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Aldosterone and the mineralocorticoid receptor in the cerebral circulation and stroke
Experimental & Translational Stroke Medicine volume 4, Article number: 21 (2012)
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Elevated plasma aldosterone levels are an independent cardiovascular risk factor and are thought to contribute to hypertension, a major risk factor for stroke. Evidence from both experimental and human studies supports a role for aldosterone and/or the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in contributing to detrimental effects in the cerebral vasculature and to the incidence and outcome of ischemic stroke. This article reviews the evidence, including the protective effects of MR antagonism. Specifically, the effects of aldosterone and/or MR activation on cerebral vascular structure and on immune cells will be reviewed. The existing evidence suggests that aldosterone and the MR contribute to cerebral vascular pathology and to the incidence and outcome of stroke. We suggest that further research into the signaling mechanisms underlying the effects of aldosterone and MR activation in the brain and its vasculature, especially with regard to cell-specific actions, will provide important insight into causes and potential treatments for cerebrovascular disease and stroke.
Elevated plasma aldosterone level is an independent cardiovascular risk factor [1, 2]. The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is known to be expressed in brain , blood vessels [4–6] and heart [7, 8] as well as its classical site of expression in epithelial tissues such as the distal nephron. The MR is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily and comprises an N-terminal domain, a central DNA-binding domain and a hinge region linked to a C-terminal ligand-binding domain. The MR has two physiological ligands, aldosterone and cortisol (corticosterone in rodents). It is established that in epithelial tissues aldosterone requires the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11-βHSD2) to activate the MR, since 11-βHSD2 metabolises cortisol to cortisone . Cortisol and corticosterone circulate at 100-1000 times the concentration of aldosterone, thus in the absence of 11-βHSD2 and under conditions of normal cortisol levels, the MR would be occupied by cortisol . Co-localisation of 11-βHSD2 and the MR has been demonstrated in the vasculature (i.e. in endothelial and smooth muscle cells) [11–13], suggesting that aldosterone interacts with the MR in the vasculature.
Patients with primary aldosteronism (characterized by an overproduction of aldosterone) suffer stroke and cardiovascular events more frequently  than essential hypertensive patients despite having lower blood pressure, suggesting that elevated plasma aldosterone increases the risk of these events in a blood pressure-independent manner. Ischemic stroke is caused by interruption of blood flow to the brain, and deleterious stimuli which alter cerebral vascular structure and function will ultimately adversely influence cerebral blood flow . Therefore, in humans with underlying cardiovascular risk factors, detrimental vascular actions of aldosterone, perhaps acting via the MR, may contribute to the pathophysiology of hypertension and stroke. The purpose of this article is to review evidence for a contributing role of aldosterone and the MR in stroke in human and experimental studies. Deleterious cerebral vascular actions of aldosterone and MR activation, including arterial remodeling, and recent evidence regarding effects on immune cells following ischemic stroke will be discussed.
Aldosterone and the MR
Aldosterone, synthesized from cholesterol in the adrenal cortex, targets the distal nephron of the kidney to promote sodium and water retention, and potassium excretion, thus modulating electrolyte and fluid homeostasis and blood pressure . Given its well known actions on the MR expressed in epithelial cells, aldosterone was traditionally thought to have an exclusive role in the kidney. However mounting evidence suggests that MR is also expressed in non-epithelial tissues, including the brain, vasculature, cardiomyocytes and immune cells such as macrophages . Indeed, both aldosterone production and MR expression have been detected in the brain , blood vessels [4–6] and heart [7, 8].
The signalling actions of aldosterone may be either genomic or non-genomic (Figure 1). Genomic actions reflect the classic model of aldosterone action and involve it binding to the MR in the cytoplasm, resulting in MR release from chaperone proteins, dimerization of the receptor and translocation to the nucleus where it binds to hormone response elements on promoters leading to activation of gene transcription . By contrast, rapid, non-genomic actions of aldosterone occur when it binds to MR or other receptors on the cell surface  (e.g. G protein coupled receptor 30 [GPR30], and possibly the angiotensin II type 1 receptor [AT1R]) [18, 19] to activate second messenger systems.
Effects of MR antagonism on stroke outcome
MR antagonists appear to have beneficial effects in experimental models of stroke. Spironolactone and the more MR-selective compound, eplerenone  can both markedly prevent stroke from occurring in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) maintained on a 1% NaCl/stroke-prone diet [21, 22]. In both studies, control SHRSP showed signs of stroke and died by 16  or 18  weeks of age, whereas all SHRSP treated with spironolactone, and >75% treated with eplerenone, appeared normal and survived until 19 weeks of age before they were culled. Severe cerebrovascular and parenchymal lesions in brains of SHRSP were also reduced in both spironolactone- and eplerenone-treated animals [21, 22], suggesting that MR inhibition protects against stroke incidence through actions on both vascular and parenchymal tissues. Additionally, MR antagonism appears to improve outcome after experimental ischemic stroke. Specifically, pretreatment with either spironolactone  or eplerenone  reportedly reduces infarct size following middle cerebral artery occlusion in SHRSP  and in mice .
The aforementioned studies provide strong evidence for a role of MR in increasing the incidence and adverse outcomes in rodent models of stroke, although the cellular location(s) of the MR involved was unknown. However, a recent and important study by Frieler and colleagues  has provided evidence that MR expressed on myeloid cells (i.e. non-lymphocytic leukocytes) may play an important role in post-stroke outcome. Following cerebral ischemia, a smaller infarct volume was produced in myeloid cell MR-deficient mice compared with control mice, consistent with MR-expressing circulating immune cells mediating post-ischemic neuronal injury . Interestingly, the same group also provided evidence that myeloid cell MR expression regulates macrophage polarization , in that deletion of myeloid MR results in an M2 (or ‘alternate’, as opposed to M1 or ‘classical/pro-inflammatory’) macrophage polarization .
Macrophage response profile appears to occur according to the polarization state and thus depends on two main groups of T lymphocyte-derived cytokines. For example, Th1-type cytokines (e.g. IFNγ) induce M1 macrophages to display classical pro-inflammatory responses needed for killing parasites, whereas Th2-type cytokines (e.g. interleukins 4, 5, 13), which induce the M2 macrophage phenotype, are also important in the immune response but tend to instead exert an anti-inflammatory action . In addition to myeloid MR activation promoting a proinflammatory M1 state, aldosterone also stimulates several M1 mediators to be generated by peritoneal thioglycolate–elicited macrophages (e.g. TNFα, RANTES, IL-12) with the observation that TNFα expression may be inhibited by eplerenone indicating that the pro-inflammatory action of aldosterone was MR-mediated . In addition, a number of M1 markers (IL-1β, TNFα, IL-6, MCP1, MIP1α) were elevated in the ischemic brain hemisphere of control mice, but these changes were suppressed in myeloid MR-deficient mice. Similarly, there was a marked increase in immunoreactive Iba1+ cells in the ischemic core of control mice (indicative of activated microglia and macrophages), which was significantly weaker in myeloid MR-deficient mice . Together, these findings suggest that MR activity may play an important role in regulating immune cell function during the inflammatory response following cerebral ischemia, thus worsening stroke outcome.
Role of aldosterone in stroke outcome
Whilst it is likely that much of the evidence reviewed above implicating roles for MR activity in stroke indirectly reflects actions of its main endogenous agonist, aldosterone, there is nevertheless additional evidence that more directly implicates a role for this mineralocorticoid in stroke outcome. Treatment with deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA), often in combination with uninephrectomy and salt treatment, is commonly used to model pathology caused by aldosterone excess. However, even administration of DOCA alone to normal rats (i.e. in the absence of uninephrectomy and salt treatment) can result in an increased cerebral infarct size following permanent middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion, an effect that was associated with increases in both vessel wall thickness and wall: lumen ratio, and decreased lumen and outer diameters of the MCA . Thus, increased levels of mineralocorticoids may contribute to stroke outcome, and such an effect may at least partially result from effects on cerebral blood vessel structure.
Further evidence for a role of aldosterone in outcome after stroke comes from studies of standard anti-hypertensive therapies. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor blockers (ARBs) are frontline therapy for hypertension treatment , however their beneficial effects in stroke may include the suppression of aldosterone levels and be partly blood pressure-independent . For example, in SHRSP maintained on a high salt diet, the ACEI captopril [31–33] and the AT1R anatagonist losartan  increase post-stroke survival [31, 32] and restore cerebral blood flow autoregulation , yet neither drug exerted an anti-hypertensive effect. In contrast, treatment with the diuretic, hydralazine, significantly lowered blood pressure but was inferior to captopril in improving post-stroke survival [31, 32], consistent with the protection by ACEIs and ARBs being blood pressure-independent. In these studies, SHRSP treated with either captopril or losartan had lower plasma aldosterone levels than control SHRSP. Furthermore, when plasma aldosterone levels were restored to normal in captopril-treated SHRSP by infusion from implanted minipumps, the beneficial post-stroke effects of captopril were lost [31, 32], as would be expected if the protection by captopril involved suppression of plasma aldosterone levels. Interestingly, although yet to be directly assessed in cerebral vessels, mesenteric arteries from SHRSP are reported to contain significantly higher aldosterone levels at an early age when compared to control rats .
Despite experimental evidence that short-term benefits of combination ARB and ACEI therapy may be due to suppression of elevated aldosterone levels, findings from clinical trials using ARBs and ACEIs indicate that, in some patients on combined ARB/ACEI therapy, plasma aldosterone levels can increase over the long term . Thus it is likely that this phenomenon, termed ‘aldosterone breakthrough’, will have important clinical consequences given the non-epithelial actions of aldosterone in organs such as the brain, vasculature, heart and immune system, and may therefore need to be addressed perhaps by additional MR antagonism.
Clinical evidence appears to be consistent with data from experimental models indicating an important role for elevated aldosterone levels in stroke outcome , perhaps due to elevated aldosterone levels even in the absence of hypertension. For example, the incidence of cerebrovascular events (e.g. stroke, aneurysm, subarachnoid hemorrhage) in patients with glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism is associated with elevated aldosterone levels and suppressed renin activity . Similarly, a large retrospective study found an association between high aldosterone levels and the risk of stroke and transient ischemic attack that was independent of blood pressure and other risk factors . Furthermore, patients with primary aldosteronism suffer more strokes than patients with essential hypertension, despite having lower blood pressure , and they have much higher rates of stroke than age-, sex-, and blood pressure-matched essential hypertensives . Indeed, in recently published clinical studies, relative aldosterone excess (i.e. an increased aldosterone-to-renin ratio) has been identified as a predictor of stroke/transient ischemic attack, during both normal and high sodium intake .
Gender effects on aldosterone levels and MR antagonism in stroke
Postmenopausal hypertension is largely dependent on mineralocorticoid receptor activation and is selectively sensitive to mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists . Furthermore, in premenopausal women, plasma aldosterone levels are lower than in men , but after menopause there is no gender difference in plasma aldosterone levels [43, 44].
Spironolactone and eplerenone were without effect on infarct size in female SHRSP despite a higher relative expression of MR in cerebral arteries in females than males , highlighting a potential sex difference in the utility of MR antagonists for stroke therapy. Another study using Wistar rats found that females were less sensitive to central MR antagonism (using the MR antagonist RU28318) than males . Thus, in contrast to findings in human studies where MR appears to be important in post-menopausal women, in experimental studies females appear to be less sensitive to MR antagonism.
Complex roles of aldosterone and the MR in the brain
Despite the evidence that aldosterone contributes to the incidence and outcome of stroke, and that MR inhibition may be protective under these pathological conditions, the MR is nevertheless likely to be important in the normal physiology of the brain. The receptor is most highly expressed in the hippocampus where it is plays a role in behavioral, cognitive and neuroendocrine regulation , and pharmacological evidence suggests it is neuroprotective in that it can play a role in neuronal cell survival after cerebral ischemia . Indeed, as cerebral ischemia is known to increase MR expression in the hippocampus of humans , rats  and gerbils , this aspect of MR signaling could be beneficial for promoting neuronal survival. Furthermore, there is evidence that in mice with forebrain overexpression of the MR, neuronal death following transient global cerebral ischemia is reduced compared to controls .
One mechanism whereby the MR could reduce neuronal cell death is through reversing the pro-apoptotic effect of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Activation of the GR increases neuronal cell death in a hippocampal culture system, and this effect was significantly reduced in the presence of aldosterone. Although it was not examined whether that effect was MR-dependent, the addition of either spironolactone or RU28318 was found to increase neuronal cell death . Thus, the effects of MR (and GR) on neuronal survival could occur via influencing the expression of regulatory proteins associated with apoptosis, and their overall effect (i.e. protective or detrimental) may be the opposite in hippocampus and cortex – the two locations in the brain where MR are normally expressed. For example, in rat hippocampus, GR activation increases the ratio of the pro-apoptotic protein, Bax, relative to the anti-apoptotic proteins, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, resulting in increased neuronal cell death, whereas in that study the opposite effect was found after MR activation . However, MR expression occurred after cerebral ischemia in the striatum, and spironolactone treatment increased expression of neuroprotective factors and the number of migrating neuroblasts in that region .
Aldosterone, MR, and cerebral artery remodelling
Blood vessels, including cerebral arteries, can undergo hypertrophy (i.e. increased cross-sectional area) and/or exhibit remodeling (inward or outward changes in diameter) in response to hypertension and other chronic stimuli . Several types of cellular processes and signaling mechanisms may be associated with vascular remodeling, including fibrosis, rearrangement of vascular smooth muscle cells, or increased responsiveness to epidermal growth factor (EGF). EGF binds to the EGF receptor (EGFR) to activate cell growth and proliferation . Inward remodeling in the cerebral vasculature can lead to a reduced lumen diameter and a less flexible vessel wall, which consequently impairs the ability of the cerebral vessel to dilate in response to ischemia .
Aldosterone, which is also reported to cause vascular remodelling by increasing media thickness , increases extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin in carotid arteries, an effect that is inhibited by eplerenone , suggesting cerebral vascular remodeling in response to elevated aldosterone is MR-dependent. MR located on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) mediates contraction of the mesenteric artery in response to Ang II, and increased contraction in response to KCl and U46619 in aged mice was also dependent on MR in VSMC. Although MR expression in VSMC had no effect on lumen diameter or wall-to-lumen ratio, mesenteric arteries from mice lacking VSMC MR developed less spontaneous myogenic tone compared to controls . These findings indicate an important role for VSMC MR in vascular reactivity. Increased expression of EGFR mRNA has been reported in rat cerebral vessels from SHRSP compared to control rats . Spironolactone treatment resulted in increased lumen and outer diameters of the MCAs in SHRSP, as well as a reduced wall/lumen ratio without lowering blood pressure [58, 59], suggesting that spironolactone alters cerebral vascular structure without a change in blood pressure.
Immune cell MR as mediators of stroke damage
In addition to the concept that MR activity regulates infiltrating myeloid cell function during the inflammatory response following cerebral ischemia , there is further evidence for an effect of aldosterone on immune cells [60–62]}. Aldosterone stimulated leukocyte adhesion to human coronary artery endothelial cells that was abolished by spironolactone . Immune cell (ie. monocytes/macrophages, as demonstrated by monocyte/macrophage specific antigen MOMA-2 immunostaining) infiltration in aorta in response to aldosterone was also prevented by Treg adoptive transfer . Aldosterone augmented both CD8+ T cell activation by dendritic cells (which express MR), as well as IL-17 (pro-inflammatory cytokine) release by CD4+ T cells – effects that were inhibited by spironolactone and eplerenone . These results were obtained from the use of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells, nevertheless they support the very new concept that aldosterone, perhaps acting via MR, can modulate dendritic cell function and promote T cell activation. Indeed, in association with their smaller cerebral infarct volume (discussed above), myeloid cell MR-deficient mice also have fewer activated microglia, macrophages and pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-1β and TNFα) in the ischemic core compared to control mice , implicating immune cell-expressing MR as important mediators of inflammation in ischemic stroke.
Conclusions and future directions
It is now established in experimental stroke studies that activation of the MR contributes to a worse outcome following stroke, as well as altered structure of cerebral blood vessels. Clinical findings also indicate that elevated plasma levels of aldosterone may be a predictor of increased stroke risk (Figure 2). Nevertheless, although these data provide useful insight for the future development of novel stroke therapies, it is noteworthy that both aldosterone, and particularly the MR, may actually exert protective actions in certain brain regions following stroke (Figure 2). Therefore, in order to develop safe and effective therapies targeting these pathways, further research is needed to clarify the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of aldosterone and MR activation in the brain and vasculature under physiological conditions as well as during cerebrovascular disease and stroke. The use of cell-specific MR-deficient mice in future studies will thus be crucial to this area of research. There is also a need to clarify if the clinical utility of MR antagonists is likely to be sex-specific.
G-protein coupled receptor 30
Angiotensin II type 1 receptor
Stroke prone spontaneously hypertensive rats
Middle cerebral artery
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
- Ang II:
Ang II receptor blockers
Epidermal growth factor
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Rigsby CS, Pollock DM, Dorrance AM: Spironolactone improves structure and increases tone in the cerebral vasculature of male spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats. Microvasc Res 2007, 73: 198–205. 10.1016/j.mvr.2006.12.001
Rigsby CS, Ergul A, Portik Dobos V, Pollock DM, Dorrance AM: Effects of spironolactone on cerebral vessel structure in rats with sustained hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2011, 24: 708–715. 10.1038/ajh.2011.20
Herrada AA, Contreras FJ, Marini NP, Amador CA, Gonzalez PA, Cortes CM, Riedel CA, Carvajal CA, Figueroa F, Michea LF, et al.: Aldosterone promotes autoimmune damage by enhancing Th17-mediated immunity. J Immunol 2010, 184: 191–202. 10.4049/jimmunol.0802886
Caprio M, Newfell BG, la Sala A, Baur W, Fabbri A, Rosano G, Mendelsohn ME, Jaffe IZ: Functional mineralocorticoid receptors in human vascular endothelial cells regulate intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression and promote leukocyte adhesion. Circ Res 2008, 102: 1359–1367. 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.108.174235
Kasal DA, Barhoumi T, Li MW, Yamamoto N, Zdanovich E, Rehman A, Neves MF, Laurant P, Paradis P, Schiffrin EL: T regulatory lymphocytes prevent aldosterone-induced vascular injury. Hypertension 2012, 59: 324–330. 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.181123
The authors are supported by project grants from the NHMRC of Australia and the Heart Foundation of Australia. SC is supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the High Blood Pressure Research Council of Australia. CGS and GRD are Senior Research Fellows of the National Health and Research Council of Australia. TVA is a Future Fellow of the Australian Research Council. Prince Henry’s Institute is supported by the Victorian Government’s Operational Infrastructure Program.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
QND wrote the first draft and revised the manuscript. TVA, MJY and GRD revised the manuscript. CGS and SC drafted and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Cite this article
Dinh, Q.N., Arumugam, T.V., Young, M.J. et al. Aldosterone and the mineralocorticoid receptor in the cerebral circulation and stroke. Exp & Trans Stroke Med 4, 21 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/2040-7378-4-21
- Mineralocorticoid receptor
- Vascular remodelling

