Apache ZooKeeper Tutorial – ZooKeeper Guide for Beginners
Stay updated with latest technology trends
Join DataFlair on Telegram!!
Today, we are going to start our new journey towards Apache ZooKeeper. In this ZooKeeper Tutorial, we will see the meaning of Apache ZooKeeper and also the popularity of ZooKeeper. Moreover, we will learn the features, benefits, applications and use cases of ZooKeeper. Also, we will discuss different terms such as ZooKeeper Client, ZooKeeper Cluster, ZooKeeper WebUI. Along with this, Apache ZooKeeper tutorial will give the answers for why ZooKeeper is used. Also, we will see the companies using ZooKeeper. At last, we will see Apache ZooKeeper Architecture.
Since ZooKeeper is distributed in nature, so it is very important that we know a thing or two about distributed applications, before moving further. Hence, first, we will see ZooKeeper discussion with a quick introduction of distributed applications.
So, let’s start Apache ZooKeeper Tutorial.
2. What is a Distributed Application?
In order to complete a particular task in a fast and efficient manner, a distributed application can run on multiple systems in a network at a given time (simultaneously). It is possible by their intermediate coordination. Also, we can say that by using computing capabilities of all the system involved, complex and time-consuming tasks, which will take hours to complete by a non-distributed application (running in a single system) can be done in minutes with the help of a distributed application.
In addition, by configuring the distributed application to run on more systems, the time to complete the task can be further reduced. There is a cluster, which is basically a group of systems in which a distributed application is running. And in a cluster there are machines running, those machine running in a cluster is what we call a Node.
Generally, Server and Client application are two parts of a distributed application. On defining both:
- Server applications
The Distributed Applications those have a common interface is what we call Server Applications. Basically, it ensures that the clients can connect to any server in the cluster and fetch the same result.
- Client applications
The tools which help to interact with a distributed application is what we call Client applications.
- Benefits of Distributed Applications
If somehow a single or a few systems fail that does not make the whole system to fail.
By adding more machines with the minor change in the configuration of the application with no downtime, Performance can be increased as and when needed.
It simply means that it hides the complexity of the system. Also, it shows itself as a single entity/application.
- Challenges of Distributed Applications
1. Race condition
Sometimes there are two or more machines which are trying to perform a particular task, even when that task actually needs to be done only by a single machine at any given time.
In order to complete indefinitely, two or more operations waiting for each other.
It means Partial failure of data.
3. What is ZooKeeper?
ZooKeeper is a distributed coordination service which also helps to manage the large set of hosts. Since managing and coordinating a service especially in a distributed environment is a complicated process, so ZooKeeper solves this problem due to its simple architecture as well as API. As its best, without worrying about the distributed nature of the application, ZooKeeper allows developers to focus on core application logic.
Originally, for accessing applications in an easy and robust manner, the ZooKeeper framework was originally built at “Yahoo!”. But after that for organizing services used by Hadoop, HBase, and other distributed frameworks, Apache ZooKeeper became a standard. For instance, to track the status of distributed data, Apache HBase uses ZooKeeper.
In addition, they can also support a large Hadoop cluster easily. To retrieve information, each client machine communicates with one of the servers. However, in past times most of the work required fixing the bugs at the time of implementation of distributed applications. Though we can say, these various difficulties in implementations are the main reason behind the creation of ZooKeeper. Because it keeps an eye on the synchronization as well as coordination across the cluster in a nutshell.
4. ZooKeeper Tutorial – Audience
The professionals those are aspiring to make a career in Big Data Analytics by using ZooKeeper framework, can go for this Zookeeper tutorial. Because this Apache ZooKeeper tutorial will provide enough understanding of how to use ZooKeeper to create distributed clusters, in detail.
5. ZooKeeper Tutorial – Prerequisites
6. Features of ZooKeeper
There is some best Apache ZooKeeper feature, which makes it stand out from the crowd:
With the help of a shared hierarchical namespace, it coordinates.
The system keeps performing, even if more than one node fails.
In the cases where ‘Reads’ are more common, it runs with the ratio of 10:1.
By deploying more machines, the performance can be enhanced.
7. ZooKeeper Tutorial – Design
Below, we are discussing some design goals for Apache ZooKeeper:
a. ZooKeeper is simple
While working on ZooKeeper, all distributed processes can coordinate with each other. This coordination is possible through a shared hierarchical namespace. However, it is organized as same as the standard file system. Here the namespaces which consist of data registers, what we call as znodes, in ZooKeeper parlance. Though, these are as same as files and directories. In addition, ZooKeeper data keeps in-memory, due to that it achieves high throughput as well as low latency numbers.
b. ZooKeeper is replicated
Apache ZooKeeper itself is intended to be replicated over a set of hosts called an ensemble, as same as distributed processes it coordinates.
c. How is the order beneficial?
In order to implement higher-level abstractions (synchronization primitives, Subsequent operations) usage of the order is required.
d. ZooKeeper is fast
Especially, in “read-dominant” workloads, ZooKeeper works very fast.
8. Apache ZooKeeper Architecture
Below in this Apache ZooKeeper Tutorial, several constituents from the architecture of ZooKeeper, are given such as:
- Server Applications: Through a common interface, these applications facilitate interaction with client applications.
- Client Applications: There are several tools which help to interact with distributed applications.
- ZooKeeper Nodes: These are the systems on which a cluster runs.
- Znode: By any node in the cluster, we can update or modify Znode.
we can easily replicate ZooKeeper services by Hadoop ZooKeeper’s architecture over a set of machines. However, each maintains an image of in-memory data tree as well as transaction logs here. Moreover, the client applications contact to a single server and also establish a TCP link. So, through them, they send requests, receive responses, watch the events, and many more.
9. Why Apache ZooKeeper?
Basically, to make coordination between (the group of nodes) and maintain shared data with robust synchronization techniques, a cluster uses an Apache ZooKeeper. However, for writing a distributed application, ZooKeeper itself a distributed application which provides several services. So, here we are listing the common services offered by ZooKeeper, such as −
a. Naming service
In a cluster, identifies the nodes by name.
b. Configuration management
For a joining node, latest and up-to-date configuration information of the system.
c. Cluster management
In real time, Joining / leaving of a node in a cluster and node status.
d. Leader election
For coordination purpose, electing a node as the leader.
e. Locking and synchronization service
while modifying it, locks the data. while connecting other distributed applications like Apache HBase, this mechanism helps us in automatic fail recovery.
f. The highly reliable data registry
Even when one or a few nodes are down the availability of data.
As there are few complex and hard-to-crack challenges also offered by Distributed applications, so, to overcome all the challenges, ZooKeeper framework provides a complete mechanism. Moreover, using fail-safe synchronization approach, we can handle race condition and deadlock. Also, ZooKeeper resolves the inconsistency of data with atomicity.
10. Containerizing ZooKeeper With Docker
By using the Docker, we can also containerize ZooKeeper. So, as a big benefit with this, it is possible to add and remove the nodes on demand. Though, it is only possible by adding ZooKeeper in the Docker image and also running the container using this on every master of the cluster.
In addition, it should either create a cluster independently or it should be able to connect to an existing cluster and be a part of it, during the starting of a container. Hence, it allows dynamic reconfiguring of the entire Hadoop cluster using the Docker containerization, as a benefit of using the Docker container.
11. What is ZooKeeper Client?
Like all distributed application, Zookeeper distributed application also consists of the server and client. It has a centralized interface by which clients can connect to the service. However, these clients could be command line or a GUI client. Basically, the tools that are available for interacting with the ZooKeeper distributed application, is what we call ZooKeeper client applications.
12. What is Zookeeper Cluster?
As we need to have the ZooKeeper infrastructure in the cluster mode in order to have the system at the optimal value when we are running the Apache ZooKeeper at scale. We also call the ZooKeeper cluster an ensemble. Although, make sure the majority of the cluster nodes need to be up and running at all times if the ZooKeeper cluster has to be running successfully.
13. ZooKeeper WebUI
Basically, to work with ZooKeeper resource management, the ZooKeeper WebUI or Web user interface is an easier way. Hence, the WebUI allows working with ZooKeeper using the web user interface, instead of using the command line to interact with the ZooKeeper application. So, we can say it makes it easier and efficient to work.
14. Apache ZooKeeper Applications
Simply put, for creating highly available distributed systems at scale, it has become one of most preferred choice. Hence, one of the most successful projects from the Apache foundation is the ZooKeeper project.
Follow the link to learn more about ZooKeeper Applications
Apache ZooKeeper has allowed the companies to function smoothly in the big data world by providing a solid base to implement different big data tools. Thus, it is one of the most preferred applications to be implemented at a large scale, because of its ability to provide multiple benefits at once.
15. Companies Using ZooKeeper
Now, in this Apache ZooKeeper tutorial, we are providing a list of companies using ZooKeeper:
16. Benefits of Apache ZooKeeper
There are various ZooKeeper Benefits, such as −
It allows mutual exclusion as well as cooperation between server processes. So, that helps in Apache HBase, for the purpose of configuration management
b. Ordered Messages
By stamping each update with a number denoting its order, it keeps track.
It ensures that our application runs consistently. To coordinate queue to execute running threads, this approach can be used in MapReduce.
Once it applies the update, it will persist from that time forward until a client overwrites the update.
No transaction is partial, either data transfer succeeds or fails completely.
f. Sequential Consistency
In the same order that they were sent, it applies the updates from a client.
g. Single System Image
Regardless of the server that it connects to, a client will see the same view of the service.
Within a certain time bound, the client’s view of the system is up-to-date.
17. ZooKeeper Use Cases
Some of the most prominent use cases of ZooKeeper in Apache ZooKeeper tutorial are:
- Managing the configuration
- Naming services
- Choosing the leader
- Queuing the messages
- Managing the notification system
By using the ZooKeeper CLI, we can also communicate with the ZooKeeper ensemble. Basically, that gives us the feature of using the various options. Also, there is dependence on the Command Line Interface, for the sake of debugging.
So, this was all in Apache ZooKeeper Tutorial. Hope you like our explanation.
Hence, in this Zookeeper tutorial, we have seen the concept of Apache ZooKeeper in detail. Moreover, we discussed meaning, benefits, features, use cases, and architecture of Zookeeper. Also, we saw different terms as ZooKeeper Client, Zookeeper Cluster, ZooKeeper WebUI. At last, in Apache ZooKeeper tutorial we discussed Zookeeper with docker. Next, we will see Features of ZooKeeper. Still, if any doubt occurs regarding Apache ZooKeeper tutorial, feel free to ask in the comment section.
See also –


