulator, the receiver-stimulator is miniaturized to contain a pair of electrodes and multiple receiver-stimulator devices are individually positioned within the cochlea. The transmitted vibrational energy is directed to the receiver-stimulator to cause electrical stimulation at the electrodes of the receiver-stimulator.
In the implanted embodiment of the controller-transmitter, the sound-speech processor communicates with the controller-transmitter via RF, electromagnetic or acoustic coupling. In the external embodiment of the controller-transmitter, the controller-transmitter may be directly connected to the sound-speech processor or be incorporated with the sound-speech processor into a single device. The acoustic energy from the external controller-transmitter is coupled through the skin as well as any underlying tissues, to the implanted receiver-stimulator device. The external controller-transmitter is under control of the sound-speech processor. Thus, when the microphone picks up sound, the sound-speech processor converts the sound into associated stimulation characteristics, for example the frequency or pulse duration of the stimulating waveform or selected electrodes in specific regions within the cochlea, the stimulation characteristics are communicated to the controller-transmitter and vibrational energy is transmitted to the receiver-stimulators. This process enables the system to convert sound into stimulation impulses in the cochlea without direct connections the electrodes.
The systems and devices described here comprise a controller-transmitter device that will deliver vibrational energy and information to one or more implanted receiver-stimulator device(s) that will convert the vibrational energy to electrical energy of a form that can be used to electrically stimulate cochlear nerves. The vibrational energy can be applied with ultrasound as a single burst or as multiple bursts or as a continuous wave with appropriate selection of the following parameters:
The controller-transmitter device would contain one or more ultrasound transducers of appropriate size(s) and aperture(s) to generate sufficient acoustic power to achieve the desired stimulation at the location of an implanted receiver-stimulator device. Additionally, multiple implanted receiver-stimulator devices may be placed within the region insonified by the controller-transmitter device. Multiple receiver-stimulator implants may function simultaneously; and, it is possible for multiple devices to function independently, either by responding only to a specific transmitted frequency, or through the use of a selective modulation technique such as pulse width modulation, or through encoding techniques such as time-division multiplexing.
A receiver-stimulator would be placed percutaneously or surgically. Utilizing a percutaneous needle delivery technique to access the cochlea, a miniaturized receiver-stimulator device disposed within the delivery needle is implanted into the cochlea. Various techniques and tools for surgical access and probing of the cochlea that are currently used, or have been described in the literature, could be adapted to facilitate delivery of the receiver-stimulator to these locations; the receiver-transmitter may incorporate means to provide permanent attachment to the implant site including possibly helical coils, barbs, tines, or the like or would be adapted in form to expand/spring against the tissue to maintain its position.
Functionally, the receiver-stimulator device comprises an ultrasound transducer to receive acoustic energy and transform it into electrical energy, an electrical circuit to transform the alternating electrical energy into a direct current, and electrodes to transfer the electrical field energy between an electrode pair to the cochlea.
Additionally, a controller-transmitter device is adapted for directional, vibrational energy transmission emitted by the device to intersect the implanted receiver-stimulator. In an external version of the controller-transmitter, the transducer portion of the transmitter would be placed over the skin directionally angled to the target region containing the receiver-stimulator with acoustic gel, or other means, used for coupling the acoustic energy to the skin. In an implanted version, the controller-transmitter device containing the transmitting transducer is implanted typically just beneath the skin in a subcutaneous space.
The controller-transmitter device would contain elements similar to most currently available CIS systems, including a power source, stimulation control and timing circuitry. In its external embodiment, it would be possible to integrate the function of a sound-speech processor into a single enclosure with the controller-transmitter, or still yet integrate the function of the microphone, the sound-speech processor, and the controller transmitter into a single enclosure. In its implantable embodiment, the controller-transmitter would communicate with an outside sound-speech processor component via RF, electromagnetic, or acoustic means for data transmission of device function. Additionally, the controller-transmitter device would contain an ultrasound amplifier and one or more ultrasound transducers to generate acoustic energy, and transmit such energy in the general direction of the receiver-stimulator implanted in the body. The duration, timing, and power of the acoustic energy transmission would be controlled as required, per sound-speech processing parameters that are constructed for specific sound sensations.
A single receiver-stimulator device is implanted with the electrodes positioned within the cochlea of the ear. The single receiver-stimulator device may be adapted to contain multiple electrodes dispersed through the cochlea. Alternatively, it would be possible to implant a plurality of miniaturized receiver-stimulator devices throughout the cochlea to stimulate either simultaneously by receiving the same transmitted acoustic energy or independently by responding only to acoustic energy of a specific character (i.e., of a certain frequency, amplitude, or by other modulation or encoding of the acoustic waveform) intended to energize only that specific device. This enables a much more robust utilization of site and region specific stimulation not currently practical with current lead-based implementations whose electrode spacing is fixed on the lead set selected for use and may not adapt itself to the structure of the cochlea. Selecting multiple sites and regions for treatments would be greatly enhanced by eliminating the need to connect multiple electrode sites to the stimulation energy source by anticipating the required spacing between electrodes.
These examples are representative and in no way limiting the applications in which a stimulator based on using vibrational energy may be utilized in this invention to stimulate within the cochlea of the ear to treat provide a sound sensation to the brain.
The delivery of ultrasound energy and, therefore, electrical stimulation would be automatically triggered based on sound information received through a microphone and through a sound-speech processor. More specifically, the timing of the initiation of the delivery and/or the duration of the delivery and/or the energy content of the delivery and/or the information content of the delivery would be based upon processing sound picked up through this CIS system.
Examples of such an acoustic CIS system as a cochlea stimulator are illustrated in
It can be appreciated form
Referring also to previously described
In practice, the amount of acoustic energy received by the implanted receiver-stimulator device will vary with ultrasound attenuation caused by loss in the intervening tissue, with spatial location of the receiver of the receiver-stimulator device with respect to the transmitted ultrasound beam as such a beam is typically non-uniform from edge-to-edge, and possibly with orientation (rotation) of the receiver-stimulator device with respect to the first. Such variation would affect the amplitude of the stimulating pulse for a given ultrasound transmit power (acoustic pressure amplitude). This limitation can be overcome by adjusting the ultrasound transmit power until the resultant stimulation waveform is consistent, a technique similar to that used currently to determine stimulation thresholds at the time of cardiac pacemaker implantation. Another approach would be to adjust automatically using sensing and logic within the first device. The first device would periodically sense the electrical output of the receiver-stimulator device and adjust power transmission accordingly to compensate for any change in the system including relative movement between the transmitting and receiving devices. Yet another embodiment for overcoming this limitation is where the transducer incorporated into the receiver-stimulator device is omni-directional in its reception capability. For example, to improve omni-directional sensitivity, the transducer may be spherical in shape or have specific dimensional characteristics relative to the wavelength of the transmitted ultrasound. Alternatively, multiple transducers are disposed at appropriate angles to reduce or eliminate the directional sensitivity of the device.
Referring also to previously described
As shown in
While exemplary embodiments have been shown and described in detail for purposes of clarity, it will be clear to those of ordinary skill in the art from a reading of the disclosure that various changes in form or detail, modifications, or other alterations to the invention as described may be made without departing from the true scope of the invention in the appended claims. For example, while specific dimensions and materials for the device have been described, it should be appreciated that changes to the dimensions or the specific materials comprising the device will not detract from the inventive concept. Accordingly, all such changes, modifications, and alterations should be seen as within the scope of the disclosure.
1. A system for cochlea stimulation comprising:
- a sound-speech processor configured to convert sound into one or more stimulation characteristics;
- an implantable acoustic controller-transmitter configured to receive the one or more stimulation characteristics from the sound-speech processor and generate acoustic energy according to the received stimulation characteristics; and
- an implantable acoustic receiver-stimulator comprising a stimulation electrode assembly adapted to be in direct contact with the cochlea, wherein the receiver-stimulator is configured to receive and convert the acoustic energy into an electrical stimulation output delivered to the cochlea by the stimulation electrode assembly;
- wherein the controller-transmitter is configured to periodically sense the electrical stimulation output of the receiver-stimulator and adjust acoustic energy transmission accordingly in order to compensate for changes in the electrical stimulation output of the receiver-stimulator.
2. A system of claim 1, wherein the receiver-stimulator comprises an acoustic receiver which receives acoustic energy and generates alternating current, means for converting the alternating current to a pre-determined waveform, and stimulation electrodes adapted to deliver the pre-determined waveform to stimulate the cochlea.
3. A system of claim 1, wherein the controller-transmitter comprises a power source, control and timing circuitry to provide a stimulation signal, means for converting the stimulation signal to an acoustic energy signal, and means for transmitting the acoustic energy signal to the receiver-stimulator.
4. A system of claim 3, further comprising two or more receiver-stimulator device.
5. A system of claim 4, wherein the system is programmed to activate the receiver stimulator devices sequentially.
6. A system of claim 4, wherein the system is programmed to activate the receiver-stimulator devices simultaneously.
7. A system as in claim 3, wherein the controller-transmitter comprises a housing and wherein the power source, control and timing circuitry, means for converting the stimulation signal to an acoustic energy signal, and means for transmitting the acoustic energy signal to the receiver-stimulator are disposed at least partly within the housing.
8. A system as in claim 1, wherein the sound-speech processor comprises a sound microphone, an amplifier, sound processing circuitry, and battery circuitry.
9. A system as in claim 1, wherein the controller-transmitter and the sound-speech processor communicate using radiofrequency signals.
10. A system as in claim 1, wherein the controller-transmitter and the sound-speech processor communicate using a direct wired connection.
11. A system as in claim 1, wherein the receiver-stimulator consists essentially of an ultrasound transducer which generates a stimulation signal in response to the acoustic energy transmitted by the controller-transmitter, circuitry which rectifies the stimulation signal, and at least one stimulation electrode which delivers the rectified signal to the cochlea.
|4400590||August 23, 1983||Michelson|
|4819647||April 11, 1989||Byers et al.|
|5405367||April 11, 1995||Schulman et al.|
|6037704||March 14, 2000||Welle|
|6366816||April 2, 2002||Marchesi|
|6671559||December 30, 2003||Goldsmith et al.|
|6889094||May 3, 2005||Kuzma et al.|
|20040172083||September 2, 2004||Penner|
|20040230254||November 18, 2004||Harrison et al.|
|20060136004||June 22, 2006||Cowan et al.|
Filed: Jun 18, 2007
Date of Patent: Feb 22, 2011
Patent Publication Number: 20070293913
Assignee: EBR Systems, Inc. (Sunnyvale, CA)
Inventors: Mark W. Cowan (Fremont, CA), Richard E. Riley (Palo Alto, CA), Axel F. Brisken (Fremont, CA), Debra S. Echt (Woodside, CA)
Primary Examiner: Eric D. Bertram
Attorney: Kilpatrick Townsend & Stockton LLP
Application Number: 11/764,611
International Classification: A61N 1/36 (20060101);

