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Are you curious about the legality of flash loan attacks? In this article, we will delve into the world of flash loan attacks and explore whether they are considered illegal. Flash loan attacks have been making headlines recently due to their disruptive nature in the decentralized finance (DeFi) space. These attacks involve borrowing a large sum of money within a single transaction and exploiting vulnerabilities in smart contracts to manipulate markets or drain funds. While some argue that these attacks are unethical and should be deemed illegal, there is currently a legal ambiguity surrounding them. Authorities are grappling with how to regulate this new form of financial attack, as it raises complex questions about jurisdiction and accountability. Join us as we navigate through the ethical implications and potential regulations surrounding flash loan attacks, shedding light on what the future may hold for this controversial practice.
- Flash loan attacks are currently legal due to legal ambiguity and jurisdictional differences.
- Flash loan attacks raise ethical concerns about transparency, fairness, and equal opportunity.
- Regulatory measures have been proposed to increase transparency and oversight.
- Enforcing regulations for flash loan attacks is challenging due to the global and decentralized nature of cryptocurrencies.
Understanding Flash Loan Attacks
You might be wondering how flash loan attacks work and if they are actually legal. Flash loan attacks take advantage of the decentralized nature of blockchain platforms, allowing users to borrow a substantial amount of funds within a single transaction. These loans are typically repaid within the same transaction, making it possible for attackers to exploit vulnerabilities in smart contracts and manipulate the market.
Flash loan attacks involve three main steps: borrowing funds, manipulating the market, and repaying the loan. Attackers borrow a large sum of cryptocurrency from a lending platform without putting up any collateral. They then use these borrowed funds to execute trades that affect the price of certain assets or tokens. Through this manipulation, they can generate significant profits within a short period of time.
From an ethical standpoint, flash loan attacks raise concerns about transparency and fairness in financial markets. While some argue that these attacks are innovative ways to expose vulnerabilities and promote stronger security measures, others view them as unethical practices that harm innocent investors.
In response to these concerns, regulatory measures have been proposed or implemented by various jurisdictions. These measures aim to protect investors by increasing transparency and oversight in decentralized finance platforms. However, due to the global and decentralized nature of cryptocurrencies, enforcing such regulations can be challenging.
Considering the ethical implications of flash loan attacks raises questions about trust and integrity within digital ecosystems.
Ethical Implications of Flash Loan Attacks
Uncovering the ethical implications surrounding these incidents can engage you in a thought-provoking exploration. When considering flash loan attacks, it is important to assess the ethical considerations and their impact on financial systems. Here are four key points to help you understand the gravity of these implications:
- Disruption: Flash loan attacks can disrupt the normal functioning of decentralized finance platforms, causing significant financial losses for users and undermining trust in the system.
- Manipulation: Attackers exploit vulnerabilities in smart contracts to manipulate prices, leading to unfair advantages and potentially destabilizing markets.
- Unfair advantage: Flash loan attacks allow malicious actors to profit at the expense of others without any personal investment or risk, creating an unjust environment that goes against principles of fairness and equal opportunity.
- Legal gray area: The legality of flash loan attacks remains uncertain due to jurisdictional differences and evolving regulations, making it difficult to hold perpetrators accountable.
Understanding the ethical implications highlights the need for stricter security measures within decentralized finance platforms and regulatory frameworks that address these emerging challenges head-on. Transitioning into the subsequent section about legal ambiguity surrounding flash loan attacks reveals another layer of complexity in this multifaceted issue.
Legal Ambiguity Surrounding Flash Loan Attacks
Navigating the legal gray area surrounding flash loan attacks can leave you feeling uncertain and vulnerable to potential consequences. While these attacks have gained attention for their disruptive nature, the legality of such actions remains ambiguous. The decentralized nature of blockchain technology and the lack of specific regulations make it challenging to determine whether flash loan attacks are illegal.
One of the main factors contributing to this ambiguity is the absence of clear legal frameworks for cryptocurrencies and smart contracts. Traditional financial laws often struggle to keep up with technological advancements, leading to regulatory challenges in addressing flash loan attacks specifically. Additionally, different jurisdictions may have varying interpretations of existing laws, further complicating matters.
The potential legal consequences for engaging in a flash loan attack depend on several factors, including jurisdiction and intent. In some cases, these attacks may be viewed as exploiting vulnerabilities rather than committing outright fraud or theft. However, engaging in malicious activities through flash loans can still result in criminal charges related to hacking or unauthorized access.
As the popularity and prominence of flash loan attacks continue to grow within the crypto ecosystem, regulators face mounting pressure to establish clearer guidelines. In the next section about potential regulations for flash loan attacks…
Potential Regulations for Flash Loan Attacks
The evolving landscape of cryptocurrency regulations is prompting regulators to consider potential measures for addressing the challenges posed by flash loan attacks. These attacks, which exploit vulnerabilities in decentralized finance platforms, have raised significant concerns regarding their legality and potential impact on the financial system. As a result, regulators are exploring various options to mitigate the risks associated with flash loan attacks.
One potential regulation that regulators might consider is imposing stricter Know Your Customer (KYC) requirements on decentralized finance platforms. By implementing KYC procedures, these platforms could verify the identity of users and ensure compliance with anti-money laundering (AML) regulations. This would help prevent malicious actors from conducting flash loan attacks anonymously.
Another possible regulation could involve imposing transaction limits or fees on flash loans. By restricting the size of transactions or charging fees for executing flash loans, regulators could deter potential attackers and limit their ability to exploit vulnerabilities in the system.
However, implementing such regulations poses legal implications as it may contradict the principles of decentralization and anonymity that underpin cryptocurrencies. Striking a balance between protecting users and preserving these fundamental aspects of cryptocurrencies will be crucial for regulators moving forward.
As we explore potential regulations for mitigating flash loan attacks, it is important to consider not only their legal implications but also their effectiveness in deterring future attacks. Transitioning into the next section about ‘the future of flash loan attacks,’ it becomes evident that regulatory measures alone may not be enough to completely eliminate this threat.
The Future of Flash Loan Attacks
In discussing the future of flash loan attacks, it is important to consider industry responses and mitigation strategies that have been implemented to address these vulnerabilities. Various platforms and protocols within the DeFi space have taken steps to enhance security measures and prevent such attacks from occurring. Additionally, the impact of flash loan attacks on the development of DeFi technologies should not be overlooked, as they have prompted a reevaluation of existing protocols and a push for stronger safeguards in order to ensure the long-term sustainability and trustworthiness of decentralized finance.
Industry Responses and Mitigation Strategies
To combat flash loan attacks, industry experts have implemented various strategies and mitigation techniques. These measures involve a collaborative effort among different players in the industry to enhance financial security. Here are five key steps taken to address this issue:
- Increased collaboration: Industry stakeholders have come together to share information and best practices, creating a united front against flash loan attacks.
- Enhanced monitoring systems: Financial institutions have improved their monitoring capabilities by deploying advanced technologies that can detect suspicious transactions in real-time.
- Strengthened risk management framework: Organizations have updated their risk management frameworks to include specific provisions for addressing flash loan vulnerabilities.
- Improved authentication protocols: The implementation of stronger authentication methods such as multi-factor authentication has been adopted to ensure secure access to financial systems.
- Regular security audits: To stay ahead of emerging threats, organizations conduct regular security audits to identify potential vulnerabilities and implement necessary safeguards.
These efforts highlight the industry’s commitment to safeguarding financial systems from flash loan attacks. This focus on security will undoubtedly shape the future development of DeFi technologies as they strive for even greater resilience and protection against malicious activities.
Impact on the Development of DeFi Technologies
Imagine the limitless potential that lies ahead for DeFi technologies, as they evolve and adapt in response to these challenges. However, it is crucial to acknowledge the impact of flash loan attacks on the development of these technologies. These attacks have exposed regulatory challenges and security vulnerabilities within the DeFi ecosystem. The decentralized nature of DeFi platforms makes them susceptible to exploitation by malicious actors who can exploit code loopholes and execute large-scale transactions without collateral. This raises concerns about the overall stability and trustworthiness of these platforms. To address these issues, developers are actively working on enhancing security measures through code audits, bug bounties, and platform upgrades. Additionally, industry experts are advocating for stricter regulations to mitigate risks associated with flash loan attacks. Despite these challenges, advancements in technology will inevitably lead to improved security protocols and a more robust DeFi landscape in the future.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the purpose of flash loan attacks?
The purpose of flash loan attacks is to exploit temporary price discrepancies in the market and make quick profits. They provide advantages like high profitability but are also associated with risks of detection and prevention.
How can individuals protect themselves from falling victim to flash loan attacks?
To protect yourself from flash loan attacks, understand how they work. Implement ways to detect and prevent them, such as monitoring unusual transaction patterns or using decentralized platforms that have implemented security measures against these attacks.
Are flash loan attacks limited to a specific blockchain or cryptocurrency?
Flash loan attacks are not limited to a specific blockchain or cryptocurrency. However, the impact on the decentralized finance (DeFi) ecosystem can be mitigated through blockchain interoperability, enabling cross-chain communication and enhancing security measures.
Can flash loan attacks be traced back to their perpetrators?
Tracing flash loan attacks and identifying their perpetrators can be challenging due to the anonymity of blockchain transactions. However, it is important to note that engaging in flash loan attacks is likely illegal and can have serious legal implications.
Are flash loan attacks considered a form of hacking or cybercrime?
Flash loan attacks are considered a form of cybercrime and hacking. They have serious legal implications and regulatory measures are being implemented to address these issues. It is important for individuals seeking control to be aware of the risks involved.


