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Corteva Agriscience is denying claims in an action filed by the Federal Trade Commission and 10 state attorneys general over marketing practices for its herbicides.
Corteva has administrative offices near Wilmington following a decision to move its headquarters to Indianapolis.
The company issued the following:
“Corteva believes there is no basis for the complaint filed by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and that the FTC’s case faces significant hurdles on both the facts and the law. We will vigorously defend our position that Corteva’s customer marketing programs are fully compliant with the antitrust laws and are, in fact, pro-competitive programs that benefit both channel partners and farmers.
Corteva’s marketing programs, contrary to the FTC’s assertion that they block generics from entering the market, facilitate the company’s pro-competitive mission of providing innovative products, services, support and stewardship to customers through Corteva’s network of distributors and retailers.
As always, our aim is to provide significant value and choices to customers, allowing them to be more sustainable, productive and profitable in their operations. Corteva also equips them to provide consumers with a wider range of healthy and nutritious food options, as well as to produce fuel, feed and fiber to support the needs of society.
As a US-based innovator of crop protection products, this case threatens the pro-competitive investments that Corteva makes and that growers rely on to protect America’s crops. We are confident that we will prevail in this litigation and that there is no basis for the FTC’s complaint.”
The FTC and 10 state attorneys general filed a complaint in federal court against Corteva and Syngenta Crop Protection for allegedly paying distributors to block competitors from selling their cheaper generic products to farmers.
The complaint alleges tha “loyalty programs” in which distributors only get paid if they limit business with competing manufacturers.
“Cutting off competition has allowed the defendants to inflate their prices and force American farmers to spend millions of dollars more for their products. The complaint seeks to shut down this illegal pay-to-block scheme and restore competition to affected markets,” the FTC claimed.
“The FTC is suing to stop Syngenta and Corteva from maintaining their monopolies through harmful tactics that have jacked up pesticide prices for farmers,” said FTC Chair Lina M. Khan. “By paying off distributors to block generic producers from the market, these giants have deprived farmers of cheaper and more innovative options. Our lawsuit in partnership with a bipartisan state coalition makes clear that we are united in our fight to stop abusive monopolies from squeezing America’s farmers.”
According to the FTC, the companies set up “loyalty” programs in which they make payments to distributors—as long as the distributors keep their purchases of competing generic pesticides beneath a very low threshold.
The Delaware Attorney General was not listed as a party in the complaint.


It was a perfect ten when Canada’s cutting-edge fashion retailer, Stylexchange opened the doors to its tenth store in ten years. Exclusively for media and invited VIPs, the high-energy event marked Stylexchange’s 10th anniversary and milestone flagship store. The blogosphere was all atwitter with the event details which included sweet treats and cocktails, a DJ showdown, the unveiling of Quebec celebrity, Elisabetta’s newest art creation and a special dance performance by World International Hip Hop Champions, Irratik. Some of Quebec’s biggest celebrities such as Ima, Caroline Neron, Jacynthe, Anne Marie Losique and comedian Sugar Sammy walked Stylexchange’s red carpet to join in the celebration. It was the place to be seen!


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Teaming Up: A Message From Jeff Pelletier
When the opportunity to advance our plans to expand our green and sustainable practice arose, it was too good to pass up. We feel fortunate to welcome Living Shelter Architects to our team — a dedicated group of designers whose mission and values align so well with our own. Sometimes, things just fit!
March 29, 2022
I’m really excited to tell you how Board & Vellum decided to join forces with Living Shelter Architects.
Joining forces with another architecture firm wasn’t really on my bingo card for this point in my life, but sometimes an opportunity presents itself and makes a lot of sense. I am an analyzer and a planner, so making a decision like this wasn’t something I approached casually.
I believe deeply that collaboration is at the heart of great design. I’ve always subscribed to the belief that a collective of dedicated people with diverse perspectives provides a better answer than a single visionary. This is why we have a multidisciplinary team at Board & Vellum, and why, at project start-up, there are almost always three disciplines in the room. We know we challenge each other and that it elevates the designs we’re able to deliver to our clients. In thinking about the future of Board & Vellum, knew we wanted to further elevate our approach to sustainability, and that doing so would require some dedicated team members to spearhead the effort.
We’ve baked sustainable practices into our entire project approach across all our sectors. Board & Vellum has a broad platform to speak on the benefits of sustainable and high-performance building design, as well as a passionate team of designers trained in sustainable practices across our disciplines. As a Certified Passive House Consultant, I’ve designed and worked on numerous deeply sustainable projects, yet as a company, our built work is rather limited. And there’s some truth to the phrase, “If you build it, they will come.”
We had been making consistent progress toward our multi-year plan to expand our portfolio in the sustainable space. But as anyone who has worked here can tell you, we tend to move quickly once we set a goal. The running joke is that a five-year goal becomes a five-month reality.
That’s why, when discussing our situation with an outside colleague, I was intrigued to hear about a wonderful firm, Living Shelter Architects, which was doing sustainably-focused work and advocacy and looking to partner with a larger firm. We started a conversation and, though it seemed like a long shot, as we got to know each other, we realized there was a lot of potential for a partnership and kept the process moving.
Both firms have gathered teams that are natural matches and share similar values. We all care deeply about how the built environment impacts communities and are passionate about providing client-focused service, and delivering beautiful projects. Together, we crafted a way to team up, leveraging the strengths of both firms to provide a deeper resource for our clients and communities.
Board & Vellum believes helping people is always the right thing to do, and that sustainable design is the key to ensuring the health of our neighborhoods and communities. Whenever we make a decision, we look to our firm values to ensure we’re on the right path – welcoming Living Shelter to the team aligns with both our values and our goals.
In the months and years ahead, we are excited to provide additional helpful resources for our communities, clients, and colleagues, and help do what we can to elevate high-performing sustainable design.
This post is a companion to our other posts about Board & Vellum and Living Shelter Architects teaming up.
More on Board & Vellum and Living Shelter Architects Joining Forces
Teaming Up: A Message From Terry Phelan
Terry has spent 30 years building a career and business focused on accessible sustainable design. Now, as her retirement approaches, Terry is looking toward a future that protects her legacy while expanding the amazing work she and Living Shelter have started. Read more about Terry’s thoughts and perspective on this great news in Teaming Up: A Message From Terry Phelan.
Living Shelter Architects and Board & Vellum Join Forces
We’re delighted to finally be able to share the news – Living Shelter Architects and Board & Vellum are teaming up! This joining of forces is a step toward both firms’ goals of deepening and extending our sustainable practices. Find out more about this exciting news in Living Shelter Architects and Board & Vellum Join Forces.

domain: design


text: Most modern wide-address computer architecture do not prescribe a page table format, but instead feature a software-loaded TLB, which gives the operating system complete flexibility in the implementation of page tables. Such flexibility is necessary, as to date no single page table format has been established to perform best under all loads. With the recent trend to kernelised operating systems, which rely heavily on mapping operations for fast data movement across address-spaces, demands on page tables become more varied, and hence less easy to satisfy with a single structure. This paper examines the issue of page tables suitable for 64-bit systems, particularly systems based on microkernels. We have implemented a number of candidate page table structures in a fast microkernel and have instrumented the kernel`s TLB miss handlers. We have then measured the kernel`s performance under a variety of benchmarks, simulating loads imposed by traditional compact address spaces (typical for UNIX systems) as well as the sparse address spaces (typical for microkernel-based systems). The results show that guarded page tables, together with a software TLB cache, do not perform significantly worse than any of the other structures, and clearly outperform the other structures where the address space is used very sparsely.


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Wellies at the ready for bank holiday bonanza of festivals
Topsy-turvy weather conditions could put a dampener on the festival fever in the capital for the bank holiday weekend.
More than half a million people are expected to attend festivals across the country, including Castlepalooza in Offaly and the Independience music festival in Cork, with the Beatyard Festival in Dun Laoghaire flying the flag for the capital.
Beatyard is set to take over Dun Laoghaire Harbour for the first time this weekend, locating itself in the middle of the east pier.
The festival will see 1970s disco queens Sister Sledge, Neneh Cherry, and London DJ group Horse Meat Disco all take to the stage across the two days.
Beatyard is also set to have an Eatyard, with a selection of different cuisines including a Big Blue Bus specialising in pizza.
The Sneakyard, a sneaker fair, will also be on site showcasing "trendy kicks" and offering punters fitness tips.
However, wet and blustery conditions may prove a stumbling block for festival-goers, with Sunday and Monday earmarked as write-offs according to Met Eireann.
"It looks like Saturday will be the best of the weather, because it should stay dry in Dublin," said forecaster, Harm Luijkx said.
"But we're still going to have pretty cool conditions that won't go any higher than the mid-teens.
"Sunday and Monday will be mainly wet, although Dublin won't be as badly affected as other areas of the country," he added.
"It's pretty normal for this time of the year. People keep saying that it should be better weather, but it's average conditions and temperatures," Mr Luijkx said.
Kodaline, Basement Jaxx, and Mark Lanegan will all rock out at Independience.
The Rush Harbour Festival - a family-orientated event - and the Temple Bar food festival 'Fiestaval' also take place in Dublin over the weekend.

domain: news


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When you buy kitchen table and chairs places, probably the very first thing that set your mind to get the sets is its styles then the price following behind. There are numerous styles of kitchen table and chairs places which are very popular in furnishing market.
Match them With the Room Design. Vintage furniture is not something you can place just anywhere. You have to be certain that the kitchen design and the dining table and chairs fit with each other. Vintage style generally uses earthy colours, therefore, incorporating those colours in the kitchen can assist the furniture to blend well with the general layout.
Kitchen pantry cabinet ikea Small corner kitchen cabinet Sage green kitchen cabinets Kitchen sink cabinet size Decorating above kitchen cabinets with high ceilings Kitchen cabinet storage solutions Glass kitchen cabinet doors for sale Large kitchen pantry cabinet Rustic wood kitchen cabinets Grey kitchen cabinets for sale


The big pageview story of the weekend was the revelation that Patriots TE Rob Gronkowski was hanging out with Digital Playground porn star Bibi Jones while on his bye week. Today we find out, via Boston radio, that Rob and six friends of Bibi's were hanging out the other night watching Bibi do work in some porn. Yes, we just said that Rob, six dudes and the porn star were watching one of her porns. She says nothing happened, but wants something to happen. JUMP!


