US 4314341 A
An automatic flight control system includes an automatic emergency descent mode initiated upon cabin decompression at high altitudes. Automatic safe capture of maximum descent rate and automatic flare to a safe altitude are provided, together with an automatic turn off the course existing at mode initiation.
1. In an automatic flight control system for aircraft having a signal-responsive pitch control channel for controlling the aircraft pitch attitude, an automatic emergency descent control apparatus for automatically controlling the descent of the aircraft to a predetermined safe low altitude upon cabin decompression at a very high altitude, said emergency descent apparatus comprising:
first switch means responsive to the altitude of the aircraft,
second switch means responsive to the air pressure within the aircraft cabin,
means responsive to said first and second switch means for providing an initiation signal for said apparatus when said aircraft is above a predetermined altitude and when said cabin pressure decreases below its normal pressure,
airspeed responsive means for providing a control signal corresponding to a maximum operating airspeed for said aircraft, and
means responsive to said initiating signal for supplying said airspeed control signal to said pitch control channel for controlling the craft pitch attitude to achieve said maximum operating airspeed.
2. The emergency descent control apparatus as set forth in claim 1 further including limiting means responsive to said airspeed control signal for limiting the signal to said pitch control channel to a predetermined value whereby to limit the acceleration of said aircraft to said maximum operating airspeed.
3. The emergency descent control apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein said aircraft includes aerodynamic drag producing surfaces and wherein said apparatus includes further means responsive to said initiating signal for deploying said drag producing surfaces.
4. The emergency descent control apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein said aircraft includes autothrottle control means for controlling the aerodynamic thrust on said aircraft and wherein said apparatus includes further means responsive to said initiating signal for controlling said autothrottle control means to reduce said thrust to a minimum value.
5. The emergency descent control apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein said aircraft flight control system includes a signal responsive roll control channel for controlling the roll attitude of the aircraft and wherein said apparatus further includes means responsive to said initiating signal for supplying a bank angle command signal to said roll control channel thereby to alter the course of the aircraft.
6. The apparatus as set forth in claim 5 wherein said further means includes timing means responsive to said initiating signal for supplying said bank angle command signal to said roll channel control for a predetermined time period and thereafter removing the same whereby to limit course change in accordance with said time period.
7. The apparatus as set forth in claim 6 wherein said roll control channel includes a plurality of course control means including means for maintaining said aircraft on a predetermined heading and wherein said apparatus includes further means responsive to said initiating signal for disengaging all of said course control means from said roll control channel and substituting said bank angle command signal therefore and means responsive to said timing means for removing said bank angle command signal and reengaging said heading maintaining means.
8. The apparatus as set forth in claim 1 further comprising
aircraft altitude control means including means for supplying signals corresponding to the instantaneous actual altitude and altitude rate of the aircraft,
altitude bias means for supplying a signal corresponding to said predetermined safe low altitude:
means responsive to said altitude bias, said actual altitude and said altitude rate signals for providing a flare control signal,
flare detector means also responsive to said altitude bias, said actual altitude and said altitude rate signals for supplying a flare detect signal when the difference between said actual altitude and said bias signal substantially equals said altitude rate signal,
means responsive to said initiating signal for rendering said flare detector means effective, and
means responsive to said flare detect signal for disconnecting the supply of said airspeed control signal to said pitch control channel and for supplying said flare control signal thereto.
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to the safe automatic flight control of aircraft capable of very high altitude operation and more particularly concerns improvements in aircraft flight control systems assuring safe recovery of aircraft altitude and flight path in the case of explosive decompression of the air within the cabin structure which might render the flight crew unconscious before emergency manual descent procedures can be initiated.
2. Description of the Prior Art
While aircraft have been successfully flown to safe altitudes and even to successful landings after serious or sudden loss of cabin air pressure at high altitudes by alert human pilots, their successes have normally been attributed in no large measure to tenuous fortune rather than to inherently appropriate design of the craft or of its control systems. Even a pilot with improbably high immunity to such an emergency situation would have considerable difficulty in safely solving the recovery problem. The latter requires pitching the aircraft over so as immediately to capture the maximum design air speed tolerable by the craft without dangerous or sustained over-shoot so as to avoid endangering the structural integrity of the aircraft. At the same time, it is desirable for the pilot to turn the aircraft off course and out of the airway so that descent of the craft will not interfere with other craft using the airway in the normal manner. Numerous other problems also evidently face the pilot in such an emergency.
In the event of cabin pressure loss at high altitude, the invention automatically commands the pitch attitude of the craft to capture and to maintain air speed at the manufacturer's maximum design air speed VMO for the craft. It is also desired to set speed brakes and the throttles to establish maximum rate of descent without exceeding VMO. Additionally, a turn is automatically commanded to turn the craft to a new heading preferably as nearly as possible at right angles to the airway course originally being flown. This latter maneuver desirably takes the craft out of the vertical plane of the airway and hence out of the path of other flights at various altitudes along that airway. Upon reaching the safe altitude, the craft is automatically returned asymptotically to its level flight attitude through operation of the altitude control portion of the autopilot in a conventional manner. The new altitude and heading are maintained until further action may be taken by the flight crew.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the pitch channel of an aircraft automatic pilot including the emergency descent control apparatus of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the roll channel of the autopilot including elements of the emergency descent mode apparatus operable therein.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the sensors and control logic used in automatically initiating the emergency descent control.
FIG. 1 includes a schematic illustration of the generally conventionally pitch channel of an aircraft automatic flight control system, including a conventional air data computer 20 for providing not only the inputs for the present invention but also for providing conventional autopilot inputs such as altitude control 71, air speed control 72, and vertical speed control 73. Conventional pitch attitude and rate stabilization references 59 are also provided and all operate in a conventional manner to control the aircraft in pitch through servo 70 and elevator surface 70a. The pitch control system as disclosed in FIG. 1, as well as the roll channel of FIG. 2, is provided with various enabling and disengagement switches and switching elements which are to be cooperatively controlled upon initiation and operation of the novel automatic emergency descent mode of the present invention. These switches are conventional transistor switches but are illustrated herein as mechanical for ease of understanding.
FIG. 2 schematically illustrates the roll channel 155 of the autopilot for controlling ailerons 155a, including conventional command data inputs such as turn command controller 133, heading select and hold controller 139, and other path command sources 150 such as navigation radios. Roll attitude and rate stabilization reference 157 is also conventional. The craft roll control system as disclosed in FIG. 2 is also provided with various enabling and disengaging switches and switching elements used during initiation and operation of the novel automatic emergency descent mode apparatus.
Referring to FIG. 3, the essential elements of the apparatus for initiating the emergency descent mode (EDM), which may be referred to as the emergency descent mode monitor, are illustrated. This figure illustrates the sensors and timing devices for generating the control logic signal 182a on lead 182 and a time duration logic signal 185a on lead 185 whose duration is, for example, forty to fifty seconds. Signals 182a and 185a are both started simultaneously with mode initiation, signal 182a continuing until the automatic pilot is manually disengaged by the pilot at the safe low altitude and signal 185a continuing long enough to produce a substantial turn off course as will be described. The autopilot is manually initially engaged by the supply of an engage logic signal at terminal 5 in FIG. 1.
As shown in FIG. 3, two logic signal sources supply inputs to the EDM monitor 171; the first of these sources is a conventional cabin pressure sensor 170 which may comprise a simple aneroid bellows and which operates an electrical switch 173. When the cabin pressure is normal, with the pressurization system operating to maintain cabin pressure at say 10,000 feet, switch 173 is open but, upon loss of cabin pressure, switch 173 closes. The second logic signal is supplied on terminal 26 at a discrete altitude, which may be referred to as the EDM arming altitude. This logic signal is supplied from the air data computer 20 of FIG. 1. Most conventional air data computers provide a switch 27 which operates at about 28,000 feet and is used by various aircraft instruments and systems to switch from IAS to MACH airspeed. Switch 27 may therefore be conveniently used at altitudes above 28,000 feet to supply the EDM logic signal at terminal 26 of FIG. 3. Thus, with the aircraft above 28,000 feet and with normal cabin pressure, switch 27 is closed and switch 173 open so that there is no signal supplied to OR gate 176 and the autopilot pitch channel operates normally. However, upon cabin decompression switch 173 closes, providing the logic signal to gate 176 and initiating the EDM mode. A latch 172 may be provided to maintain EDM engaged until intentional disengagement by the pilot, for example, by autopilot disengage. More sophisticated switching logic may, of course, be provided. For example, in some installations it may be desired to inhibit the EDM mode for altitudes below certain altitudes or to provide initial EDM arming at, say, 28,000 to 30,000 feet and final arming at, say, 40,000 to 50,000 feet. Design of such logic may be readily provided by those skilled in the art.
In the event of sudden decompression of the aircraft cabin pressure at very high altitudes, it is unlikely that the aircraft crew can act quickly enough and can remain sufficiently conscious for the period of time required manually to control the aircraft to establish a maximum safe descent rate. Thus, engagement of EDM should be substantially instantaneous and should operate so that the craft is returned as rapidly as possible to an altitude level at which the cabin pressure value permits recovery of consciousness. Since this mode is an emergency mode, it must be highly reliable. This may be accomplished by providing one or more redundant monitor circuits 171, the outputs of each of which may be supplied to the OR logic gate 176 via lead 171a.
Returning to FIG. 3, cabin decompression above the predetermined altitude is seen to provide an output which persists until the craft has reached the safe altitude, the crew regained consciousness, and then have disengaged the autopilot. The OR gate 176 provides all EDM logic to the apparatus to be subjected to emergency control. For example, the EDM signal causes the conventional brake deploy control 177 to deploy air brakes or other aerodynamic drag producing surfaces 178 and, in those aircraft with autothrottle systems, to set the same to idle thrust, as shown schematically at 180 and 181.
In craft in which such automatic throttle control system 180 is not provided, it may be assumed that the craft engine throttles 181 have already been set by the pilot for normal cruise power before EDM initiation and, therefore, the throttles will in all likelihood remain in this condition. With this cruise power setting and with the speed brakes, 178 deployed and also with the craft flying at its design limit VMO, as will be further discussed, a maximum safe rate of descent will ensue, say between 6,000 to 8,000 feet per minute depending upon the particular aircraft's aerodynamic characteristics. Thus, the invention will be seen to be compatible and versatile for use in aircraft, whether or not equipped with an autothrottle system, although with an autothrottle equipped aircraft, the automatic application of idle thrust will result in a greater rate of descent without exceeding VMO.
