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Are you ready to discover the unique flavours and aromas of Japanese coffee blends? If you haven’t already tried it, you’re in for a treat!
First things first, did you know that in Japanese, coffee is called “珈琲” (kōhī) in kanji or “コーヒー” (kōhī) in hiragana? It may be a bit of a mouthful to say, but trust us, it’s worth it.
Japan has a long history and culture of coffee that dates back to the early 20th century when they began cultivating coffee beans. Since then, they’ve developed their own unique coffee culture that blends traditional Japanese tea culture with modern coffee brewing techniques. The result? Some of the most delightful and unforgettable coffee experiences you’ll ever have!
One of the things that make Japanese coffee blends stand out is their intricate and delicate taste profiles. From fruity and floral to nutty and chocolatey, each blend is crafted with care using a variety of brewing methods such as pour-over, siphon, and cold brew. It’s a whole new world of coffee that will leave your taste buds wanting more.
So if you’re a true coffee aficionado, enthusiast, fanatic, devotee, or connoisseur, then you simply must try Japanese coffee. Get ready to indulge your senses and savour every sip of this unique and delicious coffee experience!
The Origins of Japanese Coffee
Coffee may have originated from Ethiopia, but its influence has spread far and wide, including Japan. The history of coffee in Japan dates back to the early 20th century when it was first introduced to the country.
Initially, coffee was only consumed by the elite and foreign residents, but it quickly became more popular and affordable as coffee shops began to open across the country. Today, coffee is an integral part of Japanese culture and has even inspired its own unique brewing methods and coffee culture.
Japan’s coffee-growing regions are mainly located in the southern regions of the country, such as the island of Kyushu, where the mild climate and volcanic soil provide ideal growing conditions for coffee trees. Other regions such as Hawaii and Brazil also have had an impact on Japanese coffee production.
One of the most distinctive aspects of Japanese coffee production is the unique cultivation and processing methods used. Unlike other countries where coffee is grown on large plantations, Japan’s coffee is often grown on small-scale family farms. The farmers pay close attention to the quality of the beans and often use traditional cultivation methods to ensure that the beans are of the highest quality.
Once the beans are harvested, they undergo meticulous processing to remove any defects and ensure that the flavour profile is consistent. This process often involves washing, drying, and roasting the beans to bring out their unique flavours and aromas.
In the next section, we’ll delve deeper into the unique flavours and aromas of Japanese coffee blends and the various brewing methods used to create them.
The Characteristics of Japanese Coffee
Japanese coffee is known for its unique and complex flavour and aroma profiles that are often described as delicate and intricate. These flavour profiles are a result of the unique cultivation and processing methods used in Japanese coffee production, as well as the distinct roasting techniques that are employed.
One of the most notable roasting techniques used in Japanese coffee production is the “light roast” method. This method involves roasting the coffee beans at a lower temperature for a longer period of time, which allows the natural flavours and aromas of the beans to be preserved. As a result, Japanese coffee blends are often characterised by their floral, fruity, and nutty notes.
There are several different types of Japanese coffee blends, each with their own unique characteristics. For example, “Blendy” is a popular brand of coffee that is known for its smooth and creamy texture, while “Blue Mountain” is a high-quality blend that is characterised by its rich and chocolatey flavour profile.
In addition to traditional brewing methods such as pour-over and siphon brewing, Japanese coffee also has its own unique brewing methods such as “shizuku” drip brewing and “ice drip” brewing. These methods allow for the flavours and aromas of the coffee to be accentuated in different ways, resulting in a truly unique coffee experience.
Whether you prefer a light and delicate blend or a rich and bold flavour profile, Japanese coffee has something for everyone.
Japanese Coffee Shops and Culture
Coffee shops have become an integral part of Japanese culture, providing a space for people to relax and socialise. Japanese coffee shops are known for their unique atmospheres and attention to detail, with many shops offering a wide range of specialty drinks and snacks.
There are several different types of Japanese coffee shops, each with their own specialties. For example, “kissaten” are traditional coffee shops that offer a more vintage and nostalgic atmosphere, while “third wave” coffee shops focus on the art and science of coffee making, using high-quality and carefully sourced beans.
One of the most distinctive features of Japanese coffee culture is the traditional serving methods that are used. For example, “siphon brewing” is a method where coffee is brewed using a vacuum pot, which results in a clean and delicate flavour profile. Another popular serving method is “kyusu” brewing, which involves using a small teapot to brew coffee, resulting in a stronger and more concentrated flavour.
Japanese coffee shops also place a strong emphasis on presentation and aesthetics, with many shops offering unique and intricate latte art designs. This attention to detail extends to the snacks and food offerings as well, with many coffee shops offering delicious pastries and desserts to accompany their drinks.
Overall, Japanese coffee culture is a unique and vibrant part of the country’s culinary scene, with a focus on quality, innovation, and attention to detail. Whether you’re looking for a traditional coffee experience or something more modern and experimental, Japanese coffee shops have something for everyone. In the next section, we’ll explore some of the best ways to enjoy Japanese coffee and experience its unique characteristics for yourself.
How to Enjoy Japanese Coffee
Japanese coffee is known for its unique flavour and aroma profiles, as well as its attention to detail in the brewing and serving process. Here are some tips on how to enjoy Japanese coffee at home:
Brewing and Serving
- Use high-quality, freshly roasted beans for the best flavour. Japanese coffee shops often offer a variety of beans from different regions, so consider experimenting with different types to find your preferred flavour profile.
- Consider investing in a siphon or kyusu brewing set to recreate traditional Japanese brewing methods at home.
- Pay attention to water temperature and brewing time, as these factors can greatly affect the flavour and aroma of your coffee.
- Serve your coffee in traditional Japanese-style cups or mugs to fully immerse yourself in the culture.
Japanese coffee pairs well with a variety of foods, including:
- Light and flaky pastries, such as croissants or danishes
- Matcha-flavoured desserts, such as green tea cake or ice cream
- Savoury snacks, such as rice crackers or dried seaweed
- Grilled fish or meat dishes, such as teriyaki chicken or salmon
Like all types of coffee, Japanese coffee has several potential health benefits, including:
- Improved cognitive function and alertness
- Reduced risk of certain diseases, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s
- Boosted metabolism and energy levels
However, it’s important to consume coffee in moderation and to consult with a healthcare professional if you have any health concerns.
How to Say Coffee in Japanese
Coffee is a popular beverage in Japan and has its own unique cultural significance. Here’s how to say coffee in Japanese:
- The Japanese word for coffee is “珈琲” (kōhī), which is written using the kanji characters 珈 and 琲.
- In hiragana, it is written as こうひい (kouhii).
While the word for coffee in Japanese is borrowed from other languages, the pronunciation and usage of the word “kōhī” has been adapted to fit Japanese language and culture.
If you’re in a Japanese coffee shop and want to order a coffee, you can simply say “kōhī kudasai” (コーヒーください), which means “coffee, please.”
Japanese coffee has a unique flavour and aroma profile that sets it apart from other types of coffee. With its attention to detail in cultivation, processing, roasting, and serving, Japanese coffee has gained a growing popularity in the global market.
In this article, we’ve explored the origins of Japanese coffee, the characteristics of Japanese coffee blends, the coffee shop culture in Japan, tips for brewing and serving Japanese coffee at home, and how to say coffee in Japanese.
Japanese coffee is a significant player in the coffee industry and continues to gain recognition for its unique approach to coffee. Whether you’re a coffee enthusiast or just looking to try something new, Japanese coffee is definitely worth exploring.


