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Dethatching Guide - When & How To Dethatch Your Lawn
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Thatch is the organic layer of living and dead grass blades, leaves, stems and roots that lies between the soil layer and the grass blades. When the thatch layer is about 1/2-inch thick, it helps retain moisture, provides some insulation between temperature extremes, and creates a cushioning effect in the lawn. When the thatch layer is more than 1 inch thick, it becomes problematic. Too much thatch can increase pest and disease problems, keep moisture and nutrients from reaching the grass roots, and even suffocate the grass roots.
The thatch layer builds up when grass clippings and mulched leaves cannot break down fast enough. Several factors can cause this. Common causes of thatch build up include: too much fertilizer, pesticide use, compacted soil, low soil pH and overwatering.
Spreading grasses are more prone to thatch build-up than clump-forming grasses. Common spreading grasses include bluegrass, Bermuda grass and some fescues. Clumping grasses include tall fescue and perennial ryegrass.
Too much thatch can kill the grass. Thus, dethatching, or the removal of thatch is necessary. During dethatching, a dethatching rake or power dethatcher is used to loosen and pull out the thatch layer. The thatch is then raked up and removed from the lawn. Once the thatch is removed, the grass able to easily absorb water and nutrients.
While both dethatching and aeration are used to better enable water, nutrients and air to reach grass roots, they are different processes and used for different reasons. Dethatching is used when the layer of thatch becomes too thick. Aeration is used when the soil is compacted. Aeration involves using a mechanical device to poke holes in the soil and often remove soil cores. This allows water, air and nutrients to reach the grass roots. If the thatch build-up is caused by compacted soil, then both dethatching and aeration may be necessary. Aeration can also help loose thatch for removal.
The easiest way to determine if it's time to dethatch your lawn is to measure the thatch layer. If it's more than 1 inch thick, then dethatching is recommended. Your lawn may also be showing the ill effects of too much thatch. Common signs include thin or weak grass. The lawn may also feel spongy because of a thick layer of thatch.
Dethatching should be done when the grass is growing. In northern regions of the country where cool-season grasses are prominent, this is often in early spring or the fall. In southern regions where warm-season grasses are prominent, late spring or early summer is best. Avoid dethatching during the heat of the summer or other times when your lawn is dormant or stressed.
Practicing good lawn care reduces how often you may have to dethatch your lawn. As long as the organic material, such as grass clippings and mulched leaves, breaks down and does not build up, then you won't have to dethatch. If you work on preventative measures after dethatching, you may not have to dethatch your lawn again.
To prevent that organic build-up of thatch, use good lawn practices including:
- Avoid overwatering
- Avoid using too much fertilizer, especially nitrogen
- Avoid the unnecessary use of pesticides. Pesticides can kill worms that breakdown organic material.
- If soil compaction is a problem, aerate the lawn.
- Mow the lawn at the recommended height for the type of grass.
When dethatching a lawn, first find the right tool. For small lawns, a dethatching rake can be used. For larger spaces, consider renting a vertical cutter or power rake.
Before dethatching, mow the lawn a bit shorter than you usually do. This makes it easier to pull the thatch up above the grass. In most cases, use the dethatching tool in one direction, and then make a second pass over the lawn in a perpendicular direction.
Once the thatch is on the surface of the grass, rake up the thatch and compost it.
Because grass roots are often disturbed during dethatching, treat the lawn with extra care afterwards. This is a good time to fertilize and water the lawn. If there are some bare spots, then overseed with a quality grass seed. It's also a good time to do a soil test and determine if soil amendments are needed. Lawn supplies, including soil analyzers and broadcast spreaders, are available that make the job easy.
Q. Over the years, I've watched my lawn deteriorate, despite using professional lawn care. Only about 70% is now in good shape, and it is completely barren on a berm near some trees. The lawn-cutting guy does not remove the grass clippings, which act as a mulch. Should I aerate, de-thatch and reseed? Any advice would be appreciated. Thanks.
- --Avi in West Windsor, NJ
So, let's review the real, non-toxic needs of Spring lawns across the country.
People with cold winters tend to grow cool-season lawns; typically bluegrass in sunny spots and fescue in shade. These grasses thrive in cool weather, go dormant at the peak of summer and may not survive a really hot climate. Cool season grasses growing in sun should be cut at a height of three inches; in shade, at least an inch and a half higher.
People with warmer winters grow warm-season grasses, like Bermuda in sun and St. Augustine in shade. These grasses love the heat, but go dormant—or just plain die—in freezing cold. These grasses can take a lower cut, although grass in shade should always be higher than grass in sun.
People in the Transition Zone—a gigantic swath that covers the entire center of the Eastern half of the country (and then some)—have hot summers and cold winters, and are therefore doomed.
Being in New Jersey, Avi presumably has a doomed cool-season lawn. The first thing he and his fellow cool-seasoners should do is get ready to spread a corn gluten meal 'weed and feed' that's labeled as a pre-emergent herbicide (not animal feed) when the local forsythia and/or red buds first begin to bloom. Ten to twenty pounds per thousand square feet of turf will feed your lawn perfectly, prevent dormant weed seeds like crabgrass from sprouting, and not poison you, which is always good. Cool season lawns should not be fed again until Fall. (That's right; the best "Summer Guard" is to guard your grass against "Summer Guard".)
The second thing cool-seasoners need to do is not seed, reseed, over seed, or any other seed in Spring. Fall is the only time to sow seed for a cool-season lawn. (You can lay sod safely in Spring, but its much more expensive than seed.) Fall is also when you should aerate a cool-season turf that heavy foot traffic has compacted, and do any de-thatching. Thatch (browned-out grass parts on the surface of the lawn) is caused by overfeeding with chemicals, NOT, by mulching clippings back into the turf.
Which brings us to Avi's troubling statement about grass clippings as a mulch on his lawn. Lawns don't get mulched, and visible clippings would smother grass, not protect it. But ' mulching mowers', which have sealed decks that cut and recut grass blades until they fall back to the earth as a virtually invisible powder, are great. Returning that high-nitrogen powder to the soil provides half the food your lawn needs in a given year.
Areas, that are elevated above the rest of the lawn—like Avi's barren 'berm'—dry out fast and are difficult to keep grassed. If possible, level out that uprising and plant sod on it now or seed it in mid to late August. If the raised area can't be altered, sod it now and keep it watered until the sod establishes. Then keep it watered, period! Raised areas always need more water than the rest of a lawn; a soaker hose dripping slowly at the apex would be ideal; anything that delivers a lot of water fast would be bad. If the area is shady, you'll have to overseed every couple of Falls no matter what; grasses that thrive in shade can't spread to repair damage like sun-loving grasses.
Q. Mike; I quote from your Fall lawn advice: "The care of warm season grasses like zoysia that turn tannish-brown and go dormant for the winter in the North is very different than that of cool season grasses." So what do I do for my mostly zoysia lawn? And when? And what about the bare spots where it won't grow in the shade? Thanks!!
- ----Rich in Fairfax, Va
You're growing the most common warm-season grass in the transition zone (which your suburb of Washington, D.C. pretty much defines). Wait until it greens up from its winter dormancy, then begin a series of three feedings spaced equally apart while the grass is green. The usual recommendation for warm-season lawns is to use about a pound of nitrogen per thousand square feet of turf each time, but zoysia builds up thatch much easier than other grasses, so only use half that much. Corn gluten meal would be perfect for any of the feedings (5 to 10 pounds per thousand square feet); otherwise use a gentle organic fertilizer labeled for use on lawns (meaning it provides mostly nitrogen) at half the recommended strength.
The further South you go, the more food a warm-season turf needs—up to five summer feedings in the deep South. And you want to make that a full pound of nitrogen per thousand square feet every time for warm season grasses other than zoysia.
All warm-season grasses should be established now; in Spring to early Summer. You can seed Bermuda grass, but most of the others have to be planted with sod, sprigs or plugs. Spring is also the time to do any necessary de-thatching or core aeration on warm-season turf.
Now, that zoysia should grow pretty well in shade; get a fresh supply of sprigs or plugs and plant them thickly in the bare spots. Keep them watered, but don't drown them, as plants in shade use much less water than plants in sun.
Iowa State University lawn care expert Professor Nick Christians also suggests letting the zoysia get taller—say three inches—in those shady areas. Dr. Nick recommends that ANY grass in shade be cut as high as possible, so there's more solar collector to keep the roots alive. Otherwise, warm-season grasses take a shorter cut than cool-season turfs; for warm-season turf in sun, keep the height at two inches.

domain: biology


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Alien Jack is a sativa-dominant hybrid that may give the patient an uplifting, cerebral effect. This strain is often used to help alleviate fatigue, depression, pain, and stress. The three most prominent terpenes in this strain are d-Limonene, beta-Caryophyllene, and beta-Pinene. Alien Jack live resin vape cartridge, 0.5g or 500 milligrams, a half of a gram, from the Bloom Brand brand offering a sativa experience of the Jack Herer strain with terpinolene terpenes with 82.64% THC.
THC percentage amounts are average, individual items may vary.