text:
I've always dreamed of attending a performance in this beautiful opera house and couldn't accomplish it due to several reasons: in one of my visits, the theatre was closed for restoration; in other, it was out of the season, and that made me sa. Finally, my dream came true and we had a perfect night at the Sao Carlos National... 更多
One of the most beautiful opera houses in Europe. It is small but the inside walls and spaces are well-decorated and it seems you are living in the beginning of the XX century. The Theater also has a nice coffee/restaurant with tables outside and in the summer there is a festival ("Festival ao Largo") with classical music (including operas) outside.
You can pass by not remarking the Opera House. From outside it is very simple, inside is beautiful. They built it after the Italian Opera Houses. This is a very old house one of the first in Europe. It was opened in 1793.The king's loge is extraordinary, Giovanni Appiani Italian master made the decoration.
What a surprise this was ! The theatre is a gem, excellent acoustics and the looks of a real European opera hall. We attended Rossini La Cenerentola a relatively less known opera. It was a real delight. Highly professional.
Like many (probably all), opera houses, there are good performances (a brilliant Bohème), bad performances (a tragic Tosca), and all... 更多
Seating about 1000 spectators, the Teatro São Carlos is an architectural gem standing out among the important cultural buildings in... 更多
Good ambiance. Lisbon top rated spectacules with well known portuguese and international actors, singers and players.

domain: artistic


text:
- Planting Concerns Remain High
Planting Concerns Remain High
- Grain Markets and USDA
Our team has their eyes on the grain markets and the USDA as March comes to a close.
- Corn (ZC) Weekly MACD Trying to Positively Cross
Corn (ZC) is trying to form the 7th green daily candle in 10 days, but is struggling to maintain the rally as seen by the daily Doji beginning to form....
Futures Market News and Commentary
Corn futures are showing 1 to 2 1/4 cent gains in most contracts on Monday. This morning’s USDA Export Inspections report showed 995,997 MT of corn shipped in the week of March 21. That was a 24% jump from the previous week but 25.14% below this time last year. Friday afternoon’s Commitment of Traders report indicated that spec traders in corn futures and options extended their record net short position to 261,326 contracts as of March 19. The final number for the 2018 Ukraine corn harvest was pegged at 35.8 MMT, vs, the current USDA estimate of 35.5 MMT.May 19 Corn is at $3.80, up 1 3/4 cents,Jul 19 Corn is at $3.89 1/2, up 2 cents,Sep 19 Corn is at $3.95 1/2, up 2 1/4 centsDec 19 Corn is at $4.02, up 2 cents --provided by Brugler Marketing & Management
Soybean futures are trading 2 to 3 1/2 cents higher at midday. Meal futures are up 50 cents/ton, with soy oil up 18 points. USDA indicated that 857,970 MT of soybeans were exported in the week that ended on March 21, according to this morning’s Export Inspections report. That is slightly higher than last week and 20.84% larger than the same week a year ago. Money managers in soybean futures and options backed off their CFTC net short position by 26,205 contracts as of Tuesday to a net position of -63,992 contracts. AgRural estimates that the Brazilian soybean harvest is 67%, vs. the average of 63%. Chinese customs data suggested that the country imported 907,754 MT of US soybeans in February, up sharply from January, but still lagging 3.35 MMT in the same month last year.May 19 Soybeans are at $9.07 1/2, up 3 3/4 cents,Jul 19 Soybeans are at $9.20 3/4, up 3 1/2 cents,Aug 19 Soybeans are at $9.26 3/4, up 3 1/2 cents,Sep 19 Soybeans are at $9.31 3/4, up 3 1/4 cents,May 19 Soybean Meal is at $315.50, up $0.50May 19 Soybean Oil is at $28.84, up $0.18 --provided by Brugler Marketing & Management
Wheat futures are 3 to 5 cents higher in the winter wheat contracts, with MPLS mixed and within a penny of UNCH. All wheat export inspections for the week of March 21 were tallied at 340,398 MT by the USDA. That was down 11.62% from the week prior and just a slight 3,374 MT lower that the same week in 2018. CFTC data showed that spec funds in KC wheat futures and options added to their record reported net short position. It was 51,380 contracts on Tuesday. Their net short in Chicago was 73,506 contracts on March 19. Ukraine’s final 2018 wheat harvest was tallied at 24.6 MMT according to the country’s statistics, compared to 25 MMT projected by USDA on March 8.May 19 CBOT Wheat is at $4.70 1/4, up 4 1/4 cents,May 19 KCBT Wheat is at $4.49 3/4, up 4 3/4 cents,May 19 MGEX Wheat is at $5.71 3/4, down 1/2 cent --Provided by Brugler Marketing & Management

domain: agronomy


text:
Business aviation departures in Europe marked their busiest month ever in July, reaching 94,002, according to WingX’s most recent Business Aviation Monitor. Total activity in Europe last month increased 4 percent year over year and is up cumulatively for the year by 3 percent.
Activity increased 11 percent year over year in Greece, which came in as the seventh busiest European country for the month. The UK and Germany each experienced notable growth, up 7 percent year over year. And Russia, which hosted the Football World Cub, experienced a 26 percent bounce. Flights from the UK to Russia surged by more than 130 percent.
France remained the busiest country for business aviation flights despite a 1 percent slide in demand. WingX pointed to a dip in large-jet flights for the softened numbers in France. Italy and Spain experienced a similar trend. But at the same time, large-jet activity increased nearly 10 percent in Switzerland and Greece and 36 percent in Russia. Small and midsize activity in Italy, meanwhile, climbed 9 percent in the month.
“The Football World Cup helped in boosting business aviation activity to its highest ever monthly level in July, with business jets 6 percent busier than back in 2008,” said Richard Koe, managing director of WingX Advance. “There was balanced growth in large, midsize and small jet activity, with continued shift in demand towards charter, although private flights also up.”
In all, business jets accounted for 60,178 of the departures in July. Charter or operations involving an air operator’s certificate comprised 60 percent of all business aviation activity, and business jets made up the majority of those flights. Charter activity was up 3.9 percent year over year, while private flights marked a fourth consecutive month of year-over-year growth, increasing 2 percent.
Flights involving Embraer business jets jumped more than 20 percent and Gulfstreams by 12 percent.

domain: geography


text:
How to Make a Cheap Hydroponics System. One of the cheapest and easiest hydroponics systems employs gravity to transport the water to and from your growing container. It is a basic system, sometimes referred to as the bucket system or flooding system.This system can be made from a bucket, a dishpan and a length of tubing. You can use perlite or...
One of the cheapest and easiest hydroponics systems employs gravity to transport the water to and from your growing container. It is a basic system, sometimes referred to as the bucket system or flooding system.
This system can be made from a bucket, a dishpan and a length of tubing. You can use perlite or gravel as your growing medium.
Things You'll Need
Dishpan or comparable plastic container
Perlite or comparable growing medium
Select a plastic container, such as a dishpan, that is long with low sides and 3 to 4 inches tall. Clean it thoroughly.
Select a clean bucket that will hold at least 3 gallons of water. The bucket should be plastic, so you can cut a hole in it.
Cut a length of 3 to 4 feet of plastic tubing. The diameter of the tubing should be 1/2 to 1 inch.
Make a hole in the plastic container and one in the bucket.
Make the hole in the plastic container on one of the short sides. The hole in the plastic container should be the same diameter as that of the plastic tubing. Cut the hole so it is 1/2 to 1 inch above the bottom of the container.
Cut the hole in the side of the bucket the same size as the diameter of the tubing. Make this hole 1 to 2 inches from the bottom of the bucket.
Insert one end of the tubing into the hole in the bucket. Insert the other end of the tubing into the hole in the plastic container. Seal both ends with silicone or aquarium cement.
Place the plastic container on a tabletop. Fill with perlite or comparable growing medium. Place the bucket on a higher surface, such as a taller table next to the table with the plastic container.
Plant small seedlings in the growing medium. Slowly add water that has been enriched with appropriate nutrients to the plastic container until the growing medium is completely moistened.
Lower the bucket to the floor and allow the water to drain from the plastic container. This allows you to determine how much water is needed to process through the system. This will help you avoid flooding the container with too much water and dislodging your seedlings.
Once the water has completely drained, wait 2 to 3 hours. Raise the bucket and place it on the surface higher than the plastic container. The water will drain down into the plastic container from the bucket. When the water has completely drained from the bucket, lower the bucket and allow the water to drain back into the bucket.
Raise and lower the bucket two to three times a day; how often you need to flood your plants depends on your climate and how quickly your growing medium dries out. Add an additional cup or two of nutrient rich water to the bucket system once a week or as needed to maintain the amount needed to process through the system. Renew the water completely once a month.
Check out these related posts


