The significance of Men’s Health Week is now well-established. There’s a growing awareness of men’s unequal propensity towards elevated rates of particular illnesses and diseases. Indeed, we’ve seen in recent months that men are more likely to die after contracting COVID-19, and scientists are doing important work to explore the implication of androgens in COVID‐19 infection severity.
But beyond biological certainties, the gender gap in health outcomes is driven also by lifestyle choices and collective social norms about what it is to be a man – that is, masculinity plays a pivotal part.
Men’s disproportionate risk-taking, accidents and premature deaths, and their relative reluctance for pro-health, or help-seeking behaviours, are all implications of the social dimensions of men’s (ill) health.
As we, hopefully, start to move out of the grip of the coronavirus pandemic, there are a variety of issues that we need to retain in our conversations with and about men’s health.
Here, Monash University researchers reflect on some of the most pressing social issues and drivers, and think about ways to generate awareness or actions for preventable health problems for men.
Men, masculinity and the risk factors leading to suicide
Dr Kylie King
In 2018, there were more than 3000 deaths from suicide in Australia – three-quarters of these were by men. While the pathway to suicide is individual and complex, social factors play an enormous role in the higher risk of suicide for men. Risk factors include mental health problems, physical illness, social isolation, unemployment, stressful life events, and previous suicide attempts.
Of course, both men and women experience these factors, but they do so in different social contexts.
The higher rate of suicide deaths among men compared to women has been attributed to the use of more lethal methods, the way in which men express depression (for example, externally through anger and irritability, rather than sadness and tearfulness), increased substance use, reduced social connection, and reduced help-seeking.
Each of these factors is influenced by masculine social norms – the unwritten rules about how men should behave. Australian masculinity is characterised by a tough, laidback approach to life.
However, this masculinity also encourages men to “suck it up” and tough it out alone when they face a personal or emotional problem, and can discourage them from openly expressing emotions.
This stoicism and self-reliance can be helpful in many life situations, but it can also place men at higher risk of suicide by reducing the chance that they’ll seek the help they need, increasing unhelpful coping strategies (such as substance use), and reducing protective factors (such as close relationships).
Men’s external expression of depression can further alienate them from others when they need support the most. Some groups of men, such as Indigenous men, GBTI men, and men in some occupations are also at higher risk. Suicide prevention for men needs to attend to the social influences and contexts that men experience.
Men, mates and mental health
Although Aussie men have long valorised a commitment to “being there for your mates”, until recently this mostly consisted of knock-off beers and lending a hand (or a ute) every now and then. The lack of emotional connectedness in men’s friendships is said to place them at greater risk of depression, heart disease and stroke, particularly as they enter middle age when life satisfaction tends to drop.
Read more: Tracing Australia’s history of fatherhood
But slowly, this is changing. Men are opening up to one another, and engaging in more intimate and communicative friendships. Research suggests this, like many contemporary forms of social change, is being led by the younger generations. Though there’s no Greta Thunberg to champion them, young men are shedding out-dated masculine tropes of self-reliance and emotional stoicism, opting instead for friendships based on trust, support and, in some cases, open expressions of platonic love.
Yet older men, too, are changing in profound and meaningful ways. As fathers, many have modelled a more nurturing version of manhood than was afforded to them. And through experiences of illness, death and divorce, they’ve begun confiding in those around them – undoing decades of social learning that relegated vulnerability strictly to the realm of the feminine.
This shift is by no means universal, and there’s still a long way to go. But what it signals is that the fear that used to drive men inward – of humiliation and rejection by one’s peers – is proving largely unfounded. Instead, when men ask for a shoulder rather than just a hand, their vulnerability can be met with empathy, care and, of course, a healthy dose of humour.
And this cultural shift could not have come at a better time. As we stare down the barrel of another recession, men face an increased risk of psychological distress and suicide. Being there for your mates, in the most genuine sense of the phrase, may be that one small thing that makes a very big difference.
Community sport, men, and mental health
Associate Professor Ruth Jeanes and Dr Justen O’Connor
Encouraging men to seek help for mental health difficulties has always been challenging. Mental illness continues to carry stigma within society, but this is particularly pronounced for men. Men are less likely to recognise they’re experiencing poor mental health, and reach out and connect with support services or talk to friends.
Increasingly, mental health service providers have recognised the importance of taking services to the spaces that men occupy.
Community sport is one such space where men regularly gather in large numbers, and across different age cohorts. As inherently masculine spaces, promoting mental health through community sport is not without its contradictions.
Despite shifting versions of masculinity, sport – and particularly team sport – remains a hyper-masculine space that promotes often damaging versions of masculinity based on competition, aggression and athletic ability. This can contribute to poor mental health outcomes. However, by going to the source, targeting sport represents an opportunity to break down potentially harmful norms that limit health-seeking behaviour.
Mental health organisations such as Outside the Locker Room are increasingly working with community sports clubs to deliver education that raises awareness of mental illness, gives guidance on strategies to promote positive mental health and wellbeing, and directs club members to support services. Similarly, sport is increasingly being used in initiatives aimed at supporting men’s recovery from significant mental illness, with some promising benefits.
Providing mental health support through sport can assist health practitioners with accessing the male demographic, encouraging conversations between men about mental health, as well as increasing men’s knowledge of how and where to access additional support services. Rather than requiring men to reach out, sport provides a context through which support can be directly connected to them. Mental health interventions delivered through sport warrant further attention in considering how to address stigma, and support men to engage with mental health and wellbeing.
Is footy really good for health?
Professor Richard Pringle
The World Health Organisation (WHO) proclaims that “physical activity and healthy sports are essential for our health and wellbeing”.
The WHO, accordingly, differentiates sport into healthy and, by default, “unhealthy” categories. The so-called unhealthy sports are those that many believe turn boys into men. These are the so-called masculine sports that demand pain tolerance, acts of aggression, and produce elevated injury rates – such as the high-speed collision (for example, AFL or rugby union) and combat sports (boxing and mixed martial arts).
Given the high cost of sporting injuries, estimated at A$2 billion per year, some epidemiologists now regard sporting injuries as a public health problem, and question whether the benefits of particular sports outweigh potential negative outcomes.
Of particular concern is retrospective research evidence suggesting that costs of participation in boxing, rugby union and ice-hockey might result in reduced life expectancy.
Researchers speculate that the higher rates of mortality “reflect the effect of a gradual accumulation of multiple bodily injuries during sporting activities”, suggesting that “these injuries may have long-lasting, detrimental effects in line with the generalised theory of ageing”.
Yet, the lessons learnt about how to perform masculinity in these high-risk sports might be just as dangerous and detrimental to good health, or more so, than the physical injuries.
Men embedded within these sporting cultures learn that they shouldn’t give in to pain, to use their bodies as weapons, to always strive for victory, that aggression and even violence are acceptable, and that victory or defeat should be accompanied with the consumption of alcohol.
This form of masculinity is further detrimental, given it prevents men from developing a consciousness about health and illness, so that when they get sick or are under stress, they don’t complain or seek help. It is, correspondingly, theorised that this dangerous form of masculinity is a prime factor that explains why men typically live five years fewer than women, experience more chronic illness, and are more likely to die through road accidents, suicide, acts of violence, or drug overdoses.
It’s in this light that I suggest we need to think carefully about which sports and associated cultures we believe are good for health, and that our boys (and girls) should be encouraged to play.
Men, masculinity and (un)healthy eating
Associate Professor Steven Roberts
Evidence for individuals needing to scale back meat consumption is plentiful and relatively consistent – beyond ensuring the sustainability of our planet, lower consumption (not total elimination) of red meat and, especially, processed meats, is better for our hearts, and is associated with reduced risk of cancer.
A chief and ongoing concern for health advocates is the gendered dimension of this issue. It’s long been clear that masculine norms impede making better choices in this regard, making men more susceptible to the associated health risks of eating meat. Indeed, the stereotype of men eschewing the salad at a barbecue and instead piling their plate with extra burgers plays out in research that time and again finds that, relative to women, men across many cultures have consistently lower fruit and veg intakes, and higher meat consumption.
These behavioural patterns correlate with commitment to masculine norms, with eating meat considered by some men as a means to convey manliness. Vegetarianism, in contrast, is sometimes seen as unmanly, to the point where men will avoid eating vegetarian-option meals in public. There is thus, unsurprisingly, a clear and stark relationship between adherence to traditional masculine ideals and obesity, and its associated illness such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and cancer.
But masculinity isn’t uniform, and research shows that men who are attuned to newer, less traditional versions of masculinity have a weaker attachment to the notion that meat is manly. A recent Australian study makes clear that “meat still features in the food world of Australian men, but there are shifts to de-prioritise its importance” across the class spectrum. Such findings point to a possibility and need to amplify and normalise reconstructed masculine ideals that are less harmful to men’s health.
Yet, even if we tackle masculine norms, attention must then also be given to structural barriers, including the costs and accessibility of healthy food, the ubiquity and convenience of fast food, and workplace cultures where unhealthy food is frequently available, and where stress levels often are high.
Men’s risky drinking
Dr Karla Elliott
Drinking alcohol has long been seen as part of “being a man”. In Australia, men are significantly more likely than women to drink at risky levels, and are three times as likely as women to be at lifetime risk of harm due to alcohol. Hospital admission rates in Australia associated with risky drinking are almost three times higher among men aged 18-29 years.
Harmful use of alcohol has also been identified as a reinforcing factor in family violence when it intersects with gendered drivers of family violence such as rigid gender roles, men’s control of decision-making, and male peer relations that emphasise aggression and disrespect towards women.
Alcohol consumption poses a clear risk to the health of men and those around them, but our recent research also identified drinking as central in many men’s social interactions and connections with others.
The men in our research saw drinking as part of Australian culture, and as a default social activity for men. But they also described how alcohol helped them open up to friends about their problems, emotions and feelings for each other. What these men perceived as “risky” drinking was considerably higher than the national guidelines of no more than two standard drinks on any day, and no more than four standard drinks on a single occasion. They were also cynical about public health campaigns that encourage individuals to abstain from drinking or have low consumption.
Addressing the health risks of men’s drinking needs to take men’s perspectives on drinking into account, as well as their experiences of using alcohol for fun and to connect with friends. Finding ways for men to connect with others beyond drinking is one possible avenue for change. Another is framing campaigns in terms of risks to others, and including community members in the design of public health interventions.
(Re)approaching men’s illicit drug use
Dr Tristan Duncan
The disproportionate involvement of men in illicit drug use and drug-related harms is now well-documented. As Australian epidemiological research has repeatedly demonstrated, men are not only more likely than women to consume illegal substances, but to experience (and contribute to) problems associated with their use. Males, for instance, make up the largest proportion of drug-induced deaths in Australia (64 per cent); comprise the “overwhelming majority” of those implicated in fatal drug-driving incidents; and are more than twice as likely than women to present with substance use disorders.
So, what can be said to drive these longstanding disparities in men’s illicit drug use? Building on feminist scholarship, scholars have variously approached men’s drug use as a means of “doing” gender – a practice that enables or contributes to the performance of specific masculinities. For men living precariously in a US-Mexico border community, for example, participating in “hard” drug use was described as a means to act out and express “machismo”, and associated values of risk-tasking and outstripping others. Contrastingly, and in an Australian context, young men’s MDMA consumption has been found to enable modes of male sociality marked by intimacy, physical touch, and open communication.
Collectively, such accounts help illuminate the ambiguous, complex, and situated interplay between masculinity and men’s illicit drug use. Yet they also urge us to consider masculinity in terms of its intervention potential. How, for example, can (or should) masculinity be cultivated, reshaped, or otherwise transformed in pursuit of more health-affirming drug use encounters? What role should public health institutions and policy play in facilitating these transformations? To date, such questions are yet to receive concerted attention across Australian drug policy spheres.
In light of the enduring challenges posed by men’s illicit drug use, it is nonetheless apparent that new means of thinking through and approaching masculinity may be required.
My (Queer) Health Record?
Associate Professor Mark Davis
Gay men with complex health needs may have much to gain from My Health Record (MHR), Australia’s national electronic health record system.
MHR is said to lead to better coordination of healthcare – saving time, streamlining care, avoiding duplication, and reducing harms such as adverse drug reactions in emergency rooms. Yet, there are considerable troubles for MHR.
In 2018, MHR was linked with news media stories about data security and privacy breaches at a time of international controversy over Facebook and Cambridge Analytica. LGBTI communities were advised by health advocates that their data may not be protected from third-party uses – for example, by insurance companies, police, and commercial entities. These legal and privacy concerns intersect with myriad health disclosure issues for gay men navigating access to HIV treatment and prevention, treatment for sexually-transmitted infections, and mental health services, to name a few.
A 2018 senate inquiry led to some modification of the database, and Australians were asked if they would like to opt out of MHR. Some 2.5 million did so, underlining enduring mistrust among some members of the Australian public. We know little about who among gay men opted out, and if their healthcare and outcomes will be affected. And we don’t know if those who opted in decided to do so because their healthcare needs meant that they had no choice.
We can’t be sure if MHR is helping these men, or adding challenges of privacy, disclosure and data management to their healthcare needs. Moreover, we’re not sure if a universal, “one-size-fits-all” database can properly serve the specific needs of gay men.
MHR will likely evolve in coming years as it solves its problems and responds to changing social, economic, technological, and biomedical conditions. Data protection and security aside, for gay men, as with other groups with extensive healthcare needs, MHR’s evolution would be most advantageous if it took the form of particularity. For gay men, this would mean a more “queer”, less “one-size-fits-all” MHR, fitted to their lives and healthcare needs, and most ably assisting those providing them with healthcare services.
Data – a common language for men to discuss health
Dr Ben Lyall
Devices that track the human body, such as Fitbit and Apple Watch, have become common pieces of technology in many people’s daily lives. Health and wellbeing markers such as sleep quality, step counts, and heart rates, can be recorded and analysed with these devices and apps.
Birthed in Silicon Valley “start-up” cultures, tracking software is often coded in normative masculine ways. Apps understand “health and wellbeing” in objective terms: measured, compared, and attained through disciplined behaviour and litigious record-keeping.
These issues aside, wearable tracking devices and their associated apps might be most valuable when used to communicate in novel – often unintended – ways. In online spaces, men are sharing health data creatively. On the social web platform reddit, members of groups such as Data is Beautiful share sleep charts, step counts, and complex spreadsheets – telling stories about their lives through the medium of “big data”.
Reddit has a high proportion of male users, and has become notorious as a space where toxic and misogynist groups congregate. But Data is Beautiful is an overwhelmingly positive space, where men share and reflect on experiences of mental ill health, exercise goals, lifestyle changes, and fatherhood.
Here, numbers contain narratives, blending “masculine” data with traditionally “feminine” forms of communication – such as diaries. In these groups, men are willing to share stories, commiserate, and congratulate. These subvert the typical masculine norms (especially for reddit), and opens a new space for discussions about health and wellbeing.
While not overhauling gender paradigms, devices such as Fitbit might allow men to understand health and wellbeing holistically – not just by-the-numbers, but socially and relationally. Rather than pushing men to become calorie counters or gym junkies, self-tracking data can give individuals a common language to productively discuss health and wellbeing.
‘Healthier masculinities’ – what is it, and why do we need it?
There’s no one-size-fits-all when it comes to men or masculinity. As a society, we have a responsibility to encourage the exploration of all aspects of masculine identities, not just those that ascribe to the “unwritten rules” of what it means to “be a (one-size-fits-all) man”.
In Australia, young men who identify with these “rules” report worse mental health outcomes, high rates of risky behaviour, and increased experience and perpetration of violence. The stats are similar in the US, UK and Mexico. Australia has a domestic violence crisis on its hands, and male suicide rates that are nothing short of tragic. The true tragedy is that all these outcomes are avoidable.
One of the underpinning drivers of this violence is rigid gender roles, and stereotyped constructions of masculinity and femininity. These implicit understandings that demand men and boys to be strong, stoic, fearless and, above all else, to show no weakness – particularly when that weakness is reminiscent of more feminine attributes such as empathy or emotional expression.
Such realities have led to growing calls for a move towards “healthier masculinities” – which is essentially about challenging the outdated stereotypes and norms that serve to harm us, and harm our men and boys.
We need to embrace conversations about how to be a good man and good person, and to model this. To question and discuss what that looks like for each of us, to support the development of the skills needed for emotional expression and communication. These are not skills innate to the sexed body; they’re learned through education, modelling, and practice.
Locally, there are a number of organisations exploring masculinity, and what it means to be a man in the service of promoting healthier masculinities*. These programs are encouraging reflection, and questioning these outdated stereotypes and norms, teaching our men and boys to dig a little deeper, to value and prioritise their health and wellbeing.
Why do we need this? Because the health and wellbeing of our men and boys – and those with whom they interact – is dependent on it.
*Some organisations to check out include: Tomorrow Man, Top Blokes, The Man Cave, Tasmen, The Empowered Man, The Men’s Project, Sport & Life Training [SALT], The Rites of Passage Institute, and Man Island, among others.
The Article was originally published on Mate, we need to talk about mental health and masculinity.