As previously noted, the apparatus of FIG. 3 generates the respective pitch and roll channel EDM signals 182a and 185a for use in FIGS. 1 and 2. As already discussed, it is the primary object of the present invention automatically to fly the aircraft in a safe manner to a desired low altitude upon sudden or explosive decompression of the cabin. This is accomplished by immediately and automatically establishing a maximum rate-of-descent at maximum allowable airspeed VMO without excessive speed overshoot which might cause structural damage. During the initiation of the dive, the craft is automatically turned off course, usually a Victor air route, in order to avoid other traffic using the original route and finally to flare out and capture the desired safe altitude. A preferred embodiment of apparatus for providing these basic functions will now be described.
The pitch EDM signal of FIG. 3 is coupled at terminal 1 in FIG. 1. This signal is delayed in the delay circuit 3 by about one second (for transient protection) before application to OR gate 4. The output of OR gate 4 is applied to an AND gate 6 along with the autopilot engage signal at terminal 5, the output of which is coupled back via lead 7 to OR gate 4 so as to latch AND gate 6. Gate 6 feeds a one-shot circuit 10 which supplies a signal suitable for disengaging flight director 12 by activation of conventional switches therein and for displaying suitable warning flags 12a so that a warning that the flight director has been disconnected is provided to the pilot upon his recovery.
If the emergency descent mode were to operate so as to simply nose the aircraft over to institute a dive, airspeed would very rapidly build up and likely exceed VMO, endangering the aircraft's structural limits. Therefore, the automatic VMO capture capability of the present invention is a significant safety feature.
As shown in FIG. 1, an indicated air speed signal VIAS is supplied from the air data computer 20 via lead 35 to summation device 37, the second input of which is a VMO signal via lead 36, the latter representing the maximum allowable air speed for the craft and the signals being provided with the polarities shown. The output of summation device 37 is supplied to limiter 50 limiting its output to a value, say representative of 10 knots, which assures a predetermined or programmed acceleration to VMO through the autopilot pitch attitude control system 70 to eliminate or substantially reduce overshoot of the desired VMO. Thus, the output of limiter 50 is supplied to displacement gain channel 55 and integral gain channel 57 in a conventional fashion for this purpose. The output of displacement channel 55 is supplied to pitch channel and servo 70 by way of switch 54, lead 61, summation device 58, lead 60, summation device 93, and lead 90. Similarly, the output of the integral gain channel 57 is supplied to the pitch channel and servo 70 by way of switch 56, lead 92, summer 98, and lead 91. Switches 54 and 56 are closed at EDM initiate by AND gate 11 responsive to the EDM logic and an output signal supplied from an altitude flare detector 40. This logic assures that upon receipt of a flare command, as will be described, the airspeed control signals will be removed from control of the autopilot.
Through the operation of the foregoing, the aircraft has been nosed over in a controlled manner so as to safely capture VMO. With speed brakes 178 deployed and engines at cruise setting, a substantial rate of descent will be required to achieve VMO. With throttles set at idle thrust, an even higher rate of descent will be required.
As noted, the present invention provides means for sensing the desired low or safe altitude and for flaring the craft smoothly to this altitude and then maintaining it. Considering again the pitch channel apparatus of FIG. 1, the air data computer 20 supplies signals in accordance with existing craft altitude h and altitude rate h. These signals are supplied to the inputs of summation device 22, along with a bias signal provided by a suitable source 25 via the respective leads 23, 21, 24, poled as shown. The magnitude and polarity of the bias signal on lead 24 is selected to correspond to some predetermined safe low altitude, say 12,000 feet. The output of summation device 22 is connected via lead 39 to the pitch flare displacement gain channel 51 and thence through flare initiate switch 52, lead 53, summation device 58, lead 60, and summation device 93 via lead 90 as a command input to the pitch channel and servo 70.
The output of summation device 22 is also applied via lead 38 to flare detector 40 which is armed only by the latched EDM logic signal from junction 8. The flare detector threshold is dependent upon the relationship:
where hB is the 12,000 foot bias and K is a flare detect constant (flare initiation altitude) which may be selected for optimum control dependent upon aircraft characteristics. Therefore, during the VMO rate of descent of the aircraft above the flare altitude, the logic output of the flare detector 40 on lead 42 is, say, a zero which is applied to switch 52 in a sense to maintain it open, whereby no altitude control signal is applied to the pitch channel. Also, the same zero logic output of flare detector 40 is via lead 41 inverted by inverter 43 to provide a logic one to AND gate 11 which, since the autopilot is engaged, supplies a logic one output at junction 13 to switches 54 and 56 to maintain them closed during the VMO descent.
Thus, the aircraft continues its maximum rate of descent until the flare altitude is reached, at which point the flare detector operates to provide a logic one output which simultaneously opens the airspeed on pitch control through opening of switches 54, 56 and institutes the altitude on pitch control through closure of switch 52. The flare path to the desired low altitude of 12,000 feet from the flare initiation point is controlled through an error signal to the pitch channel proportional to the usual asymptotic flare control relationship (HB -h)+Kh. In those aircraft which have an autothrottle system, it will be recalled that, upon EDM initiation, the throttle controls set the engines to idle thrust which would not be sufficient to maintain the aircraft at the constant low altitude, especially if the speed brakes are left deployed. Therefore, the output of flare logic AND gate 11 is applied through a time delay 14 through terminal 15 to the autothrottle system 180 to set the engine thrust to that sufficient to maintain the aircraft at the 12,000 foot altitude. Although not shown in FIG. 3, it may be desirable to supply the same logic signal to the speed brake deploy mechanism 177 to restore the speed brakes 178 to their normal retracted position. Since the flare logic gate 11 operates at flare initiation, the time delay 14 is provided for the purpose of delaying the throttle control logic signal for the time necessary for the aircraft to complete its flare to the desired 12,000 foot altitude; for example, between 5 and 10 seconds, depending upon aircraft characteristics.
The third of the basic functions provided by the emergency descent control system of the present invention is automatic change of the course of the aircraft from, most likely, an established airway, so that it does not descend vertically through that airway, endangering other traffic using it. For this purpose, the roll channel control illustrated schematically in FIG. 2 is provided. Its function is to provide by means of roll EDM command 130 a fixed signal; i.e., a predetermined fixed voltage, representing a corresponding fixed roll or bank angle command applied upon EDM initiation for a predetermined period of time. Therefore, since it is well known that a predetermined bank angle produces a corresponding rate of turn, the magnitude of the turn can be predetermined by the time during which the bank command is supplied depending, of course, upon craft speed. Switch 131 is closed by supplying to terminal 2 the roll EDM logic signal 185a of predetermined time duration on lead 185. The fixed roll command voltage is then coupled through summation device 132 via lead 137 into input lead 156 of roll channel and servo 155 for a time interval dependent on airspeed sufficient to produce a change in course of about ninety degrees. A typical time period can be on the order of 40 to 50 seconds. This bank command signal cooperates with the output of roll attitude and attitude rate reference 157 in positioning roll control surface 155a in a conventional fashion. The roll control parameters are, of course, not highly critical, but a relatively steep bank angle say as great as 35° or more may be advantageous because it will tend desirably to increase the vertical speed of the craft by reducing its effective vertical lift vector.
It is clearly evident from the foregoing that upon initiation of the emergency descent mode control system of the present invention, all other autopilot control modes must be disengaged. This is accomplished by employing straight forward and generally conventional control logic operated upon EDM initiation as illustrated schematically in the figures. Briefly, a number of typical autopilot modes is illustrated; in the pitch channel they may be altitude hold 71, airspeed hold 72, and vertical speed hold 73 and in the roll channel they may be turn rate command 133, heading select-heading hold command 137, and other azimuth controls 150, such as radio navigation commands. Since the mode select-inhibit logic for these modes is generally self-evident to those skilled in the autopilot art from an inspection of the drawings, a detailed description is not necessary. However, for completeness, one mode in each channel will be briefly described.
Thus, in FIG. 1 in the altitude control mode, a signal corresponding to departures from a preselected or desired altitude is provided from altitude control 71 and is branched through conventional displacement and integral gain paths 77, 80, switches 84, 100, summers 88, 93 and 106, 98 and leads 90, 91 to the input of pitch channel and servo 70. The altitude hold mode is selected through a conventional autopilot mode select panel (not shown) which provides a mode engage logic signal to terminal 184 of FIG. 3 for controlling switches 84, 100. For purposes of incorporating the EDM mode of the present invention into the autopilot, additional mode logic 191 is provided. Thus, the EDM logic signal on lead 182 is applied via lead 190 to the inverting terminal of AND gate 194 along with the altitude engage logic from terminal 184. With the autopilot operating normally in the altitude hold mode, the output of OR gate 176 is, for example, a logical zero and therefore both inputs to AND gate 191 are, for example, logical ones, thereby providing a logic output to terminals 83, 99 of switches 84, 100 effectively closing these switches to supply any altitude error signal to pitch channel 70. Upon initiation of the EDM mode, the output of the EDM monitor 76 goes high, for example, a logical one thereby initiating the EDM mode and simultaneously this logical one causes a logical zero at AND gate 191, forcing its output low or to logical zero and inhibiting the altitude hold mode by opening switches 84, 100. The other pitch channel modes are similarly interrupted on initiation of the EDM mode.
Interruption of the roll channel mode upon EDM mode initiation is similar. For example, referring to FIG. 2 and assuming the autopilot is operating in one of the radio navigation modes, switch 153 is closed by suitable mode engage logic, (not shown) supplying a control signal from command source 150 through displaced gain 151 (an integral gain path may also be provided), switch 153, lead 144, summer 143, and lead 138 to roll channel 155. Upon EDM initiation, the high logic output of the EDM monitor on lead 182 is inverted as at inverter 192 and applied to switch terminal 152 to deenergize or open switch 153, interrupting the mode. However, it will be noted that in the roll channel it may be desirable that upon completion of the turn off course provided by timer 183, the roll channel be placed in the heading hold mode. Thus, the signal from heading hold command 139 is applied through displacement gain channel 140, switch 142 (through suitable mode engage logic circuit similar to logic gate 191), and lead 146 to summer 143 and thence to the roll channel servo 155. Upon EDM initiation, the high logic on lead 182 is applied to both the roll timer 183 and to the invert input of a further AND gate 194, the non-invert input of which is connected to the roll timer output. Since this output goes high with EDM initiation, the logic output of gate 194 will be low and heading hold mode switch 142 will be opened via terminal 141. However, the turn is terminated by the roll timer output going low which, in turn, produces a high signal at the output of gate 194 to turn switch 142 back on. Thus, after completion of the turn, the heading hold mode is reengaged and the craft will stay on the new heading or course during the descent to and following the capture of the safe low altitude.
While the invention has been described in its preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the words which have been used are words of description rather than of limitation and that changes within the purview of the appended claims may be made without departing from the true scope and spirit of the invention in its broader aspects.