Solar storms are caused by disturbances in the Sun that send charged particles into space. It's when those particles hit the Earth’s magnetosphere that the storm hits. The particles can come from coronal mass ejections (CME), co-rotating interaction regions (CIR) and coronal holes that emit a high-speed solar wind current (twice as fast).
Solar storms powerful enough to cause failures in electronic equipment, including aviation and communication equipment, power grids and satellites, is not a rare phenomena: they hit the Earth every 25 years, according to a new study carried out by a team of scientists from the University of Warwick and the British Antarctic Survey and published in the magazine Geophysical Research Letters. Additionally, there are less strong, albeit dangerous, solar events every three years or so.
In summary, scientists have identified two types of powerful magnetic storms:
Great super storms, the most powerful that occur every 25 years on average severe, weaker storms occurring every three years
The analysis, which used historical data from the last 14 solar cycles, to expand scientists' previous estimates of the probability of space-based super storms, showed that “severe” space super storms have occurred 42 times in the last 150 years, and the largest super storms occurred six times within 150 years.
Scientists have been able to detect super storms dating back 150 years by examining magnetic field records at opposite ends of the Earth (UK and Australia). This result was made possible by a new way of analysing historical data from the last 14 solar cycles, long before the space age began in 1957, rather than using the last five solar cycles commonly used in this type of analysis.
These solar or geomagnetic storms can originate with solar flares, which explode in the Sun during years of high solar activity and can cause blackouts, shutting down satellites, disrupting aviation and causing a temporary loss of GPS signals and radio communications.
"These super storms are rare events, but estimating the likelihood of them occurring is an important part of planning the level of mitigation needed to protect countries' critical infrastructures. This research proposes a new method to approach historical data, to provide a better picture of the possibility of occurrence of super storms and what activity we are likely to see in the future,” explains Sandra Chapman, study leader.
The Carrington event of 1859
The largest super solar storm in recorded history is known as the Carrington event and took place in 1859. This storm shut down some telegraph systems in different parts of the world, started some fires and even affected some telegraph operators. It is estimated that if a storm as powerful as the Carrington event were to occur today, it would cause thousands or even billions of euros in damage. The Carrington event was not part of the study, because the data that the researchers analyzed did not go that far back, but such a storm could be considered as a super solar storm.
Given that technology makes us more dependent on our current lives, understanding and predicting space weather is a priority. Ships like SDO (Solar Dynamics Observatory) or the Parker Solar Probe aim to increase our understanding of the Sun and the ability to predict these dangerous geomagnetic storms.
Reference: S.C. Chapman, R.B. Horne, N.W. Watkins. Using the aa index over the last 14 solar cycles to characterize extreme geomagnetic activity. Geophysical Research Letters, 2020; DOI: 10.1029/2019GL086524


text:
Cops to speak on Holness death threats
The Police are today expected to make an official statement on their investigation into death threats allegedly made against Opposition Leader Andrew Holness and Jamaica Labour Party General Secretary Dr Horace Chang.
"By tomorrow, we should be in a position to speak definitively on it," offered Assistant Commissioner of Police Ealan Powell, head of the Criminal Investigation Branch (CIB) when contacted for an update on the investigation yesterday.
Deputy Commissioner of Police Glenmore Hinds indicated that security has been beefed up around the two politicians as the police continue their investigation.
"What I can say is that the matter is being investigated," said Hinds. "They (investigators) are doing some work around the information, but I've not had a briefing today."

domain: news


text:
WASHINGTON -- The Food and Drug Administration's top medical-device regulator said Tuesday he is resigning.
The departure follows internal dissent over device-approval decisions that the regulator's critics said were too friendly to industry.
Daniel Schultz said his move comes "by mutual agreement" with FDA Commissioner Margaret Hamburg, who took office in May.
An FDA spokesman said Dr. Schultz's decision came as the result of talks with Dr. Hamburg, and had nothing to do with any specific issue related to a device's approval process.
Dr. Schultz has worked at the FDA's Center for Devices and Radiological Health for 15 years and led it for the past five years.
Sen. Chuck Grassley (R., Iowa) held hearings two years ago on Dr. Schultz's approval of a nerve stimulation device to treat depression, approval that came over the objections of several FDA doctors. Mr. Grassley complained at the time that science was being ignored in favor of industry. Dr. Schultz said his decision was based on sound medical data.
In March, Sen. Grassley opened an investigation into a knee-surgery device made by ReGen Biologics Inc., after The Wall Street Journal reported that Dr. Schultz approved it over the objections of numerous FDA scientists and reviewers.
FDA Deputy Commissioner Joshua Sharfstein said in May that the agency would re-examine the approval process for the ReGen knee device to see if proper procedures were followed.
A group of nine device division employees wrote to the House Energy and Commerce Committee last October to complain that the division's leaders had approved devices despite formal safety and efficacy concerns raised by FDA. They also alleged some scientists who objected to the decisions faced retaliation from leaders of the device division. The FDA at the time declined to comment.
The Advanced Medical Technology Association, a medical-device industry group, praised Dr. Schultz, saying he ensured stable funding for the FDA via industry user fees.
Dr. Hamburg said in a statement that Dr. Schultz left a strong legacy and helped the division enhance understanding of medical-device use in children.
Write to Alicia Mundy at firstname.lastname@example.org


text:
This 24 hr diner offers a large selection of menu items. Food tasted ok and at reasonable prices. Decent selection of what looked like homemade cakes and pies. Service was fast and friendly. Finding the entrance was a bit confusing and from the outside the restaurant did not look apealing whatsoever! (Almost didn't go in!) But I'm glad we did because once inside the decor was clean, spacious and nicely decorated. Also TV's hanging on the wall and if you don't mind (one of the tv's) purple screen, this place is for you. Smokers are welcomed in a large airy dining area.
Pros: Open 24 hrs, Big Menu Selection, Reasonable Prices
Cons: Food tasted "average"

domain: food


text:
Page "Film festival" Paragraph 17
* Latin American significance: The Cartagena Film Festival, founded by Victor Nieto in 1960, is the oldest film festival in Latin America.
The Festival de Gramado ( or Gramado Film Festival ) Gramado, Brazil along with the Guadalajara International Film Festival in Guadalajara, Mexico are considered to be the most important film festivals of Latin America.
While the Expresión en Corto International Film Festival is the largest competitive film festival in Mexico, specializing in emerging talents, and is held each year during the last week of July in the two colonial cities of San Miguel de Allende and Guanajuato.
Among Spanish speaking countries the Dominican International Film Festival is held annually in Puerto Plata, DR, the Valdivia International Film Festival is held annually in the city of Valdivia.


text:
No spoilers (except where I've marked thusly)
I grew up during the 90s Disney renaissance - an era where every year another film, every year another hit. During my lifetime alone, I watched the studio become a full-fledged, legitimate and respected source for children's entertainment, consistent above the others. High quality, and well-received across the board. It wasn't an unpleasant thing to witness as a child and teenager.
Though my relationship with (and perception of) Disney has dramatically changed over the years (I think much less of them these days, and I worry about their attempts to take over the film industry/world) it's kind of nice to see something attempt to re-capture those glory days. Those classic musicals, splendid animations, and all the right kind of sight gags to make a ten year-old laugh. And really, Disney hasn't managed that in over a decade - at least not on a regular basis.
This was, by and large, what I felt was Frozen's primary attempt - with perhaps some 21st century modern updating, story and character-wise, along the way. In this regard, it worked moderately well. It has a decent set of characters, a solid premise (very loosely based on Hans Christian Andersen's The Snow Queen), and based on the age-appropriate audience around me, I knew the humor was a hit (even when it wasn't always necessarily connecting with me).
Unfortunately, the narrative structure just isn't that well put-together. Though it starts with a solid opening, and once we really get going with the story, events are legitimately exciting, the finality of it was a bit perplexing; what's more, it was excessively cheesy, a bit nonsensical, and entirely unearned. Without spoiling exactly how this film achieves its resolution, let's just say I kind of wanted to roll my eyes at it.
So what worked in this film? I liked that the story was built around two sisters - it's still not often we get a female-driven relationship at the core of these stories (even in Disney movies). What's more, their respective desires - and the way they worked at odds with one another - was fascinating. They've both endured a sense of isolation due to elder sister Elsa's powers with ice and snow, and they both respond to it in very different ways - as demonstrated very plainly in a song about their contrasting responses to the impending day of celebration for Elsa's coronation as Queen.
Events spiral out of control, naive sister Anna makes some foolish choices, and Elsa winds up fleeing into the hills to live alone, finally free to be herself - but bringing about a permanent winter for her people. This was actually my favorite moment of the movie - at this point, Anna is very driven by a desire to get to her sister; meanwhile, Elsa gives the best song - and visuals - of the movie, in a wonderfully cathartic expression of finally having the freedom to let go and do whatever she wants and not having to hold herself in all the time. From that point on, I found Elsa to be the most interesting character in the film.
But then, Elsa kind of fades to the backburner, and the actual sister relationship is somewhat relegated in favor of an obligatory romance. See, Anna fell in love with another man over the course of a day; but then, she meets another man named Kristoff who tells her how ridiculous that is. Indeed. But then, Anna and Kristoff promptly fall in love over the course of...um, however long the movie was. I would guess two days, tops. (Okay...maybe three.)
This was one of my problems with Enchanted. There's an existing absurdity to Disney films in that people always meet and fall in love in ridiculously short amounts of time. To be fair, this is hardly a problem exclusive to Disney. But at the same time, whenever they try to comment upon it, they usually wind up falling flat on their face by completely undermining it 20 minutes later.
By and large, the film really, really didn't need the romance angle, and it did feel shoehorned in because Disney has a built-in expectation that every animated movie will have a romance, even if it doesn't necessarily pertain to the story. The central narrative should've stuck strictly to the relationship between the sisters, as that was easily the most interesting aspect.
And really, the climax and resolution just didn't work for me. It just wasn't well-structured at all. It tried to be something different, but it got caught up so much in that and trying to undermine previous Disney tropes that it winds up shortchanging the story in the end.
That being said, the casting was solid - I was particularly impressed with and surprised by Kristin Bell, of whom I've been a fan since her work on Veronica Mars. I had no idea she had such a wonderful voice. And Elsa's voice actor (Idina Menzel) was stellar - just listen to a song like "Let it Go" to realize what an incredible voice she has. The graphics are expectedly amazing, and there are some pretty glorious moments that deserve a big screen viewing.
Disney, you came close, but you failed. At the end of the day, you're still Disney - a studio that generates too many Princess-driven stories, and where the day is won by cheesy and unearned resolutions.
And for anyone who's actually seen the movie - Elsa's problems were all cured by love?? Ugh. I mean, fine - it's hardly a new concept. But that was entirely unearned - and somewhat cheesy. If you're going to use love, there's need to be something more to it. What's more, she had a deep-seeded insecurity about how her powers kept hurting other people (especially her sister) and your insert one act of love and she magically (pun intended) has complete control of her powers. And everyone stops viewing her with fear. Ugh. Just ugh. That's to say nothing of the fact that they never addressed the whole memory wipe on Anna that I kept expecting to come up, especially with the presence of Olaf. That right there should've been at the heart of the story's resolution.
Also, both my sister and I spent most of the movie hoping that Anna would be revealed to have powers of her own - she should've been the Summer Queen to contrast her sister, and their powers could've worked in conjunction together. Now, that would've been a sweet way to end the movie.