This is AI generated summarization, which may have errors. For context, always refer to the full article.
Sen. Panfilo Lacson recommends that a separate probe on the matter be held after the impeachment trial
MANILA, Philippines – Sen. Panfilo Lacson expressed reservations about a proposed Senate probe into the Supreme Court’s alleged misuse of a loan from the World Bank. Lacson is concerned the probe will affect the impeachment trial of Chief Justice Renato Corona.
Lacson was reacting to the plan
of Sen. Franklin Drilon to file a resolution calling on the Senate’s Oversight Committee on Public Expenditures to look into the World Bank report. Rappler reported on Friday, January 13, that the WB asked the SC to return
US$199,000 (P8.6-M) in “ineligible” funds by the end of January. The international group said the high court spent this on activities and projects not covered by a loan agreement between both parties.
“Inevitably, CJ Corona is at the center of the issue,” said Lacson. “The [committee] chairman has to define the rules very clearly because so that what will be tackled there will be without prejudice to the impeachment trial,” Lacson said in Filipino.
“But it’s hard to attend that because you know in investigations, anything goes. My concern is that we might sound prosecutorial and being senator-judges, that’s not good.”
Lacson said should there be a probe, it can be conducted after the impeachment trial. If not, the committee must clearly define the scope of the investigation to avoid affecting the trial.
The senator also refused to speculate on the timing of the release of the report to the media amid speculation it was related to the impeachment trial.
“In the first place, it was the World Bank that released the report. You cannot stop the media [from reporting] because that’s the issue. How can you control the media if they want to release details on the loan?” – Rappler.com


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Lewys Glyn Cothi
Lewys Glyn Cothi (c. 1420 – 1490), also known as Llywelyn y Glyn, was a prominent 15th century Welsh poet who composed numerous poems in the Welsh language. He is one of the most important representatives of the Beirdd yr Uchelwyr ("Poets of the Nobility") or Cywyddwyr ("cywydd-men"), the itinerant professional poets of the period between the 1284 Statute of Rhuddlan and c. 1600.
He was born about 1420, possibly at Pwllcynbyd farm, near the remote hamlet of Rhydycymerau in the parish of Llanybydder in south-west Wales: he took his bardic name from the nearby forest of Glyn Cothi in the Cothi valley. His given name was Llewelyn, but he generally used the common Welsh hypocorism "Lewys" in his verse, and is more usually known by this name. One of his manuscripts suggests that he may have received some education at Carmarthen Priory, but his early life is otherwise rather obscure.
Lewys lived through the Wars of the Roses, in which he was an adherent of the Lancastrian party, supporting the interests of Jasper Tudor, the Earl of Pembroke, and later of Henry Tudor. He is thought to have witnessed the Lancastrian defeat at the Battle of Mortimer's Cross in the company of Owen ap Gruffudd ap Nicolas, the son of a prominent Carmarthenshire esquire, and subsequently both men spent time as outlaws in Snowdonia. Although many of his poems are addressed to pro-Lancastrian gentry, he was not above praising Yorkist patrons when occasion demanded it, such as the Vaughan family of Hergest, Herefordshire, with whom his name is often associated.
There is a story, originating in a note on a manuscript copy of his poetry, that Lewys settled at Chester and was later ejected from the city by its burgesses for marrying a widow without their consent. Other stories attached to different manuscripts claim that he was instead driven out of the staunchly Yorkist city for making a verse prophecy that Henry Tudor would become king. Although unconfirmed, it seems certain that something occurred to make him a laughing-stock of Chester's citizens and to spur him to satirise them mercilessly in an awdl, describing them as the offspring of "eight kinds of intercourse in the bushes" ("cyw wythryw cyfathrach — dan lwyn") and calling the vengeance of another Lancastrian retainer, Rheinallt ap Gruffydd ap Bleddyn of Mold, on their heads.
Lewys travelled widely in Wales, visiting the houses of various patrons, and seems to have had a particular affection for Anglesey, where he paid tribute to the hospitality he received, writing "Gorddu yw brig Iwerddon / gan fwg ceginau o Fôn" ("Blackened are the trees of Ireland / by the smoke of the kitchens of Anglesey").
He is known to have had at least one son, John, whose death at the age of 5 led Lewys to write one of his most powerful poems, the elegy Marwnad Siôn y Glyn, part of which runs, in a translation by the academic and poet Gwyn Williams, as:
Siôn's death stands near me
A tradition states that Lewys, who appears to have died around 1490, was buried at Abergwili, but his place of burial and exact date of death remain unconfirmed. One of his last poems is addressed to Henry Tudor after the latter had been crowned as King Henry VII.
Lewys was a prolific poet, writing many celebratory poems and elegies: about 230 of his poems have survived in various manuscript sources. Although his strict-metre style is not as polished as some, it has been characterised as "fluent and natural". His work ranges from elaborate poems of praise and devotional verse to broad humour, the latter particularly when begging patrons for various items. He was an accomplished scribe, and is thought to have been responsible for compiling much, if not all, of Llyfr Gwyn Hergest (the White Book of Hergest), an important late-medieval Welsh manuscript which disappeared in the early 19th century (he also added several poems to the Red Book of Hergest, which is now in the National Library of Wales). Lewys was also an expert on heraldry, and compiled several treatises on the subject. The manuscript Peniarth 109, which contains over a hundred of his poems in his own hand, was illustrated by him with the arms of many Welsh noble families.
His entire works were published in 1953 through the cooperation of the National Library of Wales and the University of Wales Press Board, and were edited by E. D. Jones.
- ^ A 19th century tradition also suggests he grew up in a now vanished house in Cwm Cothi with the unfortunate name of Pwlltinbyd ("the world's arsehole").
- ^ Gruffudd ap Nicolas, National Library of Wales
- ^ a b c d Lewys Glyn Cothi, National Library of Wales
- ^ See the Dychan i Wyr o Gaer, ed. Fulton, Mapping Mediaeval Chester. A comment given by George Borrow, that Rheinallt actually took violent revenge on Lewys's behalf, is incorrect, as Lewys was actually appropriating a previous Wars of the Roses skirmish with tongue in cheek.
- ^ Williams, G. (trans.) Welsh poems, sixth century to 1600, UCP, 1974, p.78
- ^ Stephens, M. The new companion to the literature of Wales, UWP, 1998, p.436
- ^  Lewis Glyn Cothi on Britannica.com

domain: history


Mahjong 3D is back – bigger and better!
Just Have Fun!
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Rio Tinto is facing a fresh row over pay after one of its largest investors criticised the mining giant for handing bosses generous rewards for hitting “unchallenging” targets.
Standard Life Investments, Rio Tinto’s fifth-largest shareholder, with a 1.9% stake, called for a sweeping pay overhaul within a year and voted against the remuneration report at last week’s annual meeting.
The soaring price of iron ore, copper and aluminium has fuelled a remarkable recovery for the Anglo-Australian group, which was forced to tap shareholders for cash in 2009. Tom Albanese, chief executive, saw his total pay rise by almost a third to £5.5m last year as profits tripled. Harry Kenyon-Slaney, head of Rio Tinto’s diamonds division, more than doubled his pay to £1.8m.
Guy Jubb, head…

domain: news


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The Law of Raspberry Jam: the wider any culture is spread, the thinner it gets.
Let's pray that the human race never escapes from Earth to spread its iniquity elsewhere.
If you always put limits on everything you do, physical or anything else, it will spread into your work and into your life. There are no limits. There are only plateaus, and you must not stay there, you must go beyond them.
If you pick the right people and give them the opportunity to spread their wings and put compensation as a carrier behind it you almost don't have to manage them.
If you always put limit on everything you do, physical or anything else.
It will spread into your work and into your life. There are no limits. There are only plateaus, and you must not stay there, you must go beyond them.
Dependency is death to initiative, to risk-taking and opportunity.
It's time to stop the spread of government dependency and fight it like the poison it is.
Love the moment and the energy of that moment will spread beyond all boundaries.
Let the gentle bush dig its root deep and spread upward to split the boulder.
Nobody needs a smile so much as the one who has none to give.
So get used to smiling heart-warming smiles, and you will spread sunshine in a sometimes dreary world.
We interest others by the misfortune we spread around us.
Music is about listening, the more you play, the more the magic spreads.
I believe that for the past twenty years there has been a creeping socialism spreading in the United States.
Fertilizer does no good in a heap, but a little spread around works miracles all over.
The aim of public education is not to spread enlightenment at all: it is simply to reduce as many individuals as possible to the same safe level, to breed a standard citizenry, to put down dissent and originality.
Money is like muck, not good except it be spread.
To sit alone in the lamplight with a book spread out before you hold intimate converse with men of unseen generations -- such is pleasure beyond compare.