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Home > News > World
Wednesday January 22, 2014 MYT 11:10:01 PM
Wednesday January 22, 2014 MYT 11:10:59 PM
MONTREUX, Switzerland (Reuters) - Swedish Foreign Minister Carl Bildt, asked about the European Union's response to the deadly violence in Ukraine, said on Wednesday that "it won't be business as usual".
Bildt, speaking to reporters in Switzerland on the sidelines of an international conference on Syria, said that he saw no signs that the "regime" in Kiev was ready to sit down with the opposition.
The European Union threatened to take action against Ukraine over its handling of anti-government protests after three people died during violent clashes in Kiev.
"It is extremely serious. There is no question that the responsibility lies with the regime. The regime has a responsibility to sit down with the opposition, but unfortunately I don't see any sign of them doing it," Bildt said.
Bildt, asked about the EU's response, replied: "It remains to be seen but certainly not business as usual after this."
(Reporting by John Irish, writing by Stephanie Nebehay, editing by Mike Collett-White)
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Modern Warfare Mod for Minecraft PE
The Modern Warfare Weapon Mod for Minecraft Bedrock brings exciting updates for military enthusiasts, offering a range of modern technologies and equipment. Players can now immerse themselves in the world of military warfare and engage in epic battles within Minecraft PE.
Here are the key features of the Modern Warfare Weapon Mod:
This update introduces four types of modern tanks that players can utilize in Minecraft PE. By accessing the Creative Mode inventory, players can choose their preferred tank. To repair the tank during combat, Repair Items can be used, ensuring the vehicle remains in optimal condition.
The mod provides a wide variety of weapons and equipment from different countries. Players can access pistols, grenades, and submachine guns, allowing for diverse combat strategies. Additionally, the mod includes three sets of armor with excellent camouflage properties, providing enhanced protection for the player. To aid in battles, a special first aid kit is available in the Creative Mode inventory, offering valuable medical assistance.
To access the tanks and equipment, players can use the /function mbwt command. This will enable the availability of unique items in the Quick Access Toolbar slots. Detailed information about the mod’s features and usage can be found in the accompanying book provided by the mod’s authors.
The Modern Warfare Weapon Mod enhances the military experience within Minecraft Bedrock, allowing players to engage in realistic battles and utilize advanced weaponry. Remember to download the mod from reputable sources and follow the installation instructions to ensure a smooth and enjoyable gameplay experience.