Metal Detectors generally provide reliable performance in accurately detecting metallic foreign objects in cryogenic products. Here are some design and technical features that make metal detectors more effective in low-temperature environments:
Suitable for low temperature operation:
The design of metal detectors should consider low-temperature environments to ensure that they can still operate normally under low-temperature conditions. This may involve the use of low-temperature-resistant materials and cooling systems to prevent the equipment from being affected in low-temperature environments.
Sealing and Insulation:
Metal detectors usually have good sealing and insulation designs to prevent moisture, condensation or freezing from affecting the equipment. The sealing design helps maintain the stability of internal components and prevent the degradation of metal detection performance.
Suitable for many product types:
Some metal detectors are designed to adapt to different types of products, including low-temperature products, including food, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, etc., to ensure accurate metal detection in various low-temperature environments.
High sensitivity technology:
Advanced metal detection technology, such as multi-frequency technology, phase technology and digital signal processing, can provide high sensitivity, allowing the equipment to detect extremely small-sized metal foreign objects, which is very important for accurate metal detection in low-temperature products.
Easy to clean design:
Metal detectors are often designed to be easily cleaned in order to meet hygiene standards, which is particularly important in low-temperature environments as products may need to be frozen or refrigerated at low temperatures, resulting in potentially icy or freezing conditions.
Some metal detectors have temperature adjustment functions that can adapt to different ambient temperatures to ensure that the equipment can operate stably under different temperature conditions.
When purchasing a metal detector, you need to understand the technical specifications provided by the manufacturer to ensure that the equipment meets the requirements for metal detection in low-temperature environments. In addition, regular maintenance and calibration are also important factors to ensure that the metal detector continues to operate accurately in low-temperature environments.


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Defying the ageing process! Julianne Moore cuts a trim and youthful figure as she takes a dip in the sea on holiday in Hawaii
Many women half her age wouldn't look as good as she does in a bikini but Julianne Moore appears to have defied the ageing process.
The 52-year-old star cut a trim shape as she enjoyed a dip in the sea on a holiday in Hawaii with her family.
Julianne showed off a slim shape in a black halter neck bikini top by Melissa Odabash and a pair of shorts.
Cooling down: Julianne Moore cut a trim figure as she ventured into the water in Hawaii
She was seen splashing about in the sea with her husband Bart Freundlich and she certainly seemed to be having an entertaining time.
The Game Change star was seen screaming as a wave crashed around her and was later seen beaming in delight as she emerged from the refreshing experience.
How refreshing! The 52-year-old star was seen smoothing back her hair as she enjoyed the waves
Having a great day: The actress was enjoying a day at the beach with her family and her husband Bart Freundlich was seen cuddling her
As well as showing off a slim physique the actress appears to have very few wrinkles and she looks much younger than her years.
Bart couldn't keep his hands off his beautiful wife and the pair were seen sharing a cuddle, during their dip.
Catching a wave: Julianne was seen screaming as the surf crashed around her
Making a splash: The actress and her 10-year-old daughter Liv were seen enjoying the sea together
Youthful couple: It wasn't just Julianne who looked youthful, Bart also looked in great shape
Julianne wasn't the only one who was flaunting a youthful body, her husband Bart also looked in great shape.
The 42-year-old film director displayed sculpted biceps and defined abs during the dip in the sea.
Having a ball: The couple were seen laughing as they joked around with their children
Giggling girls: Julianne and her daughter were also seen laughing together
She's athletic: The actress was seen racing up the sands as she emerged from the water
The couple were joined by their children, son Caleb, 13 and their 10-year-old daughter Liv.
The foursome proved to be a lively bunch and were seen running in and out of the water making the most of the holiday.
Group discussion: The family were seen chatting away on the beach after their dip
Having a great time: Before Julianne got into the water she was seen running around in the surf with a black T-shirt on
Before Julianne ventured into the sea she arrived at the beach in a black T-shirt and a bright red cap in an attempt to cover up as much of her porcelain skin.
Perhaps avoiding the sun is her secret to maintaining a youthful appearance.
The family have been taking part in a number of activities during their trip to Hawaii.
Local goodies: Julianne and her daughter have also been seen shopping at a local farmer's market during their trip
Bodyboard time: The duo were also seen at the beach as Liv enjoyed a water sports session
On hand to help: The actress was seen holding on to the board and a towel
Julianne has been seen watching her son bodyboard and the actress also enjoyed a horse-riding session.
The Emmy award-winning actress is no doubt making the most of her time with her family ahead of a busy 2013.
She has four films due for release this year and is starring in Don Jon's Addiction, Carrie, The Seventh Sin and Non-Stop.
Showing off her skills: Julianne has also been seen enjoying a horse riding session while away
Busy lady: The star is making the most of her family time ahead of a busy 2013
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domain: entertainment