domain: medical


Metal induction heat treatment furnace is a common metal heat treatment equipment used in heat treatment at present, there are many induction heating equipment manufacturers, all kinds of quality are uneven, the performance is different, many customers do not know which intermediate frequency heating equipment manufacturer is good, in order to facilitate customers to choose smoothly, buy more affordable, more suitable equipment, the following are the factors to be considered in the selection of induction heating equipment manufacturers:
1. The buyer’s own factor 1. Requirements for finished product process: processing quality requirements, production efficiency requirements, processing qualification rate requirements, etc. Layout space: before selecting which medium-frequency heating equipment factory, consider the actual site size, working environment and medium-frequency heating equipment of which size. The nature of the work piece: the material, shape, size, etc. of the processed metal work piece are the factors that must be taken into account before the medium-frequency heating equipment is purchased.
after fully understanding their own actual situation, the factors of induction heating equipment manufacturers can understand the size of equipment, feed size range, production particle size requirements, production capacity requirements, equipment occupation approximate range and so on to select the purchase conditions of metal heat treatment equipment factory, which can effectively save time and narrow the range of selection. The main considerations in intermediate frequency heating equipment plant are as follows:
1. Manufacturer’s brand reputation and service: generally speaking, big brand, good reputation, good service manufacturers, capital is relatively strong, in science and technology and R & D investment is more, manufacturing technology and heat treatment technology is relatively advanced, production capacity is stronger, quality is more reliable, after-sale relatively guaranteed. These factors can be understood through the Internet, can also be understood through other customers, can also go to the field visit, of course, it is still a combination of several, a comprehensive comparison in many aspects.
2. Product performance and price: good induction heating equipment factory its equipment model, production performance, sometimes is not necessarily suitable for your actual production situation, nor is it necessarily cheaper, it is best to choose a suitable production line and a variety of supporting facilities for customers, and the quotation is relatively cheap manufacturers, of course, if there is a suitable model, can save a lot of early investment costs. Quality and service life of intermediate frequency heating equipment: high quality intermediate frequency heating equipment can save a lot of maintenance costs, less maintenance time, can ensure long-term and efficient production, that is, save equipment operating costs,
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Post time: 09-16-2019


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NWRC is currently accepting applications for a new Dental Nursing Apprenticeship course due to start in April 2021. The numbers are limited. Applicants will be interviewed by dental employers and those who secure employment will be eligible to obtain a place on this new exciting training course.
The dental industry has expanded in recent years proving more opportunities for dental nursing. Dental nurses work closely with the dentist, assisting in all aspects of patient care. They learn technical skills and knowledge to equip them to assist in dental procedures such as general check-ups to specialist treatments.
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Applications are welcomed and your ability to successful complete the course will be assessed. Those who do not have Numeracy and Literacy at Grade C and above will be expected to complete these alongside the L3 Dental Nursing Diploma.
Essential Criteria for the Apprenticeship In Dental Nursing.
- Currently age 16-24 years
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- Or able to gain employment following a successful interview with dental panel
- Must work at least 21 hours per week in dental practice
Closing Date Thursday 11th March @ 12 MD.


James was working her shift at the BullyKamp pet store when a man and a woman expressed interest in buying the puppy. When she stepped away to find paperwork, the couple grabbed the dog and fled, according to reports.
James stood in front of the car to stop the dog-nappers, but it accelerated. She was thrust onto the hood and windshield, where she stayed for about 10 minutes as the car weaved, she said. The car finally stopped and the man got out, punched her and swept her off the hood, while the woman scratched her face and yanked off a necklace, the Fort Worth Star-Telegram wrote, citing a police report.
The two got away with the dog, which has yet to be recovered, Houston Police Department Kese Smith told HuffPost on Wednesday. However, Houston police on Monday arrested a female suspect, Royshana King, 21, and charged her with aggravated robbery with a deadly weapon, Smith said.
Police got Kingâ€™s name from a similar name she used on an application at BullyKamp, according to the Star-Telegram. Her alleged accomplice has not been found, but Smith said investigators are â€œfollowing up on leads.â€Â
The dog had recently had surgery and required medicine.Â â€œMy mind is focused on her health, I obviously didnâ€™t care about my well-being,â€ James told the NBC affiliate.
While James showed courage in her response to the thieves, Smith discouraged others from taking such action.
â€œWe always advise people to let us do our job, so if thereâ€™s an issue, call the police and let us handle it,â€ he said. â€œDonâ€™t ever put yourself in danger.â€


text:
The bridge on the shortest road from Godakawela to Meddegama via the Dombagoda road has collapsed, causing severe inconvenience to people in many villages, according to Godakawela villagers.
This bridge is located near Godakawela town in Ratnapura and is used on a daily basis by approximately 1,000 people from the villages of Maddegama, Yahalawela, Bibilegama, Horepola, and Welamitiyawa.
After the bridge collapsed, the villagers petitioned the local government authorities to rebuild it, to no avail. The villagers are angry with the politicians for failing to repair the bridge when it was nearing collapse. The villagers have asked the country’s business community for assistance to repaire the bridge.

