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Belle Bella is a small laser device for permanent hair removal. If the high cost of laser hair removal procedures puts you off, you will soon find out that Belle Bella is the most cost-effective option for you. It’s made with IPL light technology and has 6 different energy levels to adjust to fit your hair color and skin tone. Most of the reviews left for this device are favorable. Belle Bella produces an infinite number of pulses, so you won’t be left without replacement lights, which is one of the many features that make it unique. Different from laser-based therapy gadgets, Belle Bella can target a larger region and not only small areas. Moreover, it’s healthy for medium to dark skin tones.
How Does Belle Bella Work?
Belle Bella uses IPL (Intense Pulsed Light) technology. It releases a powerful heated light beam that destroys hair cell follicles and permanently removes the hair. The process is painless, not to mention the device’s settings can customize your pain level. Belle Bella has 6 levels to choose from and features a sensor to determine your own personal comfort level.
Visible results take 3 to 4 sessions at a 2-week interval. Belle Bella is claimed to break and hinder the cycle of hair growth successfully. Regular use with the aftercare instructions followed can give you results that will last up to a year.
Benefits of Using Belle Bella
Is it safe to use IPL for hair removal, you might ask? If you choose to try the IPL hair removal alternative, you can count on Belle Bella to do the job. You won’t spend thousands at beauty salons anymore, as you will get your laser hair removal treatment at home at a very reasonable price, as will be discussed further. The following are 5 additional dermatological and clinical benefits of using the Belle Bella IPL hair removal kit:
Permanent hair thinning
Most consumers experience clearer skin and reduced hair growth after the 10th and 12th week of using this device. If its directions and aftercare instructions are being followed to the point, this IPL machine promises to put an end to hair growth permanently.
Reduced wrinkles and fine lines
IPL is a form of non-invasive treatment for a variety of skin conditions. The Belle Bella kit can be used for both permanent hair removal and improving your skin. According to an IPL hair reduction NCBI study, the IPL light range can be used to manage wrinkles and fine lines in clinical practice.
Reduced broken capillaries and spider veins
IPL wavelengths are highly beneficial in managing leg veins and venous malformations, according to an NHS study and clinical material reported in PMC. Using an extreme light source, 7% of the participants had success with their treatment after 10 months when treating patients with dark skin.
Treating skin damaged by the sun
As previously said, a pulsed laser light system (such as this IPL hair removal one) is an excellent treatment choice for dermatological conditions such as age spots and skin damaged by the sun. The effectiveness of strong pulsed light (IPL) in removing sun damage was tested in a clinical study. Therapies included in the trial used the same equipment as Belle Bella IPL, and the findings demonstrate the technology’s efficacy.
Reduced hyperpigmentation and acne
Clinical research shows that IPL devices may help with acne vulgaris and various other skin issues such as scars. Participants in the trials had positive effects on their hyperpigmentation and acne when they have followed the instructions of using an IPL hair removal device. Dermatologists, beauty experts, and hairstylists all recommend using Belle Bella.
What’s in the Belle Bella Kit?
Inside Belle Bella’s box, you will find:
- IPL hair removal handset
- An adapter
- Users manual
- Protective safety glasses
Usually, you must purchase a pair of protective goggles separately, but they are provided with the hair removal kit. The Belle Bella user manual goes through the main specs of the device, how Belle Bella should be used, its settings, and how you can care for it. According to the manufacturers, after using Belle Bella for over 10 weeks, 87% of people claimed the hairs did not grow back.
How to Use the Belle Bella IPL Hair Removal Device?
Belle Bella is claimed to use an FDA-approved technology and is an advanced IPL hair removal device available to consumers for use at home. The Belle Bella manufacturers have integrated into the design many features of a luxury IPL system. Belle Bella offers excellent value and comfort since it’s portable, cordless, simple to use, and precise. When handling it, it’s important to put on the UV filter protective glasses, as these decrease the chances of getting eye damage. The Belle Bella user manual outlines the many procedures to use this device, what the hair removal sessions involve, and how the hair growth cycle will be interrupted. So, how to use Belle Bella’s IPL hair removal device? Operating the system is simple and enjoyable. Plug your Bella Bella in and choose a power mode.
To use the Belle Bella:
- Step 1: Shave any noticeable hairs before using the device. (Hair has to be removed at least 1 day before the IPL procedure if you wax or are using an epilator.)
- Step 2: Choose the mode you want to use (gentle is for areas such as the underarm or the upper lip, whereas full speed is for the legs or top-ups, so larger surfaces to cover).
- Step 3: Switch on the control mode.
- Step 4: Tightly press the unit against the skin that needs to be tended and the activation button.
- Step 5: Glide over the area, moving the device slowly. When Belle Bella pulses, you will experience a pleasant feeling. In general, bikini and facial areas require 7 to 10 minutes, while top-ups and legs require 12 to 15 minutes of pulsing light.
- Step 6: Turn off your device by pressing the power bar. Unplug your Belle Bella.
Belle Bella’s Best Features
Belle Bella has different modes, depending on what treatment you need to apply, either stamping or gliding. Some other similar devices available on the market have a 7-10 sensitivity range appropriate for skin tone and hair color. Some have cords, and others are completely cordless, meaning they provide you with comfort and are easier to use. Choosing the suitable IPL hair removal device can be difficult, so let’s see what makes Belle Bella stand out from the crowd:
- Endless flashes
- Safe, regardless of your skin tone
- Suitable for the entire body
- Pain-free because you can change the IPL pain level from settings
- Long flash life, meaning the device will last you many years
- Good price
- 2-year warranty
- Money-back guarantee
- UV protective eyeglass included
Are There Any Side Effects of Using Belle Bella?
The Belle Bella IPL hair removal device utilizes IPL technology for healthy hair removal. No studies are saying that IPL hair removal has any long-term adverse side effects. However, during sessions, a moderate tingling feeling can occur, causing minor irritation. This is a typical side effect of hair removal using IPL or some other forms of light. Side effects were rarely reported during any IPL clinical study, and most people would suggest this advanced technology to others. Redness of the skin can occur at first, but it will fade away within minutes after the procedure. Blistering can occur under highly unusual circumstances, such as where more treatments are needed. It is advised that you avoid using your kit in these situations.
How Much Does Belle Bella Cost?
A portion of the profits made from purchases will go towards Breast Cancer Research.
Here’s how you can currently purchase the Belle Bella:
- Upfront: $97.00
- 4 Easy Flex Payments): $39.00
- 3 Easy Flex Payments): $48.00
- 2 Easy Flex Payments): $67.00
No matter what payment plan you choose, there’s also a shipping fee of $7.95 that you need to pay as well. A 90-day money-back guarantee covers all Belle Bella IPL Hair Removal units and can be returned for a full refund of your money within the 3 months after purchase. Belle Bella’s customer service can be contacted via:
- Product Contact: +1 (888) 508-0706
- Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Belle Bella Conclusion
Since it takes away the pain and worry of having to use an epilator or wax for hair removal, it can be taken anywhere with you, uses laser technology that the FDA has deemed as safe, works on any skin type, and breaks the hair cells growth cycle permanently; Belle Bella is a good option for both men and women who are looking to save time and money on razors, cremes, Esthetician visits for hair removal treatments that are temporary. Belle Bella can be purchased at very affordable prices and can be paid in installments and returned if it doesn’t provide the desired results. Purchasing the Belle Bella IPL hair removal device could be an excellent investment in both your time and money.
People Also Read: Real BioFit Probiotic Side Effects [Scam Ripoff Controversy]
The links contained in this product review may result in a small commission if you opt to purchase the product recommended at no additional cost to you. This goes towards supporting our research and editorial team and please know we only recommend high quality products.
Please understand that any advice or guidelines revealed here are not even remotely a substitute for sound medical advice from a licensed healthcare provider. Make sure to consult with a professional physician before making any purchasing decision if you use medications or have concerns following the review details shared above. Individual results may vary as the statements made regarding these products have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The efficacy of these products has not been confirmed by FDA-approved research. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.