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44: Your Guide to Birth Control (Part 1): Hormonal Birth Control
We should all have the right to choose the contraception that works for us – BUT also be FULLY informed of all the options we have available to us and the risks and benefits of those options. You are entitled to make an informed choice.
This is where I think our medical system is falling down at the moment – the being informed part. How can you have informed consent when your doctor has to understand the problem, and then present you the options and complete a prescription in 10 minutes? They can’t and that’s why so many of us have absolutely no idea what options we have available to us and also what the risks and benefits of those options are.
This podcast covers the hormonal options. Hormonal options always contain synthetic forms of Oestrogen and Progesterone, which are the hormones that your body normally produces in response to ovulation.
The way they work is that they mimic the shape of our own hormones and then fit into the slot – all hormones act like a lock and key. There are different ways they can inhibit pregnancy based on the action of those hormones and the amount and combination that they do. So when talking about each option I’ll explain to you how it’s believed that they work to prevent pregnancy.
Like many things in life, there can be a bit of a tradeoff involved, in the case of hormonal contraceptives (and in fact any drugs), you’re making a trade-off between convenience and effectiveness and adverse effects. Drugs have effects, and those effects have knock on consequences. Because our body systems work together, we can’t expect to just turn one thing off and it not have any other consequences. But where it gets tricky is that the risk is not the same across all of us. This is why you’ll hear me talk about some people having a problem while others didn’t. The reason for this is probably mostly genetics, other conditions and in many cases, they don’t know. This is why it’s important for you to know the options so you can make the right call for you.
This episode is for you if:
- You’re currently on hormonal birth control
- You’re thinking about going on a hormonal form of birth control
- You want to know more about the effects of hormonal birth control on your body
- You want a breakdown of the birth control options available to you
Some things we cover in this episode:
- The combined Pill – monophasic, biphasic and triphasic
- The mini Pill
- The Injection (Depo Provera)
- Levonorgestrel IUD (LNG IUD)
- The Mirena coil IUD
- Contraceptive Patch
- The different product names of all of these birth control methods
Resources and References:
The combined pill:
- According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the pill is 99.7 percent effective with perfect use: Contraceptive Effectiveness
Effects of hormonal contraceptives (not just ‘the Pill’):
- Association of Hormonal Contraception with Depression
- Negative Spinal Bone Mineral Density Changes and Subclinical Ovulatory Disturbances—Prospective Data in Healthy Premenopausal Women With Regular Menstrual Cycles
- Adolescent use of combined hormonal contraception and peak bone mineral density accrual: A meta‐analysis of international prospective controlled studies
- Contemporary Hormonal Contraception and the Risk of Breast Cancer (Danish Study)
- The effects of hormonal contraceptives on glycemic regulation
- Effects of Two Forms of Combined Oral Contraceptives on Carbohydrate Metabolism in Adolescents With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
- Comparison of Effects of Different Combined Oral-Contraceptive Formulations on Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism
- Oral Contraceptives Impair Muscle Gains In Young Women
- Effect of long-term combined oral contraceptive pill use on endometrial thickness
- Return of fertility after discontinuation of contraception: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- With typical use the mini pill is 91% effective: https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/contraception/index.htm
- Depo Provera: ex-injectable contraception users have a pregnancy rate of 77.74% which is estimated only with two studies https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6055351/
- Levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG IUD) Typical use failure rate: 0.1-0.4% : https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/contraception/index.htm
- Levonorgestrel IUD has potentially greater risk of breast cancer than the combined pill and other hormonal birth control: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1700732
- Other hormonal IUD: Mirena, Skyla and Kyleena: failure rate of just 0.2- 0.7 percent: https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/Datasheet/m/Mirenaius.pdf
- Surgery Versus Medical Therapy for Heavy Menstrual Bleeding
- 50% or women will ovulate on the Mirena: Mirena monograph. Bayer. Whippany; revision date: 2017 Jun; cited: 2019 Oct 6. Pp 1, 25
- These IUDs contain the progestin levonorgestrel: Progestin-only contraceptives: effects on weight
- One year pregnancy rate following cessation of different types of Intrauterine device (IUD) was 84.75%: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6055351/
- Implanon/ Nexplanon implant: Typical use failure rate: 0.1%: https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/contraception/index.ht
- The 12 month pregnancy rate following discontinuation 74.7% of ex-implant users get pregnant within 12 months. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6055351/
- Vaginal rings (Nuva ring): Perfect use: 99% effective, typical use, 91-93% effective https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/contraception/index.htm
- Complete and Robust Ovulation Inhibition With NuvaRing
Emergency contraceptive pill – the morning after pill is 100 percent effective in stopping clinical pregnancy if given prior to ovulation, but would have no effect in stopping pregnancy if given on the day of ovulation or after ovulation:
- Timing of Sexual Intercourse in Relation to Ovulation. Effects on the Probability of Conception, Survival of the Pregnancy, and Sex of the Baby
- Contraceptive Efficacy of Emergency Contraception With Levonorgestrel Given Before or After Ovulation
- Mechanism of action of levonorgestrel emergency contraception
- If you’re over 70kg or 154 pounds then the ECP maybe even less effective: https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/safety/EWS/2014/emergency-contraceptive-effectiveness.asp
Want to understand more about that PCOS root cause, how different methods of contraception affect that root cause and how you can put your other symptoms into remission? Then come join us in The PCOS Protocol.
We’ll guide you through all of the changes you need to make in order to feel in control of your PCOS and get back to what’s really important to you!

domain: medical


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Uncertainty is at a high. Estimates by different institutions of how much the Indian economy will grow in 2008-09 range from 7 per cent to 9.5 per cent. Other indicators, too, reflect this state of affairs.
If there is a single number that encapsulates, if unreasonably, the sentiments in the Indian economy, it is the BSE Sensex. From around 21,000 in mid-January, it crashed to 15,000-levels by the end of the month. This was not due to a slowing economy, but was a harbinger of things to come. Now, three months later, the Sensex is in the 15,000-16,500 band, down over 20 per cent.
This weak sentiment spilled over to real estate. A report by investment banker Merrill Lynch says that there were few takers at a government auction held in March to sell five parcels of land at Mumbai's Bandra Kurla Complex.
Merrill Lynch also estimates that sales volume of residential property in Delhi NCR fell by 50-70 per cent from last year, more than its earlier estimate of 40 per cent. There have been declines in other cities like Hyderabad, Chennai and Bangalore too.
Meanwhile, inflation has been climbing. For the week ended 29 March, it hit a three-year high of 7.41 per cent (before falling to 7.14 per cent the following week due to base effects and easier edible oil prices).
In response, the Reserve Bank of India [Get Quote] increased the cash reserve ratio by 50 basis points to suck out some liquidity from the system and check inflationary pressures.
On the global front, the US sub-prime crisis continued sending aftershocks across the world. The US economy is now believed to have slipped into a mild recession. Crude oil prices were at an all-time high of $114-plus a barrel at the time of going to press.
All this is a far cry from the smooth upward path that India had been on since 2003-04, with growth ticking along at over 8 per cent. But now, the average Mr Jain is worried.
However, Rahul Bhargava, 48, an entrepreneur in Mumbai, has worked out his finances to deal with the situation. He says: "I have invested 90 per cent of my portfolio in equity." Doesn't the turmoil in the bourses affect him? "Since my investments are for the long term, I don't have to worry about these blips; in fact, they give me a chance to pick up value stocks," he says.
Bhargava took a loan to buy his house in August 2006. But he is cushioned from rising rates as he opted for a fixed rate. Moreover, both Rahul and his wife Poonam are 'conservative' spenders. The Bhargavas are sitting pretty.
But they are somewhat of a rarity. Here, we have dealt with eight questions that are bothering most people by addressing the underlying worries.