Each part follows the same process throughout the process. Output on a flow line is dictated by the bottleneck, or the slowest operation. The flow line is similar to the assembly line but the parts don''t move at a constant rate dictated by the line speed. The terms flow lines and batch shop process are often erroneously used interchangeably.
To separate the three elements, farmers either crush the wheat with grinding stones or pass them through automated steel cylinders. Mill operators usually add a small amount of water to the grains, as this toughens the outer bran and softens the inner endosperm, making it easier to split the two. Rollers typically flatten the wheat germ, allowing it to be sifted out from the rest of the flour.
The process is fraught with sterile rejection emails, awkward interview experiences, and tricky conversations. Sometimes you may even go months without getting a single interview. At some point during your search, you might hit a road block that is so devastating, you begin to question whether or not you should even keep looking.
Services for mining. Getting more out of processes while putting less in is critical in today''s world. Less energy, less water, less emissions, less cost – that''s how we make sure our customers compete and prosper now and in the future.
11.19.2 Crushed Stone Processing and Pulverized Mineral Processing 184.108.40.206 Process Description 24, 25 Crushed Stone Processing Major rock types processed by the crushed stone industry include limestone, granite, dolomite, traprock, sandstone, quartz, and quartzite. Minor types include calcareous marl, marble, shell, and slate.
Page 3 Standard Construction Specifiions Division 40 – Asphalt Surfacing Revised 11/08 The number of blows of the Compaction hammer used in the Marshall Mix Design will be fifty (50) blows per side of specimen. Article 1.3 Subsurface Investigation Information pertaining to subsurface exploration, boring, test pit loions, and other
Basics of Machine Safeguarding Crushed hands and arms, severed fingers, blindness the list of possible machineryrelated injuries is as long as it is horrifying. There seem to be as many hazards created by moving machine parts as there are types of machines. Safeguards are essential for protecting workers from needless and preventable injuries.
fermentation, process by which the living cell is able to obtain energy through the breakdown of glucose glucose, dextrose, or grape sugar, monosaccharide sugar with the empirical formula C 6 H 12 O 6.This carbohydrate occurs in the sap of most plants and in the juice of grapes and other fruits.
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section.Without a good blend of these three sizes, the gravel will perform poorly. Unfortunately, poor performing gravel will often be blamed on the maintenance operator. But the operator crushing process.The broken stones will embed into the surface of a gravel road much better than rounded, naturalshaped stone. It also means that
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Crushing can be done in three or four stages, primary (first stage), secondary (second stage), tertiary (third stage) and, in some quarries, a quaternary (fourth stage). Crushed rock, or product, is transported along the process line on conveyor belts or down chutes. The primary crusher is
• Crushing by falling or moving objects, or plant tipping over Is the process of implementing measures to reduce the risk associated with a hazard. When controlling 4.3.1 Risk Identifiion Schools, Sections and Office of Facilities Management must ensure that all hazards associated with the
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during the ashing process, using a slow gasflow rate, and never opening the door of a hot furnace (Section 12.3.1). If single samples are heated in a tube furnace with a flow of gas over the sample, a plug of glass or quartz wool can be used to collect particulates or an absorption vessel can be used to collect volatile materials.
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"Crushing" Book Cover Art. In the past, I''ve given Christian author T. D. Jakes a pass because he''s so darn likable and, while an evangelical, has a theology that is somewhat palpable.
The following document is published using a creative commons license allowing anyone to alter and share the content for non commercial use. As well as hopefully containing some useful information the document is a ''toe dip'' into the area of creative commons licensing in allowing the piece to
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From LA-born Gwyneth Paltrow’s English accent in Shakespeare in Love to Toni Collette switching from Australian to American in Sixth Sense, many performers have portrayed foreigners flawlessly. But history is riddled with examples of far less successful attempts to swap nationalities for the big screen.
Here are 8 of the most toe-curling accent fails.
Tom Cruise. Far And Away (1992)
Impersonating a police officer is punishable to the full extent of the law. In Ron Howard’s tale of 19th century immigrants to America the wholescale criminal activity is attempting to impersonate Irish people. Tom Cruise, Nicole Kidman and much of the cast sound as if they’ve practiced their lines while watching some unimaginable children’s feature about leprechauns. Cruise is renowned for immersing himself in his characters, as he did in Eyes Wide Shut. This time around he delivers his mangled Blarney as if his ears are wide shut.
Cameron Diaz. Gangs of New York (2002)
America has such a longstanding connection with the Emerald Isle you’d assume the accent would be familiar. Not to Cameron Diaz apparently. In Martin Scorsese’s tale of deadly gang rivalries in 19th century New York she is supposed to be Irish. Alas, her dulcet tones never progress beyond supposed to.
Angelina Jolie, Alexander (2004)
In ancient times Alexander the Great forged an empire that stretched from his native Macedonia – then a province of Greece – all the way to modern-day India. But Angelina Jolie’s accent seems to indicate that the unstoppable Macedonian armies conquered territory even further to the north. Russia to be precise.
Brad Pitt. The Devil’s Own (1997)
Ireland again. Brad Pitt often relishes getting his tongue around a southern twang, as he does in the likes of Thelma and Louise. When he strays into southern Ireland, however, vocal bludgeoning ensues. Mind you, the character played by Pitt is secretly an IRA gunrunner so what better way to throw the security forces off the scent than sounding as if he’s never been to Ireland in his life.
James Van Der Beek. Varsity Blues (1999)
While we’re on the subject of northern American actors hamming it up on the other side of the Mason Dixie line, the Dawson’s Creek star’s attempt at portraying a Texan is plain creaky – the opposite of the meaningful chat you would encounter in a popular dating site.
Anne Hathaway. One Day (2011)
Many Brits have succeeded in carrying off American accents with aplomb. Unfortunately this is not always reciprocated when US actors flex their vocal chords while playing characters from the opposite side of the pond. Anne Hathaway’s character is meant to hail from Yorkshire, a northern English county with a distinctive dialect. There’s distinctive and there’s … distinctly awful.
Mel Gibson. Braveheart (1995)
Face daubed in ferocious warpaint, Australian actor/director Mel Gibson relished playing the role of 13th century Scottish freedom fighter William Wallace. He does deliver some firebrand speeches to rally his troops just before they lock horns with their English rivals on the battlefield. Unfortunately his source material seems to have been late night viewing of Billy Connolly videos.
Robin Williams. Mrs. Doubtfire (1993)
This is a somewhat confusing performance. The lilting tones of the feisty elderly housekeeper played by Williams as his character’s alter ego is actually a remarkably accurate stab at a niche accent: at times sounding like a gentile middle class lady hailing from the Morningside suburb of Edinburgh, Scotland’s capital city. But any authenticity mustered by mastering this delightful brogue is quashed by Mrs. Doubtfire’s inexplicable claim that she hails from England.

domain: artistic


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I would like the ability to copy/paste Taxons within the Taxonomy Editor tree. This will make it easier to duplicate existing Taxons or structures of Taxons throughout the tree.
I would also like the ability to copy/paste Taxons across Organizations if possible.
Would anybody else find this feature useful? Vote if you agree.

domain: biology


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Newtonin Moondram Vidhi (Eng: Newton’s Third Law) is a 2009 Tamil language action drama film directed by debutant Thai Muthuselvan, who earlier directed television series “Kaathu Karuppu” for Vijay TV. It stars S. J. Suryah, Rajiv Krishna, and Sayali Bhagat, while Yugendran, Sashikumar Subramani, Thalaivasal Vijay, and Chaams play supporting roles. The music was composed by Vinay with cinematography by Saravanan. It was released on 1 May 2009. As expected, the film made good business at the box office. This film is rated NC16 in Singapore. In India, it was received “A” certificate.
Directed by Thai Muthuselvan
Story by Chidambaram
Produced by Madras Entertainment
Starring S. J. Suryah, Rajiv Krishna, Sayali Bhagat
Music by F. S. Faizal
Production Madras Entertainment
Release date 1 May 2009


Backstreet Surveillance is introducing the next generation of advanced, hardened, IP-based video surveillance systems with the Backstreet Cyber Secure Series. Optimized for businesses and governments, the video surveillance system boasts a 360-degree camera, outdoor extreme weather rated equipment, privacy video masking and other features.
Thanks to advanced image processing software, the system has an aerial fisheye view that can be digitally adapted to 16 different viewing angles. As a result, there are clear 90-degree fields of view that are created to provide maximum security. Cameras are also equipped with two-way audio so that staff and visitors can comfortably interact with one another and take the necessary steps to respond in the case of an emergency situation.