domain: medical


Single Note Series Includes:
Composing and Improvising Strong Melodies Class Content | Steve Herberman
Creating memorable melodies can be challenging, especially in the midst of an improvised solo. In this class we’ll examine a wide array of great melodies and see what makes them eminently sing-able and memorable. The makings of a great melody involve the balancing of the three elements of music: harmony, rhythm and melody. By studying a wide variety of melodies of the master American popular song composers and jazz improvisers, I’ll illustrate the concepts behind what make these phrases work. Once these devices are explored they can translate into the creation of consistently strong and swinging melodies. Concepts will include: weaving guide tone lines into a melody, melodic and rhythmic repetition, scale and arpeggio usage, line contours, rhythmic displacement, phrase length considerations, how to build lines that swing, creating lines from chord extensions and melodic embellishment. Also I’ll demonstrate chord visualization as an aid to see the melodic/harmonic connection on the guitar fingerboard. Using existing melodies as a springboard for your improvisations can be invaluable and there will be written examples of all of these as well as video demonstrations. Get ready for a fun and meaningful study of melody.
View clips from this class
|Composing and Improvising Strong Melodies|
|Composing and Improvising Strong Melodies||01:39:00|
Melodic Embellishment 1 Class Content | Steve Herberman
Wes Montgomery, Johnny Hodges, Ben Webster, and Louis Armstrong were true masters of the art of melodic embellishment. In this class we’ll look at the techniques utilized by these jazz greats and others who excelled at melodic invention on the popular songs of the day.
Developing strong skills in melodic embellishment is one of the most important ways to truly connect with a song. It is also very effective as a springboard for improvisation while still maintaining the essence of the song. Topics that will be addressed will be guide tone lines, countermelodies, leading improvised lines into melody notes or chord tones, approach note patterns with target tones and upper and lower neighbor tones, ornamentation, “musical asides”, rhythmic displacement, and more. Common standard tunes will be used with pages of written examples outlining different types of melodic embellishment principles. Many of the techniques discussed in the class are also applicable to improvised single note soloing where target tones or goal notes are employed. At the end of the class these principles will be demonstrated in a polyphonic manner using 2 and 3 note structures where melodic embellishment meets modern harmony.
View a clip from this class.
|Melodic Embellishment 1|
|Melodic Embellishment 1||01:31:00|
Guide Tone Lines: Soloing on a “Bird” Blues Class Content | Steve Herberman
Guide Tones lines can be the missing link for many improvisers when soloing over chord changes. Knowing the chord tones of each chord and their possible chord scales are only part of the equation. Using the Charlie Parker tune “Blues For Alice” we’ll explore the many benefits achieved from the study and practice of guide tone lines for both soloing and comping.
This in-depth class comes with 12 pages of material written in standard notation that accompany the 90 minute video. Each guide tone line (both ascending and descending) is followed by notated solo choruses and/or excerpts that illustrate each line. Various lines are mixed together to create endless possibilities outlining several approaches: Voice-leading triads and 7th chords and upper chordal extensions and voice-leading intervals through a progression.
Other highlights of the class include:
Rhythmic approaches to soloing with guide tones
Guide tone lines on turnarounds
Mixing common tones with guide tone lines
Balancing phrases off one another
The use of sequences and repetition
If you’ve wanted your solo phrases to have a more logical flow then manipulating the guide tone lines can give you that needed structure. Solo lines become more sound benefitting from an important compositional approach used by the great composers and songwriters. Good line architecture can greatly strengthen one’s soloing abilities. This class offers an enjoyable look at guide tone lines focused on an interesting variation of the 12 bar blues.
View a clips from Steve’s class
|Guide Tone Lines: Soloing on a "Bird" Blues|
|Guide Tone Lines: Soloing on a "Bird" Blues||01:27:00|
Jazz Line Construction Class Content | Steve Herberman
In TAB and standard notation 22 pages of written material
This eye-opening 98 min. class quickly gets to the root of problems many players have with constructing strong lines that really “nail” the chord changes. A step by step process is outlined in great detail with five written studies along with a Wes Montgomery transcribed solo of Airegin (TAB included) with analysis of this great solo.
By following the course it will make it easier to play longer lines that arrive at target notes at just the right times. Some guitarists tend to rely on short, stunted lines and others may limit their range to the upper three strings. Another common problem is soloing in one position much of the time or having difficulty transitioning from one position to another. The directional studies included with this class make good practice of using the entire range of the instrument, breaking the guitarist out of habitual patterns when soloing. Lines will have better balance and purpose with fewer “run-on sentences.”
With target notes in mind along with scales and arpeggios readily available in all 5 position from any degree, voice leading the lines is the next step outlined in the class. It’s a step that some guitarists don’t get around to practicing and can be extremely valuable!
On certain tunes guitarists may play either mostly from a scale approach or from an arpeggio approach. Jazz Line Construction will have the player utilize both scales and arpeggios sometimes within the same phrase. Striking a good balance with target notes in the right places and adding rhythmic variation, the solo can both swing and sing. The solo examples included with the class employ guide tone lines, approach note patterns, delayed resolutions, anticipations, sequences, hemiolas, bebop scales, and other useful compositional devices. If you have trouble conceiving those convincing single note lines you hear by your favorite players, than this class may be for you! By following this step by step approach you will be on the path to playing solid and swinging single note lines.
|Jazz Line Construction|
|Jazz Line Construction||01:38:00|
Blues-Part I – Call and Response Class Content | Steve Herberman
The call and response concept is the foundation of the Blues and in this Master Class for all instruments this important concept is examined in-depth. As part of many of the examples there is space for YOU to improvise!
Some of the exercises in this class are appropriate for solo guitar and many are perfect to play with a bassist and with a group. Issues such as phrasing, dynamics and articulation are discussed along with the following devices: “Verbatim” repetition and fingerings on different octaves, repetition at different pitch levels, keeping track of target tones, improvising in the spaces between chordal hits, mixing single note lines with octaves, 3rd and 6th intervals, and block chords. There are also contrapuntal examples pedals against 8th note and triplet-based lines and some incorporation of tritone-based comping below melodic lines.
Give your blues playing a sense of structure, direction and clarity and get the “big band in your hand” sound together!
- Running time, 110 Minutes
- 16 pages of written examples in standard notation and TAB
|Blues-Part I - Call and Response|
|Blues-Part I – Call and Response||01:50:00|
II-V-I Motivic Phrases Class Content | Steve Herberman
This six part Master Class utilizes some useful tricks in aiding the guitarist in devising their own motivic II-V-I single note lines. Not only will the lines have a solid structure but the dominant sevenths will contain some spicy altered sounds.
The best part about these concepts is that they are relatively simple to apply to the guitar fingerboard.
The six parts are broken down into using the following scales over II-V-I’s in a structured manner:
Real melodic minor scales, Dorian scales, Minor 6 pentatonic (Coltrane pentatonic) scales, Bebop Dorian scales, Minor 6/diminished (Barry Harris scales) and Harmonic Major scales used over minor II-V-1’s.
The examples are played over a backing track and thoroughly analyzed. Different keys are used to get the player into all positions of the fingerboard.
Check out this fun Master Class on single note line II-V-I lines getting these concepts firmly in your mind and fingers. Your soloing will be filled with some new motivic and exciting altered lines.
- 12 pages of PDF examples including TAB and standard notation
- 95 min. running time
|II-V-I Motivic Phrases|
|II-V-I Motivic Phrases||01:36:00|


