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Output power of thermoelectric generators depends on device engineering minimizing heat loss as well as inherent material properties. However, the device engineering has been largely neglected due to the limited flat or angular shape of devices. Considering that the surface of most heat sources where these planar devices are attached is curved, a considerable amount of heat loss is inevitable. To address this issue, here, we present the shape-engineerable thermoelectric painting, geometrically compatible to surfaces of any shape. We prepared Bi2Te3-based inorganic paints using the molecular Sb2Te3 chalcogenidometalate as a sintering aid for thermoelectric particles, with ZT values of 0.67 for n-type and 1.21 for p-type painted materials that compete the bulk values. Devices directly brush-painted onto curved surfaces produced the high output power of 4.0 mW cm−2. This approach paves the way to designing materials and devices that can be easily transferred to other applications.
The thermoelectric (TE) effect has attracted considerable attention from various research areas, as its ability to directly convert between thermal and electrical energy offers a unique solution to sustainable power generation from waste heat sources1,2,3. The overall power generating performance of solid-state TE devices largely depends on the characteristics of the TE materials itself. This means that the efficiency can be estimated from a dimensionless figure-of-merit inherent in the materials: ZT =(S2σT/κ), where S, σ, κ and T are the Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and temperature, respectively. TE materials chipped into devices are mostly prepared in the form of cube or cuboid blocks from a TE ingot by means of a top–down dicing process4,5,6. A potential problem of this conventional procedure is a relatively high production cost due to the energy intensive processing for ingots such as zone-melting7 or hot-pressing8,9 as well as the post-processing due to shape control10,11,12. The latter, in fact, suffers from another problem that attempts to realize any complicated shape other than a cube are technically impossible within the context of mass production.
On the other hand, in the real-world applications, the minimization of heat loss due to incomplete contact between the surface of the heat source and the TE module is no less important than the figure-of-merit of materials4,11,12,13. It is noted that the majority of heat sources for TE generators has irregular shapes, where the conventional planar-structured TE devices composed of cubic blocks should fail in achieving a desirable contact (Fig. 1a,b).
One readily available solution to settling down the aforementioned issues would be to secure a way to maximizing the flexibility in the shape and dimension control of TE materials during the forming stage, where the well-established printing technology would best-serve the purpose14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23. However, this printing-based technology has faced at least two major challenges. One is the poor functional properties due to the unavoidable organic-conducting binders in the inks for electrical interconnection among TE particles at the expense of TE properties20,21,22. Although the properties can be enhanced by high temperature processing instead of using organic binders, such enhancement is quite limited; for example, the state of the art utilizing a printing technique for TE materials deposited on a glass fabric achieved ZT values of 0.35 (n-type) and 0.27 (p-type)23 which are at most 20–40% of the commonly reported values from the conventional processing2 even with the sintering temperature of as high as 530 °C close to the melting point of the TE materials. The other is the limited choice of substrates, that is, the usual printing technique forces one to deposit TE materials only on a flat surface, though the targeted heat sources where TE modules are attached are generally curved24.
As a solution to these challenges, we present the development of high-performance shape-engineerable TE painting via the molecule-level sintering effect25,26. To this end, we utilized the molecular Sb2Te3-based chalcogenidometalate (ChaM)27,28,29,30 for n-type BiTeSe and p-type BiSbTe TE particles, which are arguably known as the best TE materials at near room temperature31,32. The Sb2Te3 ChaM turned out to promote the sintering process effectively even at as low as 350 °C without any remnant secondary phase, the presence of which jeopardizes the expected TE properties. With the processing optimized, we have achieved the ZT values of 1.21 for p-type and 0.67 for n-type TE materials that are comparable to the bulk values2 and three times higher than the best values among the printed TE materials reported in the literature23. To show the feasibility of the currently proposed technology, we fabricated TE generators through painting TE paints on flat, curved and large-sized hemispherical substrates, demonstrating that it is the most effective means of heat energy collection from any heat sources with exceedingly high output power density of 4.0 mW cm−2, which is the best value among the reported printed TE generators33.