domain: literature


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I Seek Happiness Through Action, Not Positive Thoughts
When I was in my early teens, a family member introduced me to the law of attraction.
According to this “law,” thoughts determine the outcome of one’s life. Therefore, if your thoughts are positive, positive things will happen in your life.
I was young and determined to try it out. The success stories from its cult-like believers were enough to convince me it would work. In past years, I had struggled with depression, social anxiety, and low self-esteem, and desperately wanted my life to turn around.
Slowly but surely, I got out of my shell. I started going to selected school events again. I hung out with a group of friends and felt valued. I lost weight and began feeling good about my body again.
But just as quickly as my life turned around, the problems started to return. Deep inside, I knew the euphoria of change wouldn’t last, but I didn’t want to admit it.
My confidence was up, but my academic life was problematic. I still did not enjoy being in a science high school. I was an artist, not a scientist. But I thought I could “fake it till I made it.” I graduated with the help of a tutor, but my mental health suffered.
I also had troubles with so-called friends, and ultimately lost some of them. Meanwhile, I realized who my true friends are when I found out who would stick around. To this day, I am glad to say that some of my high school friends are still part of my “tribe,” but I can only count them with my fingers.
Worse, I became too optimistic. I wasn’t aware of it back then, but that’s what I inevitably taught myself to be. Somehow, I would always think simply visualizing good outcomes was enough to make things good. But then I would fail, and I would wonder why I wasn’t happy.
I started falling into deeper depressive phases. To complicate things, my mom got sick with terminal cancer, and I had to cope with the loss of someone near and dear to me. All of this was happening while I tried to contend with the horrible person I thought I was.
For a long time, I was mad at the world for being so cruel, for limiting my dreams, and for robbing me of my happiness.
Then I met people who challenged my perspective of “attracting” happiness, including my husband, Jared, who has hemophilia and epilepsy.
Chronic illness is a terrible thing. If you have one, you may have limitations. You will inevitably disappoint others. You can be a financial burden to those who care for you, and you will need to make an effort to not be seen that way. Perfection, in the traditional sense, is out of reach. No amount of “positive thinking” can change that.
But when I met my husband, we connected. I realized we were both human. He had his own share of failures in life, but still kept doing his best to push forward. Despite his illnesses and the demoralizing things people would tell him, he continued enjoying life.
Through my husband, I realized that it’s possible to feel happiness even when things are not all positive.
Life is in the little things. The encouragement I feel when our small business receives new orders. The delight of buying something new. The contentment of making the most of something I own. And most importantly, the wonderful feeling of things being good for my family.
I still desire other things, like moving out of the city. But for now, a simple life without health complications is fine.
The new year is a time when people make resolutions to change their lives. I see nothing wrong with that. I don’t intend to ruin other people’s optimism. Besides, there is joy in wanting good things for other people, too.
Personally, I don’t want to focus on manifesting positive change. In fact, it’s probably one of my biggest resolutions to stop being overly optimistic and start being more grounded in reality.
Now that I’m older, I realize that change does not come from thoughts alone. Yes, it starts with a vision, but it takes action to get from point A to B.
Actions build up and lead to an overall feeling of accomplishment and satisfaction, which in turn translate to a form of happiness. I do believe it is in consistently doing these things that one can manage to live happily, despite life’s rough spots.
Note: Hemophilia News Today is strictly a news and information website about the disease. It does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. This content is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or another qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website. The opinions expressed in this column are not those of Hemophilia News Today or its parent company, BioNews, and are intended to spark discussion about issues pertaining to hemophilia.


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Vlingo invades Europe with N97 & E72 preloads and availability on Ovi Store
Today is a huge day of firsts for Vlingo! A little over a year removed from launching our first product, we are thrilled to announce Vlingo for Nokia. Now Nokia users in Germany, Italy, Spain, the UK and North America will be able to join millions of BlackBerry and iPhone users in experiencing the fastest way to get things done on their phones.
Additionally, we are delighted that Nokia has chosen to preload Vlingo on two premium devices — the Nokia N97 and the Nokia E72, which will be available with Vlingo out of the box later this month. This is the first time a full voice user interface has been preloaded on a major device. We are thrilled that the world’s largest handset maker has chosen Vlingo to be that pioneer. We can’t wait to see how European users enjoy Vlingo!
Vlingo is available immediately on the Ovi Store by Nokia for select devices. Download it now on the Ovi Store or at vlingo.com
Check out the press release here!
Head of Business & Market Strategy


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2,225 gypsum ball mill products are offered for sale by suppliers on Alibaba , of which mine mill accounts for 16%, grinding equipment accounts for 1%. A wide variety of gypsum ball mill options are available to you, such as 1.5 years, more than 5 years, and 3 years. live chat
June 10, 2020
Copyright © 2020.Company name All rights reserved.


Settings AMTD-1 / AMTD-2 A > 3 sec. • HVAC controls (ECCCNYS 503. 3,00 USD-4,00 USD / parte. 1 Collegare le linee di bypass del gas al misuratore. Energy in form of electricity or heat is used to power mechanical equipment designed to transfer heat from a colder, low-ener-gy level to a warmer, high-energy level.
HVAC systems are of great importance to architectural design efforts for four main reasons. doc @ 8195 Wechsel ein-auf zweispaltig. In simplest term, the control is defined as the starting, stopping or regulation of heating, ventilating, and air conditioning system. 711 Commerce Way Units 12/13 Suite 8 Southpoint Business Park Jupiter Ensign way FL-33458 Hampshire / Southampton United Kingdom, SO31 4RF From outside US: +1 From outside UK: +44 Tel:Tel:.
La costruzione del tubo di Pitot facilita la misura in luoghi di difficile accesso, piccole cavità e tubature di dimensioni ridotte. La memoria interna del manometro con tubo di Pitot può contenere fino a 99 valori per parametro. HVAC DESIGN MANUAL Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Œ Procedure Outline 3 Scope Important Terms Tasks of the HVAC Design Chapter 2 Œ Project Information Needed for HVAC Design 7 Documents Data Input Review of Information Codes, Standards, and References Summary Chapter 3 Œ Preliminary Design, Planning 13 Decisions to be Made. These rules and regulations include: EPA 608 Licensing requirements for handling refrigerants, HVAC company rules and regulations (obviously), local, state, and national codes for HVAC and electrical. Misuratore HVAC PCE-HVAC 2. highly variable. Leggere le pratiche ottimali di installazione per il misuratore. Determine the four functions of an air conditioning system.
The new HVAC contractor checklist being introduced with ENERGY STAR Version 3 includes several fill-ins intended to demonstrate Manual S compliance. The problem is that most HVAC contractors currently sidestep the Manual S procedure, relying instead on AHRI or nameplate capacity for equipment selection. L&39;igrometro misura la temperatura e l&39;umidità ambientale, calcola il punto di rugiada e la temperatura del bulbo umido.
• The measure of energy the HVAC system needs to add or remove from a space to provide the desired level of comfort – Btu/h • Not the. The HVAC meter was developed for the everyday life of a service worker. Il dispositivo misura la temperatura e l&39;umidità attraverso il sensore incorporato. Explain the difference between natural ventilation and forced ventilation. Optional Parts AC Adapter (Q-adapter) Arm Cuff Order No. A right-sized HVAC system will provide the desired occupant comfort and will run efficiently. Vedere Sezione 1.
Several important energy code requirements will be reviewed,. Page 1 PCE Americas Inc. Misurazione del flusso Con il PCE-HVAC 2.
Manuals and User Guides for PCE Instruments PCE-HVAC 3. . Grazie a queste caratteristiche, l&39;igrometro PCE-HVAC 3 viene utilizzato soprattutto nel settore della climatizzazione. Vedere Sezione 2. Thermostats used to control heating and cooling simultaneously must have a tem-perature range (of at least 5 degrees) within which calls for heating. 5)—Temperature controls must include the capacity to be set to 55 degrees or lower (for heating) and/or 85 degrees or higher (for cooling). We have 1 PCE Instruments PCE-HVAC 3 manual available for free PDF download: User Manual PCE Instruments PCE-HVAC 3 User Manual (17 pages).
Using the Optional AC Adapter Insert batteries into the battery compartment even when using the AC adapter. 3 Press and hold the button for at least 3 seconds to. 1 A A A 3 2 > 3 sec. Overview of common pce-hvac commercial building Heating, Ventilating, and Air-conditioning (HVAC) systems as they relate to energy code requirements. First, these systems often require substantial floor space and/or building volume for equipment and distribution elements that must be accommodated during the design process. Il manometro PCE-HVAC 2 utilizza un tubo di Pitot che consente di misurare la velocità dell&39;aria fino a 80 m/s. Il misuratore HVAC misura la temperatura e l&39;umidità ambientale, calcola il punto di rugiada e la temperatura del bulbo umido. Adjust the focus to get the clear target thermal image.
A circumferential rubber coating on the housing of the PCE-HVAC 6 helps ensure that the HVAC meter is secure in the hand, even when the technician wears gloves. PCE Instruments UK Ltd. Pinza Digitale Misuratore di Potenza Manuale Ac/Dc Digital Clamp Meter DT850L.
1 Acquire an image After the battery installed, long press the power key (≥3 seconds) until the power indicator turns on. A = 5A √ Setting the full scale 1 Press and hold the button for at manuale misuratore hvac pce-hvac 3 least 3 seconds to access the pro-gramming menu. Identify the five goals every HVAC system tries to accomplish. of the HVAC system – First piece of information needed – 12,000 Btu/h = 1 Ton Cooling • Can be. Controlling an HVAC system involves three distinct steps: 1) Measure a variable and collect data 2) Process the data with other information 3) Cause a control action. emphasis, however, will be on multi-function air-conditioning systems.
PCE Instruments PCE-HVAC 3 User Manual Operation & user’s manual (17 pages) Extech Instruments AN500 User Manual Operation & user’s manual (9 pages) Fluke 568 User&39;s Manual Operation & user’s manual (34 pages). AIR CONDITIONING PROCESSES 3–1 Introduction 3–1 Heating and Cooling Process 3–2 Cooling with Dehumidification 3–3 Heating with Humidification 3–3 Adiabatic Mixing of Two Air Streams 3–5 Evaporative Cooling 3–5 Heating and Air Conditioning System Cycles 4. Order No. Compliance to The Design Manual, which promulgates minimum performance design standards for VA owned and leased. INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND VENTILATION 4–1 Indoor Air Quality 4–1. 2 Cablare il misuratore in base alle pratiche consigliate per l&39;am-biente di processo ed alle certificazioni richieste.
. PCE Instruments PCE-TC 31 Manual Manual (21 pages) PCE Instruments T 390 Manual Manual (18 pages) PCE Instruments PCE-660 User Manual Operation & user’s manual (9 pages) PCE Instruments PCE-HVAC 3 User Manual Operation & user’s manual (17 pages). Our HVACR practice exam consists of questions developed by HVAC Excellence, the largest provider of certifications (more than 200,000) in the HVACR industry. Notes: • Never unplug the power cord with wet hands.
The main objective of the HVAC design calculations project is to provide correctly sized heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems for the building. The system is pre-set to a 72-degree indoor temperature and a 95. Si può anche misurare il flusso di volume. Find the user manual you need for your home appliance products and more at ManualsOnline. 3 Instructions for the assemblage and the use 1. Grazie a queste caratteristiche, il misuratore HVAC PCE-HVAC 3 viene utilizzato soprattutto nel settore della climatizzazione.
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text:
One of the biggest health crises facing Americans today is addiction to prescription pain medication which are killing thousands every year. Prescription drugs cause most of the 26,000 fatal overdoses every year. This startling information comes from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
The reason for this is that people are seeking relief from back pain and other issues that stem from being overweight. The excess weight causes back pain and other joint related issues.
Doctors have bought into drug companies propaganda that drugs are the way to go. It’s as though they have no choice as patients ask for pain relief but to give multiple drugs. You can read more about it here.
There is a huge gap in what doctors are taught in medical school as well as in their continuing education in the area of cause and prevention of pain. Actually, it’s quite simple.
First, take animal based omega-3 supplements. They are the only source of natural anti-inflamitories in the body.
Vegetarians mistakenly believe that plant source omega-3’s do the same job, but this doesn’t fly when the biochemistry is examined. The fats are burned as fuel long before they go through the steps necessary to convert them to prostaglandins — inflammation mediators.
Eliminate sugar and most grains from the diet. This lowers levels of insulin and leptin levels. Insulin and leptin cause the production of prostaglandins. Eliminating this need releases the anti-inflamitorys to be used to reduce painful inflammation in the body rather than being used to mitigate the byproducts of sugar and grain consumption.
Either take vitamin D or get appropriate sunlight to insure good production. Vitamin D has been shown to greatly reduce many different types of pain including back pain relief and other musculoskeletal pain, fibromyalgia, rheumatic disorders, osteoarthritis, migraines and more.
Use safer alternatives to pain like fresh ginger — a tea works well, boswellia, bromelain, oil from evening primrose, black currant and borage, and cayenne cream — also called capsaicin cream.
A few lifestyle changes are well worth the effort if it will keep you out of pain and eliminate the need for deadly prescription pain medications.