domain: geography


text:
Over the years, I have come to see that our thoughts do affect our lives. When I’m feeling defeated and depressed I have no energy to focus on the things that will improve my situation. I mope, lie around, and feel sorry for myself –often blaming others, and yes even God, for my predicament, when I’m truth, I’m to blame. These are the times my health, my relationships, and my energy falter. Only by pulling myself out of the funk and negativity will I become empowered again.
The old adage “seek and ye shall find” remains as true as ever. If you look for proof that achieving big goals, big dreams and living a life of excitement and success is possible… you will find it.
However, if you look for proof that life is difficult, big goals are impossible to achieve and success is reserved only for a select few…you will surely find that as well.
There’s nothing more empowering than coming to the realization that you can have, do and be anything you want!
The problem for most people is they don’t believe it is possible for them.
Knowing exactly how your life is working right now will:
a) Allow you to appreciate what you are doing well and feel successful.
b) Allow you to be motivated by the things you are unsatisfied with.
You need to know exactly where you are today at all levels of life. So, take some time to write down what are you happy with, and what aren’t happy with in terms of…
For the results you are happy with, write down why you are happy.
For the results you are unhappy with, write down why you are unhappy.
Now write down exactly how you want each area of your life to look if there were no limits.
If you were as powerful and resourceful as you wanted to be, how would your life look?
Now ask yourself, what determines your level of power and resourcefulness?
You do! It’s entirely up to you. You can both embrace all of your power and see what you are really made of, OR you can put a limit on your thinking and actions and continue to produce results you are unhappy with.
Which do you choose to do?

domain: literature


Maintenance Engineer - Double Days!
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A fast paced but friendly manufacturing company are looking for a Multi skilled Electrically biased Maintenance Engineer on a permanent basis. The Maintenance Engineer will be joining an established team on a double days shift with the aim of minimising production disruption and maximising maintenance departmental effectiveness. The daily Duties of the Maintenance Engineer are: - Carrying out reactive and preventative maintenance on a variety...


text:
By: Bryan Ricardo Marini Quintana
The Conflicting Magical And Material Worlds
In Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl, Jack Sparrow is introduced as a captain without a ship who sails aimlessly in a sinking boat. Using his cherished compass, the infamous pirate is guided towards what he desires most, to navigate freely beyond the horizon without a destination. Throughout his story, Jack Sparrow embarks on perilous voyages in a constant chase to recover his beloved ship. For the notorious pirate, commanding the Black Pearl means being the master of his destiny. Aboard his ship, Jack Sparrow can search for adventures in the unknown world beyond the horizon, crossing the seven seas to explore the blank edges of the map. Whilst drunk on an island in Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003), Jack Sparrow expresses the significance of his ship: “Wherever we want to go, we go. That’s what a ship is, you know. It’s not just a keel and hull and a deck and sails. That’s what a ship needs. But what a ship is… what the Black Pearl really is… is freedom.” With these words, the character exposes his irony as a pirate who doesn’t seek fortune by plundering ships but reveals a mariner whose most treasured possession is his freedom to sail whenever and wherever he pleases.
Using his compass, Jack Sparrow traverses through the magical world of chaos inhabited by pirates such as Hector Barbossa aboard the Black Pearl and Davy Jones aboard the Flying Dutchman, who terrorize any hapless ship they encounter. Nevertheless, these pirates navigate at the mercy of the goddess Calypso and the monstrous Kraken, who reign over the fantastical realm of the seven seas. Despite Jack Sparrow’s terror of confronting rival pirates and mythical beings, his greatest fear doesn’t emerge from the magical world of chaos but from the material world of order. Through the East India Trading Company, Jack Sparrow’s freedom to be the master of his destiny is threatened, with Lord Cutler Beckett filling the blank edges of the map and ending the Age of Exploration by claiming dominance over the seven seas for the civilized realm of Great Britain’s imperial interests.
Opposing Jack Sparrow’s fantastical realm of chaos with the Black Pearl is Lord Cutler Beckett’s civilized realm of order with the East India Trading Company. Sailing aboard the Endeavour, this feared commander secludes himself in his cabin with a prized map of the world, designing a strategy to submit the magical world to his vision of a material world. Consequently, Jack Sparrow’s freedom in the new civilized realm becomes a threat to Lord Cutler Beckett because of his inability to exert dominance over him in the old fantastical realm. In Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest (2006), Lord Cutler Beckett reveals his perception of the infamous pirate: “Jack Sparrow is a dying breed. The world is shrinking, the blank edges of the map filled in. Jack must find his place in the new world or perish.” With these words, the character divulges his prideful ambitions to eradicate the Age of Piracy and surface the Age of Industrialization, allowing him to govern the seven seas. However, Lord Cutler Beckett believes himself to be a just leader who shields and spreads the material world of order by structuring the unknown. Instead, this feared commander is a tyrannical ruler who crushes and restrains the magical world of chaos by oppressing the freedom of pirates to be masters of their destiny. Therefore, the East India Trading Company enslaves Davy Jones and executes the Kraken to mop up any threat from the fantastical realm that can contest their power over the seven seas in their self-imposed civilized realm.

domain: artistic


text:
Israeli hostage families slam Biden's deal to allow aid into Gaza without securing release of their loved ones
- Biden urged Israel to allow aid into Gaza in meeting PM Benjamin Netanyahu
- But many Israelis wanted aid to enter only as part of a deal to return hostages
- READ MORE: Miami dentist FIRED after he's seen ripping down posters of kidnapped and murdered Israelis
A day earlier, President Joe Biden ended a seven-hour visit by announcing that Eqypt had agreed to open its border to allow trucks in.
A group formed to represent the 199 or more thought to have been kidnapped said the decision angered families of the missing.
'The decision to allow humanitarian aid to the murderers of Gaza has caused great anger among the family members,' Bring Them Home Now said.
More than 199 Israelis are believed to have been kidnapped by Hamas and Islamic Jihad. The issue makes their relatives a powerful political force in Israel as it decides how to handle Hamas and plan a ground invasion of the Gaza Strip, where the hostages are held
President Joe Biden talked to reporters traveling with him aboard Air Force One as he returned to Washington, describing concessions he won from Israel and Egypt on aid to Gaza
'We remind you that children, babies, women, soldiers, men and the elderly — some of whom have serious health issues, are wounded and shot — are being held underground like animals without any human conditions, and the government of Israel is treating the murderers to baklava and medicine.'
It is a highly charged issue. Many Israelis believed aid was a crucial point of leverage that could be used to secure the release of hostages.
However, the decision by Arab leaders to cancel a summit in Jordan meant he left the region without meeting several key figures.
Instead Biden spoke by phone with Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi as he flew back to Washington. Sisi agreed to reopen his country's sealed border to allow up to 20 trucks carrying humanitarian supplies to cross.
Biden told reporters traveling with him that the deal included conditions on keeping the aid from militant groups.
'If Hamas confiscates them or doesn't let it get through … then it's going to end,' he said as Air Force One was being refueled at Ramstein Air Force Base in Germany.
He said that Sisi deserved a lot of credit.
'He was completely cooperative … He stepped up, as did Bibi,' he added, referring to Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.
A woman stands holding a sign showing the face of one of the Israeli hostages held by Palestinian militants since the October 7 attack near Azrieli Mall in Tel Aviv
Biden was greeted by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu as he arrived on Israeli soil on Wednesday morning. Aid was one of three key issues he wanted to raise with the Israeli leader
Demands have been growing to allow aid into Gaza as the humanitarian crisis worsens, 12 days after the attack on Israel.
The Israeli Defense Forces have put the territory under siege, cutting off electricity and blocking the delivery of food, fuel, and water.
Hospitals say they are running out of medicine and surgeons are operating without anesthetic.
Israel softened its position after Biden spent an hour meeting with Netanyahu, during which the American president reportedly argued it would help keep world opinion with Israel as it fights Hamas.
'In light of President Biden's request, Israel will not prevent the flow of humanitarian aid from Egypt as long as it is food, water and medical supplies for the Palestinian population in the southern Gaza strip and as long as it doesn't go to Hamas. Any aid diverted to Hamas will be prevented,' Netanyahu's office said.

domain: news


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First multiplayer DLC revealed for Killzone: Shadow Fall
Guerilla Games has revealed the first bundle of premium downloadable content that will be released for Killzone: Shadow Fall.
The Insurgent Pack adds a very long list of new stuff for Killzone: Shadow Fall beginning with a whole new player class The Insurgent with two new abilities, hack and steal. Part of this is Insurgent personalisation pack which includes a new OWL skin, three spotlight moves and a voice-over pack containing both VSA and Helghast chatter lines.
There's three new abilities - E-Pulse Emitter, Tachtical Echo Emitter and Guard Drone – and three new weapons in the M82 assault rifle from Killzone 2 and 3, L512 SMG Pistol and the Sta14 Sniper Rifle.
It also adds a new online collectibles mode, new challenges and trophies and the new Elite difficulty mode for single-player adding a new level of challenge to the game.
The full details of the new pack are available over on the PlayStation Blog.
- Final piece of Dark Souls II Season Pass DLC arrives on PC and Xbox 360
- CD Projekt RED releases some concept art for Triss and Emhyr from The Witcher 3
- 2K announces the new MyCareer mode for WWE 2K15
- Microsoft skips 9 and goes straight to announcing Windows 10
- Luis Suarez' ban extends into FIFA 15 as well
- Creative Assembly revives the multiplayer for Rome: Total War – Alexander on Steam
- Shadow Of Mordor launch trailer makes the game look suitably epic
- Minecraft for PS Vita heads into final testing
- PlayStation Home to close next year