domain: entertainment


IP Geolocation Lookup
Free IP Address Lookup Tool | IPAddressGuide IP Address Lookup Geolocation by IP address is the technology of determining a user's geographic latitude, longitude and, by inference, city, region and nation by comparing the user's public Internet IP address with known locations of other electronically neighboring servers and routers. IP Address Lookup & Geolocation Tool | Neustar Includes IPV6 Addresses! IP geolocation is the science of determining the physical location and Internet connection characteristics of a web visitor. IP geolocation is the technology upon which our Internet Location Intelligence platform is based. The Neustar IP Intelligence data family, which includes IP GeoPoint and IP Reputation, is the authoritative source of IP decisioning data on 99.99% GeoIP Lookup Tool | UltraTools The Geo-location & Country Lookup tool attempts to pinpoint which country an IP address is "associated" with using information from the RIRs (regional Internet registries) and other locational data. The resulting Geo-location answer is more accurate than basing the answer on … FREE IP LOOKUP - Whois, IP Address Locator, Reverse DNS
Geolocation - IP Lookup / iplocate
Geolocation IP Detection – WordPress plugin | WordPress.org
Find where is located any IPv4 or IPv6 IP. DB updated July 2020. Free IP Address and Geolocation Lookup Tool. Find VERY FAST where is an IP located. Country, Region, Town, Zip, ISP Name/URL, Latitude, Longitude Database used to lookup address based on IP is always up to date, current version: July, 2020
IP-based Geolocation is mapping of an IP address or MAC address to the real-world geographic location of an Internet-connected computing or a mobile device. Geolocation involves in mapping IP address to the country, region (city), latitude/longitude, ISP and domain name among other useful things. 2. Where can I get a IP-based Geolocation database? IP Geolocation is a technique to lookup for visitor\'s geolocation information, such as country, region, city, ZIP code/postal code, latitude, longitude, domain, ISP, area code, mobile data, weather data, usage type, proxy data, elevation and so on, using an IP address.


text:
MUMBAI : Malaika Arora went on a lunch date with her friends Kareena Kapoor Khan, Karan Johar, Amrita Arora and Manish Malhotra. However, even when she was busy taking selfies, trying gout Karan Johar's oversized sunnies and pouting with Kareena, she couldn't take boyfriend Arjun Kapoor off her mind. Whilst sharing photos from their get-together, Malaika also posted a close-up selfie of her beau writing, 'Hey handsome' over it.
Glimpses from their get-together were shared by Malhotra on his Instagram handle where the celebrity fashion designer posted a couple of pictures of them, in which the stars could be seen posing for the camera. He captioned the post as, "That perfect afternoon home with friends @kareenakapoorkhan @karanjohar @amuaroraofficial @malaikaaroraofficial missing you @therealkarismakapoor."
Recently, several rumours flooded the internet claiming that Bollywood couple Arjun Kapoor and Malaika Arora have called it quits. However, Arjun came to shatter them by sharing a rocking picture with his ladylove on social media. Taking to his Instagram handle, Arjun posted a monochrome picture with Malaika and captioned it as, "Ain't no place for shady rumours. Stay safe. Stay blessed. Wish well for people. Love y'all."
Malaika who was in a 19-year-long marriage with Arbaaz Khan, called it quits in 2017. Arjun and Malaika have been in a relationship for a long time now. However, they made their relationship Instagram official on Arjun's 34th birthday in 2019.
Credit: India TV

