Your next strategy should start with a mission statement!
A strategy paper in a nutshell is a document declaring a goal and describing a way to get there. The goal however is often mistaken to be the description of a final outcome or a sales volume or likely.
That’s important too but first should come the mission statement.
The missions statement is only one or few sentences long and is a qualitative description of your endeavours very nature. It should display your motivation to do it as well as the motivation of your users to love it.
This could have been one.
Facebook will become the biggest global social network by enabling its users to share and communicate with their friends in the most convenient way.
Your mission statement should summarize all the important facts of your idea. The crucial decisions you’ve made.
A while back when we have been tinkering with the new strategy for the then still existing Financial Times Deutschland one of the most important question we had to face was the contradiction between increasing traffic on our website and introducing paid content at the same time. Our mission statement went something along these lines.
The Financial Times Deutschland will be everyones number one source for up-to-date political and economical news and home for our premium customers seeking guidance and classification.
It’s not crystal clear to everyones eyes but in this sentence lies the distinction between free and paid content. But the exact definition of the two only came much later in our documents. Still we knew what it was and had established the same understanding resulting in this one sentence.
This – the common understanding of those involved and the sentence representing this understanding – was the most crucial part of our strategy paper. Every single detail that came after had to match with this statement. Everything that did not pay into the mission statement had to be considered a distraction and eventually thrown out.
Having a mission statement like this helps you to distinguish important from less important stuff and helps you keeping focussed.
It’s not as easy as it looks especially when you have multiple people working on the same strategy but it is worth the effort.


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Swiss collector Uli Sigg, has been closely involved with China and its culture since the late seventies. His collection, on display in this show, is internationally considered the most comprehensive and significant collection of Chinese art. Presentation of the works in the Museum der Moderne follows theme-related sections, which find their chronological beginning in the late 1970s, and thus in the Socialist Realism prescribed by China's Communist Party.
Chinese contemporary art from the Sigg Collection
curated by Toni Stooss, Eleonora Louis, Tina Teufel
Mahjong is the name of China’s national game. Its origins apparently extend back to the Ming Dynasty. The goal of the game is to find the best combination options for all pieces, divided into 144 categories. Thus Mahjong is the perfect metaphor for an exhibition, which not only displays the highlights of a collection, but is also a representative cross-section (and thus is a metaphor for the ideal of completeness). Swiss collector Uli Sigg, Vice-president of the Executive Board of the Ringier Group, has been closely involved with China and its culture since the late seventies. Since the midnineties he and his wife Rita have exclusively collected Chinese art, and he is one of the pioneers in this field.
His collection is internationally considered the most comprehensive and significant collection of Chinese art - not to mention the continuous and close contact of the collector with the Chinese artists themselves. After first only acquiring contemporary works, he soon began to expand his collection activity to “historical” works of the Avant Garde from the late seventies, eighties and early nineties. The collection steadily grew with the collector’s continuous acquisitions. All the important aspects are documented with main works; among these are many works that have since achieved iconic status in the Chinese art scene.
Presentation of the works in the Museum der Moderne Salzburg follows theme-related sections, which find their chronological beginning in the late 1970s, and thus in the Socialist Realism prescribed by China’s Communist Party. The 1980s are characterized by an unprecedented awakening in the Chinese arts scene, whose works surmount and simultaneously parody the content and form of the state-prescribed aesthetic. Young artists quickly absorbed and worked with the up-to-date media, techniques and stylistic devices developed in the West. Nevertheless, a specific Chinese tradition can be encountered in the roots of the works, whether this involves pre-modern elements known in the West (landscape paintings, writings, scrolls, etc.), or whether it involves the prescribed Socialist Realism that lasted until the 1970s.
The themes of contemporary art are however closely related to the enormous social and economic transitions of the previous decades in China. Family politics, town versus country problems, or the search for identity, are a few of the themes the artists address. In addition to introductions to the displayed artists and individual analysis of select artworks, the extensive catalogue also offers introductions to China’s socio-political and artistic development over the last three decades.
The exhibition, which has been shown at the Kunstmuseum Bern and the Kunsthalle Hamburg, will be shown in modified form in Salzburg. Among other things, the latest works from the collector, which will be publicly presented for the first time, will be included, and an installation specially developed by Chu Yun for this museum location will be realized in the surrounding museum environs.
Image: Qi Zhilong
Museum der Moderne Monchsberg
Monchsberg 32 - Salzburg

domain: artistic


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3 edition of A biographical dictionary found in the catalog.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
|Statement||Facts On File|
|Publishers||Facts On File|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||xvi, 101 p. :|
|Number of Pages||75|
nodata File Size: 8MB.
He had to fly for his life and wandered over Europe, but in 1592, when he returned to Italy, the Venetiand as part of a political deal handed him over to the Pope.
" He believed in personal immortality but admitted that he knew no proof of it.
Foote, George William 1850-1915 Bradlaugh's successor as head of the British Secularists atheists. Over the past decade there have been extraordinary advances towards drought risk reduction with the development of new water-conserving technologies, and new tools for planning, vulnerability and impact assessment, mitigation, and policy. 1861-1927one of the leading British historiand of the last generation. But he was an outspoken atheist and republican even under Napoleon who greatly esteemed him and Louis Napoleon, and he A biographical dictionary at the barricades, at the age of 62, in the revolution of 1848.
Aspasia was one of the most respected figures in the brilliant circle round Pericles in the Golden Age. 18 used - includes shipping• Braga, Theophilo 1843-1924second President of the Republic of Portugal.
To him religion is mythology. 1801-1892 British Astronomer Royal, President of the Royal Society and loaded with European honors for his immense services to astronomy and other sciences. Allingham, William 1824-1889 Irish poet and close friend of Froude, Tennyson, Rossetti and other famous writers whose conversations with him on religion are recorded in his Diary 1907. The chronicle appears at the beginning of the book and details the important events, compositions and publications for each year of Schubert's life and lists a few important posthumous dates up to 1888, the year in A biographical dictionary Schubert's remains were transferred to a grave near Beethoven's.
Several of his works are available in English. He founded the Physiocratic School of economics and held high offices of state. On November 16, 1635, John Slaughter was identified as a servant transported by Roger Bagnall, who used him as a headright when patenting some land in Warresqueak 26 later Isle of Wight County.
" He meant the Christian God. Eliot, George Mary Ann Cross, 1819-1880most famous woman writer of the last century. He was no ascetic but a man of much culture and, Gibbon says, "perhaps no human being was ever more perfectly exempt from the taint of malevolence, vanity, or falsehood. He had an important part in the project to break the religious tyranny of Oxford and Cambridge Universities by founding A biographical dictionary University of London as a purely secular institution which, of course, now includes a theological college.
Danton, Georges Jacques 1759-1794 French revolutionary leader.1887 very carefully traces his development 1, ch V and shows that he thought little about religion before 1870 and then became and remained to the end an Agnostic. In 1781 he began to trace all religious myths to astronomical truths, and in 1794 he published the large work Origines de tous le cultes 3 vols.
He was, like nearly all the Greek thinkers, a dogmatic materialist, but he said there might be gods, or a small colony of what we should call material supermen, in some remote part of the universe, not interested in the earth.
Few of the Bonaparte family were orthodox, but Jerome "cherished a systematic hostility to every religious creed in general and the and the Catholic religion in particular" P.
Or you can dismiss until our next donations drive typically at the beginning of October.
298 , and the same in his Ethics of India.
He wrote a treatise to disarm the priests, On the Love of God-presumably he was a Deist-but he was persecuted all his life and the chief historian of French Literature, Lanson, shows by many quotations from his work that he was a freethinker.

