Vitronic > Fully automated inline quality control with 3D scanner
Germany, Wiesbaden – Inspection in a foundry of an automobile manufacturer in the production line
Fully automated inline quality control with 3D scanner
Robust, accurate 3D geometry and surface inspection for the most diverse materials and surfaces in the production cycle
Stable, robust scanning regardless of environmental conditions with minimum cycle time and high throughput? VITRONIC’s innovative, flexible 3D scanning solution makes it possible.
Components made of all kinds of materials, for example, complex castings, are inspected by the 3D scanner simultaneously from all sides for surface defects and geometric deviations. One of the first of these systems was installed as a turnkey solution in the foundry of an automobile manufacturer. Integrated in the production line, the system inspects crank cases for integrity of external geometries, existence of component openings, and damage and defects (for example, dents).
Robust inspection method to detect geometric deviations
In this process, the sides of the component are scanned simultaneously and each is captured as a 3D point cloud. The point cloud is compared to the 3D model (from the master part) stored for each side and deviations are determined. Flexible, Cartesian-rectangular sections can be defined for each side view. Various tolerance limits for these sections can then be specified in terms of width, length, depth, and volume. This robust inspection method is resistant to component contamination and is extremely stable when surfaces change. The 3D scanner can be used almost anywhere geometric deviations must be detected. In addition to functioning as a stationary scanning solution, it is possible to connect the 3D scanner to a robot.
It is possible learn more about 3D scanners and other robot-assisted machine vision solutions for the quality control of surfaces and the inspection of weld seams at AUTOMATICA in Munich, June 21–24, 2016, in Hall B5, Booth 300.
More info about:
You might also like
New cast iron grade for high-speed grooving applications Recent trends in complex shaped component machining and high-speed cutting conditions for productivity improvement have proven to be a challenge
High-end measurement technology from Beckhoff – directly integrated into a standard PC Control platform Beckhoff presented its device series for high-end measurement technology at SPS IPC Drives 2016.
TRANSFLUID and Bavaria Yachtbau agree to cooperate for the future of hybrid propulsion systems TRANSFLUID Trasmissioni Industriali, the well-known Italian power transmission manufacturer, and Germany’s largest shipyard for catamarans,
IO-Link IP20 and IP67 power supply units With condition monitoring Heartbeat® function: Continuous monitoring of wear factors Power supply units are a key factor in the reliable operation of
Endress+Hauser launches RFID TAG RFID TAGs make identification of measuring points easier. Every plant life cycle phase and all of the assets installed in a plant require data. Easy
New Schmalz bag suction cup for high-speed packaging processes The vacuum specialist Schmalz has developed a new series of SPOB1f-type oval tubular bag suction cups especially for flow-wrap


text:
Is Quinoa the same as risotto?
What’s the difference between a risotto and a quinotto aka. quinoa risotto? Classic Italian Risotto is made with Arborio or Carnaroli and the other with quinoa so the main difference is in the taste and texture. Quinoa risotto has a light nutty flavor and a more airy texture.
What rice does Gordon Ramsay use for risotto?
What Ingredients Will You Need To Make Gordon Ramsay’s Mushroom Risotto? Arborio Rice- The arboria rice is the soul for thi smooth ans starchy risotto. Shallots The shallots add a sweet and earthy texture to the dish. Chicken Broth Chicken broth makes the risotto flavorful and delicious.
How much is a serving of quinoa?
How much is 1 serving of quinoa? If you’re serving quinoa as a side dish, plan for cup to 1 cups per person. How much dry quinoa do I need for 2 cups cooked? Since quinoa increases 3 times when cooked, divide the cooked volume by three.
What is the best risotto rice?
The Best Type of Rice for Risotto
- Arborio is wider and longer, and not quite as starchy as the other two varieties.
- Carnaroli, known as the king or caviar of risotto rice, is said to produce the creamiest risotto.
- Vialone Nano hails from the Veneto where it’s the prized variety.
Is quinoa better than white rice?
A cup of quinoa will also provide twice the protein and about 5 grams more fiber than the same amount of white rice. Due to this higher quantity of protein and fiber, quinoa is not only the healthier choice, but will also fill you up faster, allowing for smaller portion sizes.
Why is quinoa healthier than rice?
Quinoa is better than white rice because of its higher nutritional benefits such as: Quinoa is rich in both fiber and protein, contains a much higher amount of other nutrients, and has a similar fluffy texture to the rice. A cup of quinoa contains twice more protein and about 5 g more fiber than white rice.
Is quinoa a rice?
You could argue that comparing quinoa with rice isn’t fair, because quinoa isn’t actually a grain. It’s the seed of the goosefoot plant and a relative of beets and spinach. But quinoa is known as a pseudocereal because it’s cooked and eaten like a grain and has a similar nutritional profile.
Is rice and risotto the same?
Despite its appearance, risotto is not a type of rice but an Italian dish made with a special high-starch, short-grain rice such Italian Arborio, Carnaroli, or Vialone Nano rice. This special kind of rice can absorb quite a bit of liquid without becoming mushy.
What kind of rice does Chef Ramsay use for risotto?
How does Gordon Ramsay make risotto?
The real secret comes from using portobello mushrooms and white mushrooms with chicken stock, but you can substitute vegetable stock if you like. This green-hue arborio rice dish that often catches the camera as served as an app to Hell’s Kitchen diners.
What is a single serving of quinoa?
Stick with a single serving: 1/4 cup of uncooked quinoa. Otherwise, it’s easy to overeat, and the calories do add up pretty quickly.
How much quinoa should I eat a day?
Quinoa can be consumed anytime at breakfast, lunch or dinner. But it is best to eat healthy food like quinoa before going to bed. It induces sleep, because it relaxes the muscles, due to its high magnesium and protein content. One can eat one-two cups of cooked quinoa in a day
How many does 1 cup of quinoa serve?
How to Cook: Quinoa.Uncooked QuinoaAmount of WaterCooked Quinoa1/3 cup2/3 cup (160mL)1 cup2/3 cup1 1/3 cup (330 mL)2 cups1 cup2 cups (500 mL)3 cups1 more rowx26bull;19-Mar-2013
How much is a healthy amount of quinoa?
Studies have reported that consumption of one serving of quinoa (about 40 g) meets an important part of daily recommendations (RDA) for essential nutrients and health-improving compounds.
What is the best rice to use for risotto?
Is Carnaroli better than arborio?
Carnaroli: Variously hailed as the king or the caviar of Italian rices, carnaroli is the preferred risotto rice in most regions of Italy except the Veneto. It’s said to produce the creamiest risotto, yet it’s more resistant to overcooking than arborio
What is the best arborio rice for risotto?
Which is better for weight loss rice or quinoa?
Quinoa has fewer calories and carbohydrates than rice. So, quinoa is a healthier choice as it not only gives you extra nutrition, but also a small portion will fill up your stomach faster, and will also keep you full for a long time, concludes Ms Chopra.
Is it OK to eat quinoa everyday?
Quinoa is a seed of an edible plant. A study by Harvard Public School of Health stated that eating a bowl of quinoa daily may reduce the chances of early death risk from cancer, heart disease, respiratory ailments, diabetes, and other chronic diseases by 17%.
Is quinoa worse than rice?
Quinoa is high in iron, manganese, phosphorus, magnesium, and zinc, plus it contains high levels of calcium, potassium, and selenium. Overall, quinoa has three to four times more nutrients than brown rice
Is quinoa good for you to lose weight?
The gluten-free pseudo-grain is ideal to boost heart health and digestion. It may also help maintain blood sugar level and aid sustainable weight loss. In fact, experts and health practitioners often recommend including good amount of quinoa in weight loss diets in place of high-carb grains.
Which is healthier rice or quinoa?
Additionally, quinoa has far fewer calories and carbohydrates than white rice, which contains 40 more calories and 15 times the carbohydrates per cup than the same amount of quinoa. A cup of quinoa will also provide twice the protein and about 5 grams more fiber than the same amount of white rice.
Is quinoa better than rice for weight loss?
Quinoa has amino acid and protein, which white and brown rice lack. Thus, quinoa is a better option for people trying to lose weight. The amount of fibre in quinoa is more than the fibre in rice, which again makes quinoa a slightly healthier option. White rice and brown rice have fewer calories than quinoa.
Why do bodybuilders eat rice instead of quinoa?
Carbs also replenish muscle glycogen stores after extreme workouts. Intense workouts significantly deplete sugar (glycogen) in your muscles and eating the right carbohydrates are important to replenish what has been used. Athletes prefer white rice as a great carbohydrate choice to accomplish this goal.
Why is quinoa so healthy?
Quinoa is high in anti-inflammatory phytonutrients, which make it potentially beneficial for human health in the prevention and treatment of disease. Quinoa contains small amounts of the heart healthy omega-3 fatty acids and, in comparison to common cereals, has a higher content of monounsaturated fat.

domain: food


text:
Lately, I’ve been working with models to get out of my comfort zone and refine my portrait style. I have to say, it’s been awesome! Nicole is the first signed model I’ve ever worked with.
It’s always slightly awkward taking photos in public – people always stare. I guess it makes sense – why is this girl so dressed up and why does the other one have a camera? This is a hiking trail! Regardless, we had so much fun! Here are a few of my favorites.

domain: artistic


text: One of my favorite groups has released their latest album, I am Mountain. It is a totally different sound from their last album, but that is sort of par for the course for them. Gungor is by far one of my favorite bands to see live because of how they integrate art, spoken word and music into their gigs. Plus they always have amazing musicians as part of their collective and it is stunning to watch them play. They are coming out our way in November and despite wanting to go to NYC to watch their show there, we are going a cheaper route and going to a gig at a local university.