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The Movie Blood And Chocolate is a 2008 Werewolf-themed drama movie. Directed by Katja von Garnier, she plays a young woman caught between Agnes Bruckner, her human boyfriend, and the werewolf boyfriend who transforms her. The film, adapted from Annette Curtis Klause’s book Blood and Chocolate, was released in Germany on October 17, 2008. Although the picture garnered mixed reviews from reviewers, it did well at the box office.
The movie Blood & Chocolate begins with a man named Aiden being restrained by a nurse. This person begins to transform into a werewolf and then kills him, fleeing into the woods to find another nurse transforming into a werewolf again. The film is a +18 production with erotic and supernatural themes.
Blood And Chocolate Book
The IMDb score of the movie is also relatively low, but this does not mean that the movie is unsuccessful. While some people like the movie very much, according to some critics, the movie is mediocre. Before watching the movie, you can also read the book and evaluate it. Most of the criticism is that the movie doesn’t show everything in the book. The book Blood And Chocolate is also a supernatural fantasy and love story rather than a horror and thriller story. This is beautifully portrayed in the movie.
Many viewers find the book much better than the movie. In my opinion, both are beautiful. The point where the movie is missing is that the descriptions in the book do not match the detailed descriptions. This is because it was filmed on a low budget. Although the film is very successful cinematographically, the visual effects are weak.
Main Plot of the Movie Blood and Chocolate
The film takes place in Bucharest, Romania. The main characters of the movie are Vivian and Aiden. Vivian is an orphan who has lost her family. His aunt raises him. One of the essential facts about Vivian is that Vivan’s bloodline is a noble werewolf bloodline. Blood and Chocolate is an adaptation of Annette Curtis Klause’s book of the same name.
Gabriel is the leader of Vivian’s werewolf pack. At the same time, an American cartoonist named Aiden is researching werewolves. While doing his research, he encounters Vivian and falls in love with her. In the later parts of the movie, we witness the love of Vivan and Aiden. But many things prevent this love. Gabriel is one of these obstacles. We watch Vivian and Aidan fight against Gabriel. Besides being a romantic and wild movie, it also has nude scenes.
The most impressive scenes in the movie
One of the most impressive scenes of the movie is Vivian’s transformation into a werewolf. Our good characters in the movie are Aiden and Vivian. Aiden doesn’t know yet that Vivian is a werewolf. On the other hand, Vivian hides from Aiden that she is a werewolf. But when he investigates later, Aiden learns that Vivian is a werewolf. Vivian’s werewolf transformation scene in the movie is excellent. Well done, cinematography. The places where the movie takes place are historical, places that fit the scenes very well.
Another most impressive scene in the movie is related to the passionate love between Vivian and Aiden. Their fight against Gabriel and Vivian’s discovery of the truth about her ancestry surprises and amazes the audience. The movie Blood And Chocolate look at Werewolf from a different perspective and reflects this to the audience. At the same time, handling a female werewolf is another thing that makes the movie beautiful.
An Extraordinary Werewolf Romance
As you are familiar with many werewolf movies, this movie is not a story of horror and brutality. It is a supernatural and love story. The werewolf bloodline is also a blessed lineage in this movie. On the other hand, Vivian is not a cursed and bloodthirsty werewolf. She is an innocent girl orphaned at a young age and raised by her aunt. Her love for Aiden is just as passionate and romantic. Although Gabriel looks terrible in the movie, his goal is to lead his group.
The main line of the movie is, of course, love. Aiden is an art lover youth, and Vivian is a woman full of mysteries. The encounter between the two in Bucharest and their passion for each other is worth watching. Minor roles should also be mentioned. Katja Riemann does a great job. His contribution to the love between Vivian and Aiden and the film’s atmosphere is quite a lot. Although the visual effects in the movie are weak, the beauty of the places is enough to cover this weakness.
Although there is little action in the movie, the encounter between Vivian and Gabriel in the final scenes is worth watching. Vivian and her supporter Aiden have a hard time fighting for her love in this last encounter, but their love is victorious.
Reflection on the Feminist Theme of Females Coming to Rule
The character Vivian is a female werewolf of noble ancestry. Vivian proves how strong a woman can be after discovering her powers. A woman turning into a werewolf is another story. In such stories, women usually come to the fore. Influential female roles also always refer to feminism. In this movie, we watch Vivian’s strength as a woman and her struggle with the male-dominated society. At the same time, her stance against Gabriel, the herd leader, who does not give up on her, is one of the reflections of feminism.

domain: artistic


text:
by Bill O’Grady and Thomas Wash
[Posted: 9:30 AM EDT] The overnight news was relatively light, but here are the events we’re keeping an eye on today:
Changes at the Fed: Yesterday, the FOMC decided to maintain interest rates at their current levels but hinted at a possible rate increase in December. The Federal Reserve cited strong economic growth as the reason for further monetary tightening. Currently, the upper bound fed funds rate is 1.25%, which is relatively low compared to the neutral rate of 3.0%. As a result, we expect rate increases to continue into 2018.
In other Fed news, President Trump is expected to nominate Jerome Powell, a Federal Reserve governor, for the Federal Reserve chairman position. If confirmed, Powell would be replacing Janet Yellen after her term ends in February. He is not expected to have a tough time getting confirmed in the Senate as he has a good relationship with Republicans and Democrats alike. In 2011, Powell made a name for himself for his contribution in brokering a deal between the Obama administration and Congressional Republicans to raise the debt ceiling. Trump’s selection of Powell would be considered a relatively safe choice as Powell has close ties with the Republican establishment. Powell’s colleagues describe him as being neither dovish nor hawkish, but moderate. That being said, there are some Senate Republicans, including Vice President Mike Pence, who would prefer that President Trump select John Taylor, who is known to be hawkish. Accordingly, it is widely believed that he would maintain Yellen’s approach of gradual interest rate rises.
Updates on tax reform: The tax reform package is expected to be revealed later today. Reports suggest that the House is struggling to come up with legislation that is palatable to all factions of the GOP and the White House. Recent attempts at proposal changes to make the bill more appealing have been complicated by the president’s doggedness over key reforms. Trump has tweeted his disapproval of a possible phase-in period for corporate tax cuts, increased taxes on 401(k)s and retention of the Obamacare individual mandate. There are fears that Congress might replicate the failure of their Obamacare repeal if they insist on meeting all of Trumps demands. That being said, there have been a few concessions made as of late—it is believed the corporate tax rate will likely be temporary, the top individual tax rate will remain unchanged and mortgage rate deductions will be capped at $500,000. As of right now, we are not confident that tax reform will be complete before the end of the year. We will continue to monitor this situation.
Rate hikes in the U.K.: Today, in a 7-2 vote, the Bank of England decided to raise its benchmark interest rate for the first time in a decade, while still maintaining its asset-buying program. The move is likely in response to elevated levels of inflation. Core CPI is 2.5%, which is higher than the 2.0% target set by the central bank. In addition, the BOE has signaled that it will likely raise interest rates two times before the year 2020. Even though the rate rise was expected, BOE policymakers have expressed concern as to the effect it might have on GDP, which has been relatively weak compared to some of its European peers.
Energy recap: U.S. crude oil inventories fell 2.4 mb compared to market expectations of a 2.1 mb draw.
This chart shows current crude oil inventories, both over the long term and the last decade. We have added the estimated level of lease stocks to maintain the consistency of the data. As the chart shows, inventories remain historically high but have been declining. In fact, inventories are now at their lowest level since mid-2015. We also note that the SPR fell 0.8 mb, meaning total oil supplies fell 3.2 mb.
As the seasonal chart below shows, inventories are well into the autumn inventory build season but, so far, inventories have mostly been stable. As refinery runs pick up, further declines are likely. The real test will be in Q1 2018. As the chart below shows, inventories usually rise. Thus, oil prices could be well supported if inventories fail to increase.
Based on inventories alone, oil prices are overvalued with the fair value price of $54.23. Meanwhile, the EUR/WTI model generates a fair value of $62.89. Together (which is a more sound methodology), fair value is $59.60, meaning that current prices are below fair value. Recent oil price strength has narrowed the degree of undervaluation.