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A popular addition to mixed salads, Baby Spinach leaves are prized for their nutty flavour and their pleasant texture. Smooth, round leaves are ready for harvest in a matter of weeks.
Perfect for adding to salad mix.
- Please understand our produce's availability is subjected to local season and weather. There might be +/- 10% in product weight.
- The above image is for reference only. Actual product may vary.

domain: food


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I’ve been working since I was 15 years old. So has my partner, Judy. We met when we were both serving our country in the Army, but we’d both had a variety of jobs before signing up and did so again when we left.
Judy suffered PTSD and hearing damage during her deployment so worked part time. I became an ambulance driver, eventually qualifying as a paramedic but was forced to give it up as the lifting damaged my joints. I then worked for another ten years as first aid trainer.
We’ve worked all of our lives but because of changes to the pension laws which have increased the age at which women can claim a State pension, we never get any closer to retiring. We now have to scrape by on £800 a month between us, with only credit cards to make up the shortfall. For the moment anyway; even that route will be closed to us once the cards are maxed out or we miss our repayments. What happens then doesn’t bear thinking about.
We feel short-changed after working for so long.
It doesn’t help when you actually agree with the changes made to the law either. The 1995 State Pension Act increased the age at which women could claim a state pension from 60 to 65 – exactly the same as it is for men.
I’ve lived my whole life believing in my right - as a woman and as a lesbian - to be treated the same as everyone else. So even though it would mean a longer working life for me, I thought the change in the law was fair.
The way the changes have been brought in has been anything but fair.
But the way the changes have been brought in has been anything but fair.
As a result, hundreds of thousands of women born in the 1950s, many of us lesbian, bi or trans, are struggling to keep our heads above water. Even if you’re in a couple, like I am, the effects are devastating as we’re both caught up in the changes. For single women, regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity, the hardship is just as severe.
The changes to the law would have come as a complete surprise to many of us. I didn’t receive a single letter about the changes. And, as I was in employment, I had no dealings with the benefit office so had no word from there either. Just before my 60th birthday, I checked my pension forecast only to discover my retirement age had been put back for over two and a half years. When I reached the new age, another pension forecast put my retirement back to 63 years and 10 months. When I got to 63 years and 10 months, the same thing happened again; my retirement was postponed until I reached 65 years and four months.
When I first started out in the world of work in 1969, I thought I’d be retiring at 60. The reality is I won’t actually retire until July 2019. That’s an extra nine years of working. By the time I do eventually retire, I’ll have worked for 50 years. Judy is in exactly the same position.
Finding work isn’t easy, even if you’re physically capable. But I have two life-shortening illnesses, including degenerative lung disease. As I’m not entitled to sickness benefit, I have to work – but that’s easier said than done. Countless women are now caught between claiming job seekers’ allowance and zero hours contracts.
For me and Judy, getting through each day is a struggle.
For me and Judy, getting through each day is a struggle. All of our savings are gone. Judy’s army pension is just £25 a week. Despite having diabetes induced by medication prescribed for her other ailments, she was declared fit to work. She now works 8 hours a week on the minimum rate.
We’re £5,000 per annum short of the poverty line. We should not have to live from hand to mouth after a lifetime of work.
Stonewall’s recognition of the double impact felt by women in same-sex relationships is a welcome boost to the Women Against State Pension Inequality (WASPI) and to the morale of many lesbian, bi and trans women affected by the changes in the law.
The WASPI campaign is calling for a bridging pension to provide an income until state pension age is reached. They are also calling for those women who’ve already reached state pension age to be compensated. Both steps could be life savers.
Not just in terms of ensuring people can eat and keep a roof over their heads. But making those lives meaningful and enjoyable too. After 50 years of work, that really shouldn’t be too much to ask, should it?
Find out more about the WASPI campaign.

domain: sociology


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Another argument for regulated cannabis markets .. just maybe ?
Cannabis Wire report this week
As the FDA noted, many of the severe reactions to contaminated synthetic cannabinoid products occurred in the Midwest. Between March 10 and May 30, 2018, the Illinois Department of Public Health reported 164 cases of unusual and severe bleeding following use of synthetic cannabinoids in the state. Cases were concentrated in Chicago, Peoria, and Tazewell Counties. The symptoms were shocking: some patients vomited blood, while others had severe bloody noses, bleeding gums, or bloody urine. At least three people have died in the state after consuming synthetic cannabinoids due to such complications. Additional blood-clotting problems were reported around the same time inIndiana, Maryland, Missouri, and Wisconsin. And in the past two weeks, D.C. has seen more than 300 overdoses as a result of synthetic cannabinoids.
Many of the outbreaks this year seem to have one key thing in common: rat poison. And while the National Institute on Drug Abuse notedin February that “use of these drugs is associated with a rising number of deaths,” it may be that the products are more dangerous, not that use is on the rise. March data from the American Association of Poison Control Centers shows use in 2017 was lowest it’s been since 2011, though numbers fluctuate year to year.
People tend to associate these synthetics with cannabis, but they are not the same. These chemicals are man-made. In fact, as Jenna Valleriani, strategic advisor for Canadian Students For Sensible Drug Policy, puts it, synthetic cannabinoids were “created to mimic cannabis.” Compounds are typically sprayed directly onto dried plant material or infused in vaporized liquids. They are associated with marijuana because many of them have chemical structures that are similar to those of natural cannabinoids and/or have structures that allow them to bind to the cannabinoid receptors present in the body.

domain: chemistry


- Selection Required: Select product options above before making new offer.
- Error: There was an error sending your offer, please try again. If this problem persists, please contact us.
Ruger New Model Blackhawk – .357 Mag – 1975 mfg – w/Scope
Ruger New Model Blackhawk single-action revolver in .357 Mag. Serial number – 32-96764. Mfg Dated 1975 (2nd year production). This revolver is in good condition and features a Bushnell Magnum Phantom pistol scope. All around clean gun. Scope can be removed by the buyer if not wanted. Handgun hunters, long-range competitors, and fans of the single-action revolver are attracted to the classic design, rugged durability, and smooth functioning of the Ruger New Model Blackhawk. Designed specifically to exploit the full potential of the powerful .357 Magnum cartridge, its advanced design delivers reliable performance for big-game hunters. V2-I3 Barrel Length: 6.5 Bore condition: Good Year Manufactured: 1975
Serial Number: 32-96764Add to Cart


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Booklist: Teachers' Favourites
We love to hear about which books are popular among our community of primary teachers! We asked our community to vote for their favourite children's books published in 2021 (see the full shortlist here). We invited teachers to vote for their best classroom read-alouds, the books that were the biggest hit with their pupils and the top books to support their curriculums.
Here are the books that our community of teachers and librarians chose as their favourites.
Upper KS2 (Ages 9-11)
The Boy Who Made Everyone Laugh
"This is a heart-warming story with a positive message, as well as being packed with jokes which will make both children and adults laugh. This debut novel from Helen Rutter is inspired by her own son with a stammer - and although the issues tackled in the book are serious, it’s a warm and funny read. The story shows that we all have differences, and it is important to accept ourselves as we are."
Anisha Accidental Detective: Granny Trouble
Serena Patel & Emma McCann
Our comments: "A love of science lies at the heart of this series and readers enjoy the authentic exploration of Anisha's Indian heritage, particularly around food and fashion. The illustrations reflect the story's humour and provide a high level of accessibility. Anisha is a superb STEM-loving role model who values truth, family and friendships, and readers across KS2 are quickly charmed by her detective adventures."
Best Curriculum Support
Our comments: "This well-researched and highly readable novel takes its title from the name of the medal that honours the Arctic Convoys during World War II. The story, with its concluding Author’s Note and accompanying online teaching notes available from Tom Palmer's website, provides an exciting and informative classroom resource for the teaching of WWII as a curriculum topic, besides being a book many children will choose for the sheer enjoyment of reading."

domain: library


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Introduction: DIY Washable Outdoor Sidewalk Paint
Are you looking for a fun and easy outdoor activity to do with your kids? You will absolutely LOVE this easy DIY craft! My kids are eager to find new activities and ways to have fun outside, and I am eager to find inexpensive ways to entertain them.
Not only is this fun to make with your kids but they will love to be able to paint your sidewalks and driveways outside. Most likely you already have all of the ingredients in your pantry. The best part is there is no harsh chemicals so it is safe for children.
Find out how you can easily make it here!

domain: hobby


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Pooch Plunge tickets available Friday
Starting Friday, Northern Colorado dog owners can reserve their pet’s spot in the 11th annual Pooch Plunge, held from 4 to 7 p.m. Sept. 1 at Fort Collins City Pool.
Tickets, which admit one dog and two people, cost $5 when purchased in advance of the event or $8 at the gate. Spectators can attend for $2. According to a city release, the first 400 admissions at the event will receive a free gift bag.
Advance tickets are available during normal business hours at the pool, 1599 City Park Drive, and Advanced Animal Care, 1530 Riverside Avenue. Information: Krista Hobbs, (970) 221-6335.


