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Personal finance is the area of finance that an individual or a team of people does in order to save, budget, and also spend money over an amount of time, considering various economic risks along with possible future life events. It can be educated in any type of school, and the majority of people currently recognize the fundamentals. Nevertheless, not everybody pays close attention to it. This is regrettable, as the importance of personal financing in one’s life can not be overstated.
An excellent personal money education prepares students for all facets of managing their finances: possession allowance, long-lasting preparation, emergency situation savings, Roth conversions, estate planning, insurance coverage as well as financial investment options, and also producing and keeping a budget. These concepts are very important in every stage of life: spending for a secure future, paying down debt, constructing a retirement fund, saving for unanticipated emergency situations, and paying down the charge card debt with high rates of interest. As a matter of fact, a total understanding of individual monetary objectives is important for establishing objectives and also accomplishing them. debt relief TX
Setting lasting monetary goals is hard, yet can be done if you want to commit on your own to changing your actions to fit your lasting monetary objectives. When setting your goals, you must likewise establish financial goals. Those monetary objectives, as well as your individual financing goals, will certainly help you to organize your cash, identify your costs practices, as well as job towards those financial goals. For instance, saving for retirement might need lowering your spending habits to ensure that you only placed a small portion of your income into your accounts. Likewise, saving for a college education might require you to get some part of your salary to invest for a kid’s education.
Among the secrets to successful individual financing is having an established economic plan that integrates your lasting objectives. This includes investing for retired life, setting aside a section of your revenue for spending, saving for a kid’s education, as well as various other locations. You can achieve your goals by making your economic strategy a part of your day-to-day activities, such as your waking hrs and also your night hrs. You must also track all your expenses, including what you acquire and how much you invest in personal care products and services. Personal budgeting aids you to see where you are spending excessive money and where you may be spending inadequate.
Personal finance, unlike the stock exchange, goes up and down in patterns, so it is best to remain spent for the long-term if you intend to understand your portfolio. Investing for retired life ought to be done in a certified mutual fund, which guarantees that your money is not lost in the stock market. Personal finance for children should consist of college funds, a savings account, as well as a home-based organization. The kids will certainly require money for institution, housing, transportation, and also food in order to expand and also prosper.
In summary, budgeting is necessary for any individual who wishes to have definition and objective in their lives. Money can make an individual really feel great, yet only when they are utilized to planning for their future. Without appropriate personal money education, people will invest money they do not have or will waste on points they do not require. Financial education and learning can offer you details concerning your funds and also assist you understand them. Personal finance education and learning is a wonderful way to reinforce the whole family members financially. consolidate debt Pennsylvania
Personal money is generally the financial administration that a family unit or an individual executes on their own to plan, save, and spend cash in time, considering various economic threats and potential future life results. It is an essential life skill that allows people to set and also attain their financial purposes. The abilities needed to manage one’s personal money, specifically if they are the sole income producer, needs both research and also a certain amount of technique. Although it might appear complex at first, as soon as an individual has actually understood these principles, taking care of personal money ends up being a lot easier and also convenient.
Understanding personal financing includes learning about cash, budgeting, conserving, spending, as well as investing. There are 3 key elements of individual financing that everyone need to master: expertise, activity, and also consistency. These 3 principles can be broken down into the following major locations:
Understanding describes the preliminary understanding of just how individual finances work and any type of forecasts concerning future financial patterns. This consists of past, existing, and also future earnings and also costs. Past income and also expenditures include what people have actually invested in the past; the existing condition of their funds; what they prepare to invest in the future; as well as any type of actions that need to be taken to resolve these factors. Present and also future income as well as expenses consist of information regarding conserving and spending, such as how people constructed their financial savings, the kinds of investments they currently make, and any kind of pension plans that they might not have. An excellent financial planner will be skilled in all areas of individual financing. They will additionally be skilled in the monetary preparation process and the very best methods for conserving, costs, and also investing cash.
Action refers to actually taking positive steps in the direction of attaining one’s financial goals. All financial decisions need to be prepared beforehand as well as analyzed meticulously to make sure that a sensible investment return is acquired. When making an application for a car loan or various other funding, a great method for conserving and costs need to be talked about. When establishing financial objectives and also purposes, it is necessary to recognize what future monetary problems will likely resemble. This suggests that the long-term financial investments made currently need to produce positive results in the future. By planning as well as evaluating individual finance choices appropriately, any kind of potential issues can be resolved before they become severe issues.
Finally, there is investment technique and also personal money that manages retired life. Investments that are made now will provide a greater return than those that are made later on. This is particularly true for long-lasting financial investments. If a person has a solid retirement plan as well as remains to make routine contributions, after that they will certainly be able to draw a lot more from the fund than somebody who has no retirement plan or continues to make payments once they are past retirement age. Consequently, it is exceptionally important to save for retirement as a result of the huge returns received. debt relief
When it concerns Personal finance, it is really essential to have a system that includes all of the above 3 financial considerations. The 3 worries are all linked due to the fact that correct financial investment approach and sensible budgeting are required for any kind of financial strategy to be effective. By establishing a long-lasting economic goal and making sensible financial investments, Personal finance comes to be a lot easier to manage and live by. Fundamentally, it becomes a lifestyle rather than something done just for a short time.

domain: finance


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- How long should I marinate chicken for?
- How long can you marinate chicken at room temperature?
- How do I know if chicken has gone bad?
- What happens if you marinate chicken too long?
- How long can you keep marinated chicken in the freezer?
- Is raw chicken good after 3 days in fridge?
- Does cooking chicken kill bacteria?
- How can you tell if marinated chicken is bad?
- Is it safe to marinate chicken for 3 days?
- Is raw chicken OK in the fridge for a week?
- Can chicken marinate for a week?
- Can I keep marinated chicken in fridge for a week?
- Should we keep marinated chicken in fridge?
- What is the shelf life of marinated chicken?
- Is it OK to marinate chicken then freeze?
- Is it good to marinate chicken overnight?
How long should I marinate chicken for?
How Long Should I Marinate Meat?Most seafood need only 15 to 30 minutes and should not stay in for longer than an hour.Boneless chicken breasts only need about two hours.Pork loin can soak for four hours.Lamb can go from four to eight hours.Beef can marinate for 24 hours or more..
How long can you marinate chicken at room temperature?
Always marinate in the refrigerator. Marinating at room temperature can allow dangerous bacteria to grow and lead to foodborne illnesses. Marinate vegetables for 15 to 30 minutes, fish and seafood for 15 minutes to one hour, poultry for 30 minutes to 3 hours, and other meat for 30 minutes to overnight.
How do I know if chicken has gone bad?
The texture and smell seem off If the chicken is sticky, slimy, tacky, or smells bad, toss it. “Typically with meats, they’ll be sticky, slimy, and have off or foul odors” when they’ve gone bad, Magoulas said.
What happens if you marinate chicken too long?
A marinade’s ingredients also factor into what will happen if you leave the chicken marinating for too long. “Anything acidic could essentially cook the meat and break down the proteins within the meat,” advises Danila. “This makes it mushy-tasting, and it would ruin the meat before you make it!”
How long can you keep marinated chicken in the freezer?
6 to 8 weeksStore the chicken in marinades in the freezer for 6 to 8 weeks. They will be good longer in a deep freeze that is not opened frequently, but for best quality, use them within 2 months. About a day or two before serving, pull a bag from the freezer and place it on a tray or dish to thaw in the refrigerator.
Is raw chicken good after 3 days in fridge?
According to recommendations from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, raw chicken will only keep in the refrigerator for about 1-2 days. (Same goes for turkey and other poultry.) … According to recommendations from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, cooked chicken will keep in the refrigerator for about 3-4 days.
Does cooking chicken kill bacteria?
Thoroughly cooking chicken, poultry products, and meat destroys germs. … Washing raw poultry or meat can spread bacteria to other foods, utensils, and surfaces, and does not prevent illness. Thoroughly cooking poultry and meat. You can kill bacteria by cooking poultry and meat to a safe internal temperature .
How can you tell if marinated chicken is bad?
“Other signs that chicken has gone bad are foul odors, a slimy texture, and a change in color from white or brown to grayish, greenish, or moldy,” Malkani says. Meat that changes color is one of the things that food poisoning experts never eat.
Is it safe to marinate chicken for 3 days?
In general, two hours of marinating is long enough for the meat to soak up the flavor, but poultry can marinate for up to two days in the refrigerator, according to the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service. Very acidic marinades can actually toughen the meat over time, so follow the recipe or package directions.
Is raw chicken OK in the fridge for a week?
How Long Will Raw Chicken Stay Good in the Fridge? According to the USDA and U.S. Food and Drug Administration, raw chicken (regardless of if it’s whole; in pieces such as breasts, thighs, drumsticks, and wings; or ground) should be stored for no longer than one to two days in the refrigerator.
Can chicken marinate for a week?
There’s a food-safety reason to avoid letting meat over-marinate as well: According to Federal Food Safety guidelines, raw chicken should only be stored in the refrigerator for one to two days (pork and beef are safe a little longer). After this, dangerous amounts of bacteria can grow, and you risk getting sick.
Can I keep marinated chicken in fridge for a week?
Answer: You can safely leave marinated chicken in the refrigerator for up to 2 days, according to the United States Department of Agriculture. But bear in mind that some marinade recipes are designed to work in a matter of hours — not days. … Be sure to check the recipe for recommended timing.
Should we keep marinated chicken in fridge?
Always marinate in the refrigerator – Never marinate at room temperature or outdoors when barbecuing as bacteria can quickly multiply on raw meat if it is warm. … If you recipe calls for marinating at room temperature, just increase the marinating time and marinate in the refrigerator.
What is the shelf life of marinated chicken?
2 daysMarinated chicken can be kept in the fridge for 2 days; after that, any uncooked marinade should be discarded.
Is it OK to marinate chicken then freeze?
Just combine your marinade ingredients in a zip-top freezer bag, add the raw chicken or pork, seal it, squish things around a bit to coat the meat, and then toss the bag in the freezer. The marinated meat will keep well there for up to nine months.
Is it good to marinate chicken overnight?
For the best results, try to marinate the chicken the night before you cook it for the maximum flavor. If you can’t get to cooking your marinated chicken within two days, you can also freeze the meat in the marinade to be used later.