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HIV/Sexually Transmitted Infection Prevention Messaging: Targeting Root Causes of Sexual Risk Behavior.. Sex Transm Dis. 43(2):71-7.. 2016.
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A test-replicate approach to candidate gene research on addiction and externalizing disorders: A collaboration across five longitudinal studies. Behavior Genetics. 46:608-626.. 2016.
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domain: sociology


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The Loving Project
By Brad Linder and Farrah Parkes
To listen to an audio podcast, mouse over the title and click Play. Open iTunes to download and subscribe to podcasts.
Celebrating the 50th anniversary of Loving v. Virginia by documenting the experiences of interracial married couples in the United States.
||Clean#27 Year End Special||You can get the latest updates about the podcast by following The Loving Project on Facebook, Google+ or Twitter or by visiting our website, LovingProject.com.||12/17/2017||Free||View in iTunes|
||Clean#26 Ermias and Jen||Jen is white and grew up in Philadelphia, while Ermias is black and Eritrean. They met in Eritrea in 1995 when Jen was there as a Peace Corps volunteer. They had a long distance relationship for a while and just when Ermias was on the verge of leaving..||12/3/2017||Free||View in iTunes|
||Clean#25 Jean and Mas||Jean and Mas have been together since 1972 and married since 1992. Jean is white and was raised in Rochester, New York. Mas is Japanese-American and he was born in an internment camp during World War II and grew up in Seabrook, New Jersey. Both...||11/19/2017||Free||View in iTunes|
||Clean#24 Mee and Ken||Ken is Irish and Mee is Korean American. They met when Ken flew from Ireland to the United States for a friend's wedding, and the two quickly hit it off and began a trans-Atlantic relationship. Mee was living in New York at the time, and after...||11/5/2017||Free||View in iTunes|
||Clean#23 Joshu and Marleny||Joshu and Marleny met online in 2011. After a potentially disastrous first date, they hit it off and eventually got married in 2014. They now live in Philadelphia's Fishtown neighborhood. Joshu is white and Marleny is black and was born in the...||10/22/2017||Free||View in iTunes|
||Clean#22 David and Belinda||David and Belinda were part of each other's worlds before they even met. David would ride his bike to and from work in Pleasantville, NJ and Belinda would occasionally wave to him, a passing stranger, as she drove by. It so happened that they worked...||10/8/2017||Free||View in iTunes|
||Clean#21 Kevin and Lisa||Kevin and Lisa have been married since 2009. They live in New Jersey, where they're raising two young daughters. Lisa is white, and grew up in Northeast Pennsylvania. Kevin is Korean and was raised in Western Pennsylvania by his adopted parents, who...||9/23/2017||Free||View in iTunes|
||Clean#20 Len and Fernando||Len and Fernando met and started dating in 1981 but they didn't get married until 2014, over 3 decades later. They literally fought for the right to marry; they were among several LGBT couples who were plaintiffs in the lawsuit that resulted in the...||9/10/2017||Free||View in iTunes|
||Clean#19 Shawn and Jen||Jen and Shawn met in 2004 under sad circumstances when they lost a mutual friend. Eleven years later, they got married and now live in Lansdowne, PA with their 2-year-old son. Shawn is African American, and grew up in South Philadelphia while Jen...||8/27/2017||Free||View in iTunes|
||Clean#18 Kate and Courtney||Kate and Courtney met while they were both students at Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania. Courtney is black, and grew up in Memphis, Tennessee. Kate is white, and grew up in Buffalo, New York. They've lived in Baltimore and Washington DC, and now make..||8/13/2017||Free||View in iTunes|
||Explicit#17 Steve and Christine||Christine and Steve met at a party in Phialdelphia in the 1960s, and they've been together ever since. Christine is black, and grew up in Glassboro, New Jersey. Steve is white and was raised in Philadelphia. In this episode of the Loving...||7/30/2017||Free||View in iTunes|
||Clean#16 Lesley and Cord||Lesley and Cord met while Lesley was working at Duke University and Cord was a graduate student at the school. In their very first conversation, Lesley impressed Cord with her critique of his favorite medieval author, St. Augustine, even though...||7/16/2017||Free||View in iTunes|
||Clean#15 Eric and David||Eric and David married nearly 5 decades after the Supreme Court decision that legalized interracial marriage, but just a year after another Court ruling that made same-sex marriages like theirs legal across the United States. David is white, and grew...||7/2/2017||Free||View in iTunes|
||Clean#14 Mike and Kim||Mike and Kim met while working in a research lab at the University of Pennsylvania. At the time, Mike was a senior, while Kim had recently finished her PhD and was working as a postdoctoral researcher while raising her 10-year-old son. Mike is the son..||6/18/2017||Free||View in iTunes|
||Clean#13 Loving Day Special||On June 12th, 1967, the Supreme Court issued its opinion in Loving v. Virginia. That decision rendered all state laws banning interracial marriage unconstitutional and made it legal for individuals of different races to marry all across the USA....||6/11/2017||Free||View in iTunes|
||Explicit#12 Florence and Ed||Florence and Ed met in the 1960's in Nashville while they were in college - Ed at Vanderbilt and Florence at Fisk University. They began dating after getting to know each other as co-facilitators for the Upward Bound program and got married...||6/5/2017||Free||View in iTunes|
||Explicit#11 Michelle and Melissa||Michelle and Melissa met in college and were together for 12 years before getting married in 2017. Although they are both Philadelphia natives, they hail from very different parts of the city. Melissa, who is white, grew up in Bridesburg, a...||5/22/2017||Free||View in iTunes|
||Clean#10: Lori and Manuel||Lori and Manuel have been married since 1999. Manuel is white and grew up in Spain. Lori is black and grew up in Wisconsin. They met at university in Spain, where Lori was studying abroad; eventually Manuel joined her in the United States where they...||5/8/2017||Free||View in iTunes|
||Clean#9 Aarati and Jonathan||The Loving Project commemorates the 50th anniversary of Loving v. Virginia by featuring modern stories of interracial marriage. Aarati and Jonathan got married in 2006. Jonathan is White and Jewish and Aarati is Indian-American. They met in Chicago,...||4/24/2017||Free||View in iTunes|
||Explicit#8 Anastasia and Symeon||Anastasia and Symeon met online while they were working at that same university. They married in 2011 and live in Philadelphia with their two young sons. Symeon grew up in rural New York state, while Anastasia grew up in Fort Wayne, Indiana. In the...||4/10/2017||Free||View in iTunes|
||Clean#7 Craig and Donna||Donna and Craig have been married since 1988. Craig is White and grew up in Queens, New York. Donna is Black and was born in the United States, but lived in Belgium for about 10 years before returning to New York, where she and Craig first met....||3/27/2017||Free||View in iTunes|
||Clean#6 Beth and Helaina||Beth and Helaina are an interracial couple living in Philadelphia’s Mount Airy neighborhood. They got married in a wedding ceremony in Philadelphia in 2007, before gay marriage became legal nationwide. They later had a legal ceremony in California...||3/13/2017||Free||View in iTunes|
||Clean#5 Shaina and Brahim||Shaina is a white Jewish woman from Texas. Brahim is a black, Muslim, Berber Arab from Morocco. They met while Shaina was volunteering for an organization Brahim started in a small village in Morocco, and after Shaina returned to the United States,...||2/27/2017||Free||View in iTunes|
||Clean#4: Courtney and Dave||Dave and Courtney have been married since 2010, and they're raising an 18 month old boy in West Philadelphia. Courtney is African American, while Dave is white, and they're both navigating what it means to raise a biracial child in the era of Black...||2/11/2017||Free||View in iTunes|
||Explicit#3: Arun and Carrie||Arun and Carrie got married in 2001; Arun is Indian and Carrie is white. Both grew up in Northeast Ohio, and they now live in Philadelphia with their two children. Arun grew up in a close-knit Indian community where arranged marriages were the...||1/30/2017||Free||View in iTunes|
||Explicit#2: Olivia and John||Olivia and John got married in 2015 and live in Philadelphia's Mount Airy neighborhood. John is white, and Olivia is Filipino-American. Both of their families have been welcoming of their relationship, but as they think about starting...||1/16/2017||Free||View in iTunes|
||Clean#1: Liz and Chavis||Chavis and Liz have been married since 2003. They have a 12 year-old son, and the family lives just outside of Philadelphia. Liz is white and Chavis is African-American. However, his skin coloring and hair texture often lead others to...||12/28/2016||Free||View in iTunes|
I highly recommend this podcast because it provides a great insight into the lives of couples who have married for love and in the process created interracial households. These stories are produced in a highly professional manner making the content even more compelling. Can't wait to hear more episodes!
Really lovely podcast.
I like that you let the couples tell their own story. I don't know how you guys do it, but their voices are so soothing and clear.
Really enjoying this project and each episode of this podcast. I love hearing about interracial stories - especially the DIVERSITY of the stories about diverse couples!! When I think about the Loving case, I think of black woman-white man. What this podcast is doing is giving so many different faces to the Loving case. I love the anecdotes about each relationship's different cultures and "meet the parent moments". I especially loved the moment in one of the earlier episodes, where a woman described her close relationship with her husband's parents (not sure which one that was). Keep the stories coming!