domain: history


text: These small one inch figures are part of the popular Boy Choy Boy series. This is series three. This will include one of each of the 12 different figures. In addition you will get 8 more randomly selected figures. These are great as party favours or for goodie bags. Keep the set and give out or trade the extras!

domain: entertainment


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Commissioner for Fundamental Rights Visits Pörböly Ecotourism Centre - AJBH-EN
Commissioner for Fundamental Rights Visits Pörböly Ecotourism Centre
On 2 December 2021, Dr. Ákos Kozma paid a visit to the Pörböly Ecotourism Centre of the Gemenc Forestry and Wildlife Management Zrt.
The Ombudsman was received by CEO Tibor Csonka and was informed on the operation of the forestry and the Gemenc Forestry School. After that, the managers of Gemenc Forestry and Wildlife Management Zrt held a presentation of the forest management of the region, with a guided tour touching several places, presenting their good practices of forest and wildlife management and the related challenges. Next, they visited the pavilion erected by Frederick Habsburg for the 1896 National Millennium Exhibition, which visit was accompanied by a presentation on history.

domain: travel


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In the last 100 years, New Zealand has often led the way in women’s rights, from being the first country in the world to grant women the right to vote to having women dominate our political and legal scene.
The bicycle played a part in this revolution and not just in New Zealand. This article points out how in the United States, the bicycle gave women a new freedom of movement which inspired a movement away from traditional roles and attitudes.
There is a great chapter in the Kennet Brothers history of cycling in New Zealand, Ride: The Story of Cycling in New Zealand, that describes in some detail how cycling was important to women from the 1890s onwards. The Atalanta Cycling Club in Christchurch had as members some prominent suffragettes including Kate Shephard. It wasn’t easy for the first women cyclists:
The women met with some opposition from the public as they cycled around Christchurch and at time brothers of the women accompanied them on outings to ward off attacks by stone throwers.
Now of course things are much more equal. In Auckland, both men and women have the chance to have objects thrown at them. Ah progress!

domain: library


The Modimolle Regional Court has sentenced 25-year-old rapist Jappie Enock Matjila to 16 years imprisonment for rape and attempted rape of two women, aged 35 and 42, in separate incidents.
The incidents took place in July and in November 2022, in Alma village under the Rankin's Pass policing precinct in Limpopo.
“On July 29, 2022 at around 1am, a 42-year-old woman was walking home at Alma village, when the accused grabbed, threatened her before raping her alongside a gravel road,” said Limpopo police spokesperson, Brigadier Hlulani Mashaba.
In another incident which occurred on November 7, 2022, a 35-year-old woman was on her way home from a local tavern at Alma village, when she met Matjila.
The 25-year-old rapist threatened the woman with a knife, attempting to rape her.
“Fortunately, the victim managed to escape,” said Mashaba.
In both incidents, the women opened cases of rape at the Rankin's Pass police station. Sergeant Benny Koenaite of Modimolle FCS was assigned the cases for further investigation.
The suspect was traced and arrested on the day of his attempted rape on November 7.
“It was also found that the accused was on bail for rape committed on July 29, 2022 at Alma RDP (houses),” said Mashaba.
“He was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment for rape, plus six years imprisonment for attempted rape. The 10 years plus six years sentences will run concurrently,” said Mashaba.
Meanwhile, provincial commissioner of police in Limpopo, Lieutenant General Thembi Hadebe has applauded the law enforcement team that arrested Matjila.
She also saluted the investigating officer “for keeping rapists off our streets and ensuring that victims receive justice”.
Earlier on Monday, IOL reported that the High Court in Johannesburg has sentenced rapist, Happy Mukwevho, to five life terms and an additional 222 years imprisonment after convicting him on charges including rape, kidnapping, and robbery with aggravating circumstances.
The National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) said Mukwevho was also sentenced for housebreaking with intent to rape, attempted robbery, possession of a dangerous weapon and pointing of what is believed to be a firearm.


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A level graphic design coursework
Next starts: 26/09/2017 take your graphic design and software skills to the next level on this intensive level 3 course develop your practice as a creative designer and produce a portfolio of work that demonstrates your skills though graphic communication. Candidates should undertake a single design and make activity which is selected from a range of board-set teachers may review students' work and may provide advice at a general level teachers gcse design and technology: graphic products why choose this specification specification at. Watch design courses, including hundreds of how-to videos about projects, illustration take your love of letterforms to the next level learn the concepts and software skills that you need to become a graphic designer this introductory training covers image editing. Our graphics design a-level course is an introduction to branding, illustration and typography, giving you the skills required to create unique projects. Welcome to the worlds first online graphic design school, est 2008 discover a range of design courses for different levels, all online, all at your own pace. Free online courses in graphic design are offered by real schools learn which graphic design courses are available, what topics they cover and which ones lead to real college credit what is your highest level of education completed.
Example portfolio ncfe level 2 certificate in creative studies: graphic unit 04 - plan, produce and present final graphic design work this portfolio is designed to demonstrate the types of evidence that could be produced for unit 01. You will learn and practise new skills in both photography and graphic design in creative, digital and studio workshops to inspire your artistic development, you will have the opportunity to visit exhibitions, museums and galleries throughout the course. Pearson edexcel level 3 gce in design and technology: product design specification seeks to develop students' knowledge product design graphic products unit content 71 course structure 72 unit 1 portfolio of creative skills (graphic products. Graphic design a level at bridgwater & taunton college in somerset graphic design a level history: early modern/modern a level it would not be suitable for anyone interested in technical drawing or product design the course is structured so that students gradually acquire skills. Here's your opportunity to achieve that passion you have to become a unique and creative graphic designer you have all the basic skills in graphic design, but want to be able to take your skills and knowledge to the next level.
Study graphic design courses in london with westminster adult education service our graphic design courses enable you to learn new skills, move on to the next level or simply explore your creativity. Ocr gcse design and technology: graphics qualification information including specification, exam materials, teaching resources, learning resources. New a level art and design: graphic communication 15% (a level) coursework the ethos of developing, exploring, researching and acquiring skills and techniques has been retained from this unit and united with the ability to analyse their own work and the. They can include graphic designer, art director, creative director, animator and entry level production artist depending on the industry served, the responsibilities may have different titles such as dtp associate or graphic artist contemporary graphic design. I read on one of the forums that graphic design a level is a bad subject to do but why it seemed like a fun subject, that's up to date and relevant c.
Browse professional graphic design courses and improve your career prospects with reedcouk, the uk's #1 job site. Browse professional graphic design online courses and improve your career prospects with reedcouk online graphic design courses combining the entry-level graphic design essentials with the diploma of graphic design. A level art & design online course, learn to draw, learn to paint, art lessons, art tutor, ucas art & design, college, internet school, online school, tuition. I want to be a graphic designer what a levels should i of what it's all about and gives you a bit more room to explore what area of graphic design you want to get into, be it a one-year art foundation course at college to get onto a good design ba course.
A level graphic design coursework
The college runs two separate graphics courses, dt graphics and graphic communication graphic communication encourages more free expression and focuses on lettering and the relationship between typography and image, leading to a broad range of graphic design outcomes. As and a level speci cation design and technology: product design (3-d design) for exams from june 2014 onwards 50% of as, 25% of a level coursework - approx 50 hours 80 marks written (or electronic) design portfolio manufactured outcome(s.
- As/a level gce gce art and design fine art h161 ocr advanced subsidiary gce in art and design: graphic communication h162 ocr advanced subsidiary gce in art and design: photography - lens and light-based media h163 511 coursework administration/regulations 44.
- Study graphic design a level at ashbourne college for better results amongst the best private college facilities & outstanding provision of teaching time.
- Get qualified graphic design courses at gcse and a level allow students to develop skills in diverse and exciting ways through a range of design methods such as drawing, print, painting, collage, photomontage and mixed media.
- Gain professional skills and a graphic design certificate in an and layouts, addressing fundamental concepts in color, typography, and composition graphic design course assignments include graphic design program graduates are prepared for entry-level graphic design positions in.


