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text:
|Publication number||US5778515 A|
|Application number||US 08/838,634|
|Publication date||14 Jul 1998|
|Filing date||11 Apr 1997|
|Priority date||11 Apr 1997|
|Publication number||08838634, 838634, US 5778515 A, US 5778515A, US-A-5778515, US5778515 A, US5778515A|
|Original Assignee||Valence Technology, Inc.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (105), Classifications (15), Legal Events (4)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
The present invention relates to electrochemical devices and, more particularly, to methods of fabricating electrode/separator assemblies that demonstrate superior adhesion.
Electrochemical cells comprise a cathode, an anode and an electrolyte interposed therebetween. The electrochemical cells are often defined as liquid or solid cells and this refers merely to whether the electrolyte interposed between the anode and the cathode is a liquid or a solid. Solid electrochemical cells are well known in the art and present many advantages over conventional liquid batteries such as improved safety features, lighter weight, etc. Non-aqueous lithium electrochemical cells are discussed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,540,741, 5,460,904, 5,441,830, 5,028,500, 4,668,595, and 4,472,487.
The anode comprises a compatible anodic material which is any material which functions as an anode in an electrochemical cell. Such compatible anodic materials are well known in the art and include, by way of example, lithium, lithium alloys, such as alloys of lithium with aluminum, mercury, nickel, zinc, and the like, and intercalation based anodes such as carbon, WO3, and the like.
The cathode comprises a compatible cathodic material which refers to any material which functions as a positive pole (cathode) in an electrochemical cell. Such compatible cathodic materials are well known in the art and include, by way of example, manganese dioxide, molybdenum trioxide, sulfides of titanium and niobium, chromium oxide, copper oxide, vanadium oxides such as V2 O5, V6 O13, LiV3 O8 and the like. The particular compatible cathodic material employed is not critical. When the electrochemical cell is a secondary cell, then the compatible cathodic material employed is one which is capable of being recharged (e.g., LiV3 O8, V6 O13, MoO3, and the like).
Composite electrode refers to cathodes and anodes wherein the cathode is comprised of materials other than compatible cathodic materials and the anode is comprised of materials other than compatible anodic materials. Typically, the composite electrode contains a polymer which acts to bind the composite materials together and an electrolytic solvent. Composite electrodes are well known in the art. For example, a composite cathode can comprise a compatible cathodic material, a conductive material, an electrolytic solvent, an alkali salt, and a solid matrix forming polymer. Similarly, for example, a composite anode can comprise a compatible intercalation anodic material, an electrolytic solvent and a solid matrix forming polymer.
When fabricating electrochemical cells, the anode, cathode, and separator (or solid electrolyte) layers can be prepared separately on substrates and thereafter laminated together before the cells are activated. Although this method of preparing cells has been satisfactory, nevertheless, electrode films made by this process often do not adhere well to the separator layer upon lamination. Accordingly, the art is in search of improved techniques for fabricating electrochemical cells that demonstrate superior adhesion, especially techniques that can be employed in mass production.
The present invention is based, in part, on the discovery that superior bonding of an electrode layer to a separator layer can be achieved by applying a pre-lamination solvent on the surface(s) of the electrode and/or separator prior to attachment. The amount of solvent added is effective to dissolve or solvate at least a portion of the polymer material on the surface so that upon lamination the electrode and separator layers develop excellent adhesion.
In one aspect, the invention is directed to a method of preparing an electrode/separator assembly that includes the steps of:
forming an electrode film that comprises a first polymer and an electrode active material;
forming a separator film that comprises a second polymer; and
attaching the electrode film to the separator film by a process comprising:
(i) placing a pre-lamination solvent on either a first surface of the electrode film, first surface of the separator film, or on both surfaces, wherein the pre-lamination solvent is effective in solvating polymer on the surface of either film; and
(ii) placing the first surface of the electrode film in contact with the first surface of the separator film.
In another aspect, the invention is directed to a method of fabricating an electrochemical cell including an anode, a cathode, and a polymeric separator layer positioned between the anode and the cathode which includes the steps of:
(a) preparing a cathode film comprising a cathode active material and a first polymer;
(b) preparing a separator film that comprises a second polymer;
(c) preparing a cathode/separator assembly by a process that comprises the steps of:
(i) placing a pre-lamination solvent on either a first surface of the cathode film, first surface of the separator film, or both surfaces, wherein the pre-lamination solvent is effective in solvating polymer on the surface of the either film; and
(ii) placing the first surface of the cathode film in contact with the first surface of the separator film; and
(d) attaching an anode film comprising an anode active material and a third polymer to a surface of the separator of the cathode/separator assembly.
In yet another aspect, the invention is directed to a method of fabricating an electrochemical cell including an anode, a cathode, and a polymeric separator layer positioned between the anode and the cathode which includes the steps of:
(a) preparing an anode film comprising an anode active material and a first polymer;
(b) preparing a separator film that comprises a second polymer;
(c) preparing an anode/separator assembly by a process that comprises the steps of:
(i) placing a pre-lamination solvent on either a first surface of the anode film, first surface of the separator film, or both surfaces, wherein the pre-lamination solvent is effective in solvating polymer on the surface of the either film; and
(ii) placing the first surface of the anode film in contact with the first surface of the separator film; and
(d) attaching a cathode film comprising a cathode active material and a third polymer to a surface of the separator of the anode/separator assembly.
In a preferred embodiment, the pre-lamination solvent has a boiling point that is greater than about 50° C. at 760 mm of Hg. Preferred pre-lamination solvents include, for example, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, 1,3-dioxolane, dioxane, methyl ethyl ketone, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, acetone is included in the pre-lamination solvent.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an embodiment of an apparatus for preparing an electrochemical cell.
The present invention is directed to a method of preparing a composite electrode/separator (or electrode) assembly that is suitable for use in electrochemical devices, and particularly for use in electrochemical cells and batteries. Preferred electrochemical cells include: a composite cathode comprising an active material and polymeric binder, a composite anode comprising an intercalation based carbon anode and polymeric binder, with each electrode capable of reversibly incorporating (e.g., intercalating) an alkali metal ion, and an electrolyte comprising a polymeric matrix containing an electrolyte solution comprising an organic electrolyte solvent and a salt of the alkali metal. Particularly preferred electrochemical cells and batteries use lithium and salts thereof.
A critical aspect of the present invention is that in attaching the anode or cathode to the separator (or solid electrolyte) layer, a pre-lamination solvent is applied to the surface(s) of the electrode and/or separator before attaching the layers. This technique improves the adhesion of the layers.
However, prior to describing this invention in further detail, the following terms will be defined.
The term "pre-lamination solvent" refers to an organic solvent that is effective in solvating polymer binding material on the surface(s) of an electrode and/or separator layer. The function of the pre-lamination solvent is to create a tacky surface on the electrode and/or separator so that they will adhere strongly together. This feature is particularly suited for electrochemical cell/battery assembly machines wherein electrode and separator layers are laminated. During the fabrication process, the electrode/separator can be maneuvered (e.g., stacked or lifted) by manipulating the electrode or separator so it is important that the non-supported parts not become detached.