This paper investigates the consensus problem for multi-agent systems and presents a class of nonlinear consensus protocols. First, we reveal some structure property of the corresponding Laplacian matrix by decomposing the interaction graph into strongly connected components. Then, by means of the input-to-state stability and algebraic graph theory, we propose a framework to prove consensus for multi-agent systems with nonlinear protocols. In particular, we prove that consensus can be always reached in systems of single-integrator agents with a directed communication topology containing a spanning tree, provided the nonlinear protocol is an odd and increasing function. The nonlinear consensus protocols proposed in this paper include the classical linear consensus protocol as a special case, and may have a wide range of applications, including consensus with faster convergence rates and with bounded control inputs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


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July 7, 2015 9:41 AM Subscribe
Supreme Court rules against gerrymandering - "Ginsburg's opinion is now the law, and I suspect that, in a few decades, this case will be considered one of the most important of the term. Thus far, only California has copied Arizona and created an independent redistricting commission. But with the court's blessing, more states are likely to follow suit. These commissions have been hugely successful thus far, a real boost for representative democracy and a cure for the notoriously stubborn problem of gerrymandering. Had Justice Anthony Kennedy swung away from Ginsburg and aligned with his fellow conservatives, America would be facing down a distressingly undemocratic future."
This thread has been archived and is closed to new comments

domain: politics


text:
ILEX Member sign LA forms?
As a member of CILEx, can I sign Legal Aid forms?
Members should contact the Legal Aid Agency (“LAA”) for guidance on its forms and procedures. LAA forms generally make it clear if they can be signed by the legal representative (which includes a member at any grade) or if they should be signed by a Chartered Legal Executive/Fellow or a solicitor.
Fellows need to ensure they register their Fellowship number and their firm’s roll number at the LAA to enable them to sign those forms that can be signed by a Chartered Legal Executive.
If your question is not answered, contact us via our dedicated customer service enquiry form.

domain: law


When Jews Were Funny Review.
I have to admit that I don’t have a lot of experience reviewing documentaries. I mostly only see them because they’re nominated for Oscars, and when I see the other ones it’s mostly about nature and that couldn’t be further away from the kind of topic When Jews Were Funny focuses on. Ultimately I can only draw comparisons from what is normally nominated for an Oscar, and those are some of the best documentaries of the year. Still, I found When Jews Were Funny to be a pretty weak documentary overall even if it has some laugh-out-loud moments throughout.
Basically it’s a documentary about older Jewish comedians. The reason I chose to watch it at TIFF is because I was under the impression that it would go through a lot of the history of the humor and work itself up to present day. Not really the case I’m afraid. I don’t actually think director Alan Zweig knew what he wanted to make it about, so he basically just met up with a bunch of Jewish comedians and asked them to tell jokes. In the end it’s basically a series of short often awkward interviews about nothing in particular except for what Jewish comedy really is.
I don’t particularly think it’s a very engaging topic strictly because it’s hard to be alive in North America these days without being able to recognize a Jewish character. It kind of came off like a documentary made for comedy students. There was nothing really in it that couldn’t have been found on YouTube and it’s spliced together as if someone found these clips and put them into a playlist. A lot of the comedians which include Howie Mandel, Gilbert Gottfried, Bob Einstein, Marc Maron and a slew of others kept actually being confused about why they were interviewed at all. It made the whole thing feel awkward and not very well thought out, but I was mostly confused by why Zweig didn’t cut those things out of the film.
Having said all of that, some of the jokes are incredibly funny. I haven’t heard the audience laugh that hard all year and I found myself constantly having a smile on my face. It makes a very weird dynamic because I found the jokes hilarious but it was a very poorly made documentary as far as the genre goes. In the end it had nothing very thought-provoking to say, nor did it really educate the audience – which I think is the reason why documentaries exist – but it had great jokes you could take and tell others, so it’s not completely terrible. I’d recommend it to anyone looking to get a good laugh out of a compilation of well known Jewish comedians, especially if they’re Jewish themselves, but on the other hand they can find all of these things on YouTube.


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By Chinedu Adonu
Men of the Nigerian Police, Enugu command, Sunday arrested not less than 57 members of Biafra Zionists Federation, BZF, in the state.
According to a report, they were picked up on Sunday morning shortly before the commencement of their Biafra Day parade.
Leader of the group, Barr. Benjamin Onwuka claimed that policemen from Ogui Division stormed their meeting venue and whisked his members away.
In a message he sent out on Sunday, the self-acclaimed BZF leader said “they arrested 57 of our members this morning. We were preparing to go for our Biafra parade.
“We are non-violent people, we are peaceful agitators. They should be released immediately, unconditionally, without charge, they committed no crime. “We have informed the United States of this development,” he claimed.
Onwuka had few days ago announced that they would storm the Michael Okpara Square, Enugu, today, for a Biafra parade.
The spokesman of Enugu State Police Command, Daniel Ndukwe, when contacted confirmed the arrest and said, about 54 members of the group were picked because of the way they had gathered, stressing that they were taken to the Command headquarters, addressed on the need to maintain peace and left to go immediately.
“There was no such arrest. Rather, 54 persons were seen to be unlawfully gathered at Owerri Road, Ogui, New Layout, Enugu and were brought to Headquarters for questioning. After nothing incriminating was found on them, the CP addressed and cautioned them to go home and maintain peace. They all left happily”, he said.


text: For International Vegan MoFo today, let’s checkout this Korean BBQ Tofu dish that looks to be OFF THE CHAIN. Imma need to eat that STAT, okay? It’s a tofu emergency over here, someone call the tofubulance. I don’t know, I’m really, really tired. GOODNIGHT AND GOODBYE!