domain: medical


text:
Zombie Slayer is a Doom 3 mod that incorporates gameplay from games like Dragon's Lair and Shenmue, but with a twist - you have three chances to successful input the correct key. Fail three times, and you are dead.
From Concept to Execution: The Story of Zombie SlayerJan 13, 2010 News
2009 has been a fantastic year for modding and indie gaming. With the highest amount of recorded featured releases ever on ModDB it can still go over the heads of most of our visitors.Dec 24, 2009 Article
Mystic Realmz Production's Zombie Slayer OST (original soundtrack) is now available for download. This contains 14 tracks including an extended intro track along with a remastered credits track.Apr 30, 2009 News
The mod is to the point of completion after over two years of work. Through this time, the mod has been through many changes. Zombie Slayer has been released.Apr 24, 2009 News
Zombie Slayer is set to be released on 4/25/2009 at 12:00 AM CST. Also inside is a teaser of Chapter 2A.Apr 13, 2009 News

domain: game


Recently I installed new NA02 firmware to my X423_HCOBE900A10 disks to fix 888889 and 1239356 bugs. Now I see informational "Recovered error" messages from some disks according to KB articles.
Tue Jun 25 08:33:13 +04 [R53-na01-A:disk.ioRecoveredError.retry:info]: Recovered error on disk 3a.00.12: op 0x28:68cb85b0:0008 sector 255 SCSI:recovered error - Disk used internal retry algorithm to obtain data (1 b 95 95) (12) [NETAPP X423_HCOBE900A10 NA02] S/N [KXH1SAUF]
Tue Jun 25 08:33:13 +04 [R53-na01-A:disk.ioFailed:error]: I/O operation failed despite several retries.
I know it's normal and disks heals itself with a new firmware but I have some questions.
1. Will these messages stop to appear after some time?
2. Is it possible that weekend aggr scrub task will broke my array if some error thresholds will be reached?


text:
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When you contact us, we'll ask you about your currency needs. Then we'll work hard to ensure we save you money on your foreign currency transactions - in fact, we already help many clients do just that.
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domain: finance


Pied Bleu is the French name commonly given to a purple-ish mushroom, the Blue Foot. And, as the name suggests, Pied Bleu is the perfect go-to yarn base for sock knitting. The Bluefaced Leicester sheep’s long fleece, when combined with nylon, a high-twist spinning style and a superwash treatment, makes for durable, cozy, and easy-care socks.
|Color||Fiber: 80% bluefaced leicester, 20% nylon
Yardage: 365m / 400 y


text:
NEW DELHI: The National Commission
for Women has written to Amazon India
to take all measures to stop the transmission of any content
that may "perpetrate and promote crime
against women and convey a wrong message to the society".
“Moreover, e-commerce websites shall not be instrumental in dissemination of pornographic and rape content as it violates provisions of law,” the NCW
said in a statement.
The NCW has written the letter after taking suo motu cognisance of a Twitter post wherein it is alleged that Amazon’sKindle
contains e-books on porn literature & even rape fantasies.

domain: law


text:
What is the smallest fish?
In the murky blackwaters of the peat swamp forests of Southeast Asia lives the world’s smallest fish, the dwarf minnow of the genus Paedocypris. This extreme environment, characterized by low oxygen and high acidity, is home to several miniaturized fish species.
Are there big cats in Philippines?
The Visayan leopard cat is a Sunda leopard cat (Prionailurus javanensis sumatranus) population in the Philippine Islands of Negros, Cebu and Panay.
|Visayan Leopard Cat|
Does Philippines have foxes?
The Philippine gray flying fox (Pteropus speciosus) is a species of flying fox in the family Pteropodidae. It is found in Indonesia and the Philippines. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests.
Does Philippines have crocodiles?
The Philippines is home to two species of crocodiles: the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus), which can grow up to 6 meters (20 feet) long and is common across much of Southeast Asia and Australia; and the freshwater Philippine crocodile, about half the size and significantly rarer.
Is there pandas in the Philippines?
AN ASIAN-AMERICAN brand has crossed the oceans to bring American-Chinese food to the Philippines. Panda Express opens its first branch in the Philippines, today, Dec. 12, in SM Megamall.

domain: geography


text:
Idaho Falls Police released footage of what happened when a suspect is shot in car dealership’s lot
Idaho Falls Police released footage and more details of what happened when a suspect shot toward police outside a hotel on Pancheri Drive.
An Idaho State Police Trooper stopped a car for a traffic violation in the early morning hours of December 4th.
Bodycam and patrol car footage shows the suspect, identified as Marcos A. Cortez, 34, exiting his car in the parking lot of the Candlewood Suites Hotel on Parcheri Drive, shooting at officers and running away.
Officers followed him on foot to a car dealership on the corner of Pancheri Drive and Yellowstone Highway as other officers arrived.
In the video, Cortez is seen pointing the gun at himself. Officers yell at him to drop his gun multiple times before shots are heard. Cortez then is seen falling between a couple of cars. The video shows Cortez shot himself before officers fired their weapons.
Police Chief Johnson said the Cortez fired 5 rounds. Two rounds at the Idaho State trooper and 2 rounds at an Idaho Falls police officer and one at himself.
Johnson said an Idaho Falls police officer fired 3 rounds and another IFPD officer fired one round. The ISP trooper fired multiple rounds.
Officer Mitch Bierma and Sergeant Kevin Goms were the Idaho Falls officers who fired their weapons.
Bonneville County Prosecuting Attorney Randy Neal said he has determined the Idaho Falls officers' actions were justified under the law as an act of self-defense.