The amount of pre-lamination solvent applied, e.g., sprayed, onto the surface will depend on the a number of factors including, for example, the surface area (cm2), the specific pre-lamination solvent(s) employed, and the solubility of the polymer binder material. Pre-lamination generally takes place at ambient temperature. Typically, the amount of pre-lamination solvent sprayed on a surface is about 10 μl/cm2 to 100 μl/cm2 and more preferably about 20 μl/cm2 to 60 μl/cm2. The solvent will set in a few seconds, typically about 2 seconds.
In the production of the electrochemical cells, the anode, cathode and separator layers are typically prepared individually and thereafter arranged for lamination into electrochemical cells and batteries. In a preferred embodiment, the production process includes the fabrication of an anode/separator (and corresponding cathode/separator) assembly, whereby an anode layer is attached to a separator layer. Thereafter, a battery is produced by stacking these anode/separator and cathode/separator assemblies in alternating fashion and laminating the stack under elevated temperature and pressure. Lamination causes the polymeric binding materials to anneal in order to create a permanent bond at the anode/separator and the cathode/separator interfaces.
In continuous production of electrochemical cells and batteries, the time period between application of the pre-lamination solvent to attachment of the electrode and separator is typically 2 sec. to 10 sec., more preferably about 3 sec. to 5 sec. As is apparent, the pre-lamination solvent must solvate sufficient amounts of the polymer binder within this period of time to provide effective adhesion. Once the surfaces of the electrode and separator layers come into physical contact, the solvent is allowed to evaporate. It is not necessary for the solvent to remain until the annealing or final lamination step wherein sufficient polymer binding material at the electrode/separator interface is melted. The annealing occurs preferably at a temperature of about 110° to 150° C. After the heat treatment, the melted polymers form a matrix upon solidification to produce a strong bond between the electrode and separator. If the pre-lamination solvent is not very volatile, for example, if its boiling point is greater than 150° C., it will remain in the film and will be removed in the extraction step, typically after the cell has been assembled.
Preferred pre-lamination solvents have boiling points that range from about 50° C. to 200° C. at 760 mm of Hg. Pre-lamination solvents that are extremely volatile at ambient temperatures are not preferred since too much of the solvent may evaporate prior to physical contact of the electrode and separator layers. Preferred pre-lamination solvents include, for example, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N,N-dimethylacetamide, 1,3-dioxolane, methyl ethyl ketone, dioxane, and mixtures thereof. A preferred pre-lamination solvent further includes acetone. Particularly preferred solvent systems comprise, for example: (1) DMF or (2) a mixture of DMF and 1,3-dioxolane, and, optionally, acetone.
Finally, the pre-lamination solvent is preferably removed before the electrochemical cell is activated. Preferably, the pre-lamination solvent is miscible with the extraction fluid for the plasticizer so that extraction removes both solvents in a single step.
The term "plasticizer" refers to an organic solvent, with limited solubility of polymers, that facilitates the formation of porous polymeric structures. By "porous structure" is meant that upon extraction of the plasticizer the polymer remains as a porous mass. Suitable plasticizers have high boiling points typically from about 100° C. to about 350° C. A number of criteria are important in the choice of plasticizer including compatibility with the components of the electrochemical cell precursor, processability, low polymer solubility and extractability by dense gases. Preferred plasticizers include, for example, dibutyl phthalate, dioctylphthalate, acetates, glymes, and low molecular weight polymers.
In operation, in fabricating a solid polymeric matrix and composite electrode that includes polymeric binders, for example, the plasticizer is first well mixed with a polymer. Preferably the weight ratio of plasticizer to polymer in this mixture is from about 0.1 to about 50, more preferably about 0.5 to about 25, and most preferably about 1 to about 10. Thereafter the plasticizer is removed by extraction and in the process the porous structure is formed.
The term "electrochemical cell precursor" or "electrolytic cell precursor" refers to the structure of the electrochemical cell prior to the addition of the inorganic salt and electrolyte solution. The precursor typically comprises (each in precursor form) an anode, a cathode, and solid polymeric matrix.
The term "activation" refers to the placement of an inorganic salt and electrolyte solvent into the porous portions of an electrochemical cell precursor. After activation, the electrochemical cell is charged by an external energy source prior to use.
The term "electrolytic cell" or "electrochemical cell" refers to a composite containing an anode, a cathode and an ion-conducting electrolyte interposed therebetween.
The term "battery" refers to two or more electrochemical cells electrically interconnected in an appropriate series/parallel arrangement to provide the required operating voltage and current levels.
The term "substrate" refers to any suitable film made of material that is compatible with the components of the polymer mixture and electrode mixture. The substrate serves as the vehicle or base onto which the electrode or polymer mixture is applied. Suitable substrates include, for example, paper, e.g., 20 or 24 weight paper, polyester (MYLAR™), polypropylene, polyethylene films and non-woven webs.
The term "solid polymeric matrix" refers to an electrolyte compatible material formed by polymerizing an inorganic or organic monomer (or partial polymer thereof) and which, when used in combination with the other components of the electrolyte, renders the electrolyte solid. Suitable solid polymeric matrices are well known in the art and include solid matrices formed from organic polymers, inorganic polymers or a mixture of organic polymers with inorganic non-polymeric materials. Preferably, the solid polymeric matrix is an organic matrix derived from a solid matrix forming monomer and from partial polymers of a solid matrix forming monomer. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,501,921, 5,498,491, 5,491,039, 5,489,491, 5,482,795, 5,463,179, 5,419,984, 5,393,621, 5,358,620, 5,262,253, 5,346,787, 5,340,669, 5,300,375, 5,294,501, 5,262,253, and 4,908,283, which are incorporated herein. Inorganic monomers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,247,499, 4,388,385, 4,414,607, 4,394,280, 4,432,891, 4,539,276, and 4,557,985, which are incorporated herein.
The solid matrix forming monomer or partial polymer can be cured or further cured prior to or after addition of the salt, solvent and, optionally, a viscosifier. For example, a composition comprising requisite amounts of the monomer or partial polymer, salt, organic carbonate solvent and viscosifier can be applied to a substrate and then cured. Alternatively, the monomer or partial polymer can be first cured and then dissolved in a suitable volatile solvent. Requisite amounts of the salt, organic carbonate solvent and viscosifier can then be added. The mixture is then placed on a substrate and removal of the volatile solvent would result in the formation of a solid electrolyte. In either case, the resulting solid electrolyte would be a homogeneous, single phase product which is maintained upon curing, and does not readily separate upon cooling to temperatures below room temperature.
Preferably, the solid polymeric matrix can be formed by a casting process which does not require the use of monomers or prepolymers, that is, no curing is required. A preferred method employs a copolymer of polyvinylidene difluoride and hexafluoropropylene dissolved in acetone or other suitable solvent. Upon casting the solution, the solvent is evaporated to form the solid polymeric matrix. The solution may be casted directly onto a current collector. Alternatively, the solution is casted onto a substrate, such as a carrier web, and after the solvent (e.g., acetone) is removed, an electrode film is formed thereon.
