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Why is My Snail Turning White? The Ultimate Guide to Snail Shell Health: Unveiling the Secrets of Vibrant, Strong Shells. Colorful and Strong: How to Keep Your Snail Beautiful and Healthy. From Discolored to Dazzling
Snails are essential in maintaining a healthy and balanced ecosystem within aquariums. They serve as natural cleaners by consuming algae, debris, and dead plant matter, thus keeping the aquarium clean and aesthetically pleasing. However, one common concern among aquarists is the discoloration of snail shells, particularly when they turn white. This article provides a detailed, practical guide to understanding the reasons behind snail shell discoloration and the necessary steps to address the issue. By exploring the possible causes and offering practical solutions, we hope to help you maintain a thriving environment for your aquatic pets.
- Common Causes of Snail Shell Discoloration
- Signs of an Unhealthy Snail
- Addressing Snail Shell Discoloration: Practical Solutions
- Importance of Calcium for Snails
- Understanding Clear Snail Shells
- Ensuring Your Snail’s Well-being
Common Causes of Snail Shell Discoloration
One possible reason for a snail’s shell turning white is the overall decline in its health. Various factors can contribute to health deterioration, such as poor water quality, inadequate diet, or exposure to toxic substances. When a snail’s health is compromised, it may be unable to maintain its shell, leading to discoloration or erosion properly. Monitoring your snail’s behavior and appearance can help you identify any health-related issues early on, allowing you to take corrective action before the situation worsens.
Insufficient Sunlight Exposure
Sunlight exposure is crucial for properly growing and maintaining a snail’s shell. Snails derive essential nutrients, like calcium, from their environment, and sunlight helps to absorb these nutrients. Insufficient sunlight can hinder the snail’s ability to process calcium and other minerals, weakening the shell and subsequent discoloration.
Aquarium snails generally rely on artificial lighting to simulate natural sunlight. Ensuring that your tank has a well-balanced lighting system can help maintain the health and coloration of your snail’s shell. It is also essential to provide a consistent light cycle, mimicking the natural day and night pattern, to prevent any disruption in the snail’s biological processes.
Low Calcium Concentrations
Calcium plays a vital role in the formation and maintenance of snail shells. A calcium deficiency can lead to soft shells, prone to cracks and discoloration. Snails require a steady supply of calcium to maintain their shells, and a shortage can cause the cover to turn white as it becomes thinner and more fragile. Ensuring that your snail has access to adequate calcium sources is crucial for its health and shell integrity. Calcium can be introduced through various methods, including dietary supplements, adding calcium-rich materials to the tank, and using specialized calcium-enhancing products.
Presence of Coralline Algae on the shell
Coralline algae are marine organisms that can grow on various surfaces, including snail shells. While coralline algae are generally harmless and can even be beneficial in some cases, excessive growth on a snail’s exterior can cause discoloration. The algae may appear white or pink, making the shell pale. Regularly cleaning your snail’s shell and maintaining good water quality can help prevent excessive coralline algae growth and keep your snail’s exterior in good condition.
Low Water pH
The pH level of the water in your aquarium significantly impacts the health of your snails and the appearance of their shells. A low pH level can cause the water to become acidic, eroding the snail’s shell, which can then turn white. Maintaining a neutral pH level is essential for your snails’ overall health and their shells’ appearance. You can monitor and adjust the pH level in your aquarium by performing regular water tests and using appropriate water conditioners, buffering agents, or natural materials like crushed coral or dolomite chippings to maintain a stable pH.
High CO2 and Potassium Levels
Elevated levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and potassium in your aquarium can contribute to the discoloration of snail shells. High CO2 levels can lower the pH of the water, making it more acidic and leading to shell erosion. Additionally, excessive potassium levels may interfere with the snail’s ability to absorb calcium, making weaker shells prone to turning white. Regularly testing and adjusting the water chemistry in your aquarium is essential for maintaining the health and appearance of your snails’ surfaces. Ensure that you use the appropriate fertilizers and supplements for your aquatic environment to prevent CO2 and potassium levels imbalances.
Exposure to Copper
Copper is a common element found in various household products and water sources. While it is generally harmless to humans, it can be toxic to snails and other invertebrates. Prolonged exposure to copper may cause the snail’s shell to become discolored or white. Use copper-free equipment, decorations, and supplements in your aquarium to prevent this issue. Regularly testing the water for copper and using appropriate water treatments can also help keep the levels in check and protect the health of your snails.
As snails age, it is not uncommon for their shells to undergo some changes in appearance. The shell’s outer layer may wear away over time, revealing a paler layer beneath. This natural aging process can cause the cover to appear white or discolored. Although this is a normal part of the snail’s life cycle, providing proper care and a balanced diet is essential to support their overall health and maintain the shell’s condition. Regularly inspecting your snail’s shell and ensuring that it is not excessively worn or damaged can help identify any issues that may require attention.
Signs of an Unhealthy Snail
It is crucial to monitor the well-being of your snails to ensure they remain healthy and vibrant. An unhealthy snail may exhibit various symptoms indicating underlying issues, such as illness or poor water conditions. By recognizing these signs early on, you can take the necessary steps to address the problem and restore your snail’s health.
One common sign of an unhealthy snail is lethargy or inactivity. Snails are typically active creatures, moving around the aquarium in search of food and exploring their environment. However, if you notice that your snail is spending more time hiding, not moving, or sluggishly moving around the tank, it may be a sign that something is amiss. Lethargy can be attributed to various factors, such as stress, poor water quality, or illness. Monitoring your snail’s behavior and promptly addressing any changes can help ensure its well-being.
Loss of Appetite
A healthy snail will generally have a strong appetite, feeding on algae, residue, and other organic matter in the aquarium. However, if you observe that your snail is not eating as much as usual or avoiding food altogether, it may be a sign of an underlying health issue. Loss of appetite can be caused by stress, disease, or suboptimal water conditions. It is crucial to assess the overall health of your snail and the water parameters in your aquarium to determine the root cause of the problem and take appropriate action. A balanced diet and maintaining a stable, healthy environment are essential for preventing appetite loss and ensuring the long-term health of your snail.
Snails often seek shelter or hide when they feel threatened or stressed. However, excessive hiding can be an indication of an unhealthy snail. A snail that consistently avoids the open and spends most of its time hidden away could be experiencing stress, poor water quality, or other health issues. Identifying the cause of this behavior is crucial for improving your snail’s well-being. Regularly checking the water parameters in your aquarium and providing a safe, stable environment can help minimize stress and encourage your snail to be more active and engaged in its surroundings.
Irregular Shell Growth
The shell of a snail serves as its home and protection. Healthy snails typically exhibit stable, smooth shell growth. However, irregular shell growth, such as uneven or bumpy surfaces, can indicate an unhealthy snail. This issue can arise from several factors, including calcium deficiency, poor water quality, or exposure to harmful substances like copper.
Monitoring your snail’s shell condition is essential to ensuring its overall health. If you notice irregular shell growth, it is crucial to assess the water parameters in your aquarium, provide adequate calcium sources, and avoid introducing harmful substances. By taking these steps, you can help maintain your snail’s shell health and promote a thriving, vibrant aquarium community.
Addressing Snail Shell Discoloration: Practical Solutions
Regular Water Replacement
Regular water replacement is one of the most effective ways to address snail shell discoloration. By maintaining a clean and healthy environment, you can minimize the impact of harmful substances and ensure that your snails receive the necessary nutrients for proper shell growth. We recommend replacing 25% of the water in your aquarium every week. It helps maintain optimal water quality and prevents the buildup of waste and toxins that can contribute to shell discoloration.
Improving Water Hardness
Water hardness, the concentration of calcium and magnesium ions in the water, plays a significant role in snail shell health. Insufficient water hardness can lead to calcium deficiencies, weakening shells, and discoloration. Add crushed coral, limestone, or aragonite to your aquarium substrate, or use a commercial water-hardening product to improve water hardness. Regularly testing the water hardness levels and adjusting as necessary can help ensure that your snails have access to the calcium they need for healthy shell growth.
Dealing with Copper Contamination
Copper is a standard metal in various household items, such as plumbing and electrical wiring. While it is not typically harmful to humans, even small amounts of copper can be toxic to snails, leading to shell discoloration and other health issues. If you suspect that your snails are suffering from copper contamination, it is essential to identify and remove the source of the copper.
First, use a commercial copper test kit to test your aquarium water for copper levels. If elevated levels are detected, consider using a copper-removing product specifically designed for aquarium use. Additionally, it is crucial to avoid introducing copper-containing objects or substances into your aquarium, such as decorations or certain medications. By diligently monitoring and managing copper levels in your aquarium, you can help prevent shell discoloration and promote the overall well-being of your snails.
Using a Water Conditioner
Water conditioners are essential for maintaining a healthy aquatic environment for your snails. These products neutralize harmful substances such as chlorine, chloramines, and heavy metals that can be present in tap water. Using a water conditioner during water changes or when initially setting up your aquarium can help prevent shell discoloration and other health issues related to water quality. Be sure to follow the manufacturer’s instructions for the proper dosage and application of the water conditioner to ensure optimal results.
Increasing Calcium Concentrations
Calcium is a critical component of snail shells, and low calcium levels can lead to weakened surfaces and discoloration. To increase calcium concentrations in your aquarium, consider adding calcium-rich supplements such as cuttlebone, calcium blocks, or crushed eggshells. Alternatively, you can also use a commercial calcium supplement designed for aquatic environments. Regularly monitoring calcium levels and adjusting as needed can help maintain healthy shell growth and reduce the risk of discoloration.
Improving Tank Conditions
In addition to addressing water quality, it is crucial to create an environment that supports your snails’ overall health and well-being. Improving tank conditions can prevent shell discoloration, promote natural behaviors, and reduce stress.
- Proper Lighting: Providing a consistent day-night cycle with appropriate lighting levels can help support the natural growth of algae, which serves as a food source for snails and aids in shell development.
- Adequate Shelter: Offering hiding spots and resting areas, such as caves, driftwood, or live plants, can give your snails a sense of security and reduce stress.
- Tank Mates: Choose compatible tank mates that will not harm or stress your snails, as aggressive or predatory species can lead to shell damage and discoloration.
- Temperature and pH: Ensure that your aquarium’s temperature and pH levels are within the appropriate range for your snail species, as fluctuations can impact their overall health and contribute to shell discoloration.
By paying close attention to these factors and maintaining a well-balanced environment, you can create a thriving habitat that supports the health of your snails and minimizes the risk of shell discoloration.
Importance of Calcium for Snails
Calcium plays a vital role in snails’ overall health and well-being, particularly in developing and maintaining their shells. A calcium-rich diet supports strong shell growth and helps prevent a range of issues, such as shell erosion and vulnerability to predators.
Signs That Your Snail Needs More Calcium
If your snail is not receiving adequate calcium, it may exhibit various signs that indicate a deficiency. Some common symptoms that your snail may require more calcium include the following:
- Thin or fragile shells: A weakened shell may break or crack easily, leaving the snail susceptible to injury and infections.
- Shell erosion: The shell’s outer layer may appear worn or eroded, with patches of discoloration or irregular growth.
- Slow growth: Snails may exhibit stunted growth or slower growth rates if their calcium intake is insufficient.
- White spots on the shell: The appearance of white spots or streaks on the outside may indicate calcium deficiency.