domain: food


Alternate reality: What happens if Manchester City are stripped of their trophies
Manchester City have been accused by the Premier League of over 100 breaches of their financial rules, the governing body announced on Monday morning, across a nine-year span between 2009 and 2018.
The breaches essentially accuse the Cityzens of dodging financial fair play, inflating sponsorship deals and paying inappropriate amounts to both players and managers, with the majority of the breaches "in particular with respect to its revenue (including sponsorship revenue), its related parties and its operating costs".
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During that time, the club won the Premier League on three occasions, as well as three Carabao Cups and an FA Cup trophy.
For their part, Manchester City intend to 'robustly' defend themselves against the accusations, but should they be found guilty, one of several possible sanctions available to the prosecutors would be stripping the club of any trophies won in the period under investigation.
What would that mean? We took a look.=
Finishing 5th in the Premier League and getting knocked out in the Semi-Final of the Carabao Cup, City took home no silverware this season, so there would be no changes.
Manchester City finished 3rd in 2011, but did manage to scoop some silverware under then-boss Roberto Mancini, lifting the FA Cup for their first major trophy since 1976.
But, should they be stripped of that title, it would be struggling Championship side Stoke City that would scoop the trophy, with the Potters falling to a narrow 1-0 defeat at Wembley thanks to a goal from Yaya Toure.
As if the 2011-12 Premier League season wasn't ended dramatically enough, it could now all come undone. Coming down to the final day, Manchester United and Manchester City were level on points, and with Manchester United winnning against Sunderland, City needed a goal to clinch the title.
Enter, Sergio Aguero. The Argentine rifled home a winner deep into stoppage time against Queens Park Rangers to thwart Sir Alex Ferguson's side, and take the title to the Blue side of Manchester for the first time since the mid-1960s.
If you start at the 90th minute of the May 2012 @ManCity v QPR match exactly at 11:56:40 PM on December 31st, you'll have Martin Tyler scream Aguerrooooo! to you right as the clock hits midnight. Start off your new year right. ? pic.twitter.com/l9t2QocXo1
It would mean that Sir Alex Ferguson, already the most decorated Premier League manager, would have a 14th Premier League title to add to his bursting trophy cabinet. Manchester United would then go on to face Chelsea in the Community Shield, which City also lifted.
A rare trophyless year for Manchester City, who finished runners up in both the Premier League and the FA Cup, being beaten by Wigan Athletic at Wembley in a famous victory for the Latics and Roberto Martinez.
Clearly bouyed by their barren season, City went on to do the double in 2013-14. They beat high-flying Liverpool to the Premier League title thanks to a costly slip from Steven Gerrard when the Reds played Chelsea,
Seven years today, Steven Gerrard let it slip ? pic.twitter.com/RTNITvGtZZ
They also saw off Sunderland in the Carabao Cup final, beating the then-Premier League side 3-1 courtesy of goals from Yaya Toure, Samir Nasri and Jesus Navas.
The Black Cats, however, would lay claim to the trophy, while Steven Gerrard could finally put that slip firmly behind him and end his reputation as the best English player never to win a Premier League title.
Another barren season for Manchester City came and went, with Chelsea clinching the Premier League ahead of the Etihad side and Arsenal beating them 3-0 in the 2014 Community shield too.
Finishing a disappointing 4th in the Premier League this season, City did salvage some silverware under Manuel Pellegrini as they beat Liverpool on penalties to clinch the League Cup final.
Should that be overturned, it would be another trophy that underlines the impressive job done by Jurgen Klopp on Merseyside.
A season of change at the Eithad saw Pep Guardiola and a new club badge arrive, but no trophies, with the Spaniard finishing third in his first season in charge and being knocked out in the FA Cup semi-final by Arsenal, who went on to lift the trophy.
Pep's second season blew the Premier League apart, with Manchester City becoming the first side to collect 100 points in a season, courtesy of a stoppage-time goal from Gabriel Jesus against Southampton.
Delivered ? https://t.co/cwPa7jvMdX pic.twitter.com/mzhj8zlNax
They also lifted the Carabao Cup, beating Arsenal 3-0 in the final. Both those achievements, however, will be overshadowed, with the Gunners wrestling back one final trophy under Arsene Wenger, while his long-time rival Jose Mourinho would lay claim to the Premier League title despite finishing a mammoth 18 points behind in second place.
Still to come
Worse still, Manchester City have also been charged with failing to "cooperate with, and assist, the Premier League in its investigations" for the previous five years, during which time they have won four Premier League titles and three league cup trophies, as well as an FA Cup.
Should that be viewed dimly by the authorities, it could hand those Premier League trophies to Jurgen Klopp (x3) and former Manchester United boss Ole Gunnar Solsjkaer, while the FA Cup for 2019 would head to Watford, who Manchester City beat 6-0 in the final.
Not only would their historic quadruple be broken up, but they would also hand Carabao Cups to Aston Villa, Chelsea, and Tottenham.


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Рядом с моим жильем New refurbished and renovated apartment in Muelle de la Ribera in Puerto Banús, second line to the beach. It has been been renovated in June 2016 and it has 4 bedrooms and 2 bathrooms. It is a very spacious apartment of 143 m 2 in the center of Puerto Banús. It is equipped with a completely new kitchen, modern furniture. A property of excellent qualities and it's
set in one of the best locations. There are two large bedrooms with fitted wardrobes and two other smaller
bedrooms which share the bathroom. All bedrooms have windows which provides all day light. The apartment has access to Muelle de la Ribera street and Avenida Julio Iglesias. Zero minutes walk to the major entertainment in Puerto Banus, with its beautiful sandy beaches, restaurants, bars, night clubs, yachts etc. Very central and well located apartment, ideal for families or people who would like to have excellent holidays in this new apartment in Puerto Banús, Marbella, Costa del Sol..

domain: travel


50% OFF! Bellwether THERMALDRESS Cycling Knee Warmer Small Black
Bellwether Thermaldress Cycling Knee Warmer Small Black (closeout stock from XLR8 Performance Bicycle Wheels).
Pair with shorts to provide additional warmth and comfort on cool days. Articulated knee area ensures riding comfort and performance.
- Fleeced thermal fabric for warmth
- Articulated knee aera
- Flat seam construction
- Silicon grippers keep garment in place
- Reflective accents
Sizing: Small (Thigh diameter 20.5-22" and knee warmer is 16.5" long) - in line with your shorts size.
About Bellwether: Bellwether have been producing high quality performance apparel for cyclists since 1973. Bellwether have combined quality, innovation and high-performance fit and functionality with timeless style and essential features to make every ride great. These high quality products are now seen all around the world and Bellwether has become a well known brand.
Note: Pictured jersey and shorts not included.