The term "salt" refers to any salt, for example, an inorganic salt, which is suitable for use in a non-aqueous electrolyte. Representative examples of suitable inorganic ion salts are alkali metal salts of less mobile anions of weak bases having a large anionic radius. Examples of such anions are I-, Br-, SCN-, ClO4 -, BF4 -, PF6 -, AsF6 -, CF3 COO-, CF3 SO3 -, N(SO2 CF3)2 -, and the like. Specific examples of suitable inorganic ion salts include LiClO4, LiSCN, LiBF4, LiAsF6, LiCF3 SO3, LiPF6, (CF3 SO2)2 NLi, (CF3 SO2)3 CLi, NaSCN, and the like. The inorganic ion salt preferably contains at least one cation selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, Cs, Rb, Ag, Cu, Mg and K.
The term "compatible electrolyte solvent" or "electrolytic solvent," or in the context of components of the non-aqueous electrolyte, just "solvent," is a low molecular weight organic solvent added to the electrolyte and/or the cathode composition, which may also serve the purpose of solvating the inorganic ion salt. The solvent is any compatible, relatively non-volatile, aprotic, relatively polar, solvent. Preferably, these materials have boiling points greater than about 85° C. to simplify manufacture and increase the shelf life of the electrolyte/battery. Typical examples of solvent are mixtures of such materials as dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, gamma-butyrolactone, triglyme, tetraglyme, dimethylsulfoxide, dioxolane, sulfolane, and the like. When using propylene carbonate based electrolytes in an electrolytic cell with graphite anodes, a sequestering agent, such as a crown ether, is added in the electrolyte.
For electrochemical cells where (1) the cathode comprises lithiated cobalt oxides, lithiated manganese oxides, lithiated nickel oxides, Lix Ni1-y Coy O2, where x is preferably about 1 and y is preferably 0.1-0.9, LiNiVO4, or LiCoVO4, and (2) the anode comprises carbon, the electrolytic solvent preferably comprises a mixture of ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate. For electrochemical cells where the cathode comprises vanadium oxides, e.g., V6 O13 and the anode is lithium, the electrolytic solvent preferably comprises a mixture of propylene carbonate and triglyme.
The term "organic carbonate" refers to hydrocarbyl carbonate compounds of no more than about 12 carbon atoms and which do not contain any hydroxyl groups. For example, the organic carbonate can be non-cyclic carbonates or cyclic aliphatic carbonates. Non-cyclic carbonates include, for example, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate and bis(2-methoxyethyl) carbonate.
Suitable cyclic aliphatic carbonates for use in this invention include 1,3-dioxolan-2-one (ethylene carbonate); 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (propylene carbonate); 4,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one; 4-ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one; 4,4-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one; 4-methyl-5-ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one; 4,5-diethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one; 4,4-diethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one; 1,3-dioxan-2-one; 4,4-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one; 5,5-dimethyl-1-1,3-dioxan-2-one; 5-methyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one; 4-methyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one; 5,5-diethyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one; 4,6-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one; 4,4,6-trimethyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one; and spiro (1,3-oxa-2-cyclohexanone-5',5',1',3'-oxa-2'-cyclohexanone).
Several of these cyclic aliphatic carbonates are commercially available such as propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate. Alternatively, the cyclic aliphatic carbonates can be readily prepared by well known reactions. For example, reaction of phosgene with a suitable alkane-α,β-diol (dihydroxy alkanes having hydroxyl substituents on adjacent carbon atoms) or an alkane-α,γ-diol (dihydroxy alkanes having hydroxyl substituents on carbon atoms in a 1,3 relationship) yields an a cyclic aliphatic carbonate for use within the scope of this invention. See, for instance, U.S. Pat. No. 4,115,206, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Likewise, the cyclic aliphatic carbonates useful for this invention may be prepared by transesterification of a suitable alkane-α,β-diol or an alkane-α,γ-diol with, e.g., diethyl carbonate under transesterification conditions. See, for instance, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,384,115 and 4,423,205 which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Additional suitable cyclic aliphatic carbonates are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,747,850 which is also incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The term "viscosifier" refers to a suitable viscosifier for solid electrolytes. Viscosifiers include conventional viscosifiers such as those known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Suitable viscosifiers include film forming agents well known in the art which include, by way of example, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, copolymers thereof, and the like, having a number average molecular weight of at least about 100,000, polyvinylpyrrolidone, carboxymethylcellulose, and the like. Preferably, the viscosifier is employed in an amount of about 1 to about 10 weight percent and more preferably at about 2.5 weight percent based on the total weight of the electrolyte composition.
The composite anode typically comprises a compatible anodic material which is any material which functions as an anode in a solid electrolytic cell. Such compatible anodic materials are well known in the art and include, by way of example, lithium, lithium alloys, such as alloys of lithium with aluminum, mercury, manganese, iron, zinc, intercalation based anodes such as those employing carbon, tungsten oxides, and the like. Preferred anodes include lithium intercalation anodes employing carbon materials such as graphite, cokes, mesocarbons, and the like. Such carbon intercalation based anodes typically include a polymeric binder and extractable plasticizer suitable for forming a bound porous composite having a molecular weight of from about 1,000 to 5,000,000. Examples of suitable polymeric binders include EPDM (ethylene propylene diamine termonomer), PVDF (polyvinylidene difluoride), (including copolymers thereof), EAA (ethylene acrylic acid copolymer), EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer), EAA/EVA copolymers, and the like.
Composite anodes of the present invention preferably comprise a carbon material and a polymeric binder which preferably comprises polymers such as, for example, polyvinylidene difluoride, halogenated hydrocarbon polymers including, for example, poly(vinylidene chloride), poly((dichloro-1,4-phenylene) ethylene), fluorinated urethanes, fluorinated epoxides, fluorinated acrylics, and copolymers thereof. Porous polymer structures are formed when these polymers are first imbued with the plasticizers and then removing the plasticizers therefrom. The composite anode can comprise from about 5% (wt) to about 50% (wt) preferably from about 8% (wt) to about 30% (wt) and more preferably from about 10% (wt) to about 20% (wt) of the polymeric binders. Graphite is a preferred carbon material. The composite anode may also include an electron conducting material such as carbon black.
The composite cathode typically comprises a compatible cathodic material (i.e., insertion compounds) which is any material which functions as a positive pole in a solid electrolytic cell. Such compatible cathodic materials are well known in the art and include, by way of example, transition polymeric adhesive materials, sulfides, and selenides, including lithiated compounds thereof. Representative materials include cobalt oxides, manganese oxides, molybdenum oxides, vanadium oxides, sulfides of titanium, molybdenum and niobium, the various chromium oxides, copper oxides, lithiated cobalt oxides, e.g., LiCoO2 and LiCoVO4, lithiated manganese oxides, e.g., LiMn2 O4, lithiated nickel oxides, e.g., LiNiO2 and LiNiVO4 and mixtures thereof. Cathode-active material blends of Lix Mn2 O4 (spinel) is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,429,890 which is incorporated herein. The blends can include Lix Mn2 O4 (spinel) and at least one lithiated metal oxide material selected from Lix NiO2 and Lix CoO2 wherein 0<x≦2. Blends can also include Liy -α-MnO2 (0≦y<1) that has a hollandite-type structure and is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,561,007, which is incorporated herein.
In one preferred embodiment, the compatible cathodic material is mixed with an electroconductive material including, by way of example, graphite, powdered carbon, powdered nickel, metal particles, conductive polymers (i.e., characterized by a conjugated network of double bonds like polypyrrole and polyacetylene), and the like, and a polymeric binder to form under pressure a positive cathodic plate. Suitable binders for use in the cathode have a molecular weight of from about 1,000 to 5,000,000.
