|Resource Extraction Monitoring
Investigating law enforcement in the field to spark governance reform
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Strengthening forest law enforcement and governance through independent monitoring
Illegal logging is usually defined as logging in violation of national
laws. Although it has mainly been associated with environmental concerns
in the past, the large sums of money involved and significant State revenue
losses are now widely known and acknowledged as serious problems.
1. By conducting field investigations, often in collaboration with forest authorities and/or civil society, to collect reliable data on logging illegalities and governance strengths and weaknesses
2. Establish a platform allowing the government, donors, and civil society to review field investigation results and identify specific actions to take
By engaging the government in the process of reform using credible field
data, a transparent and productive relationship between actors is established
paving the way for real reform. For more information on REM’s approach
to independent monitoring click
Engaging national civil society in IM-FLEG
To address these and other unknowns, REM is working with Forests Monitor in the Republic of Congo to implement the first-ever programme that aims to establish national civil society as a leader in IM-FLEG. This programme has two main phases:
1. Phase 1 (2007-2009): developing technical capacity via a civil society shadow team training program; developing institutional capacity by creating a new NGO composed of shadow team members that specialises in IM-FLEG
2. Phase 2 (2009 – 2011): transition period where the IM NGO gradually takes on a leading role in more IM-FLEG activities, including full implementation of investigatory field missions and working with senior authorities and international donors to establish a plan of action to improve governance
For more details, please see Projects.
A note on IM-FLEG & FLEGT
IM-FLEG should not be confused with FLEGT (T is for a trade) which is an initiative launched in 2003 by the European Union that aims to employ market incentives to combat illegal logging. It is based on a legality licensing system – only legally sourced timber and timber products will be allowed to enter the EU market as stipulated in the Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA) between the EU and the timber producing country.
IM-FLEG will help ensure that government commitments made through VPAs translate into real action in the detection and suppression of illegal logging, recovery of taxes and effective sanction of companies or individuals breaching national legislation. IM-FLEG can provide FLEGT auditors with accurate field data to cross check claims by government and private sector sources. An IM-FLEG online database, currently being developed by REM will allow auditors and other stakeholders to easily compile and analyse field investigation data. The Republic of Congo, where REM has been implementing an IM-FLEG project since 2007, recently signed a VPA with the EU in May 2009. We are currently developing an extension to the IM-FLEG project that will be the first example of how IM-FLEG can contribute to FLEGT. Our current IM-FLEG project already verifies 28 out of the 67 FLEGT legality indicators and aims to expand to an additional 23 in the next phase.
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When I’m walking around New York (and am not in a rush), one of my favorite things to do is to look up. There are building details – even little houses on top of buildings – that I often miss when I’m running around. It’s also easy to forget to look up in your own house. But it’s a lot of design square footage just waiting for a little creativity. So I pulled some ideas for making over the ceiling. What is your favorite? The black ceiling is calling my name. –Amy
Image above: Butterfly ceiling installation in fashion designer Jenni Kayne’s home. What a great idea for a DIY. Roger Davies for Architectural Digest
Image above: This decorative ceiling medallion is a stencil available from etsy
See all the ceiling ideas after the jump!
Image above: A nail head ceiling created using a cardboard template, nail head strips and a lot of patience. See the full how-to
Image above: A simple way to bring some drama into a room. Paint the ceiling black and add an over-sized medallion. See what the room looked like before.
Image above: Try a strip that runs from the wall to ceiling. See what this room looked like before.
Image above: A simple graphic pattern adds decorative detail to a hallway ceiling. See the before!
Image above: To make a huge impact in their plain Jane living room, this homeowner added huge wood beams. To get a sense of the transformation, check out the before.
Image above: Paint is not the only solution for a ceiling. Try decoupage. See the full how-to.
Image above: Stripes on a nursery ceiling. See what this room looked like before!

domain: artistic


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Jul 19, 2014, 3:02 PM EDT
Rangers outfielder Alex Rios was forced to exit today’s game against the Blue Jays in the first inning after he sprained his right ankle on a swing.
This sounds like a typical injury for the snake-bitten Rangers this season, but it appears that they dodged a bullet for once. The team announced that X-rays came back negative and he’s considered day-to-day.
Rios, 33, is batting .302/.330/.435 with four home runs, 42 RBI and 16 stolen bases over 96 games this season. He’s a potential trade candidate this month.
- The Marlins are going to change everything except their biggest problem this offseason 43
- Drooling over Miguel Sano’s incredible numbers through 50 career games 33
- Matt Williams puts up another strong performance in his quest to get himself fired 103
- Settling the Scores: Tuesday’s results 81
- Yankees reveal Mark Teixeira’s shin injury is “more than we thought” 16
- There’s a chicken pox outbreak in the Royals’ clubhouse and multiple players are infected 28
- Shoeless Joe Jackson is not being reinstated 67
- And That Happened: Monday’s scores and highlights 66
- Sarah Palin sticks up for Curt Schilling, tells ESPN to “stick to sports” (266)
- Matt Williams puts up another strong performance in his quest to get himself fired (104)
- Why Mike Mussina keeps getting hosed in the Hall of Fame voting (89)
- And That Happened: Thursday’s scores and highlights (87)
- Settling the Scores: Tuesday’s results (81)

domain: sports


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PUBLICITY AND SPONSORS
Image: Mary Quarmby
The arts have been a lifeline for many during this last year of uncertainty, and so we extend our thanks and gratitude to our sponsors and advertisers whose financial support is essential to the trail.
We are also eternally grateful to our exhibitors for their hard work, dedication and talent in making this event happen.
And the biggest thank you goes to everyone who visits a venue, leaves a nice comment on social media or buys from independent artists and craftspeople. Every little bit counts a great deal towards supporting your local artistic community.
Press, Publicity and Awards
Wiltshire Life Feature 2021
Throughout the pandemic, many Wiltshire people found creativity helped with feelings of isolation and anxiety. Rachael Holtom of the Peacock Committee talked to some artists participating in 2021's Peacock Arts Trail to discover how art helps, their wellness and that of other people.
West Wilts Magazine Feature 2021
We were thrilled to be nominated for a 2020 Wiltshire Life Award in the "The Arts, Culture & Music Award for Groups" category. Although we didn't win, it was a great recognition of the hard work and talent of our exhibitors.
For press enquiries, please get in touch via our contact form.


How to Choose Fasteners when installing E-track Nov 26, 2012 · We’ve posted a how to install e-track video, but how do you know which fasteners to choose for attaching e-track? There are three common types of fastening systems for e track: Through-bolting. Uses a nut and bolt system and creates the best hold. This is typically used in the floor, where a nut, bolt and washer on the underside will not be ...
Horizontal E Track | etrailer.com 2' E-track with horizontal slots is perfect for installation in truck or trailer beds or on enclosed trailer walls. Multiple slots for securing E-track straps and tie-down anchors. Bolt-on installation (hardware not included). 6,000 lbs Max load. 5/5 (17)How to Install E-Track - US Cargo Control Sep 25, 2012 · How to Install E-Track Once you’ve decided on vertical or horizontal e-track , and a galvanized or painted finish , it’s time to choose fasteners to attach to the track. Choose fasteners based on the surface to which you are mounting.
Horizontal vs Vertical E Track - YouTube In this video, Charlie explains the differences between horizontal and vertical E-track and how to decide which type is best for your application. Video Duration: 2 minViews: 75.6KAuthor: US Cargo ControlPlastic End Cap w/ Install Holes for Horizontal E-Track Plastic End Caps for horizontal e-track allow you to cap off the unfinished end of the e-track rail. The result is not only a clean, finished look but the end cap also eliminates the sharp edge of the unfinished end of the rail. It features two holes for easy installation with existing e-track. For use with horizontal E-Track only.We carry a large selection of E-Track Accessories as well as a ... 4.2/5 (6)Price: $3.495 ft. Horizontal E-Track - Harbor Freight Tools This horizontal E-Track is an easy way of creating heavy duty tie down points in your trailer to help secure loads. The easy-to-install, heavy duty steel track securely holds equipment of any size or shape up to 4500 lbs. The track can be welded or mounted to any flat surface making it perfect for truck beds, box-mounted sliders, trailers or vans.
E Track | E Track Rails | E Track for Trailers E Track Rails can be mounted along the floors or the walls of semi-trailers, moving vans, or pickup truck trailers just to name a few of the many different uses for E Track. E Track Rails are available in both Horizontal E Track that is ran Horizontally or Vertically by using Vertical E Track to secure cargo from many different securement angles.
etrailer | Erickson Horizontal E-Track Review - YouTube Dec 11, 2018 · Click for more info and reviews of this Erickson E Track: https://www.etrailer.com/E-Track/Erickson/E19135.html Check out some similar E Track options: https... Video Duration: 14 minViews: 9.1KAuthor: etrailer.comE-Track From 2 to 10 Feet Long; Horizontal and Vertical E-track is also great for creating a tie-down system for ATV, UTV, and motorcycles. Choose between sizes of 2, 4, 5, or 10 feet. Vertical and horizontal track available as well as galvanized, powder coat gray, and powder coat black finishes. Track Width. Track measures 5 inches wide
Amazon.com: e track rails E-Track Tie-Down KIT! 8 Powder-Coated 5' Horizontal E Track Rails, 8 End Caps, 8 Rope Tie-Offs, 8 O Rings | Trailer Accessories, Cargo Securement 4.6 out of 5 stars 66 $179.99 $ 179 . 99