text:
Ecuador's shrimp producers are stepping up calls for authorities to protect them from a spike in organized crime that cost around $60 million (€54.4 million) in 2019 alone.
Producers reported more than 150 criminal actions against their property in 2019, including assault, robbery of shrimp, feed, supplies, equipment, boats and their engines.
Producers that can afford it are forking out for private security contracting, including the purchase of surveillance systems and infrared technology, but it has not been enough to thwart determined criminals or prevent them from becoming victims of criminal gangs involved in extortion.
Most worrying, Ecuadorian shrimp industry officials say, is a lack of response from the Ministries of Defense and Interior to provide sufficient security.
Producers want to see authorities break up organized gangs and the circle of the buying and selling stolen goods.
Trade groups and representatives from Guayas and El Oro provinces, which recorded the highest number of criminal incidents last year, were joined by others from Manabi, Esmeraldas and Santa Elena an at a recent summit meeting where they denounced the security situation as "unsustainable."
“We are sending a request to the President of the Republic, Lenin Moreno, to order the strengthening of the security policy in maritime, river and land areas in Ecuador. Economic, technological and personal resources are lacking to guarantee the security of our sector," said Jose Antonio Camposano, president of the National Chamber of Aquaculture trade body.
"Every day we record thefts of boats and raids on farms, so we request that urgent actions be taken to deal with organized crime efficiently.”
It is not uncommon in Ecuador for stolen goods to be offered back for sale to the original victims of crime or held as ransom for their safe return.
"We are being victims of extortion to recover stolen engines, there are many criminal gangs that are operating in the province and we are afraid to report for fear of reprisals" said Telmo Romero, from shrimp producers association APROCAM.
Shrimp producers want to see a 300 percent tax on the purchase of firearms and ammunition dropped and a relaxation of rules making it it difficult for them to carry weapons.
"We need the government to help us urgently,” Miguel Uscocovich, president of the shrimp association of the Sucre, Tosagua, Chone and San Vicente regions in Manabi province.
After petroleum, shrimp products are the country's most important earner with shipments reaching a record $3.65 billion (€3.31 billion) in 2019.


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text:
Rannvijay Singha bids adieu to MTV Roadies: A look back at what made him a quiet, formidable presence on the show
Rannvijay Singha’s athleticism, strength, militaristic outlook, passion for sports and bikes, calm and respectful demeanour as the host of MTV Roadies made him the OG influencer before influencers were even a thing.
Raftaar was supposed to start shooting for the latest season of MTV Roadies, and thus got himself tested for coronavirus.
Raghu Ram, Natalie Di Luccio become parents of a boy: 'Named him Rhythm as it can't be linked to any religion'
MTV Roadies fame Raghu Ram and Canadian-singer Natalie Di Luccio married in December 2018, in an intimate ceremony at Goa.
Roadies, Splitsvilla, Skulls and Roses: We're at the pinnacle of so-bad-it's-good reality television
I don’t watch the likes of Splitsvilla and Roadies out of guilt, I watch them because they are perfectly enjoyable farce.
Former Roadies contestant Shiv Thakare wins Bigg Boss Marathi season 2; Rannvijay Singha congratulates him
Shiv Thakare defeated Neha Shitole to emerge as the winner of Bigg Boss Marathi season 2.
Raghu Ram is well known for his for his contribution to the travel-based reality show Roadies, but now he feels that bidding goodbye to the show was his best decision
Neha Dhupia, Prince Narula, Nikhil Chinapa and Raftaar will be other frontrunners for their teams and lead the gangs of the 16th season of Roadies
Prince Narula shot to stardom with his win in Roadies x2
Harbhajan Singh walked out of Raodies Rising days after Karan Kundra was reportedly ousted from the show for slapping a contestant.
Popular VJ Nikhil Chinapa has replaced Karan Kundra in the upcoming season of Roadies
Indian off-spinner Harbhajan Singh will be back on the small screen as the judge of the new season of TV Roadies.
Here's a look back at the milestone moments of Indian television and how they have effected us.
Hajrat, hajrat, hajrat! India’s viral video sensations, The Viral Fever have released a new Q-tiyapa video, and this one stars Bollywood Producer and