In one preferred embodiment, the composite cathode is prepared from a composite cathode paste which comprises from about 35 to 65 weight percent of a compatible cathodic material; from about 1 to 20 weight percent of an electroconductive agent; from about 1 to 20 weight percent of suitable polymeric binders that may include EPDM (ethylene propylene diene termonomer), PVDF (polyvinylidene difluoride), EAA (ethylene acrylic acid copolymer), EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer), EAA/EVA copolymers, and the like. Preferably, the composite cathode can comprise from about 3% (wt) to about 50% (wt), preferably from about 8% (wt) to about 30% (wt), and more preferably from about 10% (wt) to about 20% (wt) of the polymeric binder.
The composite cathode further comprises from about 0 to about 20 weight percent of polyethylene oxide having a number average molecular weight of at least 100,000; from about 10 to 50 weight percent of solvent comprising a 10:1 to 1:4 (w/w) mixture of an organic carbonate and a glyme; and from about 5 weight percent to about 25 weight percent of a sold matrix forming monomer or partial polymer thereof. An ion conducting amount of an inorganic ion salt may also be included. Generally, the amount of the salt is from about 1 to about 25 weight percent. (All weight percents are based on the total weight of the cathode.)
The electrolyte composition typically comprises from about 5 to about 25 weight percent of the inorganic ion salt based on the total weight of the electrolyte; preferably, from about 10 to 20 weight percent; and even more preferably from about 10 to about 15 weight percent. The percentage of salt depends on the type of salt and electrolytic solvent employed.
The electrolyte composition typically comprises from 0 to about 80 weight percent electrolyte solvent based on the total weight of the electrolyte; preferably from about 60 to about 80 weight percent; and even more preferably about 70 weight percent.
A solid electrolyte composition typically comprises from about 5 to about 30 weight percent of the solid polymeric matrix based on the total weight of the electrolyte; preferably from about 15 to about 25 weight percent.
In a preferred embodiment, the solid electrolyte composition further comprises a small amount of a film forming agent. Suitable film forming agents are well known in the art and include, by way of example, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, copolymers thereof, and the like, having a numbered average molecular weight of at least about 100,000. Preferably, the film forming agent is employed in an amount of about 1 to about 10 weight percent and more preferably at about 2.5 weight percent based on the total weight of the electrolyte composition.
Electrochemical cells are known in the art. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,300,373, 5,316,556, 5,346,385, 5,262,253, 4,472,487, 4,668,595, 5,028,500, 5,584,893, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/630,985 entitled "Method and Apparatus For Preparing Electrochemical Cells" filed Apr. 12, 1996, all of which are incorporated herein. The inventive method can be adapted to prepare anode/electrolyte and cathode/electrolyte cell assemblies suitable for prior art electrochemical devices. In preparing an electrode/cell assembly, the electrolyte or separator layer is prepared by applying a layer of a polymer mixture onto a substrate and removing solvent from the layer of polymer mixture. The polymer mixture comprises a polymer, a solvent, and a plasticizer.
Similarly, the electrode layer is prepared by applying a layer of electrode mixture onto the a substrate and removing solvent from the layer of electrode mixture. The electrode mixture comprises an electrode active material, a polymer, a solvent, and a plasticizer.
The anode generally comprises an anode film that is laminated onto one or both sides of the current collector. Similarly, the cathode generally comprises a cathode film that is laminated onto one or both sides of the current collector. The current collector comprises, for example, a screen, grid, expanded metal, foil, woven or non-woven fabric or knitted wire formed from an electron conductive material such as metals or metal alloys. The term "current collector" refers to any suitable metallic current collector. Current collectors in the form of grids are preferred. Each current collector is also preferably connected to a current collector tab which extends from the edge of the current collector. In batteries comprising multiple electrochemical cells, the anode tabs are preferably welded together and connected to a nickel lead. The cathode tabs are similarly welded and connected to a lead. External loads can be electrically connected to the leads. Current collectors and tabs are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,925,752, 5,011,501, and 5,326,653, which are incorporated herein.
The following examples illustrate methods of how an electrolytic cell could be fabricated with the inventive process. Examples 1 and 2 describe the process of preparing the anode and cathodes, respectively. Example 3 describes the procedures for fabricating a solid electrolytic cell.
The anode current collector employed was a sheet of expanded copper metal that is about 50 μm thick. It is available under the designation Delker #2 Cu5-125 (flatten) Delker Corp., Branford, Conn. Both surfaces of the anode current collector are coated with an anode layer that is formed from an anode slurry that is applied to a substrate. The anode slurry is prepared as follows:
A polymer mixture comprising a copolymer of vinylidene difluoride (VDF) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP) is prepared by mixing 23.3 grams of the copolymer in 100 ml of acetone. The copolymer (ave. melt viscosity 23,000-27,000 poise) is Kynar Flex 2801™ from Elf Atochem North America, Philadelphia, Pa. The mixture is stirred for about 24 hours in a milling jar available from VWR Scientific, San Francisco, Calif., catalogue No. H-04172-00. The copolymer functions as a binder for the carbon in the anode.
A graphite mixture is prepared separately by first adding 80 grams of graphite into 3.1 grams of carbon black into a solution containing 200 grams acetone, 36 grams dibutyl phthalate, and 0.5 grams of a surfactant. A preferred graphite comprises a 50:50 (by weight) mixture of a synthetic graphite available under the designation SFG-15™ from Lonza G & T, Ltd. (Sins, Switzerland) and graphitized mesocarbon microbeads available under the designation MCMB25-28™ from Osaka Gas Co., Japan. A preferred carbon black is available under the designation Super P™ from M. M. M. Carbon, Willbroeck, Belgium. The graphite mixture is then vigorously mixed in a high shear mixer until a substantially homogeneous blend is formed. A suitable mixer is available from Ross, Model ME100DLX, Hauppauge, N.Y. operating at a high setting (about 10,000 RPM) for 30 minutes.
The anode slurry is prepared by mixing the polymer mixture and the graphite mixture together under low shear conditions to form the anode slurry wherein the components are well mixed. A portion of the acetone is allowed to evaporate from the slurry before it was laminated onto a substrate. An anode film forms when the remaining portion of the acetone evaporates.
The cathode current collector employed is a sheet of expanded aluminum that is about 50 μm thick. The aluminum grid is available under the designation 2AL5-077 from Delker Corp. Both surfaces of the cathode current collector are coated with a cathode layer that is applied to a substrate. The cathode slurry is prepared as follows:
A polymer mixture comprising a copolymer of vinylidene difluoride (VDF) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP) is prepared by mixing 26.7 grams of the copolymer in 100 grams of acetone. The copolymer is Kynar Flex 2801™. The mixture is stirred for about 24 hours in a milling jar.
A cathode active material mixture is prepared separately by first adding 173.4 grams of a cathode-active material of Lix Mn2 O4 (spinel) (O<x≦2), 14.7 grams of carbon black (Super P™) into a solution containing 333.3 grams acetone, 51.9 grams dibutyl phthalate, and 0.9 grams of a surfactant. The mixture is then vigorously mixed in the a high shear mixer until a substantially homogeneous blend is formed.
A cathode slurry is prepared by mixing the polymer mixture and the cathode active material mixture together under low shear conditions to form the cathode slurry wherein the components are well mixed. A portion of the acetone is allowed to evaporate from the slurry before it is laminated onto the substrate. A cathode film forms when the remaining portion of the acetone evaporates.