Found 1 resultsAuthor [ Title] Type Year
Filters: First Letter Of Title is C and Author is Matokwani, Edwin [Clear All Filters]
“Community Markets for Conservation (COMACO) links biodiversity conservation with sustainable improvements in livelihoods and food production”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 108, pp. 13957–13962, 2011.


text:
Singapore — Former Nominated Member of Parliament (NMP) Calvin Cheng has defended the expenditure on this year’s National Day Parade (NDP) funpack, although many people are petitioning against receiving it.
Those against the funpack call it a “waste of money and resources”, with a petition on the change.org platform to opt-out of receiving the funpack now having 75,000 signatures.
The petitioner, Mr Kaushik Ilango, believes that “there could be a much better use of the resources used to make roughly 1.4 million funpacks; such as the perishable goods inside the funpack, the novel single-use items, the manpower to acquire, make and distribute the funpacks and not to mention the planning of it”.
“All these are resources that could be better spent addressing more urgent needs of the society at present,” he wrote.
Furthermore, Mr Ilango wrote that not every item in the funpack is of any long-term use and that it is not uncommon to see many of the funpacks being thrown away at the end of the NDP in past years.
In a Facebook post on Friday (May 22), Mr Cheng wrote that he was for both the NDP and the funpack. He said: “This is a logical fallacy: If both spending on the NDP and helping needy people are worthwhile, why can’t we do both?”
He added: “Singapore’s story of independence is also one of tears and sweat, and the overcoming of great odds. Independence day celebrations remind people what it means to be a nation. In prosperous times, it is a celebration. In dark times, it is a rallying call. A reminder of our strength, who we are, and what it took us to get here.”
Mr Cheng said: “The people who are calling for this year’s celebrations to be cancelled are churlish, small-minded, and entirely misguided.” And that “it is precisely because we are going through tough times that we need to soldier on, to rally round our flag and our country on August 9th”.
“It will be money well spent,” he added.
Follow us on Social Media
Send in your scoops to firstname.lastname@example.org

domain: politics


text:
Wearable technologies provide valuable insights into the real-world behavior of patients enrolled in clinical trials. Objective activity and sleep measures are important quality of life indicators that can augment patient reported outcomes to help investigators and sponsors evaluate treatment responses and make faster, better informed clinical decisions. However, the complexities of the clinical development process demand a clinical-grade technology solution that not only delivers high quality data, but is simple to deploy and manage at sites around the world.
Our suite of FDA 510(k) cleared wearable activity monitors and cloud-based CentrePoint software platform deliver protocol-specific physical activity and sleep measures derived from high resolution accelerometer data and a selection of validated algorithms developed by members of the global academic research community.
By leveraging the power and flexibility of cloud and mobile technologies, our CentrePoint platform provides instant, role-based visibility of sites, patients, and overall study progress from any web-connected device. Real-time information about wear compliance, patient outcomes, and site performance helps your team identify and address issues early on, to optimize data quality, drive efficiency, and inform clinical decisions.
With over a decade of large-scale, multi-site study expertise, ActiGraph is your premier provider of clinical grade physical activity monitoring solutions.
Please contact us to learn more or discuss your specific activity monitoring needs.

domain: medical


text:
One of the biggest keys to successful manifesting is KNOWING that you have the ability to make your desires a reality.
That knowing only comes with confidence in your own ability to create.
Having the confidence in yourself that you can create what you want and make it a reality is essential to manifesting because if you do not believe in your own ability to create and manifest, you will not be successful. It’s not more complicated than that.
KNOWING is everything when it comes to manifesting.
You must have a firm belief that what you desire WILL come into existence. You must be driven by a strong desire to make what you want a reality, and it must be a desire that is bigger than you are. There must be no questioning in your mind it WILL become a reality.
True belief in yourself is driven by a KNOWING and that comes with high levels of confidence in yourself and your ability to attract what you want. There is no end to what you can do when you unequivocally believe in yourself and your own abilities.
It all starts with taking a firm stance that what you want CAN and WILL be a reality. Being clear on what you want is essential, but what is even more essential is taking a firm stand for it and not letting it get away from you. And more often than not, getting what you want requires going after it to make it a reality, and that’s OK.
Taking action is essential to manifesting, but to take action, you must have confidence that the action you are taking will create the results you desire. You must know that what you are going after and you must take the correct, guided action. You must know that the action you are taking will produce the results you desire.
It is within that knowing, and only within that knowing, that what you want becomes very, very real … unmistakably real. So real in fact, that it cannot be mistaken for a fantasy any longer … instantly making it a reality.
That is the very point in time when you break through the bounds of what we call “reality” and you KNOW, without a doubt, that what you want has already come into existence.
There is no more questioning. It simply is.
Share this Post

domain: psychology


text:
Our company is a Sino-foreign joint venture of Pingyang Variable Machinery General Factory Zhejiang Province with Korea Shiyi joint-stock company.We have a long history in machinery industry.
Telephone86-577-63632050AddressNo.78 ShuGuang North Road,Aojiang,Pingyang,Zhejiang,China, wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (Mainland)
Located in the centre of high technology development zone, Xi'an, Shaanxi Widesunny Co., Ltd. was founded in 2000. We are a young and dynamic enterprise that manufacture, supp...
Telephone86-29-6296 3001, 629AddressNo. 216, Xiyi Road, Xincheng District, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (Mainland)
Hi! We are from Turkey, we are manufacturers of sock knitting machines and spare parts, as well socks.We are the oldest established company in Turkey.We are proud of our products ands services.
Telephone90-212-674 30 84-613AddressTerazidere mah, Gunesh CAD, Cengiz topel, # 6A, Istanbul, Istanb

domain: economics


text:
Is it "bureaucratic bullying" or "operational necessity"? Faced with being overruled, the Cowichan Lake Recreation Commission’s Ian Morrison is looking for answers this week.
What is becoming an uncomfortable situation began with a simple vote on May 12 at the Rec Commission meeting in which the eight representatives unanimously agreed not to participate in a regional activity guide but urge its own staff to continue with four more issues of the Playbook, which lists only programs run at the variety of Cowichan Lake area facilities managed by the commission.
It was also decided to re-visit that idea with the commission in a year’s time.
But the fallout from that motion was surprising, Morrison reported in an email.
"I have the great displeasure to inform you that someone at the CVRD feels they have the authority to overrule and overturn a resolution passed by the three elected representatives of the sole funding jurisdictions (Areas F, I, Town of Lake Cowichan), and the five present citizen members of Cowichan Lake Recreation Commission," said Morrison, who is also director for Area F (Cowichan Lake South).
"We don’t need ivory tower bureaucrats in Duncan telling us what’s good for us and how to spend our own tax dollars. But just you watch. The backroom gang will cook up what sounds like a semireasonable explanation why Cowichan Lake Recreation must participate in the Regional Recreation activity guide. They may claim it’s cheaper or more convenient or an operational necessity to ensure efficiency."
Morrison said he consulted a number of CVRD board members, as well as former long-serving Area F Director Joe Allan for their opinions.
"Each and every one’s reaction to this overreaching of authority has been ‘This just can’t happen!’ Only the CVRD board can force a service like Cowichan Lake Recreation to spend its taxpayers’ money on something we don’t want."
Area I director Pat Weaver said she, too, was concerned that she knew nothing more about the reversal of the commission’s decision and had not seen the subject discussed by board directors.
"If it had been, I would have been there fighting for us," she said.
In reply to questions about the situation, Island Savings Centre manager John Elzinga read a prepared statement.
"Staff at the regional district take the operational responsibility for creating program marketing materials and the format is not usually an advisory commission decision."
Asked why the commission would even be voting on it, Elzinga would only add, "that’s an interesting question."
He then said the regional district has been proceeding for more than a year towards a listing of all its programs together with an eye to launching program registration online in the fall.
This big list would include programs for Kerry Park, Shawnigan Lake, Cowichan Lake Recreation and the Island Savings Centre.
"This makes it easier and potentially cheaper to provide information for a combined printed activity guide. The major benefit is to have increased choice for Cowichan residents to have an active lifestyle," he concluded.
Morrison said Tuesday that he was not sure how he would proceed with his concerns about local autonomy, adding he was taking another careful look at the situation.

domain: news


text:
Happy New Year & Buon Anno to all my lovely followers around the world.
‘I’m back, to let you know that I can really shake them down.’ Yes, I know, ancient song lyrics again!As I write my first column of 2020, I can see the sun rising and trying to break through the heavy mist, which left everything dripping wet overnight. The valley below us looks like a lake with little Islands dotted about! This is quite normal in January and when the sun does break through it will be another beautiful day in Tuscany. If you are visiting though, be prepared for cold and wet weather.
This is a great time of year for getting out and about, particularly visiting museums and art galleries. There are less tourists, so one can enjoy a rather more pleasant experience, particularly in Florence. Il Museo Galileo, which is dedicated to the great man, is an amazing place for children and adults alike. Fantastic collections of antique scientific instruments and some great hands on experiences for those budding scientists or physicists. I love this sort of stuff. And, it’s only a short walking distance from the Uffizi Gallery and Palazzo Vecchio, beside the River Arno! It’s also a good excuse for going to Florence for lunch! Let’s go together!
January 6 was a Festa because of Befana, the friendly witch who arrives to check on the children’s behaviour over the festive period. If they have been good they get a present, if not a lump of coal. I can’t honestly say that I have ever seen a child holding a lump of coal or sporting black hands in evidence of being naughty. Befana also celebrates the end of the festive period, so life can return to normal! Phew.
Well, in many ways it’s good to return to work and to see all the shops and restaurants opening as usual. In the second week we celebrated men’s fashion with Pitti uomo and you would have seen some amazing sites in Florence over a five-day period. All the male fashionisti were strutting around the streets, trying to outdo each other. But oh, they have such style. Only in Italy! Of course, the fashion shops were open then too, so we had to go!
Back in our lovely, if rather overgrown winter garden, a stroll around revealed all sorts of colourful wild flowers and weeds. Also, what with all the damp morning mists, some fascinating fungi. It’s really cold at the moment, so gardening may have to wait a little longer. My man and I would quite like to start a raised vegetable garden, but that’s another project for another time. I would love to hear from you if you already have one!
Anyway, home grown vegetables and fruit are easily obtainable at the market (mercato) in our nearby town of Certaldo. Go there on a Saturday morning where the small market can be found in front of the Town Hall and Church. You can also get mouth-watering local cheeses. If you like much bigger markets, Wednesday is the day to go and you will find it on the edge of town near the Co-op and swimming pool. Cavalo Nero (black cabbage) is currently in season and you can enjoy this on crostini with Paolo’s slow wood-fire cooked white beans at Ristorante C’era un Volta in Lucardo near Fiano. Delicious.
Well, enough for now, time to start thinking about my next Rock Concert in June and get my head around the repertoire. I am also working hard on finishing my fourth novel in the ‘Continuing adventures of Joanna Wilde’ called Assassin’s List. This one is expected to be published in the Spring and much of the plot is located in Italy. I’ll keep you posted.
Have a great January and do keep warm.
Salute June x