The overall process for the TE painting in the current study is shown in Fig. 2. The prepared TE paints with the Sb2Te3 ChaM sintering aid are painted on a curved substrate and sintered at elevated temperatures (Fig. 2a–c), eventually, producing the curved painted TE device exhibiting high power generating performances (Fig. 2d). The resulting n- and p-type painted materials in the TE generators exhibit the ZT values competing those of bulk Bi2Te3-based materials (Fig. 2e). The detailed results and the related discussion on the each steps are described below.
Bi2Te3-based inorganic TE paints
The Sb2Te3-based ChaM was synthesized by dissolving bulk elemental Sb and Te in a thiol–diamine mixture34,35,36 instead of the widely used a N2H4 solvent25,26,27,28,37,38,39,40,41 due to its high-level toxicity. Sb 3d3/2, Sb 3d5/2 and Te 3d5/2 peaks corresponding to metallic bonding peaks are identified in the X-ray photoelectron spectra (Supplementary Fig. 1), indicating the formation of an ionic Sb2Te4 phase from elements42. We observed that this soluble compound decomposes into rhombohedral Sb2Te3 and hexagonal Te on mild heat treatment above 100 °C, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis in Supplementary Fig. 2. It is seen that the peaks corresponding to Sb2Te3 and Te phases in the XRD pattern (Supplementary Fig. 2) become sharper with increasing temperatures, suggesting the suitability as a sintering aid. The absence of peak representing the decomposition of the ChaM in thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the Sb2Te3 ChaM dried at room temperature (Supplementary Fig. 3) implies that it was completely decomposed during drying process27.
The Sb2Te3 ChaM can be dispersed in various polar solvents as long as their dielectric constant (ɛ, F m−1) ranges from 10 to 50 for example, dimethyl sulfoxide (ɛ≈47), dimethylformamide (ɛ≈36), ethylenediamine (ɛ≈13) and viscous polar solvents of ethylene glycol (ɛ≈37) and glycerol (ɛ≈43; Supplementary Fig. 4). This provides a room for tuning the dielectric constant, solvent viscosity and evaporation temperature of the TE paints. We dispersed the Sb2Te3 ChaM (20 wt% of TE particles) in a mixed viscous solvent of glycerol and ethylene glycol containing n-type Bi2.0Te2.7Se0.3 (BTS) or p-type Bi0.4Sb1.6Te3.0 (BST) TE microparticles (Fig. 2a). The viscosity and evaporation temperature for the TE paints were both adjusted by controlling the ratio of glycerol (viscosity at room temperature≈934 mP s, boiling point≈290 °C) to ethylene glycol (viscosity at room temperature≈62 mP s, boiling point≈197 °C). We found that the suspension was stable against phase separation and precipitation for more than a week (Supplementary Fig. 5).
Sb2Te3 ChaM as a sintering aid
To fully understand the sintering behaviour of the TE paints, both n- and p-type paints, repeatedly painted and dried, were sintered at various temperatures >350 °C, with all producing mechanically robust TE samples several hundred micrometres in thickness. Figure 3a–d compare the microstructure of n-type BTS and p-type BST TE materials sintered at 450 °C with and without the Sb2Te3 ChaM. It is noted that a suspension of TE particles without the ChaM painted and sintered under the same conditions resulted in at most 60–70 % of the density achieved with the ChaM (Fig. 3e), regardless of the sintering temperature. As shown in Fig. 3e, the presence of the ChaM effectively increases the initial density of the TE materials by filling up pores, promoting the grain growth and densification of the ensemble of particles. As a whole, the evidences demonstrate the effectiveness of the Sb2Te3 ChaM as a sintering aid.
While the density of sintered materials kept increasing with temperature, asymptotically approaching 3.9 g cm−3 (n-type) and 3.6 g cm−3 (p-type) above 400 °C (Fig. 3e and Supplementary Fig. 6); however, a TGA profile in Supplementary Fig. 7 revealed that a weight loss occurs above 450 °C due to the evaporation of liquid Te, which is known to result in a slight degradation of properties via the formation of the Te vacancy defect43. Therefore, the optimum sintering temperature for the current study was taken at 450 °C.