08:02 | 03/03/2014 Entertainment
(VEN) - Despite being a mountainous province, Ha Giang has made the most of its advantages, especially tourism to boost the local economy.
The mountainous regions which were once were barriers for economic development as they were hard for crop cultivation have now brought better lives for the local ethnic groups. The province’s poverty rate which was among the highest in the country at 41.8 percent in 2010 also reduced to about 27 percent by the end of 2013.
Turning potentials into advantage
Located in the far north of Vietnam, Ha Giang has been known for long as a long-lasting historical cultural region and home to 19 ethnic groups including the Hmong, Dao, Pa Then, Co Lao, Lo Lo, Bo Y and Pu Peo. It also has major national cultural and historical sites such as Dong Van Town, Vuong architectural relics, Lung Cu Flagpole, Sung Khanh and Binh Lam pagodas, Nam Dan’s prehistoric rock formations (Xin Man District), Hoang Su Phi terraced fields and the famous Ma Pi Leng wall, creating unique attractive features for the Dong Van Stone Plateau and Ha Giang Province in general. This is a huge potential for the province to boost tourism.
Hoang Van Kien, Director of the Ha Giang’s Department of Culture, Sport and Tourism said “To turn this potential into an advantage, the province has drafted an overall plan for its tourism development in the 2002-2010 period and is drafting another similar plan until 2020, with a vision to 2030 as well as a tourism development plan for the Global Network of National Geoparks.”
Ha Giang has determined its resources as the premise for tourism development, including cultural resources as an important factor to constitute attractive tourism products which connect different types of tourism. They are expected to bring practical results to the community, contributing to local poverty reduction and economic development along with the sustainable preservation of the ethnic culture.
Kien also said the provincial tourism industry is coordinating with relevant sectors, departments and regions to step up activities including building a set of criteria when in communication with tourists, building typical cultural villages, investing in and restoring some traditional craft villages and improving tourism infrastructure, service quality to meet the tourist demands.
Therefore, the number of tourists coming to Ha Giang has gradually increased, especially after UNESCO recognition of Dong Van Stone Plateau as a member of the global network of national geoparks in 2010, from 302,000 in 2011 to over 520,000 in 2013, bringing the province a source of revenue worth nearly VND500 billion.
Chief of Lo Lo Chai Hamlet, Lung Cu Commune, Dong Van District Sinh Din Gai said “With financial and technical training support from the local authority and tourism industry, so far three households of his hamlet have joined tourism business in the form of home-stay tourism. In addition, other households sell local cultural products and specialties such as corn wine, traditional clothing of the Lo Lo people, embroidery products, Vietnamese traditional medicine, dried pork and perform folk songs and dances. Therefore, incomes of the local people have increased to an average of VND1.7 million per person per month.
Apart from Dong Van, Meo Vac District is famous for its peppermint honey products. As the provincial tourism started to grow, people in mountainous areas of the district have promoted beekeeping to serve tourists and improved their livelihoods.
Now people in mountainous regions in Ha Giang Province have benefited from tourism development and become an integral part in preservation and development process of the local cultural values and valuable historical sites./.
By Thu Huong