domain: geography


text:
Chrin Bros. Sanitary Landfill says politics in Williams Township have… (KEVIN MINGORA, THE MORNING…)
Chrin Bros. Sanitary Landfill says politics in Williams Township have changed so much that a lawsuit seeking to force town hall to collect two decades' worth of back taxes from the company should be dismissed.
The attorney for residents who brought the legal challenge – as well the township's own solicitor – say nothing has changed, and the suit should go forward. A Northampton County judge heard those arguments Tuesday over a motion by Chrin to dismiss the suit.
At issue is a landfill business privilege tax that was enacted in 1989 but is not being collected. Opponents of Chrin sued in 2009 to force the township to do so, one of several legal battles in Williams over a landfill that intends to expand.
Since the suit was filed, township residents have elected two new supervisors who are critics of Chrin, George Washburn and Vincent Foglia, making them a majority on the three-member board. And this year, the board decided that it will no longer defend the township against the residents' lawsuit, though it also voted not to collect the fee until ordered to do so by a judge.
Chrin's attorney, Maryanne Garber, said the new reality leaves residents Kevin Troisi, James Diedzic, Daniel Cwynar and Katherine Lilley without standing to pursue their suit. To justify it, the residents had claimed they were forced to turn to the courts as a last resort because of a "cozy" relationship between Chrin and supervisors — an argument Garber said no longer exists.
"This board is very clear that they want this tax to be collected," Garber told Judge Emil Giordano. "There's no reason to be in court. The township is not defending itself against this litigation anymore."
Williams' solicitor, Sean Gresh, and the residents' attorney, Gary Asteak, countered that because the township still isn't collecting the tax, the suit should continue.
"I think I have to quote the famous Yogi Berra," Gresh said. "It ain't over 'till it's over."
Gresh and Asteak said campaign pledges aren't the same as real action.
"Are you suggesting that political promises made in a campaign are not always carried out?" Giordano asked sarcastically.
"I think it's a virus that infects politicians," Asteak said afterward. "They make promises but they don't keep them."
Giordano will rule at a later date. If the lawsuit is allowed to proceed, Asteak said he expects it could go to trial as early as December.
Reached by telephone, Foglia and Washburn said their decision to not immediately collect the tax is one of tactics, and is no flip flop.
If supervisors ordered the township's treasurer to go after Chrin, the residents would have lost standing in their suit, delaying a long-awaited court decision, Foglia said. The legal process would then have to start over, with the township suing Chrin to try to get the money, he said.
"We'd like to collect the tax," Foglia said. "The most efficient way to bring this to a speedy resolution is to not have this case thrown out."
"The bottom line is, the court has to decide whether it is a lawful tax or not," Washburn said.

domain: law


text:
With ~40 games left to play, the Jays find themselves in an unusual position. With a poor record in those final games, they could finish as low as 27th in the majors, which would give them the 4th overall pick in the 2014 mlb amateur draft. But a strong finish could see them drafting 8-10 positions later.
Under one school of thought, the value of draft picks (at least in the first round) is linear. So a 4th overall pick is more valuable than a 5th, which is in turn more valuable than a 6th. An alternate view is that each draft has a few "can’t miss" pics – the A-Rods and Harpers – and that the remaining players are best ranked in tiers, with the players in each tier being of roughly equal potential. Under this second view, a 4th overall pick might not be of significantly more value than a 12th pick.
I was curious. So I tested.
I looked at the mlb drafts from 1988-2007. A 20 year period, so I had a decent sample size while still remaining in the "modern era" of the draft. Ending in 2007, so the better players drafted would be in the majors by now.
For each year, I looked at three mini-tiers: players picked 4th-6th overall, 7th-9th, and 10th-12th. I then counted the number of players drafted who became "stars". For this purpose I (arbitrarily!) defined a star as a player who played in at least one all-star game in his career.
My goal was to see if the 4th-to-6th pick tier generated more "stars" over the 20 year period than the 10th-to-12th pick tier. The results were surprising.
18 of the players drafted 10th-12th became stars, compared to only 14 of those drafted 4th-6th. Of those drafted 7th-9th, 11 became stars. This finding supported the "tier" theory.
I thought I would dig a bit deeper.
Maybe my definition of "stars" was too lenient. After all, many players not commonly thought of as "stars" would meet my definition of one all-star game. So, as a second test, I redefined a "star" as someone who had played in at least *3* all-star games in their career.
Under the new definition, the 10th-12th picks still had more "stars" (6) than the 4th-6th tier (3).
But perhaps there were more super-duper stars drafted 4th-6th? After all, Derek Jeter fell into that category, and he handily led all of the players in my sample with an impressive 13 all-star appearances. So as a final test, I added up the total number of all-star appearances by all of the players in each tier.
Again, the results supported the tier theory. The 10th-12th tier generated 44 all-star appearances as a group, compared to only 36 for the 4th-6th tier. And that is despite the 13 Jeter appearances included in the 36.
These tests do not "prove" the tier theory. But the results are highly statistically inconsistent with the alternate view – that the 4th-6th pick is significantly more likely to produce a star (or a better star) than a 10th-12th pick.
Implications for the Jays in 2013? Perhaps their final standing is less draft-critical than people think (though a protected pick would be nice) and they should instead choose their direction for the remainder of 2013 based on what will best benefit the team in 2014 and beyond.
Play the kids? Give players like JJ a chance to re-prove themselves? Test J-Bau at 1B (3B?) . Let Lind play every day against both lefties and righties?
I welcome your thoughts

domain: game


Alarm raised over house blaze
Fire crews were called to a Blackpool home following reports people were trapped by a blaze.
The incident happened at just after 6.25am today in George Street, close to the town centre.
Two fire appliances from Blackpool and a crew from and South Shore responded.
Firefighters equipped with breathing apparatus entered the property and used three hosereel jets to extinguish the fire as they searched for a possible casualty.
Nobody was trapped in the fire and there were no casualties.