As manifested from the microstructures (Fig. 3a–d), the grain morphology clearly dictates that the grain growth took place in a layer-by-layer mode, which requires two-dimensional nucleation event from a liquid medium as a prerequisite44. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the fractured surface (Supplementary Fig. 8) shows the stereotypical microstructure formed by a nucleation and lateral growth44. This implies that the added sintering aid formed a liquid phase at the sintering temperature, which provides a diffusion path for grain growth. As evidenced by the differential scanning calorimetry curves of n-type and p-type paints (Supplementary Fig. 7), the Te phase formed from the Sb2Te3 ChaM sintering aid is melted at ∼420 °C, lower than the sintering temperature of 450 °C. It means that the liquefied Te can contribute to the liquid-phase sintering on heat treatment. A possible contribution from the viscous flow mechanism during the initial stage of the liquid-phase sintering was ruled out based on an analysis on a time-dependent shrinkage measurement as shown in Supplementary Fig. 9, where the time exponent of 0.08 is determined to be much smaller than the theoretically expected one. It is noted that the viscous flow mechanism during liquid-phase sintering is often represented as the following relation45: Δl/l∝t1+y, where l and t denote a linear dimension of the sample and sintering time, respectively. Here, the exponent 1+y is slightly larger than unity due to increasing driving force with decreasing pore size during the process.
The temperature-dependent XRD patterns (Supplementary Figs 10 and 11) demonstrate that the Sb2Te3 ChaM was completely integrated into the host phase, suggesting that the Sb2Te3 ChaM should be compositionally compatible with the growth unit of the host phases. It is more pronounced in n-type materials. The XRD patterns (Supplementary Fig. 10) shows the peak shift to lower angle with increasing the sintering temperature, signifying the increase of Te stoichiometric ratio in a Bi2(Te,Se)3 phase due to the integration of the Sb2Te3 ChaM into the host phase. The significance of the improved sinterability is best-reflected in the electrical charge transport property, which is an order of magnitude higher electrical conductivity at 650–750 S cm−1 than those of the materials without the ChaM (Fig. 3f).
TE properties of the painted materials
Excellent TE properties are achieved in both the n- and p-type painted TE samples over the temperature range from 25 °C to 125 °C. The room-temperature ZT values of the n- and p-type samples marked 0.51 and 0.97, respectively (Fig. 3g), where the maximum values reached 0.67 for the n-type sample and 1.21 for the p-type sample at 100 °C (Fig. 3g). Note that these maxima are higher than those obtained with typical Bi2Te3-based bulk ingots (ZT≈0.8–1.0)1,2,3 and are close to the recently reported nanostructured TE materials (ZT≈1.1–1.9)46,47,48. Furthermore, these values are highest among the reported TE materials based on TE inks or pastes, and 3–4 times greater than anything that has been previously reported for printed TE materials (Fig. 2e)23.
These promising ZT values of the painted samples originate in high electrical conductivities and ultra-low thermal conductivities. The electrical conductivities of the n- and p-type samples (Fig. 3h) are 650–750 S cm−1 at room temperature, decreasing with increasing temperature. These high electrical conductivities result from the moderately high carrier mobilities of 149 cm2 V−1 s−1 for the n-type and 141 cm2 V−1 s−1 for the p-type materials. The Seebeck coefficient of the n-type samples (Fig. 3i) is 114 μV °C−1 at room temperature with a peak value of 134 μV °C−1 at 102 °C, and that of the p-type samples is 170–190 μV °C−1 over the entire measurement temperature range (Fig. 3i). These relatively low-Seebeck coefficients are caused by the high carrier concentrations of 3.0 × 1019 cm−3 for the n-type samples and 2.9 × 1019 cm−3 for the p-type samples, since the Seebeck coefficient and the carrier concentration are reciprocally proportional2,3.