By observing your snails and monitoring their behavior and appearance, you can identify any signs of calcium deficiency and address the issue promptly.
Sources of Calcium for Snails
There are several options for providing calcium to your snails, ensuring they receive the necessary nutrients for proper shell growth and overall health. Here are some popular sources of calcium:
Cuttlebone, derived from the internal shell of cuttlefish, is a readily available and natural source of calcium for snails. To use cuttlebone in your aquarium, break off a piece and place it in the tank. Snails graze on the cuttlebone, ingesting the calcium they need for healthy shell growth. As cuttlebone dissolves slowly in water, it provides a stable calcium source, making it a popular and convenient choice for many snail keepers.
Limestone and Powdered Oyster Shells
Limestone and powdered oyster shells are excellent sources of calcium that can be used to supplement the diet of your snails. Both options release calcium gradually into the water, supporting your snails’ proper shell development and overall health. To use these sources, scatter a small amount of crushed limestone or oyster shells on the bottom of your tank, or place them in a mesh bag and submerge it in the water. Over time, the snails will dissolve and absorb the calcium, promoting healthy shell growth.
Eggshells are another natural and cost-effective source of calcium for snails. To prepare eggshells for your snails:
- Start by rinsing them thoroughly to remove any remaining egg residue.
- Bake the shells at 300°F (150°C) for 10-15 minutes to sterilize them and make them more brittle.
- Once the eggshells have cooled, crush them into small pieces or grind them into a fine powder. You can then sprinkle the crushed eggshells in your tank or mix them with the substrate, allowing your snails to ingest the calcium as they forage.
JOR Tourmaline Balls
JOR Tourmaline Balls are a unique and innovative solution to providing essential minerals, including calcium, for your snails. These balls consist of tourmaline, an all-natural mineral compound, and other minerals such as calcium and magnesium. When placed in your aquarium, JOR Tourmaline Balls gradually release these minerals into the water, helping to maintain a balanced environment and support the health of your snails. To use JOR Tourmaline Balls, place a few of them in your tank, and the snails will benefit from the slow release of minerals, including the much-needed calcium for proper shell growth and maintenance.
Understanding Clear Snail Shells
Reasons for Snail Shells Turning Clear
There are several reasons why a snail’s shell may turn clear. The most common cause is a lack of calcium in their diet, essential for healthy shell growth. In addition, fluctuations in water parameters such as pH, temperature, and mineral content can also contribute to shell discoloration. Stress and illness may be other factors that can cause snail shells to lose their natural pigmentation and appear translucent. Monitoring your snail’s environment and diet is crucial to identify any potential issues causing its surface to turn clear.
Addressing the Issue of Clear Snail Shells
If you notice that your snail’s shell is becoming transparent or translucent, it is crucial to take immediate action to address the issue. Here are some steps you can take to help restore your snail’s shell to a healthy state:
- Increase Calcium Intake: Ensure your snails receive adequate calcium in their diet. As previously discussed in this article, you can provide calcium-rich foods or supplements, such as cuttlebone, limestone, powdered oyster shells, or eggshells.
- Monitor Water Parameters: Regularly test the water in your aquarium to ensure it has the appropriate pH, temperature, and mineral content. Adjust as needed to maintain a stable and healthy environment for your snails.
- Use a Water Conditioner: Utilize a water conditioner to remove harmful chemicals from tap water, such as chlorine and heavy metals, before adding it to your aquarium. It will help to prevent stress and illness that could lead to shell discoloration.
- Maintain a Stress-Free Environment: Minimize stressors in your snail’s environment by providing proper hiding places, maintaining stable water parameters, and avoiding overcrowding in the tank. A stress-free environment will help keep your snails healthy and prevent their shells from turning clear.
- Consult an Expert: If you have tried all of the above steps and your snail’s shell is still turning clear, it may be beneficial to consult with a specialist or veterinarian experienced in aquatic invertebrate care. They can help determine if an underlying health issue needs to be addressed.
By taking these steps to address the issue of transparent snail shells, you can help ensure the health and well-being of your snails and maintain their beautiful, natural shell coloration.
Ensuring Your Snail’s Well-being
How to Know if Your Snail is Okay
A healthy snail exhibits certain behaviors and characteristics that can indicate its well-being. Here are some signs to look for to determine if your snail is okay:
- Activity Level: A healthy snail will be active and move around the tank, exploring its surroundings and searching for food. Inactivity or sluggishness can indicate stress, illness, or an inadequate environment.
- Shell Condition: Your snail’s shell should be smooth, well-formed, and free of cracks or deformities. Transparent or brittle shells can indicate calcium deficiency or other issues, as previously discussed in this article.
- Appetite: Snails should have a good desire and be seen eating regularly. A lack of interest in food may be a sign that your snail is unwell or that the food provided needs to meet its nutritional needs.
- Response to Stimuli: A healthy snail typically retracts when touched or disturbed into its shell. Failure to do so may indicate stress, illness, or injury.
By observing these behaviors and characteristics, you can better understand the well-being of your snail and take appropriate action if needed.
Regularly Monitoring Water Parameters
Maintaining proper water parameters is essential for the health and well-being of your snails. Monitoring parameters such as temperature, pH, and hardness can help ensure the aquarium environment is stable and suitable for your snails. Here are some general guidelines for water parameters:
- Temperature: Keep the water temperature within the appropriate range for your snail species. For most aquatic snails, this will be between 68-78°F (20-26°C).
- pH: The pH should be stable and within the optimal range for your snail species. For most aquatic snails, a pH of 7.0-7.5 is suitable. However, some species may require slightly different pH levels.
- Hardness: Water hardness is crucial for maintaining healthy shells. Ensure that the water has adequate levels of calcium and magnesium to support shell growth. Aim for general hardness (GH) of 4-12 dGH for most snails.
Regularly test the water in your aquarium to ensure that it meets these guidelines, and make adjustments as needed to maintain a stable and healthy environment for your snails.
Providing a Balanced Diet
A balanced diet is vital for your snails’ overall health and well-being. Here are some tips for providing a nutritious and varied diet:
- Offer a Variety of Foods: Feed your snails a mix of foods, including algae wafers, blanched vegetables, and sinking pellets designed explicitly for snails. It will ensure that they receive a wide range of nutrients.
- Provide Calcium-Rich Sources: As previously discussed, calcium is essential for healthy shell growth. Incorporate calcium-rich foods and supplements into your snail’s diet, such as cuttlebone, limestone, powdered oyster shells, or eggshells.
- Monitor Food Intake: Observe your snail’s eating habits to ensure they consume adequate food. Remove any uneaten food after 24 hours to prevent water quality issues.
By providing a balanced diet and monitoring your snail’s well-being through regular observations and water parameter testing, you can ensure a healthy and thriving environment for your aquatic snails.
Frequently Asked Questions
What does an unhealthy snail look like?
An unhealthy snail may exhibit several signs indicating that it is not in optimal health. Some of these signs include:
- Inactivity or sluggishness: If your snail is not moving around the tank as much as usual, it may be a sign of stress, illness, or an inadequate environment.
- Poor shell condition: Unhealthy snails often have cracked, pitted shells or uneven growth. It may be due to calcium deficiency, water quality issues, or other environmental factors.
- Loss of appetite: If your snail is not eating as much or shows little interest in food, it could indicate illness or stress.
- Unusual behavior: If your snail is not responding to stimuli as it should (for example, not retracting into its shell when disturbed), it may indicate stress or illness.
If you notice any of these signs, it is essential to address the issue promptly by evaluating your snail’s environment, diet, and overall care.
Why does my snail have a white shell?
A snail’s shell may appear white due to a few reasons. One possibility is that the cover is composed of new growth, which can appear lighter in color than the older portions of the shell. It is a normal part of shell development and should not cause concern.
Another reason for a white shell could be a lack of pigmentation, which is more common in certain snail species. It, too, is not necessarily an indication of poor health.
However, suppose signs of an unhealthy snail, such as cracks or deformities, accompany the white appearance. It may indicate a calcium deficiency or other underlying issues in that case. In this case, evaluating the snail’s environment and diet is crucial to ensure its needs are met.
How do I know if my snail needs more calcium?
There are several signs that your snail may require more calcium in its diet:
- Shell quality: If your snail’s shell appears thin, brittle, or has uneven growth, it may indicate calcium deficiency.
- Transparent or translucent shell: A lack of calcium can cause the surface to become apparent or translucent, making it more susceptible to damage.
- Difficulty moving: Snails with inadequate calcium may have trouble moving around the tank due to weakened muscles relying on calcium for proper function.
To ensure your snail gets enough calcium, provide a balanced diet that includes calcium-rich food sources, such as cuttlebone, limestone, powdered oyster shells, or eggshells. Additionally, maintain proper water parameters, including hardness and pH, to support shell growth and overall health.
Why is my snail’s shell turning clear?
A snail’s shell may turn clear due to a variety of factors, some of which include:
- Calcium deficiency: A lack of calcium in the snail’s diet can make the shell thin, weak, and translucent. Ensuring that your snail receives adequate calcium is crucial for maintaining a healthy, opaque covering.
- Poor water quality: High acidity or low mineral content in the water can cause the shell to become transparent or translucent. Monitoring water parameters and maintaining proper water chemistry will help prevent this issue.
- Natural growth: In some cases, the clear appearance of a shell may be due to new shell growth. As the surface grows, it may initially appear clear or translucent before eventually hardening and darkening in color.
If you notice that your snail’s shell is turning clear, it is essential to evaluate its diet, environment, and overall care to ensure its well-being.
How do I know if my snail is okay?
To determine if your snail is in good health, look for the following indicators:
- Activity: A healthy snail should be active, moving around the tank and exploring its surroundings.
- Appetite: Your snail should show interest in food and eat a balanced diet regularly.
- Shell quality: A snail in good health will have a well-formed, opaque shell without cracks, deformities, or uneven growth.
- Behavior: A healthy snail will react appropriately to stimuli, such as retracting into its shell when disturbed.
If you notice any signs of poor health or abnormal behavior, take action to address the issue by reviewing your snail’s care, diet, and environment.
What can I feed my snail for calcium?
A calcium-rich diet is essential for maintaining a snail’s shell health and overall well-being. Some excellent calcium sources for snails include:
- Cuttlebone: Available at pet stores, cuttlebone is an excellent source of calcium for snails. Break it into small pieces and place them in the tank for your snail to consume.
- Limestone or powdered oyster shells: These can be added to the tank or mixed with your snail’s food, providing essential calcium for shell growth.
- Eggshells: Clean and crush eggshells, then add them to your snail’s tank or mix them into its food for a natural calcium boost.
- Calcium-rich vegetables: Leafy greens like spinach and kale can provide additional calcium for your snail. Wash and blanch the vegetables before feeding them to your snail.
Incorporating these calcium sources into your snail’s diet can help maintain a healthy, strong shell and support its overall well-being.
Understanding and addressing snail shell discoloration is crucial for ensuring the well-being of your aquatic pets. Being vigilant about their health, diet, and environment, you can help your snails thrive and maintain vibrant, strong shells. Remember to monitor water parameters, provide a balanced diet rich in calcium, and be on the lookout for signs of distress or ill health.
We hope this article has provided valuable insights into the world of snail care. Don’t hesitate to share it with fellow snail enthusiasts and aquarium hobbyists on social media to spread the knowledge and help others maintain a thriving aquatic ecosystem for their beloved snails. Together, we can create a better, healthier environment for our aquatic friends.
Marta Savova is a journalist, health, technolgy and science writer. With over 20 years of experience in the field, she has published numerous research papers and articles and has a passion for sharing his knowledge with others. He is a regular contributor to several media.