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British Columbia’s coast is clear.
Environment Canada meteorologist Armel Castellan said there “does seem to be a correlation” between pandemic restrictions and our improved air quality.
“What’s hard to say concretely is how much of it is weather related and how much of it is COVID reduction-in-emissions related,” Castellan said.
“Obviously it’s going to be a combination of the two. There are some emissions that haven’t gone down a lot like truck delivery. Those emissions have stayed relatively constant throughout this time.”
Meanwhile, air and ferry traffic is down considerably, and there are fewer commuters on the road.
Across B.C., the air quality index currently sits at two or three, or low risk.
Castellan said air quality has also been “extraordinarily good” because of the unstable weather patterns we’ve seen through March and April.
He added that you can see the difference.
“Anecdotally, I’ve noticed lots of people describing the view from Victoria down towards Seattle and being able to see Mt. Rainier,” he said. “That’s something that’s quite tangible. When you see Mt. Rainier so clearly, and really that’s restricted to a handful of times per year in most other years.”
Castellan noted that a province-wide open burning ban has also helped clear the air.
“It (the ban) has been renewed until the 15th of June so that is at least one piece of the puzzle that has been eliminated, just knowing that the COVID crisis is related to respiratory systems,” Castellan said. “If there is something that we can do as a society, it’s to restrict how much we are adding to that mixture, as well.”
Castellan said then, “it becomes clear that there is an impact anecdotally, and of course when you look at it from the numbers that come of either the NO2 signal from the satellites, or from the sensors that measure the components of the Air Quality Health Index.”
However, Castellan said it’s too early to tell if there is a conclusive scientific thread “to hang our hats on,” as to whether the quality of air is linked to reduced activity due to the pandemic.
“But there is a correlation that seems to be there, and it’s maybe not as clear in the south coast B.C. context as it has been so far in parts of Ontario and Quebec and that’s mostly to due with all of the variables being all over the map, and very difficult to compare.”