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Lecture: “Nine categories of tourist destinations to see in Romania”
Lecturer: Prof. Violeta Puscasu, University of Galati, Romania
What do you know about Romania? I think not too many or, at best, you have probably heard some tired tourist clichés – Dracula, the painted monasteries of Bucovina or the Danube Delta. But Romania means more than that! What we will discuss in the presentation on May 18-th refers to the main categories of tourist resources that define the Romanian space.
Thus, we will see the three main types of destinations (natural, landscaped and anthropic) exemplified, for which it is worth seeing Romania at home.
Meeting-ID: 881 4047 2489
Find your local number: https://us02web.zoom.us/u/kJXdDXxAD

domain: geography


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If you plaster a bunch of posters advertising a rock concert or political meeting on utility poles in Ontario or Alberta, you can no longer be prosecuted for violating a by-law. You're simply exercising your freedom of expression. In British Columbia, you can still be prosecuted. That's the situation following a flurry of recent court decisions about public property and freedom of expression.
In a similar vein, the Supreme Court of Canada held recently that the Charter right to freedom of expression allows a political group to distribute pamphlets and solicit memberships at Montreal's Dorval airport, even though airport regulations forbid it.
The peculiar part about all this is that the courts seem to have taken it seriously whenever litigants have claimed that these cases involve freedom of expression. It has obviously been too many years since our judges wrote their law school exams. Except for two judges in Vancouver, none of them were able to sniff out and discard this unambiguously red herring.
The freedom of expression guaranteed in our Charter of Rights is designed to protect the content of what people say from the censorial tendencies of government. It is not designed to provide people with material resources to spread their message if they should happen to consider their own private resources insufficient for that purpose.
The anti-postering by-laws were silent on the subject of content. They prohibited all posters, not just those with a particular slant or message. They were designed to prevent an eyesore and save taxpayers the expense of cleaning up shredded posters from utility poles and gutters. The airport regulations were similarly impartial to content.
If the municipalities had tried to prevent people from affixing sexually provocative posters, while allowing posters about an anti-pornography rally, then we would have had a freedom of expression case. If the airports had tried to prevent pamphleteers from advocating the use of marijuana, while allowing others to advocate the death penalty for drug pushers, then we would have had a freedom of expression case.
What we have instead is quite a different issue: how much public property can any individual arrogate to himself, and for what purpose? This could be (and probably will be) the subject of a whole future column of its own. Here, I want to concentrate on some peculiar judicial reasoning.
A common thread in the red herring judgments is exemplified by a paragraph from Madam Justice L'Heureux-Dube's opinion in the airport case: "If members of the public had no right whatsoever to distribute leaflets or engage in other expressive activity on government-owned property...only those with enough wealth to own land or mass media facilities...would be able to engage in free expression."
This is at best a careless exaggeration; at worst, a gross error. One might similarly express the fear that only those with enough wealth to own land will have shelter. The reality is that you can rent land, or mass media facilities, for only a tiny fraction of what it costs to own them. This explains the existence of billboards and newspaper advertisements.
There are many opportunities in our society for those with unorthodox views to make themselves heard at no cost whatsoever. The positions I take in this column can hardly be described as mainstream, but I don't pay Canadian Lawyer for the use of their back page every month; on the contrary, they pay me.
There is in fact a thriving market for unusual and provocative news and opinions, provided they are expressed in logical, coherent form. Editorial page editors, newscasters and talk show hosts are forever seeking interesting commentary.
When different groups whine for subsidies so they can share their ideas with the world, we have to question which is the horse and which the cart. Are their views doomed to obscurity because they have no money, or do they have no money because the marketplace of ideas has determined that obscurity is the proper place for such views?
But suppose Her Ladyship were correct: suppose money translates directly into freedom of expression. Will allocating public resources ensure that any greater quantity or variety of expression gets heard?
If members of the public have to pay additional taxes for poster and leaflet cleanup or airport security, the resources left in their hands for private financing of free expression will be diminished. Some forms of expression will simply oust others.
Worse yet, there is no guarantee that it will be the weak and powerless who benefit from the public subsidization of free expression. In fact, the opposite will probably be true. If public property can be used by everyone, it is the wealthy and powerful who will usurp the greatest share. They can afford to print up more leaflets and posters. They can afford to hire paid employees to stand around airports distributing their material, instead of relying on volunteers.
accomplish the levelling effect that Madam Justice L'Heureux-Dube desires,
we would have to impose a means test, and allow only the underdogs of society
to use public property as a forum for disseminating their views.
Then we'd have a freedom of expression case, for sure.

domain: politics


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Whoa! I thought the economy was recovering with additional gains in employment and recent improvement in the establishment of new jobs. Not so. In fact, according to the Department of Labor, since the government laid off workers hired for the U.S. Census, the economy has seen significant increases in unemployment this past month of June 2010Â alone. 110,000 jobs were predicted to be lost by Reuters, and it turns out the official numbers were worse than expected, as 125,000 additional workers moved to unemployed status in the month of June. The Census jobs created by the U.S. government to create new jobs for those who were unemployed temporarily skewed unemployment numbers causing a short spike in hiring and then increase in unemployment once the jobs ended. According to ABC News, the official number of jobs lost since the beginning of the recession over two years ago now totals at 7.5 million.
So what do you do when the economy gets tough and jobs are hard to come by? My suggestion to unemployed workers is to get creative in your job searches, look for hobbies that can turn into addition income, and seek satisfying volunteer work that will translate into resume experience and hopefully a new career. If you are currently unemployed, what do you do to increase your odds of securing a new position or do to bring in additional income when your job is not supplying substantial cash flow to maintain your current standard of living?

domain: news


MIAMI (CBSMiami) — Authorities have arrested a man accused of trying to cheat on his police exam.
Eduardo Miguel Gonzalez, 23 , was a police applicant for the City of Miami Police Department. He had failed the physical agility test twice before.
According to police, his friend, Carlos Alberto Zayas, 24, was also arrested for allegedly trying to pass himself off as Gonzalez to take the department’s agility test.
Police said Zayas, on May 10th, presented Gonzalez’s Florida Driver’s License when trying to check in for the exam. Officials said the license photograph and physical description did not match Zayas.
Detectives pulled him aside and questioned him.
Police said he allegedly confessed to detectives that he was going to attempt to pass the state mandated test for Gonzalez. He was charged with obstruction by disguised person and resisting arrest without violence.
Officials said they found out Gonzalez was nearby and parked in his car. Detectives arrested him and charged him with unlawful use of license.
- Tinkerbelle The Mentor Helps 147 Children & Still Counting
- Deadly Crash Shuts Down Turnpike In Broward
- Steering You Right: Overnight Closures On The Palmetto & I-595 Express Lanes
- Puerto Rico’s Fmr. Governor Calls Hurricane Relief Efforts In Yabucoa ‘Almost Shameful’
- Toddler Struck, Killed By Car In Deerfield Beach


by Rod D. Martin
June 24, 2012
The revolution Paul Pressler and Paige Patterson wrought reached its culmination last week, in the (ever-so-quiet) changing of Baptists’ name. We are “Great Commission Baptists” now.
If you didn’t get the memo, don’t be surprised. A name-change was not popular with many Baptists, holding tightly to tradition as people are prone to do, and to sell it, Baptist leaders called it “a descriptor”, something individuals and churches may voluntarily use like a D/B/A. The legal name “Southern Baptist Convention” remains, and indeed, not one speaker deviated from traditional terminology even after the historic vote, all the way to the closing of the annual meeting.
But it is what it is. The camel’s nose is under the tent, the future is here. And it’s a bright one.
Unlike “Southern”, “Great Commission” Baptist is a globally inclusive mission statement, not a regionally closed and divisive delimiter. This is of immediate assistance to missionaries and church planters (not to mention existing churches, state conventions, colleges and seminaries) from Los Angeles to Lansing, New York to Nevada, Boston to Barrow. If this bit of new ink opens the ears and heart of even one lost soul, it’s worth all the new stationary Nashville can buy.
The new term announces who we are and what we’re about better than any elevator pitch. Are we in Brooklyn to love the lost? Yes, all of them, without exception. And once you’re with us, you know exactly what your marching orders are as a new believer.
It is the perfect exclamation point for our “Great Commission Resurgence” of late. In the past three years, Baptists have wholeheartedly shredded their traditional bureaucracies and budgets, pouring countless new dollars into global missions and North American church planting even when that meant selling off state headquarters buildings, restructuring and sometimes firing staff, and asking – in a recession – local churches to dig deeper, just to stay even at home. Southern state conventions slashed their percentage of the Cooperative Program “take” from as much as 70% down to 50%, so that 50% could go further up the chain: the International Missions Board, the North American Mission Board, the seminaries and so forth. Mission-field states responded in-kind: frontier Nevada even voted to go from a 78-22 split to 50-50 in one great bound.
Their sacrifice has not been in vain. Already, just this year, there has been a 27% upsurge in North American church planting, and NAMB has announced concrete plans to plant 13,500 new churches between today and 2022 (the Convention currently has 45,000 local congregations). 51% of all Cooperative Program funds at the national level now go to international missions, and 51% of all NAMB funds now go to church planting.
This was always the ultimate goal of the Conservative Resurgence. The lost cannot be saved by dead neo-orthodoxy, but only by the regenerative grace of the risen Christ. Spending thirty years first winning and then consolidating that revolution was time well spent: Baptists today are stewards of six Bible-believing seminaries turning out men well trained in actual, practical evangelism and personal discipleship. The controversies of another era are buried for Baptists, even while they continue to smother most of America’s historic denominations.
But that Resurgence was always foundational, or more precisely, was always about restoring the foundations. And no one was cheering the new developments more than Pressler and Patterson, honored by their former foot soldiers at this New Orleans convention at historic Café Du Monde, birthplace of the Conservative Resurgence, with a crowd-amazing chorus of “Victory in Jesus!” filling Jackson Square. This is what they were working for all along.
There’s no time to waste. A cursory glance at American culture demonstrates that – from Hollywood to the abortion holocaust to Barack Obama’s war on the First Amendment – as does declining membership in nearly every denomination. America produces the most money for missions and the most men called to ministry and the mission field: that alone would make its survival as an even somewhat Christian nation vital. And the number of churches in America has dropped from 17 for every 10,000 people in 1950 to just 11 today.
Or to put that another way, if Baptists believe they have anything at all special to say about the Gospel to the world, they must confront this: there are 16 million Baptists, but over 312 million Americans. And while our denomination remains largely rural, 80% of Americans live in cities, 75% of which are unevangelized. In Miami, Florida 98% are categorized “unchurched”.
Do we care about them or don’t we? And would their knowing Christ make a difference or wouldn’t it?
Last week, Southern, er, Great Commission Baptists once again said yes. The name change may seem cosmetic to some, optional to others. But it is the valedictory of thirty-three years of work, sweat and tears; and with God’s blessing, it may well represent the turning point, the beginning of an American transformation surpassing the Great Awakenings of old.