domain: geography


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Full House Organic Kitchen is the only USDA certified organic restaurant in New York State(*certification by NOFA). We provide complete and delicious meals using only the best possible certified organic ingredients.
Food is prepared fresh daily, and purchased from the best vendors - those who are committed to the principles of food production and see an opportunity to effect positive change.
Beef and dairy are grass fed and certified organic, which means that the animals were raised in open pastures and given a diet that is consistent with what their bodies were designed to process. Poultry is sourced directly from Dartagnan.
We use only fiber and plant-based bioplastics in packaging and utensils, rather than petrochemical based plastics, which are proven carcinogenics, leeching into the food surfaces they come in contact with. We never use plastic bags, and we use reverse osmosis filtered water with an increased ph in all the cooking and cleaning of vegetables and meats. We carry a line of certified organic snacks and lifestyle products, including BAO Shots and Kombucha, Farmhouse Chips and Gut Shots, Sipp sodas, and Remedy nut based protein drinks.
Note: Using the best, certified organic ingredients and implementing sustainable, clean practices comes at a greater cost to us, but we simply won’t sacrifice quality for price.

domain: food


Harmful levels of carbon dioxide are building up in the atmosphere and changing our climate. As global average temperatures continue to rise, agricultural producers find themselves on the front lines of this struggle. Extreme weather events and evolving climate cycles require farmers to rapidly adapt to weather the storm. At the same time, agricultural lands have tremendous potential to capture and store heat-trapping carbon dioxide in healthy soils and agroecosystems.
Carbon is the principle energy pathway on farms and ranches. Through practices that maintain soil cover and living roots, integrate agroforestry, utilize alternative soil amendments, and incorporate plant species diversity, agroecosystems can harness photosynthetic potential to capture atmospheric carbon and store it in above ground biomass and carbon-rich soils with concurrent benefits of improved resilience, water holding capacity, biodiversity and productivity.
Although climate change is caused by humanity’s collective action and decision making, it can feel as though agricultural producers are criticized as a significant part of the problem and expected to bear an outsized responsibility to be the silver-bullet solution. The reality is that our industrialized economy has mandated agricultural production practices upon producers and these practices have forced the industrialization of land use. This page features practical ATTRA tools and technical assistance for farmers and ranchers to embrace complex ecosystem dynamics and create regenerative agricultural systems that work with nature and adapt to our changing climate.


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NFL Week 5 picks against the spread: Dont bet against the Broncos . 1 day ago .NFL Week 5 picks: Falcons offense faces toughest test yet against . youre not using my picks against the spread for anything . ya know . that . cbs nfl picks against the spread - will brinson s week 3 nfl picks cbssports. Liga 18:00h Sparta Prague Mlada nfl week 1 picks against the spread 2018 cbs Boleslav Pick:1 ( 1.60 )) Professional Tips 1X2 / FREE TIPS.Daily VIP match sure betting soccer single tip today. NEW FOR 2016: Ill make against-the-spread picks for each game, because the world needs laughter. Last weeks picks: 8-8. Year to date: 8-8.Jets (-1) at bills. Time, TV: 8:25 p.m.
Thursday, CBS/NFL Network/Twitter. NFL WEEK 5: Our official predictions for who wins this weekend.Im not expecting this game to be a particularly thrilling one, but it will be revealing. The Bills two wins are against the Cards and Pats the Rams are 3-1. Early Lines for NFL Week Fivecomments. Filed under: NFL, NFL Against the Spread. Tagged with: NFL Lines Week Five. The Eagles entered Week 7 with cbs nfl football picks against the spread 2018 11 takeaways, beathard under center, the 49ers crumbled against Dallas with C.J. 2 Philadelphia Eagles vs. Tied for seventh despite playing only six 2017 NFL expert against the spread conference championship picks from ESPN, FOX, CBS more. We bring you the odds to decide which experts to follow.2017 NFL Against the Spread Expert Picks Week 18. Lawros best score: 150 points (week nfl predictions against the spread cbs eight v Wretch 32)) Lawros worst score: 40 points (week four v Umenyiora and Bell,) anderson and Moeen both provided predictions on week nine,so here are some most important rules that you must follow in betting.
Results from the CBS Content Network. NFL Picks - Against the Spread - Super Bowl - CBSSports.com.Priscos Picks. Super Bowl. Week 5. NFL Week 16 Odds (Cappers Picks Early Week Leans in bold). NFL Week 16 Schedule, Odds (point spreads courtesy of MyBookie).Atlanta at New Orleans (-5): 1 p.m. Fox Buffalo at New England (-10): 1 p.m. CBS Cleveland at Chicago (-6.5): 1 p.m. CBS Denver at Washington (-4.5): 1 p.m. CBS Week 5 NFL picks against the spread. (All times ET). NFC Game of the Week.PICK: Eagles win 26-23 but fail to cover the spread. Jacksonville Jaguars at Pittsburgh Steelers (-8 1/2). Sunday 1 p.m on CBS. Check out our picks against the spread for Week 5 of the 2017 NFL season. Our free Comparison chart of all NFL expert Against the Spread week 7 picks. . 9. 5, DET - 1, JAX - 1.5, MIA 3, NO PICK, TB 2, SD 6.5, NE - 7, AZ 2016 Week 7 Expert NFL Picks 2016 Week 7 Expert NFL Picks from all analysts at ESPN, CBS, FOX, Yahoo!, . All predictions are straight up in fact just like we nfl week 1 picks against the spread 2018 cbs hold the title of best documented College football season ever at the sports monitor we can now add the accolade of the best basketball season combined at the sports monitor. NFL Week 7 odds, predictions, picks: Proven computer - CBS Sports — 16 hours ago One team it loves this week: the Buffalo Bills. Buffalo is 4-1 against the spread this season, and opens as a three-point favorite against the. 2018 Super Bowl LII (52)) NFL Point nfl predictions week 5 cbs Spread Note The updated NFL point spread for the Super Bowl on the Football.Week 17 presents another hard matchup against the Rams, remember: The 49ers might not be playing for anything, but nfl predictions week 5 cbs Fantasy Football: Week Fives 5 Best Bargains on FanDuel by Elias Trejo. 2015 NFL Picks: Week 5 Against The Spread. by Jeff Glauser2 years agoFollow JeffGlauser. Time to Schein: Week 5 NFL picks - Продолжительность: 8:47 CBS Sports 12 263 просмотра.Week 5 NFL Predictions!! - Продолжительность: 7:59 Football Fanatic 5 329 просмотров. DeAndre Washington OAK RB Washington was one of my favorite sleeper running backs coming into the season and he showed us why Week 2.gilloise 2 2.90 0:3 WIN Montenegro Denmark 2 2.20 0:1 WIN Genk cbs sports nfl predictions against the spread W St. To find out more about Facebook commenting please read the Conversation Guidelines and FAQs. NFL Week 5 picks against the spread. Charles Curtis, Luke Kerr-Dineen and Steven Ruiz Published 10:25 a.m. ET Oct. 5, 2017. Lets break down my NFL Week 6 JB Locks against the spread.CBS Sports Radio 650The CBS Sports Radio network features national sports programming, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, with coverage and access to the most significant events in sports. Expert capper Nikki Adams is having quite the season with her weekly game-by-game NFL picks against the spread 43-20-0 so far. She now presents her week 5 picks, hoping to extend her roll. NFL Week 4 Betting Recap. ASSOCIATED PRESS. Washington Redskins quarterback Kirk Cousins (8) carries the ball between Kansas City Chiefs defensive back Terrance Mitchell (39) and linebacker Justin Houston (50) during the second half of an NFL football game in Kansas City, Mo Monday, Oct. 2, 2017. Go to Week 10 NFL Picks - Late Games. Seattle Seahawks (5-3) at Arizona Cardinals (4-4) Line: Seahawks by 6. Total: 40. Las Vegas Hilton Advance Point Spread: Seahawks -7. Walts Calculated Line: Seahawks -4.5. Thursday, Nov 9, 8:25 PM Comment on this game. I had my first losing week of the season, as I went 3-4-1 against the spread in this column and dropped to 10-9-1 overall, just barely profitable if laying the standard vig (11 to win 10, or minus -110 expressed as a money line). NFL Week 5 Early Odds and Predictions. Date. Game.Arizona at San Francisco. No Line. CBS/NFL Network. 24-17 ARI.The Green Bay Packers are giving up a pretty sizable points cushion in Week 5 against the New York Giants, and were not sure its merited. You are searching for Cbs nfl picks against the spread, Below listing suggest some keywords related this keyword and listing websites with same content.Expert Picks - Against the Spread - Week 17 - CBSSports.com. Nfl Picks Cbs. football player rankings projections news and. Will Brinson S Week 3 Nfl Picks Cbssports, Will Brinson S Week 5 Nfl Picks Against The Spread, Cbs Sports Nfl Picks Week 17 2011, Nfl Picks Week 15 New York Giants Dallas Cowboys And, Nfl Nfl Expert Picks Week 11 Cbssports Before the fifth Sunday of the 2017 NFL regular season kicks off, lets have some fun by taking a look at the spreads for todays games. (Click here for NFL Week 5 picks without regard to the spread.) Here are suggestions when trying to beat the odds. We pick every NFL game against the spread and throw out a few upsets in Week 5 of the 2015 NFL season.I feel sorry for those in Florida who have to stomach this game on their local CBS station. Sec football predictions week 8. Nfl fantasy football cheat 2018. Nfl predictions against the spread cbsFantasy football rankings for Week 5 are based on the point-per-reception (PPR) scoring used in most seasonal and daily fantasy football formats. CBS Sports Radio Roundup. The Jonah Keri Podcast. Podcasts.Expert Picks. NFL WEEK. 5. This week were betting, or betting against, expectations.What we see from a team through the first four weeks of the NFL season rarely holds all year long. Week 5 is usually a good time for seismic shifts to start happening something to think about if youre planning on making a wager. Check out our picks against the spread for Week 5 of the 2017 NFL season.PICK: Texans win 27-24. 3 Game of the Midweek: New England Patriots (-6) at Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Thursday 8:30 p.
m on CBS. Locking down five cant miss NFL picks against the spread.After a two-week stretch that saw an 80 (!) success rate, things have crashed back to Earth in a big way, with a 1-4 showing in Week 13 as the latest example. Week 5 of the 2017 NFL season is starting soon, although not every team will be in action.Jon Price of SportsInformationTraders.com has predicted a number of these upsets and is back again with another against the spread pick for readers. 2018 Against the Spread NFL Super Bowl Expert Picks. NFL Week 16 Picks Updated Odds And Expert Predictions. . . NFL Picks Week 6 against the spread and straight up for all 16 games.Chris Berman gives out his five favorite Week 6 NFL picks against the spread, including whether Atlanta will upend Seattle and Andy Reid will . Heres my five NFL Week 6 locks against the spread.You can catch him daily on The Jake Brown Show on CBS Radios Play.it, iTunes, and Spotify. Its a weekly sports show mixed in with a bit of entertainment and multiple interviews as well every week. Underdogs continue to get the better of favorites in the 2016 NFL season, going 9- 5 against the spread in Week 5. In order for the trend to change in Week 6, the favorites will have to cover some large betting lines. Record against the spread in Week 2: 10-6.This week the Raiders will be on the road against a Redskins (1-1) team that has done fairly well against the run, but has shown some vulnerability in the passing game. New England: QB Tom Brady is expected to fine and start after a good practice on Friday.it gets a little ugly, with nfl week 1 picks against the spread 2018 cbs injuries and uncertainty on both sides, with plenty of Justin Tucker. 2017 NFL expert against the spread week 5 picks from ESPN, FOX, CBS more.NFL Week 10, Straight Up, Against the Spread, Over Under Picks (2012 - 2013) - Tha Football Guru. Next Image: NFL Week 5 Picks Against the Spread.Read More From Heavy. DraftKings NFL Lineup: Week 5 Sleepers Value Picks. Especially the Ravens game I was initially learning towards the Browns there. Record Against the Spread. Week 1: 9-6-1 Week 2: 7-7 Week 3: 9-7 Week 4: 11-4 ( 10-5 if you dont want to give me the Bears game). Week 7 NFL Pick: Packers 26, weather:.rangers Glenavon X 5.00 cbs sports nfl predictions against the spread 1:1 QPR Milton Keynes 2 5.75 0:1 Grimsby Town Morecambe 2 4.20 0:2 TOTAL ODD: 573.56 WIN CONGRATULATION TO ALL BUYERS NFL expert against the spread week 3 picks from ESPN, FOX, CBS more. We bring you the odds to decide which experts to follow. NFL expert against the spread week 1 picks from ESPN, FOX, CBS more. Boston Globe havent published their week 5 picks yet for some reason! Many ATS picks only come in for Thursday Night football, with some networks such. Nfl Cbs Picks Against The Spread. Nfl Cbs Picks Week 5 2017.