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In March 2017, the EPA tossed 40 GPS-tracked plastic bottles into harbours, rivers (including the Cooks River) and lakes across NSW to demonstrate how litter travels once it reaches our waterways.
Bottles released in Cooks River went up and down the river with the tides. Some travelled as far as Canterbury, while others got stuck in mangroves. One bottle made its way into Botany Bay before heading towards Georges River in the south.
Click to read more launch locations and results on the EPA website.

domain: geography


This Chromatic Accordion t-shirt has a wonderful bright rainbow in the middle instead of the bellows.
It's a wonderful t-shirt that's sure to bring a ray of sunshine and a smile to anyone who sees you wearing it.
- 100% cotton heavyweight t-shirt
- Seamless twin needle collar
- Taped neck and shoulders
- Twin needle stitching on sleeves and hem
- Tubular body
- Weight: White 175 gsm, Cols 185 gsm


The School District of Philadelphia plans to re-open another 22 schools serving young children on April 5.
Children in pre-K through second grade will be welcomed back to classrooms for two days a week, joining students at 133 other schools that have reopened since the beginning of March.
Right now, in-person learning is only available to district students whose families chose hybrid in a survey conducted last fall. But the district is giving families another chance to opt in through Tuesday. Those children would also return to school buildings starting April 5.
By that date, every district school serving children in pre-K through second grade will be open, with the exception of Gilbert Spruance Elementary School in Northeast Philadelphia.
The teachers union has “requested an additional day or two to complete its readiness review” of that school, according to a district release.
The Philadelphia Federation of Teachers will now begin reviewing school buildings that serve older children for safety, according to the district.
So far officials have announced no plans for bringing older kids back to classrooms this year.
- Add B. Anderson School
- William C. Bryant School
- Laura H. Carnell School
- Watson Comly School
- Lewis Elkin School
- Fox Chase School
- John Hancock Demonstration School – Main Campus
- Henry C. Lea School
- Mastery Charter School at Cleveland (pre-K)
- Mastery Charter School at Wister (pre-K)
- Austin Meehan School
- Thomas Mifflin School
- Andrew J. Morrison School
- Thomas G. Morton School
- Samuel Powel School
- Prince Hall School
- James Rhoads School
- George W. Sharswood School
- Allen M. Stearne School
- Bayard Taylor School
- Laura W. Waring School
- Martha Washington School
Get more Pennsylvania stories that matter


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It was last week when I heard on the news yet another controversy that surrounds the beverage industry. Then yesterday I painstakingly read a newspaper article that affected one of the two biggest soda company and I don’t have to mention it since that is very obvious at the same time to avoid issues in my side as well. Anyhow, the article was titled “Fake sweetener is safe, insists (name of the beverage company)” but many experts including a prominent nutritionist cannot agree whether the artificial sweetener is safe for use over the long period.
Aspartame is the chemical, artificial sweetener that is the one on the hot seat this time. And in fairness to the beverage companies, “the safety of aspartame was believe to be supported by more than 200 studies” that was approved in the 80’s by US FDA as a sweetening agent and flavor enhancer in foods in accordance with good manufacturing practice. Yet many still believe that Aspartame may be safe to use in foods but its long term effect in our health is still not known. And one nutritionist emphasize that “those who consumed artificial sweeteners can actually end up craving more calories.”
On the other hand, according to US consumer group that aspartame “should not be in the food supply” as it causes cancer in lab animals. But then we cannot blame the beverage companies from trying to sell their sugary products and that the decision to add them on the table is the consumer’s choice. And ask yourself too whether artificial sweetener is safe to use because I believe that consuming anything with high sugar will cause and lead to obesity, diabetes, heart disease and many health related problems. I wonder if those who work in the beverage companies, including their families are consuming these high sugary products. And if that’s the case then they will be one of the growing statistics of the obesity epidemic.
Image from www.wnho.net

domain: news


Symptoms of Gear Selector Issues in Mercedes
Every kind of car will have its quirks and shortcomings. Unfortunately for Mercedes, issues with the gear selector is a commonly-reported problem.
When owning a Mercedes, you expect high-performance from the engine, safety from the frame, and excitement from its technology when behind the wheel. However, when there is a gear selector issue, all of that can be compromised. Driving goes from a pleasure to a chore and the safety of your vehicle is reduced. This can be incredibly frustrating, but having it professionally repaired can get you back to enjoying the drive and keeping you safe while on the road.
The gear selector in your Mercedes is not a simple mechanism. It relies on several moving parts in your car. The complexity to a gear selector issue requires that it is inspected and repaired by a trusted professional. Upon noticing any signs of a gear selector issue, it is important that you take your Mercedes into the shop at your earliest convenience.
Diagnosing Gear Selector Issues in Your Mercedes
Being able to diagnose this kind of issue can help the repair process run smoothly and help you understand your Mercedes needs. However, before you can properly diagnose an issue with the gear selector, it is important to understand how it was designed to work.
The gear selector works hand in hand with the transmission and different parts within the transmission, such as the gears, cables, and linkages. All of this is helped along by the hydraulic transmission fluid, which ensures the gears are shifting appropriately and smoothly.
The symptoms of a gear selector issue include the following:
- Rough gear shifting: If you notice that it is more difficult to switch between gears than the smooth transition you expect, it is likely an issue with the gear selector.
- Trouble shifting into drive or reverse: If your Mercedes does not immediately recognize that you have shifted from drive to reverse, or it is having trouble shifting, you should take your Mercedes into the shop for a gear selector issue.
- Odd noises when shifting: When shifting, you may notice a grinding or clicking noise if there is an issue with your gear selector. These noises are not something that should be ignored. Bring your Mercedes in quickly for inspection and diagnosis.
Because a gear selector issue can compromise the safety and performance in your Mercedes, it is crucial that you take your car into the shop at your earliest convenience.
Prevent a Gear Selector Issue from Recurring
The best way to prevent issues in your Mercedes is to keep it healthy. By keeping up with regular maintenance appointments you can keep your Mercedes in top condition. Going to regular appointments can also help you catch problems early before they cause additional damage that require expensive repairs. Because the gear selector is related to so many other moving parts within your car, regular maintenance and tuneups can extend its longevity.
Where You can go to get Your Mercedes Repaired and/or Serviced
Your Mercedes is likely a source of enjoyment and a necessary tool in your day-to-day life. Because your Mercedes is a pleasure to own and drive, it is important that you trust the professionals performing repairs on your particular model.
Complete Automotive Systems specializes in servicing Mercedes models. Our expert team has ongoing training to constantly keep up with the intricate technology of your Mercedes and its components and systems.
We also want to keep your repair experience stress free and smooth. Complete Automotive Systems offers customer reviews so you can come to us confidently. We also have a blog to familiarize you with our services and shop.
Complete Automotive Systems is located in Los Angeles, California, and we are dedicated to satisfying customers in the surrounding areas including Beverly Hills, Culver City, Brentwood, and Santa Monica, California.
If you have any questions or concerns about your Mercedes repair or the type of work we offer, do not hesitate to call or read a few of the blog posts. We look forward to working with you in the future to become your trusted Mercedes repair and maintenance shop. Let us prove ourselves to you by showing you our quality service and honest customer care.


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With an avalanche of superheroes conquering the big screen nowadays, an original story is about to stand out.
Edgar Wright said he knew “Baby Driver” was a gamble when In The Know met the writer and director of the upcoming movie—lead stars Ansel Elgort and Lily James included—in Malaysia.
He risked it all the same since he had been laying out his “masterpiece” for over a decade.
“I started thinking about this concept when I was 21 because I love music,” he said, a topic he’d get back to later on in the interview.
The British director is known for his movies “Shaun of The Dead,” “Hot Fuzz,” and initially “Ant-Man,” until he reportedly dropped out from the project to pursue his quest to make original stories for cinema.
Edgar admits he felt anxious to go neck and neck with big budget summer flicks in Hollywood, but was relieved with early positive feedback from movie critics and the box office outcome of Baby Driver during its earlier release in the US.
“I was nervous. Who wouldn’t be, but here it is now doing well. This just shows that the audience is finally craving original stories,” he enthused.
Baby Driver is a one of a kind movie, which comes across as an action flick-slash-pseudo-musical. Bad ass young crime driver Baby (Ansel) is suffering from tinnitus, and drowns the ringing in his ears with cool music, executing his killer road moves amid a collection of motion picture soundtracks.
Besides Ansel and Lily, the impressive cast includes Kevin Spacey, Jamie Foxx and John Hamm.
With a song list comprised of The Champs’ “Tequila,” James Brown’s “I Got The Feelin’” and “Easy” by The Commodores, among others, the story successfully cruises across generations, getting everyone in the groove.
Ansel’s rendition of Easy in fact went viral online. During our moment with him, he told In The Know that what he loved about his role was how he bridged the gap to this millennial generation despite the soundtrack.
“It’s fresh, it’s new and it is theirs! A lot of films being made are remakes. I feel like this is a film that was made before I was born so hopefully they remake Baby Driver!”
Lily, who plays Ansel’s love interest, feels that Baby Driver could set the trend for original millennial films.“I hope we keep on making and trailblazing that way.”
Being young in Hollywood, Ansel who is now 23, also talked about the evolution of actors today amid social media.
While shooting, he would go on Instagram Live and post what he ate for lunch, or chat more than his eight million followers.
“It’s different nowadays because we can now connect without all the formalities. They easily know and get what I’m working on.”
Indeed, almost gone are the days when young celebrities would shy away from their supporters.
“I don’t even want to call them my fans or my followers. They’re like friends. I just want them to know that I’m a regular guy and this is my job.”
Baby Driver opens in the Philippines on August 2.
GUESS WHO? It’s common knowledge in showbiz that a good attitude contributes to career longevity. Sadly, this lady host did not get the memo.
Recently, she asked for a feature she did to be used on the show she belongs to. She expected it to air but due to time constraints, her feature was canned and bumped off.
Even while she knows full well this can happen, she stormed over to her producer and scolded the creative for everyone to hear. Cursing, she didn’t care who heard, even her colleagues, and left poor producer embarrassed.
Until next week, ta-ta!