domain: celebrity


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Reproduction of any of the material contained herein in any format or media without the express written permission of Rubber-Cal, Inc. is prohibited.
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text:
Babel (Hebrew) means Babylon; so that "the tower" should be designated "the tower of Babel." Capital of the country Shinar (Genesis), Chaldea (later Scriptures). The name as given by Nimrod (Genesis 10:10), the founder, means (Bab-il), "the gate of the god Il," or simply "of God." Afterward the name was attached to it in another sense (Providence having ordered it so that a name should be given originally, susceptible of another sense, signifying the subsequent divine judgment), Genesis 11:9; Babel from baalal, "to confound; .... because the Lord did there confound the language of all the earth," in order to counteract their attempt by a central city and tower to defeat God's purpose of the several tribes of mankind being "scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth," and to constrain them, as no longer "understand one another's speech," to dispel The Talmud says, the site of tower of Babel is Borsippa, the Bits Nimrud, 7 1/2 miles from Hillah, and 11 from the northern ruins of Babylon.
The French expedition found at Borsippa a clay cake, dated the 30th day of the 6th month of the 16th year of Nabonid. Borsippa (the Tongue Tower) was a suburb of Babylon, when the old Babel was restricted to the northern ruins. Nebuchadnezzar included it in the great circumvallation of 480 stadia. When the outer wall was destroyed by Darius Borsippa became independent of Babylon. Nebuchadnezzar's temple or tower of Nebo stood on the basement of the old tower of Babel. He says in the inscription, "the house of the earth's base (the basement substructure), the most ancient monument of Babylon I built and finished; I exalted its head with bricks covered with copper ... the house of the seven lights (the seven planets); a former king 42 ages ago built, but did not complete its head. Since a remote time people had abandoned it, without order expressing their words; the earthquake and thunder had split and dispersed its sun-dried clay."
The substructure had a temple sacred to Sin, god of the mouth (Oppert). The substructure is 600 Babylonian ft. broad, 75 high; on it Nebuchadnezzar built seven other stages. God had infatuated His will that "the earth should be divided," the several tribes taking different routes, in the days of Peleg ("division"), born 100 years after the flood (Genesis 10:25; Genesis 10:32; Deuteronomy 32:8). Another object the Babel builders sought was to "make themselves a name"; self-relying pride setting up its own will against the will of God, and dreaming of ability to defeat God's purpose, was their snare. Also their "tower, whose top (pointed toward, or else reached) unto heaven," was designed as a self-deifying, God-defying boast. Compare Isaiah 14:13; God alone has the right to "make Himself a name" (Isaiah 63:12; Isaiah 63:14; Jeremiah 32:20).
They desired to establish a grand central point of unity. They tacitly acknowledge they have lost the inward spiritual bond of unity, love to God uniting them in love to one another. They will make up for it by an outward forced unity; the true unity by loving obedience to God they might have had, though dispersed. Their tower toward heaven may have marked its religious dedication to the heavens (sabeanism, worship of the tsaba, the hosts of heaven), the first era in idolatry; as also the first effort after that universal united empire on earth which is to be realized not by man's ambition, but by the manifestation of Messiah, whose right the kingdom is (Ezekiel 21:27). "The Lord came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of men builded," i.e. (in condescension to human language), Jehovah took judicial cognizance of their act: their "go to, let us," etc. (Genesis 11:3-4), Jehovah with stern irony meets with His "Go to, let us," etc.
The cause of the division of languages lies in an operation performed upon the human mind, by which the original unity of feeling, thought, and will was broken up. The one primitive language is now lost, dispersed amidst the various tongues which have severally appropriated its fragments, about to rise again with reunited parts in a new and heavenly form when Jehovah will "turn to the people a pure language, that they may all call upon the name of Jehovah, to serve Him with one consent" (Zephaniah 3:9). "And the Lord shall be king over all the earth; in that day shall there be one Lord, and His name one" (Zechariah 14:9). The fact that the Bible names in Genesis 1-10 are Hebrew does not prove it the primitive tongue, for with the change of language the traditional names were adapted to the existing dialect, without any sacrifice of truth.
The earnest of the coming restoration was given in the gift of tongues at Pentecost, when the apostles spoke with other tongues, so that "devout men out of every nation under heaven" heard them speak in their own tongues "the wonderful works of God." The confusion of tongues was not at random, but a systematic distribution of languages for the purpose of a systematic distribution of man in emigration. The dispersion was orderly, the differences of tongue corresponding to the differences of race: as Genesis 10:5; Genesis 10:20; Genesis 10:31, "By these were ... Gentiles divided in their lands, every one after his tongue, after their families in their nations."
ORIGIN. Genesis (Genesis 10:8-10) represents Nimrod as the son of Cush (Ethiopia), and that "the beginning of his kingdom was Babel (Babylon)" Bunsen held that there were no Cushites out of Africa, and that an "Asiatic Cush existed only in the imagination of Biblical interpreters," and was "the child of their despair."
But the earliest Babylonian monuments show that the primitive Babylonians whose structures by Nebuchadnezzar's time were in ruins, had a vocabulary undoubtedly Cushite or Ethiopian, analogous to the Galla tongue in Abyssinia. Sir H. Rawlinson was able to decipher the inscriptions chiefly by the help of the Galla (Abyssinian) and Mahra (S. Arabian) dialects. The system of writing resembled the Egyptian, being pictorial and symbolic, often both using the same symbols. Several words of the Babylonians and their kinsmen the Susianians are identical with ancient Egyptian or Ethiopic roots: thus, hyk or hak, found in the Egyptian name hyksos or shepherd kings, appears in Babylonian and Susianian names as khak. Tirkhak is common to the royal lists of Susiana and Ethiopia, as Nimrod appears in those of both Babylon and Egypt.
As Ra was the Egyptian sun god, so was Ra the Cushite name of the supreme god of the Babylonians. Traces appear in the Babylonian inscriptions of all the four great dialects, Hamitic, Semitic, Aryan, and Turanian, which show that here the original one language existed before the confusion of tongues. The Babylonian and Assyrian traditions point to an early connection between Ethiopia, S. Arabia, and the cities on the lower Euphrates near its mouth. A first Cushite empire (Lenormant quoted by G. Rawlinson) ruled in Babylonia centuries before the earliest Semitic empire arose. Chedorlaomer (or Lagomer, an idol), king of Elam, is represented in Genesis 14 as leader of the other kings including the king of Shinar (Babylonia). Now Assyrian cuneiform inscriptions show that Elam (Elymais or Susiana, between Babylonia and Persia) maintained its independence through the whole Assyrian period, and that at a date earlier than that commonly assigned to Abraham (2286 B.C.) an Elamite king plundered Babylonia.
About this date a Babylonian king is designated in the inscriptions "ravager of Syria." Originally "the gate of the god's" temple, whereat justice used to be ministered, Babel or Babylon was secondary in importance at first to the other cities, Erech, Ur, and Ellasar. The earliest seat of the Chaldaeans' power was close on the Persian gulf; as Berosus, their historian, intimates by attributing their civilization to Oannes the fish god, "who brought it out of the sea." Naturally the rich alluvial soil near the mouth of great rivers would be the first occupied. Thence they went higher up the river, and finally fixed at Babylon, 300 miles above the Persian gulf, and 200 above the junction of the Tigris with the Euphrates.
SIZE AND GENERAL FEATURES. So extensive was it that those in the center knew not when the extremities were captured (Jeremiah 51:31). Herodotus gives the circumference as 60 miles, the whole forming a quadrangle, of which each side was 15 miles. M. Oppert confirms this by examinations on the spot, which show an area within the wall of 200 square miles. The arable and pasture land within was enough to supply all its inhabitants' requirements. The population has been conjectured at 1,200,000. The wall was pierced with 100 gates of brass, 25 gates on each side (Isaiah 45:2). The breadth and height of the walls (the latter almost as great as that of the dome of Paul's Cathedral; 350 ft. high, 87 broad) are alluded to in Jeremiah 51:58; Jeremiah 51:53. A deep wide moat of water surrounded the wall, the 30 lower courses of bricks were wattled with reeds, and the whole cemented with hot asphalt from Is (Hit). The streets crossed at right a angles, the cross streets to the Euphrates being closed at the river end by brazen gates.
The temple of Belus was a kind of pyramid, of eight square towers, one above the other, the basement tower being 200 yards each way, and a winding ascent round the tower leading to the summit, on which was a chapel sacred to the god but containing no statue. (Does not this favor the view that the words "whose top ... unto heaven" mean that it was dedicated to the visible heavens, to which it pointed, and of which therefore it needed no symbol or image?) The "hanging gardens" were a square of 400 ft. each way, which rose in terraces, the topmost being planted with large trees. So the monuments of Nineveh speak of the mounds of the palaces being planted with rows of fir trees. Compare Nahum 2:3, "the fir trees shall be terribly shaken." Oppert thinks that the lesser measurement of the interior of Babylon given by Strabo, Ctesias, etc., is due to their giving the measurement of Herodotus' inner wall, which alone remained in their day; Herodotus speaks of the outer wall which could be traced in his time. Movable platforms of wood, stretching from stone pier to stone pier, formed a bridge uniting the two parts of the city. Ctesias says there were 250 towers on the walls to guard the weakest parts. In the midst of each half of the city were fortifications, in one the palace, in the other the temple, of Belus.
On the W. of the city was an artificial lake, into which the river was turned during the erection of the bridge; when the river was brought back the lake as a marsh defended the city. Herodotus says the Greeks learned from Babylon the pole, the sundial, and the division of the day into twelve parts. The first eclipse on record, a lunar one, was accurately observed at Babylon, March 19th, 721 B.C. Ptolemy has preserved an account of lunar eclipses as far back as this date. Numerous canals intersected the country for drainage and irrigation. Psalm 137:1, "By the waters of Babylon ... we hanged our harps upon the willows in the midst thereof." The largest, the royal canal, navigable to merchant vessels, connected the Euphrates and Tigris.
SITES AND PRESENT STATE. Five miles above Hillah, on the left bank of the Euphrates, enormous mounds mark the site of the capital of S. Babylonia. The principal are three of unbaked brickwork; Babil, the Kasr or palace, and a high mound now surmounted by the tomb of Amram ibn Alb; two parallel lines of rampart, on the E. and parallel to the river, and enclosing between them and it the chief ruins; lower lines immediately on the river (which runs from N. to S.) and W. of the ruins, also a line on the N.; a separate heap in a long valley (perhaps the river's ancient bed); two lines of rampart meeting at a right angle, and forming with the river a triangle enclosing all the ruins except Babil. On the W. or right bank of the river the remains are few. Opposite the Amram mound there is a kind of enclosed building. Scattered mounds of the same date with the general mass upon the river exist throughout the region.
The Birs Nimrud (by G. Smith regarded as the tower of Babel) six miles S.W. of Hillah, and six from the Euphrates, is the most remarkable, 153 1/2 ft. high and 2,000 ft. around the base; surmounted by a tower. It is torn in two nearly the whole way down, and bears traces of fire. G. Smith reads an Assyrian fragment of writing in columns to the effect that "wickedness of men caused the gods to overthrow Babel; what they built in the day the god overthrew in the night; in his anger he scattered them abroad; their counsel was confused."
Sir H. Rawlinson found by excavation the tower consisted of seven stages of brickwork on an earthen platform three feet high, each stage of different color. The temple was devoted to the seven planets: the first stage, an exact square, was 272 ft. each way, and 26 ft. high, the bricks black with bitumen, probably devoted to Saturn; the second stage 230 ft. square, 26 ft. high, orange bricks, devoted probably to Jupiter; the third, 188 ft. square by 26 ft. high, red bricks, probably devoted to Mars; the fourth, 146 ft. square by 15 ft. high, probably plated with gold and devoted to the sun; the fifth, guessed to be 104 ft. square; the sixth 62 ft. ; the seventh 20 ft.; but these three, probably dedicated to Venus, Mercury, and the Moon, are too ruinous for measurement. The whole was probably 156 ft. high. The slope with the grand entrance faced N.E.; the steeper was S.W. It was called "the temple of the seven spheres." It is thought from the inscriptions to mark the site of Borsippa, beyond the bounds of Babylon.
The palace of Nebuchadnezzar, E. of the river Sippara, the ancient course of the Euphrates, and that of Neriglissar on the W. of the river, are still distinguishable. The Shebil canal anciently interposed between the Kasr and Babil. Babil is probably the ancient temple of Belus; 140 ft. high, flat at the top, 200 yards long, 140 yards broad (the temple towers of lower Babylonia had all this oblong shape). It was originally coated with fine burnt brick; all the inscribed bricks bear the name of Nebuchadnezzar, who rebuilt it. The shrine, altars, and priests' houses were at the foot within a sacred enclosure. Kasr is Nebuchadnezzar's great palace, a square of 700 yards each way. The pale yellow burnt bricks are stamped with Nebuchadnezzar's name and titles; "Nebuchadnezzar, son of Nabopolassar, king of Babylon." The enameled bricks found bear traces of figures, confirming Ctesias' statement that the walls represented hunting scenes in bright colors.
The Amram mound is the ancient palace, as old as Babylon itself; its bricks containing the names of kings before Nebuchadnezzar; that king mentions it in his inscriptions. The separate heaps close upon and W. of the river's ancient bed answer to the lesser palace, connected with the greater by a bridge across and a tunnel beneath the river (Ctesias). A mound in the middle of the ancient channel marks the site of the piers of the bridge. The inscription of the bricks with Neriglissar's name marks him as the founder of the lesser palace. The two lines of rampart parallel to the river are probably embankments of the great reservoir mentioned by Nebuchadnezzar in the monuments, and lying E. of his palace. With only "brick for stone," and at first only "slime for mortar," the Babylonians by the forced labor of multitudes erected monuments of genius so vast as to be still among the wonders of the world.