A solid electrochemical cell is prepared by positioning a separator comprising a polymeric matrix between the anode and cathode and thereafter fusing the structures under moderate pressure and temperature to form an electrochemical cell precursor. The polymeric matrix is formed by casting a polymeric slurry comprising acetone, dibutyl phthalate, silanized fumed SiO2, and the PVDF/HFP copolymer on a substrate and allowing the acetone to evaporate. No curing by radiation is required. The SiO2 is a filler which impart toughness and strength to the film. In addition, it is believed that the SiO2 assists the activation process by creating physico-chemical conditions such that the electrolyte solution quickly and completely fills the pores created by the extraction of the dibutyl phthalate. Preferably, the polymeric slurry is mixed under low shear conditions as not to degrade the copoloymer.
In preparing the polymer mixture for both the anode and cathode slurries, the polymer (or copolymer) should not be subject to high shear so as to be degraded. Furthermore, preferably the polymer or copolymer employed has a high average molecular weight. Preferably the average molecular weight is between 50K to 750K, more preferably 50K to 200K, and most preferably 50K to 120K. Furthermore, it is preferred that polymer or copolymer has a narrow molecular weight have range. Preferably ##EQU1##
FIG. 1 illustrates an apparatus 101, for preparing an electrochemical cell, that includes a first laminating station 103 where an anode current collector 105 is laminated to at least one anode material film 107 on at least one side of the anode current collector is laminated to anode material film 107 on both sides of the anode current collector, to form an anode precursor 109. The anode current collector 105 includes an extending anode tab 111 extending past an edge 113 of the anode film, and the anode material film includes, as discussed above, a first polymer, an intercalation carbon material, and a first plasticizer. The anode tab 111 may be provided by, for example, laminating the anode material film 107 over less than a complete width of the anode current collector 105. The first laminating station 103 includes compressive elements such as nip rollers 115 for continuously laminating the anode current collector 105 to the anode material film or films 107, or compressive elements such as platens for intermittently laminating the anode current collector and the anode material film or films.
The apparatus 101 includes a second laminating station 117, similar to the first laminating station 103. At the second laminating station 117, a cathode current collector 119 is laminated to at least one cathode material film 121 on at least one side of the cathode current collector is laminated to cathode material film on both sides of the cathode current collector, to form a cathode precursor 123. The cathode current collector 119 includes an extending cathode tab 125 extending past an edge 127 of the cathode material film 121, and the cathode material film includes a second polymer, a cathode active material, and a second plasticizer. The cathode tab 125 may be formed in the same manner as the anode tab 111. As with the first laminating station 103, nip rollers 129 or platens or other suitable compressive elements are provided at the second laminating station 117 for laminating the cathode current collector 119 and the cathode material film 121.
A third laminating station 131, identical to the second laminating station 117, is also provided. At the third laminating station 131, a second cathode current collector 133 laminated to at least one second cathode material film 135 on at least one side of the second cathode current collector is laminated to cathode material film on both sides of the second cathode current collector, to form a second cathode precursor 137. The second cathode precursor 137 is the same as the first cathode precursor, such that the second cathode material film 135 includes the second polymer, the cathode active material, and the second plasticizer. Like the first laminating station 103 and the second laminating station 117, the third laminating station 131 is provided with suitable compressive elements such as nip rollers 139 or platens or the like.
The anode precursors 109, the cathode precursors 123, and, if provided, the second cathode precursors 137 may, if desired or necessary, be prepared at a site remote from the site at which the remaining steps in the assembly of the electrochemical cell. The apparatus 101 is described as including the first, second, and third laminating stations 103, 117, and 131 by way of example, not of necessity.
The apparatus 101 includes an assembling station 141. At the assembling station 141, a polymeric layer 143 including a third plasticizer is interposed between the anode precursor 109 and the cathode precursor 123 such that the polymeric layer prevents direct contact between the anode current collector 105 and the cathode current collector 119. If a second cathode precursor 137 is provided, as is preferred, a second polymeric layer 145 is likewise interposed between the anode precursor 109 and the second cathode precursor, on a side of the anode precursor opposite the first cathode precursor 123.
At the assembling station 141, the anode precursor 109, the first polymeric layer 143, the cathode precursor 123, the second polymeric layer 145, and the second cathode precursor 137 are all sprayed, by one or more sprayers 147, with a pre-lamination solvent, the anode precursor, the first polymeric layer, the cathode precursor, the second polymeric layer, and the second cathode precursor sufficiently so that those elements adhere to one another and are not easily displaced relative to one another. The assembly of the polymeric layer, the anode precursor 109, and the cathode precursor 123 and, if provided, the second polymeric layer 145 and the second cathode precursor 137 is performed by a pick and place type of apparatus available from Klockner Medipak, Clearwater, Fla. The anode precursor 109, the cathode precursor 123, and, if provided, the second cathode precursor 137, as well as the polymeric layer or layers, may be cut by a cutter 148 to a desired size corresponding to a desired amount of power desired and subsequently sprayed with acetone, or may be first sprayed with acetone and joined, and then cut to size. The polymeric layer does not have to be sprayed with a polymer binder in order to be laminated to the anode or cathode bicell. Following extraction of the plasticizer, the battery is activated.
Solvent systems comprising N,N-dimethylformamide and/or acetone as set forth in the following table were sprayed onto a cathode surface of a cathodic film comprising the components described in Example 1. The cathode surface had an area of approximately 18 cm2 and approximately 40 μl of solvent was employed. A separator layer comprising a polymeric matrix of VDF/HFP copolymer was then pressed onto the cathode surface for 3 seconds. The laminated layers were then lifted by the separator and shook by hand. Excellent adhesion in the case of DMF alone was evident as the laminant did not separate despite being shaken for 5 seconds. Poor adhesion in the case of acetone alone was evident when the laminant separated upon being lifted.
______________________________________DMF, parts (wt) Acetone, parts (wt) Degree of adhesion______________________________________1 0 excellent2 1 very good1 1 good1 2 fair1 3 poor0 1 no adhesion______________________________________
It was also demonstrated that lamination of separator and cathode layers with a solvent comprising DMF and acetone (3:1 ratio) that was applied to the cathode surface produced good adhesion. In addition, no gaseous pre-lamination solvent in the form of bubbles, was detected. Such bubbles would adversely affect electrochemical performance.
While the invention has been described in terms of various preferred embodiments, the skilled artisan will appreciate the various modifications, substitutions, and changes which may be made without departing from the spirit hereof. The descriptions of the subject matter in this disclosure are illustrative of the invention and are not intended to be construed as limitations upon the scope of the invention.
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|U.S. Classification||29/623.4, 156/308.6|
|International Classification||H01M10/052, H01M10/0565, H01M2/16, H01M10/04|
|Cooperative Classification||H01M2/1673, H01M10/0436, H01M10/0565, Y10T29/49114, H01M10/052|
|European Classification||H01M10/0565, H01M10/052, H01M10/04F, H01M2/16E|
|11 Apr 1997||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: VALENCE TECHNOLOGY, INC., NEVADA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MENON, KRISHNA;REEL/FRAME:008536/0289
Effective date: 19970411
|6 Feb 2002||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|15 Jul 2002||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|
|10 Sep 2002||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 20020714