text:
from the pages of a scrappy informal journal, kept by Harry Truman at the 1945 Potsdam Conference, and published in AMERICAN HERITAGE for the first time, we learn what the Man from Missouri really thought of the fateful decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan, of Winston Churchill—“I am sure we can get along if he doesn’t give me too much soft soap”—and of Joseph Stalin—“I liked the little son of a bitch.” Professor Robert Ferrell provides the necessary background.
in “God Pity a One-Dream Man” Richard Rhodes examines the complex and visionary career of Robert H. Goddard—the father of modern rocketry and a dreamer of no small dimensions. Goddard’s hope, Rhodes reminds us, was nothing less than to save the human race from extinction.
these pioneers bravely struggled over the mountains, deserts, rivers, plains, and boggy mires of the West. In a wagon train? No—in the latest model from the Winton Motor Carriage Company of Cleveland, Ohio. It was 1903, and the pioneers were Dr. Horatio Nelson Jackson and Sewall K. Cracker; their aim was to make the very first crossing of the continent by automobile—to satisfy a fifty-dollar bet and make history. They did it, and in “Ocean to Ocean in an Automobile Car” Stephen W. Sears explains how.
what may be the first color photographs ever taken; a trooper’s firsthand account of an adventure with the Indian-fighting army; a color portfolio of paintings depicting the American worker at work; a collection of songs celebrating the pleasures of petroleum; the American dentist who rescued the Empress Eugénie from the howling mobs of revolution; and much more…

domain: history


Dietary fibers are potent modulators of immune responses that can restrain inflammation in multiple disease contexts. However, dietary fibers encompass a biochemically diverse family of carbohydrates, and it remains unknown how individual fiber sources influence immunity. In a direct comparison of four different high-fiber diets, we demonstrate a potent ability of guar gum to delay disease and neuroinflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a T cell-mediated mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Guar gum-specific alterations to the microbiota are limited, and disease protection appears to be independent of fiber-induced increases in short-chain fatty acid levels or regulatory CD4+ T cells. Instead, CD4+ T cells of guar gum-supplemented mice are less encephalitogenic due to reduced activation, proliferation, Th1 differentiation, and altered migratory potential. These findings reveal specificity in the host response to fiber sources and define a pathway of fiber-induced immunomodulation that protects against pathologic neuroinflammation.