domain: health


Although she released a comeback album, Recently, in 1987 after eight years away from U.S. record stores, Joan Baez continued to be more of a force in Europe than in her homeland, and she followed Recently with what was actually her third live album to be recorded in Europe in the 1980s. Diamonds & Rust in the Bullring is not to be confused with her 1975 studio album Diamonds & Rust, of course, and it is not a live recording of the songs from that album, either, even though the song "Diamonds & Rust" itself does lead it off. So, the title is not helpful. The album chronicles a show performed by Baez, in a bullring, naturally, in Bilbao, Spain, in 1988, and it demonstrates what makes her such a draw overseas. Half of the collection (side two of the LP and cassette, tracks seven through 12 of the CD) consists of songs sung in Spanish, recalling her 1974 all-Spanish album Gracias a la Vida and including that LP's title song, here performed as a duet with Mercedes Sosa, "El Preso Numero Nueve" (which was also on her debut album, Joan Baez, in 1960), "Llego con Tres Heridas," and "No Nos Moveran" (aka "We Shall Not Be Moved"). Also part of the Spanish side are a translation of Sting's "They Dance Alone (Gueca Solo)," called "Ellas Danzan Solas (Cueca Sola)." (Singing in Spanish always seems to remind Baez of the bloody Chilean military coup and its aftermath.) But the song that most moves the crowd is the pretty "Txoria Txori," a song in Basque with which they sing along. Actually, the Spanish side is more moving than the English one, in which Baez seems to be just running through some familiar material or turning in interpretations of such classics as Bob Marley's "No Woman No Cry," Leonard Cohen's "Famous Blue Raincoat," and the Beatles' "Let It Be" that have been done definitively by their originators. Diamonds & Rust in the Bullring smacks of being a placeholder in Baez's discography, which makes it an odd release for an artist willing to wait so long to return to making records.
AllMusic Review by William Ruhlmann


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Hillary Rodham Clinton
September 1, 2011
On behalf of President Obama and the people of the United States, I am delighted to send congratulations to the people of San Marino as you celebrate your national holiday, the Feast of San Marino, this September 3.
The Republic of San Marino is an inspiring example to the world. You have transcended centuries of political turmoil, and today you are unwavering in your commitment to democracy and human rights. Around the world your contributions to development and humanitarian assistance, and your continued partnership in international organizations, have impacted the lives of so many.
As you celebrate this special day with family, friends, and loved ones, know that the United States stands with you as a partner and friend.
According to Wikipedia:
San Marino, officially the Republic of San Marino is a state situated on the Italian peninsula on the eastern side of the Apennine Mountains. It is an enclave surrounded by Italy.
San Marino is the oldest surviving sovereign state and constitutional republic in the world, as the continuation of the monastic community founded on 3 September 301, by stonecutter Marinus of Rab. Legend has it that Marinus left Rab, then the Roman colony of Arba, in 257 when the future emperor, Diocletian, issued a decree calling for the reconstruction of the city walls of Rimini, which had been destroyed by Liburnian pirates.
The constitution of San Marino, enacted in 1600, is the world's oldest constitution still in effect.

domain: politics


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text:
Polestar will qualify for $7,500 electric-car credit separately from Volvo
Posted By Green Car Reports
Date Friday, 3 May 2019, at 8:00 a.m.
The 2021 Polestar 2 will look and feel a lot like a Volvo, but federal and state regulators won't treat it like one in the U.S. when it comes to qualifying for various green-car incentives. The biggest incentive is the $7,500 offered as an Internal Revenue Service tax credit for the first 200,000 electric cars sold by an automaker. READ MORE: 2020...Read more
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domain: finance


