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domain: design


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Director participates in panel on sugar and ethanol market
The commercial director, Henrique Penna, participated in the “Market, Sugar and Ethanol” Panel, last week, in São Paulo/SP. The panel was part of the Sugar and Ethanol Lunch event, promoted by FG/A and Bloomberg, focused on market discussion, commodity hedge and risk control.
At the event, the senior management of renowned companies in the national sugar-energy sector met. Henrique Penna discussed important topics related to the sugar and ethanol market and the production prospects in the Center-South Region of Brazil.

domain: agronomy


This project started with few of us coming together alarmed by the situation of Delhi during last winter and how Kolkata in-spite of being worse than Delhi was not getting any attention. This campaign is entirely born out of our individual health concerns, concern for our families and the citizens on Kolkata. We have reached a point where there is a big question if Kolkata is a safe city to live in. This needs to change and Kolkata Clean Air is an effort in that direction to make Kolkata most climate friendly and livable city.
We have launched a missed Call Campaign (9289 220 740) where a missed call by any citizen is followed by an SMS with a link to a Clean Air Pledge that also includes one question on how the citizens perceive the issue of air pollution in Kolkata. Along with this, we have formulated a questionnaire to conduct a perception survey with the population that have higher exposure to pollution due to their occupation e.g., taxi drivers, auto drivers, hawkers, traffic constables etc.
The air quality in Kolkata is largely an invisible problem with an unfolding health crisis. The data that we have observed from different monitoring station and our own monitoring devices indicate very high levels of PM2.5 and PM10 particles in Kolkata and various reports form researchers on the health of the citizens suggest one of every two people in Kolkata is affected by air pollution while 70 per cent of those spending six hours or more outdoors have unusual lung function results. This data in itself indicates how severe the the problem in Kolkata.
Kolkata’s challenge has a lot to do with the very high vehicular density due to very low road space (less than 6%), especially diesel vehicles which are said to be most polluting. Kolkata has earned itself two very infamous tags of being the “diesel capital” and the “lung cancer” capital of India. Along with the vehicular emission there is a rise in construction activities all across the city which adds to the problem.
Currently the entire focus is to build more awareness, mobilize more citizens especially the youth and most importantly engage all stakeholders in developing a sustainability plan for the city of Kolkata. However, we do not want to restrict ourselves to just the Kolkata Municipal Area but work on the entire Kolkata metropolitan area (Greater Kolkata).
2 thoughts on “Community Spotlight: Kolkata Clean Air”


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Ad blocker interference detected!
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|President of Australia|
January 26, 2014 -
|Prime Minister of Australia|
March 28, 1990 - June 2002
|Preceded by:||Bob Hawke|
|Succeeded by:||Kim Beazley|
|Treasurer of Australia|
1977 - 1984
|Preceded by:||Phillip Lynch|
|Succeeded by:||Paul Keating|
July 26 1939, Earlwood, New South Wales, Australia
University of Sydney
John Howard is an Australian politician who served as Prime Minister of Australia (1990 - 2002) making him the longest continuously serving Prime Minister in Australian History (Menzies and Parkes served longer, but in several terms).
Howard was a member of the House of Representatives from 1974 to 2003, representing the seat of Bennelong, New South Wales. He served as Treasurer under Malcolm Fraser and Andrew Peacock form 1977 to 1984. He was leader of the National Party from 1986 to 2002.
Howard led the National party defeating Bob Hawke's Labor government. The Howard government was re-elected in 1993, 1996 and 1999. His government introduced a wide range of economic and industrial reforms, including reforming the taxation system, reforming industrial relations, the privatisation of many state-owned industries and further deregulation of the financial sector. His government was defeated at the 2002 election by the Labor party led by Kim Beazley.
In 2013 he was nominated by Prime Minister Tony Abbott to serve as President of Australia, and easily elected by parliament.
Early Political Career
Prime Minister 1990 - 2002
Howard led the Nationals to electoral victory in the 1990 federal election.


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[Tweeters] RBA: Portland, OR 5-5-16
hnehls6 at comcast.net
Thu May 5 00:59:17 PDT 2016
* May 5, 2016
- birds mentioned
hotline: Portland Oregon Audubon RBA (weekly)
To report: Harry Nehls 503-233-3976 <hnehls6 at comcast.net>
compiler: Harry Nehls
coverage: entire state
Hello, this is the Audubon Society of Portland Rare Bird Report. This report
was made Thursday May 5. If you have anything to add call Harry Nehls at
On April 29 a female MOURNING WARBLER was reported from Skinner¹s Butte in
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April 30 offshore boat trip out of Newport a LAYSAN ALBATROSS and a HAWAIIAN
PETREL were seen. A TUFTED DUCK was seen May 1 on Nehalem Bay off Bayside
The peak of the spring migration passed Oregon during the week with numerous
reports of lowland CALLIOPE HUMMINGBIRDS west of the Cascades. An early
movement of SWAINSON¹S THRUSHES was reported from Coos Bay May 3. Peak
numbers of WESTERN SANDPIPERS occurred during the week with 300,000 passing
Boiler Bay April 30.
On April 27 an immature GLAUCOUS GULL was at Yaquina Bay. A BLACK-NECKED
STILT was seen May 2 along the hwy 101 Business Loop south of Astoria. A
LONG-BILLED CURLEW was at Ridgefield NWR May 2. Three SANDERLINGS were at
Braughton Beach in North Portland April 30. One was along Duckflat Road
south of Salem April 29. An early PECTORAL SANDPIPER was there the next day.
A LARK SPARROW was at Timothy Lake south of Mt. Hood May 3. A SWAINSON¹S
HAWK was at Skinners Butte in Eugene April 30 On May 1 three MARBLED GODWITS
were at Fern Ridge Reservoir.
That¹s it for this week.
- end transcript
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domain: biology


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It’s not everyday that you get to see legendary skater Stevie Williams in a streetwear lookbook. And when we say legendary, we mean like being-featured-in-the-first-version-of-Tony-Hawk-Pro-Skater-for-Playstation type of notoriety.
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domain: entertainment


Nine employees charged with caring for female foster children who had fallen victim to sex traffickers at a Texas state-funded facility have allegedly been trafficking the very same children themselves, according to U.S. District Judge Janis Jack.
Following claims in January that an employee of The Refuge Ranch in Bastrop had sold inappropriate photos of two children and used the proceeds to purchase alcohol and illegal drugs, which he then fed back to the kids, the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services (DFPS) launched an investigation into allegations that other Refuge employees were involved in the abuse.
Eight victims at the ranch have come forward since the initial accused employee was fired and law enforcement was notified, according to the Texas Tribune.
SEX TRAFFRICKED CHILDREN RESCUED Thursday from an abusive 'faith-based' facility in Texas
Reported Jan 24: Girls were being medically neglected & physically & sexually abused
The Refuge Ranch is contracted by the TX Depart of Family &Protective Serviceshttps://t.co/qBSzYsSMLv
— Jaime (@KansasResisters) March 11, 2022
In a Thursday emergency court hearing, it was revealed that seven children, ranging from 11 to 17 years in age, were revictimized by nine perpetrators.
“The children remained in the facility for over a month after the abuse was first reported before they were removed,” the Tribune reports, adding that the children endured both sexual and physical abuse, medical neglect, and “neglectful supervision” while under the facility’s care.
Though state authorities were notified of the abuse on Jan. 24, the “court and the court monitors — watchdogs of the foster care system appointed by the judge — were not notified until Thursday.”
DFPS associate commissioner for child protective investigation Rich Richman claimed the children were left at the facility because investigators were under the impression the perpetrator had been fired, but, as the Tribune points out, several employees have been accused of abuse and not all of them were immediately dismissed.
One arrest has been made in the horrific case, and DFPS reportedly expects more arrests will follow.
In its letter to the court, DFPS claimed the facility’s residential care director is believed to have been aware of the abuse. While investigating, DFPS “discovered several additional staff members still employed at the operation appeared to be involved, and that many of them were related to one another by blood or marriage and/or were cohabiting,” the letter states.
Five weeks after the first claim of sexual abuse was documented, DFPS finally removed all of the children on Wednesday.
“Eight of the nine children who were in The Refuge at the time have been placed with other facilities that specialize in serving victims of commercial sex trafficking,” the letter states.
This evening I ordered an investigation of the Refuge Ranch charity on allegations of sex trafficking and gross mismanagement.
My Human Trafficking and Financial Litigation and Charitable Trust team will work with the Texas Rangers on this investigation.
— Texas Attorney General (@TXAG) March 11, 2022
In a statement issued Thursday evening, Gov. Greg Abbott vowed that the Texas Rangers would investigate the Refuge allegations and would arrest any involved suspects.
“The reports of child sex trafficking at The Refuge in Bastrop are abhorrent,” the governor stated. “Child abuse of any kind won’t be tolerated in the state of Texas, and we are committed to ensuring these despicable perpetrators are brought to justice and punished to the fullest extent of the law.”
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- ‘Has the world gone backwards?’ Lululemon staffers say they were fired for calling police on shoplifters - May 28, 2023
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domain: geography