Fokker D-VII used in the Netherlands
The Dutchman Anthony Fokker played an important role in equipping the German air force during the First World War. His early Eindecker (monoplane) E-types with the first successful synchronized, forward firing machine guns earned such a fearful reputation on the Western Front, that the reconnaissance and bomber aircraft the allied forces were using in the 1915-1916 period were described by their aircrews as ‘Fokker fodder’! Later in the war, Fokker produced the rapid climbing and very manoeuvrable Fokker Dr.1 Triplane, a type that was successfully used by the highest-ranking German ace Manfred von Richthofen until his death in one in April, 1918.
During the last year of the war, 1918, a January competition for new fighter types was held at Adlershof and included multiple aircraft constructors. Fokker’s competitor, the Versuchs (experimental) type V.11, was judged to be too sensitive for the average fighter pilot to handle. Before the final competition, however, Fokker’s team managed to give the V.11 against all rules an almost complete overnight re-build and the resultant aircraft proved to be far superior to other manufacturer’s aircraft in the group powered by versions of the 160 hp Mercedes liquid-cooled in-line engine. The improved V.11 prototype evolved into the Fokker D-VII, which was rapidly introduced in large numbers for operational use. Fokker’s arch-rival Albatros was even forced to build large numbers of Fokker D.VIIs under license. The Fokker D.VII was fast, rugged, manoeuvrable, armed with two Parabellum machine guns, and easy to fly effectively for even beginner fighter pilots. The D.VII created so much havoc flying against allied flyers that it was the only aircraft in the Versailles Treaty terms of surrender that was specifically stipulated to be surrendered to the winning forces!
After the war, the Fokker factory at Schwerin went through difficult times in Germany. Because groups of left-wing employees with communist ties had taken control of his factory, Fokker decided to leave Germany and return to his homeland, the Netherlands. During the period from February to April 1919, Fokker arranged for rail transportation to the Netherlands of most of his factory equipment and a large number of Fokker aircraft. Although it is sometimes stated that Fokker ‘smuggled’ his aircraft into the Netherlands, there was in fact nothing illegal about this movement because the Armistice Committee and both German and Dutch customs authorities were kept fully informed. During the transfer of equipment and planes from Schwerin to Amsterdam, all required official ‘paperwork’ was accomplished! In total Fokker transported more than 200 planes to the Netherlands: 120 D-VII’s, 70 two-seat C.1’s, 20 D-VIII’s, several V-types and approximately 400 aircraft engines. With this inventory, Fokker was able to establish his highly successful Fokker aircraft works in the Netherlands!
It must be stated that the Dutch Luchtvaartafdeling LVA already had D-VII’s on its inventory in 1918 when some German pilots flew their machine to neutral Dutch territory. The first one made an emergency landing on 15 October 1918 at IJzendijke in the Province of Zeeland and he and his machine were interned. It was repaired and put into service on 9 November 1918 as F227. Later, after the capitulation of Germany, a group of six German pilots stranded in the Netherlands on their way back to Germany. Five of them were D-VII’s and two of them were finally put into service by the LVA as F 228 and F229. All three interned D-VII’s carried the typical German Lozenge camouflage while their crosses were over-painted with the orange-red balls used as early Dutch national insignia.
With the large number of ‘battle proven’ D-VII’s available, the development of indigenous Dutch fighter projects was further abandoned . However, defence budget cuts were the main reason why Fokker managed only to supply the LVA a limited number of his D-VII’s. Only twenty were ordered by the LVA and supplied in 1920 plus an additional six for use by the Militaire Luchtvaart M.L.in the Netherlands East Indies. A further twenty were supplied to the Marineluchtvaartdienst MLD.
The military registration numbers carried by these machines were:
LVA: 250 up to/including 271
ML: F-301 up to/including F306
MLD: D-20 up to/including D-39
The fact of 22 registered LVA D-VII’s with only 20 machines supplied can be easily explained: both 270 and 271 were aircraft rebuilt from wrecks by LVA technicians using new spare parts. Most of the remaining D-VII’s from the German shipment were sold to various other countries with the new Soviet Union as biggest costumer with an order of 50. A further 20 were sold to the Swiss air force and 4 were even sold to the U.S. Army Air Corps. However, Fokker did not manage to sell all D-VII’s and a few of them were left rotting away outside the factory building until they were finally scrapped.
The first batch of 10 LVA D-VII’s was fitted with a 160 hp Mercedes D.III engine, but all later machines were fitted with a 185 hp BMW-IIIa. However, a number of the earlier D-VII’s were later also fitted with the BMW engine. It was very easy to see which engine was used, since this was stencilled on the right side of the rear fuselage! Two D-VII’s were later experimentally fitted wit a BMW-IV engine of 250 hp. The LVA D-VII’s were based at Soesterberg under the command of the well-known Willem Versteegh. During air displays in various parts in Europe Versteegh’s team used for their aerobatic show five D-VII’s. This group was known as Versteegh’s Vijf vingers aan één hand (five fingers on one hand). At that time they were just as famous as the Red Arrows today! During the first years the D-VII was used as the primary home-defence fighter until it was replaced from 1930 to 1933 by the more modern D-XVI and D-XVII . After that period, it was used as an advanced solo pilot trainer. However, the D-VII was so popular, that also regular fighter and scout pilots regularly flew it after it was phased out as first line fighter! Attrition from crashes resulted in a gradual reduction in D.VII numbers until only a few remained and the last 4 were finally removed from flying status in 1938, just missing the Second World War! Two D-VII’s, the 263 and 266 were used on a daily base for weather report flying. Fitted with measuring devices on the wing struts and recording instruments in the cockpit they made each day an early morning flight up to 5000 m, where the temperature could be as low as -44°C! One of the pilots who flew these missions continuously for two years was the famous later KLM pilot and author A. Viruly.
The 260 and 263 made head line news when they participated in the 2nd International Artic Year in 1933 when they made numerous meteorological flights from 18 July to 22 September from the Dutch Aerological Station based near Reykjavik on Iceland.
One D-VII flew in the Netherlands with a civil registration: the PH-AJW. It had provision for a second seat and was owned by Fokker. Later, it was donated to Willem Versteegh, who used it as the lead plane in his Vijf vingers aan één hand aerobatic team. For this occasion it was repainted in a white colour scheme including the Dutch military markings carrying the unofficial number F600. Sometimes, it was fitted with two extended exhaust pipes to provide a smoke trail!
The six Netherlands East Indies D-VII’s F-301 – F-306 were used by the ML from 1922 to 1926. They were all fitted with an Armstrong Siddeley Puma engine of 230 hp. In general, this engine was found to be more reliable and easier to maintain than the Opel-built BMW engine.
The MLD D-VII’s D-20 up to/including D-39 were all supplied in 1920. They were stationed at De Kooy airbase to defend the naval installations around Den Helder. Later, it was also used as a transfer trainer for MLD pilots that changed from the old C.1 to the new C.V scout plane/light bomber. For this transfer they were required to make some 10-15 hours on the D-VII. Like the LVA, also the MLD used the D-VII for meteorological flights for the weather forecast. The D-VII was finally phased out in 1937. Just as with the LVA D-VII’s some were fitted with a 250 hp BMW-4 engine.
With some luck a D-VII will soon be airborne again in the Netherlands, built as an exact replica by the Stichting Vroege Vogels (Early Birds Foundation). Fitted with an original 180 hp Merdeces engine it was painted as the 256. The civilregistration for this D-VII replica will be a very appropriate PH LVA, )VII was alraedy in use). The 256 was shown for the first time to the public during the biplane fly-in held at Lelystad airport on 15 June 2006 when it came in taxiing on its own power to the platform of the Aviodrome Museum where the event was held.
Technical details for the Mercedes-powered D-VII:
Power plant: 1 Mercedes 6-cylinder in-line liquid cooled engine of 160 hp at 1250 rpm.
Wingspan: 8.92 m
Length: 7.00 m
Height: 2.81 m
Empty weight: 698 kg
Loaded weight: 878 kg
Maximum speed: 191.5 km/h at 1000m
Service ceiling: 5000 m
Range: not given; flight endurance at full fuel load was approx. 1.5 hour
[Taken from: Jane’ s Fighting Aircraft of World War I, 1919]
-Marc Dierikx, Dwarswind – Een biografie van Anthony Fokker, SDU Uitgevers, the Netherlands 1997.
-Anthony Fokker and Bruce Gould – Flying Dutchman, The life of Anthony Fokker, Henry Holt and Company, New York 1931
-E. Franquinet, Fokker, een leven voor luchtvaart, N.V. Uitgeversmaatschappij De Pelgrim, the Netherlands 1946
-Thijs Postma, Fokker – Bouwer aan de wereldluchtvaart, Fibula-Van Dishoek, the Netherlands 1979
-Wim Schoenmaker and Thijs Postma, KLu vliegtuigen, Uitgeverij De Alk, the Netherlands 1987
-Hugo Hooftman, Van Brik tot Starfighter, Vol 1. Met stofbril en leren vliegkap, La Rivière & Voorhoeve, the Netherlands 1962
-Hugo Hooftman, Van Farman tot Neptune Vol.1 Romantiek van watervliegtuigen en vliegboten, La Rivière & Voorhoeve, the Netherlands 1964
-Hugo Hooftman, Van Glenn Martins en Mustangs, La Rivière & Voorhoeve, the Netherlands 1967
-Henri Hegener, Fokker, the man and the aircraft, Harleyford Publications, UK 1961
-A. Viruly, In de schroefwind, Andries Blitz Uitgever, the Netherlands 1934
All images from Nico Braas collection
Text editor Terry Phillips and Willem Korver
Color profile Srecko Bradic


This single has been the talk amongst twitter for some time now, “Rain On Me” by Lex. With its release being just a few days prior, Dec 13th, Lex has given us a little taste of her “TYS” EP with this Ashanti sample of her “Rain On Me”. Lex’s voice is the truth, something of an Aaliyah and Lauryn Hill, it just has such a 90’s R&B vibe but don’t quote me, take a listen for yourselves. Excited to hear what she’s got lined up for the EP.
[New Single] Lex – Rain On Me (Prod. by MVNWELL & Lord FRE$CO)2
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These products are designed to transform the classic radiator to a picture on the wall with the special decoration.
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– Save on Space – Slimline radiators fitting flush to the wall.
– Low Maintenance – Double glazing that eliminates the need for a conventional heating system.
The non-controllable radiators are set to a temperature at the factory and are either on or off and run at 65°C which is the same as a normal household radiator.
Solaris Electric Radiators have an unprecedented level of radiation. Heat is diffused uniformly from floor to ceiling. The temperature can be adjusted by a programmable thermostat which helps you to save energy and money. The controllable radiators work off a temperature controller which would be situated in a room and the temperature required for the room would be set on the controller. The controller can control up to 50 radiators in one area up to around 20 meters away.
The glass panes are held together through the PVB foil between the panes even if the glass breaks. Furthermore the breakage cuts off the conductive layer on the glass and thereby the electric circuit.
There are glass radiators that can be plumbed in to a normal Central heating system. Even you can design your own glass radiators and then plumb them in! if you cannot find a design you like you can design your own. The front panels are removable so you can have a different design every week.
The philosophy is good design comes from form combined with excellent function. Frameless glass design available in different colours. These high-quality products are intended mainly for the heating of modern interiors and areas where great emphasis is laid on design purity and functionality. The heat radiated from these panels is very pleasant and natural.
An efficient and economic heating solution for rooms up to 25 sqm. Easy to install on walls and ceilings. Ideal for lounges, bedrooms and bathrooms.