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Neymar, switch uniforms with Lee Kang-in this time…
Neymar (Paris Saint-Germain), the ace of the Brazilian national soccer team, and Lee Kang-in (Mayorca), the youngest member of the Korean national soccer team, exchanged uniforms after the round of 16 at the 2022 Qatar World Cup.
According to a video posted on Twitter by the U.S. Spanish media “Telemundo Deportes” on the 6th (Korea time), Neymar met Lee Kang-in and shook hands on his way to the locker room after the game. Neymar then hit Lee Kang-in’s arm with his hand and sent a sign to exchange uniforms. Neymar took off his uniform first, and Lee Kang-in also took off his uniform and exchanged it with each other. Lee Kang-in gave Neymar his uniform and winked. Neymar has exchanged uniforms with Son Heung-min (Tottenham) since the warm-up match held in Seoul in June.
As such, it is common to see them exchange uniforms with players from the other team after a soccer game. It means mutual respect, encouragement, and friendship. Since when did this culture take hold? According to FIFA data, the exchange of uniforms in soccer began in 1931. In 1931, when Les Bleus (France) was not yet a world-class soccer power, France beat England 5-2 in a friendly match in Colombe, France, and French players suggested exchanging uniforms to commemorate it.
The International Football Federation said the World Cup began exchanging uniforms at the 1954 Swiss tournament. In particular, after Brazil’s Pele, who was the “best striker” at the 1970 Mexico World Cup, and England’s Bobby Moore, who was the “best defender,” exchanged uniforms, the culture of exchanging uniforms among soccer players is known to have spread.


Inauguration of the Nishan-e-Pakistan monument at Sea View on Friday evening became a bane for nearby residents as well as commuters using the main thoroughfare as security personnel cordoned off the area a day before the event.
The road between Sea View McDonald's and Khayaban-e-Bahria had been closed the entire day on Friday and was scheduled to reopen at 9pm.
According to the Karachi traffic police public relations officer, the road between Ghora [Horse] Chowrangi and Khayaban-e-Bahria was closed till 9pm. Commuters were asked to use alternate routes, he added.
The alternative route was from Khayaban-e-Shamsheer to Saba Avenue and Dolmen Mall to Ghora Chowrangi, and then towards Tauheed Commercial.
People working at corporate offices inside Dolmen Mall also had to face difficulties during their commute back home on Friday evening.
Published in The Express Tribune, April 30th, 2016.
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Taking care of terminally-ill patients at home - the economic perspective revisited. Oren Tamir , Yoram Singer, Pesach Shvartzman Palliat Med. 2007; 21: 537-541. Introduction. End-of-life care can be delivered in a variety of settings: Inpatient hospice care
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Taking care of terminally-ill patients at home - the economic perspective revisited Oren Tamir, Yoram Singer, Pesach Shvartzman Palliat Med.2007; 21: 537-541
Introduction End-of-life care can be delivered in a variety of settings: • Inpatient hospice care • Inpatient ward within a general hospital • Palliative homecare (home hospice) • Homecare using the existing community-based medical services.
Introduction • The majority of both terminal cancer patients and their family caregivers prefer to die at home(Tang et al.) • Caregivers of patients who were cared for at home were more likely to report a favorable dying experience(Teno et al. ) • Similar findings were found among the Israeli population (Singer et al., Loven et al., Iecovich et al.).
Introduction • Home hospice care saves 31-64% of medical care costs • The main difference in accounted for by the reduced use of hospital services. • During the last six months of life, the mean medical costs for patients receiving hospice care at home are 27% less than for conventional care • The saving with hospital-based hospice care are less than 15%
The aim of our study • To evaluate health services utilization during the last year of life, in the Negev region and to compare terminally ill patients who have received home specialized palliative care services (HSPCS) compared to patients who died with no access to home specialized palliative care services (HNSPCS).
The Negev palliative care program • Home palliative care units (Beer-Sheva, Kiryat-Gat, and Rahat) • A consultation service for the Oncology Institute at Soroka University Medical Center (SUMC) • 28-35 patients on average at any given time, with about 120 patients per year. • Referrals are received through the Oncology Institute, primary care physicians or directly by the families and patients.
Study population: • 120 patients treated by the home specialized palliative care service (HSPCS) of Beer-Sheva and Kiryat-Gat who died between the years 1999-2000 • 515 patients who died in the same period, but had no access to the HSPCS (HNSPCS). • The HNSPCS group included patients who lived mainly in Beer-Sheva vicinity.
Data collection: • Health services utilization data were retrieved from the computerized database • All patients belong to Clalit Health Services (CHS), thus all utilization costs of all medical services are recorded in the same computer mainframe using the same pricing methods.
Results: • Age and gender distribution were similar in both groups. • the older age group (65 years or older) accounted for 69.7% vs. 73.3% respectively (p>0.05). • The mean age was 67.9±13.3 in the HSPCS and 69.1±13.1 in the HNSPCS. (p>0.05)
Discussion: • 10-12% of the total health care budget being spent during the last year of life (Stooker et al., Emanuel et al.) • One eighth of the health care provider’s total expenditure spent on patients in their last month of life (Lubitz et al., Riley et al.) • Nearly 55% of the total medical expenses during the last year of life were spent over the last three months of life (Liu et al.)
Discussion: • 27-30% of Medicare payments each year are for the 5-6% of Medicare beneficiaries who die in that year (Lubitz et al., McCall et al.) • In general, outcomes in a home palliative care setting showed improved satisfaction and better pain and symptom control (Finlay et al.) • Case-control patients matched by diagnosis and age treated in an inpatient palliative care unit compared with conventional care showed direct costs were 56% lower and total costs 57% lower (Finlay et al.)
Discussion: • In Israel, a study of Clalit Health Services (CHS) members, who died in 2001, showed that the average cost per capita during the last year of life was five times more than aged matched live patients (Bechar et al.)
Discussion: • The results of our study provide evidence that, for terminally ill cancer patients, health services costs are lower for patients enrolled at the HSPCS compared with those who were not. • Health services expenditures reduction is greater for periods closer to time of death, regardless of cancer type. • The cost differences between the groups are largely due to fewer acute admissions to hospital and oncology treatments.
Discussion: • In our previous work we found that death at home occurred for 80.3% of the patients with access to homecare and 20.5% of those without access. • There was a greater overall satisfaction with the caring experience of those whose loved ones died at home and had access to the homecare program.
Discussion: • In a prospective phase of our study (in process) preliminary data show a favorable experience and greater satisfaction amongst the HSPCS patients and their families.
conclusion • Given the large number of patients who die from cancer annually, the increasing strain on healthcare systems during the last year of life and the substantial cost reduction with home palliative care, we believe that home based palliative care has to be offered to all terminally ill cancer patients suitable for this service.