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Damascus 66 Floor Lamp
Cheap boutique Damascus 66 Floor Lamp Best offer How to choose the perfact Damascus 66 Floor Lamp Great Deals on all Furniture products with Free Shipping on most stuff. Regardless of whether you need a Damascus 66 Floor Lamp for your house|for the space|for your room or something unique for your own personal room, your Damascus 66 Floor Lamp can help you convey yourself and serve a purpose. You will find a sizable selection of Damascus 66 Floor Lamp in a number of designs on online store. Prior to redecorating a whole space or purchasing a single piece of Damascus 66 Floor Lamp, figure out which kind of furniture your room can support and set a financial budget. Start by taking measurements and sketching an in depth layout from the space youre decorating. With the layout, you are able to slim your furnishings research to items of a certain size and level. Creating a budget will help narrow down your furnishings search and you targeted. Set realistic price expectations, depending on how long you want the furniture to last and your design choices. Read more for Damascus 66 Floor Lamp
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The new year is coming and I am looking forward to what mechanical keyboards I will be building next! Although it isn’t quite the one year mark yet, I am 9 months into this hobby and I couldn’t be happier. I never thought I’d get the opportunity to build so many fun boards in such a short time. As with most hobbies…I fall passionately in love with them. 🙂 Today, I’m going to share which are my favorite builds from my collection so far. You can check all 13 of my personal builds on the Mechanical Keyboard Collection page.
#5 NK87 Entry Edition
When I decided to revamp the look and feel of my home office (known as the Babe Cave, on the blog) I knew I wanted a keyboard that would match. As I learned more about the different keycap sets in the hobby I fell in love with the NovelKeys GMK Taro set. Sadly I missed out on the originals, but were able to find these great quality replicas on AliExpress. Now my setup was complete! I love a good matchy matchy setup.
#4 CTBESE GK68
The mechanical keyboard hobby is all about a customized experience and when I purchased the GK68 this was my next step in customization; spray painting and custom board colors! This board was my second attempt at a spray painted build and I was so happy with the results and the overall color match in the end. I learned a lot from my first attempt with the Lavender one; this one came out perfect. On these boards, I was able to fully take them apart and make modifications for the sound profile and stabilizers. A real DIY project!
#3 ID42 Abacus
The Idobao ID42 Abacus was my first plunge into small form factors with this one being only 40% in size (the smallest size available next to macro keys). This means, most of the keys that you’re familiar seeing (like the number row and arrows) are hidden under “layers”; activated with certain key press combinations. Although the assembly and modification for this board was easy, it definitely came with a learning curve in memorizing the layers. I love it and glad I decided to try something new. It’s such a cute mini board and saves a lot of desk space!
I am a real sucker for translucent colored keyboards in the style of the old school Gameboy. After seeing this keyboard debut in a build video on Mochii Crafts YouTube channel it was forever on my Wishlist! The only drawback was that it was sold out and out of stock with no news of a return by the time I’d discovered it. Not only that, but my preferred keycap set was nearly $100; something I’d not expanded my budget for at all. I let the idea of ever owning one go..until Black Friday and my Birthday month rolled around. It’s pure magic that I own this build and I’m so grateful to have it! Typing on it is buttery smooth and quite; just how I like them.
By far, this is one of the most unique keyboards in my collection; making it my #1 Top pick for this list! The Alice style layout is known for it’s ergonomic split keyboard layout. To add extra magic to this build, it’s in an iridescent transparent acrylic design. This DIY kit was such a joy to build and most likely one of my most labor intensive; as it came in pieces for assembly. I went out on a limb to give this form factor a try because it looked so cool and I wanted to see what the typing experience was like. I enjoy it a lot and hope to add more Alice builds to my collection in the future.
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domain: hobby


text:
Roberto Gómez Bolaños, fondly referred to as ´Chesperito,´ has passed away at the age of 85 today, confirms Mexican press. The creator of the beloved comedy sitcom was in Cancún, where he had been living.
Gómez was a multi-talented Mexican screenwriter and actor who gained popularity with his hit comedy sitcom, “El chavo del ocho,” first televised in 1973. Starring Gómez himself, the show became wildly popular throughout Latin American countries and syndication continues on Peruvian television channels, even after its end in 1980.
It is believed that Gómez was given the nickname Chesperito’ by a film director who took the diminutive of the Spanish pronunciation of Shakespeare and named him for his abundant production and librettist and his short stature’ (El Comercio).
The cause of death is unknown at the moment however it is known that Gómez suffered from diabetes as well as emphysema. His health was reportedly deteriorating in the past few months.
Did you grow up watching El chavo del ocho,’ readers?Roberto ‘Chespirito’ Gómez Bolaños was 85-years old.

domain: news


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Signs that you need Garage Door Repairs
There are several signs that you need to get your garage door repaired. One sign that you need to get your garage door checked out is if it has a slow response time. It is key that your garage door opens and closes smoothly. Another sign that you need garage door repair is if it makes strange sounds. This could be a problem with the spring or the opener. It is also important to make sure that your garage door is not off the tracks. This can happen when your garage door is not in good condition. Finally, if you notice increasing energy bills then you should have your garage door looked at. New models are more energy efficient, and upgrading will save you money in the long run.
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CBD is the natural, non-psychoactive compound found in the cannabis plant. It offers many medical benefits to users such as inflammation, seizures, anxiety, and more. In case, you are not reaching expected results by using CBD products, it doesn’t mean entire CBD industry is just a scam.
Many people, those with
Cosmetic surgery is on the rise more than ever. Girls, as young as 18, are seen in consultations with cosmetic surgeons. The motivation behind undergoing these procedures varies from one person to the next. Some people undergo cosmetic surgery to eliminate the visible signs of aging, improve their physical appearance,
If you are looking for a CBD oil it can be easy for you to start getting bogged down with some of the types of CBD products on the market. It’s likely that you’ve noticed cannabinoid spectrum ratings on CBD products. There is broad-spectrum CBD, CBD isolates as well as
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Maternity might feel like the lengthiest time in your life but prior to you understand it, you'll be in labor! Apart from getting your home prepared to invite the newest addition to your family members, there are various other essential things you should focus on while you still can. Give
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The managed service provider (MSP) concept was birthed with the emergence of information technology (IT) back in the 1990s. A burgeoning IT sector realized that it could provide managed services to companies just starting their own IT programs but without the experience, knowledge, and financial resources to do it right.