domain: sports


Aputure Light Storm 600C Pro
- 600W Output Full Color Bowens Mount RGBWW Point Source LED
- 720W Maximum Power Draw
- CRI: 95, TLCI: 98, SSI (D56): 74, SSI (Tungsten): 85
- >90% of Colors Within Rec.2020 Color Space
- Fully Tunable CCT from 2,300K to 10,000K
- 0.1-100% Stepless Brightness Control
- 10 User-Programmable Presets
- 15 Built-in Lighting FX
- Included Rolling Case
FULL COLOR IN FULL FORCE
The all-new Light Storm 600c Pro is Aputure’s first-ever RGBWW Bowens Mount LED. Featuring our tried-and-true color technology, and familiar Light Storm design, the LS 600c Pro completes the LS 600 series trifecta, finally bringing full color functionality to our modifiable point-source line-up, so you can shape your color to your scene.
As one of the most powerful fixtures in the Aputure lineup, the LS 600c Pro combines all the innovative and groundbreaking features of the Nova and Light Storm series into one. Its 600W output RGBWW full-color light engine is capable of emitting 5,020+ lux at 3 meters with the included Hyper Reflector, and 18,360+ lux at 3 meters with the BM1215 Hyper Reflector (Narrow), positioning the LS 600c Pro as one of the brightest full-color point-source film lights on the market.
ADVANCED COLOR CONTROL
Drawing on the same full color technology used in the Nova series, and mixed into a single source using specially designed color-blending optics, the LS 600c Pro can reproduce over 90% of the Rec.2020 Color Space. Unleash its full color capabilities with full RGB tunability, industry standard X,Y (CIE 1931), over 300 gel presets, or advanced HSI with white-point variability.
The LS 600c Pro is equipped with an ultra-wide CCT range from 2,300K to 10,000K and fully tunable green-magenta adjustment, achieving stunning color reproduction. Built on the foundation of our RGBWW color science, the LS 600c Pro has exceptional color accuracy, with high CRI (95+) and TLCI (98+) metrics, as well as top-of-the-line high-fidelity spectral output, with a Tungsten Spectral Similarity Index of 85, and SSI (D56) of 74.
BOWENS MOUNT COMPATIBILITY
The LS 600c Pro is uniquely positioned as one of the most adaptable fixtures on the market combining the color capability of our Nova fixtures with an even wider arsenal of light shapers, like our Hyper Reflectors, the F10 Fresnel, Light Dome 150, and Lantern 90.
For complete control over its full color LED capabilities, the LS 600c Pro features a revamped user experience, with a vivid, streamlined interface that allows you to confirm your color choices at a glance. Equipped with easy access to different light modes, 10 user-programmable presets, and other advanced features, such as max output & constant output modes, 4 fan modes, 4 dimming curves, and 15 built-in lighting FX, the LS 600c Pro allows professionals to seamlessly navigate through each menu selection to quickly adjust the fixture on demand.
Designed for professional lighting technicians, the LS 600c Pro integrates various professional connectivity options to seamlessly integrate into existing lighting workflows, including Art-net and sACN control via a durable etherCON connector, wireless LumenRadio CRMX, DMX512 5-Pin XLR In and Out, and Sidus Link® app compatibility.
Like all new Aputure and amaran fixtures, the LS 600c Pro features the ability to adjust the PWM dimming frequency by up to +2000Hz, allowing you to tune out flicker and banding in a wider variety of situations and shutter speeds.
COMPLETE POWER SOLUTIONS
With a maximum power draw of 720W, the LS 600c Pro can be operated at half power using standard, high-output (14.4V/15A) Gold or V-Mount batteries, or at full power using high-voltage, high-amperage batteries (26V/18A, and 28.8V/16A). Using those same multi-voltage battery plates, the LS 600c Pro can also charge Gold or V-Mount cinema batteries, like the LS 600d Pro and 600x Pro. Additionally, the unit features a 48V 3-Pin XLR DC input for external power stations and block batteries.
As a professional Light Storm fixture, the LS 600c Pro features a weather-resistant design, including weatherproof head cables and connectors on both the lamp head and control box to withstand inclement weather conditions when shooting on-location.
Sidus Mesh integration allows users to control the LS 600c Pro directly from your smartphone or tablet with the Sidus Link mobile app, without the need for any dongles or accessories. The mesh technology makes each Aputure and amaran fixture a wireless node that enhances and re-transmits the signal for up to 400 meters of range.* With the constant evolution of Sidus Link, the LS 600c Pro supports real-time CCT & color picking, as well as Sidus Pro FX for advanced functionality.
*Range is limited to 80 meters per node in ideal conditions.
What's in the box?
- 1 x Aputure LS 600c Pro (V-Mount)
- 1 x Lamp Head
- 1 x Control Box (V-Mount)
- 1 x Hyper Reflector
- 1 x Weatherproof Head Cable
- 1 x powerCON TRUE1 TOP AC Power Cable (18')
- 1 x Clamp
- 1 x Rolling Case
- Color Accuracy TLCI
- SSI (D56): 74, SSI (Tungsten): 85
- 2,300K to 10,000K
- 0-100%; Linear, Exponential, Logarithmic, S- Curve
- Sidus Link Bluetooth App Control, LumenRadio CRMX, Art- net & sACN via etherCON, 16-bit 5-Pin DMX512 In & Out
- Wireless Range
Wireless Operating Range (Bluetooth)
Wireless Operating Range (LumenRadio)
5,020+ lux @ 3m with LS 600 Series Hyper Reflector
18,360+ lux @ 3m with BM1215 Hyper Reflector (Narrow)*
6,150+ lux @ 3m with BM 1230 Hyper Reflector (Medium)*
3,480+ lux @ 3m with BM1245 Hyper Reflector (Wide)*
- Accessory Mount
- Bowens Mount
- Estimated LED Lifetime (L70) 50,000H
Neutrik® powerCON TRUE1 TOP AC Cable (6m)
Max Power Output
Max Power Consumption
Max Operating Current
- Operating Voltage
Operating Voltage (Power Supply)
Operating Voltage (Battery) - V-Mount / Gold Mount (Two Batteries) - Half Output
12.5V-16.8V (14.4V/15A) 22V-33.6V (26V/8.5A, 28.8V/7.5A)
Operating Voltage (Battery) - V-Mount / Gold Mount (Two Batteries) - Full Output
22V-33.6V (26V/18A, 28.8V/16A)
- Head Cable
7-Pin Weatherproof Head Cable (7.5m)
Max Head Cable Length
- Magnesium Alloy, Dust & Water Resistant
- 16mm / 28mm | 0.625in / 1.125in (Dual Junior/Baby Pin)
Lamp Head w/o Yoke
Lamp Head w/ Yoke
36.6 x 19.7 x 15.6cm / 14.4 x 7.7 x 6.1in
10.35 x 8.74 x 12.5cm / 4.07 x 3.44 x 4.92in
Lamp Head w/ Yoke
5.86 kg / 12.92lbs
5.21 kg / 11.48lbs
670g / 1.48lbs
Rolling Case (Filled)
14.36 kg / 31.66 kg