|Publication number||US5305213 A|
|Application number||US 07/698,017|
|Publication date||Apr 19, 1994|
|Filing date||May 9, 1991|
|Priority date||May 9, 1991|
|Also published as||DE69206472D1, DE69206472T2, EP0512726A2, EP0512726A3, EP0512726B1|
|Publication number||07698017, 698017, US 5305213 A, US 5305213A, US-A-5305213, US5305213 A, US5305213A|
|Inventors||Mark D. Boardman, Robert M. Langbo|
|Original Assignee||Eaton Corporation|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (16), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (39), Classifications (28), Legal Events (6)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
ES-- max=IS+((K factor)*(((max-- OS-- torq)/(gear ratio))/(torque-- ratio)).sup..5)
ES-- max=IS+((K factor)*(((max-- OS-- torq)/(gear ratio))/(torque-- ratio)).sup..5)
This application is related to co-pending U.S. patent applications:
Ser. No. 07/698,745 entitled RANGE SHIFTING ONLY FAULT TOLERANCE METHOD/SYSTEM, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,109,721;
Ser. No. 07/697,813 entitled THROTTLE CONTROL FAULT DETECTION AND TOLERANCE METHOD/SYSTEM, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,109,729;
Ser. No. 07/697,384 entitled TOOTH BUTT/BUZZ CONTROL METHOD/SYSTEM, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,099,711;
Ser. No. 07/698,752 entitled SMOOTH UPSHIFT CONTROL METHOD/SYSTEM, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,136,897;
Ser. No. 07/698,751 entitled COMPOUND POWER DOWNSHIFT METHOD/SYSTEM, now abandoned;
Ser. No. 07/697,814 entitled TORQUE CONVERTER SLIP RATE BASED SKIP POWER DOWNSHIFT CONTROL STRATEGY, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,274,553, all filed the same day, May 1, 1991, and assigned to the same assignee, Eaton Corporation, as this application.
The present invention relates to a control system and control method for controlling the operation of an automated mechanical transmission system, preferably of the type including a fuel controlled a throttle override device, such as an SAE J1922 electronic engine control, for supplying fuel to the engine in a predetermined manner to achieve a desired engine rotational speed, a torque converter, preferably a lock-up/disconnect clutch assembly and a mechanical transmission.
In particular, the present invention relates to a control system/method for an automated transmission system as described above wherein torque converter slip is controlled, by controlling engine speed, to limit driveline torque, especially in the low speed gear ratios.
Mechanical transmission systems of the compound range, splitter or combined range and splitter type are well known in the prior art as may be seen by reference to U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,788,889; 4,754,665 and 4,735,109, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference.
Automatic mechanical transmission systems comprising mechanical transmissions and controls and actuators to automatically shift same, usually electronically controlled in accordance with sensed inputs and predetermined logic rules, are known. Examples of such systems may be seen by reference to U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,648,290; 4,595,986; 4,527,447; 4,711,141; 4,642,771; 4,792,901; 4,361,060; 4,140,031 and 4,081,065, the disclosures of which hereby incorporated by reference. Such systems may also be seen by reference to SAE Paper No. 831776 titled "AUTOMATED MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION CONTROLS", the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
Fault tolerance logic routines for automatic transmissions are known as may be seen by reference to U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,922,425; 4,849,899 and 4,899,279, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
Automatic transmission systems including a torque converter drivingly interposed a drive engine and a mechanical change gear transmission and/or including torque converter bypass or lock-up devices are also known as may be seen by reference to U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,593,596; 4,261,216; 4,271,724; 4,351,205 and 4,375,171, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
Automatic mechanical transmission systems utilizing power synchronizer devices, i.e. devices independent of engine speed to provide input shaft braking and acceleration, and not manipulation of engine speed, to synchronize the transmission jaw clutch members are known in the prior art. Examples of such systems may be seen by reference to U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,478,851, 4,023,443; 4,140,031 and 4,614,126, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
Automatic mechanical transmission systems having a power synchronizer and also having a torque converter drivingly interposed a drive engine and the transmission input shaft, and including a torque converter lock-up/disconnect clutch assembly, are known. Examples of such systems may be seen by reference to U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,784,019 and 4,860,861 and S.A.E. Paper No. 881830 entitled "THE EATON CEEMAT (CONVERTER ENHANCED ELECTRONICALLY MANAGED AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION)", the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
Such transmission systems provide an automatic mechanical transmission system utilizing a mechanical change gear transmission of a structure identical or substantially identical to the structure of transmissions intended for manual usage, providing the advantages of a torque converter for vehicle start-ups and the advantages of nonslipping connection between the engine and transmission at higher vehicle speeds/gear ratios and providing relatively rapid synchronization of the transmission positive jaw clutches. By providing an automatic mechanical transmission system based upon the same, or substantially the same, mechanical change gear transmission utilized for manual transmission systems, manufacturing, inventory and maintenance cost savings are obtained. To the transmission is added, if necessary, shifting mechanisms suitable for automatic control by solenoids or the like. An example of such a shifting mechanism may be seen by reference to above-mentioned U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,361,060 and 4,899,607 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,873,881; 4,722,237 and 4,445,393, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. A power synchronizer mechanism as disclosed in above-mentioned U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,614,126; 3,478,851 or 4,023,443 is also added for synchronizing the transmission positive jaw clutches.
A torque converter is drivingly interposed the drive engine and transmission. A torque converter lock-up and disconnect clutch structure is provided comprising a first and a second separate, independently operable, clutches, preferably friction clutches, for coupling the torque converter driven member or turbine to the transmission input shaft and for coupling the torque converter input or impeller (i.e. the engine output) to the transmission input shaft, respectively.
The torque converter is drivingly interconnected between the engine and transmission only when the first coupling is engaged and the second disengaged. The torque converter is locked-up, i.e. the turbine driven directly by the engine, when the second clutch is engaged. The transmission is driven directly from the engine, whenever the second clutch is engaged simultaneously with the first clutch.
When the first coupling is disengaged, regardless of the condition of the second coupling, the transmission input shaft is disconnected from the engine torque and also from the inertia of the torque converter and from the inertia of the second coupling allowing the jaw clutches to be easily disengaged, the power synchronizer mechanism to act quickly due to relatively low inertia on the input shaft and also allowing a selected gear to be pre-engaged with the vehicle at rest and in the drive condition.
Electronic and other engine fuel control systems wherein the fuel supplied to the engine may be modulated to provide a desired engine speed, regardless of the operators setting of the throttle pedal, are known in the prior art. Such systems may be seen by reference to above-mentioned U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,081,065; 4,361,060 and 4,792,901 and by reference to the SAE J1922 electronic engine control standards and related standards SAE J1708, J1587 and J1843, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Attempts to control driveline torque by sensing torque converter slip and using an on-off type throttle dip control are known in the prior art. These devices were not satisfactory as control was unprecise and the device caused objectionable jerking of the entire vehicle drivetrain.
With automated transmission systems of the type described, which typically have a very high torque ratio torque converter, it is desirable to limit the potentially excessively high driveline torque such system can generate at the transmission output shafts thereof.
In accordance with the present invention, the drawbacks of the prior art are overcome or minimized by the provision, in an automated mechanical transmission system of the type described, of a control system/method to limit the torque applied to the vehicle driveline (i.e. transmission output shaft torque) to a pre-set maximum value. This control is especially useful in the low speed gear ratios where the mechanical gear ratios are highest and the torque converter is normally operated in the nonlocked up or nonbypassed condition thereof.
The above is accomplished, preferably in an automatic mechanical transmission system based upon a mechanical change gear transmission to which is added shifting mechanisms suitable for automatic control, a power synchronizer mechanism as disclosed in above-mentioned U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,614,126, a torque converter drivingly interposed the drive engine and transmission, an engine fuel control system and a torque converter lock-up and disconnect clutch structure of the type described in the above-mentioned U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,784,019 and 4,860,861 by the provision of a control effective to limit output shaft torque to a predetermined maximum value by limiting engine speed as a function of gear ratio, torque converter slip and torque converter torque ratio. Preferably, engine speed is controlled by controlling fueling of the engine, such as by use of SAE J1922 electronic engine controls.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a new and improved automatic mechanical transmission system utilizing power synchronizer, a torque converter drivingly interposed the engine and mechanical transmission and further utilizing an improved torque converter lock-up and disconnect clutch structure.
Another object of the present invention is to provide control logic for an automated transmission system of the type described wherein engine speed is controlled to limit output shaft (driveline) torque to a predetermined maximum value.
These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from a reading of the description of the preferred embodiment taken with the drawings.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the torque converter and torque converter disconnect and bypass clutch structure of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of the automatic mechanical transmission system of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a partial view, in section, of the automatic mechanical transmission system of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a graphical representation of a typical shift sequence for the transmission of FIG. 2.
FIG. 5 is a symbolic representation of the shift pattern for the transmission of FIG. 3.
Certain terminology will be used in the following description for convenience and reference only and will not be limiting. The words "upwardly", "downwardly", "rightwardly" and "leftwardly" will designate directions in the drawings to which reference is made. The words "inwardly", and "outwardly", refer to directions towards and away from, respectively, the geometric center of the device and designated parts thereof. The above applies to the words above specifically mentioned, derivatives thereof and words of similar import.
The torque converter lock-up and disconnect clutch assembly 10 and an automatic mechanical transmission system 12 utilizing same, of the present invention, are schematically illustrated in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3. The term "automatic mechanical transmission system" as used herein, shall mean a system comprising at least a throttle device controlled heat engine 16, a multi-speed jaw clutch type change gear transmission 14, a nonpositive coupling device such as a master friction clutch and/or a fluid coupling 10/20 interposed the engine and the transmission and a control unit 5 for automatically controlling same. Such systems will, of course, also include sensors and/or actuators for sending input signals to and/or receiving command output signals from the control unit.
The present invention is also well suited for use in connection with transmission systems having a torque converter without a torque converter lock-up/ disconnect clutch.
The automatic mechanical transmission system 12 of the present invention is intended for use on a land vehicle, such as a heavy duty truck, but is not limited to such use. The automatic mechanical transmission system 12 illustrated includes an automatic multi-speed mechanical change gear transmission 14 driven by a prime mover throttle device controlled engine 16 (such as a diesel engine) through a fluid coupling or torque converter assembly 20. The output of the automatic transmission 14 is an output shaft 22 which is adapted for driving connection to an appropriate vehicle driveline component such as the differential of a drive axle, a transfer case, or the like as is well known in the prior art.
As will be discussed in greater detail below, the torque converter lock-up and disconnect clutch assembly 10 includes two separate, independently engageable clutches, preferably friction clutches, a torque converter disconnect clutch 24 and a torque converter lock-up or bypass clutch 26. The transmission 14 includes a transmission operating mechanism 28 which is preferably in the format of a pressurized fluid actuated shifting assembly of the type disclosed in above-mentioned U.S. Pat. No. 4,445,393. The transmission also preferably includes a power synchronizer assembly 30 which may be of the type illustrated and disclosed in above-mentioned U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,478,851, 4,023,443 or 4,614,126.
The present invention is also applicable to automated mechanical transmission systems not utilizing a power synchronizer.
The above-mentioned power train components are acted upon and monitored by several devices, each of which are known in the prior art and will be discussed in greater detail below. These devices may include a throttle position monitor assembly 32, which senses the position of the operator controlled vehicle throttle pedal or other fuel throttling device, a throttle control 34 which controls the supply of fuel to the engine, an engine speed sensor assembly 36 which senses the rotational speed of the engine, a torque converter disconnect clutch and lock-up clutch operator 40 which operates the torque converter disconnect and lock-up clutches, a transmission input shaft speed sensor 42, a shift fork position sensor assembly 43, a transmission output shaft speed sensor 44, a transmission shifting mechanism operator 46 for controlling the operation of transmission shifting mechanism 28 and/or a power synchronizer mechanism actuator 48 for controlling the operation of power synchronizer mechanism 30.
The throttle control 34 is effective to respond to command output signals from a controller to supply fuel to the engine to a set or variable level regardless of the operator's positioning of the throttle pedal. In the case of an electronic engine control conforming to above-mentioned SAE J1922 or a similar standard, the fueling of the engine may vary as necessary to obtain and/or maintain a desired engine speed.
The above-mentioned devices supply information to and/or accept commands from an electronic central processing unit (ECU) 50. The central processing unit or controller 50 is preferably based on a digital microprocessor, the specific configuration and structure of which form no part of the present invention. The central processing unit 50 also receives information from a shift control or mode selector assembly 52 by which the operator may select a reverse (R), a neutral (N) or several forward drive (D, DL) mode of operation of the vehicle. Typically, the D mode of operation is for on-highway vehicle travel while the DL mode of operation is for off-road operation.
Typically, the system also includes various sensors, circuits and/or logic routines for sensing and reacting to sensor and/or actuator failures.
As is known, the central processing unit 50 receives inputs from the various sensors and/or operating devices. In addition to these direct inputs, the central processing unit 50 may be provided with circuitry and/or logic for differentiating the input signals to provide calculated signals indicative of the rate of change of the various monitored devices, means to compare the input signals and/or memory means for storing certain input information, such as the direction of the last shift, and means for clearing the memory upon occurrence of predetermined events. Specific circuitry for providing the above-mentioned functions is known in the prior art and an example thereof may be seen by reference to above-mentioned U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,361,060 and 4,595,986 and/or by reference to a technical paper entitled "THE AUTOMATION OF MECHANICAL TRANSMISSIONS" published proceedings of a joint IEEE/SAE conference entitled International Congress 20 on Transportation Electronics, IEEE Catalog Number 84CH1988-5, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
As is well known in the operation/function of electronic control units, especially microprocessor based ECUs, the various logic functions can be performed by discrete hardwired logic units or by a single logic unit operating under different portions or subroutines of the control system logic rules (i.e. the software).
A more detailed schematic illustration of the torque converter 20 and torque converter lock-up and disconnect clutch assembly 10 drivingly interposed engine 16 and automatic change gear transmission 14 may be seen by reference to FIG. 1. The torque converter assembly 20 is conventional in that it includes a fluid coupling of the torque converter type having an impeller 54 driven by the engine output or crank shaft 56 through a shroud 58, a turbine 60 hydraulically driven by the impeller and a stator or runner 62 which becomes grounded to a housing 64 via a one-way roller clutch 66 carried by a shaft 68 grounded to the housing 64. Shroud 58 also drives a pump 70 for pressurizing the torque converter, lubricating the transmission, selectively pressuring the transmission shifting mechanism 28 and/or power synchronizing mechanism 30 and/or operating the disconnect and bypass clutches 24 and 26. Pump 70 may be of any known structure such as, for example, a well known crescent gear pump.
The transmission 14 includes an input shaft 72 driven by the engine 16 via the torque converter assembly 20 and/or lock-up and disconnect clutch assembly 10. Transmission input shaft 72 carries a connecting member 74 fixed thereto for rotation therewith. Connecting member 74 includes a portion 76 associated with the torque converter disconnect clutch 24 and a second hub portion 78 splined for association with the input shaft. Briefly, as will be described in greater detail below, torque converter disconnect clutch 24 may be engaged or disengaged, independently of engagement or disengagement of lock-up clutch 26, to frictionally engage or disengage a connecting member 79 which is associated with the torque converter turbine 60 and a member of the lock-up clutch 26, to and from the transmission input shaft 72 via portion 76 of connecting member 74. Torque converter lock-up clutch 26 may be frictionally engaged or disengaged, independent of the engagement or disengagement of disconnect clutch 24, to frictionally engage the engine crankshaft 56, and shroud 58 driven thereby, to the connecting member 79.
Engagement of torque converter lock-up clutch 26 will engage the engine crankshaft 56, via shroud 58, directly with the connecting member 79, regardless of the engaged or disengaged condition of torque converter disconnect clutch 24, and thus provides an effective lock-up for locking-up the torque converter 20 and driving transmission 14 directly from the engine 16 if disconnect clutch 24 is engaged. Additionally, at speeds above torque converter lock-up speed, the lock-up clutch 26 need not be engaged and disengaged during shifting as disengagement of clutch 24 disconnects the inertia of connection member 79 from input shaft 72.
If the torque converter bypass clutch or lock-up 26 is disconnected, and the torque converter disconnect clutch 24 is engaged, the transmission 14 will be driven from engine 16 via the torque converter fluid coupling as is well known in the prior art. If the torque converter disconnect clutch 24 is disengaged, regardless of the condition of lock-up clutch 26, the transmission input shaft 72 is drivingly disengaged from any drive torque supplied by the engine or any inertial drag supplied by the torque converter, the engine and clutch 26. Disconnecting of the transmission input shaft 72 from the inertial affects of the engine, clutch 26 and/or torque converter allows the rotational speed of the input shaft 72, and all transmission gearing drivingly connected thereto, to be accelerated or decelerated by the transmission power synchronizer mechanism 30 in a more rapid manner for purposes of more rapidly achieving synchronization during a downshift or upshift of the transmission and also allows the power synchronizer 30 to cause the input shaft 72 to rotate at a rotational speed greater than any governed engine speed.
When the vehicle is at rest with the mode selector in the drive or off-highway drive mode, the disconnect clutch 24 will be engaged and the lock-up clutch 26 disengaged allowing for torque converter start-up with its well known advantages. At above a given vehicle speed and/or gear ratio, the advantages of torque converter operation are no longer required, and the increased efficiency of a direct drive between the drive engine and transmission is required. Upon these conditions, the torque converter lock-up clutch 26 will be maintained engaged allowing the transmission input shaft 72 to be driven directly from the engine via the torque converter shroud 58 and connecting member 79 when the disconnect clutch 24 is engaged.
As discussed above, clutch 24 will be disengaged to shift from a previously engaged gear to neutral, to allow the power synchronizer 30 to synchronize the jaw clutch members of the gear to be engaged and to allow engagement of the synchronized jaw clutches of the gear to be engaged.
Selection of the desired gear ratio and selection of the required engaged or disengaged condition of the torque converter disconnect or lock-up clutches, as well as the issuance of command signals to the various clutch and transmission operators is accomplished by the central processing unit 50 in a manner which is known in the prior art and which may be appreciated in greater detail by reference to above-mentioned U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,361,060 and 4,595,986.
The compound transmission 14 is illustrated in greater detail in FIG. 3 and is of the type wherein the main section countershaft or countershafts 90 are coaxially aligned with the auxiliary section countershaft or countershafts 92. Transmission 14 is of a relatively standard design and is preferably of the twin countershaft type only one of which countershafts in the main and auxiliary sections, 94 and 96, respectively, is shown. Examples of such transmissions having coaxially aligned main section and auxiliary section countershafts may be seen by reference to U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,105,395 and 3,138,965, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference.
Transmission 14 includes input shaft 72 to which member 78 is fixed for rotation therewith and which additionally carries input gear 98 nonrotatably attached thereto. Main section countershaft 90 is substantially parallel to mainshaft 100 and is provided with countershaft gears 102, 104, 106, 108, 110 and 112 fixed for rotation therewith. A plurality of mainshaft gears, also called ratio gears, 114, 116, 118 and 120, surround the mainshaft and are selectively clutchable thereto, one at a time, by double sided positive jaw clutch collars 122, 124 and 126. Jaw clutch collar 122 may also clutch the input shaft 72 directly to the mainshaft 100 while clutch collar 126 may clutch reverse mainshaft gear 128 to the mainshaft.
The mainshaft gears 114, 116, 118 and 120 circle the mainshaft and are in continuous meshing engagement with, and are preferably supported by, opposed pairs of countershaft gears 104, 106, 108 and 110 which mounting means and the special advantages resulting therefrom are explained in greater detail in above-mentioned U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,105,395 and 3,335,616. Reverse mainshaft gear 128 is in continuous meshing engagement with countershaft gear 112 by means of conventional intermediate idler gears (not shown). The forwardmost countershaft gear 102 is continuously meshed with and driven by input gear 98 for causing rotation of countershaft 90 whenever the input gear is rotatably driven.
Clutch collar 122 carries positive jaw clutch teeth 98b and 114b which are engageable with clutch teeth 98a and 114a, respectively, to define positive jaw clutches 98c and 114c, respectively. Clutch collar 124 carries positive jaw clutch teeth 116b and 118b which are engageable with jaw clutch teeth 116a and 118a, respectively, to define positive jaw clutches 116c and 118c, respectively. Jaw clutch collar 126 carries jaw clutch teeth 120b and 128b which are positively engageable with jaw clutch teeth 120a and 128a, respectively, to define positive jaw clutches 120c and 128c, respectively.
As is known in the prior art, each of the clutch collars are preferably directly or indirectly splined to the mainshaft for rotation therewith and axial movement relative thereto. Other mounting means for the clutch collars are known in the prior art and are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention. Each of the clutch collars 122, 124, and 126 is provided with means for receiving a shift fork or shift yoke 130, 132 and 134, respectively, whereby the clutch collars are axially moved, one at a time only, from the positions illustrated in FIG. 3 by the actuator 28.
The auxiliary transmission section 96 includes output shaft 22 which is preferably coaxial with input shaft 72 and mainshaft 100 and is supported for rotation in a transmission housing by means of bearings. The auxiliary section also includes an auxiliary section countershaft 92 supported for rotation in the housing by means of bearings. Fixed for rotation with mainshaft 100 is the auxiliary section drive gear 136. Auxiliary section countershaft 92 carries auxiliary section countershaft gears 138 and 140 fixed for rotation therewith. Auxiliary section countershaft gear 138 is constantly meshed with auxiliary section input gear 136 while auxiliary section countershaft gear 140 is constantly meshed with output gear 142 which surrounds the output shaft 22. A synchronized clutch structure 144, of conventional individually synchronized jaw clutch design, is utilized to selectively clutch mainshaft 100 and auxiliary drive gear 136 directly to the output shaft 22 for a direct drive connection between the mainshaft and output shaft or to clutch output gear 142 to the output shaft 22 for a reduction drive of output shaft 22 from mainshaft 100 through countershaft 92 as is well known in the prior art. Synchronized clutch structure 144 is controlled by shift fork 146 axially moved by actuator 28.
Transmission 14 is of the range type wherein the auxiliary section ratio step (or steps) is greater than the total ratio coverage of the main section ratios appearing in all ranges. Such transmissions are well known in the prior art, see U.S. Pat. No. 4,754,665, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
The power synchronizer assembly 30 includes a planetary speed increasing gear set driven by the output shaft 22 independently of the rotational speed of the drive engine 16, and selectively actuatable to accelerate the rotational speed of transmission elements driven by the input shaft 72 for purposes of synchronous rotation of jaw clutch members associated with the gear ratio to be engaged. Preferably, the power synchronizer assembly 30 will also include means to decelerate the transmission elements driven by the input shaft. Deceleration of the transmission elements driven by the input shaft may also be achieved by input shaft and/or engine braking devices which will preferably be controlled by central processing unit 50.
The power synchronizer assembly 30 is driven by the vehicle through gear 142 which is driven directly or indirectly by output shaft 22 and thus the power synchronizer is not effective to accelerate the main section countershaft 90 when the auxiliary section is not engaged.
Details of construction and operation of the power synchronizer assembly 30 may be appreciated in greater detail by reference to above-mentioned U.S. Pat. No. 4,614,126.
The shift sequence for a simple shift of transmission 14 in system 12 is illustrated in FIG. 4. Assuming the ECU 50 determines that a shift from second (2nd) to third (3rd) speed is required (i.e. a simple upshift), the ECU will cause fuel controller 34 to defuel (i.e. "dip") the engine regardless of the position of the throttle pedal 32. While the engine is being defueled, the disconnect clutch (or master clutch) 24 is disengaged and shift to main section 94 neutral is undertaken.
Upon defueling the engine, declutching the disconnect clutch and disengaging the main section, the power synchronizer is actuated to cause the mainshaft gearing (in this example 3rd speed mainshaft gear 114) to rotate at a target or substantially synchronous speed relative to mainshaft 100 as determined by output shaft speed and auxiliary section 96 ratio. Output shaft speed is sensed by sensor 44 while the speed of the various mainshaft gears is a known multiple of input shaft 72 speed as sensed by sensor 42.
The rail select function can occur at any time after main section disengagement and main section reengagement in the new ratio is timed to occur as the power synchronizer is bringing the engaged gear towards target speed. Of course, for an upshift the power synchronizer is normally required to retard the speed of the input shaft and associated gearing.
Upon achieving engagement of the proper main section ratio, the disconnect clutch is reengaged and the engine refueled.
Typically, a simple shift can be accomplished in about 0.70 to 0.80 seconds with a disconnect (i.e. torque break) time of about 0.50 seconds.
In a transmission system 12 of the type described, especially in systems intended for off-road and other difficult applications, the transmission 14 typically has a very high mechanical gear ratio in the low speed ratios and the torque converter 20 typically is a high ratio torque converter. Such systems, especially when operating in the low speed/high mechanical gear ratios, with the torque converters typically not locked up nor bypassed, have a potential to generate excessively high driveline (i.e. output shaft) torques. To prevent damage to the vehicle, and especially to the vehicular driveline, the control system/method of the present invention provides logic rules by which torque applied to the driveline (i.e. output shaft 22 torque) is limited to a predetermined maximum value.
In a transmission system 12 of the type described, applied driveline torque can be determined based upon the slip (TC-- slip) across the torque converter 20 coupled with the mechanical ratio (gear-- ratio) of each engaged gear ratio. This applied torque is set to a maximum value based on the capacity of the vehicle driveline. For a given transmission 14, the ratios are fixed therefore the parameter that may vary is the slip across the torque converter. Working from the pre-set maximum driveline torque and each ratio of the transmission, a maximum torque converter slip (TC-slip) is derived for each ratio of the transmission. This maximum torque converter slip value is used as control parameter to limit the engine speed.
The automated mechanical transmission system 12 possesses a means, fuel controller 34 acting under commands from ECU 50, by which the engine speed can be controlled through use of the SAE-J1922 or similar engine control communication link. When engaged in a particular gear and in torque converter mode (nonlockup), the engine speed is limited to the maximum allowable torque converter slip calculated for the given gear. The transmission system limits engine speed by commanding engine speed be limited to a speed equaling the sum of the RPM of the input shaft plus the maximum allowed slip, using the SAE-J1922 engine speed control mode.
To control driveline torque, several parameters are required to determine a desired engine speed (ES).
The maximum allowable driveline torque (MAX-- OS torq) is a function of the specific structural features of the vehicle and is a constant. The capacity factor of the torque converter (K factor) and the torque ratio of the torque converter (torque-- ratio) are also constant. The (torque-- ratio) equals torque converter output torque divided by torque converter input torque.
In system 12, the (gear-- ratio) of the transmission 14 is one of several known values depending upon the currently engaged speed as may be determined by reference to shift actuator position sensor 43 and/or by comparing input shaft speed (IS) to output shaft speed (OS). Torque converter slip (TC-- slip) is equal to torque converter input speed minus torque converter output speed which, in system 12, is equal to engine speed (ES) minus input shaft speed (IS), assuming disconnect clutch 24 is fully nonslippingly engaged.
To determine the maximum engine speed (ES-- max) in a given engaged transmission gear ratio (gear-- ratio) to limit driveline torque to a predetermined maximum value (max-- OS-- torq):
1) maximum torque converter output torque is equal to (max-- OS torq)/(gear-ratio);
2) maximum torque converter input torque is equal to maximum torque converter output torque divided by (torque-- ratio); and
3) (K factor)=(TC-- slip)/(Torque converter input torque).sup..5 ; therefor maximum (TC slip) equals (K factor)*(maximum torque converter input torque).sup..5 ; and
4) (ES-- max) equals IS plus maximum (TC-- slip).
By way of example, assuming a transmission system 12 utilizing an RTO-11609b transmission 14 from Eaton Corporation having a 12.56:1 mechanical gear ratio in first gear and a torque converter from Rockford Corporation having a torque ratio equal to about 2.6 and a K factor equal to about 52. Further assume that the predetermined maximum driveline torque (max-- OS-- torq) for the vehicle in which the system is installed has been determined to be 17500 lbs. ft.
1) The maximum torque converter output torque will equal 17500 lbs.-ft/12.56 which equals 1393 lbs.-ft.;
2) The maximum torque converter input torque will equal 1393 lbs.-ft./2.6 which equals 535 lbs.-ft.;
3) The maximum (TC-- slip) (in 1st gear) equals 52*(535).sup..5 which equals 1203 RPM; and
4) (ES-- max) in 1st gear equals IS plus 1203.
A maximum TC-- slip for each ratio, or at least the low speed ratios, is determined, and, if this ratio is exceeded, i.e. if ES IS+(max TC-- slip), then a command is issued to the fuel control system to cause the engine fueling to achieve and maintain an engine speed ES equal to or less than the sum of sensed input speed (IS) plus (max TC-- slip) for the engaged gear-- ratio.
Referring to the above example, in first (1st) gear, if an input shaft speed of 400 RPM is sensed, and if the sensed engine speed (ES) exceeds ES-- max, i.e. 400 RPM plus 1203 RPM equals 1603 RPM, the fuel control system 34 will be issued common output signals from controller 50 to decrease fuel to the engine, regardless of the position of throttle pedal sensor 32, to cause ES to equal no more than 1603 RPM.
Accordingly, it may be seen that a control system/method for the automated transmission system of the type described is provided which will control engine speed, usually by controlling fueling of the engine, to limit driveline torque to a predetermined maximum value.
It is understood that the above description of the preferred embodiment is by way of example only and that various modifications, substitutions and/or rearrangements of the parts are possible without departing from the spirit and the scope of the present invention as hereinafter claimed.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US4361060 *||Sep 25, 1980||Nov 30, 1982||Smyth Robert Ralston||Mechanical automatic transmission|
|US4527447 *||Dec 6, 1982||Jul 9, 1985||Eaton Corporation||Automatic mechanical transmission system|
|US4543855 *||Mar 31, 1983||Oct 1, 1985||Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft||Method for operating a vehicle having an automatic, continuously variable gear ratio transmission|
|US4595986 *||Oct 9, 1984||Jun 17, 1986||Eaton Corporation||Method for control of automatic mechanical transmission system utilizing a microprocessor based electronic controller|
|US4614126 *||May 13, 1985||Sep 30, 1986||Eaton Corporation||Power synchronizer|
|US4784019 *||Jan 15, 1987||Nov 15, 1988||Eaton Corporation||Torque converter disconnect and bypass clutch structure for automatic mechanical transmission|
|US4792901 *||May 15, 1986||Dec 20, 1988||Eaton Corporation||Method for controlling AMT system including after transmission gear change fuel control|
|US4850236 *||Nov 20, 1987||Jul 25, 1989||Eaton Corporation||Vehicle drive line shift control system and method|
|US4852006 *||Apr 18, 1988||Jul 25, 1989||Eaton Corporation||Amt off-highway downshift logic|
|US4860861 *||Sep 17, 1987||Aug 29, 1989||Eaton Corporation||Torque converter lock-up and disconnect clutch structure|
|US4873637 *||Feb 10, 1988||Oct 10, 1989||Eaton Corporation||Control for vehicle start from stop operation|
|US4899607 *||Oct 24, 1988||Feb 13, 1990||Eaton Corporation||Electrically controlled pressurized fluid actuated X-Y shifting mechanism|
|US4933851 *||Jun 16, 1988||Jun 12, 1990||Aisin Aw Kabushiki Kaisha||Method of and apparatus for controlling motor vehicle during speed change operation|
|US4991097 *||Apr 29, 1988||Feb 5, 1991||Chrysler Corporation||Method of stall torque management for an electronic automatic transmission system|
|US5136897 *||May 9, 1991||Aug 11, 1992||Eaton Corporation||Smooth upshift control method/system|
|US5157991 *||Mar 7, 1991||Oct 27, 1992||Mazda Motor Corporation||Automatic transmission control system for vehicle|
|1||"Control Technology of Minimal Slip-Type Torque Converter Clutch" by Hiramatsu et al., SAE Technical Paper Series 850460, Feb. 25-Mar. 1, 1985, pp. 47-54.|
|2||*||Control Technology of Minimal Slip Type Torque Converter Clutch by Hiramatsu et al., SAE Technical Paper Series 850460, Feb. 25 Mar. 1, 1985, pp. 47 54.|
|3||*||SAE Paper No. 881830 presented Nov. 1988.|
|4||*||SAE Standard J1922.|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US5487004 *||Oct 29, 1993||Jan 23, 1996||Eaton Corporation||Control system/method for automated mechanical transmission systems|
|US5509867 *||May 16, 1994||Apr 23, 1996||Eaton Corporation||Engine flywheel torque determination method/system|
|US5522777 *||May 5, 1994||Jun 4, 1996||Dana Corporation||Electronic transfer case shifting apparatus|
|US5562567 *||Jun 30, 1995||Oct 8, 1996||General Motors Corporation||Shift torque management|
|US5564999 *||Jun 7, 1995||Oct 15, 1996||Cummins Engine Company, Inc.||Method and apparatus for gear down operation prevention|
|US5679093 *||Jul 27, 1995||Oct 21, 1997||Rockwell International Corporation||Engine speed retardation on transmission upshift|
|US5679096 *||Apr 8, 1996||Oct 21, 1997||Eaton Corporation||Torque control for powertrain and change-gear transmission utilized in same|
|US5720358 *||Dec 6, 1995||Feb 24, 1998||Caterpillar Inc.||Apparatus for controlling the torque on a power train and method of operating the same|
|US5797110 *||Nov 17, 1995||Aug 18, 1998||Eaton Corporation||Engine torque control|
|US5830104 *||May 16, 1997||Nov 3, 1998||Meritor Heavy Vehicle Systems, Llc||Engine speed retardation on transmission upshift|
|US5935042 *||May 18, 1998||Aug 10, 1999||Chrysler Corporation||Adaptive K-factor to improve stall-torque management|
|US5984830 *||Nov 25, 1998||Nov 16, 1999||Caterpillar Inc.||Apparatus and method for shifting into a lower gear of a manual transmission|
|US6026342 *||Dec 10, 1996||Feb 15, 2000||Siemens Aktiengesellschaft||Control unit for a motor vehicle|
|US6052638 *||Feb 20, 1998||Apr 18, 2000||Eaton Corporation||Engine flywheel torque control|
|US6165102 *||Nov 22, 1999||Dec 26, 2000||Cummins Engine Company, Inc.||System for controlling output torque characteristics of an internal combustion engine|
|US6168546 *||Feb 11, 1998||Jan 2, 2001||Robert Bosch Gmbh||Device and method for controlling the transmittable torque in a CVT|
|US6234254 *||Mar 29, 1999||May 22, 2001||Caterpillar Inc.||Apparatus and method for controlling the efficiency of the work cycle associated with an earthworking machine|
|US6544142 *||Sep 19, 2001||Apr 8, 2003||Fuji Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha||Transmission system for vehicle|
|US6636795 *||May 17, 1999||Oct 21, 2003||Eaton Corporation||Powertrain torque control|
|US7192386 *||Sep 16, 2002||Mar 20, 2007||Voith Turbo Gmbh & Co. Kg||Method for controlling and/or regulating the braking torque in a drive train, and control and regulating system|
|US7258650||Jun 23, 2005||Aug 21, 2007||Caterpillar Inc.||Systems and methods for controlling a powertrain|
|US8357019 *||Sep 3, 2010||Jan 22, 2013||Converteam Technology Ltd.||Propulsion chain|
|US8376908 *||Sep 29, 2010||Feb 19, 2013||Aisin Seiki Kabushiki Kaisha||Vehicle control apparatus|
|US20050020405 *||Sep 16, 2002||Jan 27, 2005||Bernd Dietzel||Method for controlling and/or regulating the braking torque in a drive train, and control and regulating system|
|US20050109141 *||Nov 25, 2003||May 26, 2005||Devore James H.||Automated mechanical transmission system|
|US20060293149 *||Jun 23, 2005||Dec 28, 2006||Caterpillar Inc.||Systems and methods for controlling a powertrain|
|US20110098154 *||Sep 29, 2010||Apr 28, 2011||Aisin Seiki Kabushiki Kaisha||Vehicle control apparatus|
|US20110111653 *||Sep 3, 2010||May 12, 2011||Converteam Technology Ltd.||Propulsion chain|
|US20150149060 *||Nov 18, 2014||May 28, 2015||Dr. lng. h.c. F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft||Method for controlling an internal combustion engine|
|USRE37703||Apr 14, 2000||May 14, 2002||Cummins Engine Company, Inc.||Control system for regulating output torque of an internal combustion engine|
|CN1086654C *||Nov 16, 1996||Jun 26, 2002||易通公司||Powertrain torque control|
|CN102537321A *||Nov 24, 2011||Jul 4, 2012||通用汽车环球科技运作有限责任公司||Electrically assisted variable-k control|
|CN102537321B *||Nov 24, 2011||Apr 29, 2015||通用汽车环球科技运作有限责任公司||System for variable-k factor and vehicle provided with the system|
|EP0709246A2||Oct 16, 1995||May 1, 1996||Eaton Corporation||Automated clutch control and calibration|
|EP0774374A2||Oct 23, 1996||May 21, 1997||Eaton Corporation||Powertrain torque control|
|EP0774374A3 *||Oct 23, 1996||Jun 17, 1998||Eaton Corporation||Powertrain torque control|
|EP0778429A2||Nov 19, 1996||Jun 11, 1997||Eaton Corporation||Control for automated mechanical transmission system|
|EP0937602A1||Feb 13, 1999||Aug 25, 1999||Eaton Corporation||Engine flywheel torque control|
|WO1997010965A1 *||Sep 20, 1996||Mar 27, 1997||Renault||Automatic transmission torque limiting method|
|U.S. Classification||701/54, 477/109|
|International Classification||B60W30/18, B60W10/04, B60W10/00, F02D41/22, F16H61/70, F02D29/00, B60W10/02, F16H61/48, F16H59/46, B60W10/06|
|Cooperative Classification||B60W2510/1005, F16H2059/467, F16H61/702, B60W10/06, B60W2710/105, Y10T477/677, B60W2710/0644, B60W10/111, F16H59/46, B60W2510/1015, B60W30/18, B60W30/1846|
|European Classification||B60W10/111, B60W30/184D, B60W10/06, B60W30/18|
|May 9, 1991||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: EATON CORPORATION A CORP. OF OHIO, OHIO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:BOARDMAN, MARK D.;LANGBO, ROBERT M.;REEL/FRAME:005716/0795
Effective date: 19910425
|Sep 29, 1997||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 28, 2001||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|Nov 2, 2005||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|Apr 19, 2006||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|
|Jun 13, 2006||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 20060419