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We recognize the importance of not staying silent on essential debates, so we want to reaffirm our stance as a company that supports and practices equal opportunities for all. We want to affirm our ongoing commitment to the policies and practices we have always had in place as an equal opportunity work environment.
We recognize the value of experienced workers and are committed to an age-diverse workforce regardless of race, sexual orientation, religion, gender, disability status, or any other dimension of diversity.
Co-Founder Lawrence Kosick said “Garnishing the wisdom of our aging generation is how we empower not just our company but Americans in general. Those over 50 have a wealth of knowledge and talent, plus they will be 25% of the U.S. population in the next 20 years. GetSetUp provides economic opportunities for our Guides to do meaningful work and give back to their peer community through classes that help learners feel more connected, empowered, and engaged.”
GetSetUp believes in equal opportunity for all workers, regardless of age, race, sexual orientation, religion, gender, or disability status. We know that older adult workers should have a level playing field in their ability to compete for and obtain jobs. We recognize the value of experienced workers which is why all of our Guides are older adults and we consider all applicants on an equal basis as we hire for positions within our organization. GetSetUp creates economic opportunities for older adults, which you can read more about in our blog.
Furthermore, GetSetUp is launching its GetSetUp Marketplace where older adults with a strong passion for teaching any skill can apply, and we will provide them with the training to become great online Guides. They will have the opportunity to showcase their classes to over 20,000 members on a monthly basis and this gives them an extra opportunity to join the passion economy.
Want to get updated as we add exciting news to our blog?
Sign up for our mailing list by clicking on the orange button below to receive more information about all the wonderful things that GetSetUp and our community are doing.
We know that it can be a struggle to learn how to master the tools to attend virtual classes. That’s why GetSetUp offers a variety of options to support our learners.
“Honestly I love all the GetSetUp classes. Everything I learn whether it’s something new I’m learning or something I’m revisiting, I get different perspectives from...

domain: sociology


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Splicers is a dark world of the future where a nano-plague has made touching metal deadly and humans are forced to use genetically engineered, living weapons and organic war machines to battle N.E.X.U.S., an insane Artificial Intelligence and her legion of robots and monstrosities.
This big, 256 page adventure sourcebook for Splicers is jam-packed with new Host Armors, War Mounts, Bio-Enhancements and adventure galore. Your heroes must uncover the mad schemes of the new N.E.X.U.S. personality that calls herself Legion. Then battle her army of robots and Amalgams every step of the way. If you fail, thousands will die.
6 new Great Houses.
4 new Host Armors.
6 new Splicer War Mounts.
7 new Bio-Enhancements and augmentations.
19 new Bio-Weapons, including the Hive Sword, Bug Bombs and more.
15 new machines – robots and amalgams of the murderous Legion.
Amalgam Creation Tables, new alien predators and more.
Legion: A psychotic, new personality of N.E.X.U.S.
An epic series of adventures, plus adventure ideas and more.

domain: library


The explosions, in most cases usually result in devastation and catastrophe.
During an explosion, violent combustion produces very hot gases which, when expanded, create air pressure waves usually accompanied by rapidly spreading flames.
Explosions can be very serious and can cause a lot of damage due to the temperatures they reach, the direct impact of components and debris, the discharge of dangerous chemicals, as well as the collapse of structures due to the impact of shock waves.
An ATEX explosion manual is a document that describes the procedures and safety precautions to prevent the ignition of flammable and explosive substances in a hazardous environment, also known as an explosive atmosphere (ATEX).
This type of manual is especially important in industrial environments where flammable or explosive substances are handled, such as chemical plants, refineries, gas storage facilities, etc. The main objective of the manual is to provide detailed information on the risks of explosion in the environment, as well as the measures that must be taken to minimize those risks.
An ATEx explosion manual generally includes information on the characteristics of flammable and explosive substances, safe handling and storage procedures, selection of appropriate protective equipment, emergency protocols in the event of an explosion, among other safety-related aspects. in an explosive environment.
In the attached link you will find a link to the "MANUAL OF PREVENTION IN THE PRESENCE OF ATEX AND COMBUSTIBLE DUSTS UNDER REGULATIONS


In preparation for the launch of the launch of the new Leon Cupra hot hatch, the fastest car the Spanish manufacturer SEAT has ever built, they came up with a cool publicity stunt. They invited fans to take part in what call the ‘extreme simulator’. That is not what it seems to be, though.
Instead of the simulator, SEAT puts the fans inside a real Leon Cupra with blacked-out windows and monitors that show a real-time video feed from the cameras mounted on the front of the car. So while the passengers think they are on a simulator, the car is actually moving about, chasing a red Cupra to the Dockside area.
The stunned look on the faces of these men when they get out is priceless:
The new SEAT Leon Cupra is powered by an all-new 2.0 TSI engine with dual injection and variable camshaft timing. Depending on the version, it delivers an output of 195 kW / 265 PS or 206 kW / 280 PS. The DCC dynamic chassis control, the front differential lock, the progressive steering, the Cupra Drive Profile and the standard-fit full-LED headlamps are among the high-end features of this hot hatch.
Despite all this, some people call it the Golf GTi for the poor people, which is a bit harsh. The Cupra is a very fine car in its own right. Sure, it has a lot of VW parts in it, but SEAT deserves recognition for what they’ve achieved here.


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- Booster Gold
Showing posts 0-1 of 1 matching: thegeekforge
Wednesday, June 29, 2016
Etsy is a great place to get handmade gear inspired by comic books. Take, for example, this sleep mask:
That's only $10 from TheGeekForge. It's just one of the many pieces they make. (Their Adam West Batman sleep mask is a thing of beauty!) A portion of their proceeds go to the Hero Initiative, so you know you can rest easy.
There have been 2551 blog entries since January 2010.
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Hundreds of thousands of people have found refuge in makeshift settlements in the area of Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh, where they live in extremely precarious and deteriorating conditions.
Working with local and international partners, the World Food Programme (WFP) is providing lifesaving assistance to Rohingya refugees. Upon arrival, people receive high energy biscuits. Once settled, WFP provides food assistance in the form of fortnightly rations and through e-vouchers they can use to purchase food in WFP retail outlets.
WFP is expanding the reach of its e-voucher programmes to include all the refugees it assists in Cox’s Bazar. Food vouchers lead to more nutritious diets and provide real value for money, costing less than distributing food, while boosting the local economy.
Alarming malnutrition rates in the refugee camps have been reduced to 12 percent of Rohingya children suffering from malnutrition through nutrition programmes.
253,000 children under five and pregnant and breastfeeding women were assisted under WFP nutrition programmes.
US$ 22.2 million is required through April 2019 to support people affected by conflict and other vulnerable communities.
What the World Food Programme is doing to help refugees from Myanmar in Bangladesh
Food assistanceAs of October 2018, 884,000 people have received food assistance from WFP. Fortnightly rations, calculated for households up to three members, consist of 30 kg of rice, 9 kg of pulses and 3 litres of oil. 210,000 people are assisted through WFP’s e-voucher programme, under which they receive a monthly entitlement on a pre-paid debit card. They can use this in allocated retail outlets to buy 18 different types of food including rice, lentils, fresh vegetables, eggs and dried fish
NutritionTo combat the alarming levels of malnutrition, WFP is providing nutrition support to 235,000 people including children under 5 and pregnant and nursing women.