Industry Tech Session: Data for Automotive
Leverage advanced data insights to drive your business strategy. In this session, expert instructor André M.D. Melancia from Gopas will share deep technical knowledge, insights and practical use cases of how automotive organizations use Microsoft technology to use IoT innovation to drive traffic safety improvements by helping drivers avoid serious accidents or combine rich vehicle data to improve driving safety, forecast accuracy, and increase the availability of automated driving and analysis functions in a way that is globally scalable.
IT Professionals and Business Decision Makers
This session is powered by Gopas.
Language - English


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Timothy Lally is a complicated man… Ok he really isn’t but it makes him feel better to think so. He relocated from Frederick, MD to Los Angeles, CA in 2012 after selling everything he owned and making the decisions to chase the dream. However, like some he believes that dreams are only achieved when preparation meets opportunity, which is why he spends so much time training at his craft and writing his own feature film. Timothy intends to make his own opportunity and capitalize on it with incredible preparation. He is a lover of independent comedies and enjoys the nuances of well-crafted comedic dialog. While he enjoys the thrill of writing bio’s about himself for everyone to read what he enjoys more is meeting people to talk about his love of acting, what he is currently writing, and ways that they can work together to make something creative.
Upright Citizens Brigade

domain: artistic


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The coffee cup is no stranger to creativity. For years it has faithfully served as the vessel housing the fuel that ignites our creative juices. Today, the coffee cup has assumed a new role as a creative ambassador and this time it’s not inside, it’s on top.
Coffee Cup Face Art has come alive at universities around the country with a competition launched by Virgin Active. Students upload their work of cupface art on facebook and stand in line to win super cool prizes. The more support they get from their cronies in the form of ‘likes’ the better their chances of winning.
It’s nice to know that these creative pieces are no longer merely destined for the bin. Who knows, we might just find the next Picasso.
Check out a few of the entries below and more about the competition here.


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Pinocchio, Puppets and Modernity
The Mecanical Body
sous la direction de Katia Pizzi
Nous signalons la parution de cet ouvrage en anglais, qui propose des approches pluridisciplinaires autour de l’univers du célèbre pantin italien.
This study assesses the significance of Pinocchio in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries in addition to his status as the creature of a nineteenth century traversed by a cultural enthusiasm for dummies, puppets, and marionettes. This collection identifies him as a figure characterized by a ‘fluid identity,’ informed with transition, difference, joie de vivre, otherness, displacement, and metamorphosis, making Pinocchio a truly modern, indeed postmodern and posthuman, cultural icon. Pinocchio, Puppets and Modernity explores this crucial and as yet little visited field, reassessing Pinocchio’s genealogy and progeny, as well as illuminating both the wider context and more specific cultural manifestations of the mechanical-human interface in the domains of theatre, the fine arts, literature, radio, and even virtual reality coherently with the digital metamorphosis of our times.
The wide-ranging scope of this exploration encompasses Italian, French, and English literature, dummies and marionettes in modernist and contemporary theatre, the fairytale tradition, and traditional and contemporary painting, as well as the older and newer media of radio, television, cinema, and the Internet. The diverse, comparative, and multimedia focus of this original discussion testifies to the enduring transcultural legacy of Pinocchio. Eminently sellable as a traditional cultural icon, Pinocchio is equally impactful and relevant for a globalized, multicultural, and virtual society, from Collodi to Disney and beyond.
About the Editor: Katia Pizzi is Senior Lecturer in Italian at the Institute of Germanic & Romance Studies, School of Advanced Study, University of London. She has published volumes on cultural identities, including A City in Search of an Author (2001) and The Cultural Identities of European Cities (2010), and on children’s literature and illustration.
Table of Contents:
Introduction, by Katia Pizzi
1: Carlo Collodi and the Rythmical Body Between Giuseppe Mazzini and George Sand, by Jean Perrot
2: Puppets on a String: The Unnatural History of Human Reproduction, Ann Lawson Lucas
3: Workshops of Creation, Filthy and Not: Collodi’s Pinocchio and Shelley’s Frankenstein, by Charles Klopp
4: The Manufacture of a Modern Puppet Type: The Anatomy of Alfred Jarry’s Monsieur Ubu and its Significance, Jill Fell
5: Man is Non-Man: Mannequins, Puppets and Marionettes in the Theatre of Dario Fo, by Christopher Cairns
6: Unpainting Collodi’s Fireplace, by Stephen Wilson
7: Pinocchio and the Mechanical Body: Luciano Folgore’s Papers at the J. P. Getty Research Library, by Katia Pizzi
8: The Myth of Pinochio. Metamorphosis of a Puppet from Collodi’s Pages to the Screen. by Salvatore Consolo
9: The Watchful Mirror: Pinocchio’s Adventures Recreated by Roberto Benigni, by Salvatore Consolo
10: Beyond the Mechanical Body: Digital Pinocchio, by Massimo Riva
Notes Bibliography Index
216 pages, Routledge, Collection: Children’s Literature and Culture

domain: literature


text:
While Najib is talking about change etc, another Pakatan ceramah in Sg Tinggi in the Bukit Gantang area is stopped. This from Wong Kah Woh’s blog:
There were at least 4 FRU trucks standby even before the Ceramah started. I couldn’t understand if they don’t have any other better things to do. After the speech by MB and YB Kesavan, the Police started to interfere and asked the crowd and the loud speakers to be confined into the Hall. Yes, we complied with.
Yet, after 10 mins, the FRU trucks starting coming forward and warning to disperse was given. I went to argue with them that we have complied with every order of the police with regards to the conduct of the ceramah, yet, they have failed to keep their promise.
The ceramah had to be stopped even before myself and Dr Lee Boon Chye were able to speak. When the crowd which comprised of almost 50% of women and chidren leaving, the FRU personnels marched on and started to shout. What is the point to do such provocation? People are leaving peacefully and yet the FRU are actually the one blocking the traffics and blocking the ways for the crowd to go out.