domain: celebrity


text:
Immunity is continuously evolving by evolutionary mechanisms shaped by pathogenic stimuli of different kinds. Man-made nanomaterials (NMs) have been developed in the last decades and represent a novel challenge for our immune system, especially when applied to medical science. Toxicological studies of such nanoparticles (NPs) revealed that size, shape, and surface chemistry are key parameters to understand their noxious effects on cellular mechanisms. Less is known on the immune reactions to NMs since prolonged exposure data are not so detailed as the results for acute administration. The importance of immunity to biocompatible NPs is underlined by their increasing use as drug or gene delivery carriers in common pharmaceutical preparations and vaccines. In the latter case, the immunomodulatory properties of NMs allow their use also as efficient adjuvants to enhance the innate immune response. In the current manuscript, the authors discuss the main concepts in this fast-growing field by restricting our view to NMs with consolidated application in biomedicine.
KeywordsImmune system, nanoparticles, inflammation, cytokines, protein corona
In the past decades the development of diverse nanotechnologies allowed their application in several fields including medicine, mainly for drug delivery and diagnostics . The physicochemical diversity of nanomaterials (NMs) extends far beyond the conditions of biocompatibility that allow a profitable use of NMs in medicine. For instance, most of the inorganic or carbon-based materials are not degradable and poorly soluble rising concerns for tissue accumulation and cytotoxicity . High doses of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) disrupt the physiological mechanisms inducing toxicity, whereas lower doses could not show direct noxious effects hiding long-term events appearing at a later stage. NP interaction with the immune system (IS) deserves special attention, as NPs could evoke potential inflammatory responses that need appropriate investigation before any biomedical claim .
NP size, shape and chemical surface determine their recognition by cells and molecules of the IS. In particular, the different surface chemistry plays a major role in the interactions with the biological environment and often defines NP immune-compatibility . Continuous research is currently focused on NM coatings with the ability to hide from the IS and delay their clearance once released, for example, in the bloodstream . One of the most common strategy is the modification of NM surface with polymers such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) or poly(2-oxazoline) (POx) to improve drug delivery systems and diagnostic nano-tools. Though several chemical technologies have been developed to avoid IS, many researchers are currently trying to stimulate an immune reaction by tailored inorganic or organic NPs for specific adjuvant activity in vaccine delivery . A variety of NMs show amazing drug/gene delivery performances or immunomodulatory properties . Some of them already have a key role in current therapies, especially in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine delivery [8, 9], whereas others show potential applications aimed at interfering with abnormal immune reactions like coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-induced cytokine storm .
All these evidences emphasize the need for a deep investigation of NM-mediated immune responses to unravel their immune-toxicity mechanisms and design safe particles for medical applications. In the present review we restrict our attention to some prototype biodegradable NPs and their potential or documented inflammatory reactions.
Immune reactions to polymer NPs
Several and diverse polymers can be assembled in nanostructures. They are divided in natural  or synthetic polymers  with a huge range of characteristics and possible modifications. Natural polysaccharides, most of which extracted from invertebrates, algae, fungi or bacteria, are frequently used to prepare stable NPs for applications in biomedical research . As repetitive and conserved patterns, polysaccharides could be recognized by the innate IS cells through pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) recognition receptors. Specific responses against exogenous sugars or glycosaminoglycans are quickly mounted by first reacting phagocytes, namely neutrophils and macrophages. These cells show a wide set of pattern recognition receptors (PRR) types, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I-like receptors (RLRs), and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs). Most of their signal pathways converge on the nuclear factor (NF)-κB transcription factor inducing the expression of genes coding for pro-inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, antimicrobial proteins and type I interferons (IFN). A first raised question with controversial answers is whether natural polysaccharides folded to form nanostructures are still able to interact with immune receptors . Within the vast families of natural polymers, we will consider only a couple of them as model for commonly induced immune effects.
Monocyte response to starch NPs, for example, strictly depends on the fine differences of their specific saccharide composition . In one of our studies, we showed that NPs of similar size (from 40 nm to 100 nm) prepared with starches extracted from two different potatoes, (i.e. Solanum tuberosum and Solanum goniocalyx), induced a different response. THP-1 cells released the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and chemokines (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL4, and CCL5 in the presence of NPs synthesized with starch extracted from S. goniocalyx. On the contrary, this monocytic cell line did not show any significant pro-inflammatory reaction towards S. Tuberosum starch-NPs. Since the starch is formed by amylose and amylopectin molecules, structural differences may be due to a dissimilar molecular branching and folding in the particle. Supported by previous results on starch films , we hypothesized that fine polysaccharide changes may induce the recruitment of different PRRs on THP-1 membranes and a different cytokine response. Starch-NPs’ properties depend on the botanical source of the polymer and drive NP-employment in nano-formulations aimed at stimulation (e.g., adjuvants) or avoidance of inflammatory reactions (e.g., drug delivery) . In the first case, it would be always important to understand the extent of the inflammatory response with in vivo studies. Unfortunately, no such studies have been already done using starch NPs. However, results from in vitro experiments indicate that pro-inflammatory IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β are also released by mixed monocytes and lymphocytes cultures when blends of corn starches are administered for long time .
Chitin is another very abundant natural polysaccharide used for NP preparation. It is a common component of insects and crustaceans’ exoskeleton, also present in some fungi. Even if it is proved that six-subunit-long oligomers of fungal chitin bind to TLR2 , it is not clear whether the same molecule folded and arranged in a particle structure still maintains its potential inflammatory and allergy-promoting PAMP . As purified, chitin is hydrophobic and insoluble, so its deacetylated derivative chitosan, which is soluble in weak acidic solutions, is preferred to prepare NPs . Many aspects of chitin/chitosan NP effects on the IS still need to be elucidated, nevertheless, data regarding enhanced cytokine release by different immune cells have been shown in splenocytes of immunized mice with ovalbumin . Especially, mRNA expression of IL-2, IFN-g and IL-10 promoting both T-helper (Th)1 and Th2 adaptive immune responses. Based on these evidences, chitosan and other polysaccharide NPs are proposed as natural nano-adjuvants in different studies . Chitosan has a wide range of application in pharmaceutical sciences and tissue engineering [23, 24]. Its charge varies in media with different pH as its amino groups are protonated. Chitosan in such condition becomes a cationic polymer strongly interacting with several molecules in the biological milieu. Actually, NP interactions in biological media mainly depends on their chemical surface and this aspect will be carefully described in the following text.
Unlike natural polymers, synthetic ones can be designed with exclusive intrinsic properties for specific medical applications . NPs prepared with these polymers are biodegradable, increase the stability and bioavailability of several drugs, often providing their controlled release. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) already approved different synthetic polymers, such as poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), poly(lactide acid) (PLA), and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), [26–28]. In general, NPs synthesized with FDA-approved polymers are harmless, albeit some indications reveal that particle size can be crucial to provoke inflammatory signaling in vitro . Nicolete and colleagues  showed that PLGA particles of micrometric diameter strongly interact with cell membrane protein receptors inducing NF-κB dependent inflammatory stimulus after their uptake in murine macrophages. Conversely, nano-sized particles of the same bulk material do not show immune-toxicity. This effect may be due to the interactions with more proteins onto the cell surface and the different internalization pathway engaged.
Crucial indirect NP-mediated immunomodulatory effects depend on the adsorption of different molecules onto their surfaces. For instance, PLA-NP chemical affinity for Vitamin E or TLR agonists have been recently studied . Polymers’ ability to adsorb specific molecules is very important to modulate the immune responses. The set of molecules adsorbed onto the NP surface, mainly proteins in the blood or other biological fluids, is called protein corona (PC) . PC can be divided in “hard” and “soft” corona. The first is formed by proteins tightly bound to the chemical surface, whereas the soft-corona is characterized by polypeptides interacting through reversible binding in the outer layer of the PC. NP surface charge plays an essential role in PC configuration by selecting the protein content [32, 33]. Specific passive NP surface functionalization can be achieved by tailoring the polymer chemistry . In turn, the presence of the molecular coating may affect the expected NP release of drug or vaccines . The possibility to reduce the therapeutic efficiency make PC-induced immunomodulation a fundamental challenge for pre-clinical and clinical research .
Particularly, NPs released in the bloodstream face their opsonization by complement proteins and immunoglobulins . Experiments with dextran coated NPs revealed that C3 can covalently bind the corona-proteins inserted into the dextran shell starting the complement cascade . Alternatively, immunoglobulins can directly bind PC proteins with the creation of enzymatically active complexes antibody-C3b . The final result of NP opsonization is the recognition by complement or immunoglobulin receptors on the phagocytes followed by their activation.
PEGs is widely used to reduce molecule adsorption and increase the circulation time of bioactive compounds . PEG is present in several forms in linear or branched chains of ethylene glycol-monomers with different molecular weights (from 2,000 Da to 20 kDa) and shapes. For long time, PEG has been considered a key coating polymer to hide drugs or NPs from the IS. Unfortunately, B cell production of anti-PEG antibodies is emerging as major concern for the reduced efficacy of PEGylated therapeutics and the potential adverse effects of immune reactions [41–44]. Blood samples from patients treated with PEG conjugated drugs revealed the presence of anti-PEG immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG. Surprisingly, anti-PEG IgM have also been found in healthy untreated individuals . Antibody binding leads to accelerated blood clearance (ABC phenomenon) of the PEGylated drug. This effect is recurrent when further PEG doses are administrated. In addition, anti-PEG IgE production or specific IgG can induce immediate hypersensitivity or complement-activation-related pseudo-allergy (CARPA) posing further concerns for prolonged clinical use [45, 46]. Reasonably, inflammatory responses involving innate and adaptive reactions can be thought for PEGylated NPs with different core materials. Full-polymer NPs, for instance PEG-PLGA NPs, are not recognized by Th lymphocytes eluding a T cell-dependent B cell antibody production and enhancement. On the other hand, the prediction of enhanced Th cell-dependent humoral responses is not unrealistic for PEG-protein NPs, as recently observed after administrations of PEG conjugated protein drugs . Theoretically, following internalization of PEGylated protein-NPs, macrophages, or dendritic cells (DCs) could present NP-core peptides onto the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II protein complex and activate Th lymphocytes. As well, B lymphocytes recognizing PEG on the NP surface through membrane B cell receptor (BCR) could enhance Th cells pre-stimulated with the processed core peptides. This hypothesis is reinforced by several clinical reports of a robust production of treatment-induced anti-PEG Abs against PEGylated drugs compromising their therapeutic efficacy and increasing the adverse effects . It is worth to mention that alternatives to PEG are under intensive research, as an increasing amount of anti-PEG antibodies is currently seen in the population maybe related to the growing use of PEG in therapeutics and beauty products (e.g., body creams) .
Protein NPs recognition by the IS
Full-protein NPs are, anyhow, considered advantageous for drug delivery applications due to their biodegradability, natural abundance and cost-effective synthesis process . Indeed, several challenges encountered with different materials in the biological milieu, like solubility and PC, can be overcome by using NP proteins from the same environment. Nevertheless, assembling peptides in nano-scale structures may induce irregularly folded protein-domains recognized as non-self and activating complement opsonization-mediated sequestration by phagocytes.
Enhanced immune responses towards peptide-NPs can be used advantageously to prepare biodegradable adjuvant NPs for vaccine technology. For example, virus like particles (VLPs) are nanometric particles of viral-capsid proteins able to prime our defense mechanisms almost like the original hostile viruses [49, 50]. VLP derived peptides are efficiently presented by both MHC I and MHC II molecules allowing CD8+ and CD4+ lymphocytes responses. As well, the activation of PRRs on the macrophage surface induce the release of inflammatory cytokines enhancing the reaction. Even in the absence of MHC II-dependent CD4+ T cell activation, the highly repetitive arrangements of VLP surface proteins can facilitate BCR crosslinking. This multiple epitope engagement overcomes the triggering threshold in the absence of Th lymphocyte support and may induce a long-lasting humoral response.
NPs with different core materials could also be decorated with viral proteins . Depending on the chosen proteins, the functionalized surface can determine NP fate, its cell targeting or mediate acquired stealth properties . Surface modification with self-ligands of immune receptors can also be a method to increase cell targeting and particle circulation . We recently focused on chemokine-functionalized NPs to improve cell targeting  and impair CXCR4-mediated cell migration . Our interest on chemokine NP decoration is motivated by the versatility of cell targets in different inflammatory conditions. As chemokine receptor expression-pattern depends on the physiological state, we aim at designing NPs able to bind immune cells driven by immune mediators. Roughly 50 human chemokines binding 10 different receptors are known today . This scenario offers various opportunities to interact with most of the immune cells in their different state of activation.
Lipid NPs and current therapeutic opportunities
Liposomes have been developed more than fifty years ago , but still prove to be versatile and functional NP-drug carriers . They are spherical vesicles made of a single or multiple lipid-layer surrounding an aqueous core, commonly prepared in different sizes (0.05–5.0 µm in diameter). They are composed of natural or synthetic lipids, usually phospo- and sphingo-lipid often containing other constituents such as cholesterol or hydrophilic polymer-conjugated lipids. The concomitant presence of hydrophobic bilayer (with inner and outer polar heads) and hydrophilic core allows the encapsulation of lipophilic or hydrophilic drugs in the phospholipid bilayer or within the aqueous core, respectively. Like other NPs, liposomes have different interactions with the IS on the basis of their physicochemical properties, . Since early studies in vivo, macrophage phagocytosis of liposome has been observed as the major event after their release in the bloodstream [60, 61]. In particular, composition , size and surface charge  were described as crucial feature determining liposome interaction with serum proteins and the following phagocyte uptake. Macrophages in different tissues tend to uptake liposomes with different surface charge with a different efficiency . This event was shown by Aramaki and colleagues  more than 25 years ago demonstrating that PC and surrounding molecules determine the fate of liposomes with dissimilar composition/charge surface. They demonstrated that peritoneal macrophages significantly internalized negatively charged liposomes, containing high concentration of phosphatidylserine. On the contrary, splenic macrophages took up positively charged liposomes with increased internalization depending on their stearylamine concentration. The opsonization of stearylamine-containing liposomes by fibronectin was crucial to enhance their uptake by splenic macrophages. Intriguingly, it did not improve the internalization by peritoneal phagocytes independently of their surface charge. The role of liposome composition-dependent opsonization was deepened by studies on complement proteins, immunoglobulins, fibronectin and apo-lipoproteins [63, 65, 66], comprehensively described by Zahednezhad et al. .
Different observations revealed that negatively charged liposomes activate the classical pathway binding to IgG, IgM and C1q or C-creative protein (CRP). Conversely, positively charged liposomes can activate the alternative pathway after opsonization by C3b, IgG or C4b2a3b. The presence of cholesterol in the liposome composition can also influence complement activation, namely, high cholesterol content is associated with maximal activation [67–70].
PEGylation is a common strategy to hide liposomes from the IS, although this chemical modification can rise the concerns previously mentioned for the therapeutic use of PEGylated NPs (i.e. PEG immunogenicity, ABC phenomenon, C-protein activation and CARPA effect) .
The innate IS activation triggered by liposomes could also feasibly lead to an acquired immune response. The activation of innate immune cells through PRRs, TLRs and the mannose receptor (CD206), such as DCs and natural killer cells (NKCs), gives rise to adaptive response with several applications in cancer or infectious disease research. Liposomes modification targeting PRRs has been experimentally proved as an efficient strategy for both cancer immune-therapy and in immune-vaccine development [72, 73]. Cationic liposomes loaded with tumor-specific synthetic peptides and an adjuvant TLR3-ligand intradermally injected in mice with melanoma and human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced tumors significantly activated antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ cells causing target cell cytotoxicity and controlling tumor outgrowth. Other examples of liposome versatility as adjuvant drug carrier have been described for folate-coated liposomes containing zoledronic acid, selectively taken up through folate receptor-mediated endocytosis in tumor associated macrophages . Diverse immune pathways can be specifically activated by tailoring liposome composition, functionalization, and active molecule cargoes. For instance, a liposome-vaccine incorporating diphtheria toxoid and the TLR3-ligand poly inosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) in an ovine lymphatic cannulation model provided activation of the innate IS, TLR signaling and inflammasome pathway . Up-regulation of IL-17A and IL-17F also suggested the role of Th17 lymphocytes in the earliest adaptive response to the vaccine. In another study a liposome formulation containing TLR4 and TLR7/8 agonists was able to generate intestinal IgA, plasma IgG2a/IgG1, IFNγ and IL-17A promoting a powerful mucosal immune response against the Entamoeba histolytica Gal/GalNac lectin LecA antigen . Further examples of liposome NPs pre-clinical applications are shown by mannosylated liposome-protamine-DNA carriers  which are able to induce significant up-regulation of CD80, CD86 and CD40 in primary bone marrow-derived DCs. This is an advantageous boosting of T lymphocytes mediated response through CD28 and CD40-ligand improving their carrier activity for DNA vaccines.
Much emphasis on liposome formulations aimed at vaccination purposes derives from the anti-SarsCov2 vaccine launched by Pfizer. The vaccine contains a PEGylated liposome entrapping the mRNA encoding for the SarsCov2 capsid-protein Spike2. This formulation is characterized by fast release and translation of the cargo mRNA. The translated spike 2 protein is quickly recognized by the patrolling immune cells and further processed. The vaccine is able to elicit both humoral and Th1 mediated response reaching almost 95% protection to COVID-19, although immunization lasting time still need further data collection [78–80]. Based on the first indications coming from the current vaccination campaign around the world, no side effects associated with the liposome carrier have been reported. A very recent publication, however, report cases of lymphadenopathy after vaccination in Israel . Since no further data are available yet, and the affected lymph nodes are the ones closed to the injection, we hypothesis that a fast liposome degradation might bust the cargo-mRNA transcription and the following immune response. However, the enlarged nodes recovered the normal size in a few days. Rare allergic reactions to vaccine-liposome PEGylated lipids have been also reported . The authors suggest an IgE-mediated reaction, without excluding the hypothesis of CARPA, a common effect previously described as consequence of other types of NP PEGylation.
As previously mentioned, an improving strategy could be the use of similar but less antigenic polymers to coat the liposomal surface. Among them, a just published study regarding solid tumor treatments using liposome drug carriers compared PEGylated thermosensitive liposome versus 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphodiglycerol (DPPG2) modified ones . DPPG2-liposomes demonstrated decreased complement activation and granulocyte interaction making them interesting nano-tools to be further investigated.
Lipid NPs (LNPs) are NPs similar to liposome, consisting of a lipid matrix stabilized by surfactants and not displaying a lipid bilayer surrounding the aqueous core . They are made with physiologic lipids, such as purified triglycerides, fat acids and steroids, with a size range of 10–500 nm. In particular solid LNPs (SLNPs) are largely investigated as gene delivery vehicles taking advantage of cationic lipids that can complex with the negatively charged nucleic acids [85, 86]. As well as for liposomes, major interest is reserved to SLNPs to improve the stability of mRNA and siRNA vaccine formulation . Lutz and colleagues  report that a single intramuscular dose of LNP-formulated mRNA encoding rabies or influenza antigens induce protective and stable antibody titers in non-human primates, lasting up to one year. SLNPs are also applied to therapeutic delivery in cancer. siRNA targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is involved in tumor angiogenesis, and the metastasis mediator kinesine spindle protein (KSP) promoted target downregulation, antitumor activity and regression of liver metastasis in endometrial cancer .
LNP efficiency can be improved by PEGylation or specific composition, such as the use of ionizable aminolipids to form small multilamellar vesicle structures . As for the other described biodegradable NPs, immunotoxicity, pro-inflammatory cytokines production, CARPA and eventually, anaphylactic shock are mainly ruled by the surface chemistry determining their PC and tissue-specific molecule adhesion [90, 91].
Summarized in Table 1 are reported cell receptor engaged, signal pathways and cytokine released by biodegnadable NPs used in biomedicine.
Biodegradable NP-induced pathways
|Biodegradable NPs||Target receptors||Reported signal pathways||Reported protein expression||References|
|Starches||TLRs, CLRs, RLRs||NF-κB||IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, CCL2, CCL5, CCL4||, , |
|Chitin/Chitosan||TLR2, CD206, Dectin 1||ERK, NF-κB, MAPK||IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-6, IL-8||, |
|PLGA||Multiple PRRs||ERK, NF-κB, MHC-1||IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-10||, |
|Virus like particles||TLR7, TLR9, PTX||TGF-β, MHC-1, Lectin/classical complement pathways, MAPK, NF-κB||IL-1β, TNF-α, CCL2, IL-6|||
|Liposomes and SLNPs||TLRs, CD206||ERK, MAPK, classical pathway binding to IgG, IgM, C1q, CRP||CCL2, IFN-γ, IL-17A, IL-17F||, |
: With or without surface chemistry modifications;
: frequently reported in literature; ERK: extracellular regulated kinase; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; PTX: pentraxin
Several formulations are increasingly taking advantages of nanotechnology. In particular, biodegradable NPs reveal huge versatility of employment in medicine. The possibility to design immune-compatible nano-tools will allow the development of highly performing gene or drug delivery systems. Vaccine adjuvant technology could also be improved by the use of degradable NPs eliciting tailored immune responses. Nevertheless, the fine tuning of the IS must be carefully controlled and continuous immunological research will be needed to face the amazing growing development of NM. In particular, NP surface chemistry and its modifications to improve solubility and delayed clearance must be deeply investigated as suggested by antibody-mediated uncontrolled immune responses to PEGylated NPs already used in nanomedications.
C-C motif ligand
cluster of differentiation
extracellular regulated kinase
mitogen-activated protein kinase
major histocompatibility complex
poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)
protein recognition receptors
solid lipid nanoparticles
T helper (lymphocytes)
tumor necrosis factor
virus like particles
AP wrote the manuscript; GB conceived, wrote, and revised the manuscript.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Consent to participate
Consent to publication
Availability of data and materials
© The Author(s) 2021.