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Let’s say you’re trying to lose 20 pounds – or boost your immunity – or increase your ability to fight Covid – or even cancer. Well – the amazing thing is – with the right diet – you are well on your way to achieving these vital health goals. Welcome to the NutritionFacts podcast. I’m your host Dr. Michael Greger.
Today, we have the first in a four-part series on bariatric surgery, the most common of which are stomach stapling and gastric bypass, both of which involve change to a person’s gastrointestinal anatomy. So, how safe are these procedures, and how well do they work for weight loss? Let’s find out.
The treatment of obesity has long been stained by the snake oil swindling of profiteers, hustlers, and quacks. Even the modern field of bariatric medicine (derived from the Greek word baros meaning weight) is pervaded by an “insidious image of sleaze.” Beguiled by advertising for fairy-tale magic bullets of rapid, effortless weight loss, people blame themselves for failing to manifest the miracle or imagine themselves metabolically broken. On the other end of the spectrum are overly pessimistic practitioners of the opinion that “people who are fat are born fat, and nothing much can be done about it.” The truth lies somewhere in between.
The difficulty of curing obesity has been compared to learning a foreign language. It’s an achievement virtually anyone can attain with a sufficient investment of energies, but it always takes considerable time and effort. And of those who do stick with it, most will regain much of the weight lost. To me this speaks to the difficulty, rather than the futility. It may take smokers an average of 30 quit attempts to finally kick the habit. Like quitting smoking, it’s just something that has to be done. As the Chair of the Association for the Study of Obesity put it, it doesn’t take “willpower” to do essential tasks like getting up at night to feed a baby; it’s just something that has to be done.
Our collective response doesn’t seem to match the rhetoric or reality. If obesity is such a “national crisis” “reaching alarming proportions,” dubbed by the post-9/11 Surgeon General as “every bit as devastating as terrorism,” why has our reaction been so tepid? For example, governments meekly suggest the food industry take “voluntary initiatives to restrict the marketing of less healthy food options to children.” Have we just given up and ceded control?
Our timid response to the obesity epidemic is encapsulated by a national initiative promulgated by a Joint Task Force of the American Society for Nutrition, Institute of Food Technologists, and International Food Information Council: the “small-changes approach.” Since small changes are “more feasible,” suggestions include “using mustard instead of mayonnaise” and “eating 1 rather than 2 doughnuts in the morning.” Seems a bit like bringing a butter knife to a gunfight, but with only one croissant.
Proponents of the small-changes approach lament that unlike other addictions—e.g., alcohol, cocaine, gambling, or tobacco—we can’t counsel our obese patients to give up the addictive element completely, as “no one can give up eating.” But just because we have to eat doesn’t mean we have to eat junk, like just because we have to breathe doesn’t mean it has to be through the end of a cigarette.
What about bringing a scalpel to the gunfight instead? The use of bariatric surgery has exploded from about 40,000 procedures, noted in the first international survey in 1998, to now hundreds of thousands performed every year in the United States alone. The first technique developed, the intestinal bypass, involved carving out about 19 feet of intestines. More than 30,000 intestinal bypass operations were performed before “catastrophic,” “disastrous outcomes” were recognized. This included protein deficiency-induced liver disease, which often progressed to liver failure and death. This inauspicious start is remembered as “one of the dark blots in the history of surgery.”
Today, death rates after bariatric surgery are considered “very low,” occurring on average in perhaps 1 in 300 to 1 in 500 patients. The most common procedure is stomach stapling, also known as sleeve gastrectomy, in which most of the stomach is permanently removed. Only a narrow tube of stomach is left, so as to restrict how much food people can eat at any one time. It’s ironic that many patients choose bariatric surgery convinced that “diets don’t work” for them, when in reality that’s all the surgery may be—an enforced diet. Bariatric surgery can be thought of as a form of internal jaw wiring.
Gastric bypass, known as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, is the second most common bariatric surgery. It combines restriction—stapling the stomach into a pouch smaller than a golf ball—with malabsorption by rearranging your anatomy to bypass the first part of your small intestine. It appears to be more effective than just cutting out most of the stomach. It results in a loss of about 63 percent of excess weight, compared to 53 percent with a gastric sleeve. But gastric bypass carries a greater risk of serious complications. Many are surprised to learn that new surgical procedures don’t require premarket testing or FDA approval and are largely exempt from rigorous regulatory scrutiny.
In our next story, we look at how the extent of risk from bariatric weight-loss surgery may depend on the skill of the surgeon.
After sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, the third most common bariatric procedure is a revision to fix a previous bariatric procedure. Up to 25 percent of bariatric patients have to go back into the operating room for problems caused by their first bariatric surgery. And re-operations are riskier, carrying around 10 times the mortality rate, and offer no guarantee of success. Complications include leaks, fistulas, ulcers, strictures, erosions, obstructions, and severe acid reflux.
The extent of risk may depend on the skill of the surgeon. In a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine, bariatric surgeons voluntarily submitted videos of themselves performing surgery to a panel of their peers for evaluation. Technical proficiency varied widely, and was related to the rates of complications, hospital readmissions, re-operations, and death. Patients operated on by the less competent surgeons suffered nearly three times the complications, and five times the risk of death.
As with athletes and musicians, some surgeons may simply be more talented than others, but practice may help make perfect. Gastric bypass is such a complicated procedure that the learning curve may require 500 cases for a surgeon to master the procedure. Complications risk plateaus after about 500 cases, with the lowest risk found among surgeons who’ve performed more than 600 bypasses. The risk of not making it out alive may be double under the knife of those who’ve done less than 75, compared to more than 450. So, if you do choose to undergo the operation, I’d recommend asking your surgeon how many procedures they’ve done, as well as choosing an accredited bariatric “Center of Excellence,” where surgical mortality appears to be two to three times lower than non-accredited institutions.
It’s not always the surgeon’s fault, though. In a report entitled “The Dangers of Broccoli,” a surgeon described a case in which a woman went to an all-you-can-eat buffet three months after a gastric bypass operation but chose really healthy foods (good for her!). She just evidently forgot to chew. Her staples blew, and she ended up in the ER, and then the OR. They opened her up, and found “full chunks of broccoli, whole lima beans, and other green leafy vegetables” inside her abdominal cavity. A cautionary tale to be sure, but perhaps less about chewing food better after surgery than about chewing better foods before surgery, so you can keep all your internal organs intact in the first place.
Even if the surgical procedure goes perfectly, lifelong nutritional replacement and monitoring are required to avoid vitamin and mineral deficits. This includes more than a little anemia, osteoporosis, or hair loss, but full-blown cases of life-threatening deficiencies, such as beriberi, pellagra, kwashiorkor, and nerve damage that can manifest as vision loss years or even decades after surgery in the case of copper deficiency. Tragically, in cases of severe deficiency of a B vitamin called thiamine, nearly one in three patients progressed to permanent brain damage before the condition was caught.
The malabsorption of nutrients is on purpose for procedures like gastric bypass. By cutting out segments of the intestines, you can successfully impair the absorption of calories, but at the expense of impairing the absorption of necessary nutrition. Even people who just undergo restrictive procedures like stomach stapling can be at risk for life-threatening nutrient deficiencies because of persistent vomiting. Indeed, vomiting is reported by up to 60 percent of patients after bariatric surgery due to “inappropriate” eating behaviors (in other words, trying to eat normally). The vomiting helps with weight loss similar to the way a drug for alcoholics called Antabuse can be used to make them so violently ill after a drink that they eventually learn their lesson.
“Dumping syndrome” can work the same way. A large percentage of gastric bypass patients can suffer from abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, bloating, fatigue, or palpitations after eating calorie-rich foods as they bypass your stomach and dump straight into your intestines. As surgeons describe it, this is a feature, not a bug: “Dumping syndrome is an expected and desired part of the behavior modiﬁcation caused by gastric bypass surgery; it can deter patients from consuming energy-dense food.”
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James turned to the officials, saying he had been fouled. After the game at his post-game press conference, Lebron said about the Warriors , "they're gonna be around for a while, they don't show any signs of slowing down". "To do something I love to do and know she knows I love it so much and she knows how much I come home at night and stress and how happy I am when I play the game", Durant said of his mom.
England captain Eoin Morgan said Pakistan "played brilliantly" but he appeared unhappy with the wicket. He said: "I think for the first part of our innings, we played pretty well". "The bowlers did extremely well and got us in a very good position". Defending champions India play Bangladesh in the second semi-final in Birmingham on Thursday.
Thus, we set in the game for the first command with odds (2.5). "Our guys and our team are very confident", he said when asked if the game will be a significant step toward next year's World Cup. earlier this month, although Federation Internationale de Football Association could not immediately reached for comment on whether disciplinary proceedings had been opened in those cases.
The 32-year-old Portuguese star is facing four charges of fraud through offshore companies between 2011 and 2014. Prosecutors accuse the Portugal worldwide of evading tax via a shell company based in the British Virgin Islands and another in Ireland, known for its low corporate tax rate.
He became the second consecutive player drafted first overall to miss the tournament in his only college season, joining new teammate Ben Simmons . Washington's Markelle Fultz , wearing basketball-themed shoes, poses for photos on the red carpet before the start of the NBA basketball draft, Thursday, June 22, 2017 , in NY.
At 5:30 PM CT tomorrow night, CSN will preview the NBA Draft on SportsTalk Live presented by The Chevy Silverado . Celtics President Danny Ainge said after making the trade he thought he could get the player he wanted two spots lower. "When they did that, I really didn't have any feelings really". Many of them, as usual lately, are freshmen. Kansas small forward Josh Jackson is regarded as a lock to be taken in the first five picks of tonight's NBA Draft.
He's recorded 25-plus goals in back-to-back seasons with the Flyers, and joins a veteran group looking to make another deep playoff run next season. Schenn does carry a hefty contract, which represents a $5.125 million cap hit in each of the next three seasons.
The Vegas Golden Knights have their first rookie draft pick. Due to their inability to get Dion Phaneuf to waive his no-movement clause, Ottawa was forced to leave defenseman Marc Methot unprotected and he was mercilessly scooped up by the Golden Knights.
The four-time World Player of the Year was linked with a Bernabeu exit last week after throwing his toys out of the pram over alledgedly dodging tax in Spain . The football world in Spain has been rocked by charges of tax evasion or corruption pressed against some of its top stars. Argentina global Di Maria is accused of failing to pay 1.3m euros to the Spanish tax authorities in 2012-2013 by giving up his image rights to companies based in tax havens, such as Panama.
However, Richardson said there is no guarantee that there will be another Champions Trophy in 2021 and the issue will be discussed during this week's ICC annual conference at The Oval. "The joyous scenes reminded me of our World T20 win in 2009 where I was lucky to play a match-winning role for my team in the semi-final and final", he wrote.
But he knows better than most the way Queensland will hit back, especially after the return of Johnathan Thurston and Billy Slater. The 29-year-old sees plenty of enthusiasm in the NSW team. It was the South Sydney-bound flyer's seventh try in six games for Queensland . "We can use that as a positive if we want to". As dominant as NSW forwards like Josh Jackson were in the first half, so much of the team's success lay in the hands of Micthell Pearce and James Maloney , who won a ...
But Cherchesov backed his back line after the match, reminding reporters the four-time Ballon d'Or victor is a hard player to contain. The scene where Salcedo went down, I was shouting for them to stop the game, but there was no reaction (from the New Zealand bench).
A bit undersized, the former Wolfpack will likely immediately step into the starting lineup in the fall and be an upgrade an anemic Mavs' offense. Smith, a one-and-done player out of North Carolina State, pointed to the "effort" criticism as the biggest misconception about him during his introductory news conference on Friday afternoon at the American Airlines Center.
Kiwi Tai Webster was left on the outer at the National Basketball Association draft . From left, Markelle Fultz , De'Aaron Fox and Donovan Mitchell gather with other draft prospects on stage for a group photo before the NBA basketball draft , Thursday, June 22, 2017 , in NY.
Di Maria spent four seasons with Real Madrid between 2010 and 2014 and the details of his case have been confirmed by the Spanish tax authorities. Prosecutors say Mourinho owes Spanish authorities €3.3m (£2.9m) after failing to declare revenues from his image rights "with the aim of obtaining illicit profits".
Fultz will be an interesting addition to a 76ers team who is on the rise with talented young players like center Joel Embiid , forward Dario Saric and forward Nerlens Noel, along with guard Ben Simmons , who will be returning from injury.
The Lakers, especially Pelinka, have tried to keep an open mind throughout workouts and interviews to settle on the best player available to them. In the Sweet 16, however, Fox won the most important game, dropping 39 points on 65 percent shooting to Ball's 10 points on 4-of-10 shooting.
Fleury, 32, has an all-time, regular-season record of 375-216-68 and has won three Stanley Cups with the Pittsburgh Penguins . Vegas landed a first rounder in 2017 and a second in 2019 from NY _ all to likely keep the Knights from selecting one of Brock Nelson, Calvin de Haan, or perhaps Ryan Strome.
Raiders head coach Jack Del Rio and offensive coordinator Todd Downing were among the team's players and personnel to offer congratulations to Carr on Twitter. I didn't want to hurt our team; that's the last thing I would ever want to do. Carr has transformed the Raiders from a perennial loser into a contender after being drafted in the second round in 2014.
Even though the Toronto Maple Leafs head coach led 2015-16's last-place team-a roster half full of rookies-into the playoffs and gave the Presidents' Trophy-winning Capitals all they could handle in Round 1 of the playoffs, the Jack Adams still eludes the coach who's won pretty much everything else.
The NBA announced Friday afternoon that Detroit Pistons guard Kentavious Caldwell-Pope has been suspended two games for his DUI incident in March. "Based upon the tests there were indications of impairment and Mr. Pope was placed under arrest for Operating While Intoxicated", police said in a press release.
And according to a source , the Celtics are among those teams. Brooklyn Nets - Jarrett Allen 23. Markkanen is a 7-foot forward from the University of Arizona. Second-round picks Jonah Bolden and power forward Mathias Lessort out of France also won't join the team next season. The Suns took Josh Jackson of Kansas , the Sacramento Kings took Kentucky guard De'Aaron Fox at No 5 and the run of freshmen continued when the Orlando Magic selected Jonathan Isaac with the sixth pick.
Wesley Bryan , Daniel Summerhays , Chase Seiffert and Boo Weekley are two shots back at six-under 134. The 45-year-old picked up his first bogey of the competition at the par-four seventh after finding the rough from the tee. He then putted in from off the green on 14. McIlroy birdied 14 and 15 but fell back with bogeys on 16 and 18. "Hardest I've seen the golf course play in the past couple of years", said Reed, a five-time PGA Tour victor who is coming off a tie for 13th at last ...
Diego Costa has told old club Atletico Madrid he is eager to return as he seeks to leave Chelsea this summer. While on worldwide duty - after a 2-2 draw with Colombia - Costa claimed: " Antonio Conte has told me by message that I will not continue with Chelsea and that's it".
The Daily Mail is reporting that the Serbia midfielder is "keen" on a move to Old Trafford to link up with former manager Jose Mourinho this summer but the Blues are hoping he will sign a new deal at Stamford Bridge. Along with Di Maria, all of the above are linked through Portuguese super agent Jorge Mendes. Di Maria's tax charges was as a result of his image rights with Los Blancos in 2012 and 2013.
Germany sent on Timo Werner for the ineffectual Wagner, and the young RB Leipzig striker was causing Australia all sorts of problems with his pace, nearly scoring a fourth goal after a twisting and weaving run but could only manage to hit the post in the 75th minute.
Other big names in football have been accused of tax fraud in Spain recently. Portuguese-born Mourinho is accused of defrauding Spain of €3.3m (£2.9m; $3.6m) in taxes between 2011 and 2012. Prosecutors accuse the Portugal worldwide of evading tax via a shell company based in the British Virgin Islands and another in Ireland, known for its low corporate tax rate.
Manchester United manager Jose Mourinho has been accused of tax fraud by Spanish prosecutors, which are investigating his three-year spell at Real Madrid . A judge will then decide if they are grounds to charge him with a crime. The accusations against Ronaldo have caused speculation in Portugal and Spain that he is now considering leaving the country to play elsewhere.
Dunn was taken with the No. 5 pick in last year's draft but struggled to get consistent playing time in his rookie season. Chicago then used the No. The injury caused him to miss the rest of the season, but LaVine's recovery is going well. "I can make that shot even better than college 3s". LaVine, a two-time slam dunk champion, was averaging a career-high 18.3 points before his third season got cut off at 47 games.
It was a great result, which has pushed us to another level, and we will continue fighting for more such weekends. Budkowski wrote: "We wish to remind you that, as previously stated in various meetings and re-emphasised in TD/004-17, we consider the use of oil as fuel to be prohibited by the Technical Regulations".