Bike brakes are a critical component of your bike that help you control how fast and how far you go. If they start squeaking, it can be frustrating- especially if you don’t know the cause or solution! This article will discuss both why your bike brakes might be squealing, as well as give solutions for fixing them.
So why do bike brakes squeak? The most common reason for bike brakes squeaking is contamination on the brake pad from extended periods of use with sand, dirt, and grease. There are of course other reasons such as painted rims, an incorrect setup and more.
Contamination on the brake pad
This is by far the most common reason for squeaking brake pads . To fix this issue, you should remove the brake pads from your rim and clean them with a rubber brush, degreaser (like this one right here) or compressed air.
This will help loosen any dirt that’s on top of pad for easy removal when scrubbing it down aggressively against an abrasive surface (e g concrete).
So what causes this? Not keeping your bike clean will introduce dirt, grease, and more to the brake surface, that then ends up on your brake pads.
To keep this from happening , you should wash and clean your bike regularly to avoid this problem.
Less expensive bikes have painted brake surfaces
One of the quickest checks, especially if you have an entry level bike, is to check what surface your brakes are in contact with. Rim brakes have this issue a lot, where the manufacturer will paint the rim with a black paint coat.
This layer of paint gives a very different surface for braking than a shiny metal surface and results in the brake pad getting stuck on this layer of paint, causing the squeak.
If you have a bike with rim brakes and it starts to squeal then take your bicycle into any reputable shop where they can remove that black coating from around them – once done these problems should be gone! If not- read more below for some other options.
Brakes are not set up correctly
Another big reason for squeaking brakes comes down to an incorrect setup . If your brakes are not set up correctly, then they might be rubbing against the rim of a wheel. This can cause them to squeak while you ride or brake and is generally caused by an incorrectly positioned front fork (the part that holds on both wheels).
The culprit here could also just as easily have been something simple like improperly positioned pads, or maybe an alignment issue with your calipers.
Brakes can be a difficult item to adjust for beginners, which is why I recommend to take them to a mechanic.
A quick search for local bike shops in your area should give you plenty of options, but it is worth noting that some are better than others and can usually be gleaned from testimonials or comments on the website’s page (official reviews don’t lie).
Your brake pads are brand new
If there were ever a best case scenario for your bike brakes squeaking , it is this. With new brake pads on your bike, they tend to have a coating that just needs to be worn off by use, and then that should be it.
If they are still squeaking after a while, you might have bought some cheaper pads, and you will either want to live with it, or buy a bit nicer pads moving forward. Thankfully, brake pads are not exactly an expensive component, but can go a really long way.
Your brake pads are wet
Brake pads also will squeak for the simple reason that they are wet. This might seem like a strange reason, but after you have been riding in wet conditions for some time and not wiping down your bike afterwards. This is because water is a lubricant that results in squeaking.
If this is the case with yours then it’s really easy to fix! Simply take out whatever towel or rag that’s on hand (or ask someone nearby) wipe off the brake surface and pad until they are dry.
- Which is better: Bicycle Disc Brakes vs Rim Brakes
- Why Are My Bike Brakes Not Working?
- 9 Common Problems with your Bicycle, and how to fix them
Frequently Asked Questions
While squeaky brakes may be annoying, they aren’t necessarily dangerous because they stop your bike just fine. If you find that they are making the squeaking sound even after a few pumps, then this is an indication of other problems like rust and dirt buildup on them which should be addressed as soon possible. The only time when having squealing brakes can actually become dangerous for riders occurs if it leads to brake fade or brake failure.
While most reasons for bike brakes squealing are similar between the two different types of brakes, it is important to understand the difference. The difference between the two is that rim brakes have pads that clamp down on the rim of the wheel, while disc brakes have pads that clamp down on discs that you find near the center of the wheel.
Some riders might not like the sound of squeaky brakes, but they are a normal occurrence that will go away after some time. However, if you start to find that it goes past a squeak, and is now affecting the performance of your bike, you should get to a mechanic ASAP.
So now you know why your bike brakes might be squeaking, and what you can do about it. It is important to keep the brake surface as clean and dry, while also keeping your pads in good shape with regular maintenance so that they are ready for use anytime if necessary .


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Don't throw away your leftover wine - turn it into your own superb quality vinegar! The process is simple and takes only minutes to get started. Once your vinegar mother is cultured and producing, it will continue to provide you with fresh homemade vinegar for as long as you provide it with wine and water. This jar provides you with All-Natural Mother of Vinegar Culture and directions for making your own wonderfully delicious homemade vinegar. Since it is made from a neutral base (apple), it can be used to make either red or white wine. Or try it with any other flavored wine or fermented fruit or vegetable. Net Weight 8 Fluid Ounces INSTRUCTIONS: In a clean one gallon jar, combine 16 oz. wine, 8 oz. water, and contents of this jar. Cover with loose mesh cloth to allow air transference, and store at 80 degrees for 3 to 6 months for complete conversion. Using the same proportions as above, make more vinegar and use the rest of your culture for salads, cooking, cleaning, health, etc. Best results obtained with unsulfated wines. Pasteurize to stop conversion.
Live mother of vinegar culture for producing white wine vinegar at home
A healthy vinegar culture can produce an unlimited amount of vinegar
A vinegar mother can be divided to make new cultures
Type: White Wine Vinegar

domain: food


AFC-805 TIER 4 ANTI-GELLING is a unique and powerful anti-gelling broad-spectrum fuel additive specifically formulated for use in Diesel, Bio-fuels, Gasoline, Kerosene, and HFO. AFC-805 should be used as part of any preventative fuel maintenance program. AFC-805 is ideally used for cold weather applications where there is long term fuel storage, such as bulk fuel farms, winterized recreational and work boats, and also smaller engines.
AFC-805-8OZ (1 8oz Bottle Treats up to 320 Gallons of Fuel)
AFC-805-1-GAL (1 Gallon Treats up to 5000 Gallons of Fuel)
AFC-805-5-GAL (5 Gallons Treats up to 25K Gallons of Fuel)
AFC-805-55-GAL (55 Gallons Treats up to 275K Gallons of Fuel)
DOWNLOAD SPEC SHEET


The technician, Robert Helton, was very pleasant, helpful, and professional. He repaired the garage door opener expeditiously and explained why it hadn't worked properly. He also checked the chain mechanism and the door itself and showed me how to manually work the door should I need to do that in the future. I was very pleased with this repair work.
Step 5: Check for loose hardware, and tighten as needed. On swing-up doors, check the plates where the spring is mounted to be sure the screws are tight, and tighten any loose screws. On roll-up doors, check the hinges that hold the sections of the door together; tighten any loose screws, and replace any damaged hinges. Sagging at one side of the door can often be corrected by servicing the hinges. If a screw hole is enlarged, replace the screw with a longer one of the same diameter, and use a hollow fiber plug, dipped in carpenters' glue, with the new screw. If the wood is cracked at a hinge, remove the hinge and fill the cracks and the screw holes with wood filler. Let the filler dry and then replace the hinge. If possible, move the hinge onto solid wood.
Two of the spring references specifically for the garage-door industry are the APCO Spring Manual by Bill Eichenberger, and the Torsion Spring Rate Book by Clarence Veigel; these give tables of spring sizes and torque constants. Spring engineering principles in general are described in the Handbook of Spring Design published by the Spring Manufacturer's Institute; the formulas allow you to calculate torque constants knowing only the geometry and the Young's modulus of the material. You can also find some brief spring information in standard references like Machinery's Handbook and Marks' Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers.
Capable of lifting a seven-foot garage door up to 500 pounds in weight, the SilentMax 750 comes with a number of convenience features for automatic and remote use. The included wireless keypad and dual remote controls will insure that you are the only one that has access to the door. Compatible with a number of in-car remote systems like HomeLink, you can also keep the remotes at home if you are worried about losing the “keys.”
Even if one could somehow stretch and clamp the springs to the proper extra length, the process would still be more trouble, and there would be little or no reduction of risk. Lifting the full weight of the unsprung door by hand and clamping it in the raised position is dangerous in itself, and creates the same amount of stored energy as winding the springs, ready to slip out of your hands. Many doors won't travel far enough up the track to provide clearance to access the springs. You're also going to have to deal with winding stiff steel cables onto both lift drums at once without any resistance to maintain tension. Finally, even if you managed to complete the installation with the door raised, you then have to lower the massive door against an untested balancing torque. If you've made a mistake, then that massive door has nothing but your skeletal force applied through your meat clamps (hands) to prevent it from falling down and crushing whatever is in the way (perhaps your feet?).
Nate was very polite and knowledgeable about our garage door dilemma. He was prompt and earlier than the appointed time. He phoned ahead to alert us of his approximate arrival. He assessed the situation and gave us options to choose from. He educated us about our type of garage door and the opener that is typically used with it. He basically did an overall replacement of all moving parts, (spring, cables, bearings etc..). He made sure that the opener wasn’t damaged in any way from the broken spring on the garage door. He was finished within the hour. Everything works great and we are now able to get our vehicles out. When the spring breaks on your garage door, there is no way you can lift this door. It was a little expensive but at least we didn’t have to buy an entire door assembly.read more
Your garage door is most likely the largest opening on your home, and as a result, it can affect your home’s energy efficiency. For homes in areas that experience colder winters or warmer summers, choosing an insulated door can save you money and improve the comfort of your home. Doors insulated with our Intellicore® insulation technology operate more quietly and are more durable. We also offer insulated glass window options that can help maintain energy efficiency and allow natural light into your garage. Visit our insulation guide to learn more about garage door insulation, or learn more about Intellicore® here.
Having a mismatched pair makes it difficult to specify the correct matched-pair replacements. To obtain replacement springs for a mismatched pair, you can either specify the same odd pair, try to calculate the equivalent matched pair sizes, or (this is the best method:) measure an accurate door weight and calculate the right spring size(s) "from scratch". The spring seller should be able to do the calculations from your accurate measurements of weight, height, and drum size; or you can attempt the calculations yourself using my engineering formulas below.
Our garage door installation and repair professionals are courteous, knowledgeable, skilled and dedicated to your satisfaction. Let us show you what we’ve done for so many businesses and homes throughout Cincinnati and northern Kentucky when it comes to their garage doors, and what we can do for you. Once you’ve tried our services, you won’t have to search for a garage door service provider in this area ever again.
Trading wire size for length, diameter, or cycle life: Now we are really going to save you some money, if you just recall your high school algebra class (and I don't mean that cute cheerleader who sat next to you). If you further understand the role of the 4th power of the spring wire size (letter d in the formulas above) in the numerator of the spring rate formula, and how to increase or decrease d to compensate for changes in length, diameter, and cycle life, then you're qualified for elite spring calculations. Matching springs is a matter of equating the 4th power of the proportion in wire size change to the proportion of change in the diameter or length or the product of both diameter and length. However, it is usually best to only increase wire size when substituting a spring, since this does not derate the cycle life. If you observe that the formula for bending stress is proportionate to the inverse 3rd power of the diameter, then physically a proportionate increase in wire size will result in a dramatic increase in cycle life of the 3rd power of that proportion. Trade-off example: Yawn with me while we ponder my original spring once more. Let's say I was in a fit of engineering mania, and wanted to replace my spring having a 0.2253 inch diameter wire (d = 0.2253) with a 0.262 wire version (d = 0.262). How much longer is the spring with equal torque rate, assuming we use the same coil diameter? The proportion of this change is 0.262/0.2253 = 1.163, and the 4th power of that is 1.83. This means the length must increase by a factor of 1.83 (again, not counting dead coils). Recalling that the length in Example 1 was 102 non-dead coils, the heavier wire spring must be about 1.83*102 = 187 coils, which when adding 5 dead coils and multiplying by the wire size to get the overall length, is (187+5)*0.262 = 50 inches, versus 24 inches in the original. So using this heavier wire more than doubles the length (and thus the mass and thus the cost). While the cost about doubles, the stress goes down by the inverse 3rd power of the wire size proportion, or 1/(1.163**3) = 0.64. Sress is favorably, non-linearly related to cycle lifetime (halving the stress more than doubles the lifetime), so this decreased stress should more than double the expected lifetime of the spring. While the up-front cost is more, the true cost of an amortized lifetime is much less. In short, per cycle it is cheaper. Ah, the wonders of engineering calculations! Conclusion: Observe that the stress formula (and thus the cycle lifetime) depends only on wire diameter (d) for equal torques. Thus the only way to improve cycle lifetime is to use heavier wire. For equal torques, heavier wire size, due to the exponents in the formulas, increases cycle lifetime much faster than it increases mass (and thus cost), physically speaking.
I could not be happier with the service from Precision, and Tom, especially. About a year and a half ago I called to have my garage door that was sticking, repaired. Tom came out same day and replaced, adjusted, serviced all moving parts and got it going smoothly. He has since come out within hours of a call to adjust and keep (what might not be the best) door, (originally installed by someone else), operating well. I recommend Precision and Tom with complete confidence.
Get a price quote on a New Garage Door- Use our super-simple garage door designer to learn about the available options, pick the ones you like best, and send it to us for a free quote. It's the fastest way to shop for a garage door on the web. In less than 10 minutes, you'll have a much better idea what you want and get a price without sales pressure. Click garage door designer to get started...
Garage doors are the largest moving object inside your home. If you have a problematic garage door, it compromises the safety of your family and home. Ankmar Denver is a professional company you can count on. We provide you with quality service at a reasonable price. We offer FREE estimates on replacement garage doors and are spring replacement specialists. 24 hours a day 7 days a week we are your number one garage door repair service.
While there might not be a huge price range when it comes to garage door openers—they are all quite an investment—there a few less expensive options to consider. Here’s a great budget option from Chamberlain. It has a motor that’s equivalent to ½ horsepower and chain drive system that is quick and easy to install. You can also connect it to the MQ technology (gateway sold separately) to use with your smartphone. The product comes with two three-button visor remote controls, a multi-function wall control, as well as a wireless keyless entry system. It comes with a 10-year motor, two-year parts, and one-year accessories warranty.
After you’ve ordered your new garage door, we’ll perform a site inspection to confirm your door size. We’ll contact you to schedule the installation, and our professional installers will do the rest. They’ll deliver your door, take down the old door, reconnect your opener if there is one, seal your perimeter and provide a final walk-through where they’ll clean up the area and haul away your old door. Additional fees for haul away may apply in some markets. We are happy to provide answers to questions you may have at the time of your garage door and opener installation.
Replace your old garage door and give your home a new look. Make it a custom garage door down to the tiny details. It's easy, fun and you can put together as many as you like before you get the perfect style for your home. Try our online customized garage door selector tool, and you'll have the garage door of your dreams on its way to you in no time. Standard, yet dependable wood-look steel doors, grooved-panel steel doors and classic raised panel steel doors are some of your options. Boost your style with barn garage doors for a unique, old-time yet modern look. Choose from hundreds of garage styles including traditional, carriage house and contemporary. If you spend time in the garage, let some light in, get a garage door with windows. The garage doesn't have to be just for cars, use the space however you need it - a play room for the kids, a workshop for hobbies, a studio. Let fresh air in but keep the bugs out with a garage door screen.