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A ripened ovary of a flower together with any accessory part associated with, is referred to as fruit (Lewis & Robert 2002). In non-technical usage the term fruit normally means the fleshy seed-associated structures of certain plants that are sweet and edible in the raw state, for example apples, oranges, grapes, strawberries and bananas (Mauseth & James, 2003).
Fresh fruits and vegetables are living tissues which undergo continuous changes after harvest. Some of these changes are desirable, but from consumer’s point of view most of them are undesirable. It is not possible to stop the postharvest changes in fresh produce, but they can be retarded within certain limits (Kader, 2002).
There are several atmospheric factors which affect the postharvest life of fresh fruits. Climatic conditions, specially temperature and light have a significant effect on the nutritional quality of fresh fruits and vegetables (Kader, 2002).
FACTORS AFFECTING THE POSTHARVEST LIFE OF FRUIT
Respiration is the process by which stored organic materials are broken down into simple end products with a release of energy. During this process oxygen (O2) is consumed while carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced. All living organisms must carry out respiration at all times (Kader, 2002).
Even after the harvest, fruits and vegetables remain as living organs. Like all living tissues, harvested produce continues to respire throughout its postharvest life. The main purpose of respiration is to maintain sufficient supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).The process of aerobic respiration involves the regeneration of ATP from ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and Pi (inorganic phosphate) with the release of CO2 and H2O. In case of hexose sugar the overall reaction can be written as (Kader & Saltveit, 2003)
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The different components in this reaction have different sources of destinations. The 1 mole of glucose (180g) can come from stored simple sugars (glucose, sucrose) or complex polysaccharides (starch). The 6 moles of O2 (192g) used to oxydize the 1 mole of glucose diffuses into the tissue from the surrounding atmosphere, while the 6 mole of CO2 (264g) diffuses out of the tissue. The 6 mole of water (108g) produced is simply incorporated into the aqueous solution of the cell.(Kader & Saltveit, 2003)
Aerobic respiration involeves a series of three reactions, each of which is catalyzed by a number of specific enzymes that either (i) add a phosphate group to a molecule, (ii) rearrange the molecule, or (iii) break down the molecule to a simpler one ((Biale, 1960);(Davies, 1980)). The three interconnected metabolic pathways are glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) and the electron transport system.
The breakdown of glucose occurs in the cytoplasm, which produce two molecules of pyruvate. 10 different sequential reactions are catalysed by one enzyme. Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is the main enzyme in Glycolysis, which cleaves fructose 1, 6-diphosphate into two triose phosphate molecules. By controlling PFK activity of Glycolysis, cell can control their rate of energy production. ATP is used as a negative feedback inhibitor to control the activity of PFK (Davies, 1980). Besides pyruvate, Glycolysis also produces two molecules of ATP and two molecule of NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) from the breakdown of each molecule of glucose.
Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle
The TCA cycle occur in mitochondrial matrix, involves in the breakdown of pyruvate into CO2 in nine sequential enzymatic reactions. Pyruvate is decarboxylated to form acetate, which condenses with a co enzyme to form Acetyl CoA. This compound then enters the cycle by condensation with oxaloacetate to form citric acid. Citric acid has three carboxyl groups, from which the cycle derives its name (Kader & Saltveit, 2003). Through a series of seven successive rearrangements, oxidations and decarboxylations, citric acid is converted into oxaloacetate, which is then ready to accept another acetyl CoA molecule. The TCA cycle also produces one molecule of FADH2 (reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide) and four molecules of NADH for each molecule of pyruvate metabolism.
Electron Transport System
The electron transport system occurs in the cristae of mitochondria, results in the production of ATP from the FADH2 and NADH. The energy produced is more than the cellular process requirement. In a series of reactions, one NADH molecule produces three ATP molecules and one FADH2 molecule produces two ATP molecules, but the exact number of ATP produced during electron transport depends not only on the energy of NADH and FADH2 but also on the chemical environment within the cell and mitochondria.
In the absence of O2, NADH and FADH2 accumulates, the TCA cycle stops and Glycolysis become the only source of ATP production. In anaerobic respiration hexose sugar is converted into alcohol and CO2 in the absence of O2. Pyruvate produced in Glycolysis is decarboxylated by the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase to form CO2 and acetaldehyde. The acetaldehyde is converted by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase to ethanol with regeneration of NAD+. Two moles of ATP and 21 kcal of heat energy are produced in anaerobic respiration (alcoholic fermentation) from each molecule of glucose (Kader & Saltveit, 2003).
Respiration Quotient (RQ)
The respiration quotient (RQ) determines the amount of substrates utilized in the respiration process. In other words RQ is the ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed measured in mole or volumes. In the aerobic respiration of carbohydrates the RQ is near 1, while is < 1 for lipid and> 1 for organic acids. Very high RQ values usually indicate anaerobic respiration in those tissues which produce ethanol.
Barrier to Diffusion
Gas exchange between a plant organ and its environment follows Fick’s first law of diffusion. The sequential steps are (i) diffusion in the gas phase through the dermal system (i.e. cuticle, epidermis, stomata etc.); (ii) diffusion in the gas phase between the intercellular spaces; (iii) exchange of gases between the intercellular atmosphere and the cellular solution (cell sap) and (iv) diffusion in solution within the cell to centres of O2 consumption and from centers of CO2 production. This exchange is a function of the resistance of the dermal system to gas diffusion, the surface area across which diffusion can take place etc.
CO2 produced within each cell will raise the local concentration and this will drive diffusion of CO2 outward, toward the lower concentration near the cell-wall surface adjacent to the intercellular space. Diffusion of CO2 into intercellular space continues toward regions of lower concentration until it reaches the intercellular space below the dermal system. From there, CO2 moves through the cuticle or openings in the commodity’s surface to the air (Burton, 1982).
Movement of O2 within plant tissue is in a reverse but similar process to that mentioned above for CO2. In senescent tissue, O2 diffusion may be slowed down if the intercellular spaces become filled with cellular solution that anaerobic conditions develop within tissues. The rate of gas movement depends on the properties of gas molecule and the physical properties of the barriers (thickness, density etc.). Solubility and diffusivity of each gas are important for its diffusion across barrier. CO2 moves more readily than O2, while diffusion rate of C2H4 and CO2 are similar.
Internal concentration of CO2 and O2 in plant organs depend upon the maturity stage at harvest, the current organ temperature, the composition of external atmosphere and any additional barrier. Maturity stage influences the dermal system that effects gas diffusion. Increased temperature results raised rate of respiration as a result internal CO2 level increases as the O2 level decreases. If all other factors are held constant and the movement in the gas concentrations is the driving force for diffusion, then the concentration of O2 and CO2 within the tissue will fluctuate according to the fluctuation in the external atmosphere.
Methods to Alter rates of Gas Exchange
There are three types of barriers to gas exchange that affect the postharvest handling of fresh produce (Fig. 1). These are (i) the structure of the dermal system such as thickness of cuticle, number and distribution of stomata and breaks in epidermis etc. Resistance to gas diffusion can be increased by adding barrier such as wax coating or covering produce with polymeric films. (ii) The package in which the commodity is shipped can be additional barrier to gas diffusion. (iii) The degree of gas tightness of the transit vehicle or storage room will also affect gas exchange with outside air.
Schematic model of a commodity and its environment with three levels of gas exchange: B1=structure of dermal system and added barriers (waxing and film wrapping), B2= Permeability of package to gas diffusion, and B3 = gas tightness of the storage room Source: (Kader & Saltveit, 2003)
Fick’s first law of diffusion states that the movement or flux of a gas in or out of a plant tissue depends on the concentration gradient across the barrier involved, the surface area of the barrier and the resistance of the barrier to the diffusion. Fick’s law can be written as follows:
J = A. Î”C/R
J =Total flux of gas to be diffused (cm3.s-1)
Î”C= Concentration gradient across the barrier
A=the surface area of the barrier
R= Resistance to diffusion
If the production or consumption rate of the gas by the organ and the concentration of the gas in the internal and external atmosphere is known, then the resistance is calculated as follows:
R = Concentration gradient/ Production or consumption rate
Different harvested fruits and vegetables have different rates of respiration; some respire at a faster rate (more perishable), while some respire at a relatively slow rate (less perishable vegetables) (Table 1).
Table 1: Classification of Sample Horticultural Commodities According to Respiration Rates (Wilson, 1999).
Types of Fruits and Vegetables
- Dried fruit and nuts
- Apples, garlic, grapes, onions, potatoes (mature), sweet potatoes
- Apricots, cabbages, carrots, figs (fresh), lettuce, nectarines, peaches, pears, peppers, plums, potatoes (immature), tomatoes
- Artichokes, Brussels sprouts, cut flowers, green onions, snap beans
- Asparagus, broccoli, mushrooms, peas, sweet corn
The process of respiration is very important during ripening of fruit. In general there is an inverse relation between the rate of respiration and the postharvest life of fruit. Postharvest produce are classified according to their respiration rate as climacteric or non- climacteric. The rate of respiration increases in climacteric fruits during ripening while non-climacteric fruit shows no change in their low CO2 and ethylene production rates during ripening (Kader, 2002).
If prevention or decrease in respiration is achieved, this will prolong post-harvest storage life. Ethylene causes the increase in respiration, so decreasing ethylene is also a strategy used to increase post-harvest storage life.
Factors affecting respiration rate
Temperature is important environmental factor in the postharvest life of fresh produce due to its outstanding effect on rates of biological reactions, including respiration. Within the physiological temperature range, the velocity of biological reaction increases two to threefold for every 10 °C rise in temperature (Van’t Hoff rule).
The ratio of reaction rates at two dissimilar temperatures is called the temperature coefficient (Q10) if the interval between the two temperatures is 10oC. If the temperature interval of Q10 is not exactly 10o C then it can be determined by the following equation:
Q10 = (R2/ R1) 10/T2-T1
Where R2 = rate of respiration at T2
R1 = rate of respiration at T1
T1 and T2 = temperature in °C
Scientists have found that Q10 is not constant for most biological processes over a wide range of physiological temperatures. Usually Q10 ranges from 1 to 5, although higher value may occur. For most biological reaction the Q10 is between 2 and 3 for temperature between 10 to 30 °C that means the reaction rate will be double or triple with every 10 °C increase.
O2 and CO2 Concentration
Practically, respiration can be controlled by either increasing carbon dioxide or decreasing oxygen. Decrease in oxygen near to zero is not desirable, though the O2 concentration reduces below that in air (20.9%) and especially below 10%, a significant reduction in respiration rate is observed (Gorny, 2001). However when O2 concentration drops to less than 2 %, anaerobic respiration rate become predominant and CO2 production increases. (Figure 2) (Kader & Saltveit, 2003).
Exposure of climacteric tissues during their pre-climacteric stage to ethylene raises the rate of respiration. Once the respiration rise has begun, the endogenous rate of ethylene production increases and the internal ethylene concentration also increases, reaching levels that saturate its biological activity. However, unlike the case in climacteric tissues in non-climacteric tissues endogenous ethylene production remains unaffected (Kader & Saltveit, 2003).
Type of Commodity
Fruits and vegetables vary greatly in their respiration rate (Table. 1). Differences among plant parts and in the nature of their surface coatings (e.g. cuticle thickness, stomata, lenticels) influence their rate of diffusion characteristic and consequently their respiration rates.
Stage of development at Harvest
The respiration rate is usually high at early stages of development and decreases as plant organs mature. Thus fruits and vegetables harvested during the active growth phase have high respiration rates.
Respiration rate decreases with a decrease in water content of the tissue. The value of Respiration Quotient (RQ) is usually controlled by the rate of utilization of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids etc.
Ethylene (C2H4) is a gaseous hormone produced from bacteria, fungi and all parts of higher plants such as shoots, flowers, seeds, leaves, roots, and fruits (Pech et al., 2003). It is a flammable and colourless gaseous compound (Arshad & Frankenberger, 2002).
Being a ripening hormone ethylene play a very important role in the postharvest life of many horticultural products, like increasing senescence speed and reducing shelf life but beneficially it improves the quality of the fruit and vegetables by manipulating uniform ripening process (Reid, 2002, p. 149). Because of the enormous influence of ethylene on the physiological development and postharvest life of fruits and vegetables, its biosynthesis, action, and control have been intensively investigated (Reid, 2002; Pech et al., 2003).
The biosynthetic process of ethylene is usually completed in three major steps. The ethylene biosynthetic pathway is given in the figure 3.
The biosynthesis of ethylene hormone is started by the conversion of Methionine (MET) to S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) by the enzyme methionine adenosyltransferase (Pech et al., 2003). However, methionine adenosyltransferase is thought to consider as a rate limiting enzyme in ethylene biosynthesis because formation of SAM depends on the activity of this enzyme and SAM levels may indeed regulate ethylene production. Therefore, the sensitivity or importance of methionine adenosyltransferase to SAM implies that this enzyme may play a regulatory role in ethylene biosynthesis (Arshad & Frankenberger, 2002, p. 13).