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Rapidly the program of medical marijuana is increasing worldwide because there are many benefits of the marijuana, In many countries ID card is been provided to the patients of the different disease who can use the marijuana or can purchase then from the medicals store from that medical store which do have the license of selling the marijuana, the ID cards are been provided to the patients because as we all know that this are illegal to sale or to purchase anywhere, so the card denotes that the marijuana is purchasing by the person in need.
First make sure that Buy marijuana is available in your city or the state
There are many cities or the states which are moving forward it the program of the medical marijuana, but by default the marijuana is not available in every city because these programs are still controversial topic, in order to fight with this program you can purchase or buy marijuana online from the online medium through the different and the trustworthy websites, there are some states which also includes the program of the medical marijuana this states are
• From west coast Colorado, Montana, new Mexico, Washington
• From east coast Delaware, Vermont, New York, Maryland.
• Hawaii, Alaska
• Midwest Minnesota, Michigan.
These are the several cities in which the marijuana programs run it means that marijuana is available in these cities and you can buy marijuana from this cities, these are also available in the online market which means that you can place your order by just sitting in the home only, many websites provides the cash on delivery so can take the advantages of this, but you should be aware of controversial affairs in the online market because many online companies does not have the license of selling the marijuana but then also they used to sell so be careful always trust a well known websites.

domain: geography


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The largest retailer in the United States has agreed to a settlement with the California Department of Justice after allegedly selling brass knuckles, which are illegal in California, to customers through its website.
Walmart is alleged to have sold more than 250 brass knuckles directly to California consumers on its website, as well as through third-party sellers.
As a condition to the settlement, Walmart will pay $500,000 and be required to prevent the sale of illegal weapons on its website.
"They were being sold right on the website," said Attorney General Rob Bonta at a news conference in Sacramento. "Sixty percent (of them) were sold directly by the retail giant, by Walmart itself, and the other 40% through third parties on their e-commerce site."
"Brass knuckles are extremely dangerous, throwing a punch with them can break bones, make cuts, damage tissue, inflict concussions and other serious injuries and can be and have been in the past fatal," Bonta added.
Officials became aware of the sale of brass knuckles on Walmart's website after someone was arrested for possessing them. The person's defense: I bought it from Walmart, so I thought it must be legal.
In a statement to Eyewitness News, a Walmart spokesperson said the company has admitted to no wrongdoing.
"We are committed to being the most trusted retailer. While we believe our policies and procedures comply with California law and admit no liability or wrongdoing, we believe this agreement is in the best interest of all parties," the statement read.
Despite the settlement, the sale of brass knuckles online still appears to be happening in California. After looking at sites of other retailers, Eyewitness News found that brass knuckles are still easily available for online shoppers in the state.

domain: news


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Below are some examples of the personalized Brazil tours that we have created in the past. Take a look and remember that each itinerary is completely customizable. Don’t hesitate to get in touch with us so we can create the perfect, tailor made Brazil vacation for you!
Customize Your Tour
The perfect, personalized Brazil vacation, tailor made to your unique preferences.

domain: design


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Kisumu County Governor Prof. Anyang’ Nyong’o has been rushed to Aga khan Hospital after falling sick at a function.
Governor Nyong’o was among other leaders who were attending installation ceremony for the new Archbishop of Kisumu, Rev Philip Anyolo at the Uzima University grounds.
Doctors at the hospital say he has been admitted at ICU but in stable condition.
Saturday morning, the governor was among other leaders who welcomed ODM leader Raila Odinga at the installation ceremony for the new Kisumu Archbishop Philip Anyolo.
The 76-year-old Archbishop Zacchaeus Okoth, who was ordained at 26, is today handing over the expansive Kisumu Archdiocese to another veteran, Archbishop designate Philip Arnold Subira Anyolo, 62, who arrived in Kisumu in style yesterday evening.
Archbishop Okoth who was ordained to head the Kisumu Archdiocese in May 1990, could not grant an interview yesterday since he was preparing for the big handing over ceremony but other bishops, priests and lay leaders we spoke to, spoke of a man who totally dedicated his life to the Church.


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An Airplane Swing for the Back Yard (Sep, 1930)
An Airplane Swing for the Back Yard
by Dick Cole
Children will get endless hours of fun out of this airplane swing, run by pedal-driven propellers. Any handy man can build one out of inexpensive junked auto parts and a few lengths of pipe.
OF ALL the sensational “rides” at an up-to-date amusement park, perhaps none is more thrilling than an airplane swing. It affords many of the sensations of actually flying, but without any danger. There is no case on record where a passenger has been seriously injured in an airplane swing. So, while it may look spectacular to see the cars of the swing whirling over people’s heads, the hazardous element is lacking in a strongly constructed swing.
A home-made airplane swing can be made at a small cost by any handy man. The drawing shows the general appearance of the finished swing. Six carsâ€”or gondolasâ€” are suspended from the overhead revolving frame. Only three gondolas are fitted with propellers; the others are “trailers.” Unlike the usual amusement park swing, in which the overhead frame is turned mechanically and the propellers are only dummies for effect, this home-made swing is rotated by the direct action of the propellers. These can be operated with pedals.
The most important part of the device is the overhead revolving frame. It is built up on the wheel of a half section of a full-floating type rear axle assembly from a junked automobile. Many old-time cars used this style, and they can be bought for a dollar or two from any auto junk yard. Six pieces of selected wood â€” preferably hardwood â€” 2″x4″x72″ are bolted radially to the side of the wheel. Usually there are six bolts securing the driving axle flange to the wheel, and six rim lug bolts. These can be driven out and be replaced with longer bolts for bolting the radial pieces, making it unnecessary to drill additional holes.
The radial pieces should be strengthened with stay-rods as shown. In the drawing, a length of pipe is used to support the stay-rods at the middle, but in many cases the driving axle itself can be reversed and will serve the purpose even better.
At the end of each radial piece is a substantial eyebolt to which the swing cables are attached. Quarter-inch steel cable is recommended, but heavy fencing wire will serve. The cable or wire should pass around cable thimbles to prevent chafing. It is obvious that the thimbles will have to be spread open slightly to be placed within the eyebolts. Afterward they are closed again, and the cable or wire put in the thimble groove and twisted a few times. The free ends of the cable should be left about 11 feet long for attaching to the swing gondolas.
After the overhead assembly is complete, it is rigidly attached to one end of a 15-ft. length of 2-1/2-inch iron pipe. The method of doing this depends upon the axle housing design. Sometimes the pipe can be inserted into the housing and be bolted or brazed. Whatever method is employed, it must be absolutely solid. The other end of the pipe is now set firmly in the ground. It is suggested that a floor plate be used on the end of the pipe to prevent it settling. Stay-rods are also necessary. It is well to set the pipe and the rods in concrete, but if sunk deeply in firm soil, and tamped with rocks, sufficient solidity can be had.
Next come the swing cars, or gondolas. The drawing suggests a design which will prove satisfactory. Of course the builder can make gondolas that more closely resemble airplanes if he desires to, but the one illustrated offers the all-essential factorâ€” safety. The sketch makes the construction obvious. The most important point is the bearing for the propeller shaft. The shaft must be oiled freely.
The propeller shaft is of 1/2-inch cold-rolled steel threaded at one end to receive the propeller, and at the other end to receive a small, grooved pulley.
The pedaling gear is not shown in detail in the drawing. Its construction depends upon the material and facilities one has at hand. Two wooden disks about 18 inches in diameter can be beveled on one edge and then be bolted together to form a satisfactory pulley. Or a bicycle or velocipede wheel, with tires removed, can be used for the driving pulley. The gear ratio should be such that the propeller can be turned about 750 r.p.m. with comfortable pedaling. Leather belting 2-1/2 inch round, is used for transmission. The sketch shows how this passes around the pulleys.
The construction of a suitable propeller may seem like a rather difficult job to many. Yet an efficient propeller can be made very simply as shown. Instead of being cut from a solid block, this prop is built up of slats â€”laminated, as it were. Not only does this method result in a very strong propeller, but it also has inherent balance and uniform pitch. The center holes of the slats should be so small that the propeller shaft must be screwed into them, and afterward be locked between two nuts and large washers. Glue on the threads will make the attachment even more rigid.
The propeller illustrated is intended to be foot operated at 750 r.p.m.
We now have an airplane swing. If built according to directions, there is no danger of its collapsing.