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Arenal den Castell Bus Timetable
Bus Stops and Routes
Bus Times Arenal den Castell
Mahon will mostly be written on timetables, front of buses and signposts as Maó, it's local name. If you are staying longer than a week take a trip on this good network and see some of the other sights, resorts/towns and attractions.
Bus, Taxi and Hire Car - Detailed getting about info.
Bus Company : Autos Fornells
Bus stops Arenal d'en Castell 1 Hotel Castell/Playa Sup. Romani 2 Ap. Sa Mirada 3 Hotel Aguamarina 4 Punta Grossa 5 Coves Noves
Places to visit by Bus
A watersports and restaurant favourite. The village with it's speciality seafood restaurants is located at the entrance to a huge enclosed natural bay whose protected waters make it perfect for all manner of sail based 'messing about'. More like a large salt water lake, the wind conditions here are great for beginners of anything that floats on water. Very pleasant for lunch time and evening drinks and meals alongside the harbour quay. Lot's of boat excursions and activities are based here. Perfect for a quiet authentic Menorca stay. Mountain Bike Hire. Watersports include Jetski,Waterskiing,Windsurfing, Dinghy,Kayaks and Diving.
Mahon ( Mao Maó )
Mahon has a great mediterranean charm around the centre and harbour. Busy pavement Cafes and Bars, superb fruit and fish markets and all enclosed in a maze of narrow streets with architecture and many reminders of its Georgian past. In addition to the traditional the town offers a myriad of stylish shops and bars. Along the whole length of the harbour quayside (Moll de Llevant) there is an electic collection of Cafes, Bars and Restaurants for all pockets and styles. A spectacular setting above the huge natural harbour with ships and boats of every shape and sizes.

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The Siena women’s lacrosse team had its back against the wall, but the Saints put on a big rally to turn back Iona 21-20 in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference opener for both teams last Saturday in Loudonville. The Gaels had entered the game with seven straight victories.
Fifth-year attack Nicole McNeely of Wallingford, Pa., scored with three seconds left for the victory. Senior Mary Soures of Rochester had nine goals, including the game-tying score with 2:26 remaining.


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Scallop Tray - Green
From glamorous cocktails to indulgent breakfasts in bed, serve up serious style with our scallop tray. Featuring a delicately placed green scallop design, this tray looks equally fabulous on a bar, coffee table or for serving.
- Dimensions: W43xD30cm
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- Needs a calm resident dog of a similar size for confidence
- Children 10 and over
- Cat tested but will chase
- Loving family who will help develop his confidence
Martin is a 20 month old whippet described by his foster mum as a sensitive soul that has led a sheltered life. He loves to follow foster mum around and see what she is up to and learn what this big new world is about. He also loves to curl up on the sofa and sleep. He is starting to learn what cuddles are and is staring to like them especially if there is a cuddly blanket involved.
Martin is starting to get used to new people coming to the home and will greet them with a gentle tail wag. If he is unsure of the person, he will retreat to his safe space which is his cage until he feels safe. He is currently more comfortable around women and calm children than men but this is being worked on and he is getting better every day. As said if scared he will hide in his crate which isn’t very often.
As Martin’s confidence grows, he is slowly becoming a little more mischievous when alone and will take things or find things to test, chew or eat. He doesn’t yet play but shows signs of a dog that might when his confidence grows. Currently when he is excited, he chases his tail which is very cute and curious. Foster mum is encouraging him to play with toys but this is going to take a little time and when he feels safe and loved. Currently his favourite treat is pigs ears or meaty treats and chips. He gets very interested when the family have chips!!
Martin has met small children but is not totally at ease with them as they scare him so we would recommend children over 10. He is cat tested and if they run he will chase but stops when told no, if they don’t run he just walks straight past. He is curious of them more than anything.
In the outside world Martin is reserved and shy. He walks well on a harness and is fine with larger well behaved dogs but is scared of smaller and barking dogs and will try to pull away or freeze on the spot. His new owners must make sure that whilst Martin finds his paws that they are his bodyguard. Martin does not currently like busy, crowded places and will need gradual introductions so he feels safe and comfortable.
He enjoys time in the garden (well not lately with the nonstop rain) but when its dry he likes a good sniff around but if next doors dogs bark he will run inside.
Martin would like a home with an active family and he enjoys running a would love long walks in quiet places. Too much noise can make him jumpy and nervous and he’s going to need lots of positive interactions, walks and fun to be the dog he was always meant to be.
Fostered in Trowbridge
Comes with 5 weeks free Agria pet insurance