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Page 64: of Marine Technology Magazine (April 2005)
incredible images 64 MTR April 2009
Wine destined for the Roman colony in Cartagena finally turned up 2200 years later. It would have remained undiscovered at the bottom of the sea outside the Spanish harbor but for the sharp-eyed marine explorers of the Aurora Trust. After spotting the Roman wreck on a sonar map of the area, they sent down a Saab Seaeye Falcon ROV to investi- gate. Their discovery was the sight of thousands of amphora of wine, the clay jars still carefully packed in the hold of the ship where they had lain undisturbed for over 2000 years. (see inset image below) (Photos courtesy of Saab Seaeye)
This space is reserved each month for the month's most interesting, off-beat image. Submit your images (300 dpi/.jpg) and a short (approximate 100-word) description to Greg Trauthwein at firstname.lastname@example.org.
MTR#3 (50-64).qxd 3/30/2009 10:43 AM Page 64

domain: geography


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Unionized nurses at seven Minnesota hospitals say they have cast a vote of no confidence in hospital management, increasing pressure on negotiations over wages, benefits and working conditions.
“As a result of corporate health care policies enforced by hospital executives … hospitals are understaffed, nurses are overworked and patients are overcharged,” said Chelsea Schafter, a nurse practitioner at M Health Fairview. Riverside in Minneapolis.
Nurses announced the no-confidence vote to executives from four health systems — Fairview Health Services, Children’s Minnesota, North Memorial Health and St. Luke’s Duluth — Tuesday outside the University of Minnesota, where M Health leaders Fairview and Allina Health spoke. about the future of the health care industry. The nurses held a second news conference Tuesday in Duluth, outside St. Luke’s.
Hospital representatives did not immediately respond to requests for comment.
The nurses’ combative stance with their employers comes after two grueling years of the pandemic followed by skyrocketing inflation, which they say has cemented their determination to win significant pay raises and higher staffing levels, even if it means going to bed. strike.
“Thank you is not enough,” said Tricia Ryshkus, a nurse at Children’s Minneapolis. “Show us how grateful you are in the contract negotiations.”
The Minnesota Nurses Association is currently negotiating three-year contracts covering about 15,000 nurses at 15 hospitals in the Twin Cities and Duluth.
The day after their contracts expired in June, the nurses came out swinging against hospital executives with picketing in the Twin Cities and a publicity campaign targeting high executive salaries.
They noted that many hospital CEOs have enjoyed double-digit compensation increases in recent years, while nurses’ pay has not kept pace with inflation.
M Health Fairview CEO James Hereford received total compensation of $3.55 million in 2019, a 90% increase from 2018. At Children’s Health Care, CEO Mark Gorelick received total compensation of $1, 49 million in 2020. That was just a 2% increase from 2019, but it was on top of a 47% increase in compensation he received the year before.
Unionized nurses in Twin Cities metro hospitals, by contrast, received 2-3% annual raises over the last three years, which some nurses voluntarily gave up during the pandemic.
The nurses’ strategy of waging an aggressive public campaign against hospital leadership is supported by a survey showing the public’s widespread contempt for hospital CEOs and widespread appreciation for nurses. In a survey conducted by the union, only 11% of respondents said they viewed hospital executives favorably, while 84% said they viewed nurses favorably.
“Ask any of my patients at three in the morning who they trust the most, it’s the nurses,” said Mary Turner, president of the Minnesota Nurses Association and an intensive care nurse at North Memorial.
“And I certainly don’t see any of these health care industry executives at 3 in the morning taking care of patients,” he said.
One of the main concerns nurses raised is chronic staffing shortages in hospitals, which they say has created a downward spiral as exhausted nurses leave the profession.
Contrary to the popular assumption that the COVID-19 pandemic caused nurses to get out of bed, a survey conducted by the union found that the most common reason nurses quit was “management issues,” followed by staffing shortages and then the pandemic. A national survey of nurses found about half are considering leaving the field in the next year, mainly due to the levels of “unsafe staff”.
Earlier this year, the nursing shortage became so dire that the governor appropriated federal relief funds to pay an employment agency $275 an hour or more for temporary nurses in beleaguered hospitals.
The nurses’ union claims there are enough registered nurses in the state, while a change in management could see nurses return to work at a lower cost than itinerant nurses. They pointed to the fact that Minnesota now has the most registered nurses in state history, 120,000, with 14,000 new registered nurses coming in the last three years despite the pandemic.
The union hopes to gain more control over staffing levels through its contracts with hospitals, after state lawmakers rejected a bill in the last legislative session called the “Keep Nurses at the Bedside Act,” which would have required hospitals to implement a staffing plan approved by a committee made up of nurses and managers.
Since their contracts expired, nurses at 15 hospitals could call a strike at virtually any time. That would require thousands of nurses to rally behind such an aggressive approach.
While negotiations over the last contract went relatively smoothly, in 2016, Allina’s nurses were on strike for 37 daysjust one day before the longest nursing strike in the state in 1984.
Last month, the Minnesota Nurses Association suffered one of its most significant losses in recent memory when 500 nurses at Mayo Clinic’s Mankato hospital disbanded their union after more than 70 years. Nurses who opposed the union cited, in part, the militant approach the union took with hospital leaders.
When asked about the recent vote, Turner said there were many nurses who supported the union and blamed outside lobbying by the National Foundation for the Right to Work, which provided free legal assistance to the campaign.
“All that rhetoric you hear about how we’re combative, that’s all their rhetoric,” Turner said. “My heart bleeds for (the nurses) right now…because things are going to change and it’s not going to be for the better.”
The contracts the nurses are currently negotiating are at hospitals managed by Allina Health, Fairview Health Services, HealthPartners, North Memorial Health, Children’s Minnesota, St. Luke’s Hospital Duluth and Essentia Duluth.

domain: medical


Matt Dumba and Mikael Granlund connected twice for goals in the Minnesota Wild's 7-1 demolition of the Montreal Canadiens on Tuesday night, and Dumba's second marker was a thing of beauty on multiple levels.
The defenseman ripped home a shot off a brilliant Granlund feed to give the Wild a 6-0 lead in the opening minute of the third period, and Minnesota's solid power-play structure allowed the dynamic duo to execute the sequence to perfection. Let's take a look at how they did it.
As we begin, Zach Parise has the puck behind the Canadiens' net, but the Wild aren't fully set up yet.
Parise wiggles free and finds Ryan Suter at the point, in the top right-hand corner of the screen. Now, the Wild are in business.
Suter walks the line and dishes to Granlund on the edge of the circle. Dumba (No. 24), who had been parked at the point on the near side, cuts to the middle as Granlund (No. 64) takes Suter's pass along the boards.
Granlund moves in down low and draws a pair of Canadiens defenders, with two more nearby. His passing options appear limited, but a certain Wild blue-liner is lurking unmarked on the far side.
Dumba, who remains wide open, makes his move toward the goal. Granlund identifies that and feathers a terrific pass that somehow finds its way through four Canadiens.
Dumba receives the dish and wastes no time unleashing a wrist shot.
The wrister ricochets off both posts and past Canadiens goaltender Antti Niemi to give the Wild a six-goal lead.
Minnesota went 4-for-4 on the power play in the game. Dumba's goal from Granlund early in the third offers a shining example of why the Wild were so successful on the man advantage, and why they boast the eighth-most effective power play in the NHL this season.
(Images courtesy: NHL.com)