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developer: Flying Squirrel Entertainment
publisher: Flying Squirrel Entertainment
Game mode: multiplayer
Multiplayer mode: Internet, players: max 500
game language: English
game release date for PC:
Donate 150 Euro to access Alpha version of the game: https://www.fsegames.eu/donations.php
Battle Cry of Freedom, brings brutal real-time first and third person combat set in the 19th Century America, presenting players with the opportunity to re-fight the American Civil War as either the Union or the Confederates. A wide range of Troop Types, ranging from the common soldiers to musicians and artillery, all with their own purpose and tasks.
-Massive multiplayer battles with 500+ players.
-Historically accurate representation of the Confederate and the Union troops, Uniforms and weapons.
-A wide range of artillery pieces ranging from field cannons to mortars, capable of firing explosive shells, all fully controllable by players
-Deploy Barricades, trenches and even explosives with the Engineer class.
-Special musician units with drums, fifes, fiddles or trumpets, able to play historically accurate tunes; all recorded and played by award winning musicians
-Real Civil War background music
-A broad selection of warcries such as the rebel yell.
-Integrated 3D voice chat
-A completely destructible environment. Players can destroy anything, bottles, fences and even buildings.
-A selection of historically accurate maps, such as the Battle of Gettysburg, Antietam etc.
-An advanced melee system.
Expectations: 8.2 / 10 calculated out of 36 players' votes.

domain: game


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Children Images on Cake Central
Amore - A Heart For Children
WELCOME TO AMORE – A HEART FOR CHILDREN. 51 Sugar Artists from around the world united to create edible art in an effort to highlight and bring awareness to International Childhood Cancer Day (Feb. 15th). This is my contribution and it was made with one single purpose… TO BRING A SMILE TO EVERY SINGLE CHILD that is fighting the fight that no child should have to fight. Sponsored by LUSOPASTAS ( https://www.facebook.com/lusopastas/ ) #childhoodcancer #gold #ribbon #awareness #goldribbonawareness #amorecakecollaboration #cake #collaboration #international #childhoodcancerday #sugarart #cakeart #cakedesign #courage #love #hope #strength #survive #fight Please visit our Page for more pieces: https://www.facebook.com/amoreaheartforchildren/ Ana Remígio CUPCAKES & DREAMS My facebook: https://www.facebook.com/pages/CUPCAKES-DREAMS/115882865103239?ref=hl
"hope" Amore - A Heart For Children Collaboration
Created for the Amore - A Heart for Children Collaboration to bring awareness for childhood cancer, "Hope" is made of rice cereal treats, modeling chocolate, fondant, cake lace and gum paste. She is 10-1/2 inches tall.
Sugar Art For Autism
I'm so proud and humbled to have won second place in the #autismsweets contest from Sugar Art For Autism! :0) The following is my description submitted with my cake... I was inspired by several friends who have children diagnosed on the autism spectrum. I've watched them grow over the years in so many ways, and I have learned so much and been blessed to have these friends and their children in my life. I was also inspired by the perspective drawings in rainbow colors of students at the Van Detschool in Amsterdam, and I hope that my bottom tier will reflect their beautiful art work. My cake is full of symbolism. Beginning at the bottom, I like to think of a rainbow as being a symbol of hope, and I think this is why the perspective drawings resonated with me. The single set of footsteps has a dual meaning. The parent of a child diagnosed often holds the entire family on his/her shoulders (which parent maybe depends on the day!) and never fails to lend support to all with so much strength that never wavers. But the single set of footsteps also reminds us that often times, those diagnosed on the autism spectrum may feel alone, having difficulty fitting in at school or in the community. The middle tier is the most important to me. I feel that when we look at the one in 68 children, we can see 67 beautiful butterflies. I used wafer paper and colored it to look like a mix of watercolor and crayons, to represent the other 67, beautiful children. These butterflies are of many different beautiful colors, but although each is unique, many times they fit into clear categories, and fall into line, as shown on the cake. But the 1 in 68 is often the most colorful, most unique, and most special. And one does not look like any other, spectrum or no spectrum. Although those diagnosed on the autism spectrum may look different at first glance, when we really see these children, we can see all the gifts they have to offer the world. It must not be forgotten, however, that despite all this beauty, some wings may not ever leave the ground, and for some that do, the path may not be easy or straightforward. I placed the butterfly deliberately, to represent what is many times a struggle to lift, and sometimes an indirect and uncertain path. (I must also add that some children on the spectrum like to line things up in rows, and so, the butterflies are lined up in rows...) The top tier symbolizes the journey that families face, which many times can be confusing. It also represents the many neuronal pathways in all our brains that science does not fully understand. Finally, a friend looked at the cake and added that "... the squiggly lines show the way the kids feel sometimes but can't express." Finally , the topper is made of two autism puzzle pieces, although they haven't yet found their "fit". My friend who I've quoted above also commented that she loved "...the lined up and mixed up aspects. That's it in a nutshell." Thank you so much for the opportunity to be involved! I really can't express how much joy I felt in designing and creating this cake. SherDelights by Sherri Crohan
Jemima Puddle Duck Shower
Believe it or not, this cake was for an expecting PONY! It was done for a horse rescue organization that includes children with special needs to help out. One of the rescue horses was about to foal, so the kids had a baby shower for the pony, named, you guessed it, Jemima Puddle Duck.
Children's Classic Books Sweet Collaboration- Thumbelina
It is my pleasure to participate in the international collaboration of Cake Designers “Children’s classic books” for an important day, November 20 “The day of the protection of the rights of childhood” My choice is "Thumbelina" from the title book’s Story: Thumbelina/Hans Christian Anderson/1835 I love this story since i watched Hans Christian Anderson's movie on tv show when i was a little girl . The story tells about this little cute girl who emerged in a flower and how she survive from many creatures that try to marry her until she find her true love and get her own wings. It’s remind me my childhood’s book so so happy to be participate in this collaboration

domain: artistic


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10 Black Friday cat food deals
Black Friday is not just the time to shop for furniture, electronics, clothes, or gifts for friends and family. You can also save a lot of money on food for your pet cat. Black Friday brings the best deals and discounts on cat foods from various top brands, and you must take full advantage of that. Make this sale extravaganza useful by ensuring your cat gets the best nutrition and taste at a pocket-friendly expenditure.
Purina Pro Plan
The Purina Pro Plan LiveClear is one of the top cat foods that can be perfect for pets with food allergies and intolerances. It is a kibble that safely and strategically neutralizes Fel D 1 with a key protein from eggs. Fel D 1 is a cat allergen found in their saliva. If you wish to safeguard your little furry friend from allergies, then Amazon, on Black Friday, is giving you the Purina Pro Plan at a great discount.
Nutro Wholesome Essentials
Nutro Wholesome Essentials is a kibble that can nourish your cat with the nutrients it needs while also being full of flavor and easy to digest. It is made with non-GMO ingredients and is free of all sorts of artificial preservatives, flavors, and colors. It is a healthy and tasty meal, and you can expect this item to be available on Amazon on Black Friday at quite a good discount.
Tiki Cat is a brand of canned cat food that is grain-free. Felines can have this option as a full meal or even in small amounts as a snack. It is delicious and nutritious enough to keep your cat healthy. This Black Friday, you might be able to get it for $16.56 instead of $18.48.
Wellness has three ranges for cats, Core, Core Digestive Health, and Complete Health. All ranges have healthy and tasty options that will make your little buddy not throw any tantrums at meal times. You can keep an eye out for discounts on dry or wet recipes from this top brand for cat foods.
Royal Canin on Zooplus
In the last couple of years, Zooplus has been offering various brands of cat food such as Royal Canin at a discounted price of up to 10 percent. This year too, you can expect a reasonable reduction in the price of Royal Canin and other brands of cat food.
During bonanza shopping days such as Black Friday, Amazon offers discounts and price drops across various product categories. This could include cat food and brands such as Whiskas. You can also check out other third-party websites for discounts on the brand.
Purina Fancy Feast Wet Cat Food
For pets that enjoy wet food, this pack of Purina Fancy Feast will be perfect. It contains a wide variety of seafood dishes made with tuna, whitefish, and salmon. It has protein and is nutritious enough to keep your cat’s energy level always high. You can get up to 17% savings if you buy it from Amazon on Black Friday.
Hill’s Science Diet Grain Dry Cat Food
If your pet has a lot of stomach and skin issues, then Hill’s Science Diet Grain dry cat food can be of great help. It has prebiotic fiber that can fuel the growth of beneficial gut bacteria along with vitamin E and omega-6 fatty acids. You can probably save $5 if you buy it on Black Friday.
Tiny Tiger has several cat food options, including a grain-free chicken pate, beef bate, turkey and giblets recipe, and more. It might be available in stores at a discounted price during sale season.
Fussie Cat is another brand for cat foods that you should keep an eye out for. Check out their premium tuna dish mixed with chicken; it is a grain-free cat food that your pet will love. You could save up to $9 by buying it on Black Friday this year.
If you are not sure about the brand or type of cat food you should be buying then it is recommended to consult your vet to ensure your pet is getting all the nutrients they need.

domain: food


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In the reserve you have the option of choosing between the SKY TREK and the SKY WALK, which both allow us to appreciate the great beauty of the Cloud Forest area, characterized by the enormous quantity of flora and fauna. We will visit the Botanical Garden to learn more about the great variety of plants found here in the reserve.
Costa Rica is a small but diverse country. Here you can find lush mountains, paradise-like beaches, pristine rives and an incredible variety of animals and plants. We invite you to come and enjoy all of its beauty and richness.
Let us help you to make your vacation time in Costa Rica an unforgettable experience. Costa Rica has many options to travel and to visit - let us show you the best of it! We offer diverse trips of different prices according to the nature and duration of your trip.
Can't find what you are looking for? Contact us for individual tours that make your travel dreams come true!