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The story of the Dust Bowl as traditionally told is one of the unbridled expansion of agriculture using techniques ill suited to the grasslands of the Great Plains. The story goes that with the advent of mechanized technology, a huge growth in demand for winter wheat following World War I, and more rain than normal in the early to mid 1920s the result was an ecological disaster when drought returned to the region later in the 1920s. Recent research has put parts of the traditional story in doubt, however. Historians Geoff Cunfer and Myron Gutmann have used GIS techniques to create map overlays that suggest a somewhat different conclusion. In the following activity you will use your GIS software to examine census, soil, and climate data from the 1930s and test conclusions about the Dust Bowl for yourself.
The classic account of the Dust Bowl is by Donald Worster in his award winning book Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s. His thesis is laid out clearly in the introduction:
The Dust Bowl was the darkest moment in the twentieth-century life of the southern plains. The name suggests a place - a region whose borders are as inexact and shifting as a sand dune. But it was also an event of national, even planetary, significance, A widely respected authority on world food problems, George Borgstrom, has ranked the creation of the Dust Bowl as one of the three worst ecological blunders in history.' The other two are the deforestation of China's up- lands about 3000 B.C which produced centuries of silting and flooding, and the destruction of Mediterranean vegetation by livestock, which left once fertile lands eroded and impoverished. Unlike either of those events, however, the Dust Bowl took only 50 years to accomplish. It cannot be blamed on illiteracy or overpopulation or social disorder. It came about because the culture was operating in precisely the way it was supposed to. Americans blazed their way across a richly endowed continent with a ruthless, devastating efficiency unmatched by any people anywhere. When the white men came to the plains, they talked expansively of "busting" and "breaking" the land. And that is exactly what they did. Some environmental catastrophes are nature's work, others are the slowly accumulating effects of ignorance or poverty. The Dust Bowl, in contrast, was the inevitable outcome of a culture that deliberately, self-consciously, set itself that task of dominating and exploiting the land for all it was worth.1
Drought happens, claims Worster, but it was American culture - expansionism, capitalism, and mechanized factory farming - that created the conditions necessary for the Dust Bowl. If true, there should be a close correlation between the areas of the worst dust bowl conditions and the most intensive plains farming. Was there? Or were there other factors that had a significant impact as well? These are questions that you will consider for yourself using available soils, climate, and agricultural data.
As the map at the left showing the % of Land in Crops from 1930 suggests there is some correlation between the counties where farming was practiced most intensively and the area of most severe dust storms in 1935. Over 50% of the cropland in a few of the counties in the dust region was planted in crops. But in many others the percentage was below 45%.
There were a number of other factors that may have contributed to dust activity. Livestock had grazed the plains in great numbers and concentration since the 1880s. Soils varied across the region and so did the climate. Specifically, temperatures and precipitation differed from regional averages during the 1930s. According to Geoff Cunfer in an essay entitled Causes of the Dust Bowl drought played:
...a prominent role in causing the Dust Bowl. Plowing for crops certainly exposed land to erosion, ... but ... the ways people used the land had less to do with creating dust storms than did the weather. ... It is time for environmental historians to consider the possibility that dust storms are a normal ecological disturbance that coincides with extended periods of drought and high temperatures on the southern plains, rather than evidence of human ecological failure.2
You have a limited amount of the climate and soils data that Cunfer explored in coming to this conclusion available to you. It is in the Dust Bowl: Environment map. The map contains precipitation data for the southern Great Plains across several decades as well as temperature and precipitation data from 1935 and averages for the previous five years. There are also layers showing predominate soil types in the Southern Great Plains, the percentage of sand in those soils, and the prevailing wind patterns in several Dust Bowl cities.
Open the map and turn on the Precipitation - 1895 layer. In this layer the annual rainfall total for each county in the Dust Bowl region is classified by natural breaks in the data. Create a similar map for each of the other Precipitation layers so that you can make a rough comparison. Notice also that the pop-up for each county contains a column graph showing percentage of the annual total for each month of the year.
1) Describe the general pattern of total annual rainfall in the region. Where typically is it wettest? driest?
2) Over the years, in what month(s) does most of the annual rainfall in the region seem to occur? the least?
3) Cunfer provides a simple model showing the amounts of annual rainfall required for successful farming of wheat and corn on the southern Great Plains:
Filter the annual rainfall total so that only counties where winter wheat can be successfully grown show. Describe the variation you observe from 1895 to 1950 and discuss the potential for a successful winter wheat crop on a regular basis.
4) The higher the percentage of sand, the more likely soil is to be susceptible to giving rise to dust storms of the sort experienced in the Great Plains during the 1930s. Sandy soil particles do not stick together as easily as clay and loam soils do especially as they dry under heavy wind and warmer than normal temperatures. Examine the information in the % Sandy Soil layer and describe your general conclusions about how sandy the soil was in the areas of most intense dust storms during the decade of the 1930s.
5) Most dust storms on the Great Plains occur in the spring. Therefore, precipitation and temperatures in the winter and early spring months can most affect the level of soil moisture. The average total rainfall for the first four months of each year from 1930 - 1934 is given in the Winter/Spring Averages field of the Environment - 1935 layer. Prepare a data map of this information overlaid with the area of most intense dust storms. Prepare a comparable map for the Winter/Spring - 1935 data, the total rainfall for the first four months of 1935. Study the maps and write a summary discussing your conclusions.
6) How do the 1935 monthly temperatures compare with the averages for the previous five years? Prepare data maps to help you analyze the question and discuss your conclusions.
7) The existence of dust storms can also be related to soil type.
Turn on the USA Soil Survey layer and identify the
four most common soil types in the areas of the worst dust storms in
the Southern Great Plains. Do some research and briefly describe
each of these soils.
Is there a relationship between the various soil types and the percentage of sand in the soil? Explain.
8) Open the Prevailing Wind layer. You will find a wind rose for each of the cities indicated in the map that provides a historic summary of prevailing wind patterns in that area for the period 1960 - 1991. Assuming that wind patterns in the 1930s were much the same, describe the movement of dust across the region.

domain: agronomy


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18-13. We’re talking footwear, not football — and that’s the fall score between Manolo Blahnik and Christian Louboutin, reigning champs of runway shoe collaborations. Of course there were many others (Nicholas Kirkwood for Prabal Gurung, Tabitha Simmons for Honor, Stuart Weitzman for Adrienne Landau) but this time it was all about Blahnik vs. Louboutin, with the latter losing by five heels. Oh well, there’s always next season.
Madonna turns 59 today, marking another year of show-stopping, one-of-a-kind bold looks from the singer. To celebrate, we took a look at the superstar's most memorable fashion moments. Here, Madonna sits front row at Versace's spring runway show in 1995. See more exclusive photos from the #wwdarchive on WWD.com. #wwdeye (📷: Cédric Dordevic)
WWD asked a handful of creative directors to evaluate the September covers of leading women's fashion magazines. How do they think the covers this year compare with years gone by, and what do they say about the current status of the publication? Link in bio. (GIF by @hypebreast)
"Stephen King is such a master, but I don't like being scared - there's enough that's really scary. How about the morning's news?" says Holland Taylor in an interview with WWD. See what else the actress said about starring in the TV adaptation of King's thriller "Mr. Mercedes" on WWD.com. #wwdeye (📷: @jgreenery)


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Investment Overview for Groupon (NASDAQ:GRPN)
Below are key drivers of Groupon's value that present opportunities for upside or downside to the current Trefis price estimate for Groupon:
- Groupon North America Average Active Customers: We expect this figure to increase from an estimated 19 million in 2013 to nearly 39 million by the end of our forecast period. However, there can be an upside of more than 10% to our price estimate if this figure was to go up to 50 million instead. On the other hand, there can be downside of similar order if the competition halts the growth in Groupon's North American customer base, and the figure reaches only 29 million.
- Groupon North America Take Rate: We expect this figure to increase from 53.4% in 2013 to nearly 70% by the end of our forecast period as a result of Groupon's focus on growing physical goods sales. However, there can be a downside of about 10% if the rate was to remain stable. This could happen if increase in take rate due to higher proportion of direct sales gets offset by loss of leverage over vendors due to growing competition.
- SG&A Expenses as % of Revenue: We expect this figure to decline from 41.3% in 2013 to around 27% by the end of our forecast period due to operating leverage gain, cost cutting efforts and measured approach towards business expansion. However, if these costs were to decline to only 35% instead, there can be downside of about 10%.
For additional details, select a driver above or select a division from the interactive Trefis split for Groupon at the top of the page.
Groupon is the largest collective buying platform. It was launched in November 2008 as a part of The Point (an online community launched in 2007). Groupon features daily deals for various restaurants, spas and other stores in North America and international markets. The company also sells physical goods and merchandise, and has expanded its offerings to include travel and flight packages.
Groupon serves as an alternate advertising medium for business owners. For each Groupon sold, Groupon gives a share of the coupon value to the business owner with the rest of the amount taken as its revenue.
Groupon's North American business is most valuable primarily due to higher number of subscribers and high take rate. Compared to 14.3 million average active customers in EMEA and 9.8 million in Rest of World, Groupon had 19 million average active customers in North America in 2013. In addition to this, its take rate for the region stood at 53.4% during the same year compared to 37.5% in EMEA and 33.4% in Rest of World. The company has strong brand recognition and merchant relationships in the U.S.
Social buying to continue to increase
Research has indicated that the main factors that motivate individuals to act on an opportunity include social aspect, scarcity and liking. All these factors present an interesting opportunity for the sector as a whole. Although the concept of social buying has existed for a while, it has only recently gained some traction. This has been attributed to several factors.
- Due to the presence of social platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, the social nature of discounts has held well amongst users. Users can interact with one another easily and discover opportunities in a quicker fashion.
- Traditional coupons and sales do not offer as deep a discount that most of the social buying sites offer. The collective nature of deals enables customers to obtain deep discounts only if a certain number of individuals subscribe to it.
Growth in competitors
Groupon’s business model is easily copyable and several social buying sites have sprung up across the world. Low barriers to entry have encouraged these players to join the band wagon. China alone has over 100 sites offering similar services. Groupon has tackled this situation by trying to acquire other competitors in smaller markets in a bid to expand.
Availability of shopping alternatives
Group buying is not the only social shopping mechanism currently. There have been many other means for customers to get discounts and learn more about what’s around them. They include
- Real time online shopping – Users can connect with each other and exchange ideas at the same time to get opinions about products
- Reviews and recommendations – Sites offering a discount for reviewing a product or recommending it to others
- Charity based shopping – Websites like iGive provide discounts to users for shopping through their network of affiliates
- Location based shopping – Users are given points when they enter and check in places. Four Square is an prime example
Expansion in new product categories
Groupon has been making acquisitions and investing in diversifying its business to reduce its reliance on cash flows from daily deals. In September 2013, the company announced the acquisition of travel app Blink, which primarily deals in curated same day hotel bookings in Europe. Groupon is also investing in building a warehouse network that will allow it to ship physical goods to its customers directly instead of relying on its merchants. The company has also introduced discount coupons. The online coupon market in North America stands at $4 billion annually, and the total coupon market is somewhere around $28 billion.
Increased focus on mobile
Groupon is heavily banking on growth in mobile and Internet usage. The company stated that it expects the number of smartphone users to grow fivefold over the next 5 years, and this could double the global Internet user base. The company's focus on mobile is evident from the fact that its mobile app witnessed more than 33 million downloads in 2013, and mobile accounts for almost half of its total transactions now.
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domain: finance