domain: finance


Bell Integration helps Briteyellow initiate a connected data platform that enhances public safety, unlocks new passenger experiences and delivers powerful operational insights for train and bus operators in the West Midlands.
Improving passenger experiences and safety
When Transport for West Midlands and West Midlands trains wanted to understand how new technologies could provide deeper insights into passenger journeys and enhance how they guide and support people with special assistance needs to travel safely and with confidence, they turned to Briteyellow – a visionary digital innovation company that helps organisations to propel their vision forward.
Part of the pioneering West Midlands 5G partnership (WM5G), whose connectivity technologies are powering ground-changing projects in the healthcare and transport sectors, Briteyellow’s smart wayfinding applications and monitoring sensors would enable transport operators to better monitor passenger flows and guide people more effectively through indoor spaces.
“We were asked to run an initial project covering three train stations and one bus station in the West Midlands. Utilising a mixture of high-definition video cameras, mobile 5G and bespoke IoT sensors, our platform would provide the real-time analytics and intelligence operators need to optimise passenger movement and deliver personalised accessibility support for travellers with a disability,” explains Fredi Nonyelu, Founder and CEO of Briteyellow.
“To deliver all anticipated outcomes, including the deep data insights that enable operators to understand how their station spaces are used by travellers, we needed to initiate tailored infrastructures at each location that could support an array of highly integrated applications and real-time data flows.”
In collaboration with its consortium partners – O2, the University of Birmingham and Bell Integration – Briteyellow needed to ensure its Connected Transport project delivered on a number of levels.
With the right network and IoT placement, Briteyellow would be able to provide transport operators with granular real-time offsite and onsite anonymised travel information together with unified data sets that could be integrated with existing working practices at each site to enhance operations.
Initiating a 5G infrastructure
Designing a high performance 5G infrastructure that could deliver the end-to-end data capture and intelligence that Briteyellow’s solutions could leverage was mission critical to the success of the project.
Ensuring 5G coverage was optimised at all stations was the first foundational requirement. With the right mobile coverage, O2’s network based anonymised data could be constantly captured and integrated into Briteyellow’s platform to deliver detailed insights on where passengers have come from, and where they are travelling to.
Bullet-proof in-building coverage would also be vital for providing connectivity for Briteyellow’s movement tracking and counting sensors that deliver an in-depth picture of how people use railway and bus stations.
Finally, the infrastructure would enable the data flows utilised by Briteyellow’s augmented reality passenger guidance app and wearable tech which provides wayfinding and journey assistance services for all – including the disabled.
“Transport nodes like stations are complex and challenging environments featuring multiple points of passenger ingress and egress, alongside concourses, ticketing areas, food and retailing outlets and more. Each site required around 50 or more sensors and HD cameras to capture the end-to-end data we needed to deliver real-time operational insights,” explains Fredi.
If everything was to operate as intended, the 5G infrastructure and connectivity network needed to have the capacity to handle large data volumes together with in-built resilience to ensure zero service failures or data ‘blackouts’.
Architecting for success
Responsible for ensuring that the right infrastructure was in place to support a variety of smart applications, Bell Integration first embarked on undertaking detailed site surveys at each designated bus and railway station. This enabled all consortium partners to assess the current state of play with regard to existing 5G coverage, including signal strength and weak spots.
The next step was to design an indoor and outdoor network architectures to facilitate real-time information pulls from a variety of technologies and support the rapid exchange of high volumes of data at speed.
Having mapped the individual designs for each station, Bell specified, purchased and installed the 5G and data network infrastructure at each location. Ensuring that in each instance, 5G connectivity was boosted for a variety of use cases. These ranged from the application of real-time analytics for operators, to the delivery of enhanced in-person wayfinding for passengers.
“Responsible for putting in place the core IT upon which all our smart solutions could operate, Bell handled everything from implementing cabinets, 5G routers and servers to implementing data backhaul from our devices and providing recommendations on the ideal placement for our sensors,” says Fredi.
Making travel more connected
The transport project demonstrated how operators could optimise the travel experience for travellers. Having digitalized stations, Briteyellow’s connected passenger guidance system provides in-depth travel insights and assistance for travellers. Today, passengers can take advantage of an augmented reality and virtual reality guidance app and other wearable tech to plan their journeys, find their way around buildings and respond to alerts. The app has proved especially useful for those with sight or hearing impairments.
“Operators have a duty of care responsibility that includes making their services and facilities more accessible and safe for users, and especially for vulnerable passengers who need additional information or assistance. We’ve demonstrated how, by harnessing 5G technologies and video data, they can deliver a better customer experience and offer micro guidance within stations,” explains Fredi.
Alongside improving passenger safety and confidence when navigating station spaces and undertaking stress-free journey planning, station operators can now use real-time data to analyse passenger status and crowd density.
“Passenger flows and movement data and metrics are delivered in the form of dashboards and heatmaps, enabling operational management teams to make better real-time decisions about staffing levels and forecast when periods of high demand means staff rosters need to be tweaked,” confirms Fredi.
The detailed data insights demonstrated how each station had very different usage profiles. Which meant decisions around cleaning cycles could be exactly tailored to the individual peak travel times experienced by each station, and that staffing could be right sized to match demand.
The data also highlighted where passengers linger and their average wait times. Giving operators more informed insights on where best sites for retail and food and beverage concessions as well as a deeper understanding of how passengers move around the West Midlands transport network. It has also enabled operators to review their security procedures to ensure public safety can be maintained at all stations during operating hours.
Responsible for building an end-to-end IoT infrastructure that enabled Briteyellow to deliver a fully managed and secure solution that provides a variety of real-time insights and services for station operators, Bell Integration’s network enables Briteyellow to capture multiple data types. Using this data, Briteyellow is able to deliver customer-facing wayfinding services and provide deep insights into passenger behaviour patterns.
“Bell’s technical know-how was vital for designing and implementing the backbone IT infrastructure our solution leverages. But that’s not all. They are really good at customer engagement and were an ideal partner when it came to providing the support we needed to hit the ground running,” says Fredi.
“The success of this project demonstrates just how applicable this type of powerful solution is for a variety of high density settings. From stadiums to cruise ships and public transport hubs, we’ve shown how operators can initiate smart indoor spaces that attract customers. Alongside providing greater duty of care and accessibility for users, operators are able to better monitor their assets and resources and refine how they do business to generate new revenue,” continues Fredi.
“I’m excited about what the future holds going forward. I believe that there’s much more we can do together when it comes to delivering the highly connected IoT services today’s businesses need.”


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18 Sep Meet Our Dreamer: Argelia Rico
Argelia Rico is 25 years old and lives is Las Vegas, Nevada, special Needs Student Tutor & Pre-K assistant. She is one of the young bright leaders growing out of the community-based movement for immigrant justice.
As a 25 year old advocate for immigrants, full-time Special Needs tutor and Pre-K assistant, and supermom to a beautiful little girl, we are incredibly proud to say she is a part of our organization.
Mother to a Beautiful Little Girl
She shared her captivated story on how she got pregnant at the National Women’s March event, where she gained national recognition in this struggle for dignity and justice.
She is eligible to renew her DACA in this brief window of time, giving her time to make sense of what the political battles being fought in congress mean for her family.

domain: sociology


text:
My name is Kristine, my Alias is cosplayequinox. I am 28 and a very adamant cosplayer. I am just gonna state this off the bat; I am 5'9", which is a surprise to many and would love to model if it weren't for the fact that I am too stubborn to change myself physically for a job. So instead I model for myself and for fun.
Also a novice photographer though I have been told I am quite good for being a noob. I do however have my own photography studio thing aka FeatheredHearts Photography.
I do enjoy meeting new people especially ones that have the same interests as me. So if we happen to be going to the same con or something feel free to say hello!~
<3: Doctor Who, Sweets, The Fever Series, Warm Drinks, TC State Hospital,Dead Like Me, Ella Enchanted, Reading, Costumeing/ Sewing, Chess, hiking/ walking, Top Gear, Fairy Tail, Cosplay, Anime, Manga, Video Games, and Photography
My Facebook Page:
My Deviantart Page


Application of spatial-frequency spectrum method on diffractive optical element for beam smoothing
Abstract:Diffractive optical element (DOE) is a promising technique to realize beam smoothing. To calculate the true performance of the DOE for beam smoothing, the spatial-frequency spectrum method has been used to re-define the performance parameters of the DOE for beam smoothing. In this paper, the spatial-frequency spectrum method is used to basically determine the performance limitation of the DOE for beam smoothing. Considering the low-pass filtering effect will be induced by physical process in the practical applications, the DOE is designed with the low-pass filtering effect in the optimization. Furthermore, the performance realized by utilizing the DOE and the time average technique is theoretically analyzed with the spatial frequency spectrum method.
Document Type: Research Article
Affiliations: State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
Publication date: 2004-10-01


TotemoTech - 2023-09-13
Hello and welcome to today’s news from TotemoTech on September 13th, 2023. In today’s news, Apple has announced some exciting developments with its new iPhone 15 Pro. The device will feature a new function called ‘Spatial Video,’ which is reminiscent of a trend from 12 years ago. We’ll hear from a journalist who has been closely following smartphone cameras to explain more.
In other Apple news, the company has started selling a Lightning to USB-C adapter in Japan. Priced at 4,780 yen, this adapter is designed for Lightning accessories. This move comes as Apple continues to make changes to its product lineup.
Moving on to pricing details, Apple Japan has revealed the prices for the iPhone 15 series. The base model, iPhone 15 with 128GB storage, starts at 124,800 yen. Compared to the previous iPhone 14 series, this represents a maximum price increase of 10,000 yen.
On the Pro side, Apple has also announced the iPhone 15 Pro and iPhone 15 Pro Max. These devices come with USB-C support, the new A17 Pro chip, and the Pro series’ first-ever titanium body. The Pro Max variant even boasts a ‘5x zoom’ feature.
Continuing with Apple’s announcements, the company has unveiled the iPhone 15, which marks the first time in 11 years that Apple has refreshed the connector by adopting USB-C. This change is expected to bring new possibilities and convenience to iPhone users.
Shifting gears to wearables, Apple has introduced the Apple Watch Series 9 and Apple Watch Ultra 2. These new smartwatches come with various enhancements, including the ability to operate the screen without touching it, allowing users to control the devices with their fingers.
Lastly, in entertainment news, the popular anime ‘Attack on Titan’ is coming to an end after 10 years of broadcasting. To celebrate this milestone, the publisher Kodansha has announced an online event where fans can participate and enjoy a virtual ‘afterparty,’ although there is an admission fee.
That concludes today’s news from TotemoTech. Stay tuned for more updates and insights on the latest tech trends. And that’s all for today’s news. Thanks for listening to TotemoTech.
Keywords - japan, tech, news


text:
Reservation Form Booking Cancel
- Maximum number of adults in a room- 2
- Child upto 10 yrs. sharing bed with parents stays free
- Check In & Check Out time: 12 noon
- Pets are not allowed
Cancellation less than 72 hours from the check in date will attarct 100% retention.