The most significant effect of molecular ChaM-assisted sintering is seen in the great reduction in the thermal conductivities of the n- and p-type samples (Fig. 3j), that is, 0.5–0.6 W m−1 K−1 in comparison with the 1.5–2.5 W m−1 K−1 of bulk Bi2Te3-based materials2. The calculated lattice thermal conductivities were as low as 0.19 W m−1 K−1 for n-type and 0.20 W m−1 K−1 for p-type painted materials (Supplementary Fig. 12). These values are lower or comparable than the predicted minimum lattice thermal conductivities of 0.31 W m−1 K−1 in n-type Bi2Te3 and 0.20 W m−1 K−1 and p-type (Bi,Sb)2Te3, which is calculated using the Debye–Callaway model with the assumption of full densities49. One possible explanation for the ultra-low lattice thermal conductivity is the porosity of materials. Although the Sb2Te3 ChaM promotes the sintering of TE particles, their densities are still lower than the bulk values of 6.5–7.5 g cm−3. The analysis of porosity with N2 adsorption measurement and SEM of these materials (Supplementary Figs 13 and 14) reveal the existence of both nano-scale and micro-scale pores. These multi-scale pores can significantly reduce the thermal conductivity by phonon scattering with a broad range of wavelength at pore sites. To further quantitatively estimate the porosity effect on the thermal transport, the lattice thermal conductivities of painted samples were corrected by using the modified formulation of the effective medium theory suggested by Lee et al.50: , where κh and Φ are the lattice thermal conductivity of host materials and the porosity, respectively. The overall porosities of the painted samples were estimated by the direct method of comparing the sample density to the theoretical density of bulk materials with identical compositions. Using the bulk densities of BTS (7.55 g cm−3) for the n-type and BST (6.785 g cm−3) for the p-type materials, the calculated porosities of the painted samples were 0.47 for the n-type and 0.46 for the p-type samples. The calculated minimum lattice thermal conductivities of the n-type and p-type painted samples are 0.44 W m−1 K−1 and 0.47 W m−1 K−1, (Supplementary Fig. 12) respectively, which are comparable to those of typical nanostructured bulk materials prepared from ball-milled Bi2(Te,Se)3 and (Bi,Sb)2Te3.
Generally, the porosity of solid materials strongly affects the charge carrier transport due to scattering of carriers at the pore sites51. A charge carrier passing near a pore is scattered due to the potential perturbation50, degrading the carrier mobility and eventually the electrical conductivity. The carrier-scattering effect on mobility can be qualitatively described by the Matthiessen’s rule52
Accordingly, the total scattering is the sum of the contribution of different carrier scattering mechanism. For example, μbulk is the mobility induced solely by the carrier scattering with acoustic phonons. In the painted materials, considering no additional impurity element except Bi, Sb and Te, μboundary and μpore should be the critical factors to determine the overall mobility. Lee et al.50 suggested that the porosity effect on electrical properties become weaker for larger grains. Since the material with larger grains necessarily has larger pores with the lower number density under the same porosity, the scattering rate is reduced and mobility is enhanced for larger grain sizes. The fact that the grain size is in the range of several micrometres (Fig. 3a,c) and the pores are mainly macro-scale in the painted materials (<3% of micro-pores in volume) suggests that the moderately high mobility is attributed to the lower number density of the pore.
Another important factor to determine the electrical conductivity is the carrier concentration. To overcome the lower mobility of the painted samples than those of bulk, we chose the composition of BST (p-type) and BTS (n-type) for host matrix materials. The materials with such compositions are known to exhibit high carrier concentration by the formation of SbTe antisite defect to provide hole in p-type and Se vacancy defect to provide electron in n-type. In fact, the carrier concentrations of the painted samples were two or threefold higher than 1∼2 cm−3 of typically used Bi2Te3-based materials2. Although these high carrier concentrations decreased the Seebeck coefficients, the electrical conductivities were significantly increased up to 650–750 S cm−1 at room temperature, close to bulk values. Consequently, in spite of high porosity, the high carrier concentration, the low number density of pores and bulk-scale grains can result in the high electrical conductivity of the painted materials.