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People impacted by blindness can more easily memorize and become familiar with a space when it’s logically planned and defined. This is especially important in public spaces (e.g., street networks, transit facilities and shopping areas, including individual stores).
Use a consistent, logical and straightforward layout for both the exterior and interior of any designed environment. The main entrance should be directly accessible from the principal routes of travel from sidewalks, transit stops, parking lots, etc. Ensure that paths of travel are safe, accessible and have distinct tactile qualities where pedestrian traffic crosses through large open areas (e.g., parking lots). Distinct colour contrast should also be used between paths of travel and adjacent ground surfaces. Reception areas should be located close to the main entrance of a building.
Large open areas (e.g., reception halls, courtyards and airport terminals) can be difficult for people impacted by blindness to traverse without losing their orientation. Within such areas, use tactile walking surface indicators (TWSIs) or a continuous strip of material that is texturally different as well as colour contrasted to the surrounding surface, to define a safe, detectable and direct route across open areas. Further information on tactile guidance surfaces is provided in the section Tactile Walking Surface Indicators.
A well-defined space uses straight lines and consistent right angles in its layout, thereby allowing people impacted by blindness to maintain their orientation. Hallways and pathways should be straight and turns should ideally be close or equal to 90 degrees.
The layout of floors should be identical or as close as possible to identical. Consider the following strategies when planning building/floor layouts:
- Halls and washrooms should be in the same location on each floor so the information someone learns on one floor can be applied to another.
- Essential features, such as washrooms, elevators and staircases, should be grouped together, wherever possible, in one central area of the building.
- Stairs and elevators should be located close to each other.
- Men’s and women’s washrooms should be located next to each other and, if possible, accessed from the main circulation route.
- Washrooms should be available without having to go up or down a set of stairs.
Changing the layout of a public space can present a problem for regular visitors to a public space who have blindness and should be avoided wherever possible. For example, the frequent repositioning of tables and store fixtures in grocery and department stores is frustrating and at times dangerous for people impacted by blindness.

domain: design


text: Education for sustainable development (ESD) has the potential to stimulate and promote both the goals of quality early childhood education (ECE) and sustainable development at the local level. Especially since the UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development 2005–2014 (UN DESD) (UNESCO, 2005), efforts have been made to integrate ECE into the ESD discourse in Germany. This paper traces the subsequent changes in educational practice in preschools and outlines the strategies and measures employed to this end. The Kindergarten and Energy (KIEN) project “Preschools and the Energy Transition: Development of Model Educational Practice, Staff Qualification and Municipal Integration” has shown how collaboration amongst preschools and municipal partners (including parents) can be developed to help meet these two goals. Ten case studies in the KIEN project illustrated that, when supported by ESD professional development activities and by practitioners with expertise on sustainability issues, preschool teaching staff can be qualified and motivated to act as “change agents” for sustainable development. The implementation of the UNESCO Global Action Programme (GAP) (UNESCO, 2014) in Germany has offered a framework to help ensure that ESD not only depended on individual promoters and projects, but was also structurally anchored. The KIEN project demonstrated that preschools can become a place of learning about sustainable development in the community for children and adults alike. An important implication of the KIEN project was that ESD should be integral to education policy-making at a municipal level, and specifically, in the area of early childhood education.

domain: sociology


Jun 12 2015 5:55PM
Robert Chartoff, Irwin Winkler
Robert De Niro, Cathy Moriarty, Joe Pesci, Frank Vincent... more
Biographical, Drama, Sports
Dec 19, 1980
Oscar winning producer Robert Chartoff, the man behind well known films like "Rocky" and "Raging Bull", is no more, his daughter said. He was 81. Chartoff's daughter confirmed the news of his death on Wednesday.
All News about Raging Bull
The Great Train Robbery
The '?' Motorist
Dead & Buried
Raging Bull is a Biographical, Drama, Sports english movie, directed by Martin Scorsese, starring Robert De Niro, Cathy Moriarty, Joe Pesci, Frank Vincent along with others. Here, on the movie page, you will find every thing that you need to know. Get the up-to-date news updates of Raging Bull, as it happens. Check out what others are saying about the movie on twitter.
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Lena on Netflix
This is a regularly updated list with movies, series and documentaries with Lena on Netflix. The best rated item with Lena on Netflix is "Kanyaka Talkies" and appeared on screen in 2013.
Lena Headey (born 3 October, 1973) is a Bermuda-born English actress, screenwriter and director best known for portraying Queen Cersei Lannister in HBO's hit fantasy series Game of Thrones since 2011. She is also known for playing Sarah Connor on Fox's Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles, as well as appearing in such films as The Remains of the Day, Possession, Imagine Me and You, The Brothers Grimm, The Broken, 300 and The Red Baron.
Below you find an overview of all movies and series with Lena on Netflix. We found 3 titles with Lena on Netflix.