Thursday, January 31, 2013
Agreement reached on Carmel Market renovation
Under the Carmel Market renewal plan, approved by the Tel Aviv Regional Commission in 2009, Carmel Street will be rezoned for commerce, and the Carmel Market, the Meat Market, and the Western (Gaza) Market will be rebuilt. The renewal plan includes additional residential, hotel, and business space, and the construction of an underground four-level public parking garage with 1,000 parking spaces. The market will be covered, its infrastructures rebuilt, and a logistics center will be built.
After the plan was approved, hundreds of Carmel Market traders raised objections, which delayed further discussion of the plan by the planning commission. Subsequent negotiations between the parties focused on recognition of the stall owners' property rights. Under today's agreement, the Carmel Market traders will receive 49-year leases with an option to extend for another 49 years. Rent for a stall up to seven square meters will not exceed NIS 200,000. Owners of stalls which will be vacated for renovations will receive either financial compensation or an alternative stall under the terms set out in the agreement.
The Tel Aviv Municipality's Engineering Administration and the Axelman Grobman Architects firm prepared the Carmel Market plan. Renovations are due to begin in 2014. "This is a historic step toward settling the planning for the area and turning the Carmel Market into a modern and attractive market," said Tel Aviv Mayor Ron Huldai. "Since I took up office, I set the goal of preserving and renovating the assets and symbols of Tel Aviv, one of which is the Carmel Market. I welcome the progress in the plan with the traders' agreement and cooperation, and I am sure that the renovations, which will preserve the market's authenticity, magic, and character on one hand, while making the site an inviting and modern place for the public on the other hand, will benefit the traders, and revive the whole area."