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If Sunday was the last time we witnessed two of the most prolific quarterbacks in NFL history face off against each other, the game will be remembered more for tension than either man raging against the dying of the light (although one of them has been raging against electronics). With eight Super Bowl victories (Tom Brady with seven) and seven MVPs (Aaron Rodgers with four) between them, the two have solidified themselves as the best quarterbacks of their generation (along with Peyton Manning who, it is easy to forget, is only a year older than Brady.)
But those expecting an offensive explosion on Sunday when the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and Green Bay Packers met were most likely disappointed. Brady’s first half was one to forget as he failed to lead the Bucs into the end zone and entered halftime down 14-3. Rodgers looked sharper in the early moments of the game, achieving some first-half success against the Bucs’ stingy defense by throwing two touchdowns. But both men were largely anonymous in the third quarter, the explosive plays and ruthlessness that have given them so much success down the years largely lacking.
Brady eventually showed signs of his old self in the final minutes of the game, leading the Bucs on a nailbiting 15-play, 89-yard drive that ended with a touchdown pass to Russell Gage. But down 14-12, the Bucs were called for a delay of game on the two-point conversion. Five yards further away from the end zone, Brady’s pass attempt to tie the game was deflected, leading to the Packers’ victory.
It’s too soon to declare the end for either man – it wouldn’t be a shock if they met again in this season’s NFC championship game. After all, Rodgers has been the league MVP for the last two seasons and, at Rodgers’ age, Brady still had another three Super Bowl rings to come. Even if Rodgers is slightly below his peak, it’s still a hell of a peak to come down from. Brady is more of a concern: his timing has been off for much of the season, he has shown his frustration on the sidelines and, well, he is 45. But there are caveats: he has been written off approximately 89 times before; his offensive line and receiving corps have been hit by injury – three of the top Bucs receivers (Julio Jones, Mike Evans, and Chris Godwin) did not take the field on Sunday; and Brady himself played with a finger injury on his throwing hand.
But for all that, and all their star power, on Sunday it felt like the actual on-the-field fireworks of the Brady v Rodgers rivalry may now be a thing of the past. Mahomes v Herbert and Jackson v Allen are the battles we’ll be looking forward to for the next few years.
MVP of the week
Jalen Hurts, quarterback, Philadelphia Eagles. Hurts and the Eagles continued to soar during a 24-8 divisional victory against the Washington Commanders. Hurts put up impressive numbers on Sunday, throwing for 340 yards and three touchdowns. His dominance against the Commanders stood out along with the play of his two big weapons, DeVonta Smith and AJ Brown. Smith snagged several passes in awe-inspiring fashion on his way to eight catches and 169 yards. Many believed Hurts needed a standout season if he was to hang on as Philly’s starter. If the Eagles, who are currently 3-0, continue with a successful run in the NFC East, he could be a sleeper pick for MVP by season’s end (just don’t tell the idiot who threw beer at him on Sunday).
— BetFTW (@Bet_ForTheWin) September 25, 2022
Lamar Jackson deserves an honorable mention in this category for his performance in the Baltimore Ravens’ 37-26 win against the New England Patriots. Jackson confused the Patriots’ defense with dazzling runs and timely throws, finishing the game with four passing touchdowns, as well as one touchdown and 107 yards on the ground.
Video of the week
Down by two points with less than 20 seconds remaining, Josh Allen and the Buffalo Bills offense scrambled to line-up with the hopes of spiking the ball to stop the clock. However, time would expire before the Bills were able to get set, leading to a 21-19 victory for the Miami Dolphins. In response, the Bills offensive coordinator Ken Dorsey was captured slamming down his headset and tablet. The clip of Dorsey’s tantrum soon became a meme on social media. It may also lead to disciplinary action. Following Brady’s tablet abuse in Week 2, NFL officials sent a memo to all 32 teams warning that such actions could end with a fine. The game also helped establish the unbeaten Dolphins as early contenders in the AFC East, a division many thought the Bills would run away with. And that was despite Miami managing to block their own punt.
Stat of the week
11. The Detroit Lions finally own an NFL record that will not live on in infamy. They scored a touchdown in the first three quarters against the Minnesota Vikings on Sunday, establishing an NFL record for most consecutive quarters with a touchdown to start a season (11). The Lions would lose to the Vikings 28-24, but there are signs Dan Campbell is building something in Detroit. Just to balance things out, they also hold the NFL record for the longest period since a playoff win (1992).
Quote of the week
“I was just trying my hardest to get back up and get the next play and run it” – Tua Tagovailoa, quarterback, Miami Dolphins.
Back to the Bills-Dolphins game. In the first half, Tagovailoa was pushed to the field by Bills linebacker Matt Milano. Tagovailoa’s head appeared to snap back viciously and make contact with the field. Tagovailoa began wobbling as he took his first steps afterwards and was eventually escorted off the field by teammates and Dolphins officials. He returned to the field, to help the Dolphins seal victory, and his coach, Mike McDaniel, said after the game that the quarterback’s issue was with his back rather than a concussion. But ESPN reported on Sunday night that the NFL Players Association wants to request a review of the league’s concussion protocols. NFL rules state that if a player exhibits concussion symptoms, he must be removed from the game and evaluated. The league is hyper-aware of the terrible publicity it has attracted around concussion – we’ll see how this one develops in the coming days.
Elsewhere around the league
-- It turns out things go a lot better for the Cincinnati Bengals if they protect Joe Burrow. Last year’s AFC champions got their first win of the season as they beat the New York Jets 27-12. Joe Burrow was only sacked twice on Sunday after being taken down 12 times in his first two games. He was 23 of 36 for 275 yards and three touchdowns. But even though the sacks were down, he was still hit nine times by Jets defenders, something that raises concerns in the long-term. And not all of it is the o-line’s fault: Burrow is often too keen to play hero ball and must learn when to throw it away.
-- The Kansas City Chiefs’ special teams let them down badly in an ugly 20-17 loss to the Indianapolis Colts. They muffed a punt, missed a field goal and extra point, and failed to convert a fake field goal during their first loss of the season. A Chris Jones personal foul also extended a Colts’ drive that appeared to have fizzled out after a sack on third down. It gave the Colts a lifeline, after the early-season favorites for the AFC South looked like they were heading for a fifth consecutive defeat.
-- Remember when the AFC West was going to be the toughest division in football? The Chiefs (2-1), Las Vegas Raiders (0-3) and Los Angeles Chargers (1-2) all lost on Sunday. The Chargers’ loss can be at least partly excused by Justin Herbert’s rib injury, while the Chiefs’ defeat was down to sloppiness more than anything else. But the Raiders are off to their worst start since 2018 and are winless after reaching the playoffs last season. Davante Adams may be wishing he had stayed in Green Bay.
-- The only AFC West team to win on Sunday was the Denver Broncos, who beat the San Francisco 49ers by the unlikely score of 11-10 (just the second such result in NFL history). Russell Wilson’s team are now 2-1 but it was another disjointed performance by Denver who have scored 43 points in three games. Sunday’s victory owed much to Jimmy Garoppolo’s miscues, including what turned out to be a game-deciding safety when the quarterback stepped out of his own end zone. The Niners also lost arguably their most valuable player, nine-time Pro Bowl tackle Trent Williams, to injury.
-- Whisper it, but could the Jacksonville Jaguars actually be good? They started the season with a dispiriting loss to the Washington Commanders but since then they have beaten two highly-touted teams in the Colts and Chargers. And it looks like Trevor Lawrence is starting to find his feet in the NFL after a tough debut season. On Sunday, he was 28 of 39 for 262 yards and three touchdowns as the Jags easily saw off the Chargers 38-10. The win also ended an 18-game losing streak on the road for Jacksonville, and their defense is looking pretty good too.
-- Baker Mayfield got his first win as Carolina Panthers quarterback in their 22-14 over the New Orleans Saints. Carolina fans shouldn’t get too excited though: Saints quarterback Jameis Winston was playing through back and ankle injuries and Mayfield completed just 12 of his 25 passes for 170 yards and a touchdown. His supporting cast is, admittedly, generally awful in general but there are few signs the Cleveland Browns were wrong to cut Mayfield (even if we can argue about the ethics of his replacement).


All-vocal Country entertainers, Home Free, who have made their mark on the music scene, racking up nearly 600,000 album equivalents globally; embarking on major international tours; amassing 600+ million views and over 1.67 million Subscribers on YouTube, will be returning to the UK to play 3 headline shows this month.
The group most recently released the video for ‘Remember My Name‘ from their 2022 full-length record, So Long Dixie. The latest project follows the acclaimed group’s Dive Bar Saints album, which arrived at #2 on the Billboard Country Album Sales chart. Home Free’s extensive catalogue spotlights six Top 10 albums, including Timeless, Full Of (Even More) Cheer, Full Of Cheer, Country Evolution, and their breakout debut Crazy Life (2014).
The long-awaited return to life on the road after time away from live performing inspired band members Tim Foust and Austin Brown to write new music, and the group found the perfect opportunity to do something different while still holding true to their unique style on So Long Dixie. The album is their first in which all of the original songs were crafted by members of the group, and which incorporates the use of some instruments of a couple of the songs.
Home Free took to the stage in July at the Ubisoft Forward 2023 conference in Los Angeles to perform their new original song, ‘Skull and Bones’, out now and due to feature in the forthcoming video game of the same name. Against a backdrop of cinematic clips previewing the swashbuckling game for an invited audience, and the hundreds of thousands of fans tuned in via the live stream, the band performed the song for the first time – available to view here – while simultaneously sharing a lyric video on their YouTube and making the track available to stream/download worldwide.
With praise rolling in from the likes of Billboard, Rolling Stone, FOX & Friends and American Songwriter, the extraordinary showmen have continued to build a loyal fanbase with their harmony-laden versions of hits by John Mayer, Blake Shelton, Keith Urban, Maren Morris, the Oak Ridge Boys, and more.
Full 2023 UK & European dates below – tickets on sale now:
September 13th – Berlin, Columbia Theater
September 15th – Copenhagen, DR Koncerhuset
September 16th – Gothenburg, Concerthouse
September 17th – Oslo, Oslo Spektrum
September 18th – Stockholm, Cirkus Arena
September 19th – Malmö, Slagthusets Teater
September 20th – Hamburg, Fabrik
September 22nd – Vienna, Arena
September 23rd – Munich, Muffathalle
September 24th – Zurich, Volkhaus
September 26th – Cologne, Kantine
September 27th – Utrecht, TivoliVredenburg – Ronda
September 29th – Birmingham, O2 Academy
September 30th – Manchester, RNCM Theatre
October 1st – London, O2 Forum Kentish Town