domain: sports


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Looking to drive down part way on Monday leaving 2pm from Riverwood, then finish the trip Tuesday.
Friendly 21 year old guy going on a rock climbing trip - meeting people there. Happy to drop off along the way in Canberra, Albury, Bendigo, possibly even as far as Melbourne.
Hoping to save petrol money - $55 pp (and the environment).
Hi there, My name is Kasia I am planning to head up to Byron anytime between the 5th and the 12 th of June to visit my auntie and stay there for a little while. I will have one luggage bag with me, maybe two but I can limit that if necessary. I am really easy going and fun to be around, open...
Wld like a lift from sutherland to goulburn in the morning
Wld like a lift to goulburn, happy to share petrol
Hey I’m Lisa. I really need a lift to Brisbane form Sydney! I need to visit my dad. Things are really complicated right now. I was forced to come to Sydney. I am currently living with my mom which I don’t have a really good relationship with. My dads mental health is getting worse and worse. And...


/ 2022 / Press /
Ukraine- The Beginning...
A look at the first three months of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Ukrainians surprised the world with their ability to defend the capital and surrounding areas from the Russian offensive. Yet ethnic cleansing, as well as large displacement of Ukrainians, took place. As the Russians withdrew, the world discovered a litany of war crimes against the civilian population.
Award-winning photojournalist Ron Haviv has produced images of conflict and humanitarian crises that have made headlines from around the world since the end of the Cold War.
A co-founder of the photo agency VII, his work is published by magazines worldwide. Numerous museums and galleries have featured his work, including the Louvre, United Nations, and the Council on Foreign Relations.
He has published critically acclaimed collections of his photograph with the books, Blood and Honey: A Balkan War Journal, Afghanistan: On the Road to Kabul, Haiti: January 2010 and The Lost Rolls.


Several miniature models,showing how actual alignments pass through various routes,have been installed at the Chandigarh Railway Station. Existing as well as proposed rail lines will be put on display
The Northern Railways have a contemporary plan for its railway stations. Starting with the Chandigarh Railway Station,the Railways will display prototype replicas of various alignments originating from the station along with other rail artefacts like engines,coaches and bridges at the station.
We want to share the work undertaken by the authorities in a different yet attractive way. And several such miniature models,showing how actual alignments pass through various routes,have been installed at the city railway station. Existing as well as proposed rail lines will be put on display, said Divisional Railway Manager H K Jaggi.
This week,alignment models of the Chandigarh-Ludhiana rail link and Nangal Dam were installed in a special show window at the entrance of the railway station. The reproductions are complete with topographical maps depicting the heights of various locations,stations en-route and natural geography of the area like hills and forests. Locomotives,coaches,and other such replicas will be added later.
This is an attempt to bridge the gap between the Railways and the passengers. Another rail museum has already been announced at the Shimla railway station, adds Jaggi.