domain: chemistry


text:
MadisonClark Decal, 2018-11-11 01:17:19. A very simple wall decal can transform the appearance and feel of the full room. In the event the stickers are large, it's ideal to work with somebody else. Wall stickers, also referred to as wall decals, are very simple to apply. Now, you may again receive a decal of your choice and paste it to the wall. Beaded curtains can be produced with any wide variety of leftover craft items. A memory wall comprises massive bit of paper attached to a wall. You just have to hang it to the wall, the same as any other wall art. A collage wall may be colorful and enjoyable statement in a bedroom. It is a lot easier to paint the wall before the sticker was applied. Be creative and you may surely brighten your bedroom wall creatively. You're able to alter the bedroom wall decorating ideas which will allow your room appear more attractive.
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MadisonClark Painting, 2018-07-21 18:55:43. As several of the faux rocks are created using concrete, a better choice is using concrete or faux rock stains. They are not the only things you can use concrete or faux rock stain on. A lot of people have tried to paint their faux rocks to more closely resemble the appearance of real rocks, but this isn't actually the ideal way to do it. You need to always test your chosen faux rock stain on a little patch to see whether it is going to come out looking how you would like it to.
MadisonClark Decal, 2018-07-21 05:16:13. There are various wall art tips for bathroom. You may represent the idea of light through abstract art made from glass together with unique electric lighting. Smart decorating ideas will allow you to create a living room that's welcoming while maintaining your private taste as the highlight. Just pick a sticker like what and paste on the face of the wall you want. Needless to say, you can create your walls beautiful with attractive colours but there are different strategies to do that which will certainly make your walls a good deal more appealing and fashionable. To make it even more memorable and frequently seen, some people today make it into a wall hanging that contains their words or the consequence of their very own thoughts. It's now simple to decorate your wall without leading to any harm. So, it's sad while we will need to place a door somewhere that should not be opened.
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domain: artistic


Nearly 400,000 Washington vehicle owners have signed up for e-mail car tab renewal reminders, allowing them to renew with a couple of mouse clicks from home. We’re working to make things more convenient and efficient for citizens. It’s all a part of our 21st Century Business Model.
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- Get a copy of your driving record
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- Change the address on your vehicle registration
- Renew your boat registration


text:
The more 'boring' colors, like drab/brown/rustic look pretty good on the hats like the baker boy, hustler's hallmark, and that sort. Don't shock you like a purple fro maybe, but they look good. --- ~ Smakit ~
I saw a guy the other day with a green Demo Fro. And no, painting the fro doesn't just affect the headband or anything, the hair itself was green. And it was awesome. --- My favorite number of the alphabet is blue.

domain: hobby


text:
Our History and Future Mission
I invite you to visit my office at your convenience by appointment only. My industry experience includes supervising accounting departments for small & large companies, directing budgets and finance in the health care industry as well as bank & health care auditing. As a practicing CPA for over 30 years, Individual and business tax preparation have traditionally been my service priorities. My objective going forward is to provide reliable service to my clients, be responsive to their needs and provide quality professional services in a timely manner.
I will continue to use my 30 years of tax experience to provide insightful advice to enable my clients to make informed decisions. This is my primary goal as a trusted advisor and tax professional. I know that it is extremely important to continually stay educated and current to be able to provide my clients with cutting edge technical advice and reliable tax and financial services.
I have been a member in good standing with the Virginia Society of CPAs, the American Institute of CPAs and The Tidewater Chapter of the VSCPA for 30 years and hold Bachelor Degrees in both Accounting and Finance from Old Dominion University. (Magna Cum Laude).
Offering CFO Services
Salaries & benefits for a full-time CFO could cost you as much as $100,000 each year. Your company would have the comfort of knowing that an independent professional is overseeing, protecting and constantly improving the financial side of your business at a fraction of the cost. You would have the best of both worlds since I would be independent but dedicated to your company. This means that I would be ever present to reduce employee theft, train the accounting staff, improve internal controls, budget monitoring and providing you with up to date tax advice along the way. If you’d like to learn more about our Part-Time CFO Services please provide your contact information in the “Contact Section” to make an appointment and schedule a Free Consultation.

domain: finance


Newbuild Cutter Suction Dredger Launched in Pula
Uljanik Shipyard – located in Pula, Croatia – held a launching ceremony for new self-propelled cutter suction dredger on Saturday, May 21st 2016.
Contract for the vessel (Yard No. 512) was signed in late February 2014 with IHC Global Production B.V. of the Netherlands.
The newbuild will have length of 152 meters, height of 28 meters and draught of 6 meters. The vessel will have a load bearing capacity of 1,650 tonnes and the top sailing speed of 11.5 knots.
Three main engines MAN 6L48/60, each having a power of 7,200 kW, will be installed in the vessel.
Construction of the partially equipped dredger began on April 8th 2015, with the steel-cutting ceremony and the vessel’s keel was laid on July 24.


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The No. 16 Cal State Monterey Bay softball team ran its winning streak to eight with a 8-0, 1-0 home doubleheader sweep of San Francisco State on Saturday.
CSUMB improved on the best start in school history by moving to 26-5 overall (16-4 CCAA).
Junior Cori Reinhardt threw her third shutout in the opener, lowering her season ERA to a CCAA-leading 1.56 and raising her record to 11-3. She went 2-for-3 with a double and two RBIs.
Lindsay Clarkson (1302) threw a three-hitter in the nightcap and posted her seventh shutout. Clarkson doubled in the third and scored the only run of the game after San Francisco State made errors on grounders by the next two batters.
Alissa Greenhaw hit a two-run homer in the first game.
The Otters will host West Region rival Central Washington in a doubleheader at 1 p.m. Wednesday at the Otter Sports Complex.
CSU Dominguez Hills 8, CSUMB 4
The Otters took a 1-0 lead in the first, but Dominguez Hills scored three each in the second and third.
Mark Hurley and Richie Johnson had two hits each for CSUMB. Johnson had two RBIs and Hurley scored twice. Michael Isom took the loss, giving up three runs in 11/3 innings.
Notre Dame 9, Aptos 2
Notre Dame 2,
Scotts Valley 1
Notre Dame scored five in the first and four in the second against Aptos.
Haley Meyer-Cohon gave up four hits for Notre Dame in the five-inning game. Aireal Sakasagawa had three hits, including a double and triple. Monica Alvarez-Caron and Sarah Muzik had two hits each for the Spirits, and Alvarez-Caron had four RBIs.
Elizabeth Ray pitched a one-hitter against Scott Valley, striking out four. Sigrid Holtrop got the lone hit for Scotts Valley, driving in a run in the seventh.
Sakasagawa had two hits for Notre Dame.
Christopher 7 Seaside 6
Jasmine Aten and Destiny Riparip had two hits each for Seaside in the Steinbeck Tournament.
Christopher 4, P.G. 0
P.G. 4, Aragon 0
Cierra Pieroni went the distance but took the loss for Pacific Grove against Christopher in the Steinbeck Tournament. Reeve Grobecker had a double and a stolen base.
Brianna Harris threw a no-hiter aganst Aragon-San Mateo with 9 strikeouts. Victoria Harris was 2 -3 with 2 runs and 2 stolen bases.
Alvarez 11, Seaside 6
Seaside 11, Pajaro Valley 6 (8 innings)
Seaside split a pair of makeup games Saturday. C. J. Olivares took the loss for the Spartans. Tristan Beja, Olivares and Fernando Avila had two hits each for Seaside. Beza and Avila each stole two bases.
Beza picked up the win with 42/3 innings of relief against Pajaro Valley. The game was at Seaside, but Pajaro Valley played as the home team.
Aliva had three hits, while Beza and Marcus Dorn had two each. Dorn had two doubles, two RBIs and three stolen bases.
Carmel 16, York 7
Carter Ruiz and Cole Kennedy had three goals each and Morgan Koucky had two.