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I used to be the greatest advocate and supporter of McDonald’s nuggets. I have eaten them for longer than I can remember and were one of the greatest treats, in Australia. Not anymore. I used to scoff when people made claims about nuggets containing anything but chicken meat, because the nuggets in Australia contain chicken meat, and tasted awesome. However I am greatly let down by nuggets in Canada. They are disgusting. They taste like lard covered in a batter of lard and deep fried to disgusting golden. I am not sure what is in them, because whatever it is does not actually taste like anything fit for human or animal consumption. Even dipping them in sauce does not help, in fact it just reminds you that you are trying to cover up something that just should be thrown in the garbage. I don’t think even burning it would do anything.
Which brings me to my second point, do they put crack inTim Hortons? Because I have tried it, I like coffee and thought if I’m going to be living here for a while I should try the local cuisine. If you have never tried it, don’t! And if you do drink TH’s, what is wrong with your taste buds??? It is not worth your time or effort. The only people that visit TH are very dodgy looking and the coffee tastes like dirty dish water. Oh, and I ordered a cappuccino, not just drip coffee, so I don’t understand why it was so bad. But Canadians love the crap, so clearly Rob Ford has had something to do with the production of the coffee beans and added crack.
And then there is peameal bacon. So you take the crap part of the bacon and cover it in something and then warm it slightly and serve it. If I wanted uncooked pigs fat I would have stayed in Australia, where they have no idea what crispy bacon is. At least the Americans know how to cure and cook bacon, and use the correct part of the bacon strip. I don’t care what you do with the other part, just do not serve it to me and expect me to eat it.


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By day, Neville Johnson is an attorney who was voted by Hollywood Reporter as one of the Top 100 Power Lawyers, seven years running. By night he assumes the alter ego of singer-songwriter Trevor McShane to pursue his passion for music.
While building an entertainment-law empire, McShane penned hundreds of songs fixed squarely in the country-pop-rock genre. His plan is to release these songs over 12 albums; Asphalt & Sand is the first installment.
Produced by multi-instrumentalist Barry Keenan, this collection harkens back to an innocuous blend of crossover pop, rock, and country music heard in the ’70s. It’s filled with beautiful melodies, excellent production, and quirky lyrics with vocals to match. With a nod and a wink to Jimmy Buffett and Dr. Hook and the Medicine Show, McShane’s lyrics explore relationships, life, love, and confronting injustice.
“Since We’ve Been Together” benefits from tight arrangements, well-orchestrated guitar parts, and a muscular hook. “She’s The Only One” is pure old-school pop country with a bouncy groove and violin, while “California” mixes psychedelic components and pop.
There’s tasteful guitar throughout, but McShane’s vocal delivery and lyrics are the draw.
This article originally appeared in VG‘s May ’15 issue. All copyrights are by the author and Vintage Guitar magazine. Unauthorized replication or use is strictly prohibited.


A canister is a containment pressure vessel that holds different electronical devices. This equipment is qualified for 3000 meter sea depth. The housing is 5 meter long and had an inner diameter of 800mm. All seal rings were custom designed based on TPC HX technology . Machining, testing and qualifications were all done in-house.


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year Rotary Youth Exchange gives thousands of young people worldwide
opportunity to experience the cultures and accomplishments of people
The exchange provides a unique opportunity for young
Australians to experience at first hand the many cultures of a different
country, a new way of life and in some instances another language. Often, the
friendships they make will be life long and important in achieving the aims of
the exchange - the building of goodwill and understanding between countries.
As you’re learning, you’ll also be teaching the people you
meet about your country, your culture, and your ideas. You’ll be a young
ambassador, helping to bring the world closer together and making some good
friends in the process.
During your exchange, you will grow considerably in
self-confidence, tolerance and self-reliance.
You'll also learn to accept greater responsibility in your
You will have to adapt to unfamiliar and different
surroundings and ways of life that are different from home.
For some this will be the first extended period of
separation from their family. This will bring about many trials and
tribulations which you will need to overcome and by so doing develop many
During your exchange your board and accommodation are
provided by host families, under the direction of Rotary International.
Rotary Youth Exchange offers the chance to be a part of
either a short or a long term experience.
Long Term Youth
Rotary International Youth Exchange Program (YEP)
The Long Term Youth Exchange (LTYE) program is for students
aged between 15 and 17. As a Long Term Rotary Youth Exchange student, you'll
spend up to twelve months living and studying overseas. The exchange is between
a Rotary Club in Australia and a Rotary Club in the corresponding country.
District 9520 currently exchanges with these countries: Austria, Belgium,
Brazil, Denmark, Germany, France, Finland, Italy, Japan, Norway, Netherlands,
Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, and USA.
Three or four host families normally host students over the
period of their exchange. Some with children at home, some older families with
more time to devote to the student. All families have been interviewed and
approved by the hosting Rotary Club.-
All students will attend secondary school whilst in their
host school, as they are on a residential student visa. This will often involve
taking lessons in a foreign language.
Each student is supplied a home counsellor (from the
sponsoring Rotary Club) and also a host counsellor (from the hosting Rotary
Club). These counsellor are put in place to ensure each student has avenues of
contact if needed. The District Youth Exchange Committee also allocate a
District Country Coordinator who ensures your exchange is as problem-free as
To live away from home for the 50 weeks duration of the
exchange is a demanding yet rewarding experience. It is not always smooth
sailing and requires a great strength of character, tolerance and an
understanding of the acceptance personal responsibility.
Short Term Youth
Rotary Australia New Zealand Student Exchange (RANZSE)
The RANZSE program is aimed at year 9 and 10 students. It
involves spending one school term in New Zealand, and then the matched New
Zealand student spending one school term in Australia (reciprocal). It is a
The program is run by some Rotary Districts in Australia,
but not all of them. Each year it alternates as which country hosts first.
Roughly 60 students are involved with this program each year. It lasts six
months in total.
Families are very carefully matched using a lot of
accumulated data to ensure compatibility. Students are matched, where possible,
with students of similar interests in the other country.
The costs of the exchange are mainly covered by the
participating families. Sponsoring Rotary Clubs in Australia provide a Mentor
for both the outbound and inbound student and also supply a Student Exchange
uniform for the outbound student.
Full information and
application forms are available at the following links:
Rotary District 9520 Youth Exchange web site
Rotary Youth Exchange Australia web site
Rotary International Youth Exchange web site
Contacts for District
Long Term Youth Exchange – Rotary International Youth
Exchange Program (YEP)
Contact Gayl Sparnon (D9520 YEP Chair) p: 0488 448 131 e:
Short Term Youth Exchange – Rotary Australia New Zealand
Student Exchange (RANZSE)
Contact Geoff Oertel (RANZSE Co-ordinator) e: D9520ranzse@gmail.com

domain: sociology


What is the Westernmost State?
Marilyn is Wrong Copyright © 2007 Herb Weiner. All rights reserved.
Ask Marilyn ® by Marilyn vos Savant is a column in Parade Magazine, published by PARADE, 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA. According to Parade, Marilyn vos Savant is listed in the "Guinness Book of World Records Hall of Fame" for "Highest IQ."
In her Parade Magazine column of November 11, 2007, Marilyn suggests that residents of our westernmost state might be able to answer a question posed in her column.
Sorry, Marilyn, but Hawaii is not our westernmost state
You were referrring to Hawaii, but Charlie Kluepfel firstname.lastname@example.org and Edward Ruttenberg email@example.com both wrote to point out that Alaska rather than Hawaii is actually our westernmost state.
What is the Westernmost State? last updated November 13, 2007 by firstname.lastname@example.org
Is there such a thing as a Good Virus?