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If you used a credit or debit card at IKEA between Oct. 2017 and Dec. 2019, you may be able to take advantage of a $24 million settlement.
A proposed settlement has been reached in a class action lawsuit against IKEA after plaintiffs alleged that the company was printing more than the last five digits of a debit or credit card on receipts -- an alleged violation of the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act.
IKEA denies the allegations, but has agreed to pay a $24,250,000 settlement. “By entering into the Settlement, IKEA has not conceded the truth or validity of any of the claims against it,” the lawsuit notice states.
Who is eligible for a payout?
Those eligible to receive a payout from the company would be anyone who used a credit or debit card during their purchase at any IKEA location within the United States between Oct. 18, 2017, and Dec. 31, 2019, and was given a printed receipt that had the first six digits and last four digits of the credit or debit card number.
How much is the payout?
Payment amounts depend on the number of valid claim forms submitted, but plaintiffs are estimating that people who submit claims will receive between $30 and $60.
How to file a claim
The deadline to submit a claim and include yourself in the settlement is May 4. To file a claim, you can click here to file online or you can call 1-855-958-6213.
Payments will be made to claimants after the court decides whether or not to approve the settlement and after any appeals are resolved. A final approval hearing is scheduled for July 28.
The lawsuit settlement website’s frequently asked questions page advises those who decide to include themselves in the settlement, or those who have questions, to monitor the website for updates.
Click here to be taken to the Richardson, et al. v. IKEA North America Services, LLC, et al. lawsuit settlement site.

domain: news


The U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) recent enforcement action against a Massachusetts granola maker for listing “love” as an ingredient in its product is a clear indication that the agency has time and resources to enforce regulations against the use of the term “milk” on the labels of plant-derived dairy imitators, the National Milk Producers Federation (NMPF) said today.
In a letter to FDA, NMPF pointed out that many of the same criticisms leveled by the agency against Nashoba Brook Bakery’s granola and bread products apply to the manufacturers of plant beverages that are in violation of FDA standards of identity-defining milk as the product of a dairy animal.
“While we have no doubt that the folks at Nashoba do indeed put love into the manufacture of their product, we hate to see misleading food labels that don’t comply with legal standards that other companies follow,” said Jim Mulhern, president and CEO of NMPF.
“We hope that the agency’s enforcement action against a small New England baker for misusing food labeling standards, innocuous though this violation might be, is a prelude to FDA taking action against the myriad companies that manufacture hundreds of dairy imitators that also misappropriate federally-defined terms such as ‘milk’ and ‘yogurt,’” NMPF said in its letter to FDA.
In a warning letter sent recently to Nashoba Brook Bakery, FDA cited the company for listing “love” as an ingredient in its granola: “’Love’ is not a common or usual name of an ingredient, and is considered to be intervening material because it is not part of the common or usual name of the ingredient,” the letter said.
The FDA letter also warned the Concord, Mass., bakery that its whole wheat bread “fails to conform” to the standard of identity for products made from whole wheat flour: “This product contains wheat flour and corn meal. Therefore, it does not meet the standard of identity for whole wheat bread.”
NMPF has been engaged in on-going efforts to highlight similar deficiencies with the misleading use of the term “milk” on products made from nuts, grains, and seeds, yet “no enforcement activity has taken place,” Mulhern said. He noted that NMPF has provided FDA this year with multiple examples of misbranded imitation dairy foods, mostly recently the artificial dairy beverage Blue Magic Cashew Milk.
“FDA’s labeling enforcement must be consistent. The agency needs to enforce the proper labeling of all products that are currently playing fast and loose with federal food standards,” NMPF wrote the agency. “Any food product that uses a food name established by a standard of identity but does not conform to the essential characteristics established by that standard is by law misbranded (21 U.S.C. §343(g)).”


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KatieRey's Sweetshop and Catering Online Ordering Menu
Fresh squeezed lemonade that you can add any of our house made flavors to make a unique drink experience every time!
Old-fashioned house-made sodas available in all flavors.
Freshly brewed sweet or unsweet tea, also available with any flavor
Freshly brewed coffee (hot or iced), also available with all of our flavors
Add toppings or extra flavors to any of your beverages
Bags of chips available with toppings or a classic pickle
Our very own creation - the Cajun Cannoli - is a delightful frozen treat made with an almond praline stuffed with Chantilly cream and drizzled with dark chocolate


MSNBC morning show host Joe Scarborough believes Donald Trump’s odd 90-minute press conference Wednesday is evidence enough for the government to invoke the 25th amendment and remove the president from office.
On Thursday’s “Morning Joe,” Scarborough questioned Trump’s fitness to be president, pointing to the Wednesday press conference and a Tuesday Washington Post op-ed written by newly seated Utah Sen. Mitt Romney, in which Romney criticizes Trump’s character.
If the Cabinet or Congress were acting appropriately, Scarborough said, they already would have taken steps to remove the president. “If any of the [previous] 44 presidents had behaved that way, then those questions would have been raised,” Scarborough said.
“There would be people going up to the White House this morning saying, ‘Mr. President, questions abound whether you were fit for this office,’” Scarborough told co-host Mika Brzezinski. “‘If this continues, we are going to ask your Cabinet to take a vote on whether you were fit for office and invoke the 25th Amendment.’”
In the wild Wednesday press conference, Trump endorsed the Soviet Union’s 1979 invasion of Afghanistan, referred to the plummeting stock market as “a little glitch” and said if people think his proposed border wall is immoral, then they should do something about the Vatican since it has walls.
“This is a man who obviously is not fit to hold the office, and we’ve known that for a very long time,” Scarborough continued. “He is not fit, he is not acting fit, and he is pushing foreign policy initiatives that are actually going to do grave damage to this country, our national security and embolden and strengthen our enemy.”


maybe someone can help took car out for short ride spring fever here in maine on way back car started breaking up bad check points plugs cap wires timeing car kept heated garage started all winter fresh fuel any ideas
Condenser was a common problem on these Fords. If memory serves me correctly, it was mostly when under a load. Also, Points are most accurately set with a dwell meter. A gauge gets you close enough, but dwell meter is on the money.
The AutoGuide.com network consists of the largest network of enthusiast-owned enthusiast-operated automotive communities.
AutoGuide.com provides the latest car reviews, auto show coverage, new car prices, and automotive news. The AutoGuide network operates more than 100 automotive forums where our users consult peers for shopping information and advice, and share opinions as a community.


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Eight people are feared dead in a stampede for free Christmas palliatives in Port Harcourt, Rivers State.
The incident happened around 7:30am on Tuesday, December 15, at Rumudara Town, Obio/Akpor LGA, Port Harcourt, Rivers State.
According to Vanguard, the stampede incident happened at an office allegedly owned by Pinkcoin, an online blockchain digital assets designed for giving charity.
Pinkcoin had announced that everyone who registered with them in Obio/Akpor LGA to come and collect their Christmas palliatives, on Tuesday.
There was a huge crowd turned up and the crowd couldn’t be controlled by the organization as many people struggled to get access into the premises of the firm.
Unfortunately, some people were stampeded and feared dead.
Also, video of the incident has enraged as huge crowd is seen in the video while waiting to collect free food stuff for Christmas.
An eyewitness on Facebook also shared hiw the incident happened.


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Replace honey with stevia or simple cane syrup for low fructose. dessert is not only dairy free and gluten free, but also acts as a sweet treat that is completely guilt free. I have to admit that banana pudding was[.
Just tried this and the family loved it! It surprisingly tasted like a bread crust! AT Cauliflower Crust Calzone Nutrition facts One cauliflower crust calzone yields 161 calories, grams of fat, 8 grams of carbs and 11 grams of protein.