domain: news


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Bachelor of Contemporary Music (SCU), Bachelor of Education (UTS) and Diploma Audio Engineering (cert4) (SAE)
Performance, Songwriting, LOGIC Composition, Music industry Skills.
Ross has been a teacher of music for the Music Industry performance courses in TAFE for over 20 years. With a background in rock bands stretching back to the 1970’s in London where he recorded 4 albums for EMI to recording on BMG Mercury label in Sydney Ross has first hand experience of the industry. Pre-dating all of this was his term at CBS London as an A&R man. Ross applies himself to the industry as a self producing solo recording artist using Logic X as his platform in his cluttered and hectic home studio. Some of the fruits of his more recent work is available for sale on iTunes and streaming on Spotify. Todayscountry94one is home on Saturdays afternoons where ‘Rossco’ rules the airwaves with his Saturday Drive show – which streams simultaneously on the web.

domain: entertainment


text:
George Bush went to New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina. He stated that "We will rebuild New Orleans no matter how long it takes and no matter how much it costs."
When I heard that, I immediately thought it was a Socialist statement. Who here, agrees? Where does the executive branch get the authority to redistribute my wealth to the Gulf Coast to help clean up after a hurricane. As we all good conservatives know, that if a power is not explicitly defined as a federal power then it's left to the states. To think otherwise is simply Unconstitutional and Socialist Thought.

domain: politics


text:
Magnesium Ascorbate 90 Tablets
Item # IVN1035
Regular Price: $15.95Our Price: $12.76
Free Shipping Included for all US addresses and territories
Product Q & A
|MFG # 51K|
UPC # IVN1035
Official Website: http://www.intensivenutrition.com
Buffered Vitamin C as Magnesium Ascorbate.
Magnesium Ascorbate provides both the essential magnesium mineral and Vitamin C for the human body. In Magnesium Ascorbate, the acidic Vitamin C is neutralized by the accompanying Magnesium, and the Vitamin C becomes less irritating to the stomach. Magnesium Ascorbate is an excellent addition to one's daily supplement intake.
Why is Vitamin C important?
For the heart, Vitamin C protects LDL cholesterol oxidation & prevents arterial stiffness and blood platelet clumping. For smokers, Vitamin C may remove smoke's oxidative and harmful effects. Vitamin C is also instrumental in collagen production.
Why is Magnesium important?
Magnesium is involved in many important actions in the body. It is necessary for bone, protein, fatty acid formation, cell generation and activating B Vitamins. For energy, Magnesium is vital to the formation of ATP. For the heart, Magnesium helps relax muscles, and may act in a way similar to calcium channel blockers.
Who should consider this formula?
Magnesium and Vitamin C together help improve blood vessel flexibility healthy heart function. Magnesium Ascorbate is a potent source of magnesium for those suffering from magnesium anemias--most teenagers and elderly are deficient in magnesium. Because of its non-irritating nature, Magnesium Ascorbate should always replace Vitamin C when one gram or more Vitamin C is recommended in high dose Vitamin C therapies.
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These products are not meant to diagnose, treat or cure any disease or medical condition. Please consult your doctor before starting any exercise or nutritional supplement program or before using these or any product during pregnancy or if you have a serious medical condition.
|Magnesium Ascorbate 1400 mg, Magnesium (elemental) 100 mg, Vitamin C (as ascorbate) 1300 mg|
Magnesium Stearate, Methyl cellulose
This formula is free of yeast, soy, egg, gluten, corn, wheat, milk, starch, artificial colors or preservatives.
Allergy Information - Product Details
- No Artificial Colors
- Corn Free
- Egg Free
- Preservatives Free
- Sugar Free
- Yeast Free
|1-3 tablets daily or consult your health professional|
|Large amounts of Magnesium & Vitamin C may cause diarrhea | Please consult your physician prior to adding Magnesium Ascorbate to your daily regimen, especially if you are taking medication.|
Overall Rating for Magnesium Ascorbate 90 Tablets

domain: biology


text:
TO WRITE A WRONG
In Angola State Penitentiary, a man is serving time for a crime he didn’t commit. Riley Baxter is an eager reporter desperate for a story to make a name for herself. When she stumbles upon the daughter of the incarcerated man, Riley sees a little too much of herself in the teen, and vows to help prove her father’s innocence.
At the same time, Hayden Simpson has his hands full with keeping his little sister in line, worrying about his job as Police Commissioner, and dealing with his past emotional baggage. The last thing he needs is someone blowing the lid off his emotional bucket. But when Riley Baxter storms into his life, struggling to understand why God would let bad things happen to good people, Hayden has no choice but to follow his heart.
Now, Riley and Hayden must work together to uncover the truth of the past . . . before someone shuts Riley up for good.
First off -- kudos on the title's brilliant tie-in. Love the play on words and the way it fits so well with the story. Yes, I notice those kinds of things. :-)
Caroll seized me within her writer's grasp and I didn't escape her clutches until the very last word...not that I wanted to. An engrossing plot kept me riveted as I tried to solve the mystery before the characters did. And I succeeded just in time to read on in horror when the heroine...well I don't want to give anything away but you can imagine my anguish when Riley didn't heed my panicked "Nooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo" and proceeded to do just what I didn't want her to do. It's a miracle I lived to write this review, my heart was under that much stress!
Thankfully Caroll soothed my heart palpitations with Hayden and Riley's romance. Talk about a calm before the storm! I loved the balance the author achieved between romance and suspense while still driving the gritty plot forward at a breathless pace.
Of note to gentle would-be readers -- I did find a bit of offensive language in this book. Nothing earth-shattering by worldly comparisons, but one word in particular took me off guard. It actually broke the rhythm of the read for me. Some might argue that in context, the word is acceptable, but I'm finding the trend of adding questionable language into Christian fiction disconcerting. Now it may be a cultural thing too -- perhaps this word is acceptable slang in the southern states (I'm from Canada), but I personally feel that the hero, who is portrayed as such a respectful, protective, southern gentleman just wouldn't say that word in front of a lady (in this case the heroine). Now that's strictly my personal opinion and I will admit to being extremely conservative where language is concerned.
That being said, I wouldn't skip this or any of Robin Caroll's other works because of the above issue. She's a superb writer and with an imagination and attention to detail that just can't be beat! If you love suspense, you'll be thrilled with To Write a Wrong.
If you would like an opportunity to win a copy of To Write a Wrong, please leave a comment below or email me at kavluvstoreadATyahooDOTca. If you post a comment and add your email address, please use AT and DOT instead of @ and . in the address to protect yourself from spammers. If you enter the draw via email please remember to put the title in the subject line so that it's easy for me to spot your entry. Draw will be held and winner announced on Sunday September 23 2012. Offer open to international readers. Good luck!