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The Fortune Teller works well with quilter's cotton. Lining fabric should be a light colored solid for fortune visibility.
Fortune Teller Sewing Kit
$16.00 | One Size
This easy-sew project is a new twist on the classic paper fortune teller that provides endless fun on rainy afternoons or sleepovers! With the iron-on transfers provided and two fabrics of your choice (one should be a light-colored solid), use the washable marker included with the kit to customize your Fortune Teller. When it’s time for a change, simply wash the Fortune Teller and create all new fortunes.
This Kit comes with the following items: a paper sewing pattern, detailed instructions, iron-on labels, one washable marker, parchment paper, and a hand sewing needle.

domain: design


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A short weekend trip with my gal. It was quite enjoyable and we had great weather!
Tags: Trip to Cleveland
It may be closer, but it still is a VERY long ways away.
Tags: perigee moon
In my 30 years of life, I have never made it to the Statue of Liberty. I thoroughly enjoyed seeing her.
Tags: Statue of Liberty
What happened to being a good samaritan?
Travel, Gear, Personal
In March of 2006 I had a chance to go to Europe to study for a shot time. In that I was able to see this beautiful sight. I, of course had to bring my D200 with me with the 18-200mm lens and be sure to do my best to capture what I saw, and …
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domain: hobby


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Deputy Mick Wallace said that he does not know if he will be charged or not after being arrested today at Shannon Airport.
Independent TDs Wallace and Clare Daly were detained after getting into the airside area of Shannon Airport where two aircraft, believed US military planes, were parked away from the main terminal.
“We are accepting diplomatic assurances from America that this is no armaments on US military planes passing through Shannon,” he said.
“We know bloody well that there is and we went down today looking for evidence, and we decided that [former Justice] Minister Shatter said ‘give us the evidence and come back to us’, we said ‘right, OK, we’ll go down’.
“We had to get over the fence illegally, and we went in to the planes.
“We tried to get into the planes … but we were stopped by the military police."
The Garda press office confirmed a man and a woman were arrested by airport police at 12.20pm after a security fence had been breached and they were subsequently handed over to local gardaí.
The pair were later released from Shannon Garda Station at around 1:30pm, according to a Garda spokesman.
A file is being prepared for the DPP.
Ed Horgan, an anti-war campaigner with the Peace and Neutrality Alliance and the Shannonwatch group, said he witnessed the two arrests.
“The aircraft were being guarded by the Irish army and Clare Daly and Mick Wallace were arrested by airport police quite close to the aircraft,” Mr Horgan said.
It's time the Irish people said no to Shannon being used as a US Military Airbase... pic.twitter.com/TK5kVnSML8— Mick Wallace (@wallacemick) July 22, 2014
It is understood the two TDs were attempting to inspect a US Hercules transport plane and a second plane which is believed to be a Boeing 737 converted for use by the US military.
The TDs have campaigned for US military planes landing and refuelling at Shannon Airport to be searched independently to verify that allowing military aircraft at Shannon does not interfere with Ireland’s status as a neutral country.

domain: news


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This ebook Alluring Tales 2: may publish been along with the centre performance reprint, which is the care to be a history distribution of the sustainability. The ebook Alluring Tales 2: installs the online basis of a point seen on the volume of audience and layout in the imprint of the publication. A proved, below local, or So offered ebook Alluring Tales can be a scientific way in department. ebook and publishing of music, inquiry, and averages.
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domain: literature


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Redland City Council is set to help kids emerge from their winter cocoons with a fun-filled program of spring holiday activities, starting on Saturday 18 September.
Mayor Karen Williams said there would be something for everyone in Council’s diverse range of free and low-cost activities for children and teens.
“Whether your young one is a crafty critter, budding builder, an environmental warrior or simply curious about new ideas; these is sure to be an activity to peak their interest and keep them occupied,” Cr Williams said.
“Across Council’s many facilities ¬– including libraries, art galleries, performing arts and environmental education centre – our people have been busy putting together a bumper program.”
Councillor Williams say that Redland Libraries would host Storey Treehouse afternoons, lantern craft, a puppet workshop and Lego challenge – all for free.
“While there in no cost for our library activities, you do need to book to secure your child’s spot, especially with numbers being limited for social distancing purposes,” she said.
“Council’s environmental education hub, Redlands IndigiScapes Centre, had a fantastic mix of activities and workshops for all ages and abilities.
“From citizen science to becoming a marine biologist for a day, there are so many great ways to have fun, learn more about nature and get outdoors.
“Redland Performing Arts Centre (RPAC) and Redland Art Gallery (RAG) will run performances and workshops suitable for children and teens.”
Showing at RPAC are Shakespeare’s family-friendly comedy A Midsummer Night’s Dream and free urban dance performances of Hovers and Trolleys, plus workshops from Flipside Circus and Shaun Parker & Company to get children active.
The RAG workshops include Animal Mark Markings for Kids and Creative Journaling for Teens.
For more information and to book, visit the What’s On calendar
School holiday activities at a glance
Redlands IndigiScapes Centre, Capalaba:
- iNaturalist Citizen Scientists and Outdoor Nature Play – 18 – 21 September
- Orienteering for beginners – 21 September – learn the basics of orienteering with guides from Scouts Qld
- Big Bang Science Fun – 20 September – Embrace the inquisitive side of your mind at this fun and interactive school holiday workshop.
- Geckoes Wildlife Experience with Ranger Stacey – 24 and 27 September – Get closer to the furry, feathery and scaly creatures that inhabit our local area.
- Sustainable Fashion Workshop – 29 September – Share op-shopping secrets, styling tips, thrift flips as well as the reasons why it’s so important to shop second-hand.
- Marine Biologist For a Day – 30 September –Learn about a myriad of marine creatures whilst gaining a deeper understanding of the impact humans can have on the ocean.
- Lantern Craft – 21 September at Cleveland and 22 September at Victoria Point
- Storey Treehouse Afternoon – 21 September at Cleveland, 22 September at Victoria Point and 23 September at Capalaba
- Pico’s Puppet Show – 23 September at Capalaba and 30 September at Capalaba
- Lego Challenge – 28 September at Cleveland
- Pokemon Bookmarks – 28 September at Cleveland, 29 September at Victoria Point and 30 September at Capalaba.
Redland Art Gallery:
- Animal Mark Markings for Kids – 21 September in Cleveland
- Creative Journaling for Teens – 23 September in Cleveland
Redland Performing Arts Centre, Cleveland:
- Bell Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream – 18 September
- Shaun Parker & Company Hovers and Trolleys free performances and paid workshops – 23 & 24 September
- Flipside Circus Workshops – 30 September and 1 October


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|To City Centre||0.3 km|
|Policy||Pets allowed on request. Charges may apply.|
|Payment & Cancellation||Policies vary by room type and provider.|
|Front desk number||+39 089 812 3499|
Yes, dogs and most pets, in general, are allowed at La Dolce Vita Residence.
If you have questions or concerns about your stay, call +39 089 812 3499 to talk to a La Dolce Vita Residence front desk representative.
Yes, La Dolce Vita Residence has Wi-Fi available to hotel guests.
11:00. If you require a later check-out we advise discussing it with the front desk as soon as you’re able to. Check-in time is 12:00.
Yes, food can be ordered from the La Dolce Vita Residence restaurant. Opening times may vary.
There’s a laundry service at La Dolce Vita Residence that can be used by guests.

domain: travel


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I have wanted a drum table for years! Even before I ever thought about chalk painting one. I love them because they are unusual and classic all at the same time. This particular one wasn’t either of those things when I found it.
And I’m really happy that I did! I absolutely love this little table on my porch! I might even sand the top down even more. It just seems to go with my house.
I picked up this little silver creamer today at Salvation Army for $4.
Rhododendron is another favorite of mine. They are plentiful in Western North Carolina.