domain: sociology


text:
In collaboration with NICHE (Nurses Improving Care for Healthsystem Elders), the Hartford Institute for Geriatric Nursing (HIGN) and the Oral Health Nursing Education and Practice (OHNEP) have developed a new Geriatric Oral Health Webinar Series. This new series will address and promote interprofessional oral health, and provide tools and education that healthcare professionals can use to improve the quality of oral healthcare that older adults receive. Each webinar, 1 hour in length, will provide nursing continuing education credits.
- Oral Health: An Overview for Older Adults, September 17, 2014
Presenters: Erin Hartnett, DNP, APRN-BC, CPNP; Mark Wolff, DDS, PhD; Caroline Dorsen, MSN, FNP-BC; Rita Jablonski, PhD, RN, ANP
- Oral Health and Dementia, December 10, 2014
Presenters: Pam Stein DMD, MPH; Elaine Amella PhD, RN; Rita Jablonski, PhD, RN, ANP
- Oral Health in Acute Care Settings, March 4, 2015
Presenters: Mary Brennan, DNP, AGACNP-BC, ANP, RN; Halley Ruppel, MS, RN, CCRN; Ross Kerr, DDS, MSD; Kathleen Vollman MS, RN, CCNS, FCCM, FAAN
Access archived webinars: http://www.nicheprogram.org/knowledge_center