domain: literature


Platform Renewable Fuels welcomes three new members: A.P. Møller - Maersk, TES and OCI Methanol
As of April 2023, three new companies have joined the Platform Renewable Fuels (PHB). PHB is an independent knowledge and innovation centre with members across the renewable fuel supply chain for road transport, aviation, and maritime shipping. Our mission is to facilitate the ramping up of production and deployment of renewable fuels to reach the Paris Climate Goals. We look at all renewable fuels biofuels/e-fuels or RFNBOs.
Maersk is a Danish based company focusing on providing globally integrated container logistics. Maersk recognizes that the maritime industry accounts for almost 3% of all global GHG emissions, as laid out in the latest study by the UN’s International Maritime Organization (IMO) on this matter. Maersk has therefore made it a priority to support the transition to a net zero economy by eliminating emissions in the maritime sector.
In 2022, Maersk reevaluated and accelerated its decarbonisation targets by stating that Maersk should become climate neutral by 2040 through the development of new technology, new vessels, and new fuels. New, large container vessels have been ordered to be delivered in coming years that can use green methanol for propulsion.
Maersk believes that the Netherlands is a frontrunner amongst EU member states for setting ambitious climate targets. The Netherlands is a fuel hub and cargo gateway for Europe (e.g. the port of Rotterdam) and as such is well positioned to lead the maritime industry towards becoming more climate friendly. The Dutch authorities are working towards reorganising their national obligation system (implementation EU-RED3) to include other green fuels—possibly already from 2025—which will be an important development for the maritime industry's continued drive towards decarbonisation, and will therefore be an important support for transition needs on all levels.
Maersk sees the Platform Renewable Fuels Platform as a key stakeholder for providing independent knowledge and contextual insights to feed such collaborative discussions.
TES Tree Energy Solutions
Tree Energy Solutions B.V. (TES) was founded in 2021 with the aim of producing green hydrogen on an industrial scale and thus accelerating the energy transition. TES is currently developing and realising a closed and circular chain for the production and use of renewable hydrogen with synthetic methane (eNG) as the carrier of this hydrogen. In addition to its role in the transport of hydrogen, this renewable fuel of non-biological origin (RFNBO) can also be used directly as eLNG (renewable electricity based liquified methane) or eCNG (renewable electricity based compressed methane). TES attaches great importance to sustainability and transparency in the whole supply chain and sees cooperation and knowledge sharing regarding the production and use of sustainable biofuels as preconditions for achieving the mission that the Platform and TES share.
OCI is the largest biomethanol producer in the world and has ambitions to increase its green methanol portfolio tenfold in the coming years. OCI wants to take its responsibility in transforming a currently fossil fuel driven product portfolio into a renewable production line. OCI understands that it has no right to exist if it doesn't "go green" quickly. OCI realises that going through this transition requires a collaborative effort. That is why OCI is actively looking for organisations that experience the same challenges and want to face those challenges with fresh energy. For this reason, OCI has chosen to participate in this knowledge and innovation platform where positive and cross-sectoral findings can be shared, and where pitfalls can be pointed out.


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vertimill® has proven to be a versatile tool that exhibits many advantages over traditional in various applications. it is capable of handling multiple feed sizes up to 6 mm and grinding to products less than 20 microns, and has standard sizes ranging from 15hp (11kw) to 4500hp (3352 kw). support from metso outotec experts
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to characterize the magnetite samples after and before , the x-ray diffraction (xrd), high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (hr-sem), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (edx), brunauer-emmett-teller (bet) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ftir) analysis were .
jan 27, 2020 — type of milling and parameters. sag and grind material through different actions and are usually in ...
can be re-organised as  and , where b’wio and a’wio are the corrected operating work indices and wag/sag, wbm are the respective power draw of ag/sag and . note that the operating work index is only on the portion that needs the additional grinding (q2), which renders to the ag/sag the
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Here is the price list of most important house construction material used in home construction in kerala. These rates are approximate and they vary in different places due to different aspects. Price list of all kind of building materials like rubble, cement price, steel price broken stone price msand price etc in kerala
Manufacturers of concrete construction equipment, concrete batching plant, transit mixer, ready mix concrete plant(RMC), slipform pavers, cage welding & pipe/block making machine and related parts from Apollo Inffratech, a concrete batching solution provider.
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May 09, 2018· Ajax Engineering Pvt Ltd is India's leading Concreting equipment manufacturer. With Best price we are the Global leader in Self Loading Concrete Mixers, with 3 dedicated state-of-the-art facility for its product lines. 30 dealer spread across India and SAARC Countries with 87 touch points for after sales support and 2 Service Centers. Our machines cater to Irrigation, Roads & All ...
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The supplier company is located in Kochi, Kerala and is one of the leading sellers of listed products. Contech Equipment & Spares is listed in Trade India's list of verified sellers offering supreme quality of Cube Mould etc. Buy Moulds in bulk from us for the best quality products and service.
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Komodo has become popular for its unique and flavorful tacos, and although the establishment is known for these tacos, I would hardly classify it as your typical Mexican taqueria. With everything from Italian to Asian inspired tacos, Komodo takes unexpected risks when it comes to items on the menu. The restaurant was casual and affordable, and one trip to the hotspot had me impressed and surprised by its bold flavor combinations…
Komodo indicates gluten free options on the menu, making it easy for NOBREAD customers to indulge. It’s not hard to see why their miniature tacos have become fan-favorites either; taco renditions such as Italian and burger tacos are unique and appeal to diners of all tastes. The breakfast-style “Early Bird” taco is a huge hit and includes sunny-side up egg, bacon, mushroom, mozzarella cheese, sour cream, Italian sausage & red bell peppers. If you want to try a taco unlike any taco you have had before, try the spicy Singaporean-style shrimp taco… it’s awesome! Not in the mood for a taco? Good news! You can order any taco as a bowl over rice. The Kimchi nachos with bacon and Sriracha aioli sound absolutely incredible and this is the perfect dish for the guys out there looking to get a little messy. Komodo also has great healthy options like the Harvest salad with citrus beets, dates, roasted walnuts, goat cheese and balsamic reduction. To top things off, Komodo’s Lychee lemonade has a delicious and unique flavor that is tart and refreshing.
The menu at Komodo is small but far from simple thanks to the incredible diversity of the menu. The tacos have unique flavor-profiles that will have you thinking of traditional tacos in a whole new way! To try these unusual–but delicious–combinations yourself, stop by one of Komodo’s two locations, or track down their popular food truck… you won’t be disappointed!

domain: food