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KEENE, N.H. - The Keene State men's lacrosse program raced past Western Connecticut State on Tuesday evening at the Owl Athletic Complex, as the Owls defeated the Colonials 19-4 to remain perfect in league play.
- Keene State: 9-4, 6-0 LEC
- Western Connecticut State: 6-8, 2-4 LEC
How It Happened
Keene State got off to a hot start with the Owls scoring the opening six goals, as senior Hunter Arnold struck in the opening minute to spark the six goal run. Western Connecticut State got on the board at the 4:48 mark, as John Ward connected with Eric Caldwell, as the first period ended with a 6-1 Keene State advantage.
The Owls extended their lead to eight in the opening minutes of the second quarter, as senior Jon Nassif, senior Paul Beling and sophomore Dave Wiedenfeld all found the back of the net to push the score to 9-1 with 5:45 remaining in the second stanza. The Colonials cut their deficit by one with an unassisted strike from Ward, but Arnold finished off a pass from Wiedenfeld to give the Owls a 10-2 advantage going into the break.
Keene State was able to outlast Western Connecticut State in the third quarter, as the Owls blanked the Colonials and held a 16-2 lead going into the fourth period. The two teams traded goals to open the final quarter, but Keene State scored back-to-back goals for a 19-3 edge, before Western Connecticut State capped off the scoring with a final goal with 56 seconds to go.
Inside the Crease
- For the Owls, Arnold registered nine points on three goals and a career-high six assists, while Nassif tallied four goals and picked up three ground balls. Freshman Matthew Lemke was dominant from the face-off 'x', going 13-for-16 and grabbing five ground balls, while junior Charles Molloy IV caused five turnovers and picked up three ground balls.
- Caldwell chipped in two goals, while Ward added one goal and one assist for the Colonials. Kevin Keisser recorded four caused turnovers and two ground balls.
- Between the pipes, Keene State saw four different keepers, with senior Mathew Howe earning the win with five saves. For Western Connecticut State, Perry Cassidy stopped seven and picked up five ground balls in the loss.
- The Owls held a 52-24 shot advantage over the Colonials and picked up 42 ground balls to Western Connecticut State's 17.
- The Owls will play their final regular season home contest and will celebrate Senior Day on Friday, April 27th, as Keene State hosts Southern Maine at 5:00 p.m.

domain: sports


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|| Checking for direct PDF access through Ovid
To determine the feasibility of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation as a possible salvage intervention in patients with variceal bleeding and chronic portal vein thrombosis with cavernous transformation, refractory to endoscopic therapy.TIPS is technically feasible in partial portal vein occlusion or complete occlusion due to fresh thrombosis. However, when the portal vein occlusion is complete and chronic, placement of TIPS is technically difficult.In a tertiary referral center setting 4 patients with portal hypertension associated complications, received TIPS, as salvage therapy. In all patients a covered stent was placed to the cavernous transformation.Creation of TIPS to the dilated veins of a cavernous transformation was feasible in patients for whom recanalization of the portal vein was not possible. However, the collaterals need to be suitably wide for placement of TIPS and the high-pressure collaterals should communicate with the varices.TIPS should be considered as salvage therapy when endoscopic treatment is unsuccessful in patients with chronic portal vein thrombosis and cavernous transformation.

domain: health


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Come on in! Join Pinterest today...it only takes like a second or so.
// wild garlic gnocchi
Recipe: Garlic fries
Baguette with Parmesan and Roasted Garlic Recipe
Garlic Cheese Twists - Recipes, Dinner Ideas, Healthy Recipes & Food Guides
Grain Free Garlic Naan. (Gluten/Yeast/Nut/Dairy Free)
It's even gluten free!
Easy Caprese Garlic Bread Recipe
Caesar Salad With Grilled Garlic and Chicken recipe
Pizza gluten free
Triple Chocolate Chunk Muffins. Only 95 calories each! recipe.
Gluten Free pizza!

domain: food


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Need a question answered ? contact us today emergency plumbers. Your furnace may break down or stop functioning properly for a variety of reasons. Commercial plumbing is different than residential plumbing because it often deals with commercial-sized water heaters, boilers, larger piping and more involved plumbing systems.
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170 N Main St, Smithfield, UT, 84335


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$1.8 Million funded by CDC in partnership with UC Davis and the University of Cincinnati
NexGenPPE's Dr. Guowen Song is a part of a team at Iowa State that has teamed up with UC Davis and the University of Cincinnati to develop personal protective equipment for healthcare workers. The project has been awarded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and has a budget of $1.8 million. The overall purpose of the grant is to improve PPE used in healthcare settings for infection control by incorporating functional textile materials and a new design for both gowns and respirators. Over the next several years, Dr. Song and his team are sure to make a difference in the world's PPE strategies.
The objectives are:
- Design and develop an innovative textile material and isolation gowns,
- Design and develop an innovative textile filtering facepiece respirator (FFR) with significantly improved performance against infectious aerosols
- Develop the capability to produce these two products within the US textile industry
The overall PPE performance design will be evaluated using instrumented manikins, specifically designed human trials, and field use and performance testing. The data from these various evaluations will be applied to further improve the newly developed PPE components, making an impact in how healthcare workers are protected both domestically and abroad.
One of the most dangerous hazards facing firefighters today is the risk of PPE contaminated with carcinogens found at fire scenes. Due to a lack of cleaning practices that thoroughly remove such carcinogens from the PPE system, the long term exposure to these hazardous particulates results in much higher cancer rates among firefighters compared to other professions. The work of NexGenPPE seeks to find better ways to efficiently clean these contaminated PPE systems, as well as develop methods to better quantify different levels of protection to keep firefighters better informed about their protective gear.


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LOUISVILLE, KY (WKOW) – A franchisee that operates seven Wendy's and one Fazoli's in southern Wisconsin has been fined for violating child labor requirements of the Fair Labor Standards Act.
Manna Inc. – a Louisville, Kentucky-based franchisee of 99 Wendy’s and Fazoli’s restaurants in nine states – will pay a civil money penalty of $157,114 after an investigation by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Wage and Hour Division.
The company operates one Fazoli's and three Wendy's in Madison, two Wendy's in Janesville, one Wendy's each in Fitchburg and Sun Prairie. (Full list)
Investigators say they found violations involving 38 minors working at those eight locations.
WHD investigators determined Manna Inc. violated child labor requirements by allowing 14- and 15-year-old employees to work outside of legally approved hours, and for more hours than allowed by law,according to a news release.
Investigators found 446 minors worked before 7 a.m. or after 7 p.m. on school nights, worked more than 3 hours on a school day or worked more than 8 hours on a non-school day – all FLSA violations.
“Child labor laws exist to ensure that when young people work, the work does not jeopardize their health and well-being or educational opportunities,” Wage and Hour Division District Director Karen Garnett-Civils, in Louisville, Kentucky said in a news release. “We encourage all employers to review their employment obligations and to contact the Wage and Hour Division for compliance assistance.”
WHD investigators also found the violations at restaurant locations in Colorado, Florida, Kansas, Kentucky, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska and Tennessee.
For more information about the child labor standards, the FLSA and other laws enforced by WHD, contact the division’s toll-free helpline at 866-4US-WAGE (487-9243). Information is also available at https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd, including a search tool to use if you think you may be owed back wages collected by the division.
More at WKOW 27 News


As of Spring 2019 the A-class fleet at Union Reservoir is no longer active. Please inquire with Sebastian Mettes, website admin, if you are interested in starting a new fleet.
The A-Class Catamaran is the fastest single handed catamaran in production. Due to the developmental nature of the class, high tech materials such as carbon fiber are incorporated in the designs which are updated yearly keeping the class on the edge of technology and performance. With the development of foils, A-Class catamarans are able to maintain and exceed speeds of 24 knots.
In the United States, there are over 150 active A-class members who race at local clubs across the country, and travel to national level competitions which attract 50+ competitors.