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Jennifer Lawrence and Sarah Jessica Parker share a moment on the red carpet.
It can be tough to find the right outfit for the Met Gala. There’s so much pressure to be dressed the best and the competition is steep! Like I said in Part 1, this year’s punk theme might have been a bit too high concept for some people to wrap their heads around. So while some celebrities made some honest but failed attempts at going punk, some celebrities completely ignored the theme all together. So here are our choices for the ones who did not quite make the best dressed list and the ones who completely missed the mark all together.
There’s a lot of the classic Taylor Swift elements going on in the dress, but I find the black so jarring on Swift. Perhaps if this was in Swift’s go to white colour it would work better.
Blake Lively looks like she is channeling her inner Black Swan, but there’s nothing very punk about this.
I love Jennifer Lawrence but this just seems like a case where a celebrity was contractually obligated to wear this design. J. Law is the face of Miss Dior so it makes sense why this happened. It’s pretty but not amazing.
What she’s wearing: The Vampire Diaries star was a stunner in this hot pink Elie Saab gown at the 2013 Screen Actors Guild Awards.
Why we love it: It was so refreshing to see such a bright and bold colour on the red carpet, which is why Dobrev stood out from many of the other stars that night. This sleek gown shows off her killer figure and conveys elegance being a crewneck floor length dress. She cinches the waist with a matching pink leather belt The cutouts keep the dress modern and interesting but doesn’t take away from the overall refined look that Dobrev is sporting.
I can’t even handle how good she looks in that dress!
Takeaway: The colour of your dress can be a very important choice to make– especially on the red carpet. Never box yourself in when it comes to colours as you would be limiting a lot of dress options for yourself. Just because you may not like a certain colour doesn’t mean that colour will look bad on you. In fact you might look stunning!
What he’s wearing: Monteith was very dapper in this light grey Calvin Klein tux at the 2013 SAG Awards, where he was nominated alongside his Glee cast-mates.
Why we love it: This was also another look that stood out on the red carpet for its bold colour choice. The light grey tux was hard to miss in a sea of black suits and was a welcome change of pace for men’s red carpet fashions. Not only was it in a great colour but the black contrast lapels are on trend and gave the suit its wow factor. Plus there are a neat black piping detail alongside his trousers which helps elongates the already tall Canadian actor.
Unfortunately we didn’t see Cory do a dance in his Calvin Klein suit.
Takeaway: When looking for a suit always try to get it tailored so it fits your body like a glove. With Monteith already being a tall guy it’s important that his suits works well with his taller build and longer proportions. Same goes for guys on the shorter side. The cut and the fit of the suit need to be just right otherwise it would look very junior, as in a kid wearing a suit for the first time and feeling and looking uncomfortable in his growing and changing body.
Taylor Swift Read more…
The temperatures have dropped immensely in Toronto this week and Dakota Fanning’s LAX attire was the perfect look of bundled-up fashion. Fur is one of the best ways to stay warm. And one of the most stylish accessories one can possess during these harsh weather conditions. I love the combination between the leather boots and the fur; two must-haves this winter season.
Combined Leopardskin Parka, ZARA, $80
Oversize Maxi Sweater, ZARA, $20
Years of watching TLC’s What Not to Wear has taught me that there always comes a point in one’s life when you suddenly become too old to wear whatever you want.
Luckily for many of us, that point of no return is still a long ways away from ruining our style-seeking eye. Now let us indulge in all of the cute, quirky and edgy fashions our hearts desire before we all start looking like Madonna.
This week, let’s take some inspiration from the Fanning sisters’ choice in cute cat hats during their holiday visit to Seoul, South Korea. It wasn’t just Hello Kitty’s cute face that caught my eye — it was the cute little ears sitting on top of both Elle and Dakota Fanning’s heads.
This isn’t the first time animal ears have caught the fashion world’s attention. Here’s a quick primer on just some other fashionable animal headgear from the past and present.
Animal Hats with Paws
Endless hours of entertainment.
What she’s wearing: Stone rocked this strapless red Lanvin dress at premiere of her new movie ‘Gangster Squad’ in L.A.
Why we love it: Stone is getting a head start on everybody and is rocking a dress from Lanvin’s Pre-Fall 2013 line, while most celebs are still wearing items from various Spring/Summer 2013 collections. I love how she’s working the monochrome look, from her silk and brocade red strapless dress, her red belt paired with a floral brooch, her fiery red pumps, and her ruby red crystal necklace.
My thoughts exactly!
Takeaway: Wearing something with a quite simple silhouette and minimal colour contrast allowed Stone to work some major statement jewels into her look. It can be tough to find the perfect opportunity to wear such large jewellery, but since Stone is going strapless with a sweetheart neckline she needed something bold to frame her face. Such big jewellery can sometimes go gaudy quite easily so be careful and make sure that it adds to your look instead of detracting from it.
What he’s wearing: Stone’s Gangster Squad co-star not only stepped out in this coffee coloured three-piece Gucci suit, but he also showed up to the movie’s premiere with his mom.
Why we love it: Gosling also worked the monochromatic look in this surprising shade of brown, which takes the usual boring blah brown suit to a whole new level. Colour me impressed! I never would have thought this shade would have worked so well. The monochromatic colour scheme works well here considering the colour of Gosling’s hair and him parining the suit with dark brown perforated Lanvin shoes. He contrasts his look with a crisp whit shirt and bold black tie.
You’ve come a long way since then!
Takeaway: Well first off, if you ever become famous don’t forget to show your parents/guardians some love with the spotlight, it’s really endearing. Also have fun with your shoes! Sometimes you can get tied down with suits and can only have some sartorial fun with your accessories (think tie, shoes, pocket square, etc.). Plus they are a pleasant surprise whenever you pair a classic cut suit with some funky shoes.
Kerry Washington Read more…
If you were looking for some of the best looks from this year’s MTV Europe Music Awards @Britt_Mahaney has got you covered here. The final installment of the Twilight Saga, Breaking Dawn Part 2, had its L.A. premiere on Monday and the stars of the movie made a major red carpet impact. So let us all fangirl together and see some of the best looks from that night– and don’t worry non-Twilight fans we have some non-Twilight stars too.
What she’s wearing: K-Stew stunned everybody in this strapless nude and sheer corseted Zuhair Murad dress at the Twilight Sage: Breaking Dawn Part 2 premiere.
Why we love it: I’ve always been a fan of Stewart’s edgy and non-cutesy style, especially in the past year or so when she has seem to come into her own. The last time she donned Zuhair Murad she made it on this list, so this is clearly a match made in heaven. However with this look, Stewart proves that she can be the sexy bombshell that most people might have written her off for. This look is all woman and has come a long way since 2008 when she wore this tri-colour Balenciaga dress at the L.A. premiere for the first Twilight movie. The nude colour was a trend on the red carpet but she took it to the next level with the mix of sheer lace and cool corset, quite the risqué look but it all works.
— Jaymes (@jaymes805) November 13, 2012
Takeaway: While perfect for the red carpet this dress wouldn’t work in everyday life. Overall this is a very sexy look so take inspiration from the dress and try to incorporate nude colours, sheer fabrics, and lace into your outfit. You’ll be on trend for the season.
What she’s wearing: The elder Fanning not only stepped out in teal Elie Saab Couture gown on the Twilight red carpet but she also introduced a new brunette hairdo as well.
Why we love it: I had to do a second look to realize it was Dakota, which goes to show you the power of a new hair colour! Not only do I love the new darker locks but they go perfectly well with the teal colour of her dress. The asymmetrical dress has nice draping on the side but also has stunning embellished lace detail which continues to the back of the dress to give this dress some pop of sparkle.
Dakota fanning so beautiful last night at the premiere of Breaking Dawn part 2 with her hair brunette!! yfrog.com/15v1nuj
— William Capistran (@W_Capistran) November 14, 2012
Takeaway: When you want to give your new hairstyle a bigger impact you sometimes got to pair it with the right outfit, especially in the right colour. And Fanning does just that by matching her new brunette hair with a gorgeous teal colour.
— Yahoo! Movies (@YahooMovies) November 13, 2012
The Men of Twilight: Robert Pattinson, Taylor Lautner, Kellan Lutz, and Jackson Rathbone
What they’re wearing: All four guys walked the red carpet looking very dapper in suits. Pattinson in emerald green woven Gucci suit, Lautner in a classic grey Z Zegna suit, Lutz in a black and midnight blue satin Roberto Cavalli suit, and Rathbone in an all navy look in Calvin Klein.
Why we love it: I’m being selfish by including the four looks onto the list, but I usually only include one male look onto the list so I don’t feel bad for having multiple actors share a spot. People tend to disregard suits as not being fashion forward, while yes suits can be classic and somewhat timeless, you can still have fun with them. Pattinson and Ratbone both look fantastic in these bold and fun colours, while Lautner goes for simple and minimal. Lutz stood out from the rest with his satin blue lapels, which reminded me of James Bond (a style icon for every male).
Takeaway: Have fun with your suits and take some fashion chances. Opt for classic like Lautner, bold colour like Pattinson, monochromatic like Rathbone, or fun with textures like Lutz.
Selena Gomez Read more…
Details: Emma Watson is studying English at Brown University, in Rhode Island. During her third year (last year) she did an exchanged at Oxford University so she could study at home.
Details: Miranda Cosgrove will be attending University of Southern California this fall after she finishes shooting iCarly. Although she really wanted to go to NYU, she decided to stay in LA so she could continue acting.
Dakota Fanning Read more…
The ever stylish Portia Balada highlights two trends that should be on your radar. This weekend, why not throw on some coloured jeans (they’re not that scary we promise) with some heeled sneakers? Of course, not all styles are undeniable hits and we can’t help but wonder WTF wedding Uggs are.
Inspiration: Kate Middleton
If you’re hesitant to throw on a pair of printed pants à la Kristen Stewart at Cannes, simple, coloured jeans are an easy fashion fix. They barely deviate from your favourite ‘jeans and a tee’ combo and provide a pop of colour. To keep yourself from looking like a rubix cube, try some pastel coloured jeans in hues like aqua or peach. Just make sure your jeans aren’t too tight. As if we don’t have enough to worry about, doctors are now saying tight jeans can cause meralgia paraesthetica, which causes numbness when the nerves in your legs are compressed. The solution? Make sure your coloured jeans or jeggings are made of stretch fabric.
Inspiration: Dakota Fanning Read more…
Chloe Moretz beat everyone from Dakota Fanning to Lily Collins for the part of Carrie White, a shy high school student who takes revenge upon her bullies with her lethal powers.
I usually don’t approve of remakes, especially for movies that are so classic. I mean, think of something fresh! That said, I think the 1976 movie based off Stephen King’s book could stand to be remade, especially if Moretz, who was in Hugo, is attached to the project.
The 1974 novel is about a young and tormented high schooler who uses her telekinetic powers to take revenge on the bullies at her school. It has some of the most classic scene in horror history.
The 15-year-old might be happy now, but imagine how she’ll feel once she’s draped in pig blood, a la Sissy Spacek below.
At only 17, Dakota Fanning is already gracing the cover of such sex-centered magazines like Cosmopolitan. Sure, it’s better than a 17-year-old being on the cover of Hustler, but should such a young star’s face appear so close to titles like “The Best Sex Ever” and “Hey, Vagina, What’s Up?”
Dakota to me will always be that cute innocent girl from “I Am Sam”. Watching her in all those PG family flicks makes me uneasy about the fact she’s slowly on her way to being a sex symbol.
Again, she could be posing in a more provocative magazine but this looks like it’s just only the beginning for Dakota. Wasn’t she in Seventeen last year? I know she’s growing and doesn’t want to be labeled a “child star” for the rest of her life and so this is probably her way of rebelling. I just hope she waits until she’s at least 35 to start negotiating Playboy prices.
According to Britain’s Advertising Standards Authority, the above ad for Marc Jacob’s perfume featuring Dakota Fanning is deemed too sexually explicit. The Gossip Cop reports the ad has been banned in magazines and billboards.
The young actress is dressed like Lolita, posing with a gigantic bottle of Lola by Marc Jacobs perfume between her legs.
The organization issued a statement saying: “We considered that the length of her dress, her leg and position of the perfume bottle drew attention to her sexuality. Because of that, along with her appearance, we considered the ad could be seen to sexualise a child.”
The Brits are taking things a little too seriously here. Dakota’s dress isn’t that show to begin with. Also, it’s not like she’s doing anything dirty with the bottle. It’s just sitting there on her lap like it were a cat or laptop. For a young star, Dakota’s been taking good care of herself, meaning she hasn’t gone down the Lindsay Lohan path, but I don’t think she ever will.
This is all just a case of Brittain’s Got
Talent to Chill.
Now that she’s finished filming New Moon, Dakota Fanning has returned to a normal life as a cheerleader at Campbell Hall Episcopal High School in North Hollywood, reports E! News.
Fanning, 15, was named the school’s homecoming princess at Friday’s football game.
Anyone who didn’t get a chance to see her shake her pom-poms and show off her tiara can catch the star in the second installment of the Twilight series, which hits theatres Nov. 20.
Dakota Fanning may have only just turned 15, but the pint-sized actress is already attached to two high-profile pics slated to go into production this year.
First up is “New Moon,” the sequel to the novel-turned-movie, box-office hit “Twilight.” The studio, Summit Entertainment, has confirmed that Fanning will play Jane, an enigmatic, powerful vampire who is a member of the Volturi, an organized coven of blood-suckers.