domain: chemistry


text:
Another great reason to go Meatless on Mondays
Eating locally is a wonderful movement taking hold in America today for many reasons. It is one way we help reduce our carbon footprint, but a recent study explains the one thing we can all do to make the most impact is to cut our meat and dairy intake.
To put it simply, the study, published in the Journal of Environmental Science and Technology states: a "dietary shift can be a more effective means of lowering an average household's food-related climate footprint than 'buying local.'"
Did you know that poultry farms produce more ammonia emissions than oil refineries and steel mills combined? Or that our world's oceans are being quickly depleted of fish and much of the fish left are poisoned by our man-made pollution?
However, know that Red-Meat production is about 150% more greenhouse gas intensive than chicken or fish production.
Rachael Cernansky recently wrote an article titled: New Study: Going Meat-Free One Day a Week Saves More Greenhouse Gas Emissions Than a 100% Local Diet.
So, besides reducing the size of your waistline and creating better overall health in your body, know that eating less meat and dairy will also make a big and beautiful difference on the health of our planet as well.
Here are some wonderful root veggie recipes to help make this meatless Monday easier for you. Enjoy :)


text:
187 Orchard St.
The large round tables at the Thompson LES Hotel‘s dining room make it easy to bring a group and share Chef Susur Lee‘s inventive Chinese fare. Look for traditional Chinese specialties from the dim sum menu and fusion dishes like the supremely flavorful Hunan spicy chicken ($19), which takes a few hints from Jamaican jerk stands and is served with a Scotch bonnet chili sauce and ginger and mango puree.
The First Annual L Magazine Restaurant Awards
Egads! The address of Calexico is incorrect – it’s 122 Union Street between Hicks and Columbia!
Of course the best wine bar is called Terroir…alas.


text:
I was heading for the Chinatown of Bangkok, I preferred to walk the narrow streets because it was not so interesting to walk the wide streets. When I walked the narrow streets, I often came to an unlikely place.
This time, I came to a local market. It was Sampheng market and was crowded with many people. The man in this photo was one of the persons working in the market. He was selling roasted chestnuts by the wayside. A big drum was placed and a heap of chestnuts were inside. And he was just seeing how the chestnuts were doing. His glance was craftsman's glance.
But then it occurred to me. I wondered how many hot roasted chestnuts could be sold in Bangkok in everlasting summer.
|Jan 2018 PEOPLE THAILAND
|BANGKOK GLASSES MAN STREET VENDOR
January 29, 2018
September 9, 2023
SONY ALPHA 7R II
SONNAR T* FE 55MM F1.8 ZA