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Also on these boards
Fabulous wedding bridal bouquet. Daffodils with orange centers are the real pop, but the other flowers are lovely too (roses, hydrangea...). And how about that vintage button dangle?
The more I see this idea of different dresses in the same color scheme the more I like it :)
bridesmaid bouquet // Photo: Roohi Photography // Event Planner: Alchemy Hour Designs // Venue: Barrington Hill

domain: design


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Steps to maintain swimming pool water chemistry
The swimming pool is a delightful place to spend time, where people of all ages enjoy their time together and achieve fitness goals without sacrificing their social life. In order to have a healthy outing in your pool, the quality of water should be regularly monitored and sanitized. Maintaining proper water chemistry is important to keep your pool water safe and enjoyable for swimmers. There are several factors to determine the grade of pool water such as:
- pH balance: pH is a basic measure of acidic and basic nature of pool water. Low pH makes the water corrosive, causes skin problems and high-value results in cloudy water which effects chlorine. Therefore, it neither be acidic nor alkaline and should be kept in the range of 7.2- 7.6 measure on a scale of 0.14 where the value 7 is termed neutral.
- Total alkalinity: To maintain proper pH balance the required amount of acid buffers or total alkalinity must be maintained in the pool. The proposed total alkalinity of a pool is 120-150 ppm.
- Calcium hardness: Calcium hardness is the amount of dissolved calcium in the pool water. The proper range of calcium hardness in pool water is 200-250 ppm for concrete pools and 175-225 ppm for vinyl pools.
- Chlorine: Stabilized chlorine helps to sanitize the water by killing the algae and bacteria present in the pool as well as eliminating the diffused grease and oils. The active chlorine in pool water should be tested regularly and maintained at an ideal range of 1-3 ppm.
- Shock: A shock treatment is a high concentration of chlorine, which adds 5-10 ppm of free chlorine to pool water. It is unsterilized chlorine which stays in the water for 12-24 hours and eliminates the organic waste, kills the pathogens and prevents the growth of algae. Do not use the pool after Shocking until the chlorine level is below 3 ppm.
- Metals: No metals like copper or iron should be allowed to be present in a swimming pool as they stain the pool and change the color of the water. A stain and scale remover should be deployed regularly to prevent staining and traces of metal must be removed from the pool.
Therefore, always use the pool chemicals exactly as directed with required protective equipment and also follow all precautions for their storage. A clean pool with clean water is the key to an enjoyable poor and a healthy body.

domain: chemistry


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Fast and Furious Canvas
Bold Bloc Design – Skyline Fast Abstract Furious Cars 200x113cm MULTI Canvas Art Print Box Framed Picture Wall Hanging – Hand Made In The UK – …
Our Fast and Furious canvas print, makes a beautiful addition to any room. Comes ready to hang and also available as a poster
Buy fast and furious canvas prints designed by millions of independent artists from all over the world. Our fast and furious canvas art is stretched on 1.5 inch thick stretcher bars and may be customized with your choice of black, white, or mirrored sides. All fast and furious canvas prints ship within 48 hours, include a 30-day money-back …
High quality Fast and Furious inspired Canvas Prints by independent artists and designers from around the world. Independent art hand stretched around super sturdy wood frames. Printed with durable, fade-resistant inks. Turn your home, office, or studio into an art gallery, minus the snooty factor. All orders are custom made and most ship …
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The Fast And The Furious Minimal Movie Poster by Chungkong is printed with premium inks for brilliant color and then hand-stretched over museum quality stretcher bars. 60-Day Money Back Guarantee AND Free Return Shipping.
Fast And Furious wall art for home and office decor. Discover canvas art prints, photos, mural, big canvas art and framed wall art in GreatBigCanvas.com’s varied collections.
Dark grey are dominant on this fast u0026 furious 8 car wall art canvas due to table below. Then almost black & warm grey color scheme is make it perfect.
Our Fast and Furious 3 Multi-Panel Canvas Print makes a beautiful addition to any room. Comes ready to hang and in a range of sizes.
Fast and Furious Poster, Fast and Furious Print, Fast and Furious Art, Fast and Furious Wall Art, Movie Poster, Fast and Furious 8 Nissan Skyline Fast And Furious Canvas Wall Art Print – Various Sizes FABCANVAS. 4.5 out of 5 stars (67) $ 17.25. Favorite Add to See similar