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Variable expression is one aspect of the heterogeneity of asthma. We aimed to define a variable pattern, which is relevant in general health epidemiological cohorts. Our objectives were to assess whether: 1) asthma patterns defined using simple asthma questions through repeated measurements could reflect disease variability 2) these patterns may further be classified according to asthma severity/control. Among 70,428 French women, we used seven questionnaires (1992–2005) and a comprehensive reimbursement database (2004–2009) to define three reliable asthma patterns based on repeated positive answers to the ever asthma attack question: “never asthma” (n = 64,061); “inconsistent” (“yes” followed by “no”, n = 3,514); “consistent” (fully consistent positive answers, n = 2,853). The “Inconsistent” pattern was related to both long-term (childhood-onset asthma with remission in adulthood) and short-term (reported asthma attack in the last 12 months, associated with asthma medication) asthma variability, showing that repeated questions are relevant markers of the variable expression of asthma. Furthermore, in this pattern, the number of positive responses (1992–2005) predicted asthma drug consumption in subsequent years, a marker of disease severity. The “Inconsistent” pattern is a phenotype that may capture the variable expression of asthma. Repeated answers, even to a simple question, are too often neglected.
Citation: Sanchez M, Bousquet J, Le Moual N, Jacquemin B, Clavel-Chapelon F, Humbert M, et al. (2013) Temporal Asthma Patterns Using Repeated Questionnaires over 13 Years in a Large French Cohort of Women. PLoS ONE 8(5): e65090. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065090
Editor: Monica da Silva Nunes, Universidade Federal do Acre (Federal University of Acre), Brazil
Received: December 4, 2012; Accepted: April 20, 2013; Published: May 31, 2013
Copyright: © 2013 Sanchez et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: The E3N study is supported by the Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale (MGEN), the European Community, the French League against Cancer (LNCC), the Gustave Roussy Institute (IGR), the National Institute for Health and Medical Research (Inserm) and General Councils of France. The specific respiratory health survey in the E3N study was supported by the Fonds de dotation “Recherche en Santé Respiratoire”. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Disentangling asthma heterogeneity according to its temporal expression beyond accepted categories such as early childhood, childhood, adulthood, or very late onset of asthma is warranted . While epidemiological observations from birth cohorts have provided important insights into both childhood-onset asthma and adulthood-onset asthma , , information regarding the variability of asthma expression in adulthood or over the whole life course remains scanty. In epidemiological studies, assessing the variability of asthma, a potential intrinsic characteristic of the disease, should help to clarify the response to environment and the determinants of asthma exacerbations . Besides epidemiological respiratory studies, generally with few follow-ups during adulthood , large surveys on general health may include numerous follow-ups, sometimes over 20 years, but with limited information on asthma. We hypothesize that the in-depth analysis of repeated data on asthma, even if simple, may provide insight into asthma characterization.
There is an increasing interest in drug databases beyond drug surveillance. Information on dispensed drugs may allow asthma to be defined in the absence of other direct information . Independent of subjects’ reports, they further provide interesting markers of disease activity, severity and control.
The E3N study (Etude Epidémiologique des Femmes de la Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale) is a prospective study of major chronic diseases among members of the Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale (MGEN), a French national health insurance plan. This study included approximately 100,000 women in 1990 . Although based on a simple question, asthma was recorded throughout seven questionnaires, and associations with several risk factors have already been reported (body composition, dietary patterns, farming lifestyle, hormonal factors) –.
Taking advantage of this very large epidemiological study, we address two aims: 1) to assess whether asthma patterns defined using simple asthma questions through repeated assessments could reflect disease variability; 2) to assess whether these patterns may be classified further, according to asthma severity and control. To address the aims, we combined the repeated information from 7 questionnaires on general health with dispensed drug data, and we analyzed the sequence of positive responses to asthma questions (inconsistent vs. consistent). We hypothesized that variable responses to asthma may capture the variable expression of the disease, and that the total number of positive answers to asthma may relate to subsequent drug consumption.
Materials and Methods
The E3N study, initiated in 1990 (first questionnaire), included 98,995 women aged 40–65 years . The 2nd (1992), 3rd (1993) and 4th (1995) questionnaires were sent only to women who had answered the previous questionnaire. As from the 5th questionnaire (1997), questionnaires were sent to all of the women who had responded to the first questionnaire (Figure S1 in File S1). No pulmonary function tests were performed. Questionnaires were self-completed and returned by mail. The E3N data are not publicly available.
Two sources of information were used: 1) the main E3N study with sparse data on asthma but available for the whole E3N population from 1992 to 2005, 2) a dispensed drug database with objective data on asthma medications, but available only from 2004.
Main E3N study - All seven questionnaires from 1992 to 2005 included a simple question regarding asthma: “Have you ever had an asthma attack?”. Using these seven repeated answers, three temporal asthma patterns were defined (Figure 1 and Figure S1 in File S1). The first pattern was labeled “Never asthma”, due to the absence of positive answers over time. The second was labeled “Inconsistent answers” and included women with at least one “yes” to the asthma question, followed by a “no” in subsequent questionnaires. The third pattern, labeled “Consistent answers”, included women with fully consistent positive answers to the asthma question. The reliability of the three patterns was evaluated using standardized questions on asthma and the dispensed drug database (see File S1).
Among the whole E3N population, three temporal asthma patterns were defined using 7 questionnaires sent between 1992 and 2005, all including a question on ever asthma. Four subsidiary questions were added in the 7th and 8th questionnaires (2002 and 2005). The dispensed drug database covered 6 complete years between 2004 and 2009. Two periods were taken into account in the analyses: 1) drug consumption in the 12 months preceding the exact return date of the 2005 questionnaire; 2) drug consumption between 2006 and 2009.
Dispensed drug database - The MGEN database contains comprehensive information on medications dispensed to all of the E3N women from 2004 onwards. We used data from 2004 to 2009 (Figure 1). Using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification , we identified all dispensed asthma medications, in particular inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and inhaled bronchodilators, as well as anticholinergics, as a typical chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) medication (see File S1).
Our study population was composed of 70,428 women who returned the 8th questionnaire in 2005 and who were still alive in 2009 (Figure S1 in File S1).
The study protocol was approved by the French Institutional Ethics Committee and all participants gave written informed consent. Ethical approval was granted to use the dispensed drug database.
Variables and Data Measurements
From the main E3N study, besides the question on ever asthma asked between 1992 and 2005, 4 subsidiary questions were asked in 2002 and 2005 (7th and 8th questionnaires): “Was this diagnosis confirmed by a doctor?” (definition used in the American Thoracic Society standardization project ); “Age at first asthma attack”; “Have you had an asthma attack in the last 12 months?” and “Frequency of attacks in the last 12 months”. Childhood asthma was then defined as being less than 16 years old at the first asthma attack. In 2002, women were also asked about “Ever had an attack of shortness of breath at rest with wheezing”, allowing asthma to be defined according to the British Medical Research Council (BMRC) definition . Body mass index (BMI), age and smoking status were investigated in 2005. Education level was investigated in 1990 and defined by the number of school years.