text:
The Benefits Of Playing Video Games That You Should Know & Your Mom Needs To See
The world of video games enraptures many. Just like almost everything, video games have also evolved over a period of time.
That time is gone when we just used to play Mario and Contra. Countless PlayStation and Xbox games are reminders of that. With better graphics and features, people can play on these consoles for hours. Even mom's scolding doesn't affect that anymore.
While she is complaining, you can tell her to read these benefits of playing video games and that might make her okay with you spending hours on video games.
1. Playing video games can slow down the ageing process.
A study conducted by researchers at the University of Iowa reveals that anything that makes you use your brain, makes it sharper. And video games are responsible for exactly that. Video games keep your brain in shape.
2. It can help you get rid of all bad habits.
A study by Brown University proved that smokers deprived of nicotine could reduce their cravings simply by playing two-player games or solving puzzles with their romantic partners.
3. It helps in reducing pain in your body.
Ask a gamer and they'll tell you about the relief they get after playing games. A study conducted by University of Washington Harborview Burn Center arrived at that conclusion after patients who played Snow World reported being able to ignore their pain 92 per cent of the time.
4. It also helps in majorly reducing anxiety.
Research at the New Jersey Medical School’s anesthesiology department found that children who played video games before surgery were less anxious as opposed to kids who were given anesthesia.
5. No, it does not make you antisocial.
There are studies that claim social awkwardness is a common thing and playing video games makes no difference. But yet more studies found that gamers who partake in live, social environments are actually the most communicative and friendly people around.
6. It can also help in improving your vision.
It is also said that it improves hand and eye coordination which helps a lot of surgeons out there.
7. It improves focus and attention.
With constant playing of games it is unlikely that your focus shifts. And that helps in overall development of your ability to focus on tasks.
8. Want to be a great decision maker? Play games.
Games allow you control your actions in games which comes from lone decision making without external help. With gamers able to adapt quickly while playing, it clearly reflects in real life as well.
9. Playing games can also reduce depression.
A company called SPARX created video game therapy that helped teenagers more than any counselling. Over 168 teens with an average age of 15 participated, all of them having shown previous signs of depression. The ones that played games responded better than the ones that received counselling.
10. You tend to control your memory well when playing games.
The brain is affected in all the right ways with video games.
Brigham Young University study suggested that just 45 minutes of playing a squad game of PUBG, Fortnite or Halo 4 can improve productivity by up to 20 per cent. "To see that big a jump - especially for the amount of time they played - was a little shocking," said co-author and BYU associate professor Greg Anderson. "Companies are spending thousands and thousands of dollars on team-building activities, and I'm thinking, go buy an Xbox."