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SAM is consequently converted to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic-acid (ACC) by a pyridoxal enzyme ACC synthase (ACS) (Figure 1). Actually, before the discovery of ACC, as intermediate, immediate precursor in MET dependent ethylene production process, the ethylene biosynthetic pathway was intangible (Arshad & Frankenberger, 2002, pp. 11-50). The conversion of SAM to ACC by ACS is another rate-limiting step in the biosynthetic pathway of ethylene. ACS is a cytosolic enzyme (found in the cytoplasm of plants) (Paliyath & Murr, 2008b) and its activity is strongly inhibited by aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) (a competitive inhibitor) and aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) (an inhibitor of pyridoxal phosphate-mediated enzyme reactions) (Arshad & Frankenberger, 2002, pp. 11-50). Moreover, the activity of ACC synthase is also influenced by factors such as fruit ripening, senescence, auxin levels, physical stresses, and chilling injury. The synthesis of this enzyme increases with an increase in the level of auxins, indole acetic acid (IAA) and cytokinins (Wills et al., 1998, p. 42).
At last the ACC converts into ethylene by the action of ACC oxidase (known as ‘ethylene forming enzyme’ or EFE) (Arshad & Frankenberger, 2002, pp. 11-50; Pech et al., 2003). However, ACC oxidase is a bi-substrate enzyme as it requires both oxygen and ACC. Moreover, this enzyme also requires Fe2+, ascorbate and CO2 for its activity. Activity of ACC oxidase is inhibited by cobalt ions, and temperatures higher that 35oC (Wills et al., 1998, p. 42). The sub cellular position of ACC oxidase is still a point of controversy because there is a large number of data is available showing that this enzyme is associated with plasma-membrane or with apoplast or tonoplast. The activity of this enzyme (ACC oxidase) has been studied in many horticultural crops like melon, avocado, apple, winter squash, pear and banana. The activity of ACC oxidase is not highly regulated as ACS. It is constituted in most vegetative tissues and it is induced during fruit ripening, wounding, senescence and fungal elicitors (Arshad & Frankenberger, 2002, pp. 11-50).
In fruits and vegetables several metabolic reactions starts after harvesting. In most cases, an increase in biosynthesis of gaseous hormone like ethylene serves as the physiological indication for the ripening process. During ripening process, in some fruits large amount of ethylene is produced which is usually referred as ‘autocatalytic ethylene’ production response. However, fruits are divided into two main categories on the basis of ethylene production, i.e. climacteric (those produce large amount of ethylene) and non-climacteric fruits (those produce smaller amount of ethylene). In climacteric fruits like apple, pear, banana, tomato and avocado, ethylene production usually ranges from 30-500 ppm/(kgh) during ripening. While non-climacteric fruits like orange, lemon, strawberry and pineapple, produce 0.1-0.5ppm/(kgh) of ethylene (Paliyath & Murr, 2008) (Table 2). Therefore application of even a very low concentration of ethylene (0.1-1.0 Î¼L/L) is sufficient enough to accelerate full ripening of climacteric fruits; however, the magnitude of the climacteric rise is not dependent on the amount of ethylene treatment. On the contrary, application of ethylene causes a temporary rise in the rate of respiration of non-climacteric fruits and the degree of increase depend upon the amount of ethylene (Wills et al., 1998).
Moreover, the difference in the respiratory patterns of climacteric and non-climacteric fruits is associated with the different behaviour in terms of the production and response to ethylene gas (Burton, 1982). The increase in respiration, as influenced by ethylene application, may happen several times in non-climacteric fruits, but only once in climacteric fruits (Wills et al., 1998).
Indeed, ethylene is produced by all parts of the plant but the magnitude of ethylene production varies from organ to organ and also depends on the stage and type of growth and developmental process. In fact, recent ethylene based research findings have increased the understanding of biosynthetic pathways and enzymes involved in ethylene production, as well as the development of several ways to manipulate ethylene production e.g. by genetic alteration of plants (Arshad & Frankenberger, 2002). Ethylene is produced by various plant parts growing under normal conditions however, any kind of biological, chemical or physical stress (e.g. wounding) strongly promotes endogenous ethylene synthesis by plants. Among stress induced ethylene production, pre-harvest deficit irrigation is one of the most important factor causing higher ethylene production rates in fruits like avocado (Adato & Gazit, 1974) and tomato (Pulupol et al., 1996).
REGULATION OF ETHYLENE BIOSYNTHESIS
In plants, ethylene itself stimulates the ability of the tissue to convert ACC into ethylene, which is also regarded as phenomenon of ‘auto-regulation’. In ripening fruits, regulation of ethylene biosynthesis is a characteristic feature and is triggered by the exposure to exogenous ethylene by the activation of ACC synthase and/or ACC oxidase (Arshad & Frankenberger, 2002, pp. 25-27).
On the other hand, sometimes ethylene inhibits its own synthesis, as negative feedback has already been recognised in a number of fruits and vegetable tissues. In such cases, exogenous ethylene significantly inhibits the production of endogenous ethylene, induced by ripening, wounding and/or treatment with auxins. Moreover, this auto inhibitory effect seems more directed towards limited availability of ACC in the presence of AVG, an inhibitor of ACC synthase (Arshad & Frankenberger, 2002, pp. 25-27). Scientists have also revealed that the inhibition or negative regulation of ethylene synthesis is the result of activity of a gene, E8 whose expression leads to the inhibition of ethylene production in tomatoes (Arshad & Frankenberger, 2002, pp. 25-27).
MECHANISM OF ACTION
The response of ethylene action can be classified into two categories namely concentration response and sensitivity response. The concentration response involves the changes in concentration of cellular ethylene while the sensitive response involves the increase in tissue sensitivity to ethylene. Moreover, both of these responses involve the binding of ethylene to some components of the cell to mediate the physiological effects (Arshad & Frankenberger, 2002, pp. 28-36).
Wills et al. (1998, pp. 42-45) likewise explained that plant hormones control the physiological processes by binding to specific plant or fruit receptor sites, which trigger the succession of events leading to visible responses. In the absence of ethylene, these receptor sites are active, allowing the growth of plant and fruit to proceed. During fruit ripening, ethylene is produced naturally or, if it is artificially introduced in a ripening room, it binds with the receptor and inactivates it, resulting in a series of events like ripening or healing of injuries in plant organs. Ethylene action can be controlled through modification of the amount of receptors or through disruption of the binding of ethylene to its receptors. Binding of ethylene is believed to be reversible at a site which contains metal like copper, zinc, or iron (Burg & Burg, 1965, as cited in Burton, 1982). The affinity of receptor for ethylene is high in the presence of oxygen and decreases with carbon dioxide.
Changes in the pattern of ethylene production rates and the internal concentrations of ethylene associated with the onset of ripening have been studied in various climacteric fruits. For instance, tomato and honeydew melon exhibited a rise in ethylene concentration prior to the onset of ripening, determined as the initial increase in respiration rate. On the other hand, apple and mango did not show any increase in ethylene concentration before the increase in respiration (Wills et al., 1998, pp. 42-45).
Ripening has been associated with senescence as it leads to the breakdown of the cellular integrity of the tissue. It is part of the “genetically programmed phase in the development of plant tissue with altered nucleic acid and protein synthesis occurring during the onset of the respiratory climacteric resulting in new or enhanced biochemical reactions operating in a coordinated manner” (Wills et al., 2007, p. 40). These concepts confirm the known degradative and synthetic capacities of fruit during the ripening process. The ability of ethylene hormone to initiate biochemical and physiological events leads to the theory that ethylene action is regulated at the level of gene expression (Pech et al., 2003; Wills et al., 1998, pp. 45-46).
TRANSPIRATION/ WATER LOSS
Plants depend more on the availability of water than any other single environmental factor (Kramer and Boyer, 1995). Water loss is very important in determining the shelf life and quality of harvested plant organs. As long as the harvested produce retains water, it remains fresh. Transpiration is one of the main processes that affect postharvest life of the fruit (Ben-Yehoshua & Rodov, 2003)
Most fresh produce contains from 65 to 95 percent water when harvested. Within growing plants there is a constant flow of water. Fresh produce continues to lose water after harvest, but contrary to the growing plant it cannot replace lost water from the soil and so must use up its water content remaining at harvest (Gustavo et al., 2003). This loss of water from fresh produce after harvest is a serious problem, causing shrinkage and loss of weight. When the harvested produce loses 5 or 10 percent of its fresh weight, it begins to wilt and soon becomes unusable. To extend the usable life of produce, its rate of water loss must be as low as possible (Wilson et al., 1995). Although temperature is the prime concern in the storage of fruits and vegetables, relative humidity is also important. The relative humidity of the storage unit directly affects water loss in produce. Water loss means salable weight loss and reduced profit (Wilson et al., 1995).
Transpiration of fresh fruits is a mass transfer process in which water vapor moves from surface of the plant organ to the surrounding air. Fick’s law of mass transfer explains this process as follows:
J = (Pi-Pa) At / (RDT)r
Where Pi and Pa are the partial gas pressures in intercellular spaces and in the ambient atmosphere respectively; At is surface area of fruit; RD is the gas constant per unit mass; T is the absolute temperature; r is the resistance; and J is the gas flux. According to Fick’s law, the movement of any gas in or out of the plant tissue is directly proportion to the partial pressure gradient (Pi-Pa) across the barrier involved and the surface area of the barrier and is inversely proportion to the barrier to diffusion. Therefore the driving force of transpiration is the difference of water vapor pressure (WVP) between the tissue and the surrounding air. While the water vapor pressure deficit (VPD) of the air is difference between the WVP of air and that of saturated air at the same temperature. Relative Humidity is the most popular term for expressing the water content of air. It can be defined as the ration of actual WVP in the air to the saturation WVP at a given temperature.
Water loss depends on the difference between the water vapour pressure inside the fruit and the pressure of water vapour in the air. To control water loss in fresh produce as low as possible, it must be kept in a moist atmosphere. Air movement also plays a vital role in the water loss from the fresh produce. Water loss is directly proportion to the air movement in the surrounding. Though air movement through produce is also indispensable to remove the heat of respiration, but the rate of movement must be kept as low as possible (Gustavo et al., 2003).
ROUTES OF WATER TRANSMISSION
As the harvested fruits and vegetables are detached from plant, the xylem vessels are blocked with air and their operation is stopped (Burton, 1982). Therefore, water has to use different routes to move through the tissue. Following are the major potential pathways for water movement in harvested produce.
The cytoplasm of connected cells is interconnected by plasmodesmata, filled with protoplasm and lined with the plasmalemma. Therefore symplast is formed throughout the interior of a plant organ. Water and dissolved solutes move through the symplast system from cell to cell by diffusion (Ben-Yehoshua & Rodov, 2003).
The cell wall surrounding symplast also form a continuous system, termed as apoplast. The apoplas provide an alternative avenue for liquid water movement by hydrostatic pressure through the interfibrillar spaces in the cell wall (Woods, 1990).
The plant also contains a system of intercellular gas-filled spaces that form a continuous network and serve as main pathway for O2 and CO2 transport. This field of air space provide adequate gas exchange in bulky organs (Ben-Yehoshua.S, 1969).
MAJOR EVAPORATION SITE: COMMODITY SURFACE
There are three major routes for moisture loss from harvested commodities to the atmosphere: (a) through outer layer that forms a surface for evaporation (cuticle and epicuticle wax; periderm) resistance for water movement through (b) the apertures in the surface connecting the internal and external atmosphere (stomata, lenticels) and (c) through the stem scars or pedicel.
Cuticle and Epicuticular wax
This layer, which lines all interfaces between the plant and the atmosphere, protects the plant from its relative dry environment. Resistance to water movement is derived from cuticular layer (Ben- Yehoshua, 1969; (Burg & Burg, 2006). The cuticle cosntains a matrix of cellulose, polyuronic acids, proteins and phenolic compounds. These are combined with variation of amount of waxes embedded over its surface (Kolattukudy, 1980). Permiability to water usually depends more on amount of waxes than on the thickness of cuticle (Kramer & Boyer, 1995).
Periderm is a corky peripheral tissue. This tissue consists of several layers of cells that become corky as a result of deposition of waxes on their cell walls, and they lose their living contents. The periderm is not readily permeable to water and is permeable to gases only through lenticular pores, which replace the stomata of the original epidermis. About 97% of the total water lost from the potato tubers migrates through cell walls to the periderm, where it evaporates (Burton, 1982).
Trichomes and Hairs
Unicellular or multicellular projections develop on the epidermis of all parts of plants. Their exact function is still vague, but they are considered to reduce water loss (Cutter, 1976). The presence of trichomes can decrease the driving force of transpiration by reducing the surface temperature and increasing the boundary layer resistance.
Before harvest, most of the evaporation occurs from undersides of leaves via stomatal guard cells and adjacent cells (Kramer and Boyer, 1995). Stomata occur in many fruits at early stages of development, but sometimes they are not found in mature fruits of some species, for example, in the grape berry (Possingham et al., 1967). Orange has greatest stomatal density reported so far for any fleshy fruit (Banks, 1995). Stomata usually function less effectively in mature fruit (Blanke and Leyhe, 1988). In most cases it is reduced with maturation and usually of minor importance for fruit water loss during postharvest period (Ben-Yehoshua & Rodov, 2003).
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We previously covered the Xiaomi Pad 7 and its transition to the Xiaomi Pad 6S Pro naming pattern. Now a new full name has been thrown out, Xiaomi Pad 6S Pro 12.4, as the new flagship tablet from Xiaomi.
Yesterday brought us the confirmation that the company was about to unveil a new tablet, watch and even a car at MWC 2024. The tablet is obviously the brand new Xiaomi Pad 6S Pro 12.4, that should feature a Qualcomm Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 processor and a 144 Hz screen. It’s expected to keep its “familiar design”, a metal frame and slim body.
It should also have a dual back camera, with a 50 MP main shooter. The screen is going to sport a 12.4 inch 2.5K panel and on board we’ll find an impressive 24 GB of RAM and up to 1 TB of storage. Battery life will be generous, on account of a 10.000 mAh battery, with 120W charging even. I also expect quad speakers, or even octa ones, stylus input a keyboard cover.
Plus some form of HyperOS adapted for tablets.
The post Xiaomi Pad 6S Pro 12.4 Fresh Specs Leaked: 144 Hz Screen, Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 CPU appeared first on Tablet News.