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16 comments on original post
I'm trying to photograph my projects better. This is the only crochet pattern I have made more than once. My 14 year old boy stole the first attempt and wears it like a hipster kerchief. This one is mine. I ran out of the green and finished with the same yarn in a different color.
Add a comment...


On Dec 6, 2005, at 8:26 AM, Benji York wrote:
Tarek Ziadé wrote:
Before starting it up, I was thinking that it would be nice if the
Z3 community would be using the same toolkit, and maybe, even
it into Z3 itself.
I think that instead of settling one a single toolkit we should
come up with some simple ideas for offering up server-side
components for the client to use. That way we can easier to use
(almost) any client-side toolkit with Zope 3.
If this sounds like a good Idea, I would like to start a Z3
this topic, and contribute on its integration in Z3.
I'm very interested in coming up with a one or more relatively
simple server-side proposals to make Ajax stuff easier, but I think
immature to settle on one client-side implementation. Therefore we
should concentrate on doing things that help most or all of the JS
toolkits be more usable with Z3.
Agree 100% with Benji.
I have two basic bits on the server side that I want to see--and that
I want to see usable by widget code, portlet code, etc.
- I want a standard server side traversal story to address nested
page components, so that, for instance, client-side code for a widget
in a portlet can have a reliable way of addressing itself on the server.
- I want this approach to be part of--or at least not get in the way
of--a standard pattern for persisting the state of nested page
I have old proposals for this, and some revisions of them on the
basis of conversations with Jim, Fred, Stephan, and Benji. I'll try
to get some bandwidth to update the proposals at least. I really
wanted to have time to test how the proposal would work within the
new widget implementation I have, but I have other priorities on my
FWIW, as far as Ajax libraries, ZC has chosen mochikit so far. It
has a lot going for it.
Zope3-dev mailing list


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WHEN it comes to civic duty, few Americans can compete with Elsie Eiler. In Monowi, in northern Nebraska, she is the mayor, town clerk, town treasurer, town secretary, tavern keeper and chief librarian. When you are the sole resident of America’s smallest incorporated township — everybody else has either died or moved on — the competition for jobs is scarce.The Corriere della Sera reports that the Leaning Tower of Pisa has returned to the 'tilt' of 200 years ago thanks to corrective measures.
Mrs Eiler, 71, whose husband died in 2001, halving Monowi’s population, runs the one business left in town, a low-slung roadside tavern. Last year she opened what has become the greatest source of pride for the town board — Mrs Eiler, that is — a tiny library, which was the dying wish of her husband, who was a farmer and an avid collector of books.
At its peak, in the 1930s, Monowi was a thriving town of 150. The local railroad, which ran from Norfolk, Nebraska, to Winner, South Dakota, brought farmers and their families. But mechanisation put small farmers out of business, the railway closed in 1971 and the town began to die. Three years ago the last resident apart from the Eilers, an elderly widow, moved away to live with her son.
Now Mrs Eiler is alone, dutifully carrying out administrative chores of Kafkaesque absurdity. She grants her own liquor licence and collects taxes from herself. Every year she must produce a municipal road plan to receive Monowi’s share of state transport funds and a budget to finance the town’s street lights — all four of them.
Lauren at the Cnytr 'blog commemorated Blessed Fra Angelico yesterday. One of my favourite places in Rome is the church of S.Maria sopra Minerva where Beato Angelico is buried. Occasionally one will find that little children have left their drawings near his tomb.
Finally, Enbrethiliel has a nice post on some very POD saints' names.


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Bovey empire goes up for sale
The ruins of a buy-to-let empire once owned by collapsed bank HBOS, and celebrity investor Grant Bovey and his TV presenter wife Anthea Turner, pictured, have been put on the block for £135million.
Bovey and HBOS built up a near 700-strong portfolio of homes through joint venture Veritas Investments prior to the global economic crisis that saw property prices plummet in 2008.
Lloyds Banking Group - which owns Veritas after buying HBOS in 2008 --has appointed property advisers at Knight Frank to sell the portfolio of 694 homes.
Richer days: Bovey is selling his property portfolio of 694 homes
A spokesman for Knight Frank said the homes are being offered to selected investors from a 'very short' list, but added that discussions were in the early stages.
In a separate sale, administrators of one of Bovey's other failed companies, Imagine Prestige, are looking to sell Cheyne Apartments, a block of upmarket flats near the Thames in Chelsea, for around £35million.
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domain: finance


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A new Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs, Mirlan Kanimetov, was introduced to the staff of the ministry today.
He was appointed instead of Daniyar Abdykarov. Earlier it was reported that the Deputy Interior Minister Daniyar Abdykarov left for Turkey. The message about this appeared on social networks. Users suggested that the General «Abdykarov felt his forthcoming dismissal,» and considered his speedy departure as an escape.
According to the internal instructions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, he had no right to travel abroad without a permission of the authorities. The Ministry of Internal Affairs previously commented to 24.kg news agency on the absence of the deputy minister. Officially, he was on vacation.
«Officially, Daniyar Abdykarov is on vacation. It is his right. There was information that he left for Turkey. Going abroad, he had to write a report and notify the management of the department. However, he did not submit a report and did not receive consent. An official investigation was launched on the fact,» the ministry noted.
Daniyar Abdykarov was in charge of personnel issues.
Mirlan Kanimetov was the head of the Main Directorate for Organized Crime Control.


The point of the turbo is to add pressurized air to the engine. If it isn't connected to the intake manifold, then it isn't really doing anything. Your piping should go turbo intake->turbo->intercooler->engine manifold. Look at how it works on any of the stock cars. Also, you seem to have 4 exhaust headers on a V6.


New research shows spiky reptiles’ mouths cannot lick up water so they shovel damp sand on to their backs and suck moisture through their skin
Thorny devil lizards shovel damp sand on to their backs and suck the moisture using their skin, new research has found.
The spiky reptiles live in the arid deserts and sandy plains of central and western Australia, where they feed almost exclusively on ants. Their mouths have evolved to be specific to that purpose, to the point where they are unable to simply lick water from puddles or drops of condensation.
The lizards instead take in water by using their skin like a straw. Special structures allow it to collect water through its capillary channels in between the scales, and transport it – sometimes uphill – to the lizard’s mouth.
The mechanism works to acquire water through all possible sources in their desert habitat, such as by standing in puddles, dew, condensation and the occasional rain.
But the new research has suggested that thorny devils’ regular water intake comes from digging themselves into damp sand. The study was published on Thursday in the Journal of Experimental Biology.
Philip Withers, a professor of zoology at the University of Western Australia who co-wrote the study, said simply standing on moist sand did not allow the lizards to drink.
“They seem to shovel it on top of their back, which gives them gravity to help the water into their skin,” he said.
This seemed to be their most likely water source on a regular basis, along with rain.”
Withers clarified that the water had to be transported by their capillary channels – like “really, really small” aqueducts – to their mouth.
“Because they live in deserts, they have to have skin that’s really resistant to water loss – they can’t absorb water through their skin as well.
“The water gets sucked through the capillary channels that cover their entire body, it gets all the way up to the edge of their mouth, and they actually drink it …
“It’s like a sponge … When they close their jaws, it squeezes the water out.”
The thorny devils’ “skin blotting” technique was an evolutionary response to the demands of their habitat, Withers said. Horned lizards in the US had independently evolved similar characteristics.
Thorny devils had developed the sharp spines that coated their bodies to deter predators, allowing them to focus on eating ants.
“They’re so specialised for eating ants that they have teeny-tiny tongues and mouths,” he said. “They probably can’t drink water even if they tried.”
The lizards are widespread in hot and dry regions of Australia, although difficult to spot because of their excellent camouflage. “You can almost stand on top of one and not see it.”
The “weird, jerky motion” with which they walked was thought to mimic grass tussocks in the wind: “They look like a little wind-up toy.”
Withers said he had carried out most of the field work done on the species in the past 20 years, mostly because there were lots of them in his study area: “They’re so interesting; they’re really cool little animals.”
But they had not been studied at close quarters because of difficulties in keeping them in captivity.
“They’re hard to study in a laboratory because you’ve got to feed them tiny little ants, and lots of them,” he said.