domain: artistic


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Unveiling the Truth: Demystifying Detoxification for Optimal Health
Detoxification is a natural process through which the body eliminates toxins and waste products to maintain optimal health. Our bodies have sophisticated systems, including the liver, kidneys, lungs, skin, and lymphatic system, that work together to rid the body of harmful substances. However, due to the increasing exposure to environmental pollutants and unhealthy lifestyle choices, our natural detoxification pathways can become overwhelmed. This can lead to a buildup of toxins in the body, potentially causing various health issues. Understanding how detoxification works and how we can support it is crucial for overall well-being.
Understanding the Body's Natural Detox Processes
Our bodies are equipped with sophisticated detoxification systems that work tirelessly to eliminate toxins and waste products. The liver plays a crucial role in detoxification by breaking down harmful substances and converting them into water-soluble compounds that can be excreted through urine or bile. Additionally, the kidneys filter the blood to remove waste products, while the lungs help expel toxins through respiration. The skin also plays a role in detoxification by eliminating waste products through sweat. Understanding and supporting these natural processes is essential for maintaining optimal health and well-being.
Common Misconceptions about Detox Diets
One common misconception about detox diets is that they are a quick fix for weight loss. While some detox programs may lead to initial weight loss due to water weight reduction, the long-term effectiveness of these diets for sustainable weight management is questionable. Another misconception is that detox diets can completely rid the body of toxins. In reality, our organs such as the liver and kidneys are primarily responsible for detoxifying the body, and a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can support their natural detoxification processes more effectively than a short-term cleanse.
Benefits of Supporting the Body's Detoxification Pathways
Supporting the body's natural detoxification pathways can have numerous benefits for overall health. By aiding the liver, kidneys, and digestive system in eliminating toxins, you can experience increased energy levels, improved digestion, clearer skin, and enhanced immune function. Additionally, supporting detoxification processes may help reduce inflammation in the body, promote weight loss, and enhance mental clarity. Incorporating nutrient-dense foods, staying hydrated, and engaging in regular physical activity are all ways to support these vital pathways for optimal health.
Practical Tips for a Healthy Detoxification Lifestyle
1. Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of water to help flush out toxins from the body.
2. Eat a Balanced Diet: Include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins to support your body's natural detox processes.
3. Limit Processed Foods: Reduce intake of processed foods high in sugar, salt, and unhealthy fats that can burden the liver and kidneys.
4. Exercise Regularly: Physical activity helps sweat out toxins and improves circulation for better detoxification.
5. Get Adequate Sleep: Aim for 7-9 hours of quality sleep each night to allow your body time to repair and detoxify.
6. Manage Stress: Chronic stress can hinder detoxification; practice relaxation techniques like meditation or yoga.
7. Avoid Toxins: Minimize exposure to environmental toxins like pesticides, pollutants, and chemicals found in household products.
By incorporating these practical tips into your daily routine, you can support your body's natural detoxification pathways and promote overall health and well-being.
Consultation with a Healthcare Professional before Starting a Detox Program
Before embarking on a detox program, it is crucial to consult with a healthcare professional. They can provide personalized guidance based on your medical history, current health status, and specific needs. A healthcare provider can help determine if a detox program is safe and suitable for you, considering any underlying health conditions or medications you may be taking. Additionally, they can offer valuable advice on the duration of the detox, potential side effects to watch out for, and how to support your body throughout the process. By seeking professional guidance before starting a detox program, you can ensure that your health and well-being are prioritized every step of the way.
In conclusion, understanding the intricacies of detoxification is crucial for maintaining optimal health. By debunking common myths and misconceptions surrounding detox diets, individuals can make informed choices about supporting their body's natural detox processes. It is essential to focus on a healthy lifestyle that includes a balanced diet, regular exercise, hydration, and adequate sleep to promote overall well-being. Consulting a healthcare professional before embarking on any detox program is advisable to ensure safety and effectiveness. Empower yourself with knowledge on detoxification to make educated decisions for a healthier life.
Published: 22. 03. 2024


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BEIJING, July 26 (Xinhua) — China Development Bank (CDB) has boosted loan support to manufacturing companies in the first half of the year to facilitate transformation and upgrade of the sector.
In the first six months, CDB gave 277.7 billion yuan of loans (about 39.7 billion U.S. dollars) to the manufacturing industry, up 45 percent year on year.
Outstanding loans to the sector amounted to 864.8 billion yuan by the end of June, according to the CDB.
The lender said it had set up a targeted loan program of 250 billion yuan to promote quality development in the manufacturing industry and an aid fund plan measuring 50 billion yuan to offer efficient and low-cost finance to companies involved in industrial and supply chains.
Official data showed that business activities of China’s manufacturing sector continued to pick up in June amid the country’s efforts to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic.
The purchasing managers’ index (PMI) for China’s manufacturing sector ticked up to 50.9 in June from 50.6 in May, according to data by the National Bureau of Statistics.

domain: news


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domain: sociology


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Rolled Canvas Poster
Printed on the same genuine artist-grade canvas you want to display, we now offer Rolled Canvas prints to give your photos a beautiful finish without the wrap!
- Ready to frame or stretch
Pigment based inks provide vibrant colors
Recommended Image Resolution: 300ppi (Pixels per inch)


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Decoupage wine labels are added to a bookcase to continue the wine country theme in this room.
Candy bowls are a fun and easy Halloween craft that you can make yourself.
For Thanksgiving dinner, create a special invitation and coordinating menu.
Turn your old magazines into a decoupage floor treatment.
Step-by-step directions to make a decorative, functional flower bucket.
The experts at DIY Network show you how to use paint, fabric and decoupage glue to upcycle an old wood dresser.
Scrapbooking shares tips on creating paper rose pages for Mother's Day.
Children's book illustrations decorate decoupage letters for a baby shower.
Create this funky freeform lampshade with beads, decoupage glue and a wire.
See how to use a circle template to make a variety of shapes.
Make vellum pockets for ticket stubs to embellish your Scrapbooking pages.
Learn the art of flower pounding for creating flower impressions.
Update tired furniture with these artistic suggestions. Give a boring dresser a quick new look by sticking your favorite vintage poster...
Learn how to use colorblocking to spice up any scrapbook.
Use glue, crafts, poems and paints to make a special book plaque.


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By Ignacio Estrada Cepero
Havana, Cuba: Once again human rights activists denounce the repression in the Eastern provinces, against a group of women who belong to the organization Ladies in White.
Such an embarrassing event was characterized by a group of elderly and paramilitary people armed with many different types of sticks, some people say, to impede the activists from going down the steps of the sanctuary of El Cobre. Last Sunday the 19th history repeated itself at feet of the Mother of all Cubans.
La Virgen de la Caridad, some time before the event, would welcome each of the fervent prayers made by these women who were demanding the release from jail of all Cuban prisoners and the end of violence. While these women were listening to the Sunday mass, a few meters away from them, the Ministry of the Interior police was preparing a crowd to repress them.
The event is repeated every Sunday in each provincial capital of the country. Repudiation rallies, temporary detentions, withdrawal of identity cards, the presence of police agents around the temples. These are some of the actions taken by the Ministry of the Interior police to stop these brave women, recognized by different international awards, from attending the churches.
These events are are not unknown to the Cuban ecclesiastic authorities, institutions that become accomplices of such provocative acts, carried out in their own headquarters by the Cuban authorities and their ambassadors of terror.
Maybe this is only the advance of what it will be like for these women when the Holy Pope visits the island next March. Just to think of the fact that Pope Benedicto XVI will be in the same place where Sunday after Sunday these women are repressed and besieged by persons without scruples before faith, makes me feel scared.
It can be imagined the Holy Pope accompanied by his followers all dressed in white going up and down in the presence of the Virgin. They would be surprised by the fact that wearing white clothing, they would be considered mercenaries or receive the repudiation of such orchestras prepared to repress unprotected women as well as human right activists.
Such a fact can only be thought in our minds, we know it is not going to happen, but we will continue asking ourselves how a government which proclaims women’s rights, social equity, equality and freedom like that of speech just to mention an example, why it does not let women today walk along the streets claiming freedom for their loved ones?
Is it something that other women in a different time did not do?
It is a regrettable situation under which Ladies in White live. We must trust in that God who provides their strength, that soon there will be no tears in their eyes. We trust in God that soon their husbands, relatives and friends in prison return home.
As we can see, before the rage of those shaking on the throne before the encouragement of this group of women throughout the country, others like me will keep on asking themselves, until when will things like this happen.
Note the Increase of Violence Against Prisoners with HIV/AIDS.
The Cuban Alliance Against AIDS before the increasing number of beatings in the Cuban jails of prisoners with HIV/AIDS, is calling on international organizations of Human Rights to demand Havana to stop these violations to which prisoners with such disease are submitted.
The violence against prisoners of both sexes is known, the incorrect use of punishment in the isolation cells and the increase of self aggressions as a protest to a whole string of violations on the side of the penal authorities.
To all this, we can add the extremely bad medical assistance, the lack of medicines, malnutrition and humiliating treatment.
The Cuban Alliance Against AIDS alerts the world and asks to stop these violations which put in danger the physical integrity of Cuban prisoners affected by HIV/AIDS in the six penitentiaries in the island.
Ignacio Estrada Cepero
Cuban Alliance Against AIDS
email@example.com Twitter: @desidahoy
Translated by AnonyGY
February 20 2012