BILLINGS – In Senate District 22, Jennifer Merecki will face off against Republican incumbent Douglas Kary.
Merecki has a long background in Democratic activism and healthcare lobbying.
In Senate District 19, Jerry Schillinger will go toe-to-toe with Democrat Mary Zeiss Stange of Ekalaka.
Schillinger is a resident of Circle and is a storied farmer and businessman, serving nearly 30 years on a number of boards.
In Senate District 29, David Howard will go against unopposed Democratic candidate and former Red Lodge Mayor Betsy Scanlin.
Howard is the incumbent in the race and has been serving for three years.


For the development of its « bi-modal » damper
Alstom was awarded an innovation trophy for the development of its « bi-modal » damper at the Sifer railway salon, held in Lille on 24-26 March.
The hydraulic « bi-modal » damper developed by Alstom Transport aims to reduce maintenance costs while simultaneously increasing passenger comfort. The damper reduces wear on the wheel through the specific internal management of oil flows, thus limiting friction between the wheel and the rail on curves.
«The tests carried out on two TGV Lyria trains in collaboration with SNCF’s Material Engineering Centre have demonstrated a 20% reduction in attrition on the wheels. This reduces maintenance costs as a result: fewer interventions on infrastructure and less frequent wheel reprofiling, which reduces train downtime,” says Cyril Renault, director of DISPEN.
Particularly adapted for winding tracks, the « bi-modal » damper is 100% mechanical. It functions in complete autonomy, without external control. Thanks to its size, identical to the size of a classic damper, it can be replaced without needing to adapt the train, thus facilitating the evolution of the fleet. The savings generated by the bi-modal damper in terms of wheel/rail maintenance enable a rapid return on investment for operators.
Developed since 2013 by Alstom Transport, the bi-modal damper is patented. It was conceived at Alstom’s DISPEN centre, specialised in the development, manufacture and maintenance of dampers for the rail industry.
These dampers equip all bogies used on Alstom trains and are also sold directly to operators. Based at Le Creusot (Bourgogne), the DISPEN centre has 33 employees.
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The Floresville High School Tiger basketball team hosted a close game against the Eagle Pass Winn Mavericks Jan. 7. The Tigers trailed behind up until the last minute of the game. Junior Keegan Lafferty (15) tied up the game with a 3-point shot. The Tigers worked together to pull off a district win over the Mavericks, 63-57.
The Floresville High School varsity Tigers opened their season at home against the Southside Cardinals Dec. 30. The Tigers fought hard and closed the game in the first two quarters, however, the Cardinals pulled away from the Tigers for the win, 70-51.
Texas High School Coaches Association has named area football athletes to the Academic All-State Football Team. East Central First Team: Jamin Hoffmann Second Team: Timothy Huff, Nathaniel Ortega Honorable Mention: Blake Miller Falls City Honorable Mention: J D Sartwelle, Brandon Moczygemba, Grant Jendrusch, Sheldon Wolf, Cade Ratliff, Jaxson Pipes, Wesley Molina Floresville Second Team: Brandon Cortez, Dareion Murphy, Tyler Penlerick, […]
The Rouse Raiders came from Leander ready to play, putting up the first score in just over a minute into the game against the Floresville Tigers Friday night in the second round of playoffs in Buda. Floresville responded in kind, with quarterback Braeden Fuller connecting with Preston Freeman, before connecting with Brandon Cortez for the touchdown. Rouse responded equally, running […]
The Floresville Tigers are Bi-District champs! The team’s hard work and determination broke a 21-year drought with their 56-35 triumph over the Sharyland Rattlers Nov. 12. The Tigers will face Leander Rouse this Friday in the second round of playoffs. Read more about Friday night’s victory and more area football team playoff action on pages 5B-6B, and follow all the […]
The Floresville Tigers made the 3-1/2-hour drive to Mission to play the Sharyland Rattlers in the opening round of the playoffs Nov. 12. Floreville wasted no time with their high-powered offense. Senior Dareion Murphy led the attack, hitting the end zone 99 seconds into the game. The Rattlers responded equally fast, hinting at the shoot-out to follow. Senior Braeden Fuller […]
In the regular season finale, the Floresville High School Tigers hosted Medina Valley Panthers Nov. 5. With both teams having secured a spot in the postseason, this game determined the final rankings for the playoffs. The first half had the Panthers come out hot and push the Tigers to their limits. The defense held their ground, but after both teams […]
With second place in a tough district up for grabs, the Floresville Tigers traveled to Boerne to battle the Champion Chargers on Oct. 28. The Chargers took the kickoff and drove handily, running it on to score on their first series. The Tigers responded with a drive of their own, taking their time and letting senior Dareion Murphy finally run […]
The Floresville High School Tigers took on Kerrville Tivy Oct. 22. Winning the coin toss, the Tigers drove down with all their weapons, and senior Braeden Fuller took in the end zone. Tivy responded with a solid run, and after holding Floresville to a punt, took an early lead with another score. The Tigers responded in kind, with a Dareion […]


INDIANAPOLIS — Detectives from IMPD’s Violent Crime Unit arrived in Plainfield overnight to arrest a juvenile teenager accused of killing six people in his parents’ home before dawn Sunday.
The teen will likely be charged in Marion Superior Court as an adult by the end of the week.
An IMPD report obtained by FOX59 recounts how the first officers who arrived on the scene discovered the suspect’s younger brother suffering from gunshots wounds and heard the account he provided that led investigators to a house in the 3500 block of North Adams Street, on the city’s east side, where the bodies of the other victims were discovered.
The dead have been identified as the parents of the home, Kezzie and Raymond Childs, both 42, their 18-year-old son, Elijah, and 13-year-old daughter, Rita, and 19-year-old Kiara Hawkins, who died along with her near-full term unborn son.
Investigators have not announced the name of the father of the child.
In custody is a 17-year-old male, while a younger brother is still hospitalized and recovering from his wounds.
It’s that younger teen who first alerted police to the horrific scene they would discover shortly after 4 a.m. Sunday.
According to the IMPD report, the first responding officers found the younger teen suffering from gunshot wounds in the 3300 block of East 36th Street, just around the corner from the family home.
One account reported the boy said, “They killed my family,” while the initial IMPD report indicated upon his arrival at an emergency room, the youth told officers that everyone in his home had been shot, and his older brother was the gunman.
When officers returned to the family home on North Adams, they discovered several bodies inside and immediately called for the transportation of Hawkins to the hospital in a futile attempt to save her life and that of her unborn child.
When detectives interviewed the boy at the hospital, he reportedly told police that his older brother had been reprimanded by his father for leaving the home without permission, and the son was told the issue would be resolved later, but that the teen disagreed.
It was then, the boy said, that while he was downstairs in the home with his parents, they heard gunfire upstairs and his sister yelling, “He shot them,” followed by the sound of more gunshots.
The teen said then his brother, “came down the stairs with a draco gun, a handgun that shoots rifle rounds, and started shooting.”
The boy said he ran out the side door of the home, his brother pursuing him and firing away, which would account for the four gunshots neighbors told FOX59 they heard.
“Because we had found that young man who has suffered some significant gunshot wounds, and he pointed us in the direction of that Adams Street address, which we had no idea what we would find when we walked in the door there, when the officers walked in the door there,” said IMPD Assistant Chief Chris Bailey. “I can’t imagine the horrific nature of what they had to see yesterday.”
Throughout the day Sunday, relatives and friends gathered on Adams Street, seeking answers and access to the house and at one point asking FOX59 to get word out that a 15-year-old relative was unaccounted for.
That teen was in the hospital.
Also missing was his older brother.
Several hours later, detectives tracked the youth to Plainfield, where he was placed under arrest.
IMPD would not disclose if he was taken into custody with any evidence that would link him to the murders, nor if the youth made any statement to investigators.
“Our detectives and our violent crime unit follow the leads. They follow information that they gather as part of their investigation through a whole host of investigative techniques and methods,” said Bailey. “We did receive information from the community, from neighbors, from people that were concerned about what happened.”
One neighbor told FOX59 that she had provided officers with specific information that would permit them to track the absent teen.
There have been 21 homicides in Indianapolis thus far this year, putting the city’s 2021 murder tally well ahead of last year’s record pace.
“We have a serious problem in our community with people who don’t know how to deal with their conflict except for with a gun or a blade,” said Bailey.
For the time being, the youth is currently being housed in the Marion County Juvenile Detention facility, though investigators have until Thursday to file charges.