- Project plans
- Project activities
- Legislation and standards
- Industry context
Last edited 20 Jan 2021
Draft housing strategy for London 2017
As part of his Homes for Londoners team, the deal makers will be able to use City Hall’s statutory powers, including Compulsory Purchase Orders, to secure land to unlock affordable housing opportunities.
- Beginning construction work on 90,000 new affordable homes by 2021.
- Ensuring a better deal for private renters and increasing tenancy security.
- Supporting new housing providers, including community builders.
- Helping to tackle homelessness.
- Devolving new funding powers and greater resources to City Hall to assemble land.
- Changing the Mayoral Community Infrastructure Levy to allow SME builders to pay less up front.
- Improving the skills, capacity and building methods of the industry.
“From £250 million to kick-start my plans to secure more land for new and affordable homes, to a new model and fairer deal for millions of private renters, I want to help all Londoners facing the housing crisis.
"I will use my powers and resources to their fullest extent, but the government needs to play its part too by giving London the powers and resources we need to see an even greater step change in the number of homes being built. This launch marks the start of a three-month consultation – I want as many Londoners as possible to let me know their views on how we can improve housing in London.”
The launch marks the start of a three-month consultation.
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Toyota and Nissan say they will continue to build cars in the UK despite Prime Minister Theresa May’s plan to leave the European Union’s single market, which could make exporting from British factories less lucrative.
May’s Brexit plan, outlined last week will not derail Nissan’s commitment to build new versions of its Qashqai and X-Trail SUVs at its factory in Sunderland, England, so said, Carlos Ghosn, the automakers chief executive.
Toyota plans to keep its car- and engine-building plants in the UK and may take steps to increase their competitiveness if leaving the European Union raises costs, Chairman Takeshi Uchiyamada said.
“We can survive this,” Uchiyamada said in an interview with Bloomberg Television at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. “In every country in the world, we don’t intend to close or move factories when things like this happen and it will be the same in the UK.”
Toyota and Nissan, along with Japanese rival Honda, have led a revival in UK car manufacturing, relying on EU membership to export cars to other countries in the bloc without tariffs.
The Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders lobby group has warned quitting the single market abruptly and reverting to tariffs under World Trade Organization rules threatens the industry’s viability.
Until recently, May’s Brexit plans were shrouded in uncertainty, with auto executives and other business leaders hoping she’d opt for a softer version of Brexit in which the UK maintained membership in the single market and the European customs union, which eases cross-border movement of parts and materials for manufacturers.
In October, Nissan secured unspecified assurances from May’s government and said it would make new investment at the Sunderland factory, the biggest auto plant in the UK. From now on, Nissan will assess the plant’s overall competitiveness, rather than focus on tariffs or other individual issues, Ghosn said.
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On October 25th, Reese Strategic Positioning Consulting and Wang Fengying jointly announced that Reese Consulting China, together with its global partners, and Wang Fengying’s automotive expert group, formed a global automotive strategic positioning and category innovation service team, committed to building the world’s strongest service team in the automotive industry , to jointly study the development of the global automobile market, promote the birth of more new automobile categories, from strategic design to strategic implementation, to create the king of new energy automobile categories in the future.
At the same time, the global automotive strategic positioning and category innovation service team released the “Global New Energy Vehicle Category Trend Research Report”. This report makes an in-depth analysis of the sales patterns of pure electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles and new energy vehicles, and identifies the strategic hidden dangers of mainstream auto brands in the new energy market.
After five years of development and precipitation, China’s new energy vehicle market is at the forefront of a once-in-a-century change, with new brand products constantly entering the market, and new sales models emerging one after another. The report pointed out that the key force behind the growth of the new energy vehicle market is still category innovation. Under the turmoil in the industry, car companies need rational support. From the perspective of truly solving the pain points of consumers, carry out category innovation and form differentiated cognition to achieve the key to breaking the game.
In the first three quarters of 2022, China’s auto exports surpassed Germany to become the world’s second largest exporter. Laura Rees, Global Chairman of Rees Strategic Positioning Consulting, said, “There are huge misunderstandings in Chinese auto companies’ overseas strategies. From the perspective of sales distribution, they currently avoid the high-potential auto markets in Europe and the United States, and take advantage of the weak market as the core target. It is difficult to build a global brand. On the other hand, the practice of Chinese car companies to go overseas is only to copy domestic products to overseas countries in batches, following the “car sea tactics” and directly copying the domestic product matrix. Not focused. Trading exports does not equal building a brand, and simply selling a product does not equal building a brand.”
Reese believes that category is the key force for brand achievement, and category innovation is the key force behind the rapid growth of the new energy market. Category innovation is an eternal law in the process of business development. At present, it can be seen that behind the rapid growth of China’s new energy market, it also stems from different category innovations. China’s new energy market is leading the way. With the double blessing of superimposed cognitive advantages and industrial chain advantages, Chinese auto brands will usher in the only historical opportunity to achieve the world’s number one.
According to the report, the Chinese auto market has not yet truly entered the era of pure electricity. Affected by the cost of batteries, the “dumbbell” market structure divided by price segment will not last long, and the “spindle” is the final state of the industry. In the long run, 80,000-250,000 will be the mainstream market in the future. In the economical price segment, major car companies are carrying out an “arms race” around intelligence. However, stacking intelligence is by no means a good medicine. Consumers focus on battery life, driving control, safety, and space comfort when buying pure electric vehicles. And so on the so-called “basic features”. For car companies, the power battery is the “engine” in the era of pure electric vehicles. Only which car company can bite the hard bone of the “power battery” has the opportunity to become the king of the category.
At present, a group of independent brands are collectively promoting super-mixing, clearly establishing the identity of super-mixing “fuel disruptors”. Therefore, PHEV not only subverts the existing fuel vehicle category, but also is the “new fuel vehicle” in the future. One of the world’s most influential female CEOs, the queen of cars, and former president of Great Wall Motors, Ms. Wang Fengying, said, “Although the development of PHEVs will encounter BEVs in the long run, PHEVs still have a development window of at least ten years. The hybrids in the past belonged to Japanese brands, and the hybrids of the future belong to Chinese brands.”
On the topic of the future development direction of automobile brands, referring to the history of the development of domestic fuel vehicle brands in the United States, Zhang Yun, global CEO of Reese Strategic Positioning Consulting and chairman of China, put forward suggestions on how to break the situation of new energy vehicle brands: “In the next 20 to 30 years, we can There will be no more than ten Chinese new energy vehicle brands that have established global influence, and the key to brand success is still to rely on category innovation. Time always moves forward, but history keeps repeating itself. When faced with a historic opportunity that has not been encountered in a century, car companies It is necessary to maintain confidence and return to rationality. Only by starting from consumer cognition, digging out core pain points, and planning brand differentiation strategies can we find a way out of the chaotic new energy competition.”
Yiou Automobile believes that a new retail model of scale, intelligence and data will be born under the trend of new energy. On the one hand, it is due to the changes in the mental cognition of consumers in the new energy era. For new energy vehicles or new energy products, consumers’ cognition of this category, and information acquisition and purchase have occurred relatively in the era of fuel vehicles. clear changes. Secondly, due to the characteristics of the category, because car companies in the new energy era can obtain a large amount of big data and the addition of smart terminals, a more direct and closer relationship has been established between car companies and consumers. Based on the characteristics of new energy vehicle categories , new opportunities for retail categories based on data and intelligent terminals will be born in the future.