HISTORY. For the last 3,000 years the world has owed its progress manly to the Semitic and the Indo-European races. But originally the Hamitic races (Egypt and Babylon), now so depressed, took the lead the arts, sciences, and power. The first steps in alphabetical writing, sculpture, painting, astronomy, history, navigation, agriculture, weaving, were taken by them. Berosus, their historian's account of their traditions of the flood, and of the confusion of tongues at Babel, accords with Scripture in most points. Nimrod the son of Cash carne over in ships to lower Mesopotamia, and built Ur on the right of the Euphrates near the mouth. Its inhabitants were Chaldi, i.e. moon worshippers. Hur means "the moon goddess." Its vocabulary is Cashite or Ethiopian. A dynasty of 11 monarchs followed. One Orchamar Urkhur, in the inscriptions, was the builder of gigantic works. Chedorlaomer of Elam established a short-lived empire, extending to the mountains of Elam and to Israel and Syria.
This early Babylonian empire, which subsequently to Chedorlaomer's reign in Elam lasted 458 years, fell by the revision of barbarian hordes, probably Arabs. For seven and a half centuries it was depressed, during which time it became gradually assimilated to the Semitic stock. Nimrod is not mentioned in the Babylonian remains; he probably answers to their god Bel. He united tribes previously independent. The cuneiform inscriptions often designate the people of the lower Euphrates region Kiriath Arbol, "the four nations;" such a confederacy appears in Genesis 14, of which the king of Shinar was one. The southern tetrarchy (arba lisun, "the four tongues," or kiprat 'arbat, "the four nations") consisted of Ur, Huruk, Nipur, and Larsa or Laruncha, answering to the scriptural Ur of the Chaldees, Erech, Calneh, and Ellasar. The northern tetrarchy consisted of Babylon, Borsippa, and Sippara (Sepharvaim): Genesis 10:10-12.
The Assyrians adopted the Babylonian number on their emigration to the N. The "four tongues" and the fourfold league of Chedorlaomer answer to the fourfold ethnic division, Cushite, Turanian, Semitic, and Aryan. Erech (Warka) and Ur (Mugheir) were then the capitals; the land was Shinar, and the people (according to the monuments) Akkadim (Accad, Genesis 10:10). The remains from these two cities date about 2000 B.C. Writing had begun, for the bricks are stamped with their kings' names. The bricks, rudely molded and of various sizes, are some kiln-burned, others sun-dried; buttresses support their buildings: mortar is unknown, clay and bitumen being substituted. Reed matting compacts the mass, that it may not crumble away.
The first dynasty of 11 kings probably lasted from 2234 B.C. to 1976 B.C.; the dynasty succeeding Chedorlaomer's short lived Elamitic empire from 1976 B.C. to 1518 B.C., 458 years. Then it fell under Semitic influence, Arabia for two and a half centuries, and then (about 1270 B.C.) under Assyria for five. At the close of the earlier and the beginning of the later Assyrian dynasties it again rose to the importance which it had when it colonized and gave letters and the arts to Assyria, and had the supremacy during the second or great Chaldean dynasty. Rawlinson completes Berosus' chronological scheme.
DYNASTY -YEARS OF CONTINUANCE -B.C.
I. of Chaldean kings 2286
II. of 8 Median kings 234 -2052
III. of 11 Median kings 48 -2004
IV. of 49 Chaldean kings 458 -1546
V. of 9 Arabian kings 245 -1301
VI. of 45 Arabian kings 526 -775 Pul, a Chaldean 28 -747
VII. of 13 kings 122 -625
VIII. of 6 Babylonian kings 87 -538 Urukh is mentioned earliest on the monuments after Nimrod; his bricks are the lowest down and the rudest in make. Next comes Elgi, "king of Ur." Kudur Nakhunta of Elam, whose court was at Susa, in 2286 invaded Chaldaea and carried off the Babylonian images. He is identified with Zoroaster (Ziru-Ishtar). Kudur Lagomer (Chedorlaomer, the Cushite) is next in the dynasty, having as vassals Amraphel (Semitic), Arioch (Aryan), Tidal (Turanian or Scythic, or Turgal, "the great chief") reigning over nomadic races (goim, "nations.") Kudur Mabuk enlarged the dominions of Ur, and was, according to the monuments, Apda Martu, "conqueror of the west."
The early monarchs reign at Ur, and leave traces no further N. than Niffer. Sin-shada holds court at Erech 25 miles to the N. of Ur; Naram-sin, further N., at Babylon. Kara-Indas was contemporary with Asshur-bel-nisisu, 1440 B.C. Purna-puriyas with Buzur-Asshur, 1420-1400. Urukh was the Chaldaean builder to whom belongs the credit of designing the Babylonian temple, with its rectangular base facing the four cardinal points, its receding stages, buttresses, drains, and sloped walls, external staircases, and ornamental shrine crowning the whole. No trace of the original Babylon exists in our day. The oldest structures are Urukh's. Kudur Lagomer was the great conqueror, subduing distant Israel and Syria, a feat not again achieved until Nebuchadnezzar, 1,600 years later. Tiglathi-Nin (1300 B.C.) conquered Chaldea. Thenceforward, Semitic superseded Cushite influences and the Babylonian kings have Assyrian instead of Turanian or Cushite names.
The "canon of Ptolemy" gives the succession of Babylonian kings and their lengths of reign, from 747 B.C. (when Nabonassar began to reign) to 331 B.C. (when the last Darius was dethroned by Alexander). Twelve monarchs and two interreigns interpose between Nabonassar and Nabopolassar; then come consecutively Nebuchadnezzar, Illoarudamus, Nerigassolassarus, Nabonadius, Cyrus. Nabonassar destroyed all his predecessors' annals, that the Babylonians might date from himself. There was a Semiramis at this time, a Babylonian queen (Herodotus says) five generations before Nitocris, mother of the last king. Assyrian monuments also place her at this date, but do not expressly connect her with Babylon. Hence, some guess that Nabonassar was her son or husband, Mardocempalus, the fourth king after him, is the Merodach or Berodach Baladan of Scripture; he reigned twice first for 12 years, contemporaneously with the Assyrian Sargon, and the second time for six months only.
During the first year of Sennacherib his sons and grandsons were at war with Esarhaddon and his successor. He shows his independence of Assyria in his embassy to Hezekiah; and his inquiry as to the astronomical wonder done in the land of Judah, the sun's shadow having gone back on Ahaz' dial, is characteristic of a prince of the Chaldees whose devotion to astronomy is well known. Sargon, according to the inscriptions deprived him of his throne after his first reign of 12 years. Arceanus was made viceroy, and held the post five years. Two years of anarchy followed. Then one Acises reigned a month, and Merodach Baladan held the throne six months, and was then supplanted by Belibus whom Sennacherib made his viceroy for three years and then placed his oldest son Aparanadius on the throne. Two followed, then a second interreign of eight years, and Asaridanus or Esarhaddon followed, son and successor. of Sennacherib.
He held his court alternately in Nineveh and Babylon, which explains the difficulty and shows the accurate propriety of the Scripture statement that Manasseh, king of Judah, was carried by the captains of the king of Assyria to Babylon (2 Chronicles 33:11). A new era begins with Nabopolassar, appointed ruler of Babylon by the last Assyrian king just when the Medes were making their final assault on Nineveh. Nabopolassar deserted to the enemy, arranged a marriage between his son Nebuchadnezzar and the Median leader's daughter, and joined hi besieging the Assyrian capital. (See NEBUCHADNEZZAR.) On the capture of the city (625 B.C.) the S. W. of Assyria was assigned to Nabopolassar in the division of the spoil. So the Babylonian empire was extended over the whole Euphrates valley to the Taurus range, over Syria, Phoenicia, Israel, Idumaea; and the Jews passed as tributaries under Babylon, as they had been under Assyria. Pharaoh Necho, son of Psamatik I (608 B.C.) in the later years of Nabopolassar conquered the whole region between Egypt and the Euphrates.
Josiah, as ally of Babylon, met him in spite of warning and was slain at Megiddo (2 Chronicles 35:20-25; 2 Kings 23:29). Nabopolassar sent Nebuchadnezzar; and the latter at the battle of Carchemish, on the Euphrates, regained all the lost territory for Babylon (2 Kings 24:7; Jeremiah 46:2-12.) Nebuchadnezzar was already at Egypt when news of his father's death recalled him, and he ascended the throne 604 B.C. He reigned 43 years, during which he recovered Syria and Israel, destroyed Jerusalem, and carried away the Jews to Babylon, reduced Phoenicia and Tyre, and ravaged Egypt; above all he was the great builder of the most beautiful monuments of his country and city. His palace with threefold enclosure, plated pillars, enameled brick, and hanging gardens, was celebrated throughout the civilized world.
The ruins of ancient temples repaired by him, and cities restored and adorned, still attest his genius, with their bricks inscribed with his name. How appropriate the language assigned to him in Daniel 4:29-30, as he walked in the palace of the kingdom of Babylon, possibly on the highest terrace of the hanging gardens: "Is not, this great Babylon that I have built for the house of the kingdom, by the might of my power and for the honor of my majesty?" Evil Merodach, his son, succeeded in 561 B.C., who in the beginning of his reign "did lift up the head of Jehoiachin, king of Judah, out of prison" (2 Kings 25:27; Jeremiah 52:31). After a two years' reign, in consequence of bad government he was murdered by Neriglissar, his brother-in-law, the Nergal Sharezer, Rabmag (chief of the magi, or priests, a title assigned to Neriglissar in the inscriptions) of Jeremiah 39:3; Jeremiah 39:13-14. He calls himself in the inscriptions "son," i.e. son in law of the "king of Babylon." He built the palace on the right bank of the ancient bed of the Euphrates.
Nabonidus the last king was an usurper who seized Laborosoarched, Neriglissar's son, after a nine months' reign, and tortured him to death. He only claims for his father the rank of Rabmag. Herodotus makes him son of a queen Nitocris and Labynetus; but the inscriptions do not directly support his having any connection with Nebuchadnezzar. Probably Balshazzar was grandson of Nebuchadnezzar, as indeed is asserted by Scripture (Jeremiah 27:7; Daniel 5:2; Daniel 5:11; Daniel 5:13), and was suffered by the usurper Nabonahit (as Nabonidus is called in the inscriptions), who adopted him as son, to be subordinate king and his acknowledged successor, in order to conciliate the legitimate party; perhaps Nabonahit married Nebuchadnezzar's daughter or granddaughter (Nitocris) to strengthen his throne, and by her was father to Belshazzar. Nabonahit (as Berosus records) having allied himself to Creeses, king of Lydia, Cyrus' enemy, brought on himself Cyrus' assault of Babylon in 539 B.C. He headed the forces in the field, while Belshazzar commanded in the city.
Shut up in Borsippa (Birs-i-Nimrud, the sacred city of the Babylonians, containing their most revered objects of religion and science) he surrendered and was spared, and Cyrus gave him an estate in Carmania. Belshazzar (from Bel the idol, and shat, a prince), by a self confident careless watch and unseasonable and profane revelry (Daniel 5), allowed Cyrus' forces on a great Babylonian festival to enter by the bed of the river which the invader had drained into another channel, and was slain. Babylon's capture by surprise during a festival was foretold in Jeremiah 51:31; Jeremiah 51:39, and that the capture should be by the Medes and Persians, 170 years earlier in Isaiah 21:1-9. Thus, Berosus' account of the king not being slain, and Daniel's account of his being slain, supposed once to be an insurmountable difficulty, is fully cleared up by the monuments.
Rawlinson found clay cylinders in Umqeer (Ur of the Chaldees), two of which mention Belshazzar as oldest son of Nabonahit. Berosus gives the Chaldaean account, which suppresses all about Belshazzar, as being to the national dishonor. Had the book of Daniel been the work of a late forger, he would have followed Berosus' account which was the later one. If he gave a history different from that current in Babylonia, the Jews of that region would not have received it as true. Darius the Mede took the kingdom at the age of 62, upon Belshazzar's death. Rawlinson thinks that he was set up by Cyrus, the captor of Babylon, as viceroy there, and that he is identical with the Median king Astyages, son of Ahasuerus (Cyaxares), whom Cyrus, the Persian king, deposed but treated kindly. The phrase (Daniel 9:1), "Darius, son of Ahasuerus (Cyaxares), of the seed of the Medes, which was made king over the realm of the Chaldaeans," implies that Darius owed the kingdom to another, i.e. Cyrus.
Herodotus makes Astyages the last king of the Medes, and that he was conquered by Cyrus and left no issue. Josephus, on the contrary (Ant. 10:11, section 4), makes Darius = Cyaxares II, son of Astyages (Ahasuerus). Able critics (Hengstenberg, etc.) think his reign was ignored by Herodotus, etc., because through indolence he yielded the real power to his nephew Cyrus, who married his daughter and received the crown at his death. Xenophon, in his romantic story (Cyropaedia), mentions Cyaxares II. Thus, Cyrus, in assaulting Babylon, acted in his name, which accounts for the prominence given to Darius the Median, and for the Medes being put before the Persians in the capture of Babylon (Isaiah 13:17; Isaiah 21:2; Daniel 5:31; Daniel 6:28). Future discoveries may decide which is the right view.
DECLINE. The Persian kings held their court at Babylon a large part of each year. In Alexander's time it was the second city of the empire. Twice in Darius' reign (Behistun inscriptions), and once under Xerxes, Babylon rebelled and suffered severely for it. Alexander's designs for restoring its architectural beauties were frustrated by his death. The seat of empire under his Syrian successors, the Seleucidae, was removed to Antioch. Seleucia rose subsequently near it and carried away both its population and much of its materials.
Ctesiphon, Bagdad, Kufa, Hillah, etc., are mainly built of its old bricks. Thus, "the beauty of the Chaldees' excellency" has "become heaps" "without an inhabitant" (Jeremiah 51:37; Jeremiah 50:39). "A drought is upon her waters," the irrigation which caused Babylonia's fertility having long ceased. "Wild beasts of the desert," "doleful creatures," and "owls (or, ostriches) dwell there" (Isaiah 13:20-22). The "wild beasts of the islands" (rather "of the howlings," i.e. jackals) and "dragons" (serpents) abound; so that "neither the Arabian pitches his tent, nor the shepherd folds his sheep there," as believing the whole region haunted.
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Meanwhile in Upstate NY, Homeland Security trucks rollin 5 deep. Notice how our cameraman captures one at a red light, and the above the law, badge grantin extra rights havin, Homeland Security agent blows the red light a full 10 seconds before it turns green! The brave cameraman who captured this video has this to say about the incident:
This video shows Department of Homeland Security speeding down I-787 in New York. While following them I had to do about 70mph to keep up. They did not have any lights going or sirens. One DHS went through a red light because he didn’t feel like waiting. His buddy’s were waiting for him at the next light and they did not go through that one, so no emergency! This is why a lot of people don’t have respect for police, they break the law and nothing happens to them.
The cameraman also notes a NY state trooper that saw this and did nothing about it. The double standard for law enforcement is alive and well among the Department of Homeland Security, and the law enforcement community in NY state.
Remember, “Badges Don’t Grant Extra Rights!”