domain: health


|Publication number||US4876663 A|
|Application number||US 07/042,111|
|Publication date||Oct 24, 1989|
|Filing date||Apr 23, 1987|
|Priority date||Apr 23, 1987|
|Publication number||042111, 07042111, US 4876663 A, US 4876663A, US-A-4876663, US4876663 A, US4876663A|
|Inventors||Donald G. McCord|
|Original Assignee||Mccord Donald G|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (24), Classifications (10), Legal Events (4)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a method and apparatus for boosting the resolution and drawing rate of a computer graphics system which is designed to work with a visual display device, such as a high resolution cathode ray tube display. The method and apparatus obtains these advantages by eliminating the need for a high data output rate from the graphics system which would be otherwise required for a high resolution cathode ray tube through the use of a virtual cathode ray tube apparatus comprising a self-refreshing buffer system which can interface to and refresh the display device. The method and apparatus further permit the computer graphics system to provide all features it would normally provide because it simulates a conventional cathode ray tube in all its characteristics except refresh rate.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Many computer graphics systems presently interface directly to a cathode ray tube, but have an amount of memory bandwidth required to refresh the display as the limiting factors for their drawing performance and resolution support. In general, these prior known graphics systems are unable to use new generation multi-port video memories to alleviate this memory bandwidth bottleneck without losing valuable features. Often this is because the computer graphics system incorporates features which require data not located in sequential memory locations, and these video memories must be sequentially accessed. As a result, design of these systems forces a choice between the use of the full feature set on one hand and resolution and performance on the other.
Software compatibility between the two design classes is also limited.
In contrast, the present invention permits increasing both resolution and drawing performance while supporting the full range of features, including those requiring random access.
The present invention elates to a method and apparatus for permitting computer graphics systems designed to work with cathode ray tube displays to greatly expand their range of pixel resolution and increase their rate of drawing without compromising their feature set in any way. The invention comprises a method and means to simulate a cathode ray tube in all of its characteristics from the perspective of the graphics system except in minimum refresh frequency, a means to store and maintain the image created by the computer graphics system, and to output it to the final viewing device.
Objects of this invention are a method and apparatus comprising an inexpensive device which will allow computer graphics systems using standard components to support high resolution and high performance and provide complete software compatibility with designs using the same components which interface directly to a cathode ray tube display.
In accordance with the above objects, a plurality of video dynamic random access memories (VDRAMs), each having an internal shift register, a plurality of buffers, a plurality of external shift registers and associated control and addressing circuits are provided. In operation, data is transferred from a video data source in the graphics system to the VDRAMs via the buffers. Thereafter, the data is transferred from the VDRAMs to their internal shift registers and then to a CRT via the external shift registers. The data is transferred from the external shift registers to the CRT at a rate equal to a multiple of the rate at which the data is transferred from the VDRAMs' internal shift registers to the external shift registers, e.g. 4×.
By using the VDRAM's, buffers and internal and external shift registers in the manner described, writing to the CRT and either updating or refreshing the VDRAM's is performed simultaneously. This effectively decouples the limitations of the CRT and the video data source from each other and allows for higher rate data transfers to the CRT permitting the use of greater resolution CRTs with no loss in performance due to a lower rate of data transfer from the video data source.
Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description and the accompany drawings, in which like reference designations represent like features throughout the figures. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is is a block diagram of the main logic block of FIG. 1; and
FIGS. 3 and 4 are timing diagrams of the operation of the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2.
Construction of a virtual cathode ray tube (hereafter called a virtual CRT) according to the present invention is accomplished using commercially available components. The exact details of the implementation depend upon the interfaces to the graphics system or component and display device, as well as the level of performance required. Generalized block diagrams of a typical design for a virtual CRT according to the present invention is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
The main segments comprising the virtual CRT design are:
(1) Clock inputs and timing generation;
(2) Handling of graphics system video output;
(3) Storage of video data in memories;
(4) Memory refresh (if required by memories used and not provided by storage, output, or other operations;
(5) Output of the video information to the display device;
(6) Generating necessary handshake signals for the display device.
The clock input and timing generation segment contains the circuitry for providing the rest of the logic with clock waveforms of appropriate frequency and duty cycle.
Handling the video output from the graphics system is dependent upon the outputs and timing of the system. If the graphics system outputs one pixel of information at a time in a continuous manner, it can be handled by qualifying the video data to make sure it is valid and storing it in a buffer in real time if it cannot be written to memory immediately. One way to qualify the data as valid is to make sure the BLANK signal is inactive. If a buffer is used, it may be filled until enough data is stored to perform an efficient write cycle into memory. Dual buffers also may be used so additional incoming data can be handled while writing to memory.
The memories used to contain the video data from the graphics system can be the multi-ported video memories, such as the Texas Instruments 4161. Using the serial port of these memories to output the video data increases the bandwidth available for writing. Writing multiple bytes of video data to many memories at once can also be done to increase the bandwidth of the writing cycle. One way in which writing can be performed is by dedicated logic which:
(1) Uses clock inputs and dedicated counters to signal the initiation of the write cycle process; counters to increment and
(2) Has dedicated counters to increment and store the address to be used for writing to memory;
(3) Contains decode logic to select which buffer data is written and which memories are written to, provide the data and address to the memories, and to supply RAS and CAS signals;
(4) Utilizes a tri-state feature in which the inactive write control circuits are prevented from interfering with other access to the DRAMs.
The use of dynamic random access memories (DRAMs) usually requires that they be refreshed to prevent the loss of data in them. Refresh can be performed in a number of ways, but the most common is to address one row of all DRAMs without providing a column address. Accessing all row addresses during the refresh period will maintain the data contents.
One way to prevent this refresh from interfering with the writing of data to the memories is to perform refresh only during BLANK periods of the graphics system. Video data from the graphics system during these times is not valid because a real CRT would not be able to display the data then.
DRAM refresh using this mechanism can be achieved by logic which:
(1) Monitors the graphics system output or uses counters to determine when BLANK periods occur;
(2) Uses clock inputs and dedicated counters to time and count the number of refresh cycles per BLANK period;
(3) Has dedicated counters to increment and store the row address to be refreshed;
(4) Contains logic to provide the row address to the memories, and to supply RAS signals;
(5) Utilizes a tri-state feature the inactive refresh control circuits are prevented from interfering with other access to the DRAMs.
Output of the video information to the display device must in general happen at the same time as the previously described operations of the virtual CRT components. Use of multi-port video DRAMs, such as the Texas Instruments 4161 or similar parts from many manufacturers, assist this by reducing contention in accessing the memories. Output of the video data can take place through the serial port of the memories, while all other operations use the random access port of the video memories. Output through the serial port requires that random port be used only once per output cycle, to load the shift register at the beginning.
One way to prevent this loading cycle from interfering with other access to the random port of the memories is to use the same clock signal to trigger video output from the graphics system, buffering of this data, writing this data to memory, and DRAM refresh. This clock signal can be disabled prior to and re-enabled after the VDRAM internal shift register loading process. This will prevent these other processes from contending with the output operation.
One design to generate output from the video memories to the display device is to use dedicated logic which:
(1) Uses clock inputs and dedicated counters to signal the initiation of the output loading process;
(2) Switches off the clock used to control video output from the video data source, buffering, writing, and DRAM refresh prior to loading;
(3) Has dedicated counters to increment and store the address to be used for controlling which segment of memory in the video DRAMs and which video DRAMs are to be used for output during any cycle;
(4) Contains logic to select the appropriate memories, provide the data and address to them, and to supply RAS and CAS signals;
(5) Utilizes a tri-state feature in which the inactive write control circuits are prevented from interfering with other access to the DRAMs.
Generating handshake signals is dependent upon the particular display device used. Most typical CRT displays require an active BLANK signal at the end of a scan line during which an HSYNC signal is used to move the electron beam to the beginning of the next scan line. Similarly, the electron beam is moved to the top of the CRT at the end of a frame by a VSYNC signal during an interval of active BLANK. These signals may sometimes be multiplexed with the actual video data going to the CRT.
These particular handshaking signals can be generated by a simple design which comprises:
(1) Two counters to indicate when a full scan line and when an entire frame of scan lines have been output;
(2) Logic which causes BLANK to go active when a scan line is complete and begins incrementing three separate counters which time three separate phases for controlling the level of HSYNC. HSYNC is active during the second phase of the three. Unless an entire frame is complete, the counters for HSYNC and the scan line completion counter are reset and BLANK is brought inactive when these three phases are complete;
(3) Logic enabled by the completion of an entire frame holds BLANK active while three separate phases are counted out for controlling the level of VSYNC. VSYNC is active during the second phase. The counters for VSYNC, the counters for HSYNC, the frame completion counter, and the scan line completion counter are reset and BLANK is brought inactive when the third VSYNC phase is complete. Video output then continues.
In practice, the apparatus of the present invention performs four basic operations, briefly described as first, loading the memory's (VDRAMs') internal shift registers; second, outputting to the CRT; third, updating the VDRAMs; and fourth, refreshing the VDRAMs. The first operation, loading the VDRAMs' internal shift registers, is performed during the time that the CRT BLANK control signal is active (high). After the termination of the CRT BLANK control signal, the second and third operations are performed simultaneously and repetitively with the third operation, updating the VDRAMs, being replaced by the fourth operation, refreshing the VDRAMS, after every four repetitions of the third operation. More specifically, after the first, second and third operations have been performed four times, the first and second operations are repeated but the third operation is replaced by the fourth operation, the memory refresh operation. After the above-described operations are performed 256 times, the contents of one of the banks of VDRAMs has been transferred to the CRT and a control signal SOE, which selects which of the memory banks' output to the CRT, is incremented. After the contents of each of the memory banks has been written to the CRT, the CRT BLANK signal is once again made active (driven high) and the CPU VSYNC and CRT VSYNC pulses are generated for resetting the update row counter and the CRT row counter, respectively, and to return the electronic beam in the CRT to its initial starting position, at which point the above-described operations are repeated.
Referring to FIG. 1, there is provided in accordance with the present invention, as briefly described above, a virtual visual display apparatus designated generally as 1. The apparatus 1 is coupled to a video data source designated generally as 2 and to a cathode ray tube (CRT) designated generally as 3. The video data source 2 is provided with 8 data outputs designated D0-D7, three control signal outputs designated HSYNC, VSYNC, and VBLANK and a clock input designated VCLK. The CRT 3 is provided with 8 data inputs designated D0-D7 and three control signal inputs designated CRT HSYNC, CRT VSYNC and CRT BLANK. In the apparatus 1 there are provided four 8-bit clock buffers identified as buffer 0, buffer 1, buffer 2 and buffer 3, respectively, a plurality of three banks of 32 video dynamic random access memories (VDRAMs) designated generally as 4, each of said VDRAMs having 256 rows and 256 columns and a 256-bit internal shift register (not shown), a plurality of eight 4-bit external shift registers designated generally as 5, a pair of divide-by-2 circuits 6 and 7 an AND gate 8 having a pair of inverted inputs and an inverted output and a main logic block 9. The three banks of VDRAMs are designated Bank 0, Bank 1 and Bank 2, respectively. Each bank is further divided into four sets of 8 VDRAMs, D0:7, D8:15, D16:23 and D24:31, respectively.
In each of the buffers 0:3 there are provided 8 data inputs which are coupled in parallel to the 8 data outputs D0-D7 of the video data source 2 by means of an 8-line data bus 15, a clock input which is coupled to the main logic block 9 for receiving one of four clock input signals RCLK0:3 via a 4-line clock bus 16 and 8 outputs coupled to each of the Banks 0:2 of the VDRAMs 4. Specifically, the data outputs of buffer 0 are coupled to VDRAMs D0:7 of each of the banks, the data outputs of buffer 1 are coupled to VDRAMs D8:15 of each of the banks, the data outputs of buffer 2 are coupled to VDRAMs D16:23 of each of the banks and the data outputs of buffer 3 are coupled to VDRAMs D24:31 of each of the banks by means of 8-line data buses 17, 18, 19 and 20, respectively.