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Dog Training and Dog-Friendly Outdoor Activities in Dallas, Texas
Dallas is home to two of the most well-known dog parks in the region, which happen to be the city’s largest and the city’s oldest.
As the largest dog park in north Texas, NorthBark Dog Park offers over 22 acres of dog-friendly, off-leash space for you and your pup to enjoy. Features include separate areas for small and large dogs, open space, shaded areas, walking trails, picnic tables, pond, dog shower, human and doggie water stations, restrooms, and more. It is located near the North Dallas Tollway and the President George Bush Tollway. You can hang out with your dog on a "dog beach" next to a lake or cool off in a doggy shower surrounded by beautiful metal fencing with custom-made dog silhouettes and elegant flagstone structures.
This park was the first dog park to open in Dallas in June 2001. Locals rave about the friendly crowd at this popular, 2-acre, off-leash dog park. The park is fully fenced with waste bags, water fountain, access for swimming, separate small dog area, and nearby restrooms.
Pet Stores in Dallas, Texas
Located on 2809 Commerce, the Upper Paw is a great, locally-owned neighborhood pet supply store in Deep Ellum with a variety of dry, canned and frozen food for dogs and cats. They also sell treats, collars, beds, grooming supplies and health products.
Located at 2905 Thomas, Avenue, this store sells healthy food options, treats, toys, accessories, and holistic supplements. Unique standout offerings here include self-wash baths and a subscription yard service for your pup.
Dog Ownership Rules in Dallas, Texas
In Dallas, if your dog is off-leash and not fenced, the police can impound your dog. Dogs also cannot be on a tie-out or chained in a lawn for more than 3 hours in a 24-hour period. You can have a maximum of 4 dogs in an apartment, 6 dogs in a house, and 8 dogs if the home has more than ½-acre of property. If you have any cats, they are subtracted from these numbers. If your dog barks for more than 15 minutes in a row, this is considered a violation of this ordinance and a complaint can be filed. Dog owners are required to quarantine their dog if it bites or scratches a human. As of June 2018, it is now a criminal offense to allow an unsecured dog to make an unprovoked bite causing bodily injury to a person, domestic animal, or livestock.
A well-trained dog is a great family member for many reasons. But in order to ensure your dog’s behavior complies with city ordinances, you need your dog to be properly trained. Dog training takes time and proper guidance from REAL professionals. Regularly receiving feedback from a trainer who is invested in you and your dog’s success makes the entire training process more efficient. Our dogs are family, so it’s vital to properly educate and communicate with them.
That’s where we can help!
Here at The Collar Club Academy, we have dog trainers who have been training in combined areas of expertise for over 60 years! We don’t believe dog training comes in a “one size fits all” format. While some dogs may have behavioral issues like aggression, other owners may need guidance on how to properly communicate loose leash walking. You want the best for your dog, and we do too! That’s why we take the time to get to know both you and your dog, so we can teach you how you and your dog can fit into one another’s lifestyle.
One of our biggest goals is to make sure that after our training process, you walk away with a better understanding of your dog and their needs. Your eyes will be opened to a whole new world and a better understanding of your dog. We are proud to offer private training sessions in addition to comprehensive board and train programs that will properly train your dog in a relatively short period of time. Professional dog training is required to address problem behaviors and encourage positive socialization. Our facility is world-class and designed to cater to your dog's training needs in the comfort of a home environment.
The Collar Club Academy offers a personalized approach to dog and puppy training. Our trainers will make sure they’re tailoring their training so it will fit you and your dog’s communication and personalities perfectly. Whether you are a senior citizen, looking to take dog sports to the next level, or someone who wants to simply enjoy life with their dog at home, we have you covered!
Free Assessment Topics to Cover for Private Dog Training
Which of the dog training packages are you interested in?
Puppy Training Program
For puppies 8 - 15 weeks old.
The owner will learn the psychology of dogs, how to read your puppy's body language, how to properly socialize your puppy, how to understand your puppy's routine and how to raise your puppy properly.
Other topics and training we cover is potty training, leash manners, crate training, proper nutrition and feeding schedules.
Training program spans 3 weeks or more and covers on leash training and exercises; come and recall, heel, stay, sit, come through doorways with lifetime unlimited refresher.
Training spans 3 weeks or longer depends on the dog and owner. The same training exercises as the Basic obedience program except training progresses to off leash with distractions. Training will take place in a busy environment that can be distracting to any dog. We train the dog and the owner to ignore these distractions.
Advanced Dog Obedience
The dog and owner cannot skip basic but can skip the Enhanced and progress directly from Basic to Advanced off leash training with distractions. For example, we may train you dog on a busy street corner. Your dog learns to ignore distractions and complete the exercise successfully.
What does The Collar Club Academy plan to accomplish training my dog?
How many private dog training sessions are required for my new dog?
How long is the private training session?
Do you offer private lesson packages?
Do you use a professional trainer or certified professional dog trainer for all lessons?
Do you have your own training facility?
How will I learn the exercises that you teach my dog?
Do you offer a basic obedience training or basic skills training for my pup?
Do you train pets for loose leash or foundation to leash manners walking?
Do I need to attend all the private dog training private lessons?
Is private dog training worth it?
What is the private dog training cost?
Do you offer private in-home dog training?
Can I get private dog training near me?
What makes private dog training better than group dog training sessions?
How do you manage behavior modification training with my dog?
Do you offer a cheaper group class training program?
Do you offer a cheaper group class training program?
SCHEDULE YOUR ASSESSMENT
We take the training process seriously and we believe that the best way to start our relationship with you is by meeting with you to learn more about you, your dog and your goals and expectations for his/her training.
During this in-person initial consultation or covid-19 friendly virtual meeting, we will assess your dog and recommend which Collar Club training program we believe will be the best fit to meet your goals for training. If you want to have a face-to-face meeting, we do have Covid-19 safety protocols in place.
If you have any questions our email support will be happy to respond.Book It Now

domain: pet


Meet the Rainbow Killer. Truly one of a kind professional djembe drum. Beautiful Burkina Faso shape. Astonishing artistic carving. Superb premium malian djembefola calf skin. Djembemafia original cross hithces design. Unique rainbow design. Rubber foot. Unbelievably strong and clear sound with big tone and slap difference. Amazing looking and sounding djembe drum!


Owned since new?
Owned for how long?
Buy this make again?
Price and equipment10.0/10
At approximately $44,000 on the road, with metallic paint, 10 stacker CD player as well as all standard features including alloy wheels, electric windows all round, I think that it was competitively priced - it is after all, a quality car!
Under the bonnet10.0/10
The engine purrs along, never misses a beat, accelerates smoothly and gearbox and clutch work well together. After nearly 13 years - purchased late October 1997 - everything is almost as new.
How it drives10.0/10
It's always a pleasure to drive. It pulls well up ranges, holds well in low gear down steep roads, accelerates keenly and is smooth and comfortable whether loaded or empty.
Comfort and practicality10.0/10
My Xantia is both comfortable and practical. Its boot holds a remarkable quantity of luggage, even with a 10 stacker CD player installed.
Servicing and running costs10.0/10
Costs seem comparative with other makes. Any complaints, check out Subaru running costs! I notice another owner complained about cost of parts and replacement of spheres. I recently replaced rear spheres for 2nd time and haven't replaced fron ones yet. They were also much cheaper than price he quoted. Fuel economy is great and insurance with NRMA is good value for money.
Aesthetics and styling10.0/10
I think it's a pretty car with lovely wide opening doors, front and rear. My first Citroen was a DS and you saw it coming - or going - the Xantia is not as avant garde as that.
Safety and security10.0/10
Citroen's safety is legendary. The suspension, steering and brakes work wonderfully together. It's also pretty secure; you cannot lock the keys in and it won't lock if a door is not closed properly.
Quality and reliability10.0/10
I have had no problems in nearly thirteen years of ownership. It's beautifully put together, everything works well. I recently had my car serviced; it hadn't been serviced for about 18 months!


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Back to the Bridge tonight!
Thank you Motif Magazine for being one of the last print media to support the creative arts scene!
And thank YOU
for joining PDT in demonstrating that living in harmony with one another is not an antiquated notion! #beststreetband #pdt #motifmagazine #theprovidencedrumtroupe
Wedding friends and family!
We love our freaky friends and family! Celebrating the love of Reid and Casey is the highlight of the summer!!
they are getting hitched!!!
Congratulations to our Circus Dynamics friends who are getting HITCHED!
PDT can't wait to perform at your wedding! Congratulations you two!!
It matters who our neighbors are and we feel connected to the people that we are surrounded by.
#bestweddingever #circusdynamics #livinginharmony


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The Pittsburgh Pirates need to win one more game to obtain a winning record this season. They will be without a pitcher and outfielder.
Off to the Queen City the Pittsburgh Pirates go. The goal of the final series is to win one game. A sweep would be great, or even winning the series, but if the Bucs win at least one game they will finish the 2019 year with a winning record. While it is not as good as making the playoffs, it still would be considered a successful season based off of many’s predictions.
The team will be sending Nick Kingham in game one, then for game two it will be Jameson Taillon, then for game three, the starter has not been announced. With that being said, the Pittsburgh Pirates will not be sending Chris Archer out for another start. Archer would be in line to make a start on the last game of the season, however the team is deciding to end his year early.
This is disappointing in a way. As I wrote the other day, Archer has seemed to figure things out. In the month of September Archer has posted a sub 3.00 earned run average. This includes a strong last two starts where he only gave up one run over 13 innings and struck out 17 hitters. So it would have been good to see Archer go out and try for three consecutive strong starts against the Reds. The reason apparently is a lingering left groin injury. Rather than push him for one more start, the team will shut him down on a couple positive starts.
Then in the outfield, the Pittsburgh Pirates will be without Jordan Luplow for the series. Luplow had to undergo an appendectomy which promptly has ended his season. As of now, Luplow would seem like a sure bet to make the Pittsburgh Pirates 25 man roster next season. The team will be without Gregory Polanco to start the season. Meanwhile, Jordan Luplow was projected to help replace Polanco in right field, if not the starter, at least as a fourth outfielder.
Both players could have made impacts in the upcoming series to help the team achieve a winning record. However, the team has plenty of other options to use in the outfield with Luplow out. The team can send out Pablo Reyes or Jose Osuna to man the outfield. Meanwhile, it seems likely that one of the younger pitchers like Clay Holmes will get the start for the last game of the season.