domain: travel


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Toddler Stutter - 7 Things Nobody Tells You
Feb 14, 2022 Speech is considered fluent with words are produced easily and flow. When someone is disfluent, they produce their words quickly into the next and they do not flow rhythmically.
In This Article
Disfluency, also called stuttering, involves abnormal:
- Hesitations – will pause awkwardly between words
- Repetitions – will repeat sounds or words in a sentence (e.g., “I went went to the pa-pa-park.”)
- Prolongations – producing the same sound for a long period of time (e.g., I want the bbbbbball)
Children and adults who have a stuttering disorder may also have facial and body movements that are paired with their difficulty in trying to speak. This may be as small as looking away from the speaker at random moments or very extreme like smacking their legs or jerking a body part.
We All Go Through NORMAL Periods of Stuttering
Even from a very young age, we go through periods of normal stuttering. Children often enter this period of disfluency around Preschool age. Adults may interject syllables like “um,” “ah,” and “er” while talking and occasionally repeat sounds, words or phrases. Children will grow and develop over time where these periods of disfluency will disappear.
How Do I Know the Difference Between Normal Stuttering and Not Normal Stuttering?
Stuttering typically begins between 2-5 years old and boys will stutter more often than girls (Healthtouch 2000).
A child with normal disfluencies may demonstrate the following behaviors:
- Repeats whole words or phrases.
- Disfluencies are usually on the first word or little words of the sentence (e.g., “It – It – It ran away!”).
- When repeating, the child will repeat the vowel sound (e.g., “wa wa want”).
- Disfluencies occur when the child has a lot to say and is excited
- Engages in conversation easily – the child doesn’t struggle starting his/her sentence.
- Has 9 or less disfluencies per 100 words (ASHA, 2002).
A child may be at risk for developing stuttering if they exhibit the following behaviors:
- Disfluencies occur several times throughout the same sentences (e.g. “I wa-wa want to gggggo to the pa-pa-park.”). These disfluencies will appear on the major components of the sentence, such as nouns.
- Child may take a long pause between words (e.g., “candy……bar”).
- During repetitions, the child takes pauses in between the sounds (e.g., “g.g.g….g.go”).
- Has 10 or more disfluencies per 100 words (ASHA, 2002)
- Seems to struggle when speaking – may open mouth to start talking, but nothing comes out
- Child becomes very frustrated when disfluent and is aware of what is happening
Causes of Stuttering
I wish I could tell you that we knew EXACTLY what causes stuttering, but we don’t. It is one of the most poorly understood disorders in the area of speech and language. Doctors do not agree one any single cause and even agree that it may be several different factors that cause stuttering to occur. Possible theories of what causes stuttering include:
- The way parents talk to a child
- Issues with the speech muscles
When Should I Contact A Speech Therapist?
As a parent, we are always actively listening to our children and wondering is that normal? Why is he doing that? Is there something wrong? TRUST. YOUR. GUT!
If you feel like your child is having difficulty with speech, make sure you are listening to them interact with different people in their environment.
Does he talk differently to his peers compared to his teacher? Does your child stutter when they seem to be under a lot of stress?
After a while, you should be able to tell if there is a consistent pattern of disfluency. Don’t be afraid to reach out to your school’s Child Study Team or look into getting an independent evaluation. Treating problems early may prevent a child from falling behind socially and academically (ASHA, 2006).
What Kind of Help is Available?
The first person you can reach out to is a Speech-Language Pathologist. This person should be accredited with the American Speech and Hearing Association (ASHA), as well as their respective state. They will hold a Certificate of Clinical Competence (CCC) and will have either a Master’s or Doctorate degree.
Speech Blubs App also has great information, strategies and activities that you can start to implement at home until you find professional help!
Boost Your Child’s Speech Development!
Improve language & communication skills with fun learning!
Activities to Encourage Fluency
- When your child is disfluent, try and look calm. Do not appear alarmed or frustrated with them.
- Be patient. Give your child the opportunity to “get it out.” Do not tell them to hurry up, slow down, take your time, do not work.
- Once your child has finished their message, repeat it back to him/her to ensure you understood the message.
- If your child is talking about an unfamiliar topic, more fluency issues may arise.
- Do not put your child in situations where their speech will be on main display, such as plays, asking them to give a speech, etc.
- You will need to slow down your rate of speech. If you talk fast, your child will learn the same speech pattern
- Allow for the opportunity for your child to answer the first question before you ask another question.
- Decrease distractions. If you have multiple children, give each child their own time to talk to you without the other child jumping into the conversation (e.g., “Ok Mike, you had your time to talk to mommy, now let’s let Kevin have his turn.”).
- The telephone is a huge area of concern for people who stutter. Acknowledge this and be more patient and understanding when a child who stutters is talking to you on the phone.
As always, please feel free to reach out to me if you have more concerns or questions regarding your childs’ speech patterns. Download Speech Blubs App and check their activities to help your child overcome stuttering!
- The Stuttering Foundation. (2002) If you think your child is stuttering …
- Sarah Peterson – Speech Language Pathology Handout (NJ Conference for School Based SLPs)
- American Speech Language Hearing Association (2005) Language and Literacy Development
- Healthtouch (2002) Questions and Answers about Stuttering American Speech-Language Hearing Association (2002). Characteristic


text: I’m in drizzly Melbourne for the Stitches and Craft show. I’ve never really been to a crafty expo before so I wasn’t sure what to expect but it’s been great. Highlights have to be the fabrics hand printed by local designers, screening of the film Handmade Nation and the wall of crafting secrets.I bought a beautiful piece of fabric for an amy butler tunic I’m making. It’s completely typographic which I think could be a new obsession for me. And I have to say that the secret I snapped below is VERY relevant to me!


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The color for the scenery will come from guests’ fingerprints, and therefore it’s important to limit the ink pads to no more than three colors. Otherwise, the finished look may end up unbalanced and messy. An excellent combination to stick with is one dark color, one bright color and one medium-to-dark neutral. In addition to ink pads, also supply guests with colored pens placed inside vessels. They’ll use the pens to write their names. NOTE: While the leaves and/or birds created by the fingerprints play a big part in the color scheme of the art piece, signatures are much smaller, and therefore a wider range of colors can be used.
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Building a Deck With Curves (03:45)
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Wedding Scrapbook (04:57)
Taking Back Bedroom (20:02)
Renovating a Gutted House (03:58)
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10 Things to Know Before Building a Deck 10 Photos
How to Install Doorway Molding 8 Photos
Make Leather Fringe Napkin Rings 12 Photos
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Prepare a large hole. You'll need one for each rose bush you're planting. Use a garden spade or shovel to dig a hole 18 inches (45.7 cm) wide and 18 inches (45.7 cm) deep. The measurements don't have to be exact, but a hole this wide and deep will be suitable for most roses. Mix the soil you removed from the hole with compost, and use some of it to form a small mound in the base of the hole. Add some bonemeal or rose fertilizer.
Español: cultivar rosas usando semillas, Italiano: Coltivare le Rose Usando i Semi, Português: Cultivar Rosas a Partir da Semente, Русский: вырастить розы из семян, 中文: 用种子种玫瑰, Deutsch: Aus Samenkörnern Rosen ziehen, Français: faire pousser des roses à partir de graines, Nederlands: Rozen kweken uit zaad, Bahasa Indonesia: Menanam Bunga Mawar dari Biji, العربية: زراعة الورود من البذرة, Tiếng Việt: Trồng hoa hồng từ hạt, 日本語: バラを種から育てる, 한국어: 씨앗으로 장미 기르는 방법
Rose propagating methods have changed over the years, from the simple own-root varieties of the Victorian era, and progressing to the budded hybrids of the 20th century with its many options of exotic understock such as Rosa multiflora, Dr. Huey, Manettii, and Fortuniana. Now, rumor has it that many of the modern hybridizers and commercial growers are interested in returning to the simplicity of yore. Today's commercial rose growers are finding that budded roses are just too labor-intensive and expensive to produce. Because of this, it appears that we can look forward to more own-root roses being introduced and sold at our local nurseries in the future. Own-root roses will eliminate suckering and hopefully will eventually help to eradicate mosaic virus.
While your cuttings take root, keep them covered and moist. In a garden bed, a simple DIY mini greenhouse does the trick. Just place a bell jar, a garden cloche or an overturned mason jar over the cutting. A clear plastic bottle with the bottom cut out and the cap removed works, too. Water the soil regularly to keep it moist, but not soggy. Your mini hothouse will keep the humidity high inside.
Cover the stem with plastic or a mason jar. To cover the stem with plastic, insert two eight-inch (20-cm) sticks or wires into the soil on either side of the stem to prop up the plastic. Cover the pot and stem with a clear plastic bag, and affix the bag to the pot with an elastic or twine. With a mason jar, simply place a large mason jar over the stem.
I would definitely mix in some compost with your garden soil as this will improve the structure of it. The dusting with fungicide is useful as it prevents the risk of infection, however, if you keep an eye on them and be ready to spring into action then it could be worth trying without . As for planting, I would personally keep them inside for a while, give them a chance to strengthen up before putting them outside in the elements!
One way to stratify the rose seeds is to place the cleaned seeds on a paper towel (a heavyweight brand such as Bounty). Then moisten the paper towel with a solution of half & half purified water and peroxide (to help prevent mold). Fold the paper towel closed, encasing all the rose seeds in the moistened paper towel. Then place the towel full of seeds into a plastic zippered bag. Mark the seed variety and date on the outside of the plastic bag with a permanent marker, and then place the bag into the refrigerator set at about 34-38 degrees. Never freeze the seeds, and do not let them dry out. The moistened paper towel should remain moist in the closed plastic bag for many weeks.
If you order bare-root roses from a mail-order company, order early (late winter or early spring). The roses are usually shipped in the spring because bare roots when plants are fully dormant, well before they have leafed out. They’ll look like a bundle of sticks on arrival. Note that they are not dead—simply dormant. Check that the packing material is moist and keep them in a cool dark place until ready to plant.
I have four beautiful rose bushes that are my pride & joy! I spend every day tending them & just enjoying them in general. My issue, however, is that there are ALOT of cats in my neighborhood that find my flower beds a perfect litter box! I have tried everything, that I know of, to keep those pests out! I've gotten to the point that I'm about to bury razor wire under the mulch! Nothing that I try deterrs them & their owners won't keep them inside! PLEASE HELP!! ANY ideas are appreciated!
Wonderful instructable! And THANK YOU! I have the most beautiful smelling rose in my backyard that was there when my father purchased the house (I purchased it from him... the house, not the rose, the rose just came with it :) ) and I've never been able to identify it or find anything that smelled nearly as sweet. It blossoms with two buds a year, consistantly, never producing more or growing any further. Both buds are now dead so I think I will cut them off the moment I get home and start this process. Maybe in a couple of years I'll have a whole patch of these magnificent bushes. Again, many kudos and thanks.
Most softwood rose cuttings will root within 10 to 14 days.1 To test their progress, tug very gently on the cuttings. You'll feel a slight resistance as the new roots form and grow into the soil. A gentle fish- or kelp-based fertilizer during this time provides beneficial nutrients. Once roots are established and plants show strong new growth, you can transplant your new roses to more permanent garden homes.
Cover the cutting loosely, pot and all, with a plastic bag or plastic wrap and keep the soil moist. Putting a tall stake into the pot will hold the plastic away from the leaves. If the plastic touches the leaves, they remain wet and can succumb to a fungus disease. Along the same lines, make sure the condensation can escape from the plastic or the stem will rot.