text:
Cocoa is the mainstay of Ghana’s economy and that sacred fact needs no stress. Cocoa does not only serve as the chief source of Ghana’s foreign exchange earnings but also one of the sources of our local revenue generation. In addition to this, millions of Ghanaians are involved in its production.
In order to acknowledge the country’s debt to cocoa, the government of President John Mahama took various steps to revamp the industry and make the sector more attractive to the youth.
The most significant step the Mahama administration took in respect of the producer price of cocoa was – it increased producer price of the product in spite of price drop on the international market. Alongside with this, the Mahama administration introduced the free fertilizer distribution policy, distributed over 50 million seedlings to the farmers. Internationally, the Mahama administration with the co-operation of other cocoa producing countries were able to negotiate for a better selling price for cocoa.
The Mahama administration was also through the Cocobod took the following steps to make life and movement easier for cocoa farmers
-Hospitals and Chps compound were constructed in the cocoa growing communities to provide cocoa farmers and other farmers their health needs.
-Community Day Secondary Schools were built in some cocoa growing communities. Government also renovated old schools including the basic schools, built new structures and provided incentives to teachers posted to these communities to encourage them stay in these areas
-Shops were being opened at vantage areas where farmers can buy their spraying machines and other implements, building materials at discount and controlled prices without intervention of middlemen.
-Government planned to introduce a “cocoa farms redemption scheme” where loans will be given to cocoa and cashew nut farmers to reclaim their farms pledged to money lenders.
-Government begun construction of feeder roads in cocoa growing communities
-The Mahama administration directed cocobod to acquire pieces of land to engage the youth in cocoa farming.
The administration implemented support programmes to support the youth in cocoa programmes to reverse the dominance of the aged in cocoa farming.
Government initiated the mass spraying programme, rehabilitation and replanting of over aged cocoa farms culminating in the increase in revenue from the product.
Government consistently increased producer price of cocoa in spite of the fluctuating world market prices. For 2014-15 cocoa seasons, the producer price per tonne was increased from Ghc 3,392 to Ghc 5,520. During the 2015-16 cocoa season, the producer price was further increased to Ghc 6,800
A generous secondary school scholarship existed for wards of cocoa farmers. Scholarship schemes offered to cocoa farmers wards in second cycle schools between 2014-15 increased from 7,500 to a total of 11,200
DANQUAH/BUSIA TRADITION AND THE COCOA INDUSTRY
On 10th August 1954, the CPP introduced the Cocoa duty and development fund (amendment) bill. According to Nkrumah in his autobiography, the effect of the bill was to fix the price paid to the Cocoa farmers at 72 shillings a load (sixty pounds) for four years.
According to Nkrumah, his government guaranteed to pay that price irrespective of how low prices of cocoa price might fall during the time and the fund that was accrued to government would be used on expanding the economy as whole with special emphasis on agriculture. The cocoa farmers showed a favourable reaction to the bill according to Nkrumah but the opposition took advantage of the new policy to spark agitations. The Council for Higher Cocoa Prices was formed and was succeeded by the National Liberation Movement. The agitation against the Cocoa Bill, metamorphosed into demand for a federal system of government. They incited the people in Ashanti region against the Nkrumah administration: they alleged that money Cocoa growers were pouring into the national coffers was being used in developing the coastal, or colony region and that Ashanti, which should be deriving most benefits from the money, was being neglected.
The Cocoa sector suffered major setback under Busia/Edward Akufo-Addo. Loans contracted to support the Cocoa industry were channeled into other sector. This irresponsible behaviour of the administration affected cocoa production.
The Acheampong administration had to take certain strategic measures to save the almost collapsed cocoa industry. The SMC administration had to contract another loan for the Eastern Region cocoa project. The administration paid Gh 400.00 per acre to farmers who borrowed money to replant new farms. The Acheampong government also arranged for another world bank loan for a new project on in line of the Suhum Cocoa project in the Ashanti region. That project covered 30,000 acres. The Acheampong administration had to take all these decisions because of the crippled cocoa sector it inherited.
Source: ohenenana Obonti Krow


text:
For Women Who Roar™
There are presently no open calls for submissions.
At FWWR, we believe that storytelling can help heal the world and this publication is the mic drop for that. Thank you for roaring with us.
Submission Guidelines: You can submit up to 3 works at a time.
Maximum word count: 300 for each short story.
Response time: Two months time for accepted submissions
Please note, not all the submitted stories are not guaranteed to be featured in digital and/or print publications. Editors reserve all rights on selection, as well as edits to the works themselves. If your work is selected for publishing you will receive notice in 2-3 months time.
This is a platform for authentic storytelling. Please no soliciting or self promotion. Your work will not be accepted for publishing.
What kind of work we are looking for: Stories around healing, writing, and recovery. This submission process is ongoing. Your work will be considered within 2-3 months upon submission. If your work is selected, you will receive an email with details about the acceptance and publication of your work.
If submitted work has been previously published, there needs to be a 3 month window of when it was last live. It is okay if this work was published on your own site, just not elsewhere. Please note we give preference to work that is unique to FWWR. FWWR holds first publication rights for three months after publication. Authors agree not to publish, nor authorize or permit the publication of, any part of the material for three months following first publication. For reprints we ask for acknowledgement of its publication in FWWR first.
Author Bio: Please include the name you want featured in the publication. If you are on social, include your handle so we can tag you in promotion of your work! Also, feel free to include photography of yourself for a possible feature. These images need to be as hi-res and quality as possible in order to be featured. For Women Who Roar has the right to not select photography if it does not meet requirements.
Copyright Information: Please note, you will retain all ownership rights to the copyrights to your work. We only accept articles written by the author or copyright holder. For Women Who Roar adheres to all local, national and international copyright laws. By submitting an article to our site and/or publication you are granting permission for its use on the website in our resource library (articles), Medium channels, in our online magazine and newsletters.
As a contributor, all the images you submit for any issue of For Women Who Roar must be copyright free. The submitted works must be all created by yourself and you must be the authentic copyright holder. If which ever submission(s) get involved with any copyright entanglement because of the above, your eligibility will automatically be revoked. You will be responsible for all the legal consequences under all circumstances regardless of For Women Who Roar awareness or not.
In order to achieve a better page layout design, For Women Who Roar also has the right to use, enlarge, reduce and/or crop the original photograph.
Payment: We are a small storytelling organization with a robust following, we do not have the funding to pay contributors for online publications. You will be awarded in credit and publicity through our amazing platform. and all participants will be featured in our online magazine and platform.
Thank you so much for taking time to read and submit. We so look forward to experiencing your work and sharing it with the world! If you have any questions regarding submission, please send them to email@example.com
For Women Who Roar® exist to help women tell their stories and write their truth. More than anything, we want to help women share their voices and stories with the world–we feel honored to take in your work, so thank you for sharing with us.
Keep in mind that we reserve the right to refuse or accept any submission. All work submitted to For Women Who Roar is considered for our online and digital magazine. By submitting you agree to future publications and distributions with For Women Who Roar.
Founder + Editor-in-chief,

domain: literature


text:
||Professor Pamela Newkirk
||Columbia M.S. 2001
Doctoral Candidate, Teacher's College, Columbia University
||New York University
After ten years working as a daily journalist Pamela Newkirk joined the New York University journalism faculty in 1994 determined to challenge the pervasive images of African American dysfunction, buffoonery and underachievement in popular culture.
Her first book, WITHIN THE VEIL: BLACK JOURNALISTS, WHITE MEDIA, mapped the uphill battle of African American journalists to integrate the news media and shed light on the difficulty they faced attempting to depict the multidimensionality of black life. While the book won the National Press Club Award for media criticism, Newkirk's next two projects turned her gaze away from the media to the archives to unearth the letters of African Americans over the past three centuries.
In 2004 her efforts resulted in A LOVE NO LESS, a collection of African American love letters inspired by Newkirk's love of letters and quest to highlight a facet of black life that often goes unnoticed in popular culture.
Her latest book, LETTERS FROM BLACK AMERICA, published in February by Farrar, Straus and Giroux, expands on that theme by presenting more than two hundred letters written by African Americans from the 1700s to 2008, covering black family life, romance, politics, war, education, and art and culture.
The book contains the correspondence of ordinary and extraordinary African Americans including the enslaved, soldiers, poets, politicians, entertainers and rebels. Among them are the personal and public letters of historical giants like Benjamin Banneker, Sojourner Truth, Frederick Doublass, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., W.E.B. Du Bois, as well as Harlem Renaissance figures like Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston and Countee Cullen. Contemporary contributors include Colin Powell, Alice Walker and Toni Morrison.
The book, the first historical narrative of black life through letters, has received glowing reviews in a range of publications, from Essence, Ebony and the Chronicle of Blacks in Higher Education to the New York Post, Booklist and USA Today.
Newkirk has been featured on television (NBC New York)
and radio (On Point Radio) and has traveled across the country to college campuses, book fairs, and talks organized by groups like the Black Ivy League.
In July the actors Ruby Dee and Anthony Chisholm breathed life into the letters at a standing-room-only reading at a Barnes and Noble store in New York City, On November 17th Newkirk will be a featured author at the National Press Club Book Fair in Washington, D.C.
Newkirk said she has been moved by the letters and e-mail she has received from appreciative readers from across the country who have been inspired by the poignancy and immediacy of these missives from the past.
Newkirk said because the letters of African Americans have long been undervalued by scholars, many African Americans are oblivious to their historical significance. As a result many important letters have been discarded. She said she hopes the volume will inspire custodians of these important documents to insure their preservation for future generations.
For more information see:

domain: library


text:
Golden Foil Palm Leaves Box
This box is a striking and elegant storage solution for any room in the home. The lid has been embellished with a subtle gold design inspired by palm leaves, making the box just as special as the treasures it holds. Use it to store anything from jewels to photographs, or give as a thoughtful gift this Christmas.
- H6 x W15 x D10cm
- Made from bone and sheesham wood.
- Due to the handmade nature of this product, please note that the size, colour and pattern of each piece may vary.
Due to careful social distancing in our warehouse and current high order volumes, deliveries are taking a little longer than usual. Click here to read more
This item is a Standard Parcel:
- £5.95 within mainland UK
- £15.00 outside mainland UK
- Please allow 2-3 working days for delivery
- Parcelforce will email your delivery date and one hour time slot
Delivery costs are applied per order, not per item. For more information on our deliveries, collections and returns, please click here.
We want you to love every item you receive, but we understand that there are times when you may want to arrange a return.
If you’re not 100% happy with your purchase, you can return it to us in its original condition and packaging within 14 days for a full refund, excluding delivery fees. You are responsible for covering the cost of returning items to us. For more information and for the terms and conditions of our returns policy, please click here.


A-Answer in Japan today released the official, certified Premium HDMI Cable for the new PlayStation 4 Pro systems. The cable by the way compatible with any other devices which can use HDMI connection like the PlayStation 3, Wii U, PC. You can use the cable on 4K TVs too of course.
If you want, you can find more details about the cable on the official product page: http://a-answerstore.com/?pid=109600794
The price is 1980 Yen + tax.