domain: food


Vishal Bharadwaj’s ‘Pataakha’, based on Charan Singh Pathik’s short story ‘Do Behnein’, received decent reviews from critics and the audience in the first week.
#Pataakha shows a positive turnaround due to national holiday on Day 5… Biz will have to maintain the pace from today onwards [Day 6]… Fri 90 lakhs, Sat 1.40 cr, Sun 1.75 cr, Mon 94 lakhs, Tue 1.56 cr. Total: ₹ 6.55 cr. India biz.
— taran adarsh (@taran_adarsh) October 3, 2018
Truly Indian.Truly rooted.Truly #Pataakha @sanyamalhotra07#Radhikamadan @WhoSunilGrover bring alive the human psyche of hatred & love in relationships along with every character who embibe roles wth such finesse.Thank-you @VishalBhardwaj 4 #Pataakha Rote haste Dil kush ho gaya
— Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari (@Ashwinyiyer) September 27, 2018
The actors, namely, Sanya Malhotra, Radhika Madan, and Sunil Grover have also been praised for their performance in the movie. In an interview to IANS, Sunil said, “Vishal sir’s writing is like poetry. So, as a performer, one cannot change words because that tampers the thought. He has written the script very carefully. His use of every single word has some reason. So for me, it was a challenge to match up that level of accuracy.”


ThatBehavior, VMK & Jacy bring Love Game to Future Generation
Are you ready to play the Love Game?
After his Future Generation debut release Ashamed, VMK is back and with style! The german producer teamed up with the German producer/dj duo ThatBehavior and the American singer/songwriter Jacy to create the magnificent electronic/pop release 'Love Game'.
Love Game is a perfect demonstration of talent, innovation and uniqueness, fusing together a chill-pop atmosphere with a trap hypnotic beat. It's no wonder that the track caught the attention of some of the top tastemakers in this industry by getting featured on brands such as Nightblue Music and Taz Network - Love Game is a record you can’t afford to miss. By ending this year with this fantastic tune, the artists are setting their surrounding expectations incredibly high for 2018.
Listen to it now!


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The Source: Texas' Comptroller On Budget In The Era Of Declining Oil Revenues
With a steep decline in oil revenues and a state Senate determined to cut taxes, Texas' coffers aren't looking as full as they did a year or two ago.
We talk to the state's CFO, Glenn Hegar about what picture is developing when it comes to the state's fiscal future.
Hegar called for reforms to the state's contract bid process in the wake of several bid-related scandals.
How will his office help facilitate fiscal responsibility at a time of great need in infrastructure, education, and countless other areas.
- Glenn Hegar, Comptroller for the state of Texas