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He has been a member of the Presidency of CSEBA for a few years now. Over the years, he has made a strong contribution to establishing closer relations between this part of the world and the PR China, on an economic, political and cultural level. The bonds between this part of the world and China are now significantly better than at the time (end of 2013) when an association was launched. Alan also contributed, especially in the logistics segment.
Professional and human approach recommended him for this honorary function, Alan's colleagues from CSEBA said.
We believe that in the future Alan will also give a key contribution to the further strengthening of the relations between Croatia, the region and the PR China.

domain: economics


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MOON MEDICINE BY LUNA
Holistic, Integrative & Inclusive Healthcare
healing journeys, treatments + mentorship
FIVE ELEMENT acupuncture
INTUITIVE GUIDANCE + SPIRITUAL TEACHINGS
LIFESTYLE + MINDFULNESS
"The work we have done in the last two sessions has changed my life and will continue to do so everyday.
I would like to express my gratitude for you, Luna. For being on this journey with me. Coming from being someone with PCOS who never had regular cycles. Like 104 day cycles. Pain that would take me out for days at a time.
I am happy to report that I now have regular cycles, know when I ovulate and have very minimal discomfort during my moon time.
Never mind the feeling of being whole and at home in my body.
You have helped me find my voice and my way!
Thank you Luna!"
- Patient Testimonial of the Reset Healing Journey - December 2019
"I walk out of our sessions feeling capable of transformation, both grounded and resilient.
Luna is truly a gift. She embodies loving kindness, she is intentional, intuitive, present, and powerful.
She has listened whole heartedly and without judgement to the intersections of my physical/mental/emotional bodies and provided insightful and sustainable guidance.
Working with Luna feels like a devotional to myself and my healing."
- Patient Testimonial of the Alignment Healing Journey - July 2020
"Luna is so amazing I am telling everyone!
I did her month long healing journey and had to go back.
I've been seeing her since Christmas and she has helped me heal myself in so many beautiful ways.
She's helped me open up my heart big time and realigned my body! My cycle is regular with minimal symtpoms!
She helped me with my digestion and diet.
She's taught steps to help me forgive heavy childhood trauma and more recent ones.
She's given me the tools to release energies that are not my own and don't serve me!!! (This was big big for me)
She helped me so much in this huge transitional period of my life. New career, recently single and just moved. I am soooo beyond grateful.
I feel empowered in my own body again. Learning to listen and trust my body. I just can't thank her enough. ♡"
- Patient Testimonial of the Reset Healing Journey - March 2021
"Luna is a goddess and reminds you that you are too.
She is thorough in her physical and emotional treatments, and is always gentle and kind.
she validates and holds space for your experience and gives tangible direction to address spiritual/mental/emotional ailments.
I can honestly say that two treatments helped shift my perspective and attitude so fundamentally as to set me off in a more positive direction in my healing journey,
& Luna has continued to be so supportive of me from afar. I am so grateful for her wisdom and support."
- Patient Testimonial - June 2020
~ Thursdays 2-8pm
~ Fridays 2-8pm
~ Saturdays 2-8pm
~ (Select) Sundays 2-6pm
1864 OAK BAY AVENUE
Victoria, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada.
Located on the Unceded Territories of the Lekwungen & Coast Salish Peoples,
with deep gratitude.
FREE Parking in the lot beside the Clinic.
Bus Route #2 & #8

domain: health


text: Another carefully selected TS playlist for you to enjoy. This week we feature ten new cuts from the likes of Tommy Awards, Photay, Moo Latte, Byron The Aquarius, Kyle Hall, Max Ransay, PRZ and more. As always we hope you discover some exciting music new tunes. Listen to the playlist below and follow us on SoundCloud, Mixcloud, and Tumblr for more new music. Press play and enjoy!


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Whatever your reason, you may have decided to get plastic surgery to correct an issue on your body. While many people believe that this kind of procedure is purely cosmetic, it can still have a great impact on your life and improve many different areas on your body that have caused hardship. The difficult part about getting plastic surgery, once you have decided to go that route, is finding a surgeon that you think will get the job done the way that you want it. Aside from that, you will want someone who can maintain a certain level of professionalism as well as empathy for their clients during the procedure. Here are a few tips to help you with that part of the process.
1. First and foremost, make sure that your surgeon is board certified. The American Board of Plastic Surgery has a website that details which doctors in the United States are certified by their standards, and it is important to know that the surgeon you have chosen is on that list. Legally, any kind of doctor is eligible to perform plastic surgery; however, it doesn’t mean that they have the experience. If a plastic surgeon is board certified, that means he or she has had at least three years of training and experience. In addition to that they have taken oral and written exams to be tested on the correct method of doing things in the operating room. So in other words, it provides you with the security that you can trust who is working on you.
2. Find out from the surgeon if they have hospital privileges. Even if your procedure won’t require it, you will still want to know that your surgeon has those privileges if you want them. Overall, it just shines a good light on the reputation of your doctor and makes his operation look even more legitimate. It can be a huge red flag if the doctor doesn’t have such privileges.
3. Be sure to ask a lot of questions when considering a certain doctor. In order to make sure that you know you are in the right hands for this kind of procedure, it is important to really grill the surgeon that you are thinking of hiring. The more questions you ask, the more you will find out about the whole process and clear up any concerns that may be bothering you. Any doctor that you are trusting to do plastic surgery on you should know every detail about it, so don’t hold back on the inquiries.
4. Having a connection to your potential surgeon is another thing that may be helpful in picking out a new plastic surgeon. If you can relate to the person, hold a conversation, feel comfortable and feel like the person truly cares about your well-being over just making money, it could make all the difference in the world. Knowing that you can trust him or her is one of the biggest aspects of it, so allow yourself the time to find someone who fits that mold.
5. If the surgeon suggests a several procedure project, keep your guard up. There are many decent plastic surgeons out there that enjoy their job because it helps people. However, there are also a lot of doctors who only have one motivation: money. If a surgeon tells you that a certain procedure will take multiple visits, try to verify that through a reliable source before taking his offer. Every time you need to be worked out, they are earning a lot of money. But your wallet isn’t the only concern here, as the health risk for this kind of procedure all goes up each time you go under the knife. Don’t be shy about finding out the facts of your surgery.
Dr. Gregory H. Croll is the owner of his own practice, and the leading doctor for plastic surgery Columbia MO has to offer.