Seamless Panty String
This cotton seamless panty string you would wear all day without feeling it. It doesn’t show under tight pants and is soft and comfortable. It will give you a good night sleep and run your day with ease.
- 100% cotton
- suitable for soft and sensitive skin
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Please make sure that you select the measurements, sizes, and colors you would like to purchase.
Elevate Your Canine’s Style and Control with Our Leather Dog Collar and Leash Set
Introducing the epitome of elegance and functionality – our premium Leather Dog Collar and Leash Set. Crafted with care, this set not only enhances your pet’s style but also provides a reliable and durable combination for walks and outings.
- Luxurious Leather: Our dog collar and leash are meticulously crafted from genuine leather, exuding timeless sophistication while ensuring lasting durability.
- Complete Set: The set includes a matching collar and leash, creating a harmonious look while offering a secure grip for you during walks.
- Customized Comfort: The soft leather ensures a comfortable fit for your pet, preventing discomfort and irritation during extended wear.
- Sturdy Hardware: Designed with robust metal hardware, both the collar and leash provide reliability and security for your peace of mind.
- Fashion Meets Function: This set effortlessly blends style with practicality, making it ideal for everyday walks, special occasions, or any adventure you embark on together.
- Adjustable Fit: The collar’s adjustable design allows for a snug and secure fit, promoting both safety and comfort.
Elevate your dog’s style and control – choose our Leather Dog Collar and Leash Set today. It’s not just a set; it’s a reflection of your dedication to your pet’s well-being and impeccable style.
Soft Real Leather Dog Collar and Leash Set Adjustable Braided Dogs Collars 150cm Lead Rope for Medium Large Dogs German Shepherd
- Color: Brown,Black
- Type：Dog Collar with Leash
- Leather hardware: copper
- With cool copper dog accessories, fashionable
- Fit for medium large dogs, pitbull, bulldog, german shepherd, etc.


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3:00 pm – 4:00 pm
Family Cycling with Carleton University
Join Carleton University for Family Cycling – a virtual workshop presented by EnviroCentre’s Let’s Bike!
About this event
Cycling is a fun activity for the whole family! Whether going on a leisure ride or heading to the library, cycling is a great choice for folks of any age. This workshop will cover everything you need to know to make family cycling a success. We will cover kid-carrying bikes, adaptive cycles for adults, route planning considerations, and real-life tips from someone who’s been there!
This workshop is adapted for people of all ages and cycling abilities.
This workshop is brought to you by EnviroCentre in partnership with the City of Ottawa.

domain: library


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CDC's National Asthma Control Program
In 1999, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) began developing its National Asthma Control Program with funding of $1.2 million. The program supports the goals and objectives of Healthy People 2010 for asthma and is based on the following three public health principles:
- Tracking: collecting and analyzing data on an ongoing basis to understand when, where, and in whom asthma occurs
- Interventions: assuring that scientific information is translated into public health practices and programs to reduce the burden of asthma
- Partnerships: making sure that all stakeholders have the opportunity to be involved in developing, implementing, and evaluating local asthma control programs
The goals of the program are to reduce the number of deaths, hospitalizations, emergency department visits, school or work days missed, and limitations on activity due to asthma.
With appropriations of $27.9 million in fiscal year 2001, CDC funded 13 asthma tracking projects, 45 asthma interventions, and 30 asthma partnership projects under its National Asthma Control Program. CDC also funded six urban school districts and six national nongovernmental organizations to support and address asthma control within a coordinated school health program. With appropriations of about $35 million in fiscal year 2002, CDC will increase its support for (1) improving the nation’s ability to track asthma, conduct interventions, and build partnerships related to asthma control and (2) improving the ability of the nation’s schools to prevent asthma attacks and absences.
Other CDC Asthma Activities
CDC is supporting the Americans Breathing Easier Program, which enables the nation’s schools to prevent asthma attacks and related absences. In addition to these projects and programs, CDC also supports the collection of data on self-reported lifetime and current asthma rate data for adults through the state-based Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and collects data on asthma rates, mortality, and health care use through various CDC data tracking systems. For a summary of and access to CDC’s asthma tracking data, see the “Data” section at https://www.cdc.gov/asthma/asthmadata.htm.