domain: biology


text:
November 23, 2019
9:00AM - 11:00AM
Meet at Ella Hill Hutch Community Center
Mo'MAGIC and Collective Impact will be distributing hygiene kits to people who are homeless in our district and surrounding neighborhoods. We are asking for donations for socks, hats, gloves, and feminine hygiene products.
If you're interested in volunteering to distribute these kits, please email firstname.lastname@example.org


What is an E26 Bulb, and What Does it Look Like?
If you're looking to purchase a new bulb, you may have come across the term "E26" - but you might be unsure as to what it means. Read on to find out!
What is an E26 bulb?
The term E26 refers to a light bulb's cap or base - the bulb component that allows for both electrical and mechanical contact. The letter "E" in E26 refers to Edison Screw, the most standard of lamp bases, while the numerical "26" refers to its diameter in millimeters (approximately 1 inch).
E26 is also commonly referred to as a Medium Edison Screw (MES).
An E26 bulb, therefore, is any bulb or lamp that utilizes the E26 cap or base for mounting and electrical contact.
You can most instantly recognize an E26 bulb by looking at the bottom, or non-light emitting side of the bulb. If you see a metallic base with screw threads, approximately 1 inch in diameter, you most likely have an E26 bulb. Another way to be sure is to check the printing on the bulb - along with the wattage and brightness, manufacturers will usually print "E26" to ensure they are safely used with appropriate lampholders.
E26 bulbs are some of most widely used lamp bases in North America and Japan, and other countries that commonly use 120V AC. (See E27 bulbs for Europe and 240V AC). Although previously they were most commonly used with incandescent lamps, fluorescent CFL lamps and LED lamps have also continued to adopt the E26 lamp base.
Today, A19 LED lamps, BR LED lamps, PAR LED lamps frequently use E26 bases.
E26 does not refer to the bulb's shape!
An E26 designation only refers to its base, or contact point with the lampholder. A wide range of bulbs and lamps can use an E26 base despite having different shapes and sizes. Below is an example of an LED downlight that uses an E26 "plug" for its electrical connection.
How does an E26 bulb work?
E26 bulbs work like any type of Edison Screw base. Once the lamp's screw is aligned with the fixture socket, rotate the the lamp clockwise until fully secure.
The E26 screw threads are right-hand threads, and in addition to providing the mechanical support, also act as the neutral electrical path (assuming the fixture is wired properly).
Additionally, a metal contact point approximately 10 mm in diameter is located at the bottom of the screw. This contact point acts as the "hot" or "live" electrical input.
On the inside of the bulb, electrical wires are soldered or welded onto the screw threads and bottom contact point. These wires then lead to the filament in an incandescent, or internal electronics for CFL and LED E26 bulbs.
What are the advantages of E26?
E26 bulbs are some of the most common lamp types, meaning that finding an appropriate lampholder or fixture is typically quite straightforward. Additionally, installation is usually very straightforward, and requires no tools or assembly.
Edison Screw bases are some of the most secure ways to mount a bulb, due to the strength and rigidity of the screw threads. This makes them particularly suitable for locations where vibrations may be present. Additionally, a tight fit in the screw base ensures that moisture and debris are unlikely to enter the contact points, reducing the probability of electrical failures.
Where do I buy E26 bulbs?
E26 bulbs are some of the most universally used lamp bases. However, in addition to the lamp base, however, it is important to decide whether to purchase an A-style lamp or a directional lamp.
E26 bulbs are available for purchase at your local hardware or electronic appliance store, or directly from our website (see A19 lamps or BR30 lamps).
E26 Standards and Dimensions
E26 standards are defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) under standard 7004-21A-2. They specifically govern the exact dimensions to which the E26 lamp bases should be manufactured to.
T1: min 19.56 mm
T: min 19.56 mm
H: min 9.14 mm; max 11.56 mm
L: min 15.24 mm; max 17.01 mm
C: min 3.25 mm
r: 1.191 mm
d1: 24.72 mm
d: min 26.05 mm; max 26.41 mm
Browse Waveform Lighting Products
A-Series LED Bulbs
Our A19 and A21 lamps fit in standard lamp fixtures and are perfect for floor and desk lamp fixtures.
Candelabra LED Bulbs
Our candelabra LED bulbs offer soft and warm light output in a decorative bulb style that fits E12 lamp fixtures.
BR30 LED Lamps
BR30 lamps are ceiling lamps that fit in residential and commercial fixtures with 4-inch or wider openings.
T8 LED Lamps
Directly replace 4-ft fluorescent lamps with our T8 LED tube lights, compatible both with and without ballasts.
LED Linear Fixtures
Linear lamp fixtures in 2-ft and 4-ft lengths. Plugs into standard wall outlets nd mounts using screws or magnets.
LED Strip Lights
Bright LED emitters mounted on a flexible circuitboard. Can be cut-to-length and installed in a variety of locations.
LED Strip Power Supplies
Power supply units to convert line voltage to low voltage DC needed for LED strip light systems.


It’s the second biggest time of the year for fireworks vendors as New Year’s Eve celebrants look to ring in the new year not with a bell but a boom. Photo from the fireworks stand run by Ramirez Carpet & Tile on U.S. 90. This year’s top sellers are the “Snow Cone” and “Diablo 12” (which is available again this year). The stand will be open until midnight NYE for last-minute fireworks shoppers.
Those preparing to celebrate with some backyard pyrotechnics should note safety precautions as well as local laws regarding the use or possession of fireworks. The City of Beaumont, for example, prohibits possessing fireworks and issues permits for commercial use only.