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In 2010, University of Illinois students were in the planning stages for the U.S. Department of Energy’s Solar Decathlon competition when an EF2 tornado hit Streator, Ill., demolishing many homes and businesses. Mark Taylor, the architecture professor supervising the students, said that event inspired and motivated the students to focus their efforts on designing a house that could be quickly constructed and assembled to meet the needs of families affected by future tornadoes. They entered the competition with a 1,000-square-foot solar-powered modular house that they called “Re_home.”
Now, after a few years, this project might be coming to reality. With the help of nonprofit organization Habitat for Humanity, Re_homes will be set up in Gifford, Illinois, a community that’s still finding its footing after a terrific twister ripped through the town the past November.
As they wait for Habitat to finalize the number and locations of new homes, Taylor is working with engineering students to carry out an energy analysis to determine the most cost-effective insulation methods for these homes. Once completed, the new homes could represent the optimistic prediction his students included in their 2011 Solar Decathlon presentation: “When disaster strikes, there is always the opportunity to leave the technologies of the past behind and take control of the resources of the future.”
“We like to partner with organizations beyond the university in the hope that what we do will impact their daily activities,” Taylor said. “It also helps us focus on developing practical, cost-effective solutions.”
The three preliminary designs his students have created represent two bedrooms; these family-style plans have three or four. And while Re_home was conceived as a factory-made modular dwelling, the Gifford houses will be built the Habitat way – with volunteer labor.
Re_homes are affordable, safe, and even environmentally responsible. they are packed with solar rooftops and have energy-saving features such as tripled-paned windows, a conditioning energy recovery ventilator (CERV), and a solar shading canopy.
Habitat for Humanity is reportedly still working out the details of these homes, but once they finalize everything, it will certainly allow for towns like Gifford — and perhaps future disaster-stricken areas — rebuild and recover.


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The virtual reality industry is fragmented. Secret Location, a VR tech company, wants to address that with Vusr, a white-label distribution platform for VR apps. It’s getting an update that makes it easier to publish, distribute, and monetize 360-degree video and other VR content on any VR headset.
Vusr can now support real-time rendered content, including room-scale VR (like on the HTC Vive VR headset) and augmented reality content. Vusr is already being used by big publishers to distribute content to the masses. Much of VR and AR technology is applied to gaming, but software developers can push beyond games to offer applications from entertainment, news, social issues and business-level operations.
“Allowing publishers to incorporate real-time rendered VR and AR content, and go beyond just 360 video, opens up endless possibilities,” said Secret Location president and founder James Milward in a statement. “Removing barriers and simplifying distribution is going to accelerate the amount and quality of content we’re seeing in the industry, which is really what we need in order to grow it.”
Toronto-based Secret Location is addressing the problem of fragmentation, and it believes that content creators and publisher need a centralized platform to cost effectively distribute and market their apps. Vusr enables a large number of apps to be accessed and experienced from within a single unified app.
Vusr was incubated by Secret Location and is backed by Entertainment One, a global independent studio that specializes in full-service publishing focusing on the development, acquisition, production, financing and distribution of world-leading entertainment content. Secret Location debuted in 2009 and it was acquired by Entertainment One in 2016.
This post by Dean Takahashi originally appeared on VentureBeat.


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Fully revised and updated, this comprehensive guide to diplomacy explores the art of negotiating international agreements and the channels. It combines theory with details of how diplomacy and negotiation work in practice, bringing together a wide range of more specialist research provide an. Diplomacy, widely recognized as the standard textbook on its subject and already translated into six languages, has been comprehensively.
|Published (Last):||9 January 2004|
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Account Options Sign in. Standard work on diplomacy by a British professor. Theory and Practice G.
Most everything unfurls in such a way as not to surprise. Maximiliane Diesenberg rated it liked it Feb 13, Lists with This Book.
Diplomacy: Theory and Practice – G. R. Berridge – Google Books
Read, highlight, and take notes, across web, tablet, and theofy. Fully revised and updated, this comprehensive guide to diplomacy explores the art of negotiating international agreements and the channels through which such activities occur when states are in diplomatic relations, and when they are not. Berridge Limited preview – Michael rated it liked it Aug 03, Want to Read saving….
To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up. Diplomacy provides an introduction to the origins and different ‘modes’ of diplomacy within the wider context of international politics and Jezelle rated it really liked it Oct 02, The book is dull, but partly by design.
Peter Sprunger rated it liked it Dec 22, Full Stop rated it liked it Jun 12, Jakob Bork rated it really liked it Nov 02, Mignon rated it it was amazing Sep 15, And that they lack charm of a good story, which, if had orchestrated it better, could have been affected with a sort of gnomic quality–not dissimilar to that like which appears in Machiavelli, Montaigne, Plutarch, and other great historians recounting anecdotes of old. Brian Lee rated it liked it Aug 06, Oct 21, Matt rated it it was ok.
Books by Geoff Berridge.
Diplomacy : theory and practice / G.R. Berridge – Details – Trove
Diplomacy is an invaluable text for students, teachers and researchers of international politics. Good read, very insightful, even berrirge a layman. It should be said that he helpfully adds examples to each portion of his discussion. Awiti Omondi rated it it was amazing Jan 27, The complaint charges mainly that the book is dull and its exposition makes points that are obvious. Introduction to Part III.
Ana rated it it was amazing Mar 26, As such, a comprehensive summary on diplomatic rules and practices. This book would be assigned to diplomacy Goodreads helps you keep track of books you want ajd read. Maurice rated it really liked it Oct 14, This new edition includes chapters on secret intelligence and

domain: library


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Vitamin D3 may improve survival among older women, particularly those who are institutionalized, according to a meta-analysis published in the Cochrane Review.
MedPage Today reported that “Investigators found that “the supplement was associated with a 6% lower risk of death over an average follow up of two years, although when given in combination with calcium increased the risk of kidney stones.”
However, “other forms of vitamin D – vitamin D2, as well as the active metabolites alfacalcidol and calcitriol – had no effects on mortality.”
Although researchers have largely accepted mounting evidence that vitamin D plays a key role in bone health and forestalls falls and fractures, debate rages over whether supplementation can decrease the risk of non-skeletal problems including heart disease, cancer, and death.
They also found that supplementation was particularly beneficial for patients who were vitamin D deficient to begin with.
Also, doses below 800 IU a day – the recommended by the Institute of Medicine for patients over 70 – significantly decreased mortality (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.87 to 0.97, P=0.005), while higher doses did not.
FYI, here’s my current protocol for testing and supplementing vitamin D:
I offer a 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25OH vit D) blood test for ALL patients during their preventive medicine exams – including teens and young adults. If the 25OH vit D level is below 30, the patient may either:
Then, I recheck the level, aiming for a level above 30.
Here are some of my recent blogs on vitamin D:


text: ! On the south side of the park, in front of The Chapel, is the Chapel Lawn with a fountain. Stream North America FREE with Your TV Subscription! A major discovery of hydrocarbons of the coast of South Africa is a boon for both oil companies, and the African nation that is now being profiled as the latest offshore oil hotspot Discover South America, Asunción, Paraguay. Get this from a library! Simian Foamy Viruses in Central and South America: A New World of Discovery. Since the successful clearing up of the mysterious Greenland names, and the discovery of Waldseemüller's chart (carta Marina, 1516), lost for three centuries, which likewise shows the configuration of parts of the eastern coast of North America, the last champions of Zeno must admit that the long celebrated Zeno chart is merely a compilation of the younger Zeno (1558). Discovery of the oldest bilaterian from the Ediacaran of South Australia Scott D. Evans , Ian V. Hughes , James G. Gehling , Mary L. Droser Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Apr 2020, 117 (14) 7845-7850; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001045117 The "Miraculous" Discovery of South America by Columbus. Pick A Tour: View all tours. Get this from a library! Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492. Flights. We can book international and domestic flights for your trip. A Phoenician ship carved on a sarcophagus, 2nd century AD. That idea had two parts: one paradisiacal and utopian, the other savage and dangerous. Modèle: DISCOVERY IIII. Machu Picchu, Peru Prices from £655 pp. 3.6K likes. 5. 1 1066 Discovery Of America 1.1 P.O.D 1.2 1067 1.3 1097 1.4 1197 1.5 1267 1.6 1351 1.7 1401 Just as Harold Godwinson and William the Conqueror decide to go to war over Britain, word spreads of a huge expanse of land to the far west. Between 1492 and 1504, Italian explorer Christopher Columbus led four Spanish-based transatlantic maritime expeditions to the Americas, a continental landmass which was virtually unknown to and outside of the Old World (Afro-Eurasia).These voyages to America led to the widespread knowledge of its existence. The Discovery of the Americas: A Play About Early Explorers History, level: Elementary Posted Sat Apr 10 02:22:29 PDT 1999 by Brian Beckenstein (email@example.com). By for forming joint stock companies & sending expeditions it introduced new products to the world like … The discovery of the Americas has for centuries been credited to the Italian explorer Christopher Columbus, but ancient markings carved into rocks around the US could require history to be rewritten. COVID-19 Vaccine Development Threatens Shark Populations. 4. The discovery of south America was of great importance to European colonies in the following ways 1. Until Columbus, the Americas were populated by pockets of tribal groups distributed up and down both north and south continents. The history of South America From the discovery of the New World by Columbus, to the conquest of Peru by Pizarro; interspersed with amusing anecdotes, and containing a minute description of the manners and customs ... of the Indians.. [William Grimshaw] Arequipa & Colca, Peru Prices from £360 pp Build My Itinerary. Abu Raihan al-Biruni, an Islamic scholar from Central Asia, may have discovered the New World centuries before Columbus – without leaving his study. In the decades following European contact, disease, enslavement and land seizure destroyed the advanced civilizations of the continent, both in the Andes and the Amazon regions, sending the surviving inhabitants back to a far simpler social organization. 1000 Invasion of England, 1066. North AmericaSouth AmericaThe Discovery of America. The discovery of america 1. Realizamos Tours a todos los lugares en Paraguay y también en combinación con países vecinos! History of South America and Mexico : comprising their discovery, geography, politics, commerce and revolutions. The discovery of South America and the Andalusian voyages Author (alternate script) None. With friendly UK based travel experts and 100% financial protection, we're here to help you Discover South America. Surrounding this lawn is the American Garden. Raleigh led expeditions to both North America and South America; he was trying to found new settlements, find gold, and increase trade with the New World. Fertile soils, therefore, extend over only about 10 percent of the surface of South America. 3. He was born in Italy in1451 but lived in Spain. Wilson, S. (1997). The petroglyphs on Dighton Rock. Flying South: The Bird Migration Story. They did a brilliant job - everything went smoothly, with local operators managing transfers and tours very professionally. So, Who Did Discover America? The theory of Phoenician discovery of the Americas suggests that the earliest Old World contact with the Americas was not with Columbus or Norse settlers, but with the Phoenicians (or, alternatively, other Semitic peoples) in the first millennium BC. 2014 Land Rover Discovery 4 3.0 XS Commerical with Rear Seat Conversion, SDV6 Auto, Leather, 7 Seats, A/C, Cruise Control, Sat Nav, Bluetooth (Vehicle in Limp Mode) (Reg. There are many beautiful gardens located throughout Discovery Park. Numéro de série: SALLAADG5EA723654. Kilométrage: 272386 km. The discovery of metals like Iron ore led to further expansion of industrialisation. The bombshell discovery has led researchers to revisit other records of discoveries from the late Pleistocene and early Holocene burials unearthed across North and South America. Red Hair, Don't Care! North America Official Site. California Wildfires: The Aftermath. Over this same time frame as Spain, Portugal claimed lands in North America (Canada) and colonized much of eastern South America naming it Santa Cruz and Brazil.On behalf of both the Portuguese and Spanish crowns, cartographer Americo Vespuscio explored the American east coast, and published his new book Mundus Novus (New World) in 1502–1503 which disproved the belief that the Americas … A catalogue of books relating to the discovery and early history of North and South America forming a part of the library of E.D. [George Watson Cole; Elihu Dwight Church; Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery.] Giant ground sloths once roamed the Americas! Author information: (1)Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, RJ, Brazil. Type du moteur: SDV6. … Watch Full Episodes, Get Behind the Scenes, Meet the Cast, and much more. The Vikings Discover America, ca. Essieux: Un(e). Geographical Review, 44(4), 573-582. doi:10.2307/212161. S.Frederick Starr | Published in History Today Volume 63 Issue 12 December 2013. (1907) bkp CU-BANC; Cole, George Watson, 1850-1939; Huntington, Henry Edwards, 1850-1927 The most important of these are brunizems (deep, dark-coloured prairie soils, developed from wind-deposited loess), chestnut soils, and ferruginous tropical soils. South America’s history was put on a completely different trajectory with Christopher Columbus’ discovery of the Americas in the 1490s. 10 Ginger Animals Living the Life . In 1585, Raleigh sent colonists to the east coast of North America; Raleigh later named that area Virginia, in honour of Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen. This informal space features a pergola with a dramatic entrance to the Covered Bridge. Surviving European Conquest in the Caribbean. Get this from a library! (2)Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, … 3. Lake Titicaca, Peru Prices from £175 pp. Through the discovery of gold & silver in South America the international trade expanded. [John M Niles; L T Pease] firstname.lastname@example.org. Find out what our prehistoric ancestors were up against at Discovery.com. Responding to the different environments of soil and climate, they developed hundreds of different tribal cultures, perhaps two thousand different languages. California Wildfires: Calm After the Burn. Transmission: Automatique. 2. Discover South America arranged my visit taking into account my specific requests regarding the itinerary and the type of hotel I wanted. Poids total du vehivule: 3 240 kg. 2. Church. Background. A catalogue of books relating to the discovery and early history of North and South America forming a part of the library of E. D. Church by Church, Elihu Dwight, d. 1908; University Press (Cambridge, Mass.) The idea of “America” antedated America’s discovery and even Viking exploration. Santos AF(1), Cavalcante LTF(2), Muniz CP(3), Switzer WM(4), Soares MA(5)(6). AmericaNorth and South America form the part of theworld called America. Conduite: à droite. Widely dispersed over the great land mass of the Americas, they numbered approximately 75 million people by the rime Columbus came, perhaps 25 million in North America.


In an upcoming era, The organization is looking up for data privacy, hospitals looking to move to the cloud of the Patient Engagement, there is no way better than cloud healthcare solution. If data gets compromised, it's gone forever. It does help with the enterprise being more fragile, spending less on the IT, and developing time reducing applications for the use. Cloud-based solutions are way more secure than the local's servers. We can use it as a process to complete tasks in minutes. Since cloud computing automates the virtualization process, it is being streamlined and shortened. Cloud technology helps us to connect hundreds of clinicians using an IBM cloud-based social business that provides collaboration services to a global network of Healthcare software development.
Healthcare cloud solutions are very secure since they are updated with the latest security measures and patches, providing a high level of security. This is way important and should be Proactively monitored 24/7. Healthcare Cloud computing helps with the streamlined, collaborative patient care helping the fetching records of patients in no time. Also, it helps with advanced medical research. It can help in more efficient and personalized care.
The Health automation domain in countries like the US has started utilizing mobile computing and healthcare software development and Cloud Computing. A huge amount of data is saved and processes in patient digital data called Medical records management.
The Medical records management has images of the patients which is very sensitive driven and of are a security concern. It also includes Scanned images/reports, X-rays, etc. The quality of treatment depends on the Patient engagement at every visit of the hospital. Cost of storage, quality, treatment reduce the cost of Healthcare Cloud Computing when used in healthcare sectors. Patient’s Privacy can’t be trusted yet on cloud infrastructure.


EN 471 1 2
Workwear with this classification falls as an overall class of garment within the first class of standard EN 471, which sets requirements for high-visibility clothing. The degree of safety is determined with the degree of visibility and reflectivity. On reflectivity, clothing with this standard falls within class 2. The higher the classification, the more fluorescent and reflective materials are present. Standard EN 471 1-2 states that visibility clothing (in combination of several garments with an amount of reflective material) is suitable for providing extra visibility within operating situations with low collision and accident risk. In addition, it can be worn along roads with a speed limit of 30 or 50 km/h, for example by traffic controllers. High visability workwear that carries the EN 471 1-2 standard, in combination, falls within the first two classes of certification.