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- Congressman: McAuliffe victory means gun control a winning message
- Clinton aide admits soliciting disgraced D.C. fundraiser; says actions were legal
- Joel Osteen church victimized in $600K theft
- Obama goes shopping at Gap as minimum-wage thanks
- N.J. woman charged after client dies from black-market butt injections
- CIA chief Brennan ‘determined’ to speak out more this year
- Reset? What reset? U.S.-Russia ties at worst since Cold War
- 9/11 terror recruiter released in Syrian prisoner swap
- D.C. elections board gives green light to marijuana legalization initiative
- Elephants can tell difference between human languages: study
Tension surrounds Latvian vote on Russian as 2nd language
Latvia’s ruling parties, meanwhile, have issued an official statement in support of a single official language. They are encouraging voters to participate in the referendum and deny Russian inclusion.
Latvian President Andris Berzins recently announced he would vote against the referendum, which some politicians suspect has been orchestrated by the Kremlin.
“The whole thing is related to state Duma and presidential elections in Russia. In order to win, the ruling party needs to create an enemy abroad so that there is something to unite against,” said lawmaker Dzintars Rasnacs of the nationalist National Alliance party.
Referendum supporters deny claims of Kremlin involvement.
“There is a medical term for this, and it’s paranoia,” Mr. Osipov said. “We live off donations, and our funding is completely transparent. These are just conspiracy theories. Some people always want to find someone to blame, be it Jews, Russians or the Kremlin.”
The referendum will need about 800,000 votes to pass. About 600,000 Latvians identify themselves as ethnic Russian, according to a recent census.
Some analysts see the referendum as a tool for the political parties to boost their popularity.
“During the 20 years of Latvia’s independence, our political elite were very eager to bring up painful subjects,” said Ivars Ijabs, assistant professor at the University of Latvia. “Today they are doing it again.
“Language is an identity question for ethnic Latvians. It’s painful, and these days, some people feel alarmed.”
c Louise Osborne in Berlin contributed to this report.
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Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and its Impact on Tumor MetastasisView this Special Issue
Long Noncoding RNA RMRP Contributes to Paclitaxel Sensitivity of Ovarian Cancer by Regulating miR-580-3p/MICU1 Signaling
Ovarian cancer is a prevalent female malignancy affecting the health and life of an increasing population of women around the world. Paclitaxel (PTX) resistance is a significant clinical problem in the treatment of ovarian cancer. However, the regulation mechanism of PTX resistance remains unclear. In this investigation, we reported an innovative function of the long noncoding RNA RMRP in promoting PTX resistance and glycolysis of ovarian cancer cells. We observed that RMRP was highly expressed in the ovarian cancer samples, in which the expression of RMRP was elevated in the PTX-resistant patients compared with the PTX-sensitive patients. Meanwhile, RMRP was upregulated in PTX-resistant ovarian cancer cell lines. Functionally, we found that the silencing of RMRP by siRNA significantly enhanced the PTX sensitivity of PTX-resistant ovarian cancer cells, in which the IC50 of PTX was reduced by RMRP depletion. The RMRP knockdown reduced cell viabilities and enhanced cell apoptosis of PTX-resistant ovarian cancer cells. Moreover, we observed that glucose uptake was enhanced in PTX-resistant ovarian cancer cells. The depletion of RMRP decreased glucose uptake, lactate product, and ATP production in PTX-resistant ovarian cancer cells. About the mechanism, we identified that RMRP was able to sponge miR-580-3p to enhance mitochondrial calcium uptake 1 (MICU1) expression in PTX-resistant ovarian cancer cells. MICU1 overexpression and miR-580-3p repression could reverse the RMRP-inhibited proliferation of PTX-resistant ovarian cancer cells in vitro. Thus, we concluded that RMRP contributes to PTX resistance and glycolysis of ovarian cancer by enhancing MICU1 expression through sponging miR-580-3p. Targeting RMRP may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of PTX-resistant ovarian cancer patients.
Epithelial ovarian cancer ranks as the most lethal gynecological cancer, severely threatening the quality of life of women around the world . The primary cause of the high lethality is mainly due to the lack of typical early symptoms and screening manners . Hence, most patients with ovarian cancer are not diagnosed until an advanced stage . The global standard of clinical management of ovarian cancer mainly includes surgical operations and chemotherapy . Despite the fast development of therapeutic means, paclitaxel and carboplatin have remained the most prevalent chemotherapy agents for ovarian cancer for the past decades . Nevertheless, tumor recurrence occurs following the long-term administration of chemotherapy drugs due to the development of multidrug resistance (MDR) [1, 3]. Among the developed drug resistance, paclitaxel (PTX) resistance constantly contributes to the failure of ovarian cancer clinical therapy . Increasing evidence demonstrate that abnormal metabolic states, especially aerobic glycolysis, are involved in the chemoresistance of tumors . However, the understanding of the specific mechanisms of glycolysis regulating ovarian cancer chemoresistance is still limited.
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts with over 2000 nucleotides in sequence that do not translate into functional proteins . LncRNAs work by regulating gene expression at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, particularly functioning as sponges of miRNAs and interfering with their functions . It is well recognized that lncRNAs are involved in various biological processes during carcinogenesis, profoundly affecting cancer development as tumor activators or suppressors [7, 8]. For example, lncRNA LINRIS promotes colorectal cancer progression via regulating MYC-associated glycolysis . LncRNA RMRP is related to the growth and metastasis of multiple malignancies including hepatocellular carcinoma, bladder cancer, and nonsmall cell lung cancer [9, 10].
MiRNAs are a class of short noncoding RNAs with around 22 nucleotides in length, which are capable of suppressing mRNA translation to proteins via interacting with the 3′UTR of mRNA and causing degradation . MiRNAs were also closely related to the development of intrinsic or acquired drug resistance . For instance, Au Yeung et al. suggested that miR21 delivered by exosomes facilitated paclitaxel resistance of ovarian cancer cells . Previous studies reported miR-580 as a negative regulator of TWIST expression in breast cancer , suggesting the potential role of miR-580-2p in tumor progression.
Mitochondrial calcium uptake 1 (MICU1) is a critical regulator that controls Ca2+ uptake in mitochondria, mediates oxidative metabolism, and helps avoid accumulation of mitochondrial Ca2+ and cell death [15–17]. A recent study demonstrated that MICU1 was able to activate glycolysis and contributed to cisplatin-resistance in ovarian cancer, consequently promoting tumor growth and metastasis , suggesting its potential role in PTX-resistant ovary cancer. However, very limited studies have detailed the regulatory mechanisms of MICU1, especially the participation of miRNAs in MICU1-regulated tumor progression .
In this study, we found an elevated level of RMRP in ovary cancer patients that were resistant to PTX therapy, and the depletion of RMRP could notably suppress glycolysis. Further study on molecular mechanisms presented the interaction of RMRP with miR-580-3p and identified MICU1 as the target of miR-580-3p. This work presented lncRNA RMRP as a potential promoter of glycolysis and chemoresistance in ovary cancer, hinting at a potential target for adjuvant treatment of ovary cancer with PTX resistance.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patient Samples
The tumor samples and corresponding adjacent normal tissues were collected from 36 patients with ovarian cancer hospitalized at Cangzhou Central Hospital. The study was authorized by the ethics committee of Cangzhou Central Hospital. All patients were informed of the study and signed informed consent. Patient information was recorded, and 18 of the enrolled patients showed PTX resistance, which was defined by tumor recurrence within 6 months after standard chemotherapy.
2.2. Cell Culture and Treatment
Ovarian cancer cell lines SKOV3 and HeyA-8 were purchased from the Chinese Academy of Sciences Cell Bank of Type Culture Collection. The culturing of cells was carried out in a complete DMEM/F12 medium (Gibco, USA) added with 100 U/mL penicillin and 100 mg/L streptomycin (Sigma, USA). To achieve PTX-resistant, SKOV3 and HeyA-8 cells were constantly placed in culturing medium containing a middle-lethal dose of PTX (Sigma) and maintained in a culture medium with 10 nM PTX. The acquired PTX-resistant cell lines were named SKOV3/PTX and HeyA-8/PTX, respectively. All cells were incubated in a 37°C incubator filled with a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2.
2.3. Quantitative Real-Time PCR
Total RNA was extracted from patient samples and cell lines of ovarian cancer by using a TRIzol solution (Sigma) following the manufacturer’s protocol. The RNAs were quantified. A total amount of 1 μg RNA was reverse transcribed to cDNA by a cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Beyotime, China). A quantitative real-time PCR experiment was processed using a Talent qPCR PreMix (TIANGEN, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and the values were detected by an Applied Biosystem (Thermo, USA). The relative levels of RMRP, miR-580-3p, and MICU1 were calculated by using a 2−ΔΔCt method. The β-actin and U6 were used as internal control for normalization of mRNA and miRNA RNAs, respectively.
2.4. Cell Transfection
MiR-580-3p mimics, RMRP shRNA (shRMRP), and their corresponding negative control sequences were purchased from Qiagen (China). Transfection of miR-580-3p mimics and shRMRP into SKOV3/PTX and HeyA-8/PTX were processed by Lipofectamine 3000 reagent (Invitrogen, USA) under the instructions of the manufacturer. The efficacy of miR-580-3p mimics and shRMRP were evaluated through a real-time PCR experiment.
2.5. Cell Viability
The cell viability was assessed by a 3-(4, 5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) experiment. SKOV3/PTX, HeyA-8/PTX, and their parental cells were treated as indicated in each experiment, digested, suspended as single cells, and planted in 96-well plates (3 × 103 cells per well). At the end time point (24 h, 48 h, and 72 h), MTT reagent was added at a final concentration of 5 mg/ml in each well. Following a 4-hour incubation, the cell medium was discarded and replaced by 150 μl of DMSO in each well. The plates were gently shaken in the dark for 10 minutes. Absorbance at 490 nm was detected.