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Spin cycle: the lesbian parenting story that wasn’t
A headline squawking “Lesbian parents better at raising children” flew around the English-speaking world last week, having been released by The Times of London. No doubt this thrilled the gay lobby, while alarming traditionalists of all parties. But the real story here is not about lesbians. The real story is the media’s severe case of Gay Infatuation Syndrome: anything that makes gays look good is newsworthy. This seriously misleading headline should caution readers to make a habit of looking behind the headlines. There may be, as in this case, nothing there.
The first indication of a mismatch between the headline and the story is that it cites no new study or research showing that lesbian parents are “better”. Here is the part of the report on which the headline is based:
"Speaking at the launch at the think tank Demos of a report on the influence of character on life, Scott said: “Lesbians make better parents than a man and a woman.”
"His arguments are supported by experts who have found, over years of research, that children brought up by female couples are more aspirational and more confident in championing social justice. They show no more tendencies towards homosexuality than the offspring of heterosexual parents."
Whoa! Hold on here. Since when is being "aspirational" and "confident in championing social justice" the high-water mark of good parenting? But I digress. The story cites neither specific "experts" nor any of the research supposedly produced over many years. There is no new research, just a recycling of the same old stuff. There is, quite literally, nothing there.
The expert quoted is Dr. Stephen Scott, director of research at the National Academy for Parenting Practitioners. I didn’t know what a “parenting practitioner” was or why anyone should need an academy for it, so I looked it up. It turns out that the NAPP was established by an agency of the British government:
"The National Academy for Parenting Practitioners was set up in 2007 by the Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF) to provide the parenting workforce with objective evidence based support in order to improve the services offered to parents in England."
The parenting workforce? Have we really lost the ability to see the point of personal relationships and kinship? Do we have to redefine the care that parents naturally give their children as a special sector of the labor market, bolstering it with “objective evidence”?
Well, yes, if you belong to the British ruling class and you no longer have any idea what it is that parents naturally do for their children. Professionalism, however, can apparently work miracles, as NAPP’s “vision” tells us:
"Our vision is that all parents who need it should be able to access quality support from trained practitioners capable of helping them to raise their children to be happy, healthy, safe, ready to learn and to make a positive contribution and achieve economic wellbeing."
This is scarcely even a charity designed to help real flesh and blood families. Instead of mothers learning from their mothers, or neighbours helping neighbours, the British government has established a corporatist institution, to professionalize child care.
And what was the occasion for Dr. Scott’s outburst of enthusiasm for father-absent households? As near as I can tell, it was a meeting of a group called Demos, which was highlighting its new publication, Building Character. The point of this publication was to analyze the impact of different parenting styles on the children's character development. It seems to be a perfectly sensible report, well worthy of discussion, as it emphasizes that even parents of modest means can learn the skills they need to better care for their children.
However, the report had the usual conservative fly in the progressive ointment: children of divorced or step-parents don't do as well. According to the Independent, another paper presented at the symposium showed they must struggle much harder to develop “skills” such as such as empathy, self-control and application:
"In a blow to the huge numbers of parents who are divorced or remarried, the study also found that children with married parents were twice as likely to develop good skills as those living with stepfamilies or single parents."
Could this have been the stimulus for Dr. Scott’s family diversity boosterism? I can hardly believe they spent all day talking about lesbian parenting skills. The poor dears weren’t even mentioned in the report: there simply weren’t enough such couples in the sample to study.
So here are the facts: no new data on lesbian parenting, but new data further demonstrating the superiority of married parents. At a technocratic gab-fest about upskilling the “parenting workforce” one guy spouts his opinion about lesbian parents. And the headline reading "Lesbian parents better at raising children" goes viral worldwide.
The conference and report that were the ostensible subjects of the article had nothing -- repeat, nothing -- to do with lesbians, as parents or anything else. A reporter apparently decided to make a story out of an off-hand comment.
This lame headline episode illustrates why so many ordinary people hold the mainstream media in contempt. They view the MSM as carnival barkers for the sexual revolution. Look behind the headlines: there may be less there than meets the eye.
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Liberal talk radio is having a field day with mainstream Republican senatorial candidate Christine O’Donnell’s admission that she dabbled in witchcraft a decade or so ago. The talking heads are suggesting that Ms. O’Donnell secure the services of exorcist-turned-governor Bobby Jindal to “cure” her of this malady.
There’s a lot to discuss about Christine O’Donnell, but liberals should know better that religion is not one of them. She has just as much right practicing Wicca as millions of American Muslims have practicing Islam (although I suspect many of her ardent followers would disagree with the latter.)
There’s enough known about Ms. O’Donnell to conclude that she is eminently unqualified to represent Delaware in the United States Senate, not the least of which is her alleged criminal activity regarding misuse of campaign funds. Her major qualification is that the former Moorestown, NJ resident was a baby sitter for the daughter of a close friend.
So let Ms. O’Donnell continue her tirades against sex, women, individual rights, and whatever other bogeyman she chooses. And hope the sane voters in Delaware go to the polls on November 2nd. But liberals must be consistent with their philosophy, and leave her personal religion out of the campaign discussions.
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6. Measures in other sectors
6.1 Measures in other sectors
Many MEASURES IN OTHER SECTORS beyond the immediate scope of the health system are being taken to prevent further spread of the virus. This section contains information on many of these areas, including border and travel restrictions and economic and fiscal measures, among others.
MEASURES INTRODUCED IN 2020
The Government has taken progressive regulatory measures to prevent the further spread of the COVID-19 infection.
The President declared a state of emergency on March 16 for 30 days and announced a 30-day extension on April 6. Starting on March 22, the borders have been closed through a military ordinance. Romanian citizens who return home from abroad must undergo a mandatory 14 days quarantine in spaces designated by the authorities and guarded by police. The city of Suceava and the town of Tandarei were locked down until May 13/May 11 to contain the spread of the infection (see Section 1.2).
Romania complies with the EU Single Market regulations during the COVID-19 crisis. For essential products, free circulation is still permitted. This includes medicines, medical equipment, essential food products, and livestock. Specially designated priority lanes for freight transport – so-called green lanes – have been introduced.
The Government took measures to strengthen the healthcare system, stimulate the economy and provide social protection to people affected by the crisis.
The state will guarantee 80% of investment loans and credit lines to improve liquidity and cashflow of businesses. This can range from one to several investment loans or credit lines per business entity. For small businesses, these guarantees can reach up to 90%. The maximum loan value is capped at ten million RON, whilst working capital loans have a ceiling of five million RON. Interest rates are fully subsidized by the Ministry of Finance. Other measures include faster reimbursement of VAT, discounts for paying corporate income taxes, and suspending foreclosures on overdue debtors.
Recently, the Romanian government announced that 2% of GDP will be allocated to stimulate the economy in the context of the COVID-19 outbreak (although according to the business environment, this allocation should be higher and amount to 15% of GDP). This allocation will be used for direct support, in the form of cash injections and credit guarantees, focusing on affected households/persons, as well as to fund a significant increase in public investments – above the initial budgeted level for 2020. On April 28, the Government issued implementation norms for the Governmental Ordinance that delineate support for small and middle-sized enterprises during the COVID-19 crisis. In relation to that, it launched a dedicated Internet platform (the IMM Invest platform), where companies may apply for government loans to cover activity and investments. About 1,000 companies submitted such applications within half an hour of the program going live.
The Government has issued measures for social protection and support for people financially affected by the restrictions imposed to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic. The Government Emergency Ordinance no. 30/2020, which entered into force on 21 March, foresaw several measures. This includes the provision of technical unemployment allowance supported by the state budget for up to 75% of the national average wage, and paid parental leave for child-care during the temporary closure of schools. The Government has also issued legislation that permits banks to defer loan repayment for households and businesses affected by the COVID-19 epidemic for up to nine months (without applying restrictive provisions on certain lending conditions).
By April 28, employers had suspended 1,031,152 working contracts and terminated 266,473 working contracts due to the COVID-19 epidemic. The Ministry of Labour and Social protection updates the data in real-time.
Emergency Ordinance no. 132/2020 on support measures for employees and employers in the context of the epidemiological situation caused by the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, as well as to stimulate employment growth
Government webpage with COVID-19 information: https://gov.ro/ro/info-coronavirus-covid-19
Ministry of Health: http://www.ms.ro/
The National Institute of Public Health / The Centre for the Surveillance and Control of Communicable Diseases: http://www.cnscbt.ro/
The Ministry of Internal Affairs: https://www.mai.gov.ro/
The Department for Emergency Situations: http://www.dsu.mai.gov.ro/
Other official webpages: https://stirioficiale.ro/informatii
The Parliament increased the state guarantee scheme to 30 billion RON (3 percent of GDP) for loan guarantees, and subsidized interest for working capital and investment for loans of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). SMEs can access loans of up to 10 million RON for investments, which can be granted once for a maximum of 120 months. Loans of up to 5 million RON can be issued for working capital, for a finite period of 24 months, at state-subsidized interest rates. The state can provide guarantees of up to 80% of the value of financing for enterprises (excluding interest rates, commissions, and bank charges). For micro or small enterprises, state guarantees are limited to 90% of credit values. SMEs from all sectors qualify for the state guarantee scheme, provided they meet some eligibility criteria. The state guarantee scheme does not apply to the industries of gambling, arms, tobacco, alcohol, forbidden addictive substances, or private security.
The Government passed new measures to aid the employers who reopen suspended working contracts, supporting 41.5% of the national average gross salary for the next three months for individuals who return to work.
The ending of the State of Emergency led to a gradual decrease of suspended working contracts, with an increase of the terminated ones. By May 28, the number of suspended working contracts decreased to 595,672, while the number of terminated contracts increased to 429,585, according to the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection data. On May 22, the Minister of Labour and Social Protection announced that the government has made during the State of Emergency, payments of 2 billion RON (around 0.4 billion EUR) for 1 million people who lost the jobs due to the COVID-19 epidemic. The State continues to provide unemployment benefits for households/persons from economic sectors and businesses facing restrictions under the State of Alert.
The National Bank of Romania asked for an extension until end-June 2021 of the repo line set up with the European Central Bank (counting for a maximum of 4.5 billion EURO); under the repo line, Romania can borrow liquidity in exchange for high-quality euro-denominated collateral.
On 1 July, the Government announced the continuation of the previously adopted measures (social security and support for SME) for three more months. On 10 August, the Government endorsed new measures for employees and employers and new measures to stimulate growth in employment.