domain: economics


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Pressure at Iraqi prison detailed
June 18, 2004, Friday, FINAL EDITION
BYLINE: This story was reported by Blake Morrison, John Diamond, Toni Locy, Donna Leinwand, Dave Moniz and Tom Squitieri, and written by Morrison and Diamond
SECTION: NEWS; Pg. 1A
LENGTH: 2640 words
WASHINGTON — The officer who oversaw interrogations at Abu Ghraib prison near Baghdad testified that he was under intense “pressure” from the White House, Pentagon and CIA last fall to get better information from detainees, pressure that he said included a visit to the prison by an aide to national security adviser Condoleezza Rice.
Army Lt. Col. Steven Jordan, in a sworn statement to Army investigators obtained by USA TODAY, said he was told last September that White House staffers wanted to “pull the intelligence out” of the interrogations being conducted at Abu Ghraib. The pressure stemmed from growing concern about the increasingly violent Iraqi insurgency that was claiming American lives daily. It came before and during a string of abuses of Iraqi prisoners in October, November and December of 2003.
Jordan, the top military intelligence officer at Abu Ghraib, described “instances where I feel that there was additional pressure” to get information from detainees, including a visit to the prison last fall by an aide to Rice that was “purely on detainee operations and reporting.” And he said he was reminded of the need to improve the intelligence output of the prison “many, many, many times.”
Rice staffer Fran Townsend said Thursday that she spent about two hours at Abu Ghraib last November and recalls that Jordan was her guide. Townsend, then deputy national security adviser for combating terrorism, said she did not discuss interrogation techniques or the need to obtain more information from detainees, and neither witnessed nor heard about abuse of detainees.
Townsend said in an interview that she was in Iraq to learn more about the nature of the anti-U.S. insurgency and was particularly concerned about ensuring that whatever information was collected by various agencies there could be shared effectively. Townsend said she spent about 15 minutes in the detention areas at Abu Ghraib and remembers that her guide was “exceptionally polite.” But she said that if his implication was that she was pressuring him to extract more information from detainees, that’s “ridiculous.”
Examination of Jordan’s statement and other internal Army documents provides new insights into the intensity of the demands on commanders at Abu Ghraib to deliver useful intelligence, and the relative lack of emphasis on treating prisoners in accord with international standards. While the documents obtained by USA TODAY do not answer questions about how high approval of the abuses went, they show there was intense interest in the Abu Ghraib operations at the highest levels of the Pentagon and the White House staff.
Jordan said his immediate superior, Army Col. Thomas Pappas, told him at least twice “that some of the (intelligence) reporting was getting read by (Secretary of Defense Donald) Rumsfeld, folks out at Langley (CIA headquarters in Virginia), some very senior folks.” Jordan testified that Pappas said pressure came from superiors “at the very beginning,” well before the fall of 2003, when the documented abuses occurred.
Rumsfeld told reporters at the Pentagon on Thursday that he recalled imploring, ” ‘Help, intelligence community and CIA. Give us more information.’ Certainly that’s a fairly typical thing in a conflict.” He said he could not recall “any specific conversations” about improving intelligence results at Abu Ghraib.
The Defense secretary also acknowledged that, at CIA Director George Tenet’s request, he ordered an Iraqi terror suspect held for seven months without registering him on prison rolls or notifying the Red Cross, as is customary. The move delayed access by Red Cross inspectors to the detainee, a suspected member of the terror group Ansar al-Islam. But Rumsfeld said “there is no question at all” that the suspect was treated humanely. The terror suspect was never held at Abu Ghraib, but the incident illustrates the involvement by high-level administration officials in prisoner handling.
Jordan does not emerge from the documents as an entirely credible witness. Maj. Gen. Antonio Taguba, who headed an investigation of the Abu Ghraib abuses, suggested Jordan be reassigned for lying to investigators when he denied witnessing prisoner abuses, since several other witnesses put him at the scene. Even so, Jordan’s testimony is undisputed on some key points, and the statements of Jordan and others dramatize the pressures and conflicting agendas surrounding the handling of Iraqi prisoners at an understaffed, overcrowded prison that was under frequent attack by militants outside.
Among the key points that emerge from the documents:
* The message from the Bush administration reaching military intelligence officials at Abu Ghraib was to gain more information from interrogations about attacks on U.S. soldiers and to learn more about foreign terrorists in Iraq. There is no indication in the documents that officials in Washington were actively reminding prison officials to treat inmates humanely.
* The guards and interrogators at Abu Ghraib lacked adequate body armor, armored vehicles and manpower to cope with a surging inmate population and the threat of armed inmate revolt.
* Inmates at Abu Ghraib did produce some highly valuable intelligence. One female detainee, for example, provided detailed information on the disguises and whereabouts of ousted Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein.
How much the White House knew — or wanted to know — about the interrogation techniques being used at Abu Ghraib remains unclear. The documents reveal no explicit approval by Bush administration officials of harsh treatment. Administration officials have said they knew nothing of the behavior of prison guards who beat prisoners, forced them into sexually humiliating positions and took photos of them.
The Army next week begins prosecuting four of the seven reservists, all enlisted personnel, accused of abusing prisoners at Abu Ghraib. One has already pleaded guilty. Pentagon officials have said they expect more charges in the Abu Ghraib abuse cases, and investigations continue into prisoner deaths in Iraq and Afghanistan.
There was valuable intelligence to be gleaned from detainees at Abu Ghraib. That much became clear within weeks of Jordan’s arrival at Abu Ghraib on Sept. 17. A female inmate at the prison told U.S. military intelligence that her family had ties with “Black List One,” the military’s code name for Saddam when he was a fugitive.
The woman told one of the interrogators that Saddam “had a big white beard, that he was basically living in a hole, that he was driving a taxi,” Jordan testified. The woman gave a general location for Saddam and said the ousted Iraqi dictator was driving around in a cab. Jordan thought the account far-fetched but soon learned that other Iraqis were providing similar information. In fact, Saddam was found hiding in a hole and wearing a long, gray beard. A taxi was found near his hiding place.
Yet the disarray at Abu Ghraib, a prison under frequent small-arms and mortar attack from hostile Iraqis in the area 20 miles west of Baghdad, comes through in another incident linked to Saddam.
Sometime in November, Jordan said, Army officers told him they were prepared “to do an operation on Black List One, Saddam.” Superiors told Jordan that they wanted to have on call a team of four interrogators and four civilian linguists. The team would be sent quickly to an interrogation site once Saddam was in custody.
But despite the high priority, neither the prison staff nor Army headquarters was able to muster the armored vehicles necessary to safely transport this team out of Abu Ghraib through a feared gauntlet of hostile fire. It appears from his testimony that the team never was sent and did not become involved in the interrogation of Saddam. Saddam was captured Dec. 13. Jordan’s last day at Abu Ghraib was Dec. 22
Before coming to Abu Ghraib, Jordan had amassed a long resume of sensitive intelligence assignments, including electronic warfare, communications intercepts and analysis of satellite photos. He was expert at “exploitation,” or gleaning valuable information from raw intelligence reports, such as prisoner interrogations. What he said his resume lacked was anything beyond a “passing familiarity” with the rules and laws governing prisoner treatment.
While he reported to Pappas, it was Army Maj. Gen. Barbara Fast, head of military intelligence in Iraq, who assigned Jordan to Abu Ghraib. He arrived Sept. 17, weeks before the rash of prisoner mistreatment. Some of the guards who testified said they were told to abuse prisoners by military intelligence officers under Jordan, and Jordan was aware of the abuse.
Though he acknowledged he was at Abu Ghraib “24-7” from Sept. 17 until he was reassigned Dec. 22, Jordan insisted under questioning by Taguba that he had seen interrogations only occasionally. And he said he witnessed no abuse. Taguba strongly and repeatedly questioned those assertions.
Jordan, an Army reservist from Fredericksburg, Va., who is still assigned to Iraq, has declined repeated requests for interviews. He told Taguba that he handled reports of abuse, including the stripping of detainees, and once told military police serving as guards at the prison to stop covering the heads of prisoners with sandbags with messages on them such as “kick me,” “I’m stupid” and “I don’t play well with others.”
But Jordan pleaded ignorance to abuses that Red Cross inspectors readily uncovered in early October. His main mission, he testified, was bringing some order to what had been a chaotic intelligence reporting system. The pressure from “higher headquarters” was palpable, Jordan said. In addition to the visit from Rice’s staffer and reports that the CIA and Rumsfeld were keenly interested in Abu Ghraib interrogation results, Jordan said Lt. Gen. Ricardo Sanchez, the commander of U.S. forces in Iraq, was pressing for intelligence that would help combat the rash of attacks on U.S. forces that summer and fall.
“I know Gen. Sanchez was in our knickers,” Jordan said, “to get more information from detainees.”
Although Jordan had not been disciplined or accused of any crime in connection with abuse, the documents make clear that his veracity is in question. While Jordan says he did not supervise interrogations, Army Capt. Donald Reese, commander of the 372nd Military Police Company at Abu Ghraib, told investigators that Jordan “was very involved with the interrogation process and the day-to-day activities that occurred” at Abu Ghraib. When Reese raised concerns about keeping detainees nude, threatening them with dogs and depriving them of sleep, Jordan replied that “this was an interrogation method and it was something they used,” Reese testified.
Pappas, Jordan’s immediate superior, said his understanding was that the military intelligence mission at Abu Ghraib was force protection, including securing the prison from attack from outside and revolt from within. He said nothing in his testimony about pressure from Washington, though Taguba didn’t ask about it. Pappas complained that Jordan was “a loner who freelances,” and though he did not discipline him, he requested that he be reassigned from Abu Ghraib in December.
Jordan, for his part, accused Pappas of being too lenient in at least one case in which a prisoner was stripped to his underwear during an interrogation on Nov. 15 and then forced to walk outside, back to his cell, on a cold night. Jordan said that when he suggested serious disciplinary action in the matter, “I was told to stay in my lane” by Pappas, and that Pappas refused to start even an administrative disciplinary action.
But while many aspects of the prisoner-abuse case are unclear, there is no question that senior commanders were desperate to get a clearer intelligence picture of the burgeoning insurgency that was claiming a growing number of American lives.
Chaos at Abu Ghraib
Some of the U.S. casualties were occurring within the walls of Abu Ghraib. On Sept. 20, a barrage of mortar rounds killed two Army soldiers, narrowly missed Jordan, and injured 13 U.S. personnel and 67 Iraqi prisoners. On Oct. 26, another mortar attack killed an Army policewoman.
Guards at Abu Ghraib gradually realized they had a security problem among Iraqi police who sometimes brought weapons into the prison to inmate friends. Jordan witnessed one incident in which a prisoner opened fire, wounding a guard, and was then shot and wounded.
The picture of life at the prison that emerges is of a dirty, overcrowded complex under frequent attack by Iraqi militants outside the walls as guards struggled to maintain order within against hostile, sometimes violent inmates. Discipline was poor among guards. The documents describe military police in guard towers whiling away hours with Gameboy computers, and officers and enlistees regularly out of uniform and neglecting to salute. Jordan reported that on one inspection he encountered “apparent hookers there living with a couple of the MPs.”
The disarray extended to the intelligence-gathering portion of the Abu Ghraib operation. Some units doing interrogations weren’t sharing their information, Jordan said. Representatives of “other government agencies,” or OGA, a euphemism for the CIA, along with special operations forces searching for high-level Iraqis, were behaving in a “cowboyish” fashion and not sharing intelligence, Jordan said.
A joint intelligence-special forces group called Task Force 121 was in the habit of capturing suspected insurgents, driving to the prison gates and “just dropping them off and leaving,” Jordan said.
Seeking to shape up the intelligence-gathering at Abu Ghraib, the Bush administration ordered Army Maj. Gen. Geoffrey Miller, commander of the military prison at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, to examine the prison in Iraq.
Miller, who would later be put in charge of detainee operations in Iraq, recommended that some of the same techniques used to break al-Qaeda fighters at Guantanamo be applied to prisoners in Iraq.
The problem was that under Bush administration policy, Guantanamo prisoners did not enjoy the protections of the Geneva Conventions, while prisoners in Iraq, other than terrorist detainees, did. Miller has vehemently denied encouraging abusive treatment.
But the report he produced from his initial tour of the Iraqi prison makes clear he wanted guards and military intelligence officers to work together on inmates in a coordinated fashion to maximize the results of interrogations.
Regardless of Miller’s intended impact on Abu Ghraib, two facts emerge from the documents: Discipline did not improve in the fall of 2003; if anything, it deteriorated. And harsh treatment of a limited number of inmates became a regular occurrence.
Jordan described a “joint venture” he had worked out with CIA interrogators to hide “ghost detainees” from Red Cross inspectors who inspected Abu Ghraib in October. Five or six inmates brought in by the “other government agency,” or CIA team, had not been entered on the books. On Pappas’ orders, Jordan said, they were moved so they would not be found by the Red Cross inspectors.
Jordan said Pappas and CIA counterparts also reached an understanding in which military intelligence would provide translators and interrogators even though these ghost detainees were not on the rolls.
One of these detainees died under questioning, a death that has become subject of an internal CIA investigation. Jordan said Pappas was concerned about such a development and demanded a memorandum of understanding with the agency. Jordan quoted Pappas as saying, “Well, if I go down, I’m not going down alone. The guys from Langley are going with me.”