text:
WASHINGTON -- In a rare post-trial hearing, a court security officer testified before the judge overseeing former Trump adviser Peter Navarro's contempt of Congress case, after Navarro's attorneys moved for a mistrial.Navarro, who under Donald Trump was director of the White House Office of... Read More.
(WASHINGTON) -- House Republicans on Thursday released the complete transcript of Devon Archer's testimony before the Oversight panel, the substance of which became a subject of debate along party lines after the former business associate of President Joe Biden's son Hunter Biden appeared... Read More.
(WASHINGTON) -- Devon Archer, a former business associate of Hunter Biden, met with lawmakers behind closed doors Monday to testify about the younger Biden's business dealings and what, if any, involvement his father had with them.Archer and his attorney Matthew Schwartz were on Capitol Hill... Read More.
(NEW YORK) -- Victims of the 2021 Oxford school shooting in Michigan appeared in court to give emotional testimony Friday in a hearing that will determine whether the shooter, Ethan Crumbley, could be sentenced to life in prison or have the possibility of parole.The... Read More.
(AUSTIN, Texas) -- On the second day of a hearing over a lawsuit filed against the state of Texas, an anti-abortion doctor who practices in the state testified Thursday in support of the ban, stating "the law is clear" and that if doctors believe... Read More.
A surprising witness took the stand for the defense in Kevin Spacey's ongoing sexual assault trial in the U.K.: Elton John.Elton and his husband David Furnish both testified remotely via video link from Monaco to address Spacey's attendance at one of Elton's AIDS Foundation... Read More.
(WASHINGTON) -- Former President Donald Trump's last White House chief of staff, Mark Meadows, has testified before a federal grand jury hearing evidence in the special counsel's investigations into Trump, sources familiar with the matter told ABC News.Sources said that Meadows answered questions on... Read More.
(NEW YORK) -- Repairing the damage to writer E. Jean Carroll's reputation caused by then-President Donald Trump's Oct. 12, 2022, social media post that allegedly defamed her could cost up to $2.7 million, a marketing expert testified Thursday in Carroll's defamation and battery case... Read More.
(NEW YORK) -- A former People magazine writer, testifying in E. Jean Carroll's defamation and battery case against former President Donald Trump, told the jury that Trump pushed her against a wall and began kissing her while she was visiting his Mar-a-Lago estate on assignment... Read More.
(NEW YORK) -- A friend of writer E. Jean Carroll, testifying Tuesday in Carroll's civil defamation and battery case against former President Donald Trump, said that Carroll called her and described the alleged attack minutes after alleged assault took place.Carroll, who brought the lawsuit... Read More.
(WASHINGTON) -- Former Vice President Mike Pence appeared Thursday before a grand jury investigating former President Donald Trump's role and efforts to overturn the 2020 election, sources familiar with the matter told ABC News.Pence was inside the courthouse in Washington for more than seven... Read More.