A computational systems biology approach for elucidating molecular features of primary and metastatic melanoma
Malignant melanoma, a cancer arising from melanocytes, is reported to have one of the fastest growing incidence rates worldwide, and is considered to be one of the most aggressive human malignancies. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), current statistics indicate that 132,000 cases occur globally each year and is set to rise by 2-3% every year. If detected early, a complete surgical excision of the tumor can be performed. However, in many cases, diagnosis and treatment is delayed, leading to poor prognosis, with a survival expectation of a mere 6-9 months in the case of metastatic melanoma. Due to high incidence rates, difficulty in early diagnosis and rapid progression to metastasis, melanoma is an important malignancy to be studied. Diagnosis and stage classification of many diseases including cancers is still a major challenge. Melanoma is a highly heterogeneous disease, with multiple sources of heterogeneity. It can arise in many regions of the body, with varied incidence patterns. It is also linked to various alterations at the molecular level, with the pattern of alterations varying widely across patients. As a result of this heterogeneity, existing diagnostic and therapeutic methods can lead to poor outcomes in a subset of patients even if it is effective in a different subset. A large amount of genomic and transcriptomic data of tumor samples from patients is now available, which provides new opportunities for understanding disease mechanisms and identifying specific molecular features characteristic of the disease stage and sub-type. In this context, a feature refers to a gene or a pool of genes or even a pathway. Identification of molecular features from such large complex data is still a major challenge in many diseases, and is currently a highly pursued objective. The multi-level complexities involved in the disease and the need to study large patient data to understand the perturbations at a systems level, necessitates the use of large scale computational approaches. While melanoma, like many other diseases, can be associated with variations at multiple levels, the onset of the disease is due to mutations in critical genes. Metabolic alterations are also known to occur in the disease, which cater to the high energy needs of a progressive tumor. Viewing the disease from a different perspective, modulation of the immune processes has also been studied, which has now shown that the tumor evades the immune system and manages to proliferate. In this work, a computational systems biology approach was used to identify the molecular features which addresses all these aspects and are responsible for the progression of melanoma. As a first objective in Chapter 2, a new network-based computational pipeline combined with machine learning method which utilizes publicly available transcriptomic data of melanoma patient samples was developed to identify signature genes which can efficiently classify metastatic melanoma and primary melanoma. These genes can be potential biomarkers for the identification of progression in melanoma patients. To begin with, a condition-specific protein-protein interaction network was constructed for the three conditions, normal skin (NS), primary melanoma (PM) and metastatic melanoma (MM). Further, the active paths in each of the networks were computed based on the shortest-path approach. The paths different in MM compared to NS, PM compared to NS and MM compared to PM were identified using a string similarity metric. These perturbed paths were further pruned based on the influence they wield on the entire system. To do this, network communities were identified and genes in them scored based on the number of communities they spanned. Using this, the most influential, differentially expressed genes in all the three comparisons were identified and were taken as a short-list of markers. The shortlisted genes were further evaluated by a machine learning approach and ranked by their discriminatory capacities. Based on a feature elimination exercise, a minimal gene-set with the maximum efficiency for classification between the pair of conditions, was identified using a Random Forest classifier. From this, a panel of 6 genes, ALDH1A1, HSP90AB1, KIT, KRT16, SPRR3 and TMEM45B whose expression values discriminated metastatic from primary melanoma by 87% classification accuracy was identified. In an independent transcriptomic data set derived from 703 primary melanomas from a collaborator’s laboratory, it was observed that all six genes in the panel were significant in predicting melanoma specific survival (MSS) in a univariate analysis, which was also consistent with AJCC staging. Further, 3 of these genes, HSP90AB1, SPRR3 and KRT16 remained significant predictors of MSS in a joint analysis of the 6 genes (HR=2.3, P=0.03), although HSP90AB1 (HR=1.9, P=2x10-4) alone remained predictive after adjusting for clinical predictors. A panel of 20 genes with high discriminatory capacity to classify PM vs. NS and a panel of 25 genes for MM vs. NS were also identified. Chapter 3 describes the work carried out to identify potential driver mutations in melanoma. Melanoma is a malignancy with a high mutation burden, with the onset of the disease attributed to mutations caused by external stresses. The mutations are observed to modulate multiple pathways, with the landscape of mutations varying across patients. In some cases, different mutations resulting in the same end effect can also be seen. These observations highlight the extent of heterogeneity among melanoma patients. A novel algorithm, DMIN (Driver Mutation identification using Influence Network) was designed to identify patient-specific potential driver mutations using the mutation information and gene expression variation of 362 melanoma patients from the TCGA dataset which was integrated with a comprehensive protein-protein interaction network. The active paths based on the shortest-paths principles were computed from the mutated node as a source, to all other nodes as possible destinations in the 362 patient-specific networks. The paths were further scored and prioritized in each patient to identify the mutations and differentially expressed nodes, referred to as outliers. A tripartite graph was constructed consisting of patient (P), mutations (M) and outlier (O) as three connected node sets. The M nodes were ranked based on the betweenness centrality and based on percentile threshold, 59 potential driver mutations were identified which were found to be statistically significant. The performance of the DMIN method was further validated by comparing with three other existing methods and DMIN method was found to outperform others. Co-occurring mutation combinations were also computed and shortlisted based on their effect on the survival of the patients. In total, 68 combinations ranging from 2-12 genes with a high hazard to survival were identified. Finally, driver mutations were computed in the patients based on their clinicopathological information such as the sample type, mutation subtype, AJCC stage, Breslow thickness, gender and ulceration and pathways enriched in each of these conditions are described. Metabolic rewiring is an important characteristic of the tumor cells. The pathway rewiring accounts for the increased energy requirements and also aid in the proliferation of the cells. In Chapter 4, Flux balance based analysis was carried out using a genome scale metabolic model to identify the variations associated with disease progression of cancer. To begin with, a melanoma metabolic model was constructed using a general human metabolic model and gene expression data of NS, PM and MM samples. The flux level variations were computed between PM-NS, MM-NS and MM-PM conditions and sub-systems that varied were identified. The reactions belonging to ROS detoxification, Warburg effect and tyrosine metabolism were found to be largely varied in the melanoma condition. In addition, Vitamin A and Vitamin C metabolism variation were observed between MM and PM. Gene essentiality analysis on the metabolic model identified 5 important genes needed for the cancer proliferation and can be validated for being important as therapeutic targets. In chapter 5, the molecular features of the immune system involved in progression of melanoma were investigated. FOXP3+ regulatory T cells are the immune cell types involved in maintaining an immune check by suppressing the immune activation function of effector T cells. High Treg leads to a bad prognosis of disease, whereas a high Teff population is linked to good prognosis. High FOXP3 expression levels correlate well with a low survival of melanoma patients. Consistent with this, a low ratio of Treg: Teff cells in the tumor microenvironment is attributed to the success of IL-2 based immunotherapy. A network based analysis was carried out using transcriptome expression values of FOXP3_high and FOXP3_low primary melanoma patients. Active paths in FOXP3_high patients were identified and genes reported. PTEN and FOS were predicted to modulate the expression of FOXP3 leading to an immunosuppressed environment. A simple deterministic model was also constructed to mimic the population interplay between Treg and Teff cells in the tumor microenvironment, which provides a basis to predict the disease outcome and prognosis of survival in a given patient. In summary, this thesis presents an integrated approach for identification of molecular markers, metabolic variations and driver mutations of melanoma. The outcome of the work holds promise in efficient classification of the various stages involved and also aid in predicting prognosis of the melanoma disease. The methods developed for identification of biomarkers and driver mutations are fairly general and can easily be adapted for studying other diseases as well.
- Mathematics (MA)


The Paramount Horizon Convertible Pant, with a water-repellent finish, FlashDry technology and zip-off legs, is made for adventurers who refuse to let uncertain weather stand in the way of a good time.
- Standard fit
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- Durable FlashDry-XD keeps you cool and dry
- Non-PFC DWR finish for added protection
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Hi everyone I hope that you are all well and happy.
Welcome to my little bit of blogland!
There is a brand new challenge starting over at Not Just Cards with the amazing Morgans Artworld sponsoring this month.
Here is a card that I have created using 2 of the images that we the DT have been given.
6x6 scallop edge card blank
layered with paper from Papermania
Topper created using Bride 2 and garden 8 digi images from Morgans Artworld and coloured with Copic Ciao pens.
Lace across the centre of the card with liquid pearl, pink bow doilies and congratulations stamp.
Not Just Cards Challenge blog
Morgans Artworld Blog
Morgans Artworld Store
Thanks for stopping by

domain: hobby


This tutorial is about various Data types in Java and how to use them
If you want to master Java, or even grasp it’s core concepts well, you need to understand the foundation. You need to be aware of the limitations, sizes and quirks of each data type. Incorrect handling of Data types may go unnoticed for a while, but will cause problems later on.
Data types in Java are split into two categories, Primitive and Non-Primitive. Primitive data types include Boolean, Byte, int, char, long, double, float and short. Non-primitive data types include String, Arrays and Classes.
Primitive Data Types:
A list of all primitive data types with their descriptions.
|Holds True and False values
|stores integers of size 8 bit
|Stores a character
|Double precision floating point
|Single precision floating point
|Stores a integer
|Stores long integer
|Stores a short integer
The Boolean data type, has only two possible values. true, or false. Used often in Logic gates or logical operations.
a = true;
a = false;
The char data type is a 16 bit type having a range of 0 to 65,535. Java uses Unicode, hence the large range. Since ASCII is a subset of Unicode, Java char data type and ASCII are compatible. (ASCII range is from 0 to 127). The purpose of using Unicode is to ensure portability across all systems.
There are two kinds of data types to represent decimals values in Java. The only difference between them is the range of values they support. The first is float, which is a 32 bit data type, and the second is double, which is a 64 bit data type. double is more often used type both by programmers and Java’s functions itself.
In the above image you can all the different data types used to store numerical values in Java.
With int being the most commonly used, long is used in situations where very large numerical values need to be stored. Similarly, the short integer is used where only small values are required.
The larger the data type, the more memory it consumes. Hence pick carefully according to the situation at hand. Below are some situations laid out for three integer types.
a = 40 * 10
b = 40 * 40 * 40
c = 40 ^ 10
Java Type Promotion in Expressions
When an expression is being evaluated, you are bound to find several different data types interacting with each other. This can cause issues due to each data type having different limitations imposed on it. Hence, Java has a system called type promotion which it uses to “promote” all the data types to one same data type. The expression is then evaluated.
Keep in mind, promotion only works on compatible data types. for instance, Strings and int will never be compatible. On the other hand, short and long are compatible since they both hold numerical values.
Java’s type promotion rules.
First, all char, byte, and short values are promoted to int. Then, if one operand is a long, the whole expression is promoted to long. If one operand is a float operand, the entire expression is promoted to float. If any of the operands is double, the result is double.
It is important to understand that type promotions apply only to the values operated upon when an expression is evaluated. For example, if the value of a byte variable is promoted to int inside an expression, outside the expression, the variable is still a byte. Type promotion only affects the evaluation of an expression.
Due to their close relationship, you should also check out the Java Operators Article.
This marks the end of our Java Data Types article. Any suggestions or contributions for CodersLegacy are more than welcome. Any questions can be asked below in the comments.