All-painted TE generating devices on flat surfaces
The outstanding TE properties and painting processability of these TE paints make it possible to design highly efficient TE generating devices geometrically compatible with heat sources. As the first attempt, n- and p-type TE paints were applied with a brush to a flexible polyimide substrate, and then sintered at 450 °C for 10 min (Fig. 4a). These painted layers formed continuously uniform films with the thickness of about 50 μm (Fig. 4b). It means that the sintering condition is enough for the system to reach the final stage of sintering, where the coarsening process becomes stagnant with a narrow size distribution. Ag paste was painted in a way that the TE device consists of 5 couples of n- and p-type legs with lateral dimensions of 5 mm × 10 mm and an average thickness of ∼50 μm (Fig. 4a). The internal resistance of this device was 25.8 Ω, higher than the expected resistance in reference to the electrical properties, suggesting that the contact resistance between the Ag electrode and the TE leg is considerably high. We measured the contact resistance between the Ag electrode and the painted TE leg by the transmission line method (Supplementary Fig. 15). The measured contact resistance is quite high at 4.8 × 10−2 Ω cm2, which is three or four orders of magnitude higher than the contact resistance observed in conventional module composed of Bi2Te3-based TE legs53 and can be responsible for the internal resistance of the painted TE generator. To ensure reliable evaluation of an output power of this device, only the temperature of the hot side was modulated, while the cold side was kept at a constant temperature of 20±0.5 °C (Supplementary Fig. 16).
The TE device painted onto the polyimide substrate achieved an output voltage of 79.4 mV and an output power of 60.8 μW under the temperature difference of 50 °C (Fig. 4c). The output power density reached as high as 2.43 mW cm−2 (Fig. 4d), which doubles the best reported value for in-plane type TE devices33. The mW-level output power density is highly potential for the wearable TE energy harvester. Another TE device was prepared by painting onto a glass substrate under the same preparation conditions. This achieved the internal resistance of 26.3 Ω, the output voltage of 79.4 mV, the output power of 60.7 μW and the output power density of 2.43 mW cm−2 (Fig. 4e,f). The fact that these values are almost identical to the TE device painted onto a polyimide substrate suggests that the fabrication process can be consistently applied to a range of different substrates.
All-painted TE devices on curved surfaces
The versatility of the TE paints was best-demonstrated by TE devices directly realized onto curved surfaces such as onto the concave and convex surfaces of a glass hemi-cylinder, as depicted in Fig. 5. The resulting device has 5 couples of n- and p-type layers with the dimension of 5 mm × 10 mm × ∼50 μm (Fig. 5a,d). The internal resistances of the TE devices on convex and concave surfaces were almost identical at 23–25 Ω, which is consistent with the TE devices painted on flat substrates. Under the temperature difference of 30 °C, these devices produced an output voltage of 34–36 mV and output power of 17–18 μW, leading to a comparable power density (0.70–0.71 mW cm−2) to the TE devices painted on flat glass substrates (Fig. 5b,c for the concave device, and Fig. 5e,f for the convex device). The fact that the output power density of the TE devices painted on flat and curved substrates with the same dimension of TE legs merges into the same line (Supplementary Fig. 17) validates the applicability of the TE paints to any shaped surfaces.
To further demonstrate the processability of TE painting onto large-sized curved surfaces with a full coverage, TE device was fabricated on a hemispherical alumina substrate with the diameter of ∼70 mm (Fig. 5g). We introduced 5.5 couples of triangular TE layers with 15 mm at the base and ∼25 mm in height and obtained the internal resistance of 40.2 Ω, which is expected for the enlarged TE layers (67% higher aspect ratio). To minimize radiation or convection factor from a heat source, the planar heat source was fully covered with a glass fabric and the apex of the hemispherical generator was thermally connected by thermal pads (Supplementary Fig. 18). Exposed to a temperature difference of 20.1 °C, this device produced the output voltage of 22.5 mV, the output power of 3.0 μW and the output power density of 0.073 mW cm−2 (Fig. 5h,i), which are significantly lower than those of the other devices. It is understood that this low output power density can originate in the longer TE legs which increase the internal resistance since the output power density is inversely proportional to the leg length under same temperature difference54. Assuming the identical dimension of the TE legs to those of other devices, the plotted output power density approached towards the others (Supplementary Fig. 17). As evidenced by the lower output voltage, small deviation in the graph (Supplementary Fig. 17) can be due to the heat loss from a thermally conducting alumina substrate, which forces the external temperatures to be different from the actual temperature applied to the TE legs.