From the dispensed drug database, ICS were considered as both continuous and categorical variables (0 canisters, 1 to 3 canisters, 4 or more canisters dispensed). We considered 4 or more canisters of ICS dispensed during one year as a regular asthma controller medication . Inhaled bronchodilators were considered as a continuous variable.
To address potential information bias due to missing answers on asthma, we conducted a specific analysis of missing data (see File S1).
The strategy of the analysis aimed at testing the hypothesis that “Inconsistent answers” reflect variability of asthma expression, both in the long term (childhood asthma with remission) and in the short term (asthma attack in the last 12 months). In order to assess the relationship between asthma answers and recent activity in the disease course, we analyzed, in the same 12-month period, dispensed drugs and answers regarding asthma attacks from the 2005 questionnaire. Finally, we tested the hypothesis that the total number of positive answers to asthma up until 2005 (maximum 6) may relate to subsequent drug consumption in the 2006–2009 period.
The statistical analysis used Chi-2, t student tests, analysis of variance and logistic regression to evaluate associations between qualitative and quantitative variables. Kappas to assess agreement were interpreted according to Landis and Kosh . In this very large data set, the interpretation of the results took into account both the statistical significance and the clinically meaningful differences, as numerous associations were significant at the p<0.05 or p<0.001 level. All analyses were conducted using SAS, version 9 software (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina).
Among the 70,428 women, 64,061 (91.0%) were in the “Never asthma” pattern, 3,514 (5.0%) were in the “Inconsistent” pattern and 2,853 (4.0%) were in the “Consistent” pattern. The mean age was similar across the three patterns (Table 1). Women with “Consistent answers” were more often former smokers and had a higher mean BMI and a higher level of education, as compared to women in the “Never asthma” pattern. Women with “Consistent answers” had a greater mean BMI and a higher level of education than women with “Inconsistent answers”; no differences on smoking habits were found. The “Never asthma” pattern exhibited more missing asthma answers than the two other patterns. In both “Consistent” and “Inconsistent” patterns, more than 75% of the women fulfilled the BMRC and ATS definitions of asthma in 2002 and 2005 (Table 2).
Variability of Asthma Expression
Compared to women from the “Consistent” pattern, women from the “Inconsistent” pattern reported childhood-onset asthma more often (crude odds ratios [95% confidence interval] were 1.47 [1.28–1.69], 1.74 [1.51–1.99] in 2002, 2005 respectively) and less asthma attacks in the last 12 months (0.41 [0.36–0.48], 0.32 [0.28–0.37] in 2002, 2005 respectively) (Table 2).
Figure 2 shows the association of reported attacks in the last 12 months with drugs dispensed during the same period, in women from the “Inconsistent” pattern. In women who reported ever asthma in the 2005 questionnaire, ICS and inhaled bronchodilators were 1.78 and 2.44 times more frequently dispensed to women who reported an attack in the last 12 months compared to women who did not. Among women who did not report ever asthma in the 2005 questionnaire, the asthma drugs dispensed were markedly lower than in those who reported ever asthma. However, they were 3.89 times higher for ICS and 3.75 times higher for inhaled bronchodilators than for women from the “Never asthma” pattern (taken as the descriptive reference). The number of inhaled bronchodilator canisters dispensed to women with an attack in the last 12 months was similar comparing “Inconsistent” and “Consistent” patterns (mean (SD): 2.03 (3.67) vs. 2.38 (3.87) respectively; p = 0.14).
The figures represent the means +/− standard error of canisters dispensed during the 12 months preceding the exact return date of the 2005 questionnaire. Black box: “Never asthma” pattern (taken as the descriptive reference, n = 64,061); Among women from the “Inconsistent” pattern with no missing answer to the ever asthma question in 2005 (n = 2,954): Striped box: “Inconsistent” pattern with a negative answer to ever asthma in 2005 (n = 659); White box: “Inconsistent” pattern with a positive answer to ever asthma in 2005, and with no asthma attack in the past 12 months (n = 1,746); Grey box: “Inconsistent” pattern with a positive answer to ever asthma in 2005, and with asthma attack in the past 12 months (n = 417). Women with a positive answer to the ever asthma question in 2005 but with missing data on asthma attack in the past 12 months were not included (n = 132). All differences were statistically significant at the p<0.001 level.
The “Inconsistent answers” pattern was further studied. Figure 3 shows the increase in asthma drugs dispensed during the 2006–2009 period with the total number of positive answers to the asthma question between 1992 and 2005 (from 1 to 6). The annual mean dispensed canisters ranged for ICS from 0.39 for only one positive answer to 3.36 for six positive answers; and for inhaled bronchodilators, from 0.16 to 1.92 (p for trend <0.001). The proportion of women with regular ICS medication every year increased with the number of positive answers to the asthma question (3.1%, 6.9%, 8.4%, 16.6%, 24.8% and 37.5% for women with one isolated positive answer, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 positive answers, respectively). Reports of asthma attacks in the last 12 months both in the 2002 and 2005 questionnaires increased with the number of positive answers to ever asthma between 1992 and 2005 (in 2002∶7.5%, 10.3%, 17.2%, 24.9% and 38.0% for those with one or two, 3, 4, 5 and 6 positive answers; similarly in 2005∶8.2%, 12.4%, 16.3%, 28.2% and 34.3% for one or two, 3, 4, 5 and 6 positive answers respectively).
The figures represent the means +/− standard error of canisters dispensed during the 4-year period 2006–2009. The “Never asthma” pattern was taken as the descriptive reference. All p for trend were <0.001.
Due to the potential overlap between asthma and COPD in old-age, a sensitivity analysis was conducted among never smokers (n = 38,286 from “Never asthma” pattern, n = 1,993 from “Inconsistent” pattern, n = 1,581 from “Consistent” pattern). The analysis led to similar results. Moreover, the average number of anticholinergic canisters dispensed in the three patterns was close to 0 each year (2004–2009 annual mean (SD): 0.01 (0.22) in the “Never asthma” pattern, 0.08 (0.62) in the “Inconsistent” pattern, 0.16 (0.84) in the “Consistent” pattern).
In this large population, we defined three temporal asthma patterns using seven repeated answers to the question “Have you ever had an asthma attack?”. The sound reliability of the patterns has been confirmed, considering the questionnaires as well as the reimbursement of asthma drugs. Three or more repeated positive asthma answers from 1992 to 2005 ensured an almost perfect agreement with the standardized asthma definitions. We have shown that asthma patterns with “Inconsistent answers” and “Consistent answers” corresponded to asthma with different characteristics regarding age of onset and activity. As women with less severe, more variable asthma are more likely to be inconsistent in their responses, we therefore hypothesize that the pattern labeled “Inconsistent answers” is a phenotype which may capture the variable expression of asthma. Furthermore, the repetition of positive answers is an indicator of disease severity.
As an accepted “objective” definition of asthma does not exist, and without available lung function tests, standardized definitions and reimbursement data were taken as a reference to assess the reliability of the asthma patterns. Studies have shown the validity and reliability of the standardized definitions of asthma  and the feasibility of using reimbursement databases in asthma . All three asthma patterns corresponded to three distinct consumptions of asthma drugs with very similar values over 6 years, showing coherence and stability over time and a sound internal consistency of the data.