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One of the main concerns facing exporters is how to eliminate commercial risk. In other words, how can they be certain they will effectively be paid for a sales operation carried out abroad.
A documentary credit or letter of credit is a method of payment that irrevocably guarantees collection of said payment, provided the requirements set out in the terms and conditions are fulfilled with regard to format and timeframe.
As with all Foreign Trade operations, the letter of credit is issued through the SWIFT platform, which is an international banking interconnection system that guarantees total security in transactions.
The different parties involved in a letter of credit or documentary credit are:
- Ordering Party: the ordering party is always the importer, who must have a risk facility in place with their own bank in order to issue the documentary credit.
- Beneficiary: the beneficiary is always the exporter
- Ordering Bank: the bank of the ordering party
- Beneficiary Bank: the bank of the exporter, also known as the Advising Bank.
- Receiving Bank: the bank that receives the documentary credit, which might be the beneficiary bank or another intermediate bank in the event that the issuing and beneficiary banks do not have an agreement in place.
- Confirming bank: the issuing bank requests that a confirming bank adds its confirmation to the documentary credit operation. It is usually the exporter’s bank.
- Reimbursing bank: the correspondent bank of the issuing bank. In other words, the bank through which funds are channelled.
The main types of documentary or letters of credit are as follows:
- Confirmed: all documentary credits guarantee collection of payment owing to the exporter. This guarantee is given by the issuing bank. In other words, said bank will always pay the exporter provided the documents presented by said exporter comply with requirements. If the credit is also confirmed, there is a second bank (normally the exporter’s bank) that adds an additional guarantee, which comes into effect when the issuing bank breaches its commitment to pay.
- Transferrable: The terms and conditions of a documentary credit must expressly state whether it is transferrable or not. It will be transferred when, having been received by the exporter acting as an intermediary in an operation, it is then sent onto a third party.
- Stand by: these are documentary credits in which the supplier is guaranteed so that it only has to present documents in the event of non-payment by the customer. In other words, payment will be made outside the bounds of the documentary credit, and the credit will only be executed if payment is not made within the established timeframe.
These are the customs and practices set out by the International Chamber of Commerce, establishing a set of international rules for the interpretation of commercial terms pertaining to purchase and sales contracts, limiting the rights and obligations of the parties in relation to the provision of goods.
The last revision dates from 2010.
The most frequently used Incoterms ® are: FOB (Free on board), CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight and CFR(Cost and freight).
Before a Documentary or Letter of Credit is issued, the importer and exporter must sit down and negotiate each of the points to be included in the credit terms and conditions.
The exporter must agree the following points with its customer so that the latter can then convey them to its financial entity or bank when issuing the documentary credit:
- Type of documentary credit: Confirmed? Transferrable?
- Method of payment: on demand or deferred
- Description of goods
- Expiry date: this is the deadline for the presentation of documents
- Shipment deadline
- Documents required: invoices, packing list, transport document, certificate of origin,...
- Transfers: the terms and conditions must specify whether the goods are allowed to be transferred from one ship to another, for example, or not.
- Partial shipment: will all the goods be loaded at the same time, or can several loads be shipped on different dates?
- Tolerance: this indicates whether the invoice must reflect the exact amount of the documentary credit or whether variations either side are tolerated. Normally, tolerance, if permitted, is usually 10%.
- Place of origin and destination of the goods
- Loading and unloading port for the goods
- Incoterm ®: the responsibilities of each party, in other words, who pays the freight charges, for insuring the goods,...
- Beneficiary’s bank (advising bank): the exporter’s bank.
- Banking charges: the terms and conditions of the documentary credit must specify who is responsible for the banking charges applied by the issuing bank, the receiving bank, the confirming bank,...
When you receive the documentary credit, you must check all the terms you need to comply with and that they are as previously agreed with the importer. Bear in mind that guaranteed collection depends on your presenting the correct documents.
Once the documentary credit has been issued, all the terms can be modified with the exception of the receiving bank of the documentary credit.
Sometimes, unforeseen circumstances arise, such as delays in shipment, meaning that the terms and conditions might have to be modified.
When this happens, the importer will give instructions to their bank to change the conditions of the credit by issuing a Swift modification message.
A documentary or letter of credit operates as follows:
- Contract of purchase/sale: the starting point is for importer and exporter to negotiate all terms and conditions.
- Request: once the pertinent agreements have been reached, the importer then goes to their bank to request the issuance of a documentary credit.
- Issuance of the documentary credit: the importer’s bank will issue the operation by means of a Swift message.
- Notification of the documentary credit: the receiving bank will notify its customer that it has received the documentary credit. If the importer’s bank and the exporter’s bank do not have a code, the issuing bank will issue the operation to an intermediary bank, which will be responsible for notifying the exporter’s bank.
- Shipment of goods
- Presentation of documents by the exporter: remember, provided the documents presented are correct, collection of payment is guaranteed.
- Sending of documents: the exporter’s bank will send the documents to the issuing bank.
- Sending of funds: by the issuing bank on the agreed date, provided the documents are correct or, if there were discrepancies, the importer has lifted them.
- Crediting of funds to the exporter and debiting from the importer’s account if payment is on demand. If payment is deferred, the payment commitment will be maintained on the agreed date.
- Provision of documents to the importer to collect the goods at the agreed destination: if there were any discrepancies, in order for documents to be provided to the importer, the latter must lift them.
- Collection of goods by importer.
If the documents you present do not comply with the documentary credit terms and conditions, collection of payment will be contingent upon the importer lifting any discrepancies, in other words, the collection guarantee disappears.
Once the importer has lifted any discrepancies, the collection guarantee comes back into effect.
Discrepancies might be:
- Shipment after deadline
- Documents presented after deadline
- The amount of the invoice exceeds the amount authorised in the documentary credit.
- Incoherent documents.

domain: law


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Terry Sanford, Gray‘s Creek win state bowling titles
Terry Sanford and Gray’s Creek left the Sandhills Bowling Center with state championships on Friday.
The Bulldogs’ girls team claimed top honors in Aberdeen behind all-state performer Zoe Cannady, while the Bears claimed the crown on the boys’ side. Rolf Wallin earned individual honors for Terry Sanford.
South View’s Nick Robertson, Douglas Byrd’s Brandon Mesa-Turner and Terry Sanford’s Alex Schenk joined Wallin, a state champion, on the all-state team.
Donna Kerechanin of South View, Douglas Byrd’s Ariel Williams and Jack Britt’s Jayda Gignac joined Cannady on the girls’ all-state squad.
Staff writer Rodd Baxley can be reached at email@example.com or 910-486-3519.

domain: news


Namibia’s “New Age” reported that on November 5, the Botswana Defense Force shot and killed a Namibian fisherman on the Chobe River near Imparila Island. The incident triggered a dispute among three countries including Botswana, Zambia and Namibia.
The commander of the Botswana National Defense Forces refused to apologize for this and said that three Namibians and one Zambian were suspected of entering Botswana to hunt and steal fish. The Botswana National Defense Forces are only conducting normal law enforcement and safeguarding the country’s legitimate interests.
Both Winnani, the official opposition leader of the Namibian National Congress, and Sambofo, the governor of Zambezi Province, expressed solemn condemnation of this, and believed that the matter was intolerable and would take corresponding measures. The Chobe River area is the junction of Botswana, Zambia and Namibia. Small-scale conflicts have erupted in several countries before, and disputes continue.