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John Teflan, New Warren County Administrator Formerly of the NSA
The Warren County Board of Supervisors hired John Taflan as new Warren County Administrator at a salary of $120,000. He is taking the place of Ryan Moore, who will be taking over as CEO at Behan Communications. Ryan Moore had filled the position of Warren County Administrator since 2018; Taflan plans to start the administrator post on December 1st. The Warren County Board of Supervisors was happy to find a candidate with the experience and accomplishments of Taflan: he has both management skills, and a stake in the community. They feel this combination is important to help the board overcome challenges that are bound to arise.
Teflan is coming to the position after having completed his career in Washington D.C. He served as a Director of Human Resources, and as an Intelligence Officer overseas; Teflan is a retired U.S. Army officer who received his commission from West Point. His family has owned a property in the hamlet of Cleverdale on Lake George since 1937, but the Teflan family replaced the original seasonal campground with a newly built, year-round home in 2019.
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Teflan is looking forward to working with the Board of Supervisors and the county departments, and acknowledged the competitive group of applicants from which he was chosen. He is looking forward to having a positive impact in the community that’s been his home away from home for the past 25 years.

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Several people have asked to the AP (Anti-Phishing) server. That's a good question, and I know it's a good question because it's the same thing just about everybody at Microsoft (including me) says the first time they hear about the feature :-). Nevertheless, a fairly quick investigation into the issue shows that it buys very little in terms of privacy but comes at significant cost.
First we need to figure out what threats are mitigated by sending hashes instead of URLs. Next we need to figure out what additional threats surface if we send hashes instead of URLs. Finally we determine which is "better" using some subjective measurement.
There are two main threats that hashes would mitigate:
1) Attacker sniffs data travelling to the AP server over the internet and records a list of all URLs that a particular person is visiting, using the list for further phishing attacks, user profiling, stalking, sale to a marketing company, etc.
2) Attacker gains unauthorised access to client data once it reaches the AP server and uses it for similar actions as #1
Threat #1 is trivially mitigated by using SSL, and since the AP filter already does this nobody can sniff the traffic in transit. So hashes are not needed to mitigate threat #1.
Threat #2 is more interesting. I will start by assuming that Microsoft itself is not malicious and Microsoft's policies forbid unauthorised use of the AP filter data. You may choose to assume the opposite (ie, you might believe that Microsoft fully intends to use the AP data for profiling or marketing purposes), but in that case you should turn off the feature altogether. Sending hashes won't protect at all against a system intentionally designed to mine the data (we'll talk about why in a second).
Threat #2 boils down to an "insider" at Microsoft deliberately going against corporate policy to mine the data, or a malicious outsider gaining access to the server and doing the same, or some accidental disclosure of the information via recycling hard-drives that haven't been wiped, leaving print-outs in the garbage, etc. These things can (and do) happen, so it's not an unrealistic thing to be concerned about.
But what do hashes buy us? At first blush, they seem to buy us a lot. Now, instead of a list that says "User 12345 visited sites , , and " they now get a list that says something like "User 12345 visited sites A538E10D, 83B1E7C9, and 746C2B9A". Great! The bad guys don't know where I've been.
Or do they?
First things first: if Microsoft really was trying to track you then the server would simply have a database matching hashes-to-URLs, so it would be trivial to reverse every known hash back into its corresponding URL. That's why I said above that if you really believed we were going to be naughty then you should just turn off the feature.
The next thing to think about is what the attackers really want to know. Do they want a laundry-list of the hundred arbitrary web sites you visited last week, or do they just want to know if you visited a specific site such as or ? In this case, the attacker can do the trivial reverse-match themselves, since they will have a database of URLs they care about along with the corresponding hashes.
At this point you may be asking yourself questions such as "I thought hashes were 1-way?" or "Can't you embed some kind of salt in the hash to make it irreversible?" or some other such questions. None of that helps. For the first objection, yes, hashes are 1-way but the same source text always hashes to the same value, so you can do reverse lookups if you know all the possible source texts and can pre-compute their hashes.
For the second objection, it just won't work. Imagine that each client request was hashed with a unique GUID so nobody could pre-compute the hash. Now how is the server-side filter going to work, since it has nothing to match the hash against (remember the whole point of AP is to match client requests with known-bad URLs and block them)? Even if you pass the GUID along with the hash in the request, the server would have to go and re-hash every known URL with the GUID on each request, which would be prohibitively expensive (and thus still require a database of all known URLs in plain text on the server... resulting in additional threats to the system). And obviously there can't be a "shared secret" hash that Microsoft adds on both the client and the server since the bad guys would simply reverse-engineer the "secret" out of the Internet Explorer binaries.
So the only thing that hashing really buys us is that it forces the attackers to keep their own database for matching URLs to hashes for reverse-lookup. Not much of a benefit if you ask me, especially since an enterprising businessperson could easily build and maintain such a database and sell it as a "legitimate" web service 🙂
Now let's look at what new threats arise if we only send hashes to the server. Because hashes are 1-way functions (as noted above) there is no way to introspect on the hash to figure out what the original source text was (the only recourse being the known-source-text database lookup as noted above). Attackers can use this to their advantage:
1) Attacker appends random characters to their URL, resulting in unique hashes that are not in the AP database and thus bypassing the feature
In this attack, let's say that the AP server knows that is a known phishing page. It has a specific hash which is stored in the AP database. Now the attacker can simply send out e-mails such as to generate a completely different hash that is not in the database yet still sends the browser to the same page. (Of course they could also just rename evil.htm to evil2.htm, or use server-side 404 processing to respond to any random sequence of characters, etc.). Clearly a single hash for the entire URL is not good enough.
2) Attacker uses wildcard DNS to generate random host names, resulting in same outcome as above
In this attack, the attacker simply generates unique domain names like foo1.evil.com, foo2.evil.com, foo3.evil.com, and so on. They all point to the same server, but will hash to different values so again they will not appear in the AP database. OK, next solution is to hash each portion of the URL individually ("com", "evil", "foo1", etc.) and send all the hashes to the server. Just as with the path problem above, the server could have a rule such as "If you have 'evil' and 'com' as the top-level domain then ignore the subdomains and return it as a bad site." We still have a threat though:
Using a hosting site means that the detection can't be based off the broken-up domain names, and can't be based on a hash of the entire path either. Instead, we have to perform the same break-up operation that was used for domains and split the entire path into its components (so, for example, in the URL we would send seven distinct hashes for each of the following: "www", "my-hosting-company", "com", "path", "to", "phisher", and "evil.htm"). Now the server has to have rules that say "If you get the domain hashes for 'www', 'my-hosting-company' and 'com' and you get the path hashes for 'path', 'to', and 'phisher' in that order then return it as a bad site."
Now, not only are we sending orders of magnitude more data to the server (all those hashes are much bigger than the original source text) and increasing server-side processing dramatically, we still haven't solved the problem:
4) Attacker uses non-path-based resource identification, resulting in same outcome as above
An example of such identification can be found on this very web server, which will take a URL such as (note there is no path component) yet it still sends you to content that I control living under the /ptorr/ directory. (In this specific case, MSDN sends a re-direct which results in a navigation to the full URL including the path, but there is no reason why that has to be the case). Couple this with arbitrary query-string processing, custom server-based path parsers, URL re-writers, etc. and there's really no way to figure out where the content is going when all you have is an opaque hash. Fundamentally, you need to see the original source text of the URL to effectively mitigate these kinds of attacks on the server.
So is hashing really worth it? On the plus side, you put a trivial extra burden on the attackers who want to invade your privacy (they now need to maintain a URL-to-hash database for reverse lookups), and on the down side you significantly increase both the amount of data sent to the server and the time to process a request, and you introduce by-design loopholes for the attackers who want to phish you to bypass the feature. I'll let you decide which you think is the better approach...
It is important to note that I have only talked about the threats involved in both choices here; I have not touched on any potential benefits of sending the raw URLs (that's beyond the scope of this blog entry).
Also, I want to briefly touch on the query-string question -- ? Won't the attackers simply use query strings to decide whether to respond with the real phishing page (for the people who click on the e-mail links including the query-string) or a "legitimate" page for the people processing request at the AP server (who click on links without the query-string)?
Just like hashes, this doesn't really help (and in fact makes things worse). If the attackers are going to dynamically return a "good" or "bad" page depending on whether it has a query-string or not, they can also do so depending on whether that particular query string has been visited before! The server processing is like this:
1) If no query string, return "legitimate" page
2) If query string exists but is not in database of valid query strings, return "404" page
3) If query string is in database of valid query strings, remove it from database and return phishing page
Now when the victim visits the site by clicking on an e-mail message, they send the query string victim=12345 and condition 3 is satisfied so the user gets the phishing page. They report it to the AP server (including the query string) and soon afterwards a URL researcher at Microsoft goes to visit the site to see if it really is a phishing site. But because victim=12345 has already been visited they satisfy condition 2 and they get the 404 page fooling them into thinking the site has already been taken down. So query strings don't really work. You could also do some trickery with cookies to ensure that the first victim always saw the phishing page even on subsequent visits, whilst the researcher always saw 404s.
Query strings also make things theoretically worse, because they are the most likely portion of the URL to contain personally-identifiable information (username, tracking GUID, etc.). So if there was ever a breach of security at the AP server then not only would the attacker know all the websites you visited, they might also know your username and / or password to each of them as well!
But do not fear! User feedback is not the only way that the AP researchers will get new entries to put into the database -- they get the very same phishing e-mails that you and I get, so they will still be able to detect the phishing sites even without IE sending the data and even if the phishing server employs the fancy query-string detection logic.