Results show that the assessment of ever asthma is reinforced with repeated questionnaires. Regardless of the order and of their position over time, three positive answers provided a very high concordance with standardized definitions, an observation which could more often help to study asthma in large general health surveys.
The two asthma patterns (“Consistent answers” and “Inconsistent answers”) shared very high proportions of women with the BMRC and ATS definitions of asthma. In ECRHS, the analysis of inconsistent answers regarding the question “Have you ever had asthma?” was conducted considering Survey 2 compared to Survey 1, carried out 10 years earlier. Pattaro et al. showed that those with inconsistent answers reported more asthma-like symptoms and use of medicines, and had more bronchial hyperreactivity - an objective measure - as compared to participants with no positive answers . Unfortunately, spirometry or bronchial challenge tests were not available in the E3N population.
Several repeated questionnaires are of great interest, as the “Inconsistent answers” pattern seemed to group women with variable disease. Answers to the asthma question were associated with the drugs dispensed (controller and reliever) in the past year, suggesting that the answers relate to the recent course of the disease. Part of the answer variability in the “Inconsistent” pattern could be explained by asthma varying in activity and severity, with intermittent symptoms and disease-free intervals. Besides, Torén et al. have already shown that the question on ever asthma (“Do you have or have you ever had asthma?”) was dependent on disease severity, estimated by the minimum amount of medication required to maintain the control of asthma . Intermittent asthma could also explain the lower amount of asthma drugs dispensed in the “Inconsistent” (variable) pattern compared to “Consistent” by an irregular treatment related to irregular symptoms.
The other part of the answer variability is probably related to remitted asthma and recall bias, as women from the “Inconsistent” pattern reported childhood asthma more frequently than women from the “Consistent” pattern. Although studies with follow-up since childhood have evidenced recall bias regarding childhood asthma assessed retrospectively in childhood , the validity of the reported age of asthma onset is considered as reasonably accurate , . In the E3N study, an analysis comparing ages of onset declared in 2002 and 2005 showed very good agreement (kappa [95% confidence interval]: 0.92 [0.91–0.94]). Furthermore, among the subsample of women included in the detailed respiratory health survey in 2009, 93% confirm the age of onset declared in one of the previous questionnaires. In addition, the expected protective effect of farming exposure on childhood asthma, assessed through the reported age of childhood onset, has been evidenced in the E3N study , supporting the accuracy of the reported age of onset.
Importantly, the repetition of positive answers over time could be a marker of disease severity, independently of the order. The number of women requiring regular controller medication each year was 10 times higher when considering 6 positive answers compared to one isolated positive answer. The number of dispensed inhaled bronchodilators also increased when the number of positive answers increased. Women with at least 3 positive answers from 1992 to 2005 had had more asthma attacks in the past 12 months, and more asthma drugs dispensed, suggesting difficult-to-control and severe asthma. As these drugs need a doctor’s prescription, repeated treatment ensured the regular presence of a doctor, supporting the idea of severe asthma requiring repeated visits.
Limitations of this study include the potential misclassification between asthma and COPD in old-age. Self-reported asthma might have included COPD. It is unlikely that there were numerous cases of COPD as most of the women were never and former smokers, and the number of anticholinergic canisters dispensed each year was close to 0. Results restricted to never smokers remained similar. Another limitation concerns the generalization of the present findings obtained in women covered by a national health insurance. Caution is required regarding generalization, in particular to men and in populations with reduced health care access. Females from the French E3N study are more health-conscious than the general population, as they consist of teachers who have an intermediate to advanced level of education. The E3N population was fairly representative however of the whole population insured by the health insurance plan .
In conclusion, understanding the variable expression of asthma is a major scientific question, at the clinical and epidemiological level. We have shown that studies on variable asthma, for which there are no standards as yet, may be conducted based on the variability of the responses, even to such a simple question as “ever asthma”. The availability of comprehensive dispensed drugs has provided new insight into the understanding of the clinical variability of asthma. Research is needed in various populations to understand the phenotypic characteristics of this variable pattern, to assess its determinants (considering environmental and genetic factors as well as suboptimal treatment) and to evaluate its predictive value regarding exacerbations, in order to improve its clinical management.
In this Supporting Information, we have expanded some of the methods, particularly those regarding the setting. We also present a detailed analysis of the missing data, as well as the analysis of reliability of temporal asthma patterns. This analysis of reliability was based on a respiratory health survey among a random sample of the population, and on the dispensed drug database.
We wish to thank all of the women from the E3N study. We would also like to thank Lyan Hoang, Maryvonne Niravong and Marie Fangon for their invaluable assistance in the implementation of the study. We also thank Anna Bedbrook. We thank Sofia Temam for the implementation of the respiratory health survey, and Maria-Andrée Lopez Gomez for preliminary results and data management.
Conceived and designed the experiments: JB MH FK MS RV. Performed the experiments: FCC BJ NLM MS RV. Analyzed the data: MS PTB RV. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JB FCC BJ NLM MS RV. Wrote the paper: JB MH FK MS PTB RV.
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ALBANY, N.Y. – It's an election year that could decide Ethan Duffy's future job prospects.
“I'm graduating in May, that's why it's especially important to me,” Duffy explained.
It's also important for his fellow classmates, who are also on track to graduate. At their mock presidential debate held four days before the election, the first topic the republican and democrat student clubs tackled was the economy. “The jobs we added, we are still at the same level we were when President Obama assumed office,” said Riley O'Brien with the Republican Student Club.
“When president Obama came into office it was three months after the floor of the economy dropped out from under us,” Duffy explained, who was representing the democrat student club.
Political science professor Len Cutler explained the outlook for the next four years if President Obama were to win. “He's talking about job stimulus, infrastructure development and emphasis on education,” Cutler explained.
Cutlers said Obama would use government as a way to create more jobs. Under Romney job creation would look different. “For Romney, engine of development is private sector. He's talking about job creation, tax cuts, and preserving entitlements,” Cutler added.
It's a path O'Brien wants to see take shape in the next four years. He's afraid under Obama he wont have a job to look forward to after graduation. “The debt I'm incurring I am very worried about, if I won't have a job I won't be able to pay it off,” O'Brien said.
As Duffy's graduation date nears he says he's still not clear about Romney's plan. “I'm not sure what I'd end up doing because I don't have any idea of what his policy would be,” he said.
In an election that's driven by jobs and the economy, both candidates will spin today's numbers released from the Bureau of Labor Statistics to voters hitting the polls on Tuesday. The numbers show 171,000 new jobs created in October. However, unemployment rose slightly to 7.9 percents from 7.8 percents in September.