Hero Electricsold 10,476 vehicles in one month while Okinawa Autotechsold 8,096 two-wheelers. Ola Electricsold 3,421 EV two-wheelers in August, down from 3,862 units the company sold in July.
- Ather Energy saw a huge jump in sales of 5,239 vehicles, from just 1,289 in July.
Hero Electric once again led the Indian two-wheeler electric vehicle (EV) segment in August, with all-time record sales of 10,476 vehicles in one month, followed by Okinawa Autotech with 8,554 vehicles, the latest government VAHAN data shows.
Hero Electric had sold 8,954 EV two-wheelers in July, while Okinawa Autotech had sold 8,096 two-wheelers.
Bhavish Aggarwal-run Ola Electric sold 3,421 EV two-wheelers in August, down from 3,862 units the company sold in July, indicating it still needs to get its strategy on track.
Ather Energy saw a huge jump in sales of 5,239 vehicles, from just 1,289 in July.
Ampere Vehicles Pvt Ltd, which sold 6,319 vehicles last month, saw a marginal increase to 6,396 units sold.
In an effort to drive the adoption of electric two-wheelers and battery switching infrastructure, Hero Electric is partnering with Jio-bp to strengthen mobility solutions for electric two-wheelers.
Hero Electric’s customers are expected to gain access to Jio-bp’s widespread charging and swapping network, which is also open to other vehicles.
A recent report shows that only 1 percent of household consumers plan to buy an e-scooter in the next six months due to safety and performance concerns as the government investigates multiple fires in electric two-wheelers.
About 32 percent of respondents were unconvinced about the safety and performance of electric scooters in August, compared to 17 percent in March this year — as more than two dozen electric two-wheelers caught fire in March and April, community social media platform LocalCircles.
After more than two dozen electric two-wheelers caught fire in March and April, about 7,000 units were “voluntarily” recalled by electric scooter manufacturers such as Ola,
The government has set up a committee of experts from the Center for Fire, Explosive and Environment Safety (CFEES) and the Indian Institute of Science to conduct detailed research and prepare ‘quality-oriented’ guidelines for EV manufacturers, which are expected to be released shortly. will be released.
The impact of EV fires is that only 1 percent of more than 11,000 respondents said they plan to buy an e-scooter in the next 6 months.
Nearly 5 percent said they would like to buy but were “unconvinced about the infrastructure available for e-scooters where I live/work” and 7 percent said they don’t have the money to buy e-scooters.
While there are people eager to buy e-scooters, concerns about safety and performance are increasing.
“It is critical for government and industry to gain consumer confidence,” the report said.
Asus ROG Flow X16 review: The perfect 2-in-1 gaming laptop
Asus ROG Strix G17 (2022) review – a great looking gaming laptop with top performance


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Evolution of Indian Art #2: Patachitra
Based in Odisha and West Bengal, this art style literally means ‘pictures on cloth’.
Painters brought to life tales of folklore and scenes from Hindu epics. Bright reds, yellows and oranges dominated, and Radha and Krishna, Ganesha and mythological creatures formed a part of patachitras. The artists, known as patuas, would sing to audiences as they unfurled the artworks.
Patachitra in modern times is created on digital media to acquaint people with modern history and events.
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Singer-turned-actress Amika Shail has signed up Hriday V Shetty’s next thriller comedy feature film Mussoriie Boyz. Amika has already started attending the workshops for the film. The film has been shot extensively in Dehradun and Mussoorie.
Commenting on the occasion Amika said, “It feels great to work with a stalwart director, Hriday’s vision towards the project is unparalleled. I watched his film Chaalis Chauraasi in 2012 – back then I was a singer. I never knew that one day I could get the opportunity to work with him as an actor in one of his films. The film’s ensemble cast had stalwarts such as Naseeruddin Shah, Kay Kay Menon, Ravi Kissen, Manoj Pahwa, etc – all of them are my favorites. I am still pinching myself hard – the feeling is surreal.”
Hriday V Shetty has helmed films such as Mitti, Godfather, Pyaar Mein Twist, Daag, and Plan. His current film Mussoriie Boys is being bankrolled by Producers JS Rawat & Tarun Rawat under their banner JSR Productions. “I immediately said yes to the project, after hearing the script. I will be essaying a unique character in the film that I have never got an opportunity to portray before. Enacting newer characters on screen is a dream come true for every actor and I feel I am blessed to get varied assignments from Laxmi to Mirzapur 2 to Chhatis Aur Maina, etc,” said an excited Amika Shail as she signed off for the moment.
Last year Amika Shail has partnered with South African brand Evolution Sports Nutrition also known as ESN as their brand ambassador in India. The brand is present in the country since 2009 and has the South African star cricketer Jonty Rhodes as its international face. It has supplements catering to the Health, Wellness, Lifestyle, and Sports markets.
On work front she will be seen in web film Intention. She was last seen in web series titled ‘Khunnas’ which premiered on the Indian OTT platform Ullu.
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domain: entertainment


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Veteran Jockey Gerry Olguin, who counts a Canadian classic among his 105 black-type stakes wins, earned the 2,000th victory of his career Jan. 15 at Golden Gate Fields.
Trainer Karl Broberg secured the 2,000th victory of his career when he sent out Mr. Graceful to a front-running score in the ninth race Nov. 26 at Delta Downs.
Trainer John Baird secured the 2,000th victory of his career Oct. 24 at Mountaineer Casino Racetrack and Resort when Monba Number Five posted a front-running win in the first race.
Classic-winning trainer Graham Motion picked up the 2,000th victory of his training career Tuesday, June 9 when Rachel Wall overwhelmed a short field to win the seventh race at Delaware Park.
Trainer Bret Calhoun won the 2,000th race of his career April 19 at Lone Star Park when Forty Winks won a claiming race under Clifton Berry.
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Cute little boy playing with colored water jets at the fountain in hot summer day, running to group of children
Little girl playing with colored water jets at fountain. Child touching flow with her hand, stands on a water jet.
Wet little girl running through the water jets at the fountain. Child having fun in hot summer day, playing with water.
Joyful little girl of two years old playing and refreshing with water jet of city fountain on hot summer day
Wet little girl standing playing with water, standing on fountain jet. Happy child having fun in hot summer day.
Brother and sister playing at the colored fountain together. Boy and girl touching water jet, having fun.
Wet little girl running through the water jets at the fountain and laughing. Child having fun in hot summer day.
Attractive little boy running trough fountain and touching water jets. Child having fun on hot summer day.
Slow motion shot of happy two year old baby girl enjoying hot summer day and playing with fountain water jet
Happy two year old baby girl having fun with fountain water jet on hot summer day
Children playing with water in park fountain. Hot summer. Happy children have fun playing in water fountains.
Little two year old girl playing in city fountain with bucket, stick and watering pot. Fun on hot summer day