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January 23, 2019 at 3:35 am #1094728
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A short account of the hearings of two anarchists in front of the courts during World War One
An analysis of the shortcomings of the movement in Wisconsin. While we do not agree with all of its content or conclusions, we reproduce it here for reference.
Photographs of a large anarchist rally in union Square, New York City, with Alexander Berkman addressing the crowd, on 11 July 1914.
Over 5,000 people attended the mass memorial meeting...
Slavoj Žižek on the meaning of the recent riots in England's cities.
A short summary of the NO TAV (No to the High Speed Train) movement, which is based in the Susa Valley in Piedmont and which opposes the creation of the new high speed railway line between Turin...
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The Children's Rights Alliance has expressed disappointment at the rising number of children in emergency accommodation.
There were nearly 300 more children and young people in emergency accommodation at the end of last year compared to January 2021.
This is despite positive actions being taken in 2020 which resulted in a fall in the number of homeless families according to the alliance.
The organisation has published its annual 'Report Card', which grades the Government on the commitments it has made in relation to children.
On the issue of homelessness, the Government received the lowest grade which is an 'E'.
Chief executive of the Children's Rights Alliance Tanya Ward said the Government must address rising rents in Ireland.
Speaking to RTÉ's News at One, Ms Ward said that the Government introduced measures during the pandemic to protect families from homelessness, but the situation is now deteriorating.
Ms Ward said: "We really need to see the Government really addressing the price of rent, because the backdrop here for families is that it is far more challenging at the end of 2021 than it was at the end of 2020. We are seeing record high rents."
She said that house prices are also growing.
There needs to be a focus on supporting one parent families and travellers, who have been identified as being most at risk, Ms Ward said.
Another 'E' grade was awarded for the continued practice of admitting children to adult psychiatric units.
While there was a slight reduction in 2021 - from 27 to 25 young people put on adult wards - the organisation said even one child in an adult ward is one too many.
The Children's Rights Alliance said placing a child or young person who is experiencing mental ill health in a ward with adults should not continue.
It said the fall in grade is also because for the first time, the admission of children to adult inpatient facilities will be placed on a statutory footing in forthcoming legislation, appearing to contradict the Government’s commitment to end the practice.
In the area of mental health, Ms Ward said the need for services has increased "across the board" during the pandemic.
She said that there are 2,300 on CAMHS waiting lists and described this as "deeply concerning."
Past President of the Psychological Society of Ireland Mark Smyth said there were a myriad of solutions to address the glaring gaps in the provision of mental health services and support for children, young people, and their families if the political will and funding was there to make it happen.
"Children and young people have a right to receive age-appropriate, safe healthcare and the inexcusable fact that 25 young people were placed in adult wards in 2021 continues to be unacceptable.
"The Government must take immediate steps to end this practice rather than embed it in legislation like they are proposing to do", he said.
He noted that pressures on CAMHS has been "abundantly clear" for many years, and this has been further highlighted following the issues that came to light in South Kerry CAMHS this year.
In five out of the 16 areas, the Government received a 'D' grade.
This was due to a lack of progress in establishing a new Childcare Agency, failure to continue the free school books pilot and for not yet completing the evaluation of the Traveller and Roma education inclusion pilot.
Other unfulfilled promises include a lack of progress in introducing a Public Health Obesity Act or developing an updated National Youth Homelessness Strategy.
The report says the need for change shows there are opportunities in 2022 to turn things around and a new national children and young people’s strategy would be a good starting point.
The Government also received good grades in a number of areas.
A 'B' grade was awarded on the commitment to create new pathways for long-term undocumented people and their children.
There were three 'B minus' grades for work to end the Direct Provision system, for reform of the childcare system and for the long-awaited guidelines on reduced timetables.
The highest grade was awarded for the commencement of the Harassment and Harmful Communications Act.
However, Online Safety secured a ‘C minus' as the draft legislation was only published in January 2022.
The Children’s Rights Alliance said there is still some way to go before an Online Safety Commissioner is put in place.