text:
By Isabelle Dubois
Somewhere in Ungava Bay, off the eastern coast of Nunavik — Quebec’s Far North — stands an island the size of a small country, rising like a fortress of limestone walls looming 150 m to 250 m over this cold deep blue sea. Marking the marine waters with a 903 km2 plateau running 23 km wide and 45 km long, this giant freckle named Akpatok is not only the largest of its kind in Ungava Bay, but one of exceptional beauty not many have the chance to set foot on nowadays. Along with a group of British travel writers and tour operators in the region to explore and promote its tourism potential, a few tourism industry colleagues and I were fortunate enough to join in to get up-close and personal with this magnificent island.
On a balmy July 28 morning, one of Air Inuit’s chartered Twin Otters landed us on Akpatok’s only airstrip. Marching between our two armed pilots on one of Akpatok’s spectacular raised beaches, we headed down to the clear water, where one of our guides, Jimmy Gordon Jr., was awaiting us with a small inflatable zodiac to bring us onboard the Alara, Arctic Cruises’ 34-foot expedition catamaran, on which we were to spend the day. There, our captain Johnny Adams, who made the trip from Kuujjuaq, welcomed us onboard, along with another member of his crew, David Mesher.
Although we were all eager to cruise along the island in hopes of spotting polar bears, a huge iceberg just off the coast soon became the centre of attention. Displaying shades of blue and turquoise, the frozen work of art was made out of an arch through which we enjoyed playing hide and seek for a while with Willie Gordon and his wife Vicky, who had also come along for the ride on their aluminum boat.
Apart from the remains of a Dorset settlement at the southern end of the island and a couple of worn out cabins still standing near the airstrip, surrounded by rusty fuel drums and drilling equipment, remnants of exploratory oil drilling back in 1971 which the federal government plans to clean up, there was no other sign of human trace but our own. Although Inuit at one time in the past wintered on Akpatok (until the early 1900s) and still travel to its shores in the summer to hunt walrus that migrate in big numbers from Hudson Strait down to the west coast of the island on ice floes and leave when it melts, this remote offshore piece of land remains uninhabited. The Northern Village of Kangirsuk is the closest community, some 70 kilometres away.
But if Akpatok wards off real-estate, it remains, on the other hand, the ultimate holiday hot spot for thick-billed murres who flock by the thousands to the island’s northern and southern reaches for their summer vacation, making it Canada’s largest bird colony and ranking as one of the largest colonies worldwide. On occasion the island’s murre population number an estimated two million. It is therefore no wonder the island gets its name from this short-winged diving seabird wearing a black coat showing off a white belly, resembling a flying penguin, which Inuit call akpa in their own language. The bare cliff ledges provide the ideal haven of maternity for the females to lay and incubate their aqua-blue eggs, a delicacy for Inuit. Although outnumbered by the birds flying overhead, Willie Gordon, his wife Vicky and their grandson Christopher were not intimidated and got off on the shore to go pick some of these delicious treats in the lower level of the coastal ridges.
They were not the only ones scouring the area. A polar bear soon lurked high above the cliff, much to our delight as we were comfortably watching from the safety of our boat. Willie and his family soon retreated to theirs as well. After all, the bear was way up at the top of the food chain, ruling the island as king. Since there was no more ice for him to hunt seal or walrus, he was left scavenging for eggs or dead murres fledging beneath the nesting cliffs. A staring contest ensued, which nanuq eventually won, as we had to start heading back. The plane was waiting for us and the pilots’ duty clock was ticking.
On the way back, some of us were sun bathing in the unusually warm weather while others lounged in the luxurious cabin down below. Meanwhile, the island stood still, as the polar bears stayed out of sight, probably basking in the shade in one of the deep ravines cutting through the cliffs here and there, or buried in snow. The mystery and attraction remained.
Lulled by the waves gently rocking the boat, we soon had to come out of our daydreams. Once back on board our plane to fly over the island a few last times, excitement reached a peak when mother bear and cub were spotted, amongst others. These are memories we all will cherish forever… or until Akpatok’s fascination draws us back yet again.
MORE INFORMATION ABOUT GETTING TO AKPATOK ISLAND
With the new Nunavik Inuit Land Claims Agreement in effect since 2008, many of the region’s offshore islands such as Akpatok are now protected. Special permits and authorizations are therefore required for tourists to visit, which can be obtained through the use of one of Nunavik’s licensed tour operators (see list below).
Book your expedition cruise to Akpatok Island with:
Johnny Adams: 819-964-2998
Joseph Companion: 450-622-9956
514-457-3319 or 1-855-657-3319 toll free
Fly-over Akpatok Island with:
Air Inuit Charters
Johnny May’s Air Charters
819-964-1410 or 819-964-2321