- Co Eazy [Featured]
We have been in the export line on magnetic drill and diamond core drill machine for 8 years. It is easy, pleasant and beneficial to buy drills from us. ...
- Filling Machinery
We are manufacturer, exporter of pharmaceutical machinery, pharmaceutical equipment, liquid manufacturing plant, filter press, ointment manufacturing plant, storage vessel and rotary bottle washing machine. ...
- Shiv Shakti Mech
We are manufacturer and exporter of hydrated lime plant, mineral processing plant, pesticide plant, air classifier, Pulverisor, blower, all types of fabrication and machinery job work. The company prides itself on developing products, which exceed ma ...
Our company is specialized in filling machine, automatic filling machine, semi-automatic filling machine, tube filling machine, bottle filling machine, liquid filling machine, cream filling machine, paste filling machine, lubricant filling machine, s ...
- ZG Tek
ZG Teknologies provides top notch technologies in bag cage welding area, from a stand alone machine to a whole automated line. Now we are expanding even more to the world market, we are introducing our products to the every corner of the globe. Our m ...
Manufacturers of Perfume Filling,Crimping, Over wrapping, Labeling Machines. Blenzor (India), are proud to introduce ourselves as one of the top-notch companies holding a field of expertise in manufacturing & exporting finest quality packaging machin ...
- Shandong Mingwei Hoisting Equipment
Shandong Mingwei Hoisting Equipment is a specialized manufacture of tower cranes and building hoist With 25 years experience. We have exported to more than 15 countries With good service, reasonable price and trustworthy quality. our products have wo ...
- Bhagwati Pharma
In the world of pharmaceutical allied filling and packaging machinery, especially referring to machinery for industries such as food, pharmaceutical, beverages, cosmetics, distillery etc. The name Shree Bhagwati Pharma machinery stands out for sheer ...
- Universal Exporters
We deal in plant and machinery hire, sales and exporter of trucks and spares. ...
- The Tower Crane
We supply Chinese construction tower crane. We mainly produce tower cranes, luffing crane, flat top crane, construction hoist and building machinery which are widely used in metallurgical, chemical engineering, coal industry, food processing and ligh ...


text:
Be a part of Downtown Josh Brown and Michael Batnick for an additional spherical of What Are Your Ideas? On this week’s episode, Josh and Michael focus on the largest subjects in investing and finance, together with:
►200-Day Shifting Common – S&P 500 Days Under 200-Day MA.
►Shorts Fired Up – Highest brief S&P 500 futures exercise since summer time 2020.
►Contained in the Market – “Over the past 12 buying and selling classes, shares of BBBY have been both greatest or worst-performing inventory”
►Goldman vs Gen Z – “Gen Z Exhibits TikTok What Life’s Like on Wall Avenue, The place Confidentiality Is Key”
►Outdoors the S&P – Over the previous decade, worldwide shares went from buying and selling at a couple of 15% low cost to US shares on EV/gross sales to a 50% low cost.
►Pitching Uber to Michael – This inventory has bottomed.
►When to Promote – When does it make sense to promote and lock in losses and reinvest the funds elsewhere?
►Monetary Careers – What kind of teen or younger grownup prospers on this discipline of examine?
This episode is introduced by https://liftoffinvest.com. Liftoff® is an automatic funding advisory service powered by Betterment, and is a completely owned entity of Ritholtz Wealth Administration LLC. Ritholtz Wealth Administration is a Registered Funding Advisor who receives charges from purchasers who spend money on their Liftoff proprietary portfolios, which aren’t essentially mentioned within the commentary.
Speak to us about your portfolio or monetary plan right here
Join The Compound publication and by no means miss out: https://e-mail.thecompoundnews.com/subscribe

domain: finance


text:
From the Edmonton Sun
By ANDREW HANON
If a police officer lies in his personal life, can he be trusted in court?
That’s the question at the heart of a legal battle brewing between law enforcement and defence lawyers, who want to be able to use arresting officers’ internal disciplinary records against them in the courtroom.
But police departments and cops’ unions across the country are resisting, arguing that if accused criminals get unfettered access to the files, the officers’ integrity will end up on trial, instead of the suspect.
"They could start introducing irrelevant pieces of a (police) member’s past," said Sgt. Tony Simioni, president of the Edmonton Police Association and board member of the Canadian Police Association.
In January, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that police departments must turn over to Crown prosecutors all disciplinary records of officers involved in the investigation of an accused.
However, in order to protect the privacy of individual cops, the Crown is required to reveal only "relevant" information to the accused’s lawyers.
That excludes any unproven allegations, investigations still in progress and convictions under the Police Act deemed immaterial to the case at hand.
Alberta Justice spokesman Jay O’Neill said his department is working "with all police agencies in the province to ensure that this information is provided in accordance with this ruling."
Simioni compared the new rules to the so-called rape shield law, which forbids lawyers defending accused rapists from dredging up the victims’ sexual pasts.
"Before the rape shield laws, the victim’s character was called into question. It got ridiculous," he explained. "We have to be careful that this doesn’t degenerate into that, either."
But the current system isn’t good enough for defence lawyers like Edmonton’s Tom Engel, who argue that they should be able to see everything and determine for themselves whether they should try to have it admitted in a trial.
"I do a lot of cases where my clients complain that excessive force has been used on them," he explained.
"I want to know if that officer has been the subject of other excessive-force complaints. It shows a propensity to be violent. It’s very powerful evidence."
Engel said he’s continuing to push the boundary. He said he recently convinced a judge to demand a cop’s disciplinary file so he could review it himself and decide what the defence could see.
Engel said while the judge didn’t hand anything over to him, just getting him to make a ruling is a step in the right direction.
The issue came up yesterday during an internal disciplinary hearing for Edmonton cop Const. Sebastien Berube, who has been suspended without pay since 2006 pending the outcome of several cases against him.
Yesterday’s hearing was in connection with a November 2005 collision he was involved in while off-duty.
Berube is accused of threatening to have the other driver charged with operating a motor vehicle without insurance if she didn’t agree to the settlement he proposed.
He’s also accused of making false statements to police about the amount of damage done to his car.
Engel, Berube’s lawyer, called for the deceit charge over the damage estimate to be tossed due to insufficient evidence.
He also argued that because Berube was off-duty and engaged in a private conversation with an on-duty police officer, he shouldn’t have been charged under the Police Act because it had nothing to do with his duty as a police officer.
But prosecuting lawyer Simon Johnston countered that "the very nature of deceit affects an officer’s ability to perform his duties," especially if he has to testify in court.
Engel contended that under the current rules, a deceit conviction in this case wouldn’t be disclosed to a defence lawyer, anyway.

domain: law


Chinese researchers find 24 new coronaviruses in bats
Chinese researchers have found 24 new coronaviruses in bats, as per a report published in the journal Cell. The discoveries were made in a small region of the Yunnan province in China. The 24 new coronaviruses include four SARS-CoV-2 like coronaviruses. Viral sample RpYN06 taken from horseshoe bat species called Rhinolophus pusillus was found to be genetically similar to SARS-CoV-2.


Brighton and Hove Albion manager Chris Hughton has revealed that two players have been ruled out of our upcoming tie this weekend against newly promoted Championship Champions Wolverhampton Wanderers.
With fans already knowing that Glenn Murray was likely to miss out following the head collision he took in the last game against Newcastle United and his subsequent trip to hospital where he was given the all clear, few would expect him to make this game but Hughton told Sky Sports that he would be assessed late on in line with concussion protocols in the division.
Already ruled out are duo Davy Propper and Pascal Gross.
With Brighton sitting in 12th place in the Premier League table and Wolves a couple of spots ahead of us given their four-point advantage, it’s going to be a tough game but with varying thoughts about how the Black Country side have approached football under their new owners, Hughton was incredibly complimentary about how they had already adjusted to life in the top tier.
“They’re not a side who’ve had the start where you think they’ve been a bit fortunate. No, I don’t think they have. I think they thoroughly deserve the points they have got. They’ve obviously had some big results, and I think they’re a team that will do well this season.”
Murray’s habit of nicking a goal almost from no where would certainly be an asset in this game, and we’ll need Lewis Dunk and Shane Duffy on their best form – but the midfield battle is probably going to be key in deciding this one.


text:
Famous People Born in Massachusetts
Massachusetts is the most crowded state in the New England region of the northeastern. It is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the east. More than 80% of Massachusetts' population lives in the Greater Boston metro area, a region influential to American history as well as industry.
Casey Affleck Story
Profile Caleb Casey McGuire Affleck is one of the success stories in the entertainment industry. He commenced his ca...
Simon James Harris Story
Profile Simon Harris James is more than just a usual co-inventor. If you have read profiles of the top code breakers and pros in pattern recognition, James Harris Simon won't probably miss out on the list of experts. The 78-year-old mathematician doubles as a h...
John Legere - T-Mobile's Tough Talking CEO
Profile John Legere, an American businessman that has made a huge mark in the realm of wireless carrying. The current CEO of T-Mobile, and is a member of the CTIA (Cellular Telephone Industries Association). This magenta wearing, the tough-talking businessman is no...
Abigail Johnson Story
Abigail Johnson is an American entrepreneur who has been serving as the President and CEO of Fidelity Investments since 2014. She is also the Chairman of Fidelity International, the international sister company of Fidelity Investments. Her grandfathe...
James Taylor Story
James Taylor a soulful singer, lyricist and musician. He has won accolades for his classy music. His life has been one roller coaster ride with fame, down in the dumps and rejuvenation from the clutches of death. His music is an amalgam of country folk, rock in roll and contem...
Chris Evans Success Story
Profile Chris Evans ...
Ernest Moniz Success Story
Synopsis Ernest Moniz is a world-famous nuclear physicist from America who also holds the current honorable post of United States Secretary of Energy- under American President Barack Obama since 2013. ...
Mindy Kaling Success Story
Profile Vera Mindy Chokalingam known as Mindy Kaling is an American actress, comedian and writer. She is the creator of the famous sitcom The Mindy Project. She also serves as the executive producer and writer for the show. She is famous for her role as Kelly Kapoo...
Massachusetts City is famous for varied people who played a great contribution in art, culture, education as well as entertainment and also in sports sector. Edgar Allan Poe was born here. He was an amazing short-story writer, poet, critic, and even an Editor. He initiated the modern detective story. The atmosphere in his tales of horror used to be extremely fabulous that no other American fiction could ever do. His well known poetic creation i.e. The Raven is one of the best-known poems in national literature. Another celebrity John Lee Love who was a carpenter in Fall River, was born here. He invented several devices. In the year 1895, Lee patented a lightweight plasterer's hawk. In the year 1897, he patented a portable pencil sharpener known as the Love Sharpener.
Great American figure skater Gracie Gold was also born in Massachusetts. Gold began training for skating properly in second grade. In the year 2010 Gold was considered a rising star in the sport of figure skating. Two years later she received silver at the 2012 World Juniors and the 2012 Rostelecom Cup. Gold also won silver at the 2013 U.S. Nationals. Apart from these people many other famous personalities are born here as well.