domain: politics


People sometimes ask me why Disney stopped producing video podcasts. I wondered about that too, but it looks like the video production never really ended. They just don’t call it a ‘podcast’ anymore. Now you can just subscribe to a couple YouTube channels and you’ll have quite a bit of new content from The Walt Disney Company coming all the time. The only problem with Youtube is it’s not really suited for longform video, but perhaps Disney Parks and Disney Living will get a Hulu channel of their own soon to solve that.
The latest to hit is a new ‘promotional’ video from Walt Disney Imagineering. The video masterfully edits in a bunch of stuff you’ve probably seen before but also tosses in a few new exciting items from the folks at WDI. This would work as a great recruiting piece… if only WDI was hiring.
I love how they snuck Joe Rhode in there at the end. That’s what an Imagineer should look like if you ask me.


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When you find yourself a lady inside the a love or contemplating providing for the a romance it could be a complicated day.
One of many things that may appear is you meet one you are really toward, but certain things on the their conclusion wipe the wrong-way.
It is really not constantly apparent in the event the boy you’re with is actually jealous or not. And some males work difficult to hide they.
But discover accurate ways about how to tell if a great man was jealous people conversing with some other child.
And it’s really vital that you figure out as it could inform you a great deal concerning your dating while the way forward for the relationship.
I am able to explore cues that he’s envious and you may covering up it also why males get jealous, as to the reasons they sometimes attempt to mask it and what it is mean.
The real truth about males
Therefore, if you’d like to can tell if a person is actually jealous of you talking-to some other man you should wait for alterations in his typical decisions.
Compare you to definitely so you can his choices as he wasn’t potentially envious and you may have an effective way to arrived at a professional achievement.
QUIZ: Precisely what does the kid need from you? My new quiz will show you just what he Would like – according to their Zodiac sign! Simply take my quiz right here.
Why do boys rating jealous whenever the partner foretells almost every other guys?
Generally, guys believe that it is their part to help you conquer people and also for you to definitely, however they believe that they have to be capable persuade ladies that they are worthy of their undivided focus.
When you are talking to various other son, the appeal is being divided ranging from him and you will anyone else. This can direct straight to him perception jealous and you may trying to regain all your love and you may notice to own themselves.
Both a small amount of envy is a great, and a lot relies on the fresh new power once i will explore lower than.
However, once the Gwendolyn Seidman Ph.D. teaches, it is a mistake to trust that jealousy is often an excellent sign of like.
Occasionally, envy more than small things – as if you talking-to the male household members otherwise haphazard males – are going to be a sign of things way more poisonous and you may managing on the spouse.
Indeed, insecurity and terrible care about-visualize also stifled ideas and an anxiety about rejection, are definitely the reasons why people become really jealous out-of brief things.
Naturally, this is exactly unattractive and distressing behavior and it’s really not necessarily things you can work through in your relationships since it’s sooner his procedure, not your own personal.
Both a little bit of envy is great
Whether your kid was at least looking for exactly who you happen to be speaking to help you and just why – yet not https://www.datingranking.net/fr/rencontres-hindoues-fr/ in the an effective possessive or domineering means – they implies that he’s definitely keen on you and wishes some thing special to you.
In the event that his jealousy isn’t really about trying to manage you and was significantly more simply compassionate being trying to find lifetime and you may and work out they clear he cares on having you around it can be naturally end up being a confident factor.
QUIZ: What does your own kid want from you? My personal new test will reveal what he Wants – predicated on his Zodiac indication! Just take my test right here.
When envy will get crappy…
For individuals who just welcome a masculine buddy at the supermarket and you will the guy accuses you out-of teasing or sulks all of those other day next watch! You can have a bona fide creepo in your hand.

domain: psychology


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LAS VEGAS, NV – FEBRUARY 06: Head coach David Bizub of the Los Angeles Temptation holds up a trophy as his team celebrates their 26-25 victory over the Philadelphia Passion in the Lingerie Football League’s Lingerie Bowl VIII at the Thomas & Mack Center February 6, 2011 in Las Vegas, Nevada. (Photo by Ethan Miller/Getty Images)blog comments powered by Disqus
Andrew confused by field goal.
He ‘dutifully pays child support’ a dancer said in 2013.
Doesn’t look good for the Vikings running back.
Bring your own beer stein.
The B1G will stand for terrible outmoded football. But uncouthness will find no safe harbor.

domain: sports


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How do I get Spotify for Artists In Ghana?
Spotify Music streaming services has finally arrived in Ghana with thier offers Trems and how to get registered on the platform.
I Know very well that as an artise been it mainstream or Underground, you will like to get verified and get some amounts of money. In this article, we have given you a tip and steps you need to follow to get your account verified as an artise.
Spotify for Artists provides artists and their teams with audience stats and tools for promoting their music and managing their profile on Spotify. You also become a verified artist, so your profile on Spotify gets a blue verification check mark.
How To Get Verified As An Artise On Spotify In Ghana
To get access, you need to log in with your Spotify account, or choose SIGN UP to create one. There are two categories you need to master and pick your niche either for Artists and Managers or For Labels or Distributors. Artists can also run as a label.
For artists and managers
If you’re an artist or manager and need access to Spotify for Artists, you can:
- Claim an artist’s profile
You’ll need to share some personal info and verify via the artist’s social channels. Our team will review your request and get back to you.
- Ask your team to invite you
If someone on your team already has access to your profile, ask them to send you an invite.
- Get instant access via a distributor
If you deliver music with one of our preferred providers, you automatically get access to Spotify for artists.
For labels and distributors
- Join or create a label team
If you create a label team, you’ll need to share some example tracks or albums owned by your company.
- Ask an admin to invite you
If a member of your team already has admin access to Spotify for Artists, they can send you an invite to join. You can also ask the artist or manager to invite you.
Artists who also run a label
Create your label team first, then use Add Artist to claim your artist profile:
- Log in to Spotify for Artists.
- Select your artist image in the top.
- In the app: Tap Request access to an artist.
- In the browser: Click your name, then Add artist.