domain: geography


text:
I snuck out last Friday afternoon and went to a local quilt show. This particular guild is very active and usually puts on a really good show. I certainly wasn’t disappointed this year.
There was a display of
quilts that I could use for inspiration for my Quilts of Valor. These were my two favorites: Americana
|Quilt by Sue Walworth; Quilted by Melissa Krushwitz|
|Quilt by Nancy Morrison; Quilted by Quilting Ladies|
of N. Halifax Fire Dpt Aux, Nathalie, VA -
this was 8 wall hanging designs that the quilter
used together to make a full size quilt - very clever!
|By Jean Ancher|
|By Barbara Campbell|
|By Jin Cavanaugh - Jin used a Margie Engel|
technique of using pre-printed panels with strip pieced
block designs; also includes trapunto!
|By Margo Lurz|
And those Twisters were tiny! The pinned on fabric
"hand" was indicating that it was hand quilted/
|By Rosaria Colosi|
Natalie was trapped in the intake canal of a power plant -
she was perfectly happy since she was warm and fed
lettuce, but she was eventually captured and released
|By Ann Blazer|
Embroidery Designs by Sarah Vedeler
And last, I won the bid in the silent auction for this mini quilt in Civil Was repro fabrics. I loved everything about it, from the fabric choices, to the blocks, to the beautiful workmanship.
|By Dorothy Day|

domain: artistic


text:
Naturally produced by the brain, GABA (gamma-aminobutryric acid) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that regulates the firing of neurons throughout the body. Without GABA one’s muscles would constantly be tense, the mind never relaxed, and the overall ability to function impaired.
GABA is often associated with sleep disorders. However without sufficient GABA one can suffer from long term anxiety disorders.
GABA Complex is a blend of Vitamin B6 and amino acids that supports:

domain: medical


text:
With sales of his creator-owned series not being as high as he'd like, Rich Tommaso had to get a real job and he settled in at IDW Publishing. Tommaso will handle writing and art duties on the newly announced Dick Tracy comic. Joining him is the entire Allred clan: Lee on scripting, Mike on inks, and Laura on colors.
Heroescon Exclusive Announcement: I am currently working on a new Dick Tracy comic book series with all them Allreds (@allredmd will be inking, I'm penciling, Lee is script master, and of course it will be gorgeously colored by Laura) for IDW! First ish launches in September! #heroescon #dicktracy #idw
Last December, Archie Comics announced a Dick Tracy comic with a creative team consisting of Alex Segura, Michael Moreci, and Thomas Pitilli. Then in January, Tribune Content Agency released a statement that due to a preexisting licensing deal, they wouldn't be moving forward with a Dick Tracy comic at Archie. Looks like they figured it out.
Dick Tracy #1 is set to release in September.

domain: literature


text:
Donna Rodriguez Jul 28, 2019 5Great Cat House Bed .We haven’t experienced any major issues with it.
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Thura Zin Jun 28, 2019 5Great Quality; The best, I would say; Delivered quickly. Thanks! Highly recommend Jining Jiaxing Packaging Co., Ltd. company!
Fahad Diab Jun 11, 2019 5Excellent product, excellent manufacturer!Highly recommend Jining Jiaxing Packaging Co., Ltd. company!
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Mrs.francesco Jun 08, 2019 4So far, so good.
Rahul Sasidharan May 25, 2019 5Great Price
Red Smith May 13, 2019 4It feels good. fits the description. long time coming
Harish Panchal May 11, 2019 5The Cat House Bed is excellent. Will come back to buy again.
Mr.raad May 03, 2019 4Great works!
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domain: pet


text:
Gamblin Etching InkGamblin Artist Printmaking Inks are highly pigmented professional quality inks.
Stiff Portland BlackStiff Portland Black is ideal for engravers, printers of mezzotints, or others who need more resistance from their ink.
|Color||Wiping||Plate Tone||Recommendations For Use|
| Portland Stiff Black |
|Neutral||Moderate||Moderate||Recommended for etching, drypoint, aquatint. Highly recommended for mezzotint and engraving.|
Printmaking family : Gamblin Ink : Etching


text:
Skateboard Deck are comes in many different widths. If you are a beginner to skateboarding, choose your deck according to the width, not the length or wheelbase. The width you need depends on your size, skating style and personal preference.
8.0" Standard skateboard for adult riders skating streets or doing more technical tricks, are perfect for the skateboarder that wants quality under his or her feet.
Ideal for every skill level, from beginner to pro, it is a totally versatile skateboard deck that's perfect for street, pool, park and vert.
Soild & Durable
- 100% 7-ply Canadian Maple with a nice medium concave shape and slightly more concave in the nose and tail for a little extra pop.
- It's rock-solid with tons of pop and ready for a staircase near you. A very strong board that holds shape for a long time.
Do It Yourself
- Create your ability of hands and intelligence.
- If you loving to painting or create, you can draw your inspiration on the skateboard deck, make it can store forever. Make a graffiti design and share it with your friends at any moment.
- Become one of the most popular style for all around street skateboarding style.
Become a Artwork
- Tired of old-style furniture?
- You can processed the skateboard deck into a swing, stool, bed table and a bookshelf etc. Use them to decorate your house, make it special and originality.
- This is an another reason why choose a Skateboard Deck Blank, for designing your artwork however you want!
- Size: 31x 8.25/7.75 inch.
- Holes spacing: 4 cm
- Material: 7 plies Canadian Maple Deck. Color: Natural
- Deck with a double kick, concave shape. Max load capacity: 200 kg
- DIY Blank Skateboard, Create your kid's ability of hands and intelligence
I painted the whole thing and made it all nice. Then my trucks didn’t fit because the holes are not in the right place! The holes are the same for every standard pair of trucks! Now I have to drill new holes in my board because you messed this up! I am going to have holes in the middle of by board that look weird and ruin the design i painted!
Concave is intense, material is decent for what you pay. I’m still working on mine, board will do end up looking good when finished.
The deck has a good shape and is well balanced. Great for creating yourself a custom board. I now have the only Willie Nelson board I know of.
I love my new skateboard deck I got. It is going to be a great DIY item and it came very quickly.
I use them for designing my own graphics, easy to paint! The deck is very reliable and last long time.

domain: hobby


text:
New 52-week Low for Nintendo
Nintendo Co. (PINK:NTDOY) shares hit a new 52-week low today of $29.30. Since Feb 18th Nintendo shares have dropped a staggering 23%.
Traders were not impressed today after the company reported profit falling 66% in its latest fiscal year, 3DS sales falling short of expectations and top it off with Wii sales falling off a cliff.
The only bright spot is Nintendo announced plans to release a new home console to the masses in 2012. Nintendo shares are down 3.76% and trading around $29.60 a share.
Here's the 411 from CNET.com
n its fiscal year that ended March 31 (PDF), Nintendo generated revenue of 1.01 trillion yen ($12.32 billion), representing a steep 29 percent decline year over year. The game company posted a full-year profit of 77.6 billion yen ($946.7 million). That figure was down a whopping 66 percent year over year.
Nintendo's earnings report signals continued trouble at the venerable game company. In September, Nintendo released its six-month earnings statement, which included a $24.6 million loss. During the first nine months of the fiscal year, its revenue and profit tallies were down 31.7 percent and 74.3 percent, respectively.
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text:
TVR S1-S3 (1986 – 1994) Review
TVR S1-S3 (1986 – 1994) At A Glance
The Convertible S range was introduced in 1986 as an entry-level traditional sports car, loosely based on the old 3000S, and deliberately retro to cash in on the burgeoning classic car scene at the time. It was specifically aimed at those who thought TVRs had grown too fast and too expensive.
The S-Series continually evolved, as popularity of the model took off. Early versions used the same Ford 2.8-litre Cologne V6 as the original Tasmin, but this was replaced from 1988 in the S2 by Ford’s new 2.9-litre Granada V6. For 1990, the S3 received a better interior and four-inch longer doors for easier access. There were also around 40 S4Cs at the end, which was basically a V8S with the V6 engine fitted.
Paved the way for the more traditonally-styled Griffith and Chimera.

domain: history


Author - Dr. Moitrayee Das
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The different roles and lives we led in the pre-pandemic world has been shed and now all roles and activities bleed into one another, whether we want it or not. This is...
According to industry estimates, the number of sleep apnea patients in the country could be somewhere between 40 million to 70 million. The nascent sleep therapy market...
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STATEN ISLAND, N.Y. — The Corporation for National Community Service has launched its 10th Anniversary Challenge, encouraging nonprofits, businesses and faith-based educational organizations around the country to do some good in honor of those who died in the terrorist attacks.
CNCS will award grants ranging from $10,000 to $100,000 to groups that organize community service projects during the weekend of Sept. 11.
“No one knows better than New Yorkers the importance of coming together and lending a hand in a time of tragedy,” said Rep. Michael Grimm (R-Staten Island/Brooklyn), who encouraged borough groups to get involved.
“As we remember the loved ones lost on 9/11, we must also remember the compassion and unity that filled our communities in its aftermath as we continue to give back to those who need it most.”
The deadline for submissions is July 29. Visit the CNCS Web site for details