The external shift registers 5 comprise eight 4-bit shift registers 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 and 32, respectively, a plurality of data outputs designated D0-D7 which are coupled to the CRT 3, an enable control signal input coupled to the output of the AND gate 8 by a control signal line 45 for receiving a signal PE to latch the data from the internal VDRAM shift registers into the external shift registers 5 and a dot clock input coupled to a source of dot clock pulses by means of a clock line 46 for shifting data serially out of the external shift registers 5 to the CRT 3. The serial outputs of four of the internal shift registers in the VDRAMs 4 are coupled to each of the external shift registers 5 by means of a plurality of 4-line data buses 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41 and 42, respectively.
In the divide-by-2 circuit 6 there is provided an input for receiving the dot clock and an output coupled to an input of the divide-by-2 circuit 7 and the first inverted input of the AND gate 8 by means of a signal line 47. The divide-by-2 circuit 7 is provided with an output coupled to the main logic block 9 and the second inverted input of the AND gate 8 by means of a control signal line 48. Clock signals CLK have a frequency which is one quarter the frequency of the DOTCLK.
As will be further described below with respect to FIG. 2, the main logic block 9 is responsive to the clock output CLK from the divide-by-2 circuit 7 and the HSYNC, VSYNC and VBLANK control signals from the video data source 2 for providing clock signal VCLK which has the same frequency as CLK, four RCLK signals RCLK0:3, three RAS control signals RAS0:2, four CAS control signals CAS0:3, one W control signal, one TR control signal, 8 address signals A0:7, three SOE signals, a SCLK signal, a CRT HSYNC signal, CRT VSYNC signal, and CRT BLANK signal. The HSYNC, VSYNC and VBLANK signals correspond to the same signals used for controlling conventional CRTs. The three RCLK signals RCLK0:3 sequence the loading of buffers 0:3, respectively. The three RAS control signals RAS0:2 sequence the addressing of the three memory banks, Bank 0, Bank 1 and Bank 2, respectively. The four CAS control signals CAS 0:3 sequence the addressing of the four sets of VDRAMs in each bank D0:7, D8:15, D16:23 and D24:31, respectively. The W and TR control signals are used in writing to and from the VDRAMs. The three SOE signals sequence the selecting of the three banks when writing to the CRT. SCLK clocks the data to the external shift registers 5.
Referring to FIG. 2, there is provided in the main logic block 9 a video data handling circuit 50, a timing control circuit 51, an update row counter (URC) 52, an update column counter (UCC) 53, a CRT row counter (CRC) 54, a refresh row counter (RRC) 55, an AND gate 56 and a DRAM controller 57.
In the video data handling circuit 50 there are provided three inputs for receiving from the video data source 2 the control signals HSYNC, VSYNC, and VBLANK, an input for receiving from the timing control signal 51 an enable control signal ENABLE and an output for providing on the 4-line control signal bus 16 coupled to the buffers 0:3 the four RCLK signals RCLK0:3.
In the timing control circuit 51 there is provided an input for receiving the clock signal CLK from the divide-by-2 circuit 7, an output for providing the enable control signal ENABLE to the video data handling circuit 50, four outputs for providing the control signals CRT HSYNC, CRT VSYNC, CRT BLANK, and SCLK and a state machine output coupled to the DRAM controller 57 by means of a control signal line 60.
In the update row counter 52 there is provided an input for receiving the control signal HSYNC on a control signal line 61 for updating the URC, an input coupled to the control signal line VSYNC by means of a control signal line 62 for resetting the URC, an input for receiving an output enable control signal OE by means of a line 63 coupled to an output of the DRAM controller 57 for placing row addresses on an address bus 81 and three outputs coupled to the DRAM controller 57 by means of a 3-line bus 64 for providing the bank select control signals RAS0:2.
In the update column counter (UCC) there is provided an input for receiving the control signal CAS3 on a line 70 for incrementing the counter after each transfer of the contents of the buffers 0:3 to the VDRAMs, an input for receiving the control signal HSYNC on the line 61 for resetting the UCC after a scan line of pixels has been written to the CRT, and an input for receiving an output enable control signal OE on a line 65 coupled to the DRAM controller 57 for placing a column address on the bus 81.
In the CRT row counter 54 there is provided an input for receiving the control signal CRT HSYNC on a line 69 for incrementing the CRT row counter after a scan line of pixels has been written to the CRT, an input for receiving the control signal CRT VSYNC by means of a line 71 for resetting the CRT after a frame of pixels has been written to the CRT, an input for receiving an output enable control signal OE by means of a line 72 coupled to the DRAM controller 57 for placing a row address on the bus 81 and an output coupled to the DRAM controller 57 and an output coupled to the DRAM controller 57 by means of a 3-line bus 68 for providing control signals SOE0:2 for selecting Bank 0:3 during writing to the CRT.
In the row refresh counter 55 there is provided an input coupled to the AND gate 56 for incrementing the RRC upon RAS2 and active VBLANK signals and an input for receiving an output enable control signal OE coupled to the DRAM controller 57 by means of a control line 73 for placing a row address on the address bus 81 during refresh.
In the AND gate circuit 56 there is provided a first input for receiving the control signal VBLANK on a control signal line 74 and a second input for receiving the RAS control signal 2 on a line 75.
In the DRAM controller 57, in addition to the inputs and outputs described above, there is further provided a plurality of outputs for providing on a 3-line bus 76 which includes the line 75 the control signals RAS0:2, an output for providing on a 4-line control signal bus 77 which includes the control line 70, the control signals CAS0:3, an output coupled to a control signal line 78 for providing the control signal W, an output coupled to control signal line 79 for providing the transfer control signal TR and an output coupled to a 3-line bus 80 for providing the three output enable control signals SOE0:2.
Referring to the timing diagrams, FIGS. 3 and 4, the first, second, third and fourth basic operations briefly described above will now be described in detail. At the outset, certain initial conditions are established, as follows. The CRT BLANK control signal is made active (high), the CRT HSYNC control signal is completed with the result that the electronic beam is moved to its initial position at the beginning of a scan line, RAS0:2 control signals are high, CAS0:3 control signals are high, TR control signal is low, W control signal is high, SCLK and VCLK control signals are disabled and RCLK0:3 control signals are low.
Once the above-described initial conditions are established, the first operation is commenced. The output enable control signal OE which is generated by the cooperation of the timing control circuit and DRAM controller is applied to the CRT row counter (CRC) causing the CRC to place its row address on the address bus. The RAS control signals RAS0:2 are then driven simultaneously low, latching the row address on the address bus into each of the 32 VDRAMs in each of the 3 banks of VDRAMs. Control signals CAS0:3 are then driven low simultaneously, transferring whatever data is presented in the addressed row from the addressed row to the 256-bit internal shift register in each of the video DRAMs. Control signals RAS0:2, CAS:3 and TR are then driven high to enable reading and writing to and from the video DRAMs and control signal SOE0 is driven low, selecting Bank 0 of the VDRAMs for outputting to the CRT to ready the apparatus for the second operation.
At this point, the first operation of loading the VDRAMs' internal shift registers as described above is completed.
The second operation which involves outputting the contents of the internal registers of Bank 0 of the video DRAMs to the CRT will now be described. After a predetermined number of 256 clock pulses corresponding to the length of the BLANK control signal, the SCLK becomes enabled, transferring 1 bit per SCLK from each of the 32 internal shift registers of Bank 0 of the VDRAMs to the 8 CRT shift registers. Control signal PE latches 4 bits at a time in each of the CRT shift registers per SCLK. At the same time, the dot clock (DotCLK) empties the CRT shift registers at the rate of 4 times SCLK. This operation continues for 256 SCLKs or until one scan line comprising 1,024 pixels (8 bits each) have been transferred to the CRT. At this point, CRT HSYNC increments the CRC 54 and the operation continues.
At the same time that data is being transferred from the internal shift registers in Bank 0 of the VDRAMs to the CRT in the second operation, the video DRAMs are being updated in the third operation. This is because as SCLK becomes enabled, VCLK is also enabled to output data from the data source 2 to the buffers 0:3, as follows. On the falling edge of the first VCLK, RCLK0 goes high and the first 8 bs from the video data source are latched into buffer 0. On the falling edge of the next VCLK, RCLK1 goes high and the second 8 bits from the video data source are latched into buffer 1. On the falling edge of the third VCLK, RCLK2 goes high and the third set of 8 bits from the video data source are latched into buffer 2. Similarly, on the falling edge of the fourth VCLK, RCLK3 goes high and the fourth set of 8 bits from the data source are latched into buffer 3.
The above-described loading of 8 bits from the video data source with every VCLK pulse into buffers 0:3 in sequence is repeated for 256 VCLKs or until 256 pixels (8 bits each) have been transferred into buffers 0:3.
At the same time that data is being transferred into buffers 0:3, it is being transferred from the buffers into the video DRAMs, as will now be described. Initially, control signal OE coupled to the update row counter (URC) goes low, placing a row address on the address bus. Control signal RAS0 then goes low, latching the row address into Bank 0 of the video DRAMs. RAS1 selects Bank 1 and RAS2 selects Bank 2. W then goes low to enable writing into the video DRAMs. Control signal OE applied to the update column counter (UCC) then goes low, placing a column address on the address bus. RCLK0 then goes low making data valid in buffer 0 for transfer to video DRAMs 0:7 of Bank 0 and RCLK1 goes high latching data into buffer 1. CAS0 then goes low, writing data from buffer 0 into video DRAMs 0:7. RCLK2 then goes high, loading data from the video data source into buffer 2. At the same time, RCLK1 goes low, making data valid for video DRAMs 8:15. CAS0 then goes high, CAS1 goes low and stores data from buffer 1 into VDRAMs 8:15. RCLK2 then goes low, making data valid for VDRAMs 16:23. RCLK3 goes high to latch data into buffer 3. CAS2 then goes low, storing data from buffer 2 into video DRAMs 16:23 while CAS1 goes high. As CAS2 goes high, RCLK0 goes high and RCLK3 goes low to make data valid for video DRAMs 24:31. At this point, CAS2 goes high and CAS3 goes low, writing the data into video DRAMs 24:31, completing the third operation. At this point, CAS 3 increments the UCC 53.
As indicated above, the above-described operations resulting in the transferring of 32 bits to Bank 0 of the VDRAMs are repeated 64 times or until 256 8-bit pixels have been transferred from the video data source to the video DRAMs in Bank 0. At the same time, 1024 pixels are written from the video DRAMs internal registers to the CRT. At this point, control signal HSYNC increments the URC 52.
While at first glance it may appear that since data is being removed from the video DRAMs at four times the rate that it is being put into the video DRAMs and that, therefore, a nonworkable race condition is created, it should be understood that there is no change in the contents of the video DRAM internal registers which results from writing into the CRT during this time and that the only time that the contents of the internal registers of the video DRAMs is changed is when data is transferred from the video DRAMs to their internal registers.
The above-described third operation is repeated four times or until 1024 pixels have been stored in the video DRAMs and 4096 pixels or 4 scan lines have been transferred to the CRT.
After 1024 pixels have been stored in the video DRAMs, the fourth operation, namely refreshing the VDRAMs, is performed. In the fourth operation, the video data source 2 provides a VBLANK control signal having a duration equal to the time it takes to store 256 pixels in the video DRAMs. Simultaneously therewith, the control signal OE is supplied to the refresh row counter (RRC), causing the RRC to place the refresh row address on the address bus.
After the refresh row counter places a row address on the address bus, the apparatus repeats the first operation described above relating to the loading of the video DRAMs internal registers and the enabling of the VCLK and SCLK. The outputting of the VBLANK signal by the video data source, however, inhibits data transfer from the video data source to the buffers and allows data transfers from the internal registers in the video DRAMs to the CRT while permitting the video DRAMs to be refreshed.
After the video data source produces the VBLANK control signal and the output enable control signal OE is applied to the refresh row counter (RRC), placing the refresh row counter address on the address bus, control signal RAS0:2 go low, latching the refresh row address into the video DRAMs. At this time, control signals CAS0:3 are held high and because TR is high, a "RAS only refresh" is performed, refreshing the specified row address in all of the video DRAMs. Thereafter, RAS0:2 is driven high, incrementing the refresh row counter, and then it is driven low, placing the new row address on the address bus, latching the new address into the video DRAMs causing the new row to be refreshed. The above-described refreshing procedure is repeated 256 times or until each row in the video DRAMs in each bank is refreshed. After all of the video DRAMs are refreshed, the first, second and third operations described above are recommenced.
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiment of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Obviously, many modifications and variations will be apparent to practitioners skilled in this art. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application, thereby enabling others skilled in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. Accordingly, it is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto and their equivalents.
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|International Classification||G09G5/39, G09G5/395, G09G5/36|
|Cooperative Classification||G09G5/395, G09G2360/126, G09G5/363|
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|Jul 30, 1991||CC||Certificate of correction|
|May 25, 1993||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
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|Jan 4, 1994||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 19931024