domain: medical


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- Primary research
- Open Access
P53 and Beta-Catenin Activity during Estrogen treatment of Osteoblasts
Cancer Cell International volume 5, Article number: 24 (2005)
This study was undertaken to examine the relationship between the tumor suppressor gene p53 and the nuclear signaling protein beta-catenin during bone differentiation. Cross talk between p53 and beta-catenin pathways has been demonstrated and is important during tumorigenesis and DNA damage, where deregulation of beta catenin activates p53. In this study, we used estrogen treatment of osteoblasts as a paradigm to study the relationship between the two proteins during osteoblast differentiation.
We exposed osteoblast-like ROS17/2.8 cells to 17-beta estradiol (E2), in a short term assay, and studied the cellular distribution and expression of beta-catenin. We found beta-catenin to be up regulated several fold following E2 treatment. Levels of p53 and its functional activity mirrored the quantitative changes seen in beta-catenin. Alkaline phosphatase, an early marker of osteoblast differentiation, was increased in a manner similar to beta-catenin and p53. In order to determine if there was a direct relationship between alkaline phosphatase expression and beta-catenin, we used two different approaches. In the first approach, treatment with LiCl, which is known to activate beta-catenin, caused a several fold increase in alkaline phosphatase activity. In the second approach, transient transfection of wild type beta-catenin into osteoblasts increased alkaline phosphatase activity two fold over basal levels, showing that beta catenin expression can directly affect alkaline phosphatase expression. However increase in beta catenin activity was not associated with an increase in its signaling activity through TCF/LEF mediated transcription. Immunofluorescence analyses of p53 and beta-catenin localization showed that E2 first caused an increase in cytosolic beta-catenin followed by the accumulation of beta-catenin in the nucleus. Nuclear p53 localization was detected in several cells.
Expression of p53 was accompanied by distribution of beta-catenin to the cytoplasm and cell borders. A sub population of cells staining strongly for both proteins appeared to be apoptotic.
These results suggest that interactions between p53 and beta-catenin signaling pathways may play a key role in osteoblast differentiation and maintenance of tissue homeostasis.
The organization of cells in tissues and organs is controlled by molecular control mechanisms that allow cells to interact with their neighboring cells and the extra cellular matrix. Cell-cell recognition and adhesion are critical processes in development, differentiation and the maintenance of tissue architecture. The cadherins family of Ca2+-dependent cells and their associated molecules such as beta-catenin are major components of the cellular adhesion machinery and play central roles in these various processes . The cadherins are trans-membrane proteins that mediate Ca2+ dependent cell-cell adhesion. Beta catenin is a multifunctional protein which associates with the intracellular domain of cadherins. In addition to providing a physical link between cells, these adherent junctional proteins influence various signaling pathways. Beta-catenin is an important component of the Wnt / Wingless signaling pathway and can act as a transcription factor in the nucleus by serving as a co activator of the lymphoid enhancer factor (LEF)/TCF family of DNA-binding proteins .
The p53 tumor suppressor gene acts as a guardian of the genome and a loss of its function is seen in a wider variety of cancers . P53 acts by sensing DNA damage and directing the cell to arrest or undergo apoptosis [1, 3]. In this way, p53 is thought to prevent the excessive accumulation of mutations that could give rise to malignancies. However, p53 activities may not be limited to tumor suppressor functions. Accumulating evidence suggests that p53 function may be critical during differentiation of various tissues and organs [4–7]. Defects in p53-null embryos have been reported, suggesting that p53 may have a role in tissue organization during development [8, 9]. We have, in previous studies, demonstrated a role for p53 in osteoblast differentiation and expression of the bone specific protein osteocalcin . In studies with p53 null and heterozygous mice, we have also shown that a decrease in p53 expression interferes with the ability of osteoblasts to express osteocalcin . During in vitro osteoblast differentiation, proliferation is followed by matrix deposition and mineralization. Alkaline phosphatase is generally seen as an early marker of osteoblast differentiation, while osteocalcin is considered a late marker. In our studies with estrogen, we have shown p53 to be up regulated and its activity to be associated with cell cycle arrest and expression of osteoblast differentiation markers rather than apoptosis [12, 13].
Cross talk between p53 and beta-catenin pathways has been demonstrated and appears to be especially important during tumorigenesis and DNA damage, where deregulation of beta catenin is known to activate p53 [14, 15]. Because of the importance of the cadherins and beta-catenin in tissue differentiation, we wanted to determine if this type of cross talk with p53 exists in osteoblasts under physiological conditions. We observed expression of several apoptosis-related and cell cycle arrest proteins during short term treatment of bone cells with estrogen . Expression of several caspases have been shown to be required for expression of bone markers during osteoblast differentiation . Treatment with 17-beta estradiol did not result in any appreciable apoptotic cell death . In studies reported here, we investigated if 17-beta estradiol could modulate the expression and subcellular distribution of beta catenin and how it might relate to p53 expression.
17-Beta estradiol (E2) up regulates expression of beta-catenin in osteoblastic osteosarcoma cells
ROS17/2.8 cells stably expressing 13 copies of a p53 binding sequence (ROS-PG13CAT) fused to a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene were used to study effects of estrogen on changes in endogenous p53 functional activity. Binding of endogenous p53 to the PG-13CAT sequence and subsequent activation of gene expression was studied by analyzing CAT activity as described in previous studies . In all other aspects this cell line is representative of ROS 17/2.8 cells an osteoblastic osteosarcoma line that is used extensively to study osteoblast differentiation. These cells were treated with E2 for different lengths of time as described under Methods and the resultant protein was separated on SDS PAGE and analyzed by western blotting. As may be seen in Figure 1A, an increase in beta-catenin expression occurred within 6 h of treatment and peaked at 16 h of E2 treatment followed by a drop and a second peak during 48 h after E2 treatment. The first increase was less dramatic than the second increase in beta-catenin (10 vs 30 fold increase).
P53 functional activity parallels changes in beta-catenin expression during E2 treatment
P53 function was monitored by measuring CAT activity in ROS-PG-13 cells. As may be seen in Figure 1B, p53 transcription activating activity was increased about 4-fold 16 h after E2 treatment followed by a drop and an increase corresponding to the change seen in beta-catenin at 48 h interval (about 17-fold). P53 expression is known to accompany beta-catenin activation and is also thought to be critical in the regulation of beta catenin function . P53 expression was also measured by western blot analysis and was found to be high after 16 h and remained high until 48 h of E2 treatment (not shown).
Alkaline Phosphatase, an early marker of bone differentiation is increased during treatment with 17-B-estradiol
Alkaline phosphatase activity was measured during the same time intervals using a colorimetric assay. While alkaline phosphatase increased steadily with E2 treatment, the enzyme activity showed a clear spike during the 48 h interval (Figure 1C). While initial induction of alkaline phosphatase activity occurred with an increase in beta-catenin activity, the subsequent boost to its activity was seen during 48 h corresponding to the large increase in beta-catenin activity.
Is there a direct relationship between beta-catenin expression and alkaline phosphatase activity?
In order to determine if an increase in beta-catenin nuclear signaling activity is associated with increased alkaline phosphatase activity, we used a LiCl treatment as a model for beta-catenin activation. Treatment with LiCl is known to inhibit GSK activity, which is critical for phosphorylation and inactivation of beta-catenin function . Immunofluorescent staining for beta-catenin revealed a transient increase in beta-catenin expression in the nuclei of ROS-PG-13 in 24 h 10 mM LiCl treated cells but not in the control NaCl treated cells (not shown). Protein lysates from the cells similarly treated with either LiCl or NaCl were tested for alkaline phosphatase activity. As may be seen in Figure 2, LiCl treated cells showed an increase in alkaline phosphatase activity 24 h after treatment, compared to a less than 2-fold activation in the NaCl treated cells (Figure 2).
Transient overexpression of wild type beta-catenin in ROS-PG13 cells increases alkaline phosphatase activity as well as p53 transcriptional activity
In order to determine if over-expression of beta-catenin produced similar effects on alkaline phosphatase, we transiently transfected a wild type beta-catenin plasmid into ROS-PG13 cells. Control cells were transfected with non-specific DNA. Alkaline phosphatase activity was measured in the control, mock-transfected and beta-catenin-transfected cells 24 h later. There was a small but statistically significant increase in alkaline phosphatase activity in beta catenin transfected cells when compared to cells that received non-specific DNA (Figure 3A). The same experiment was also repeated with a constitutively active beta-catenin (B-catenin S33Y) and similar results were obtained (not shown) suggesting that beta-catenin expression facilitates alkaline phosphatase expression in rat osteoblasts.
Protein lysates from the transiently transfected cells were subjected to CAT assay for determination of p53 functional activity during the same time period. P53 activity was 5 fold higher in cells transfected with wild type beta-catenin when compared to control cells (Figure 3B), showing that a parallel increase in p53 activity may not be limited to conditions of DNA damage but also occurs under physiological conditions.
Subcellular distribution of beta-catenin during treatment
In order to determine the localization of beta-catenin during the treatment protocol, we conducted immunofluorescence analyses of estrogen treated cells (Figure 4). Cells were grown to confluency and switched to 2% charcoal treated media for 24 h before exposure to 17-beta estradiol. At the start of experiment (0 time), beta-catenin staining was only seen at the adherent junctions between cells and was undetectable intracellularly. 24 h after treatment with 17-beta estradiol, there was a dramatic increase in the amount of beta-catenin within the cells; most of the beta-catenin appeared to be in the cytoplasm and peri nuclear region. By 48 h strong staining for beta-catenin could be detected within the nucleus of a significant number of cells.
No change in beta-catenin transcriptional activity during E2 treatment
Since we observed nuclear staining of beta-catenin, experiments were carried out to determine if beta-catenin signaling through TCF/LEF family of transcriptional factors was activated. We transiently transfected the wild type TCF/LEF response elements (TOPFLASH) or the mutant sequence (FOPFLASH) followed by treatment with E2 treatment. No significant change in luciferase activity was noted during E2 treatment (Figure 5). The validity of the assay was checked using LiCL treatments (Figure 5 insert). These results indicate that endogenous beta-catenin signaling is not activated during E2 treatment even though the expression of beta-catenin was observed in the nuclei of treated cells.
p53 expression during 17-beta estradiol treatment
The patterns of p53 distribution were also monitored by immunostaining. Immunofluorescence staining for p53 also showed a heterogeneous pattern. P53 expression was high within the nucleus in a number of isolated cells. Among the cells that stained strongly for p53, some of them were apoptotic and counter staining with Hoescht reagent showed a pyknotic nucleus. In other cases strong staining was evident in nuclei that looked morphologically normal. P53's presence in the nucleus was also confirmed with western blots of cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions (not shown). Its presence in the nucleus correlated with its functional activity as measured by the CAT assay.
A better understanding of the relationship between the two proteins was evident when we stained simultaneously for both proteins and a representative field is shown in figure 6. Three types of association were evident. Strong staining of nuclear p53 was accompanied by beta-catenin in the cell borders (arrows). When both proteins were present in the nucleus, the cell was generally apoptotic (broken arrows). When intracellular staining for beta catenin was strong it was mostly contained in the cytoplasm when p53 decorated the nucleus (arrow head).
In previous studies, we have shown the tumor suppressor gene p53 to be up regulated by estrogen and to be important for differentiative functions in bone [12, 13]. In the studies reported here, we show that beta-catenin expression is increased during estrogen treatment of osteoblasts. This large increase in beta-catenin expression that we observed may be the result of either a direct increase in gene expression, or from stabilization of cytosolic beta-catenin. With regard to the latter possibility it is worth noting that in other cell types, estrogen has been shown to inhibit GSK activity which results in the stabilization of beta-catenin .
The association of beta catenin activation with increases in alkaline phosphatase expression is also very interesting, but not completely new. This association has been recently detected in several cell types where alkaline phosphatase plays a role in differentiated behavior of the cell [19–21]. Recent studies have implicated the wnt signaling pathway and beta-catenin in the regulation of alkaline phosphase expression in osteoblasts . It appears that beta-catenin is able to increase alkaline phosphatase albeit indirectly, because no TCF binding sites have been detected within the alkaline phosphatase gene .
The role of p53 in the regulation of beta-catenin is best understood under conditions of DNA damage and tumorigenesis . Stabilization of beta-catenin has been observed to cause stabilization of p53 through inhibition of its degradation [14, 23, 24]. While it is possible that beta-catenin results in the stabilization of p53, the resulting increase in p53 is not responsible for apoptosis, an activity that is regulated by p53 during DNA damage. Instead, under physiological conditions, p53 appears to monitor the environment such that an abnormal increase in beta catenin within the nucleus results in apoptosis, while in other cells the presence of p53 in the nucleus prevents the accumulation of beta-catenin. Beta catenin under these conditions appears to be relegated to the plasma membrane.
In the studies reported here we show treatment with 17-beta estradiol increases expression of beta-catenin and cause its migration in to the nucleus. Estrogen may mediate this effect by its action on GSK activity as seen in other tissues . However, beta-catenin expression in the nucleus does not result in the activation of its signaling through TCF/LEF transcription factor binding sites. There are several likely reasons for this observation. As has been noted earlier, the level of signaling through the canonical pathway may be low and below detection limits using TCF/LEF reporter constructs . It is also possible that beta-catenin may not directly act through the Wnt canonical pathway, but crosstalk with other pathways to generate a response. It has been shown that beta-catenin signaling does not function independently but synergizes with morphogens like BMP-2 to induce the early bone phenotypes in undifferentiated cells [21, 22]. In a similar manner, estrogen treatment has been observed to enhance the binding of beta-catenin to estrogen receptors alpha and beta in human colon and breast cancer cells  and also participate in the transactivation of estrogen responsive genes. This suggests that beta-catenin may function as a common mediator of different bone specific agents to induce early bone phenotype. In this context it is interesting that beta-catenin and LEF1 repress expression of the osteocalcin gene, a late marker of the bone phenotype .
While the role of estrogen as bone-protective anabolic agent is well established, the mechanism of action is only now being understood at the molecular level [29, 30]. Estrogen affects osteoblasts by non genotropic mechanisms that go to increase the life span of the osteoblasts by its action on plasma membrane signaling proteins . Antiapoptotic mechanism by estrogen is transient in osteoblasts and it is not clear if p53 plays a role in this process. In a manner similar to estrogen receptors, p53 has been shown to bind beta-catenin resulting in its stabilization and transcriptional activation . P53 is also able to inhibit expression of TCF-4 by directly binding to the promoter of the gene . This type of regulation may be important to maintain cell-cell interactions and prevent apoptosis. These types of cross signaling may be relevant and important for osteoblast differentiation as opposed to osteoblast proliferation and may critically depend on the cellular environment. P53 is known to interact with a plethora of proteins  and these interactions may determine the final outcome for the cell. P53's ability to sense the environment allows for cell cycle arrest and differentiation under some circumstances and apoptosis in other instances. Expression of alkaline phosphatase a differentiation marker in bone may be facilitated by beta-catenin nuclear activity. However once alkaline phosphatase is increased, p53 activity may be critical to maintain the differentiated behavior of the cell by making sure beta-catenin is retained at cell borders rather than within the nucleus. Further studies are required to understand how the interactions between estrogen receptors, beta-catenin, p53 and related proteins facilitate the differentiation process.
Our data shows that beta-catenin activity is modulated during estrogen induced osteoblast differentiation and its increase is associated with an increase in p53 and alkaline phosphatase. The cellular localization of endogenous p53 and beta-catenin appears be mutually exclusive during estrogen treatment and reflects the role of p53 in regulating growth and differentiation.
Establishment of cell lines
The cell line ROS 17/2.8, a rat osteosarcoma cell line, was kindly provided by Dr. G. Rodan (Merck, Research Laboratory, West Point, PA). Cells were grown in minimal essential medium with α-F12 with 10% fetal bovine serum in a modified atmosphere of 95% air and 5% CO2 at 37°C. This cell line contains a wild type endogenous p53  and can be induced to mineralize in culture and express genes associated with advanced stages of differentiation. The ROS17/2.8 cells were stably transfected with the plasmid PG-13-CAT (a kind gift of Dr. B. Vogelstein, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD). This plasmid encodes 13 copies of a p53 binding DNA sequence fused to a CAT reporter gene). In the present studies cells transfected with this plasmid (referred to as ROS-PG13) cells were used to monitor transcriptional activity of endogenous p53.
Cell Culture conditions & Treatment with 17β-Estradiol
Cells for E2 treatment were exposed to phenol red free media before and during treatment with E2. The water-soluble form, 17β-estradiol (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) was used at the concentration of 10-11 M. Cells used for E2 treatment were exposed to 2% charcoal-treated serum containing phenol red free media for 24 hours before treatment with E2. For experiments requiring E2 for longer than 24 hours, fresh media with E2 was maintained on cells. Unless otherwise mentioned, all experiments were done using E2 at a final concentration of 10-11 M. This concentration is based on results obtained with our previous studies, where we saw maximal induction of p53 at 10-11 M – 10-12 M . Cells were treated for different lengths of time ranging from 0–72 h.
For beta-catenin transfections, we used HA-β-catenin (WT beta catenin) and S33Y β-catenin (a constitutively active mutant), a kind gift of Dr. Ben-Ze'ev, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel. Cells were transfected with Superfect (Qiagen) in 10-cm plates for 24–48 h followed by protein lysis. The total amount of DNA used was maintained equally in these experiments. Equal amount of protein was used for measurement of alkaline phosphatase and CAT activity.
Measurement of CAT Activity
CAT activity of ROS-PG13 cells after treatment was used as a measure of p53 DNA binding activity and reflected p53 function at any time point. Harvested cells were suspended in buffered saline and then in a 0.25 M Tris buffer pH 7.8, disrupted by 3 freeze-thaw cycles. The supernatants were collected after centrifugation and heated at 65°C for 10 minutes to inactivate cellular acetylase activity. Protein concentrations were measured with the Bradford method and equal amounts of protein were used in the assays. CAT activity was determined by means of liquid scintillation counting, and was measured over a linear range of chloramphenicol acetylation such that the fraction acetylated was proportional to actual activity. All measurements were carried out on triplicate samples. Other details are as described earlier.
Measurement of Luciferase Activity
For reporter assays, cells were transfected with the beta-catenin responsive firefly luciferase reporter plasmids TopFlash (wild type promoter) or FopFlash (Mutant promoter) (Upstate Biotechnologies) for 48 h. Three hours after transfection, cells received 17-beta estradiol to a concentration of 10–11 M for the times indicated. Cells were exposed to LiCl for 16 hours, lysed and equal amount of protein was used for measuring luciferase activity. All measurements were carried out on triplicate samples and experiments were repeated at least thrice.
Beta-catenin and p53 were visualized by indirect immunocytochemistry using a rabbit anti beta catenin (Zymed Laboratories Inc., San Francisco, CA.) or a mouse anti-p53 (1C12) (Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, MA.) as the primary antibodies. ROS-PG13 cells were plated on coverslips and treated with E2 as described above. Cells were fixed in ice cold methanol and permeabilized for ten minutes. Cells were then blocked with 10% goat serum for 10 minutes room temperature. Samples were incubated for 1 hour with primary antibody followed by a-30 minute incubation with a goat, anti-rabbit TRITC-conjugate or goat, anti-mouse FITC-conjugate. Cells were then viewed with a Nikon Eclipse 400 fluorescence microscope using 40× and 100× objectives. Digital images were captured with a Spot digital camera (Diagnostic Instruments, Sterling Heights, MI) using automated exposure times and gain settings for the bright-field images. Dark-field fluorescence images were captured using a gain setting of 16 and exposure times of 3 s for green and 1 s for red and blue. The digital images were processed using the Image-Pro Plus images analysis software package (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD).
Negative controls consisted of samples that were incubated without the primary antibodies. All labeling experiments were repeated at least three times and were highly reproducible.
Protein lysates were prepared using M-PER Reagent (Pierce, Rockford, IL) combined with a protease inhibitor cocktail, Complete Mini (Roche, Mannheim, Germany). Twenty-five micrograms of each protein lysate was subjected to 10% SDS-PAGE, and transferred to immun-Blot PVDF membrane (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). Expression was determined using rabbit anti beta catenin (Cell Signaling Technology, MA) and HRP-goat anti rabbit conjugate (Zymed Laboratories Inc.CA). Membranes were then developed using enhanced chemiluminescence (Amersham International, Amersham, Bucks, UK).
Alkaline phosphatase activity was measured using a quantitative colorimetric assay with para-nitrophenol phosphate as substrate using a commercially available kit (Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, MO).
The differences in the means of experimental results were analyzed for their statistical significance with the one-way ANOVA combined with a multiple comparison procedure (Tukey Kramer multiple comparisons test).
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This work was supported, in part by Grant R15 CA098113 to NC from National Cancer Institute and in part by Grant R01 ES006478 (to W.C.P) from National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and by funds from Midwestern University to NC. The authors gratefully thank Drs. Rodan, Vogelstein and Ben Ze'ev for their gifts of reagents and Vicki Sears for her help with the manuscript.
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Chandar, N., Saluja, R., Lamar, P.C. et al. P53 and Beta-Catenin Activity during Estrogen treatment of Osteoblasts. Cancer Cell Int 5, 24 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2867-5-24
- Alkaline Phosphatase Activity
- Osteoblast Differentiation
- Chloramphenicol Acetyl Transferase
- Chloramphenicol Acetyl Transferase Activity
- Alkaline Phosphatase Expression