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Tesla’s profitability promises by its CEO Elon Musk are supposed to become reality when the co...
Unloved Stocks: Trash or Treasure?
11/08/2016 8:00 am EST
In a popular episode of Seinfeld, George Costanza, the stingy and opportunistic friend of Jerry Seinfeld, gets caught eating an éclair he had fished out of a trash can, jests Richard Moroney, editor of Dow Theory Forecasts.
“It wasn’t down in, it was on top,” says George. “Above the rim.” Jerry doesn’t buy the argument, concluding, “Adjacent to refuse is refuse.”
Contrarian investors must be willing to suffer some ridicule when they buy a stock discarded by analysts or other investors. Contrarian investing is not for the impatient or insecure.
But if you consider the strategy from the perspective of supply and demand, unloved stocks have a bigger crowd of potential buyers sitting on the sidelines to eventually drive up their prices when the stocks gain popularity.
Consider that the stocks most owned by mutual fund managers are on pace to underperform the least-popular stocks for the third straight year, according to The Wall Street Journal. This trend may be partly explained by the forced selling at mutual funds as more investors embrace passively managed funds.
Among the tools we use to measure sentiment for particular stocks are average analyst ratings and short interest. Most stocks receive favorable ratings (the typical S&P 500 stock averages an analyst rating of 2.3), in part because analysts tend not to cover stocks they don’t like. Think of it as rejection by omission.
Short selling occurs when an investor sells shares borrowed from a broker in the hope of buying the shares back at a later time at a lower price. The number of trading days needed to cover outstanding short positions is called the short interest ratio.
A high ratio indicates the likelihood for a short squeeze, which happens when shorted stocks begin to rally, forcing short sellers to scramble and buy to cover their positions, pushing the stock even higher.
You may need to hold your nose, but consider buying the stocks in the list below, especially the ones in bold.
Unloved by analysts
Unloved by short sellers
Unloved by analysts, short sellers, and investors
By Richard Moroney, Editor of Dow Theory Forecasts
Related Articles on STOCKS
The future of communications is careening toward us at an incredible clip. The new age is going to b...
Trading market volatility can profitable because it tends to be more predictable than picking market...
Cybersecurity is an industry with exceptional potential for expansion. No computer or network today ...

domain: finance


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This is properly one of the most famous walks on Isle of Skye …and definitely the busiest !
The Storr is the craggy summit atop the grand cliffs behind the famous pinnacle of the Old Man of Storr. Its ascent escapes from the busiest paths round the Old Man and offers spectacular views. Dominating the scene and visible fom many more parts of the islands, the Storr is the hill immediately west of the Old Man and rising to 719 metres with dramatic cliffs on its eastern flank.
The “Old Man” is a large pinnacle of rock that stands high and can be seen for miles around. As part of the Trotternish ridge the Storr was created by a massive ancient landside, leaving one of the most photographed landscapes in the world.
via 500px http://ift.tt/1khk9Ap

domain: travel


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The SAS Group of companies, world market leaders of pipe-handling equipment and heavy lifting equipment, will exhibit at OSEA, the oil and gas technology trade exhibition, which will be held in Singapore on 2-5 December 2008. We invite all interested parties to visit us at booth 6M3-7.
SAS Winches, the European manufacturer of heavy duty winches for the oil and gas industry, will exhibit their range of deepwater mooring and deployment winches during the Deep Offshore Technology Conference on 3-5 February 2009 in New Orleans. We invite all interested parties to visit us at booth 423.
We look forward to seeing you at one of the events.


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Canton resident named All-American track runner at Heidelberg University
A Canton resident was recently named an All-American track runner at Heidelberg University in Lincoln, Neb.
Sophie Goobic, a senior recently earned the honor after finishing sixth at the NCAA Divison III indoor track championship. She completed the 5,000-meter run in 16:51.84.A news release from Heidelberg University says Goobic is the school's third female indoor track and field member to make it to an NCAA championship. She was the only female to qualify in 2014.
"This has definitely been a rewarding season … It was a tough race, but I felt like I was prepared for it," Goobic said in a news release.
In November, Goobic, a biology major, became the first Heidelberg woman to become an All-American in cross country. She finished 27th at the meet, held in Hanover, Ind.

domain: sports


Tips, tricks and frequently asked questions
1 post • Page 1 of 1
Why has the night time detections become worse, I have a backup camera to the Netatmo, and it is detecting a couple of instances a night that the Netatmo is missing?! Why doesn't the Netatmo just record and flag it as unknown if its not sure? Has the latest update changed it so if it can't figure out the type of detection before it's out of shot, it'll just ignore recording all together now?


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Driverless cars may be our future, but that doesn't mean automakers have turned their backs on flesh-and-blood motorists. Now Nissan has come up with a technology designed to make driving more fun for the folks behind the wheel: a "brain decoding" system that gives automobiles the ability to anticipate a driver's action — hit the brakes or gas or make a turn — and then initiate the action before he or she does.
Dubbed "Brain To Vehicle," or "B2V," the system uses an electrode-studded skullcap to capture the driver's brain activity and artificial intelligence to interpret it.
B2V detects brain signals that will trigger the movement of the driver's hands or feet a moment before the movement begins. Thus, reaction times are cut by as much as half a second, the company said in a written statement. The driver turns the wheel and pushes the pedals as usual — but with an enhanced sense of nimbleness and control.
"When most people think about autonomous driving, they have a very impersonal vision of the future, where humans relinquish control to the machines," Daniele Schillaci, an executive vice president at Nissan, said in the statement, adding that "B2V technology does the opposite."
When the car is in self-driving mode, the same system can monitor the driver for signs of discomfort and take corrective action. If he or she is too hot, for instance, the system could crank up the air conditioner and change the position of the air vents.
That sounds great, but some experts have their doubts — especially about the cap.
"Anything that would require the driver to wear any type of sensor would be deemed intrusive," Dr. Jim Sayer, director of the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, told NBC News MACH in an email. "I think that some drivers might also wonder what other thoughts are being monitored. So I'm not too sure about the practicalities of the technology's adoption."
Sayer questioned what the system would do if a driver chose to do something unsafe or ill-advised — for example, tapping the bumper of a car ahead to register displeasure at having been cut off. "Is the system going to act on those types of thoughts, or only the 'legitimate' and safe ones?" he said.
Another leading expert on automotive technology, Stanford University's Dr. Chris Gerdes, wondered about the system's ability to pinpoint relevant brain activity.
"The brain is used for all sorts of things, so sorting out the signal you want from the 'noise' of other brain activity is often difficult," he said in an email to MACH. Gerdes, director of the university's Center for Automotive Research, added that this presents a "tricky problem."
Consumers will get a chance to see for themselves whether the system works as claimed. Nissan plans to use a driving simulator to demonstrate B2V at next week's Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas.


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Heart Lab Diamond Stud Earrings
A timeless symbol of love, heart shaped lab diamond earrings are unique & instantly recognizable. If your significant other is a true romantic with a feminine style, then these lab diamond earrings are the perfect choice for her. Customize your heart shaped lab diamond in different carats, 14K or 18K yellow gold, white gold or rose gold metal to increase the romance. Whichever metal you choose, a heart-shaped lab diamond will make her fall in love all over again.
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domain: design


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Most times when I head out on a trip by foot, whether that’s around London, or somewhere else, I listen to music, but increasingly I’ve been drawn to truly great radio shows (or podcasts as I should probably call them), chief amongst which is of course 99% Invisible but Benjamen Walker’s occasional Theory of Everything also deserves a mention, as does Radiolab.
Yep, Radiolab. I was so close to not linking to these guys after their truly epic mishandling of their interview with Eng Yang and wonderful author Kao Kalia Yang. And I was happy to tell them what I thought at the time. But I think (hope?) that the guys have learnt their lesson. And their shows are really quite unique.
So here’s a link to a brilliant episode they did a while back on Choice, a subject I covered less eloquently when I edited a magazine in 2000 (I called my piece Choice Anxiety).

domain: entertainment