The LeMat grapeshot revolver is one of the most distinctive and powerful sidearms of the US Civil War, sporting both a 9-round .42 caliber cylinder of pistol bullets and a shotgun barrel as cylinder axis. Alexander LeMat received a contract for 15,000 of these guns for the Confederate military, but only managed to deliver about 2,500 by the end of the war. He presented several of his early guns to Confederate generals, including Beauregard and Lewis, both of which are included in this video.
In this video, we will take a look at the progression of the LeMat design through the Civil War. The first example is a Belgian-made pre-production gun, with distinctive brass hardware. Following this are two early first model guns (Beauregard’s and Lewis’), and then both early and late second model guns (which allow us to see both type of locking system used by LeMat).
Hi guys thanks for tuning in another Video on forgotten weapons comm I mean I Am here today again at the James D Giulia auction house up in Maine and I Am taking a look today at the LeMat Grapeshot revolvers that they have Coming up for sale in their March of 2016 auction now finally one of these is Pretty cool they’re fantastic really Interesting guns they’re neat concept They’re neat mechanically they have this Cool Civil War Confederacy legacy to Them one is cool Two is really cool five is a really Outstanding opportunity to look at some Of the differences between them so I Have done some previous videos on these Guns and I’m gonna let those stand and If you’re interested in the history I Would refer you to those videos what I Want to do today is take a look at the Variety of the guns that we have here Today so what we have here are first off A very early Belgian made basically a Pre-production prototype very cool to Look at very few of these still exist so Definitely will we’ll take a look at the Features of that one and then we have Two that are early first model guns Serial number eight and serial number 88 And even cooler these are both actually Known provenance property of Confederate Generals so that’s a neat added feature And then we have two more that are much
Later guns and these would be they’re Considered second pattern Lamont Revolvers and ones in the middle and One’s very late so we’ll take a look at Those as well and what we can do is Trace the progression of how this design Changed over time which is pretty cool And something we don’t normally get to Do because LeMat revolver czar so rare And expensive these days so let’s get Right to it Alright we’ll start with this the very Early gun so this was made in Belgium by A guy named August Franchot who was a Major manufacturer of firearms at the Time if we look up close you can see a Crown over an AF that’s a Franchot mark And there are a couple of those Elsewhere on the gun as well yeah we can Also see right here on the cylinder A LG in an oval that is a Belgian proof House proof mark so the reason for this Was that Lamont was looking for Manufacturers in Europe to build his Pistols he had a couple of prototypes Made in the United States and it would Appear that those were used as a model For a number of additional guns to be Made by Franchot these probably would Have been used as samples when visiting Other potential contract manufacturers To show them look here’s what we want You to produce this one is actually Serial numbered 16 although its serial
Numbered on internal areas where I can’t Easily show you the numbers underside of The barrel back face of the cylinder That sort of thing And this is one that I don’t really want To take apart a couple of things to Point out so the the lockup between the Barrel and the frame here is this type Of joint which will change very quickly On the production guns You’ll also notice it has a hammer that Is shaped very much like a traditional Revolver hammer so it’s a very high spur A bit narrow chequered you know run it Like that and there is no mechanism to Help you lower the hammer face here so What you do I should point this out for People who aren’t familiar with the LeMat you have a nine round revolver Cylinder these were typically 42 caliber And then you have a central shotgun bore That acts as the cylinder axis and this Would typically be 18 gauge now in order To change to fire between the two you Put percussion caps on all of them and When the hammer is in this position it Will fire the cylinders or the chambers All in succession and then you can pivot The hammer face down like this and then When you fire it that hammer face will Land on this central percussion cap Which fires the shotgun bore so on this Early Belgian made gun you kind of have To grab it and wiggle it down it’s not
Hard but you can see how that might be Troublesome in combat if your hands were Cold or gloved Wet or muddy or anything like that so There are a number of brass features on This pistol the lanyard ring down here Is a fixed large brass piece trigger Guard is brass you’ll notice that we Have a ramrod on the right side of the Gun now to use this has a little snap Hook up here and then you pull it back Like so so to use the ramrod you line up A cylinder a chamber with the rammer put In your powder seat your ball and then Ram it like so now you also have the Shotgun bore and you’ve got to have a Way to deal with that so what they did Was they built a second ramrod in as This lever so if I take the end here and Unthread it slightly I can then pull out An additional ramrod and I would use This to manually pack a charge into the Shotgun barrel and then when I’m done This screws right back in so that you Don’t lose it And when you’re not using it this whole Thing latches up nice and securely right There All right so now let’s take a look at How things changed between these early Samples and the first series the first Production series of revolver all right I have now added serial number 8 of the Production LaMotte this is in fact the
Personal pretty well-documented property Of general Beauregard one of the really Particularly famous southern generals Now a lot of things stayed the same you Can see the the ramrod lever is Basically identical one major change was The trigger guard a spur was added so This is kind of like you’d see later on A Smith & Wesson number three you’ve got An extra finger hold down there so like This not a particularly comfortable way To hold the gun in my opinion but Obviously that was the trend of the time The other major change you’ll see Visually is the shape of the hammer so The early guns had this very high kind Of typical revolver hammer but that’s Not easy to grasp from a firing grip in Fact it’s you can’t really grasp it from A firing grip the first pattern of Production Lamont’s did change that so You’ve got this much wider chequered and Lower paddle that is graspable from a Firing grip definitely a big improvement This may be gun handle quite a bit Better a slightly less significant Changes down here on the butt of the gun We have a swiveling lanyard ring as Opposed to this fixed loop so that’s Indicative of the first pattern of guns Now in total this pattern a total of 8,000 were initially ordered 5,000 for The Confederate Army and another 3,000 For the Confederate Navy that order
Would never fully materialized but That’s what was initially placed all Right now we have two of these I have Added serial number 88 down here this Was the property of Confederate General John Lawson Lewis not quite as notable Of a general as Beauregard I don’t think There are any Confederate generals As notable as regard or not many however These are both first pattern guns now One might look at this and go you know And what are the what are the chances of Having two general confederate general Owned LeMat revolver ’he’s like this Well there’s actually a reason that this Sort of thing happened LeMat was not a Fool he was a pretty savvy businessman And he made a bit of a habit of giving LeMat revolver x’ to influential people In military circles in the hopes that it Would help him get contracts and i think By and large it did Beauregard was an ordnance officer at The time Beauregard was also a partner With LaMotte so find there are a couple Other documented generals pistols in Fact Stonewall Jackson had one which we Should point out the location is unknown It is still out there waiting to be Found or possibly destroyed but so here We have a couple of first pattern guns Now take a closer look at Lawson’s Because there’s another feature that I Want to show you here and that is this
Lever now the way the LeMat is assembled The shotgun barrel is threaded right out Here under this ring and the shotgun Barrel just passes through this center Section here and to disassemble one what You do is you have to unlock the barrel From the frame which on these first Pattern guns you do simply by pressing Down this lever and then the whole Barrel assembly on threads so I press That lever down I can then unscrew All right I can unscrew the barrel assembly the Cylinder comes right off and there’s the Frame so that’s how these disassembled And on these early so on these early Guns that was the the barrels were Locked in place by this spring-loaded Catch and that was kind of an expensive Part to manufacture you know obviously It’s a separate piece you have to make Sure that the catch lines up well with This machine not in the frame so as You’ll see in a minute that’s something That will change also just to point out You will see these grooves these are not Threading this is actually just a series Of grooves for black-powder fouling to Sit in that helps ensure that the Cylinder continues to rotate smoothly Even when it is fouled it gives the Following a place to go until you clean The gun and get rid of it all right now In total by the way we’re back to bow
Regards pistol here and then we have a Second model gun this particular one is Serial number 13 29 now in total there Were about 450 of these first model guns Made the latest serial number known to Exist still is 458 and then there were About 1500 or fourteen about 1,500 of These second pattern guns made so these The serial numbers start about a Thousand and go to about 2,500 you may Have noticed there’s a space missing There from about 450 to about a thousand Were actually English made pistols which Unfortunately I don’t have an example of Here today so let’s take a look at the First model – the second model by the Way these were all made in France in Paris in fact although it’s suspected That a lot of the components were Actually contracted from Belgium you Will find some Belgian proof marks and Some Belgian makers insignias on some of The parts however the gun as a whole was Contracted out of Paris now a lot of Stuff changed between the first and Second model primarily related to Manufacturing tolerances or Manufacturing capacity so let’s see First off some of the simple things the Lanyard ring on the bud of the revolver On the first pattern it swivels on the Light pattern Rid of that just make it a fixed solid Loop on the end of the body cap that’s
Simpler to make the spur on the trigger Guard is gone we’re now down to a smooth Trigger guard which frankly I think is An improvement anyway and one of the Most significant changes is the lever Well let me get to that in a moment the Ramrod has gone from the right side to The left side of the pistol and now Instead of pivoting down it pivots up so You now line up a cylinder a chamber at The top and pivot this ramrod up to use It you still have a shotgun rod in there It’s no longer threaded at the end it’s Now just a press fit you can see if we Look closely here there is a hole and The slot cut in the end of this rod and Then it’s crimped so that it actually Puts tension on this additional shotgun Rod to hold it in place so it won’t come Out there we go and that still snaps Into place so the lever the loading Lever change sides the disassembly lever Also changed significantly so on the First model guns it’s this spring-loaded Lever that you push in on the later Pattern guns they changed from that Lever to this plug it’s a lot simpler You just pull it out and from a Manufacturing point of view all you have To do is line up these two pieces and Then drill a hole through them and You’re done definitely easier than Making a square notch that has to line Up with that lever remember this is a
Critical position to make sure that the Chamber is lined up with the barrel when You’re ready to fire so that’s important For more than just disassembly so this First pattern did improve your ability To reposition that hammer face by adding These two little wings to the side so That helps it’s now easier to grab on to Those and push that down however the Second pattern did it they finally came Up with a way that really makes it easy And that’s to add this lever on the back End so all you have to do is flip Up simple easy definitely a sequential Series of improvements alright I want to Show you the progression of markings on The Belgian prototype gun there’s Nothing on the top of the barrel on Beauregard’s gun which is number 6 we Have Colonel lamotte’s patent this nice Fancy engraving right there Then by only number 88 so 80 guns later That style has changed still says Colonel lamotte’s patent but now we have A different different style to it see if We can get them both there we go so We’ve gone from a kind of blocky script To a much fancier script then on the Second pattern guns this will change Further so this is an early second Pattern gun you’ll see this now marked Colonel LeMat BTE is brevet which is Patent SG DG which is kind of a Bureaucratic standard patent
Abbreviation in French and Paris So these guns were patented in the United States Belgium France and the United Kingdom as well as I believe both Prussia and vert and Berg so that went Out of his way to patent these Everywhere to make sure that no one was Going to copy his design so on the Second pattern guns you’ll find this Script this lasted until right about Serial number 2000 at that point it Changed again and our final version is So at that point it changed again and Our final version is this much more Simplistic it still says the same thing But now in a totally different script it Is system lemont BTE again Privett and How it’s kind of funny is on about half Of these guns actually misspelled it It should say SG DG and it actually says S C D G Paris no explanation known for Why they’re misspelling I think just Someone messed up so this particular gun Is serial number 24 73 see there This is considered a late pattern second Model gun alright so there was a problem With LaMotte this was getting complaints Especially as the quality started to dip A little bit in manufacture these Problems became a little more apparent And the problem was with the specific Lock up mechanism of the gun so let’s Take a closer look up through about Serial number 2000 and including all of
The prototypes the way the LeMat worked Was you’d have a hand that pushed on This ratchet to rotate the cylinder and Then the the cylinder stop was a pin That would protrude push straight out Into one of these holes to lock the Cylinder in position so here we have you Can see the pin right there as I pull The hammer back that retracts and then Here’s our hand to move the cylinder That’s fine it works but it requires a High degree of precision to make sure That that pin lines up perfectly with The holes in the cylinder and that Wasn’t working very well so the mat came Up with a way to fix this he replaced The pin system with a spring-loaded Wedge you can see we have a wedge here And then our hand is there so again when I [ __ ] the gun the wedge pulls down out Of out of interaction with the cylinder Allows the hand to rotate the cylinder And then locks back in place this was a Much simpler system it was easier to Machine and it was easier to keep it Very closely in tolerance to keep the The barrel and the cylinder lined up Properly so on these later cylinders you Can see that in between the ratchet Steps you have little square cutouts and That’s where the wedge goes the pin Holes around the circumference here are Gone though that change takes place at About serial number 2000 interestingly
It is approximately the same place where The the marking system changes to this Very simple blocky Text so that’s not a perfect correlation But it’s pretty darn close now Not very many of these got in like I Said it was about mm only about 500 of These guns less than 500 in fact made it In out of a total of about 2,500 that Were manufactured and sent to the Confederacy however it’s a very Interesting change in how the LeMat Worked and clear evidence that LeMat was Continuing to improve his design and try And figure out how to make it better Over the course of production so Externally you can’t really tell the Difference easily between a pin gun like This one and a wedge gun like this one However there is a clue on the pin guns You have this extra little spring here Which is not on the wedge guns this had To do with the tensioning spring for the Pin so that wasn’t necessary that is a Way to visually identify between the two Types in addition to the markings on the Top of the barrel and the serial numbers So there you have them from the earliest Here Pre-production are to first pattern guns General Beauregard and general Lawson’s And then our early second pattern and Our late second pattern the only one Missing here is an example of the
English manufacturer thank you very much For watching guys I hope you enjoyed the Video Certainly not a common thing to be able To put this many of these guns together In one place and it’s always interesting To see the differences between them so All five of these of course are coming Up here for sale in March at the James D Julie auction house and obviously the Most valuable one is general Beauregard Personal sidearm LeMat all the way down To I hate to set put it this way but Kind of a general run of the middle of Matt you know a standard one if you’re Interested in adding any of these to Your own personal collection take a look At the description text below you will Find links to all five of their catalog Pages in the Giulia auction catalog that Will let you take a look at their Descriptions their provenances and their Detailed high res pictures and you can Place bids online or come up here to Maine and participate in the auction Live thanks for watching You