Slow Food Europe regrets that the priorities of the new Commission President, whose nomination was approved by the European Parliament on Tuesday evening, are not strict and explicit enough to respond to the climate crisis. Ursula von der Leyen, who is going to lead the Commission from this November, during her hearing did not suggest any changes in Europe’s agricultural policy, which is one of the key drivers for climate change and biodiversity loss. The European Parliament voted in favor for the nomination of von der Leyen by 383 votes to 327 against. She unexpectedly emerged as a candidate for the Commission President after 48 hours of negotiation between leaders of the European Union.
The newly approved Commission President has named climate change as her key priority, saying that “keeping our planet healthy is the greatest responsibility and opportunity of our times.” However, as the wave of climate protests and the results the European Elections made clear, the new Commission would have to address climate change stronger than ever before.
Slow Food Europe is certain, though, that in order to adequately address climate change, the former German defense minister has to look into the issue much deeper than just vowing to reach ambitious targets such as climate-neutrality by 2050 or CO2 emissions reduction by no less than 50% by 2030.
“The new Commission President focused greatly on climate commitments, promising to put forward the first-ever European Climate Law and bringing ambitious targets, but promises to be a frontrunner in the fight of climate change are empty, without detailing the policies that will be put in place to achieve these goals. You cannot seriously address climate change without looking at the current Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), which has disastrous effects on European farming, climate change, and biodiversity loss,” says Rachele Lodi, climate researcher and Slow Food’s International Councillor for Europe.
As of now, the CAP reform is set to continue supporting intensive farming, a major driver of biodiversity loss and climate change. One-third of greenhouse gas emissions come from industrial agricultural production; while, a recently released United Nations report revealed alarming results of the “unprecedented and accelerating” decline in global biodiversity.
“As Slow Food, we put the defense of biodiversity at the heart of our work. We believe that a coherent biodiversity strategy should include agriculture as one of the means to restore the environment and its capacity to produce good, clean and fair food. Agricultural biodiversity is at the core of our food security.”
Slow Food Europe also believes that it is fundamentally important for the EU to lead a key transformation in our food system. This can only be achieved through the creation of a holistic Common Food Policy, which integrates aspects such as health, trade, agriculture, culture, biodiversity, climate change, animal welfare, and many others that revolve around food. Slow Food Europe, along with other organizations, has recently issued an open letter, calling for a European Commission Vice-President to be made responsible for ensuring the transition to sustainable food systems. Slow Food Europe urges von der Leyen to support this call to remedy the democratic deficit in food systems and rebalance power.
Slow Food Europe’s Manifesto for the European Elections 2019
Indre Anskaityte, Slow Food Europe