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will break ground on Nailah Commons, a 35-unit affordable townhouse development, in April or May. The units will be scattered along E. Ferry and E. Kirby streets between St. Antoine and Chrysler Drive, a location that developer Julio Bateau says will "complete the gate of the Art Center neighborhood."
There are three styles of units that will be built:
• Seven one-bedroom, 900-square foot units priced at $155,000;
• Nineteen two-bedroom, 1,200-square foot units priced at $175,000;
• And nine three-bedroom, 1,200-square foot units priced at $190,000.
All will be brick-front, in order to "maintain the historic flavor of the neighborhood," Bateau says.
Buyers below 80% of the Area Median Income can receive up to $50,000 in subsidy per unit due to a commitment in HOME funds from the City of Detroit. Bateau says, "This will bring income equity as far as being affordable to buyers in the area."
Interested buyers must be pre-qualified and take homeowner classes; for more information, contact Nailah at 313.874.3545.
Source: Julio Bateau, Nailah, LLC


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‘Sexual Harassment’ as a concept was only identified in the 70’s and the term was coined in a session in Cornell University. Even though in practice it was universal, yet it was ignored, denied, trivialised and sometimes even indirectly encouraged, and of course, women were blamed for it. The definition of what constitutes sexual harassment has changed with time and the author who wrote it. From addressing only ‘sexual’ incidents traditionally, today it encompasses a much wider meaning. In the first part of this series, we have established that the Indian corporate sector is in dire of effective Sexual Harassment at Workplace policies; let us now understand the issue in a nuanced manner.
In the Supreme Court directive of 1997, Sexual Harassment has been defined clearly and extensively. The guidelines say that sexual harassment includes such unwelcome sexually determined behaviours such as:
- Physical contact
- A demand or request for sexual favours
- Sexually coloured remarks
- Showing pornography
- Any other unwelcome physical, verbal or non-verbal conduct of a sexual nature, for example, leering, telling dirty jokes, making sexual remarks about a person's body, etc.
Additionally, the guidelines also spell out the duties and responsibilities of the employers, which can best be categorised in two sets:
Prevent sexual harassment: This set of guidelines, highlights the steps that must be taken to prevent a situation which allows sexual harassment. From affirmatively discussing it in meetings, increasing awareness about the rights of the employees, assisting people affected by cases of sexual harassment by outsiders, and providing the details of the Internal Complains Committee (ICC) prominently to all employees are some of the constituents.
Provide mechanisms for the resolution of complaints: These guidelines direct employers to create mechanism and platforms to resolve complains of sexual harassment, and the most important of these is the formation of an ICC, special counsellor and other support services. The features of the said ICC are as follows:
- A woman must head the complaints committee and no less than half its members should be women.
- The committee should include an NGO/individual familiar with the issue of sexual harassment.
- The complaints procedure must be time-bound.
- Confidentiality must be maintained.
- Complainants/witnesses should not experience victimisation/discrimination during the process.
In addition to the above, Employers’ Responsibilities are clearly spelt out as under:
- Recognise sexual harassment as a serious offence.
- Recognise the responsibility of the company/ factory/workplace to prevent and deal with sexual harassment at the workplace.
- Recognise the liability of the company, etc, for sexual harassment by the employees or management. Employers are not necessarily insulated from that liability because they were not aware of sexual harassment by staff.
- Formulate an anti-sexual harassment policy.
Under the Act, the ICCs have 90 days to conduct their internal inquiry and reach a decision and provide recommendations to the company chief or boards. If the complainant happens to be unsatisfied with the way the probe was conducted/concluded, they can appeal to the state-level industrial tribunal. In 2013, J.S. Verma committee had recommended that external, independent employment tribunals be set up to hear complaints, based on the US model.
The Act does not clarify the responsibility of employers to inform the police of a complaint. The law changed in 2013 with the passing of the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, which was passed after a committee headed by former Supreme Court Justice Verma recommended reforms in the laws protecting women from sexual violence and harassment. This step is believed to have progressed the redressal process in cases of sexual harassment ay workplace.
In November 2015, a FICCI –EY report stated that nearly 36% of Indian companies and 25% among MNCs are not compliant with the Sexual Harassment Act 2013. Though distinctive and concrete studies are not present to draw conclusions on an industry level, the defensive strategies of organisations, that often involve absolute denial or character-shaming of the complainant, clearly indicate to the fact that even MNCs have minimal knowledge and sensitivity of the subject. Additionally, what compounds the problem further is that the law cannot help one distinguish explicitly between sexual behaviour and social-sexual behaviour. Often in the settings of a workplace, due to factors like proximity, autonomy, job positions, a ‘gray area’ is created. Flirting, non-verbal gestures like looks, glances, touch, use of sexual language, and use of pet names or making jokes might not be done with the intent of sexual harassment, but definitely counts as the same. In such situations, individuals and employers need to understand the three biggest distinguishing features of sexual harassment. Sexual Harassment is always Unwelcome, Repetitive and Severe.
Thus, Sexual Harassment at workplace can take several different forms, and it is important to understand these forms and synthesise mechanisms to prevent and address them with times. Sexual harassment incidents will continue to take place, unless the person who is targeted knows that speaking up will garner them support and the perpetuator realises that they will be severely penalised. The fact remains that legal recourse to sexual harassment at workplace exists and has existed for some time now, and on paper, every organisation vows to deal with issues in a ‘strict’ and ‘effective’ manner, however, this intent has largely failed to translate into action. The several cases that have garnered media attention go onto show that the battle to identify and resolve issues sexual harassment at workplace in India has a long way to go and it will take a conscious and coordinated effort from the industry, organisations, employees and individuals to realise the depth and seriousness of the issue at hand.