domain: biology


text:
The owner of Pure Fishing has been sold in a deal that is said to be worth $13 billion.
The Jarden Corporation, which owns a host of iconic fishing tackle manufacturers, including Shakespeare, Mitchell, Abu Garcia and Hardy, has been acquired by Newell Rubbermaid, maker of a list of household names like Sharpie, Parker pens and Irwin tools.
The rumour of a takeover was reported on the Angling International website last week. It is the second time in eight years that Pure Fishing has been acquired. It was bought by Jarden in 2007.
Now the future of the world’s biggest fishing tackle manufacturer is back in the melting pot as it is unclear what the new owner’s plans for its world famous brands are. The acquisition is subject to approval by the shareholders of Newell Rubbermaid and Jarden Corporation as well as receipt of regulatory and other customary closing conditions. The transaction is expected to close in the second quarter of 2016.
Upon completion, Newell Rubbermaid CEO Michael Polk will become CEO of the new company, while Newell’s Chief Development Officer, Mark Tarchetti, will become President. Non-Executive Chairman Michael Cowhig will remain in that role. The new company will be known as Newell Brands. Martin Franklin, the Founder and Executive Chairman of Jarden, will join the board of the company.
“The combination of these two great companies creates a $16 billion consumer goods company with incredible potential to grow and create value,” said Polk. “The scale of our combined businesses in key categories, channels and geographies creates a much broader canvas on which to leverage our advantaged set of brand development and commercial capabilities for accelerated growth and margin expansion.”
“I want to congratulate Jim on his strong leadership of Jarden over the last 12 years and his work positioning the business for the opportunity ahead and I look forward to working with Martin and Ian as we drive the new Newell Brands towards its aspiration of becoming one of the preeminent consumer goods companies in the world.”
Franklin said: “I am delighted that we are to play a part in bringing together these two winning companies. The combination offers significant value for our shareholders and the opportunity to participate in the combined company’s long-term value creation potential as shareholders in Newell Brands. I’m extremely proud of Jarden’s success over the past 14 years, which has been driven by an extraordinary culture designed to perform at a high level. We have spent significant time with Newell Rubbermaid’s senior management team and are convinced they have a similar ambition and drive. I’m excited by the opportunities for this new combined organisation and I look forward to being part of this dynamic new chapter.”
– See more at: http://www.angling-international.com/pure-fishing-owner-sold-for-13-billion/#sthash.jkUG4Ze6.dpuf


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