Solid-axle front suspension components.
The “Death Wobble”: you probably have heard that phrase before. It’s sometimes associated with the Jeep Wrangler, but it really can occur on any car with a solid front axle.
The inappropriately named death wobble — as far as we know, no one’s ever died from it — is basically a violent and rapid oscillation in a truck’s steering components that ultimately makes your steering wheel whip from side to side. It often starts off slow and builds and builds, and it can be scary if you don’t know what’s going on; it can feel like someone’s trying to rip the wheel from your hands.
If it occurs, you don’t want to let go of the wheel, but you don’t want to grip it tightly either. Hold it as steady as you can, slow down safely and pull over.
The wobble usually occurs at mid to higher speeds and usually is initiated by a bump in the road, though some folks have said a hard brake stomp will do it too. It can happen on cars with stock suspension, but seems to be more common on lifted cars.
FCA states that the wobble has been linked to “poorly installed or maintained aftermarket equipment, damaged or worn steering components and incorrect tire pressure.” Extreme Terrain (which, incidentally would be happy to sell you aftermarket Jeep parts) has a great breakdown of the phenomenon and generally agrees with FCA’s assesment,.
But it doesn’t just occur on modded Jeeps, and it also isn’t restricted to any model or year range. Jalopnik’s resident Jeep enthusiast David Tracy experienced the wobble in both his 1992 Jeep Cherokee and his 1948 Willys CJ-2A.
There are a number of components that need to be looked at after a death wobble. The general rule is that if you see something worn out in your suspension, it should be replaced. Extreme Terrain also notes that some drivers have “fixed” the problem with steering stabilizers — basically a shock for your steering system — but that only masks the original fault.
To cure the wobble, you want to start by looking at the track bar (which provides lateral stabilization of the front axle) and its two anchoring points. The bar absorbs a ton of force that gets transfered to the frame; even if it’s in acceptable condition, the frame mount bolt can be the culprit. If you do get a wobble, and any of those mounting points are loose, the bolt holes could be enlarged, meaning that mounting point would need to be replaced as well as the mounting hardware.
Ball joints should be the next thing to check after a wobble. If the ball joint boot is broken and there’s no grease, you probably need a replacement. If the boot is intact, but there is movement between the joint and steering knuckle, it still needs to be replaced. Allowable ball joint play is in the millimeters, according to Extreme Terrain.
If that checks out, the tie-rod ends come next. To check that you have to lift the wheel and wiggle it, while a helper watches the tie-rod end and tie-rod. If there’s any play in the rod or the end, that could be the problem.
After tie rods there are the control arms and wheel bearings to check, along with the wheels, tires and alignment. Extreme Terrain also posits tests and fixes for all these things, which you can take a deeper dive into here. And check out a video of what it looks like inside and outside the vehicle here.
Again, the so-called death wobble is a problem that can crop up in any vehicle with a solid front axle. It’s one of the joys of owing a Jeep or other live axle-equipped truck, and it’s something dedicated Jeepers have known about for generations. With the growing popularity of the Wrangler as a daily driver and family-hauler, however, it was only a matter of time before it started catching owners off-guard.
The only surefire way to eliminate the possibility of the wobble would be to switch to independent front suspension (as the Mercedes-Benz G-class did recently), but that would dramatically change the character of the Wrangler. Instead, we’re urging you to make sure your suspension and steering components are up to spec — and if you do add a lift kit and other aftermarket parts, make sure they’re installed correctly.
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"Offroad Racers" snapshot
Welcome to monster trucks madness! Rally cars, pickups and buggies compete with each other. Opponents can try to stop racers on their way to finish in three different racing modes.
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Welcome to monster trucks madness! Rally cars, pickups and buggies compete with each other. Opponents can try to stop racers on their way to finish in three different racing modes. Complete 18 stages to win the contest! Forget about the roads and limitations! Experience the adrenaline buzz brought to you with the help of amazing quality graphics and realistic sound! Challenge yourself in the highly addictive game Offroad Racers!
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2 HURT WHEN BALLOON HITS POWER LINE IN NEW MEXICO: RIO RANCHO, N.M. (AP) — A balloon flying in Albuquerque's International Balloon Fiesta hit a power line as it tried to land Wednesday, sending two men to the hospital with burns and injuries from a 40-foot fall, officials said.
Police in Rio Rancho, a northwest Albuquerque suburb, said the balloon got tangled in the line at about 8:30 a.m. When the passenger reached out to free the balloon, he was shocked, festival spokesman Tom Garrity said.
The balloon was freed, but the gondola crashed to the ground.
Rio Rancho police identified the pilot as Mark Kilgore, 59, of Albuquerque, and the passenger as Daniel Lovato, his 66-year-old crew chief.
KOB-TV reported that Lovato suffered serious burns on his face, chest and arms and underwent surgery at the University of New Mexico Hospital while Kilgore was treated for burns to the side of his face.
Although photos from the scene showed flames, Garrity said it was unclear if the gondola caught fire.
"We know there was arcing of electricity," he said. "We are still trying to figure out the specifics."
MCCARTNEY CELEBRATES ANNIVERSARY AT NY HIGH SCHOOL: NEW YORK (AP) — Paul McCartney celebrated his second wedding anniversary with his wife and a few hundred high school students on Wednesday.
The 71-year-old performed at the Frank Sinatra School of the Arts, which was opened by Tony Bennett.
McCartney said, "Happy anniversary, Baby," to Nancy Shevell before going into his latest song, called "New." He said the song was inspired by his wife as the students turned to her and gushed.
The event with iHeartRadio was to celebrate McCartney's album, also called "New," out next week.
One student asked McCartney when he felt he officially made it in the music industry. McCartney said when the Beatles recorded their first single, "Love Me Do."
The students cheered, and McCartney said: "You shouldn't know about that."
The crowd, which included some adults, was feverish as McCartney performed a 13-song set from his Beatles, Wings and solo catalogue, including "Hey Jude," ''Eight Days a Week" and "Jet."
TEXAS EXECUTES LUBBOCK MAN WHO KILLED PARENTS: HUNTSVILLE, Texas (AP) — A Texas man was put to death Wednesday evening for killing his parents at their Lubbock home 15 years ago during a drug-influenced rampage that also left his 89-year-old grandmother dead.
Michael Yowell, 43, told witnesses, including his daughters and his ex-wife, that he loved them.
"Punch the button," he told the warden.
He took several deep breaths, then began snoring. Within about 30 seconds, all movement stopped.
His daughters and ex-wife hugged as they watched through a window in the death chamber.
Yowell tried to delay his execution, the 14th this year in the nation's most active death penalty state, by joining a lawsuit with two other condemned prisoners that challenged Texas prison officials' recent purchase of a new supply of pentobarbital for his scheduled lethal injection.
The punishment was delayed briefly until the U.S. Supreme Court, in a brief ruling, rejected the appeal.
SEATTLE MAYOR WOULD SUPPORT MINIMUM WAGE ABOVE $15: SEATTLE (AP) — The idea of a $15 minimum wage continues to build momentum in the Seattle area, with Mayor Mike McGinn saying he would support an effort to set the standard even higher.
In an interview with The Associated Press, McGinn said he thought $15 was a "fair starting point" for the minimum wage discussion. He cautioned that the issue was best handled legislatively and that the actual number would be determined by city councilmembers.
"If the council proposed a higher number, I'd support that," said McGinn, who is seeking re-election next month.
He added later: "I would expect that, if re-elected, we would put together a coalition to figure out how far we could go on the minimum wage."
McGinn challenger Ed Murray recently announced that he would push for a $15 minimum wage but planned to proceed with a phased-in approach. Washington already has the nation's highest state minimum wage at $9.19 an hour, while San Francisco is the local jurisdiction with the highest hourly standard at $10.55.
SC MAN GETS 30 YEARS FOR 2008 HALLOWEEN KILLING: SUMTER, S.C. (AP) — A 27-year-old South Carolina man has been sentenced to 30 years in prison for killing a trick-or-treater who came to his door on Halloween 2008.
Quentin Patrick was sentenced Tuesday after pleading guilty to murder in the death of T.J. Darrisaw.
Prosecutors say the 12-year-old boy was shot at least a dozen times as he stood on the porch of Patrick's home in Sumter. The boy's stepfather and a brother were wounded.
Patrick is a convicted drug dealer and said he fired his AK-47 because he thought a rival drug dealer was back to shoot him again. Patrick has already been sentenced to more than 16 years in federal prison after pleading guilty to being a felon in possession of a weapon.
MAN GUILTY OF BEATING WIFE FOR NOT CALLING HIM SIR: LANCASTER, Pa. (AP) — A central Pennsylvania man has been convicted for beating his wife when she didn't address him as "sir" in front of their kids.
Lancaster County prosecutors say 49-year-old Dan Kirby Kopp of Ephrata routinely beat his wife with a wooden paddle or his hand when he believed she was disrespectful.
Kopp's wife used an iPhone to videotape a September 2012 beating that was shown to jurors. The video shows the 6-foot-5, 230-pound Kopp beating her with a paddle for not addressing him with "yes, sir."
Kopp was convicted of misdemeanor stalking and harassment. He was sentenced Tuesday to one to 23 months in prison and one year of parole and has been ordered to stay away from his now-estranged wife.


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Collection > Exhibitions
The IMMA Collection is a unique resource which is made available to the public through a vibrant programme of temporary exhibitions and projects. Collection Exhibitions may explore the work of an individual artist, or address a theme or historic period, notably the highly successful exhibition The Moderns in 2010-2011.
Current Exhibitions IMMA (Non-Collection Exhibitions)
|Back to IMMA site|


Pattern 13 (From Multiple Instance Task)
The ability to pass data elements from a task which supports multiple execution instances to a subsequent task. The data passing occurs at the conclusion of the multiple instance task. It involves aggregating data elements from all instances of the task and passing them to a subsequent task.
At the conclusion of the various instances of the Record Lap Time task, the list of lap times is passed to the Prepare Grid task.
Each execution instance of a multiple instance task effectively operates independently from other instances and as such, has a requirement to pass on data elements at its conclusion to subsequent tasks.
In general, data is passed from a multiple instance task to subsequent tasks when a certain number of the task instances have concluded. The various scenarios in which this may occur are illustrated in Figure 12. These usually coincide with the passing of control from the multiple instance task although data and control flow do not necessarily need to be fully integrated. In the case where data elements are passed by reference, the location rather than the values are passed on at task completion (obviously this implies that the data values may be accessed by other components of the process prior to completion of the multiple instance task as they reside in shared storage).
There are no specific context conditions associated with this pattern.
FLOWer provides facilities for instance-specific data to be aggregated from a series of task instances and passed to a subsequent task. UML 2.0 ADs support this pattern via the ExpansionRegion construct.
One issue that arises with multiple instance tasks is identifying the point at which the output data elements from them are available (in some aggregate form) to subsequent tasks.
In the case of FLOWer, this issue is dependent on where the data elements are accessed from. The FLOWer engine allows parallel task instances to access output data elements from other instances even if these instances have not yet completed (i.e. the values obtained, if any, may not be final). However subsequent task instances (i.e. those after the multiple instance task), can rely on the complete composite data element being available. UML 2.0 ADs only allow data to be aggregated when all task instances are complete and this data element is only available once aggregation has occurred.
An offering achieves full support if it has a construct that satisfies the description for the pattern.
To achieve a + rating (direct support) or a +/- rating (partial support) the product should satisfy the corresponding evaluation criterion of the pattern. Otherwise a - rating (no support) is assigned.
|Staffware||9||-||Multiple instance tasks not supported|
|Websphere MQ Workflow||3.4||-||No support for multiple instances|
|FLOWer||3.0||+||As for Pattern 12|
|XPDL||1.0||-||No support for multiple instances|
|UML||2.0||+||Directly supported by the ExpansionRegion construct (where the ExpansionKind mode is set to parallel).|
|Oracle BPEL||10.1.2||+/-||For non-directly supported MI task, a certain number of instances should be complete before the data is passed to the next task|
|jBPM||3.1.4||-||jBPM does not support this pattern as it lacks a notion for multiple instances tasks.|
|OpenWFE||1.7.3||-||OpenWFE does not support data interaction from multiple instances tasks. After the completion of such a task only the values of the last instance to complete (or the first, depending on the specification) are stored.|
|Enhydra Shark||2||-||Enhydra Shark does not support this pattern as it lacks (multiple instances) task data.|
Summary of Evaluation


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Usage. The layout design for these subpages is at Portal:North America/ Selected picture/Layout. Add a new Selected picture to the next available subpage.
Find the perfect North America stock photos and editorial news pictures from Getty Images. Download premium images you can't get anywhere else.
Browse our large gallery of Mountain pictures in North America. You can browse pictures by various categories and destinations.
Download stunning free images about North America. Free for commercial use ✓ No attribution required.
Get North America pictures and royalty-free images from iStock. Find high-quality stock photos that you won't find anywhere else.
Jul 10, 2018 ... Check out our North America pictures from Canada, USA, Mexico and Bermuda. Travel photography taken during our many adventures.
North America Photos. North America's Filmmaking Firsts. Natural History|North America ... 6 photos. North America Photo Gallery. Natural History|North America ...
North America image gallery - Sandstone walls of Park Avenue.
Google Earth is a free program from Google that allows you to explore satellite images showing the cities and landscapes of North America and the rest of the ...


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We report a case of small bowel ischemia secondary to sickle cell disease. Acute bowel ischemia is an uncommon presentation of patients with sickle cell disease. Historically, only a handful of cases have been reported. We also provide a summary of the literature relevant to sickle cell patients with acute bowel ischemia.
Management of an indeterminate pulmonary nodule is a diagnostic challenge that commonly confronts primary care physicians and specialists. Patients often present with this radiographic finding in the course of an unrelated medical evaluation. We examined our institution's experience with percutaneous biopsy of lung nodules to determine the impact of this… (More)

domain: literature