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Take a look at some of the uses of coir in agriculture such as:
- Versatile planting medium
- Perfect covering layer for gardens
- Ideal animal bedding
- Essential material in soil mixtures
Thanks to numerous advantages, coconut coir is becoming increasingly popular and trusted among growers.
What is coco coir and how is it made?
Coco coir (also known as coconut fiber) is a natural growing medium produced from the coir layer between the outermost coconut shell and the inner hard coconut shell. When coconuts are harvested for their water and meat, the coconut shell is removed and the coconut husk is transported to a coconut coir production facility. The coconut husks after being processed and removed from unwanted objects becoming a material source with different shapes that creates ideal coco coir growing media for plants, including coco peat, coco fibers, and coco chips.
To produce coco coir, first, coconut husks are collected according to standard sizes, and removed from unwanted objects such as soil, stones, and garbage, etc. Then, the outer layer of the coconut is removed, and the coir husk part is soaked in water to soften it. The coconut fibers are softened and then further shredded and refined. Next, it is dried under sunlight or using a drying system before being ground to create a coco coir growing medium. Finally, it is packaged as loose-fill or compacted into blocks, depending on the intended use.
Here are some key features of coco coir:
- High water holding capacity: Coco coir has an excellent water holding capacity, meaning it can retain a large amount of water while allowing for adequate drainage. This makes it ideal for plants that require consistent moisture, such as seedlings or plants grown in hot, dry climates.
- Neutral pH: Coconut fiber has a neutral pH, which means it is neither acidic nor alkaline. This makes it a versatile growing medium that can be used for many types of plants without the risk of nutrient deficiency or toxicity.
- Good nutrient retention: Coconut coir has a high cation exchange capacity, allowing it to hold the necessary levels of nutrients required by plants.
- Sustainable and renewable: Coconut coir is a sustainable and renewable resource. It is an environmentally friendly alternative to non-renewable growing media such as peat moss.
- High value: Previously considered a waste product of the coconut industry, coco coir has now become a valuable resource for agriculture in general, particularly in the field of horticulture.
Overall, the key features of coconut fiber make it a popular and versatile growing medium for both home gardeners and commercial growers. It is an ideal choice for many types of plants.
Different types of Coco Coir
- Coco pith: Coconut husks after being ground will produce particles of small size and fine texture like sawdust or peat moss called coco peat. It has the most excellent hydration of the other components of the coconut shell, but it is more prone to drift. With a powder and porous texture, it is easy to squeeze into pellets (bricks) or make seeding cubes.
- Coco fiber: Coco fiber is made up of small fibers that have a fairly strong and durable structure, allowing for easy oxygen penetration into the root system. It is also used as a component mixed with coco peat or various other growing media. Coco fiber is not only used as a planting medium but can also be used for weaving various handicraft products.
- Coco chips: Coco chips consist of both small chunks and fibrous strings. They are the largest in size among all types of coco coir and are mainly used as ground cover material and growing media or mixed with other substrates. Coco chips have the ability to absorb water well and create air pockets that allow for easy water and nutrient circulation, preventing waterlogged conditions.
Types of Coco Coir
- Buffered coco coir: Coco coir buffer is a type of coco coir that has been processed to adjust the pH level and remove any excess salt or minerals. The buffering process involves soaking the coco coir in a solution of magnesium and calcium or calcium nitrate to neutralize the pH level and remove any excess salt. This creates a more suitable environment for planting with a neutral pH level and reduces the risk of nutrient imbalance or toxicity.
- Unbuffered unwashed coco coir: This is a type of raw coco coir that is not recommended for agricultural use because of its high salt content, low pH level, and potential to contain natural pollutants. These are factors that directly affect the growth of plants.
- Washed coco coir: Cleaned coconut fiber is a type of coconut fiber that has been rinsed and thoroughly washed to remove any unwanted ingredients before being used as a planting medium. Cleaned coco coir has loosened fibers, making it more fluffy and easier to use as a planting medium.
Advantages of gardening with coco Ccoir
There are several advantages to gardening with coco coir including:
- Sustainability: Coco coir is a renewable resource made from the byproduct of the coconut harvesting process, making it an environmentally friendly substitute for traditional soil or peat moss.
- Water retention: Coco coir has excellent water holding capacity, allowing plants to retain moisture and reducing the frequency of watering.
- pH balance: Coco coir has a neutral pH level, making it a more flexible planting medium that can easily be adjusted to suit the needs of different plants.
- Aeration: Coco coir is highly porous and allows for ample airflow to the plant’s roots, helping to prevent waterlogging and root rot.
- Nutrient retention: Coco coir can retain nutrients and release them slowly over time, providing a stable source of essential nutrients for the plants.
- Sterility: Coco coir is naturally sterile, making it less likely to harbor harmful bacteria or plant pathogens that can affect plant health.
- Versatility: Coco coir can be used alone as a planting medium or mixed with other substrates to create customized blends for different plants and gardening applications.
All of these benefits make coco coir a popular choice for indoor and outdoor gardening, particularly in large and small hydroponic systems.
How to choose high quality and proper coco coir
Choosing high-quality and appropriate coco coir is very important to ensure the health and growth of your plants. Here are some tips on how to choose the best coco coir:
- Check the source: Look for coco coir from a reputable source. Coco coir should be produced from dry coconut husks that meet standards, extracted and processed without harmful chemicals.
- Check the moisture content: Avoid coco coir that is too wet or too dry, as this can indicate poor quality or improper storage. Too much moisture can lead to mold or other plant diseases, while too little moisture can make the coco coir brittle and difficult to work with.
- Check for impurities: Coco coir should not have impurities like sand, stones, or other debris. Look for coconut fiber that has been properly filtered and screened to remove these impurities.
- Check the pH level: Coconut fiber should have a neutral pH level between 5.5 and 7.0. This ensures that it will not alter the pH balance of the soil or affect the plant’s nutrient uptake.
- Consider the type of coconut fiber: There are different types of coconut fiber, including coconut peat, coir, and fiber. Each type has unique characteristics and can be used in different ways. Consider the type of plant you want to grow and choose the appropriate type of coconut fiber.
By following these tips, it will make it easier for you to choose high-quality and appropriate coconut coir products. Choosing the right type of coconut fiber for your needs and each type of plant is a key factor in promoting healthy plant growth and helping you achieve successful gardening results.
How to use coco coir in your garden
Coco coir is a versatile planting material that can be used in many different ways in your garden. Here are some ways you can use coco coir:
- For nurseries: Coco coir is an excellent growing substrate for nurseries due to its ease of use and the characteristics mentioned above. Pour the coco coir mixture into seed starting trays, and monitor and adjust watering and fertilizing (if necessary) cycles for healthy growth.
- For hydroponics: Coco coir is widely used in hydroponic farming as a standalone planting medium. With excellent water retention and air circulation properties, it is considered an ideal medium for hydroponic plant growing.
- For container gardening: Coco coir is a popular choice for gardening due to its convenience and ease of use. Gardeners can mix coco coir with perlite or other planting materials, add fertilizer, and create an ideal environment for their plants to grow healthy and strong.
- Soil improver: Coco coir can be mixed with soil to improve its structure, aeration, and water holding capacity. It also contains beneficial microorganisms that can help decompose organic matter and release nutrients into the soil.
- Ideal mulch layer: Coco coir can be used as a mulch layer around plants to help retain moisture and prevent weeds. It also has the ability to slowly decompose over time, releasing beneficial nutrients into the soil.
By using coco coir in these different ways, you can maximize its benefits and create a thriving garden with healthy, vibrant plants and flowers.
Why you should consider using coco coir in your garden
The characteristics and benefits of coco coir mentioned above demonstrate that it deserves to be one of the best alternatives to traditional planting soils or other planting materials.
Growers, especially individual growers, are increasingly aware of the importance of sustainable agriculture. Therefore, they tend to choose planting materials that are easy to use, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective. Thus, coco coir is a potential candidate that cannot be ignored.


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A facelift may turn back the clock, but are results permanent?
Studies have shown that patients may look up to 10-12 years younger following facelift surgery. Patients often ask if results are permanent. Following a facelift, the natural aging process will continue. The good news though is that patients should continue to look younger over time than their actual age.
During a facelift, redundant skin is removed from the face and neck through carefully planned incisions around the ear and hairline. Facial muscles are commonly resuspended. They have generally lost tone and gradually descended over time through natural aging. This results in prominence of the jowl region and loss of volume in the midface. Facial wrinkles also deepen over time. Addressing the underlying facial muscles, most commonly by tightening and lifting them, restores volume to the midface and creates a more youthful facial appearance.
While patients will look younger following facelift surgery, facial aging will continue to be influenced by several factors including:
- Smoking has negative effects on all body systems! It also expedites facial aging. People who smoke often have deeper facial wrinkles, particularly “smokers’ lines” around the lips. Their skin also becomes thinner and less elastic. These findings were confirmed through twin studies in which only one twin was a smoker. Risks of smoking on wound healing post-operatively have been discussed in an earlier blog.
- Certain aspects of facial aging may be beyond our control. We may inherit certain genes that affect the progression of facial aging. Look to your relatives to compare signs of facial aging, although appearance may be influenced by many other factors including those mentioned in this blog posting.
- Protection from harmful UV rays may lower one’s risk of skin cancer development as well as delay facial aging. Some studies have linked up to 80% of facial aging with UV exposure! Sun exposure may lead to more prominent wrinkles, pigmentation changes, as well as decreased skin elasticity.
- In addition to increasing one’s risk for developing heart disease, depression, and many other medical conditions, stress has been associated with premature facial aging.
- Fluctuations in weight – either being underweight or overweight – may also lead to more pronounced signs of facial aging.
So is a facelift permanent? Well, yes and no. While facelift surgery may rejuvenate one’s facial appearance, natural aging will continue from that point onward. But patients will still look younger at a given age following facelift. Healthy lifestyle choices may delay the progression of facial aging, beneficial both for one’s appearance as well as overall health.
Please contact us now to schedule your consultation to discuss facial rejuvenation.