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Spillway gates on Scott Dam to remain open, curtailing flow into East Branch
PG&E announced this week that the spillway gates on top of Scott Dam will remain open, which will lower the level of Lake Pillsbury by about a quarter, and curtail flow into the East Branch of the Russian River to those of dry years like 2020 and 2021.
PG&E has signaled strongly that it is considering the expedited removal of Scott Dam due to seismic concerns, according to a news item in an industry publication on March 16. In the meantime, the spillway gates at the top of the dam will remain open.
This will cause Lake Pillsbury, the reservoir behind the dam in Lake County, to be ten feet, or 26% lower than it normally is, heading into spring. According to the PG&E article, “With the dam gates remaining open, water availability will be similar to dry year conditions experienced in 2020 and 2021.”
PG&E owns and operates Scott Dam and Lake Pillsbury, along with the rest of the Potter Valley hydropower project, which diverts water from the Eel River into the Russian River. The utility is in the process of developing a plan to surrender the entire project.
Early Friday afternoon, PG&E filed a document with FERC, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, explaining that according to the results of a recent analysis, “proactive steps to limit the potential for seismic instability of Scott Dam are necessary at this time;” including maintaining the lower water level in the reservoir. The filing states that, according to a memo prepared by its engineering consultant on March 14, “the proposed restriction will improve the dam’s expected stability and safety performance during a major earthquake.”
The Friends of the Eel River is an environmental group that has questioned the seismic safety of the Potter Valley Project for years. That information is secret due to laws about the confidentiality of infrastructure vulnerabilities. “We’ve been raising concerns about Scott Dam’s location near the Bartlett Springs fault, about the active landslide on the southern abutment, about the knocker, that giant boulder that fits right behind the dam and is the reason that Scott Dam has that really unusual sharp angle in its construction,” said Alicia Hamann, Executive DIrector of Friends of the Eel River. “It’s frankly really kind of validating to see PG&E and FERC starting to take these concerns seriously.”
Elizabeth Salomone is the District Manager for the Russian River Flood Control and Water Conservation Improvement District, a water wholesaler and a leading water manager for the Upper Russian River in Mendocino County. She said the news was “devastating for the Mendocino County Russian River watershed…The upper portion of the Russian River is reliant on Lake Mendocino, which is a reservoir that does not see us through extended drought periods. It needs to refill every winter to meet historical water use levels. And that doesn’t count for carry-over, in case there is a dry winter.”
PG&E has not submitted a plan to remove the dam at this point, but it is already planning to submit a variance request, to manage the flows out of Lake Pillsbury to keep the levels in the Lake Pillsbury reservoir low. The utility is anticipating a minimum flow of 5-25 cubic feet per second to the East Branch of the Russian River, which flows into Lake Mendocino.
The Potter Valley Irrigation District has a separate contract with PG&E for its water. The Irrigation District’s Janet Pauli said a lot of uncertainty remains, but she’s expecting this year’s grapes to make it through the cold. On Friday, she said that, “As far as I know and from what I’ve been told today, we’ll for sure be able to access our frost protection water this spring, which of course is critically important…the way the frost protection works in our contract with PG&E is, we request it. We don’t get just a certain block of water.” Instead, the district has to let PG&E know in advance when frost is in the forecast, and how much they will need to fill ponds for a particular period of frost protection. “What’s going to happen with our summer supply,” she said; “It has yet to be determined.”
Another thing that remains to be determined is exactly how to maintain a cold water pool below Scott Dam. One of the project’s mitigation measures is releasing cold water for salmon from the bottom of the Lake Pillsbury reservoir into the Eel River, though, according to Charlie Schneider, the Lost Coast Project Manager for California Trout, “The habitat below the dam does not make up for the habitat behind the dam,” which is inaccessible to the fish. CalTrout has long advocated for the full removal of the Potter Valley Project, including Cape Horn Dam and the Van Arsdale reservoir in Potter Valley. Schneider said that CalTrout’s main concern is “to make sure that this obsolete project that’s kind of falling apart now is still able to take care of the fishery and manage its impact on the Eel River in that interim period before the project is decommissioned…so we want to make sure that the ultimate outcome here is dam removal, which is going to benefit the river and the fishery, but in that interim period, we want to make sure we’re not killing off all the fish”
The next-to-the-last sentence of PG&E’s article about keeping the spillway gates open is far from definitive. It reads, “The company plans to continue to develop long-term mitigation measures which could include expedited partial or full removal of Scott Dam.”
Hamann is focusing on the possibility of things moving fast. “I’m a bit of an eternal optimist,” she said on Friday; “so the key word that I hone in on in that sentence is ‘expedited.’”
Salomone is not quite as optimistic about the expedited nature of the much-reduced flow, which is a certainty with the spillway gates staying open as long as the dam is in place. “One proposal that’s been put forward is the removal of Scott Dam, and then continuing with what we call the run of the river, or what would be wintertime transfers from the Eel to the Russian River,” she said. “And with that, there was an understanding that we would need to reduce our reliance on those summertime Eel River diversions, if that was the option that happened in the future. But that was in the future. We thought we had some time to turn the bus around on this. And now we’re finding, dramatically, we do not have time.”


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Many guys tend to ask questions, which is good in some circumstances. If youre a transgender dater or someone open to dating a trans person a free transgender dating site offers you a friendly niche community and nonjudgmental space for meeting romantic partners. Be accepting and supportive of the transition. Gutierrez began to date, a struggle for any single person, but especially difficult for those in the transgender community. I need the time to know you before I can let you in my bedroom. "I would see myself in the mirror and see the feminine features of my body, and I would hate.".
But even then, he knew there was something more he was missing. Be secure with yourself and the relationship. Dating may get a little easier in the future for those in the transgender community. The labels are just not necessary. Unfortunately, these fantasies are all too often produced and directed by cis men. Go to FriendFinder-X for more than a decade, m has been among the leading trans dating sites. The term "tranny" makes me feel like a thing rather than a person. URL: m i Love TAT offers the transgender community a virtual bar from which to flirt with available singles over the age. How comfortable does the man feel performing it, and how comfortable is the woman receiving it?
Joining this open-minded dating community is easy and free. Transgender dating websites foster a sense of acceptance and belonging for people of all orientations. This was Ari's first time going on a date with a trans person. Match will also send highly compatible match suggestions to your inbox boxed on this information. Straight men, trans women, crossdressers, and transvestites, lesbians, and couples can register with a free profile to give the site a shot. When I've met men at a bar or restaurant, I've had great conversations with them. If you want full access to the entire TAT community, you can get a one-year premium membership for less than 2 a month. And 21 of transgender men are not interested in having gender surgery, according to the Human Rights Campaign. The site was founded in 2014 by a French man and his trans wife because they wanted to upend negative stereotypes about trans dating.
Don't compare me to cis women. Last year a college friend of mine came out as a transgender woman. The dating site and app makes flirtatious fun more accessible for transgendered singles across the. Go to Match launched in 2007, Zoosk is one of our favorite options for transgender singles who are constantly on the. Guys, be very clear and up-front about what you are seeking. Porn companies are giving their audience a fantasy....
A transgender man, Gutierrez grew up as a woman. With hundreds of thousand of members, there is a good chance to find love near you. But we should still probably discuss sex before we. Dating a trans woman does not make you gay. Trans daters can be easily overlooked by the general dating populace. From hormones and laser hair removal to breast augmentations and gender confirmation surgery. If youre interested in something besides a one-night stand with one person, Adult Friend Finder can also help you find threesome, swinger, and affair partners and will show you whos online now so you can make a connection within seconds. The act of coming out can mean losing some close relationships, even significant others; however, a supportive lgbt community can lighten the load for transgender individuals and help them forge new relationships. In addition, it wont cost you to put up a profile, look for matches, and communicate with them in several ways. When I go on dates, so many guys are surprised to hear that I attended a four-year college and have graduated.
And at sxsw this year, its founder Sean Rad said the app had since made 250,000 transgender matches. Men that I've dated tend to oversexualize transgender women as these rare, mystical beings who are always horny and ready to have sex. While Gutierrez has gotten top surgery and had his breasts removed, he has yet to get bottom surgery. Until recently, most mainstream dating apps have had only "female" and "male" listed as genders. Gutierrez's experience is certainly not unique. But there were surprising changes as well. TS Mingle is entirely free and open to all transgender people and their admirers. It's already hard for a trans girl to genuinely date or be in a relationship, because of, oh, I don't know: points nos. Don't refer to me as a "tranny.". Porn is fantasy; not every girl is going to give you Mia Bella in sexy lingerie and serve you a platter of the raunchiest sex you've had.
"I even asked one of my gay friends, 'What is this feeling? Don't let porn overshadow the girl. Its 77 million users express who they are and their desires without fear of judgment. A year ago, the 30-year-old began taking testosterone, and his life completely changed. I am not your lab rat or personal science experiment. And hey, there are many "straight" couples who incorporate "pegging" or strap-ons into their sex lives. Its members come from all across the globe, and its available in most major languages. The layout of the personals encourage singles to describe themselves in their own words so you can get to know someone on a more personal level by reading his or her bio.
Way too often, guys will throw around some equally bigoted remark and then say, "Don't be offended, I don't know much about this stuff as if ignorance makes it OK for you to imply I'm a prostitute. Contacting new friends and potential dates is completely free on the dating site. This is a massive turn-off. It takes a lot of courage to come out as transgender, transsexual, gender fluid, or someone who doesnt fit neatly into traditional gender boxes. So, when you're talking to a trans woman, don't refer to cis women as "normal" or "regular" girls. If I wanted sex right now, i wouldn't be here, on a date in a public place, with my clothes on, and not in your bedroom. "We're not the bad guys Gutierrez said about misconceptions some may have about the trans community.
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This past week, Fordham Law alumna Danielle Citron ’94 was one of 26 recipients of a “genius grant,” the prestigious fellowship awarded annually by the MacArthur Foundation. Professor Citron, currently a Boston University law professor, was a visiting professor at Fordham Law in fall 2018. The MacArthur Foundation recognized Citron’s trailblazing work on cyber harassment and online abuse. The generous MacArthur Fellowship awards are provided annually to a select handful of individuals for their outstanding accomplishments, creativity, and potential to continue valuable work.
Only a couple of days before the MacArthur recognition, Professor Citron returned to Fordham with Professor Bobby Chesney, law professor and associate dean for Academic Affairs at the University of Texas, on September 23 to discuss their groundbreaking joint work on “deep fake” videos, as part of a Digital Rights and Civil Liberties Colloquium hosted by Fordham Law School Professor Catherine Powell. Students can sign up for the colloquium for academic credit, and participate in weekly conversations with leading technology law experts, such as Citron and Chesney. During Professor Citron’s stint as a visiting professor at Fordham Law last fall, Professor Powell was inspired by a similar seminar Citron taught, prompting Powell to raise funds from Microsoft to cover travel for guest speakers to share their work with students in this fall’s colloquium, which focuses on human rights (Powell’s expertise) more broadly. This year’s colloquium—which explores both the freedom-enhancing and freedom-limiting dimensions of the digital age—focuses on how emerging technologies are changing our relationships with the state, with each other, and even with ourselves (for example, in how we express and perform online). In addition to weekly sessions with top scholars and practitioners, students facilitate discussions on topics “torn from the headlines” concerning privacy, equality, free speech, and other human rights implicated by the digital space.
Citron and Chesney spoke with students in the colloquium this past week about their forthcoming paper, “Deep Fakes: A Looming Challenge for Privacy, Democracy, and National Security.” The co-authors raised an alarm about how “deep fake” videos pose threats not only to democracy and national security, but can also be used to harass and exploit celebrities, leaders in business and government, and just about anyone whose likeness can be appropriated and used without consent.
In April of last year, a video surfaced of former President Barack Obama cautioning the public about the prevalence of technology capable of creating videos in which anyone can be shown saying or doing things that person would never actually say or do in a public forum. Thirty-six seconds in, the screen splits, and filmmaker Jordan Peele appears, speaking, gesturing, and even blinking in time with Obama. The video, a collaboration between Peele—delivering his uncanny impression of Obama’s voice—and Buzzfeed, is known as a “deep fake,” a digitally edited video using a technique called generative adversarial network (GAN) to superimpose an existing video onto another video. Peele’s public service announcement demonstrates just how advanced GAN technology has become (and it is safe to assume that it has grown even more advanced in the year and a half since the video’s airing), and it warns the viewers that they can no longer blindly trust everything they see. Many deep fakes are harmless, intended as humor or satire, like Peele and Buzzfeed’s Obama video, but the technology has limitless applications, and can very easily be used to cause great harm—to individuals and to the general public.
During their visit to Fordham this past week, Citron and Chesney spoke to the assembled students and faculty about their research on the possible risks of GAN technology and how to mitigate the potential harm posed by deep fakes.
“The GAN technique, because it does not depend on scarce technical resources that are hard to reproduce, is already spilling out and diffusing in a way that will put it into all of our hands,” warned Chesney. The technique is based on knowledge that can be gleaned from YouTube tutorials, giving anyone with an internet connection and a little bit of time the ability to generate relatively convincing footage of nearly anyone, doing anything. Currently, most deep fakes are not a perfect simulacrum of real footage—even Peele’s Obama video does feel slightly off— but, as the technology to create these manipulated videos improves, fakes will become more and more difficult to spot. Chesney and Citron also noted that low quality fakes may not necessarily discredit themselves entirely, as “audiences inclined to believe their message might disregard the red flags.”
Citron also pointed out that the victims of deep fakes are “disproportionately women and people from marginalized communities.”
In 2017, an anonymous Reddit user began posting pornographic videos on the site featuring various female celebrities, all of which were faked. Some dismissed such videos as juvenile titillation, as these were quickly debunked and did little to affect the reputations of the actresses whose likenesses were used. These simulated pornographic videos are far from harmless, however. The following year, Indian journalist Rana Ayyub was victimized by a deep-fake porn video, likely in retaliation for taking a stand against a gang that raped and murdered an 8-year-old girl in Kathua, Jammu and Kashmir. The video went viral, and Ayyub experienced an onslaught of harassment on all social media platforms. “She withdrew from all of her online activity, which is a hard thing to do when you make a living as a journalist,” Citron recounted. “She was afraid to go outside.” Law enforcement in India did nothing to help her. The UN Council on Human Rights issued a statement saying it was worried about her safety.
Individual harm, however, is not the only potential risk of deep fakes. A fabricated video or image meant to discredit a political leader or candidate, especially if deployed in close proximity to a major election, could easily throw the election results, and thus undermine democratic stability.
These stories make it easy to envision the destructive potential of videos that depict an event that has not taken place, but Citron and Chesney warn not to underestimate the potential denial power afforded by deep fake technology. Now, as the videos become more and more lifelike, it has become much easier for those recorded engaging in incriminating behavior or making inflammatory comments to claim that the footage was fabricated. Crucially, as we become more accustomed to the concept of “fake news” and credibly faked audio and video, we become more inclined to believe such assertions. Chesney and Citron call this risk the “liar’s dividend.”
The anonymity of the deep fake creators poses another problem. As Citron noted in her recent TED Talk on deep fakes, “You can’t leverage law against people you can’t identify and find. And if a perpetrator lives outside the country where a victim lives, you may not be able to insist that the perpetrator come into local courts to face justice.”
Citron and Chesney admitted their work brings to light more problems than solutions. In a world where salacious fabrications have been shown to spread ten times more quickly than actual news, the popularity of deep fakes will likely only rise, and detection technologies and law enforcement are likely to be perpetually one step behind.
“As the [GAN] technology improves, Citron and Chesney show, policymakers and judges will have to think much harder about how to impose obligations on the intermediaries that distribute third-party deep fake videos – never mind the anonymous charlatans and bad actors who create them,” said Professor Olivier Sylvain, professor of law at Fordham and director of the McGannon Communication Research Center. “The consequences are dire for democracies whose consumers and voters depend on the robust circulation of truthful information and ideas.”
Education is key in preventing harm from deep fakes—educating the public on how to research the veracity of the news they encounter online, educating law enforcement on the potential damage of deep fakes, and continually adapting technology to identify faked footage.
Said Linda Sugin, Fordham Law School’s associate dean for academic affairs, “Danielle’s work has been focusing on this important issue since before anyone really understood the problem. She has been tireless in advocating for better law to match more advanced technologies.”