2.6. Detection of Glycolysis
The biomarkers of glycolysis include glucose uptake, lactate products, and ATP production in cells. In this study, the levels of glucose uptake, lactate, and ATP in SKOV3/PTX, HeyA-8/PTX, and their parental cell lines, as well as cells after siRMRP transfection, were detected by using corresponding kits following the manufacturer’s protocols. The Glucose Uptake Kit, Lactate Assay Kit, and Enhanced ATP Assay Kit were purchased from Beyotime. All experiments were performed in three replicates.
2.7. Luciferase Reporter Assay
The potential binding sites between miR-580-3p with RMRP or the 3′UTR region of MICU1 were analyzed on the TargetScan website (http://www.targetscan.org/vert_71/). The wild type sequences of RMRP and MICU1 were downloaded from the PubMed website, cloned, and inserted into the pMIR-REPORT plasmid (Promega, USA). RMRP-Mut and MICU1-Mut plasmids were obtained by mutating the sequences of the binding sites. RMRP-Mut and MICU1-Mut or their corresponding controls RMRP-WT and MICU1-WT were cotransfected with siRMRP or miR-580-3p mimics into 293T cells. After transfection for 24 hours, the luciferase activity was examined by a dual-luciferase reporter assay kit under the manufacturer’s instructions.
2.8. RNA Pull-Down Assay
Biotin-labeled wild type or mutated miR-580-3p (GenePharma, China) were transfected into cells for 24 hours. After that, the cells were lysed by NP40 lysis buffer and incubated with Dynabeads (Invitrogen) for 3 hours in gentle rotation. The beads coupled with RNA were then collected and lysed by TRIzol reagent. The enrichment of RMRP was detected by qPCR.
2.9. Western Blotting
Cells were harvested and lysed on ice by the ice-cold RIPA cell lysis buffer, which was added with a 1× protease inhibitor cocktail (Beyotime). Protein concentration was evaluated by a BCA quantification method. Subsequently, a total amount of 35 µg of extracted proteins were separated on 10% SDS-PAGE and transferred onto NC membranes. The blots were probed with specific primary antibodies (anti-MICU1, 1 : 1000, Abcam, USA; β-actin, 1 : 2000, Abcam) at 4 C overnight, followed by incubation with secondary antibodies at room temperature for 45 minutes. The blots were washed with TBST three times, followed by visualization with a Millipore ECL reagent (Millipore, USA) under a gel imaging system (BD Biosciences, USA).
2.10. Flow Cytometry
The portion of apoptotic cells of SKOV3/PTX and HeyA-8/PTX cells after indicated transfection was measured by flow cytometry. Cells were seeded in 6-well plates and subjected to the aforementioned treatment, collected and stained with PI and FITC-Annexin V for 15 minutes, then the fluorescence intensity was examined by flow cytometry (BD Biosciences) immediately.
2.11. Statistical Analysis
The statistical analysis of the data in the present study was performed via the SPSS software (Version 19.0). Data were shown as mean ± SD. A two-sided Student's t-test was applied for comparison between two experimental groups, while the one-way ANOVA method was applied to compare the difference between multiple groups. were set as the threshold for statistical significance.
3.1. RMRP Is Highly Expressed in Ovarian Cancer Tissues and PTX-Resistant Cells
Firstly, we evaluated the expression of RMRP in clinical ovarian cancer samples. We found that RMRP was highly expressed in ovarian cancer patients (n = 36) compared with that of normal cases (n = 36) (Figure 1(a)). Specifically, RMRP expression was enhanced in PTX-resistant patients (n = 18) than in PTX-sensitive patients (n = 18) (Figure 1(b)). Moreover, the RMRP was elevated in PTX-resistant HeyA-8 (HeyA-8/PTX) and SKOV3 (SKOV3/PTX) cells (Figures 1(c) and 1(d)).
3.2. RMRP Contributes to the PTX Resistance of Ovarian Cancer Cells
We then observed that HeyA-8/PTX and SKOV3/PTX cell lines presented an increased PTX IC50 compared with HeyA-8 and SKOV3 cell lines (Figures 2(a) and 2(b)). The expression of RMRP was silenced by siRNA in HeyA-8/PTX and SKOV3/PTX cells (Figure 2(c)). The depletion of RMRP by siRNA reduced the IC50 values of PTX in inhibiting HeyA-8/PTX and SKOV3/PTX cell viabilities (Figures 2(d) and 2(e)). Meanwhile, the knockdown of RMRP by siRNA enhanced HeyA-8/PTX and SKOV3/PTX cell apoptosis (Figures 2(f) and 2(g)).
3.3. RMRP Enhances Glycolysis of PTX-Resistant Ovarian Cancer Cells
We then assessed the correlation of PTX resistance with glycolysis in the HeyA-8/PTX and SKOV3/PTX cells. We found that the glucose uptake was enhanced in HeyA-8/PTX and SKOV3/PTX cells relative to HeyA-8 and SKOV3 cells (Figures 3(a) and 3(b)). The depletion of RMRP significantly reduced glucose uptake, lactate product, and ATP production in HeyA-8/PTX and SKOV3/PTX cells (Figures 3(c)–3(f)).
3.4. RMRP Is Able to Sponge miR-580-3p
To determine the mechanisms of RMRP-mediated PTX resistance in HeyA-8/PTX and SKOV3/PTX cells, the binding prediction analysis was performed in the ENCORI database. We found the potential interaction of RMRP with miR-580-3p (Figure 4(a)). The expression of miR-580-3p was enhanced by miR-580-3p mimic in HeyA-8/PTX and SKOV3/PTX cells (Figure 4(b)). The miR-580-3p mimic reduced the luciferase activity of RMRP in HeyA-8/PTX and SKOV3/PTX cells (Figures 4(c) and 4(d)). The silencing of RMRP repressed miR-580-3p expression in HeyA-8/PTX and SKOV3/PTX cells (Figures 4(e) and 4(f)). The direct interaction of RMRP and miR-580-3p was validated by RNA pull down in cells (Figure 4(g)). Moreover, the miR-580-3p was reduced in PTX-resistant HeyA-8/PTX and SKOV3/PTX cells (Figure 4(h)). Meanwhile, miR-580-3p reduced the IC50 values of PTX in inhibiting HeyA-8/PTX and SKOV3/PTX cell viabilities (Figures S1A and B). The treatment of miR-580-3p mimics enhanced HeyA-8/PTX and SKOV3/PTX cell apoptosis (Figures S1C and D).
3.5. MiR-580-3p Is Able to Target MICU1 in Ovarian Cancer Cells
We then identified the binding sites of miR-580-3p and MICU1 (Figure 5(a)). The luciferase activity and mRNA expression of MICU1 were repressed by miR-580-3p mimic in HeyA-8/PTX and SKOV3/PTX cells (Figures 5(b) and 5(c)). The knockdown of RMRP-inhibited MICU1 expression while miR-580-3p reversed the inhibition of MICU1 expression in HeyA-8/PTX and SKOV3/PTX cells (Figure 5(d)). The MICU1 was enhanced in PTX-resistant HeyA-8/PTX and SKOV3/PTX cells (Figure 5(e)). MICU1 was highly expressed, and miR-580-3p was reduced in ovarian cancer patients (n = 36) compared with normal cases (n = 36) (Figure 5(f)). Specifically, the MICU1 expression was enhanced and miR-580-3p expression was inhibited in PTX-resistant patients (n = 18) compared to PTX-sensitive patients (n = 18) (Figure 5(g)).
Next, we found that the depletion of RMRP was able to inhibit cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis while the inhibition of miR-580-3p or the overexpression of MICU1 could reverse this effect in HeyA-8/PTX and SKOV3/PTX cells (Figure 6).
Ovarian cancer is a prevalent female malignancy with high recurrence, and PTX resistance is a significant clinical problem. The mechanism underlying the regulation of PTX resistance of ovarian cancer cells remains obscure. In this study, we provide new evidence of lncRNA RMRP contributing to PTX resistance of ovarian cancer cells.
It has been reported that RMRP is widely involved in the modulation of cancer development. LncRNA RMRP contributes to invasion, migration, and proliferation by targeting miR-206 in bladder cancer . LncRNA RMRP enhances invasion, migration, and proliferation of nonsmall cell lung cancer cells by the miR-613/NFAT5 axis . LncRNA RMRP inhibition represses malignant progression of hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating miRNA-206/TACR1 signaling . These studies indicate that RMRP plays a crucial role in cancer progression. Meanwhile, several lncRNAs have been identified in regulating PTX resistance of ovarian cancer. LncRNA FER1L4 reduces PTX resistance of ovarian cancer cells by targeting MAPK signaling . LncRNA TUG1 contributes to autophagy-modulated PTX resistance of ovarian cancer cells by repressing miR-29b-3p . LncRNA PRLB promotes PTX resistance by targeting NF-κB signaling in ovarian cancer cells . These reports suggest that lncRNAs are involved in the modulation of PTX resistance in ovarian cancer. Importantly, the correlation of PTX resistance and glycolysis in cancer has been reported . Our data further showed that RMRP contributes to PTX resistance and glycolysis in ovarian cancer cells. It indicates a critical function of RMRP in regulating ovarian cancer development, especially PTX resistance and glycolysis. Our data provide valuable evidence of the crucial roles of lncRNAs in e PTX resistance of ovarian cancer. The significance of RMRP in chemotherapy resistance in other cancers may need to be explore in the future.
Moreover, it has been reported that MICU1 contributes to chemoresistance and glycolysis of ovarian cancer cells . MicroRNA-195 targets MICU1 expression to regulate ovarian cancer cell growth . Besides, circular RNA hsa_circ_0072309 represses the progression of nonsmall cell lung cancer progression via targeting miR-580-3p . A LHFPL3-AS1/miR-580-3p/STAT3 axis contributes to melanoma development by activating the JAK2/STAT3 pathway . The function of miR-580-3p in ovarian cancer remains unclear. In our investigation, RMRP was able to enhance MICU1 expression by sponging miR-580-3p in ovarian cancer cells. MICU1 and miR-580-3p were involved in the RMRP-mediated proliferation of PTX-resistant ovarian cancer cells. These data present one potential mechanism of RMRP-mediated PTX resistance and cancer progression. RMRP-regulated PTX resistance and progression of ovarian cancer cells at least partly by targeting the miR-580-3p/MICU1 axis. Our finding provides new insights into the mechanism by which RMRP regulates PTX resistance and glycolysis of ovarian cancer by modulating the miR-580-3p/MICU1 axis. Meanwhile, the miR-580-3p/MICU1 axis may just be one of the mechanisms of RMRP-regulated ovarian cancer and other downstream factors should be explored in future investigations.
Thus, we concluded that RMRP contributes to PTX resistance and glycolysis of ovarian cancer by enhancing MICU1 expression through sponging miR-580-3p. Targeting RMRP may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of PTX-resistant ovarian cancer patients.
The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Figure S1: MiR-580-3p represses PTX resistance of ovarian cancer cells. (A–D) The HeyA-8/PTX and SKOV3/PTX cells were treated with miR-580-3p mimics. (A and B) The cell viabilities were analyzed by MTT assays in HeyA-8/PTX and SKOV3/PTX cells. (C and D) The cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry in HeyA-8/PTX and SKOV3/PTX cells. mean ± SD, . (Supplementary Materials)
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