BAGHDAD — The Iraqi army, backed by the Popular Mobilization Units, has been engaged in war for more than a year now against the Islamic State (IS). There do not seem to be any prospects that the war, which has affected the livelihoods and social realities of Iraqis, will end anytime soon. The heavy costs incurred by Iraq to acquire weapons and pay fighters led to the declaration of the 2015 austerity budget, which subsequently raised poverty rates in the country.
The economic crisis is not new to Iraq. It started with Iraq’s eight-year war with Iran, which began in 1980, and then escalated with Saddam Hussein's occupation of Kuwait, the economic siege on Iraq and the Gulf War. War in Iraq was renewed for the third time and ended with the US occupation of Iraq in 2003. Iraq is now waging a fourth war, this time against IS.
Indeed, the latest war is complex and draining a lot of Iraq’s resources because it is being waged amid a political divide, with administrative corruption hindering the country's development.
The Iraqi Ministry of Planning estimated that nearly 30% of Iraq’s population of more than 33 million lives below the poverty line because of Iraq’s conditions following IS taking control of more than a third of the country’s area in June 2014.
Nevertheless, the war alone, in the sense of military operations, was not a key reason behind the rise in poverty rates. Rather, it was coupled with other reasons — most notably the mass displacement of Iraqis from IS-controlled areas, unemployment and the decline in crude oil global prices to less than $60 per barrel, particularly since 90% of Iraq's federal budget relies on oil revenues.
Despite this complex situation, Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Affairs Rose Nuri Shawis seems optimistic. He said, “There is [a] great possibility that Iraqi individuals will have positive living conditions, if Iraq overcomes its challenges.”
Shawis summarized these challenges to Al-Monitor, saying they consist of “the security situation, which is a major obstacle to Iraqis in all fields.”
Abdul-Zahra al-Hindawi, spokesman for the Iraqi Ministry of Planning, told Al-Monitor, “The displacement from Anbar, Ninevah, Salahuddin and Diyala provinces has heavily increased poverty rates in the country.” He added, “The economic situation in those provinces has caused half a million people to lose their jobs.”
Hindawi said that while the poverty rate was 23% in 2013, it has now increased to 30%. “The security situation has hampered the ministry's plan to reduce poverty,” said Hindawi.
Najla Ali, head of the ministry’s initiative to alleviate poverty, did not seem convinced by these statistics. She told Al-Monitor, “In collaboration with the World Bank, the ministry’s action plan will be implemented soon to determine poverty rates following the great displacement in Iraq.”
Ali said, “The plan to determine poverty rates will be conducted based on specific standards [that point to ways the ministry] can reduce this scourge, which has worsened this year because of the security situation.”
Hindawi said that the ministry “already has a plan to eradicate poverty through some projects [in cooperation] with other ministries. Yet there are reasons impeding [the plan’s] implementation, most notably the current economic situation in Iraq and some of [the] budget cuts for some projects.”
Emad Abdullatif, an independent economic and academic researcher, said, “All proposed solutions to reduce poverty in Iraq are temporary and are based on the distribution of oil rents. With the collapse of oil prices, they will subsequently collapse, and the poverty and deprivation circle in Iraq will widen.”
Abdullatif told Al-Monitor, “Any arrangements based on the government’s temporary material support make no sense, even if the necessary allocations are available in the general budget, because they consist of channels to legitimize corruption and waste public money.”
Skyrocketing poverty rates add to the calamities befalling Iraqi society. The Iraqi government’s neglect of the spreading of poverty, especially amid the rise in the number of orphans and widows, may lead to new challenges, such as the disintegration of society, which will naturally spike illiteracy, unemployment and crime levels.


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Smok Novo 2
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