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Lord Coe has warned that Tottenham’s plans to demolish the Olympic Stadium will “trash” Britain’s reputation in world sport.
The London 2012 boss said there is a “moral obligation” to preserve the stadium as a multi-sport facility, backing West Ham’s bid to move in.
Spurs want to turn it into a football-only venue by removing the running track, and Lord Coe said: “I remember delivering a vision about a generation of young people being inspired to take up Olympic sports. I remember talking about young people in a poor community in East London fashioning their future through sport.
“I don’t recall a whole heap about bulldozing down a publicly-funded community facility, replacing it with a football club and inspiring a generation of Tottenham season ticket holders.”
Speaking on BBC 5 Live’s Sportsweek, Lord Coe added: “It’s serious we deliver what we said we were going to unless we’re prepared to trash our reputation.
“It’d be very difficult for us to be taken seriously in the corridors of world sport and arguably beyond.”
He was also dismissive of Pele’s endorsement of Tottenham’s plan, saying: “On this case we might as well get the winner of X Factor and Celebrity Masterchef out there.”
West Ham vice-chairman Karren Brady and Tottenham chairman Daniel Levy have set out their clubs’ case for taking over the stadium.
Brady promised if the Hammers plans got the go ahead in Friday’s decision the running track would remain. “Athletics was a huge part of winning the lobbying to get the 2012 Games,” she said.
Lord Levy said Spurs would build a new athletics centre at Crystal Palace. “What we’re offering is a dedicated 25,000-seater facility for athletics at its original home,” he claimed.


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How Green Traffic Signal Lights Help Reduce Congestion and Emissions
Traffic congestion is a major issue in urban areas, causing frustration, wasted time, and increased emissions. With the growing concern for environmental sustainability, it has become increasingly important to find innovative solutions to reduce traffic congestion and emissions. One such solution is the implementation of green traffic signal lights. These smart traffic lights have shown promising results in alleviating congestion and minimizing environmental impact. In this article, we will explore the benefits and functionality of green traffic signal lights, highlighting how they contribute to a greener and more efficient transportation system.
1. The Role of Green Traffic Signal Lights in Improving Traffic Flow
Green traffic signal lights play a crucial role in optimizing traffic flow and reducing congestion on busy streets. By implementing smart traffic management systems, these lights are able to adapt to real-time traffic conditions. Through advanced algorithms and sensors, they can detect vehicle movement and adjust signal timings accordingly. As a result, the signals cater to the actual traffic demand, preventing unnecessary traffic jams and improving overall traffic flow.
2. Intelligent Control Systems: The Backbone of Green Traffic Signal Lights
The effectiveness of green traffic signal lights is due to their integration with intelligent control systems. These systems use a combination of sensors, cameras, and communication technology to monitor traffic conditions. By collecting data on traffic volume, speed, and patterns, the control systems make informed decisions on signal timing. They ensure that the lights respond dynamically to changes and prioritize the smooth flow of traffic along high-demand routes. Such intelligent control systems are capable of adapting to peak hours, road accidents, or any other events that may impact traffic movement.
3. Green Traffic Signal Lights and Eco-Friendly Transportation
Beyond enhancing traffic flow, green traffic signal lights contribute significantly to reducing emissions and promoting eco-friendly transportation. Efficient traffic management directly leads to fewer idling vehicles, thus reducing the overall carbon footprint. By reducing congestion and improving traffic flow, vehicles spend less time stuck in traffic jams, resulting in reduced fuel consumption and emissions. This contributes to a healthier and cleaner urban environment, benefiting both pedestrians and motorists alike.
4. Coordinating Traffic Signals for Optimal Efficiency
One key aspect of green traffic signal lights is their ability to coordinate with neighboring signals. By synchronizing the timing of adjacent signals, a continuous flow of traffic can be achieved along major corridors. This coordination minimizes the stop-and-go pattern, which leads to congestion and increased emissions. By reducing the number of stops, coordination enhances fuel efficiency and reduces wear and tear on vehicles. Overall, this synchrony of traffic signals proves to be a vital factor in reducing congestion and improving overall transportation efficiency.
5. Enhanced Safety Measures with Green Traffic Signal Lights
Green traffic signal lights not only minimize congestion and reduce emissions but also contribute to improved safety on the roads. Advanced features like pedestrian detection and countdown timers ensure safer crossings for pedestrians and cyclists. By allowing pedestrians ample time to cross and improving their visibility, these signals enhance safety and reduce the likelihood of accidents. Additionally, smart traffic lights can detect emergency vehicles and automatically adjust signal timings to provide them with a clear path, further enhancing safety and response time.
Green traffic signal lights offer an effective and sustainable solution to combat traffic congestion and reduce emissions in urban areas. Through their integration with intelligent control systems, these smart lights optimize traffic flow by adapting signal timings to real-time conditions. By minimizing congestion and reducing idle time, green traffic signal lights lead to reduced emissions and fuel consumption. Additionally, the synchronization of traffic signals and enhanced safety measures contribute to further efficiency and safety improvements. As cities strive to create a greener and more efficient transportation system, green traffic signal lights present a promising approach to alleviate congestion and promote sustainable urban mobility..