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LOS ANGELES (CBSLA.com) The South Korean left-handed pitcher Ryu Hyun-jin and his agent Scott Boras have rejected the Dodgers’ initial long-term offer made by general manager Ned Colletti.
As expected by the Dodgers, Boras and Ryu have presented the Dodgers a counteroffer on Tuesday afternoon, according to the LA Times.
Boras is expecting Ryu to be compensated like a No. 3 starter in the majors — meaning the offer could be around $50 Million.
The Hanwah Eagles accepted the winning posting bid on November 10 made by the Dodgers at $25.7 million to have exclusive rights to negotiate.
The Dodgers will have to pay the posting fee ($25.7 million) to the Eagles, where Ryu played for in the Korean League, if the two sides agree on terms.
If Ryu does not night sign with the Dodgers, they will owe the Eagles nothing.
The Dodgers have until December 9 to complete a deal.
The Dodgers are also in negotiations with free agent starter Zach Greinke.


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The warring senators of the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) and their opposition counterparts from the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), yesterday, reached a rapprochement, resolving to leave behind their grievances and work together in the interest of the country. The lawmakers, who rose from a closed session that lasted for 20 minutes, reportedly resolved to […]
Senator Dino Melaye was on Tuesday affirmed as the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, flagbearer for Kogi West senatorial district for the 2019 general election. There was a twist in the primary as four other contenders in the race were not cleared by the party screening committee while two others stepped down for the Senator who […]
Ahead of the 2019 elections, the leader and chairman of all Africans in China, Emma Ositadimma Ojukwu, has maintained that wife of the late Biafran warlord, Dim Chukwuemeka Odimegwu-Ojukwu, Bianca, is qualified to represent Anambra South where her husband hails from. Ositadimma Ojukwu is also the President of the Nigeria community in China. […]
Security operatives have reportedly laid siege on the homes of the Senate President, Dr Bukola Saraki and that of the Deputy Senate President, Ike Ekweremadu in Abuja. The Senate President was on his way to report at the Police Headquarters when his convoy was allegedly blocked by the police Saraki was to appear before the […]
As usual, the Inspector General of Police, Ibrahim Idris was conspicuously absent when security heads were admitted into the senate chambers during plenary on Wednesday to brief the Lawmakers on the proliferation of dangerous firearms, the spate of killings by terrorists and kidnapping by hoodlums across the country.
The federal high court in Abuja has nullified the senate’s suspension of Ovie Omo-Agege, a Delta central senator. The senate had on April 13 suspended the senator for 90 legislative days over his comment that the proposed re-ordering of the general election was targeted at President Muhammadu Buhari.


When it comes to the success of the electric car, billionaire Elon Musk is viewed as nothing short of a miracle worker. But roughly 8,000 miles away from Tesla’s Palo Alto headquarters, Segun Oyeyiola has also managed to make something extraordinary on a smaller scale.
Oyeyiola, an engineering senior student of Obafemi Awolowo University, in Ife, Osun State, Nigeria, has spent a year converting a Volkswagen Beetle, using mainly scrap parts donated by friends and family, into a $6000 wind and solar powered car. He describes his creation as “Nigeria’s future car.”
Dr. John Preston, chair of McMaster University’s engineering physics department and faculty advisor to the school’s solar car team, says he’s never seen anything like Oyeyiola’s contraption, which also comes with a GPS app that monitors car health.
“If you could find a way to use both wind and solar in the same vehicle, that would be a marvelous thing,” he said. “Using wind and solar means you wouldn’t have to drive just during daylight hours. If he has figured a way to do it, that would be quite remarkable.”
The retrofitted Beetle does not only come equipped with a giant solar panel on the roof, there’s also a wind turbine under the hood that takes advantage of airflow while the car is in motion, subsequently turning the turbine’s rotors and charging the battery at the back of the car. To ensure the car doesn’t buckle under the weight of all the additional eco-friendly tech, Oyeyiola also installed a super strong suspension system.
Currently, the battery takes four to five hours to charge, which makes it less than ideal, but the car is still in the early stages of design. The biggest challenges, Oyeyiola says, came from finding the best materials to use, and the people telling him he was wasting his time and resources to the project.
Oyeyiola’s response was:
“I wanted to reduce carbon dioxide emission[s] going to our atmosphere that lead to climate change or global warming which has become a new reality, with deleterious effect: seasonal cycles are disrupted, as are ecosystems; and agriculture, water needs and supply, and food production are all adversely affected. Therefore, I came up of building a car that will use both winds and solar energy for its movement,” he continued. “This was my personal project because of the problem I’m planning to solve.”