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In Voice of the Spirit, can two people with different beliefs stay together?
About Voice of the Spirit
Tobias and Lauren have been together for four months since the end of Do You Want to Play. They’ve found rhythm in their relationship, but that rhythm comes to an abrupt stop when a body is found nailed to a cross inside Pious Church.
As they dig through possible suspects—from religious fanatics to resentful Satanists—they also find themselves reexamining their relationship, trying to figure out if two people with opposite beliefs can stay together. As time begins to run out for their kidnapped singer and the murders begin to pile up, they will have to find a way to resurrect what they had doubted and sacrifice what they had believed.
You can purchase a copy of Voice of the Spirit on Amazon.
About the Author
Charlotte Raine is a best selling suspense author. Charlotte gets inspiration for her writing from the scenic mountains around her home near Vail, Colorado.
When she is not writing you will find her after a long day of skiing at one of the many lodges in Vail. She will most likely be next to a warm fire, drinking a glass of wine and telling stories.
Being an independent woman in 1913 London is certainly empowering, but Emmy Nation is tired of the damp seeping through her worn shoes and the hopeless grumblings of her stomach. Will she give in and betray her sisterhood for warmth and food in her stomach?
About Emmy Nation, Undercover Suffragette
When she receives an offer from Scotland Yard to boost her typist income by spying on the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU), Emmy jumps at the chance. But as she grows closer to the WSPU women the lines begin to blur, and when a painful part of her past resurfaces Emmy begins to question her choices.
How far are you willing to go to secure your equality?
A stellar novel from start to finish, that should be a required reading for all young boy and girls in high school. Emmy Nation is an accurate presentation of life for women during this time period and how they struggled for freedom, struggled to have their voice heard and the challenges they faced.
My heart broke for Emmy when she had to choose between warm feet and collecting information on the Suffragette movement. No person should ever have to make a choice like this. Emmy grows in knowledge and strength throughout this novel. She starts off like many of the women in this time period, unsure of themselves, their independence and their rights. Many hold this inner desire for independence but are terrified of the repercussions. Women are physically hurt, emotionally and financially betrayed. My heart broke multiple times throughout this novel. All of the rights that I take for granted were fought for so hard by women and even though I know this, it sometimes takes a book like this to drive this imagery home.
Emmy Nation is an important, historical novel that portrays the Suffragette movement in an accurate and detailed manner that is appropriate for all age groups. It is an important novel for so many reasons but I feel that this should be a mandatory reading for high school students. It is written in a manner that they can understand, appreciate and assist them with relating to their own lives. Our rights and freedoms were fought for with the tears, physical pain and blood of women. This novel opened my eyes all over again, gave me a stronger respect and left me craving for more. I want to know what happens Emmy and the sisterhood. What does she do next?
L. Davis Munro holds a master’s degree with a focus on women’s suffrage theatre and works in theatre and dance. She currently lives in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, with her husband and her dog. You can connect with her on her website, Twitter and Facebook.
1. How did you do research for your book?
The research for this book actually started long before I began writing. I did a two-year Master’s degree in Theatre where I focused on the theatre of the women’s suffrage movement particularly in England. I really did the research for this book during that time. I studied a lot about the movement, the politics and the era in order to support the work I was doing in the theatre of the campaign, so that moved over to the book when I started writing. The second Emmy Nation book will feature much more of the theatre scene from London at the time.
2. What made you write a book about the suffragettes?
In many ways, Emmy Nation was created because of the research I was doing for my degree. I choose that period of history to study because I was fascinated by my own lack of knowledge on the suffrage movement. I had considered myself well versed in women’s history before my Master’s degree and was shocked by all that I didn’t know from the time. That is what started my academic research and Emmy Nation emerged from that.
3. Where do you write?
I have a hard time writing in public, so I generally write at home. I need silence and solitude for my most productive writing times. However, sometimes I need to shake that up so I will visit a cafe nearby to give myself the pressure to get something done instead of just awkwardly staring at the other patrons.
4. In today’s tech savvy world, most writers use a computer or laptop. Have you ever written parts of your book on paper?
Yes, absolutely! I actually find moving to paper and pen often helps me through writer’s block. It feels less permanent than writing in the word processed manuscript document, so I feel less pressure when writing on paper.
5. If you were stuck on a deserted island, which 3 books would you want with you?
Definitely a how to survive on a deserted island book. What plants are edible, how to build a shelter and start a fire, those types of things. I would also want some sort of choose your own adventure book, something that I can read over and over again and not get bored with. Lastly, I would want a notebook (is that cheating?) so I could record everything and create my own stories to entertain myself.
6. What is the most courageous thing you’ve ever done?
This! Publishing this book took all the courage I had. For so long it was just me and Emmy doing our thing and no one else could look in and judge us. Letting go of that safe place and releasing Emmy Nation into the world for anyone to pick up, critique and question, is the scariest and hardest thing I have ever done.
Win 1 of 2 prizes! A copy of Emmy Nation + $15 Amazon gift card
In To Be A Child, give a child a cardboard box and his imagination will turn it into anything but!
About To Be A Child
Today, it is less common to see children playing in the streets, especially in urban areas. The plethora of ready-made toys should make any child happy. What usually happens is that the box the toy came in becomes the toy!
This book documents children at play (and at times at work) from 10 different countries. A child’s ingenuity never ceases to amaze me and I hope you will share these images with your children as well.
I love children, they have this power to bring out about happiness, love and peace. They love with no boundaries and forgive without question. To Be A Child is a powerful photographic journal of children in action.
Debra captured the children from a variety of countries around the world from Canada to Nepal to Mongolia to China! My favourite sections were pets/animals and learn, with a close runner up in play. She captured children as they played on swings, mimiced their parents, played in playgrounds, in museums, horseback riding and more. She beautifully captures their innocence, their love and all of the things that matter to children.
You can purchase a copy of the book on Amazon and the author’s website.
About the Author
“My dad always carried a camera under the seat of his car and was constantly taking pictures. I think that his example, together with pouring over National Geographic magazines as a child fuelled my curiosity for the world around me.
I am a documentary photographer and street photography is my passion. Some of my images have been chosen by National Geographic as editor’s favourites and are on display in the National Geographic museum in Washington, DC. I also have an off-kilter sense of humour so I’m always looking for the unusual. Plus I usually have a lot of scars on my knees.
I live with my creative director, Miss Pickles (my budgie) in Victoria, BC, Canada. You can connect with her on her website, Twitter and Facebook.
In Cancelled Vows, one small obstacle stands in the way of the wedding between David and Chelsea.
About Cancelled Vows
Police Chief David O’Callaghan and Chelsea Adams’ wedding day is fast approaching. Unfortunately, at the last minute, David discovers that there is one small problem to be taken care of before he can tie the knot, divorce his first wife!
Lauren Carr takes fans of the Mac Faraday mysteries to the Big Apple in this nail biting adventure. In Cancelled Vows, David, Mac, and Gnarly, too, rush to New York City to dissolve David’s marriage to an old girlfriend and he has five days to get it done. When murder throws up a road block, it is up to David’s best man, Mac Faraday, and Gnarly, K9-in-waiting, to sort through the clues to get David to the church in time.
I was pleasantly surprised with this novel! I was not expecting the plot to play out the way it did but I was quite happy with the way book played out. It was exciting, shocking and full of twists.
David is a man who lives by his principles and values. He wants to make sure he does right by Chelsea – even if this means putting aside his own feelings and worries. He is worried that he has been tainted by his past and works hard to prove he isn’t the same person.
The shocking turn of events and how they all tie in to David and Mac are shocking! It is this twist of events that help open David’s eyes and see what he may be missing out on. He grows emotionally and spiritually throughout the novel and I love seeing the novel from his eyes.
Well written, thought out and fast paced! I fell in love with the characters and the suspense was killing me! It was hard to put down because I did not want to miss out on the next chapter and adventure!
Lauren Carr is the international best-selling author of the Mac Faraday and Lovers in Crime Mysteries and the Thorny Rose Mysteries. Lauren is a popular speaker who has made appearances at schools, youth groups, and on author panels at conventions. She also passes on what she has learned in her years of writing and publishing by conducting workshops and teaching in community education classes. She lives with her husband, son, and four dogs (including the real live Gnarly!) on a mountain in Harpers Ferry, WV.
In The Greatest Prospector in the World, the death of her Father transports Laura to Chicago where she uncovers secrets about her Uncle and family.
About The Greatest Prospector in the World
Laura Dunagan, was born in the gold prospecting days of rustic Alaska in the early 1900’s. When Laura was 14 years old, her father was trapped under a mudslide while prospecting in a nearby river and died. Laura was forced to move to Chicago in the care of her rich Uncle Joe. Laura hated Uncle Joe because he forced her to leave the river, but also because he had left the family prospecting business to move to Chicago years before she was born.
Laura discovers that Uncle Joe made his fortune selling insurance and was the owner of the largest insurance company in Illinois. While wandering through the mansion one day, she found Uncle’s Joe personal den. In it, she discovered an entire new life that would lead her to heights that she would never had realized panning for gold in Alaska. Uncle Joe used the 6 gold prospecting rules for safety to prospect new clients for his insurance company and in doing so, discovered the secrets to wealth in selling.
A very unique book that not only tells a tale but also six keys to success not only in sales but in life.
This book came to me at a very important time in my life. As I made the decision to push myself further in my career these six goals were essential in rediscovering myself and pushing myself out there to attain my goals. Sometimes it can be difficult to read books that are “self help” or work related but with the unique angle this novel took of tying these six rules into a heart warming story that puts the rules into action you will not want to put it down. We are able to witness the direct results of the six rules and how they help Laura in her own goals and dreams (especially during a time when women were not encouraged to own their business’). We are part of Laura’s fears, hopes, dreams and aspirations. I am positive you will find some of your own hidden in there too!
This is a fantastic book not only for those in sales but also for those who want to make a change in their personal and professional lives. You will not be disappointed!
Ken Dunn is one of the leadership training world’s up and coming great speakers and trainers. An incredible hunger to learn and teach others has led Ken successfully through five different professional careers in the past 25 years.
Ken began a policing career at the age of 18. He was involved in the policing world’s most exhilarating and challenging disciplines, including undercover drug and surveillance work, S.W.A.T. teamwork, aggravated child abuse, frauds, aggravated assaults, illegal weapons smuggling and homicides.
Today, Ken regularly speaks to groups in the direct sales, mortgage, insurance and banking industries. He uses humor and his own experiences to inspire audiences around the world. Ken lives in Toronto, Canada, with his wife, Julie, and children Matthew and Laura. Connect with him on his website, Twitter and Facebook.
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domain: library


text:
Deputy Director General, India Meteorological Department, S D Attri has said that weather-related advisories by the department to the farmers has resulted in the high yield of agricultural products across the country.
He was speaking at the National Conference on Agriculture Extension held in New Delhi today. He said, over 40 million farmers are benefiting from the advisories in local language disseminated through SMS by the Met department and there has been an increase in the production of all 22 principal crops.
The conference had deliberations on most advanced technologies and recent scientific explorations in agriculture. (AIR NEWS)