text:
Doing a Backyard Dog Fence Installation
One of the most common questions we get asked is how to do an installation that contains your pup in only the back yard and does not give them access to the front yard. The complication is that the boundary wire needs to make a complete loop, but you do not want to stop the dog being able to go in and out of the back yard.
Many people want to try and use twisted wire to make up one side of the loop, but you cannot do this. For example:
I would like to install a fencing system in my back yard and have a few questions regarding how twisted wire can be used. Can it be part of the necessary loop? If so, can the wiring be used in this order? From the transmitter box, twisted wire, then gauge wire, then twisted wire going back into the transmitter box? If this can be done, is there a maximum amount of twisted wire that can be used in and out of the transmitter box?
You need a complete loop of single wire, and cannot use the twisted wire as part of that loop. Twisted wire can only connect that loop to the control box. But there are creative options you can take to create a backyard only system:
(1) You can run the side of the loop that is along the back of the house up a downspout, across the gutter, and down a downspout on the other side, so the height of the wire above the ground stop the dog getting the correction when they go in and out the back door of your house.
After running the wire, you want to check in your house, using the collar to make sure there is no unintended wire signals inside parts of the home where you want the dog to have access.
(2) You can complete the loop tight around the front house, so the dog cannot actually go to the front of the house but (diagram 17)
(3) You can do a “U” shaped loop that doubles back on itself across along the three sides of the yard where you want to contain the dog. Note that you want to keep opposite sections of wire at least six feet apart, otherwise the signals from the wire will interfere with each other and could cancel each other out.
Our Most Popular Pages
perimeter wifi fence ~ dog fence twisted wire ~ underground dog fence reviews ~ dog fence installation ~ petsafe large dog ~ smart dog ht-023 ~ dig dog fence wire ~ innotek 5100 ~ sdf 100 ~ electric dog fence training ~ innotek sd 2000 ~ innotek dog fence ~ best electric dog fence ~ prf 3004w ~ ef 3000 gold ~ underground pet containment ~ innotek 3000 ~ innotek sd 2225 ~ wireless dog fence reviews ~ dog fence without digging ~ driveways and pathways ~ wire trencher ~ underground dog fence ~ petsafe little dog review

domain: pet


text:
Mortgage applications last week rose for the first time in six weeks, despite higher interest rates, according to the Mortgage Bankers Association.
Sharp changes in interest rates and uncertainty about the overall direction of the housing market may have played a role.
Average contractual interest rates for 30-year fixed-rate mortgages rose from 6.01% to 6.25% with matching loan balances ($647,200 or less) and decreased points from 0.76 (including origination fees) to 0.71. payment.
MBA economist Joel Kang said, “The Federal Reserve is expected to announce another large short-term rate hike to curb inflation at its September meeting, while Treasury yields are expected to rise. It continued to rise last week,” he said. , in the release.
Refinancing applications for mortgages, which are typically very sensitive to large fluctuations in interest rates, actually increased 10% in a week, even though they were 83% lower than the same week a year ago. Part of that may have been due to the previous week’s holiday adjustments. It’s also possible that the very few remaining borrowers who could benefit from refinancing eventually left the fence seeing that interest rates could rise further for the foreseeable future. .
“Despite rising interest rates, the increase in weekly filings underscores the current overall volatility and the Labor Day-adjusted results of the previous week,” Kang said.
Mortgage applications to buy a home were up 1% this week, but down 30% from the same week a year ago. Buyers are realizing there’s less competition in today’s expensive market, so some might be jumping in when the chance arises, as the home is much longer than it was three months ago. It is on the market and sellers are willing to negotiate.
Still, prices haven’t eased much yet, and with interest rates as high as they are now, affordability has been historically weak. does not actually represent the
Another Mortgage News Daily survey showed mortgage rates rose further this week. The average 30-year fixed rate Tuesday fell just below 6.5% ahead of Wednesday’s long-awaited Federal Reserve meeting. Investors are particularly interested in comments about potential future rate hikes, not current rate hikes.
“Forecasts amplify the volatility that could have already been seen in the rate hike decision. [Fed Chairman Jerome] Powell’s press conference always has the potential for more volatility,” wrote Matthew Graham, chief operating officer of Mortgage News Daily.


text:
In fine Chinese style, this delicious dish tastes just like the rice in your favorite restaurant.
Makes 8 servings
4 tablespoons reduced-sodium soy sauce
¼ teaspoon garlic powder
¼ teaspoon ground ginger
4 teaspoons canola oil
1 cup liquid egg substitute or 2 eggs
8 ounces cooked chicken (2 cups), cut into small pieces* (I buy a rotisserie chicken which makes whipping up this dish so easy and fast!)
1 cup thinly sliced green onion
4 cups cooked white or brown rice (Uncle Ben's Rice in the bag only take 90 seconds to cook!)
Gather your ingredients.
In a small bowl or custard cup, combine soy sauce, garlic powder, and ginger. Set aside.
Preheat a large nonstick skillet over medium heat. Add 1 teaspoon of the oil. Pour in egg substitute or scrambled egg, tilting pan to coat bottom evenly.
Cook until egg is set, then remove egg from pan and cut into bite-size pieces. Set aside.
Add remaining oil to skillet. Add chicken, green onion, and rice. Cook, stirring, until well blended.
Stir in soy sauce mixture and egg.
*If desired, substitute cooked shrimp for the chicken.
Each Serving Provides
Total Fat 5.1g
Total Carbohydrate 24.8g
Dietary Fiber 2.2g


text:
Copies of most photos produced by staff of the Yellow Springs News are available for purchase. e-mail ysnews *at* ysnews.com or call 937.767.7373.
Tuesday, July 29, 2014
YELLOW SPRINGS WEATHER
Chance of Rain75°/57°
Street milling, paving
Road crews have started milling and paving streets around town. View more details.
Search The YS News
From the Print
- Evan Scott on VIDEO — Yellow Springs Community Foundation celebrates arts and culture
- Corey Slavitt on Hiker killed in lightning strike
- Eric Specht on Hiker killed in lightning strike
Recent Blog Posts
Seeking something older?
view all Yellow Springs News videos
- VIDEO — Yellow Springs Community Foundation celebrates arts and culture by YS News Staff
- Join Yellow Springs Senior Center in “flash mob” by Lauren Shows
- Flooding follows storm by Diane Chiddister
What's Going on in YS?
- From the Print
- Higher Education
- News Notices
- Village Life
- Village Schools
- Yellow Springs News Blogs
Antioch College alumni First Presbyterian Church YS Kids Playhouse Bulldogs football Bulldogs girls cross country Yellow Springs Soccer Inc. Miami Township Fire-Rescue Sea Dogs swimming YS School Board WYSO YS Arts Council Bulldogs golf Glen Helen Bulldogs volleyball Bulldogs swimming Bulldogs boys soccer Bulldogs cross country Bulldog girls soccer Chamber of Commerce summer youth baseball Nonstop Institute ACCC Bulldogs girls basketball Perry League t-ball Antioch College AMP Ohio Planning Commission Village Council Bulldogs basketball Tecumseh Land Trust Friends Care Community CBE Bulldogs boys cross country Community Resources Home Inc.
holiday alumni soccer game Street Fair Earth Day Art Stroll Antioch College reunion fundraiser YSHS graduation open gym volleyball Art On the Lawn protest Simply Women 3on3 basketball tournament Yellow Springs Experience art opening Village Fun Run benefit Miami Valley All-Comers Track & Field Meet Fourth of July MLK march Challenger Sports British Soccer Camp Glen Helen Pancake Breakfast New Year's Eve Summer in the Springs 5K Fun Run fundraiser real estate auction elections commencement Easter one-act plays Make It Count for the Birds AACW Blues Fest Hurricane Ike farmers' market open gym basketball
film Antioch College revival affordable housing economic development energy efficiency APRIL FOOLS! retirement theater music youth-community relations green space diversity anniversary celebration Village water VC budget nonprofit environmental sustainability school finances local food Village Manager fundraising solar energy beyond village borders land use alternative energy community support school leadership food and drink holiday green living African-American culture and history local business visioning process academic achievement property tax levy


12" x 1/8" x 20mm high speed masonry cutting
- Durable hard working high speed cutting blades
- Quickly cuts cured concrete and masonry products including brick, block and pipe
- 3/16" wheels designed for use on walk behind saws with pin drive system
- High performance silicon carbide grain for long life and high material removal
- High grain concentration for aggressive cutting action and smoother running wheels
- 2 full sheets of thicker fiberglass to withstand extreme applications and hold up to high speeds
Additional Dewalt Links
This Dewalt item can also be referenced by the following color/finish specific model #:
- Dewalt DW8027
*Discontinued model or finish
Discover the best online deals for the DW8027-10 and everything else for your home from the leading online home improvement store.
We're committed to providing you with the best assortment of Dewalt products with over 400 warehouses across the country.
Our knowledgeable product specialists work to bring you the best prices on every product and provide unmatched customer service. Your satisfaction is our highest priority!
Installation Resource Center
Whether you are installing the product yourself or hiring a professional, our installation Resource Center has everything you need to get your project done. Visit the Installation Resource Center to get started.