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Forth Bridge, Tay Bridge and Tower Bridge, are the three most famous steel structures built by Sir William Arrol & Company Ltd. and are celebrated internationally. But the company also built many lesser-known structures, which although perhaps not such significant feats of engineering, were still important in the development of the Scottish railway network. I wanted to find out about other Arrol bridges and where better to start than in Glasgow, where the company was based. Bridges, structural steel work, and mechanical engineering productions, published by the Company in 1909, lists the principal bridges they built between being established in 1872 and 1907. It lists 18 Glasgow city centre railway bridges and when I set about plotting them on the map a very simple walking route emerged.
The more I researched, however, the less simple it became. Over the last 100 years some street names had changed and alterations had been made to the railway lines and road layouts making it difficult to know which of the remaining bridges could be attributed to Arrol. Using the National Library of Scotland’s online georeferenced overlay maps I was able to follow the railway lines and compare the exact position of the original bridges from old maps with an overlay of current satellite images. Using these and the observations I made during a preliminary walk of the route I managed to work out which Arrol bridges, or traces of them, could still be seen.
The walk starts at Central Station and follows the route of what was the Caledonian Railway line heading south across the River Clyde. At Salkend Street the Caledonian line is crossed by the Glasgow & South Western Railway’s Union Line and from there the walk jumps track to follow that line towards the Gorbals and then back north across the river. In total the circular route is less than 3 miles long and will take about 1-2 hours to complete, depending on how long you stop at each bridge.
Central Station was built by the Caledonian Railway in 1879 to extend the existing railway from the terminus at Bridge Street Station and provide a more convenient city location north of the River Clyde. However, by 1890 the 8 platforms of the station were struggling to cope with the volume of passengers and so the station was expanded between 1901-1905 to provide 13 platforms. The establishment of the station and expansion meant that new railway bridges were required to cross the river and streets below and many of these were built by Sir William Arrol & Co. Leaving the Argyle Street/ Hope Street exit from Central Station you pass by the ornate glass panelled walls of the Hielanman’s Umbrella which supports the platforms above Argyle Street. The bridge is so called because it was used as a meeting place for the gaelic-speaking highlanders who moved to Glasgow in the 19th century in search of work and provided shelter from the wet weather. Although it is not an Arrol bridge its nickname is very apt as my preliminary walk was carried out on a very showery day and I had to take full advantage of numerous bridges as umbrellas.
- Walking down Oswald Street towards the river, the first Arrol bridge we come to, is the next bridge along the line, over Midland Street. It was built by Sir William Arrol & Co. in 1901, over what was originally known as Ann Street, as part of the expansion of Central Station. It is a simple single span bridge of 46 feet in length.
- Continuing down Oswald Street we arrive at the Broomielaw with the Caledonian Railway Bridge on the left. This is the second Caledonian Bridge and was built next to the first bridge to carry a 9 track railway across the river and 2 adjacent roads into the station. It was designed by Donald A. Matheson, chief engineer of the Caledonian Railway and built by Sir William Arrol & Co. between 1899-1905.
The side view of the bridge, with elegant curved brackets supporting a lattice-work parapet, belies the heavy network of massive steel girders and criss-crossing supports that you see when you pass underneath the bridge, along the Clyde Walkway. The steel superstructure is supported at each roadside by 6 cylindrical piers and in the river by 2 wide rectangular arched piers and despite the noise from traffic and trains above has a stillness and cloister-like atmosphere when viewing the piers across the river from underneath.
On the other side you can will see the remains of the original 4 track railway bridge, designed by Blyth and Cunningham engineers and built by Sir William Arrol & Co. between 1876-1878. The track and girders were removed in 1967 and all that remains of it today are the supporting paired piers linked by cast iron arches. You can study these in more detail as you walk across Glasgow Bridge over the River Clyde. In celebration of Glasgow European City of Culture in 1990 the sculptor Ian Hamilton Finlay created an artwork of the piers inscribing the words “ALL GREATNESS STANDS FIRM IN THE STORM”, in English and Greek, into the granite piers.
- Continuing straight along Bridge Street look to the right at the next road junction where you will see the Kingston Street Bridge. Built by Sir William Arrol & Co. in 1906 for the expansion of the Caledonian line. Although not as elegant as the Caledonian Bridge, it has some similar features, like the curved brackets which support the parapet of steel plates topped with lattice-work.
4&5. While walking along Bridge Street towards Nelson Street note the blonde sandstone building with 4 archways flanked by doorways, what was the second Bridge Street Station built in 1890. The next two bridges along the line, at Nelson Street and Wallace Street, also built by Sir William Arrol & Co. in 1906, are of the same design as Kingston Street Bridge. Walk underneath Nelson Bridge to study the girderwork spanning the street and then turn left onto Commerce Street to get to Wallace Street.
- Continue along Commerce Street and at the T junction turn left onto Cook Street. By this point the railway line has split with one route heading west and the other continuing south, which our walk will follow. Take the first right onto Salkend Street, running adjacent to the railway line, and walk towards the railway bridge which crosses over the street and Caledonian Railway line. This bridge is very different to those preceding and is an earlier bridge, built in 1870 when the Glasgow & South Western Railway’s (G&SWR) Union Line was first developed. Like the Caledonian line we have been following, the Union Line was expanded in 1899 and Sir William Arrol & Co. built the bridges to carry the new tracks across the road network. After 1966 when passenger services on this line were stopped, two of the tracks went out of use and some of the bridges were removed, including the ones Arrol built at Salkend Street and Eglinton Street. You can still see the stone piers from the Arrol bridges on the north side of the Salkend Street Bridge.
- Looking across the railway line you can just see the curve of the Eglinton Street Bridge. To get to it you first have to continue up Salkend Street to Kilbirnie Street where you turn left underneath the M74. The modern concrete and steel construction of the motorway viaduct, opened in 2011, is an interesting contrast to the 19th Century engineering of Arrol. Follow the railway line down the other side along Eglinton Street until you come to the bridge, where again you will see the stone piers of that would have supported the Arrol bridge.
- Walk down to the Eglinton Street Bridge and turn right before passing underneath it. From here we follow the G&SWR line heading east and all of the bridges that remain along this stretch of line were built in 1899 by Sir William Arrol & Co. At each bridge you can still see traces of where the original bridges were removed. Follow the peaceful pedestrian walkway on the south side of the railway line towards the Abbotsford Place Bridge.
- Continue along the walkway to Salisbury Street and pass underneath the bridge. Note the two levels of the bridge. The lower level carried the railway track and the higher level carried the platform which was reached from Cumberland Street Station, to the east of the bridge. Turning right you can see what remains of the derelict red sandstone station building.
- Continue along Cumberland Street to the next bridge which crosses both Cumberland and Surrey Streets. Note the steel pillars used to provide additional support to the bridge as it traverses the corner junction. From here you get good views of the bridges along the viaduct.
- Continue to follow Cumberland Street under the bridge and turn left onto Gorbals Street, originally called Main Street. Note the similarity between the Cumberland and Gorbals Street bridges with their bow-shaped latticework parapets.
- Follow the pedestrian walkway alongside to the viaducts to the bridge at Cleland Street, originally Greenside Street Bridge. From here you can very clearly see where the 1870 bridge has been removed and the unused tracks are now overgrown with trees. The bricked-up archways underneath the bridge display a permanent exhibition about 3 famous people born in the Gorbals, Hannah Frank, Benny Lynch and Allan Pinkerton. Pause here to study the historic Maclure & Macdonald’s map which shows the route of the 1870 railway line through the Gorbals.
- Continue to follow the viaduct along Cleland Lane which veers to the right along the route of what used to be Rutherglen Road. Unlike the other railway bridges this one has retained its old name and is known as Old Rutherglen Road Bridge.
- Passing underneath the bridge leads onto St. Luke’s Place and turning to the left you will see the next bridge, at Ballater Street.
15. Pass underneath the Ballater Street Bridge and continue straight ahead to Gorbals Street where you turn right and follow the road back to the River Clyde. At the river turn right onto the walkway from where you will see the final railway bridge and one of the most impressive of our walk. This is the Union Railway Bridge which was built in 1897-9 to replace the 1870 2-track bridge. It was designed by William Melville, Engineer to the G&SWR. Sir William Arrol & Co. were contracted to do all the steelwork and Morrison and Mason the foundations and masonry.
The bridge carries the railway line over the River Clyde and the 2 adjacent roads on the south and north banks, which were known as Adelphi Street and East Clyde Street. The section crossing the river is a 5-arched steel structure supported on stone piers with red sandstone half-turrets decorated with crenellations and arrow slits. Each of the latticework steel arches has a decorative cast-iron cornice and parapet. The abutments on each bank are in red sandstone, matching the medieval styled piers, but with much larger full turrets. The single spans of the bridges over the roads are of plain latticework.
The Bridges, structural steel work, and mechanical engineering productions book lists a further 2 bridges built by Sir William Arrol & Co. for this line before it entered St Enoch Railway Station. These were at Dunlop Street and Stockwell Street but, like the Station itself, these were demolished to make way for the St Enoch Shopping Centre and no trace of them remains.
From here you can follow the Clyde Walkway along the river and return towards Central Station and another opportunity to see the Caledonian Bridges from a different angle. Alternatively you can follow the river east through Glasgow Green, as I did, and visit The People’s Palace. This museum has a couple of interesting Arrol items from the Dalmarnock Iron Works on display. One is a marble bust presented to him by his employees in 1888 on completion of the Forth Bridge, the other is a brass plaque from his employees commemorating his death in 1913, both symbols of the high esteem in which he was held.