domain: agronomy


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original founding member and Lead Singer of
The Jive Five
on The Harmony Street Show with Mike Miller™
Best known for the number one R&B hit "My True Story," the Jive Five were one of the few vocal groups to survive the transistion from the '50s to the '60s. In the process, they helped move the music itself forward, providing a key link between doo wop and '60s soul.
Formed in Brooklyn, NY, the group originally consisted of Eugene Pitt (lead), Jerome Hanna (tenor), Richard Harris (tenor), Billy Prophet (baritone), and Norman Johnson (bass). The Jive Five's first hit, "My True Story," was their biggest, peaking at number one on the R&B charts and number three on the pop charts in the summer of 1961. "Im A Happy Man", Never Never Never", "A Bench In The Park" , "What Time Is It" and so many other great Jive Five recordings became Doo Wop and R n B classics over the year including the R&B hit, 1962's "These Golden Rings" as the group managed to keep performing and recording. Under the direction of Eugene Pitt and Norman Johnson, the Jive Five refashioned themselves as a soul band in 1964, forming a new lineup with Casey Spencer (tenor), Webster Harris (tenor), and Beatrice Best (baritone). This new incarnation of the band signed to United Artists Records. The group only had one hit on UA, 1965's "I'm a Happy Man."
In 1966, the Jive Five left United Artists and signed with Musicor, where they had the 1968 R&B hit "Sugar (Don't Take Away My Candy)." They changed labels again in 1970, signing with Decca. That same year, they changed their name to the Jyve Fyve, in order to appear more contemporary. The Jyve Fyve had an R&B hit, 1970's "I Want You to Be My Baby."
The group continued to perform and record for a variety of labels during the '70s Throughout the '70s and '80s, the only constant member was Eugene Pitt. In 1975, Eugene changed the name of the group to Ebony, Ivory, and the Jades. In 1982, Pitt changed the name of the group back to the Jive Five and the band recorded two albums for the indie label, Ambient Sound. For the rest of the '80s and the '90s, the Jive Five were regulars on the oldies circuit.Gene continues to wow his fans all over America with The Jive Five.................For All of Genes New Projects Just Click on The Interview Above
For Bookings or more Information on Eugene Pitt and The Jive Five
Eugene's Director of Public Relations
Gene and his good friend
Earl "Speedo" Carroll
Contact Mary on Facbook
Just Click Here
Eugene and Mary Garcelon
Mary is Eugenes Director of Public Relations
My Buddy Big Brother Roy Oram
with a special 75th Birthday Tribute Show to Eugene Pitt

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Are you ready to bring more awareness to your brand? Consider becoming a sponsor for The AI Impact Tour. Learn more about the opportunities here.
[Update: The initial article misstated that the CEO of Ice Energy threatened to file a lawsuit against the Department of Energy if denied a grant, when he only speculated that some executives might choose to go this route.]
The Department of Energy is getting ready to announce the recipients of $3.4 billion in stimulus package grants to utilities looking to adopt smarter, more efficient electrical grid technology, as early as tomorrow. The department said the news, to be announced by president Barack Obama himself, wouldn’t come until early next week, but Reuters reported differently, predicting the the president will use his trip to the DeSoto Next Generation Solar Energy Center in Florida tomorrow as a well-timed venue.
The Smart Grid Investment Grant program, is said to have received hundreds of applications for the less than 100 available grants. With the DOE promising to break up about 40 percent of the $3.4 billion into chunks of $20 million or less, it looks like some smaller utilities struggling to launch their first Smart Grid programs could finally get a leg up. This could be a mixed blessing, though. A lot of the larger utilities — Duke Energy, Dominion Resources and Baltimore Gas & Electric among them — have applied for the maximum allotment of $200 million, which could substantially shrink the number of them that actually get the money they need.
Since applications for the money were filed in early August, many utilities have been in a holding pattern, waiting to see what they get before rolling out massive smart metering campaigns or implementing an acquisition strategy for new technology. Still, many industry analysts say the stimulus funds have already benefited the Smart Grid space, even before making an appearance. A lot of Smart Grid related companies and startups like Trilliant, Control4, Echelon, Ambient and others have already seen a boost in business in anticipation of utilities receiving government funds. Regardless of who gets it, there’s about to be a lot more money floating around for these players.
The private investing arena has also been galvanized by the impending financing. Because matching funds are major requirement for the grant money, the $3.4 billion could yield as much as $5 billion in investments from venture capitalists and private equity funds. And because the government has focused so much of its time and attention on the space, these private investors are feeling better about the relative risk involved. It’s not far-fetched to expect Smart Grid companies to reap millions in 2010 following multiple waves of government support.
It will be interesting to see what the government decided to do with some of the irregular utility applicants, trying to eke out more money than the $200 million cap allows. The prime example is Oncor, which made different requests for $200 million for its 3.4 million smart meter deployment, $58 million for telecommunications solutions and another $58 million for distribution automation systems. Will the DOE consider these as separate projects, or only dole out the $200 million — if Oncor gets anything at all.
The fallout from tomorrow’s announcement could very well be more nasty than hopeful. As GreenTech Media reported earlier, [CORRECTION: the CEO of grid storage technology provider Ice Energy, Frank Ramirez, SPECULATED that some companies may consider suing the DOE if denied funds. He did not himself threaten to sue.] There will after all be a significant number of losers for the government to contend with.
Regardless, Obama will surely try to turn tomorrow’s announcement into a positive step toward a cleaner, more efficient electrical grids. Reports say he will not only be announcing the funding, but also laying out a general plan for U.S. Smart Grid development — whatever that might entail. He will also probably link it to the Kerry-Boxer climate bill pending in the Senate, emphasizing them both as efforts to decarbonize our current energy use to reduce global warming. In doing so, the Wall Street Journal predicts that he will tout the Smart Grid as a necessary, preemptive step before renewable sources of energy like wind, solar and geothermal can be widely incorporated into our national energy mix.
VentureBeat is hosting GreenBeat, the seminal executive conference on the Smart Grid, on Nov. 18-19, featuring keynotes from Nobel Prize winner Al Gore and Kleiner Perkins’ John Doerr. Get your early-bird tickets for $525 before Nov. 5 at GreenBeat2009.com.
VentureBeat's mission is to be a digital town square for technical decision-makers to gain knowledge about transformative enterprise technology and transact. Discover our Briefings.

domain: economics


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NY'rp was established in January of 2012 and is owned by Telefonez, Vanessa-Hart, and Jackster2k9
Goldwingers Singapore (GWS) previously known as W*A*S*H Singapore (Wingers Against Staying Home) established in Feb 2004 by a group of friends who share a common passion for winging.
Free forum : A forum community dedicated in showcasing and supporting some of the rising starlets and established UK Models from Glamour to Fashion and Commercial
A strong team oriented alliance of players who have established themselves on other servers, most notably Gamma and Beta servers.
LegendaryCraft is a Minecraft roleplaying gaming community established through Steam 2010 January and is online 24/7 with a Legendary set of Plugins and Adminstrating team. We are currently constru
Free forum : A new generation of ninja are born. 500 years after the conflicts of the current naruto series the ninja world has been rebuilt and established once more. with new villages and new journeys, its going to need a whole new generation.
Kishido~Spirits. United Legion of Eudemons Online Los Angeles Server. Re-Established june 2008
A readily established society formed under an online game entitled Special Force. This forum brings together the harmonization of SF players around the vicinity of Batangas.
Free forum : Headquaters for the first ever BioShock 2 clan that was established 6/09
This is the official forum of the OGame alliance Zen, established in Universes 22, 43, Andromeda, Hydra, and Io.
No dice or levelling up, not limited to fanfiction or original fiction, but a mix so that characters from various established fiction and your own had can interact.
Established in 2009 by Monoxide. Focused on competitive Call of Duty and our YouTube channel. Submit applications on our forums if you would like to join.
A private forum for roleplaying in established universes, mostly Dragon Age and Mass Effect
A newly established forum for all the latest news, videos, and levels from LittleBigPlanet!
United Nations Space Command is a clan established for the game Dead Frontier, an online zombie MMO.
Free forum : Established 2000. Free forum : All Star Fantasy Football League
This discussion form is primarily established to discuss E Biz and Fusion applications issues...Nana
We are a well established, military structured clan. We seek mature members to be part of our team.
LISP2012 is an online discussion forum established as a collaborative resource for student and faculty members of Colorado College and The Colorado Learning & Literacy Center's Literacy Intervention S
Death in Excess - Naridian Horde - Established 1997 in Ultima Online. Where we still hold the guildstone. Other guilds have stolen and abused our name in other games but We are DiE
Established 2008 «WiiU & 360 & PS3 & Wii»
This is the official »]Ĥî-ᴴᵉутєяϟ[« Clan page. Established on April 14, 2010.
Texas Air Coolers was established with the intent to offer a location to allow ALL Air Cooled enthusiast interested in sharing their ideas, problems, achievements, projects, or just keep in touch with other AC owners.
Free forum : Centerfold Gaming is a private roleplay community based around various universes, ranging anywhere from more established platforms to more custom platforms.
Established originally on the Hampshire & Wiltshire border in 2006 by a handful of classic Volkswagen owners, we now have members across the country. We stay in touch via our Facebook Group & Free Forum where all the details of our show meets, campin
Established in 2005
The Airfix Tribute Forum was established in April 2006 to discuss the making of Airfix models.
Einsof World is an online shop established to satisfy your E-Shopping indulgence and also a community where people gather for gaming, arts, social networking and much more!
Come One, Come All! Welcome to Hidden Realms, a foruming site specifically for your RP needs. This site was established because of a growing number of people who have found it hard to get into the RP

domain: hobby