Comparison with conventional TE module
To show how the painted TE generator on a curved surface is effective, we performed the comparative simulation study on the power output of the painted TE generator and the conventional module on a hemispherical curved heat source, based on a three-dimensional TE finite element model (FEM). The heat loss in the FEM was considered by including the convective heat transfer. To simulate the natural convection over all the surfaces that are exposed to air, the convection heat transfer coefficient was 10 W m−2 K−1 with an ambient temperature of 25 °C (ref. 55). The simulation details are described in the Supplementary Information. The temperatures across the apex and the bottom of an alumina hemisphere were kept at 45 and 25 °C (Supplementary Fig. 19). In the conventional module, since the contact area (d) with a hemisphere is small, the temperature distribution in the module is greatly non-uniform (Supplementary Fig. 20), which results in a significantly low output voltage of 13.3 mV for d=1 mm and 4.5 mV for d=0.1 mm. Thus, conventional module generates the output power of 76.9 μW (the output power density of 15 μW cm−2) when d=1 mm, and the output power of 8.6 μW (the output power density of 1.7 μW cm−2) when d=0.1 mm, which are greatly reduced values compared with the reported values of 4–10 mW cm−2 obtained on a flat heat source5. On the other hand, the uniform temperature distribution and electrical potential field on the painted generator (Supplementary Fig. 21) result in an order of magnitude higher output power density of 205 μW cm−2.
To further validate the practicability of the painting technology against the conventional module, we propose two designs of power generation systems based on the painting technology. First, the TE leg length in the painted TE generator was controllably varied to obtain the higher power output density, since the power output density can be maximized by the optimum TE leg length5,54. As shown in Supplementary Fig. 22, with the decrease of the leg length, the resistance linearly decreases and the output power increases as expected. The highest output power per unit area of 4.0 mW cm−2 was achieved by the generator with the leg length of 5 mm under the temperature difference of 50 °C. Furthermore, the predicted power output density based on the fitted function with the data points reached 11.0 mW cm−2 in the generator with the leg length of 1.4 mm, which is comparable to 30–50 mW cm−2 obtained from the conventional module with TE legs with an identical length on a flat heat source5.
In addition, we fabricated the through-plane TE generator using the moulded disks prepared from the TE paints. The details of the moulding experiments are described in the Supplementary Information (Supplementary Fig. 23). Two pairs of n-type and p-type moulded disks with the diameter of 4.0 mm and thickness of 1.0 mm were assembled by soldering with a Bi–Sn solder to Cu foil electrodes on an alumina hemisphere (Fig. 6a,b). The internal resistance was as low as 0.014 Ω, comparable to that of the conventional module. Under the temperature difference of 14 °C, this generator produced an output voltage of 8.0 mV, output power of 1.1 mW and output power density of 2.3 mW cm−2 (Fig. 6c). Furthermore, the predicted power output density on the fitted function with the data points is as high as 26.3 mW cm−2 under the temperature difference of 50 °C, which competes on par with the conventional module5. These results clearly demonstrate the practicability of the painting technology in terms of the TE performance as well as the processability.
In summary, this study demonstrates that the painted TE devices exhibiting high output power of 4.0 mW cm−2 can be easily prepared on any-shaped surfaces by the molecule-level sintering effect. The most pronounced effect of the molecular sintering aid was shown to enhance the sinterability of TE particles, leading to the particularly high ZT values of 0.67 and 1.21 for n- and p-type painted materials, respectively. It was shown that the versatility of the TE paints roots in the unlimited degrees of freedom for dimension and shape engineering in 2D and 3D structures without killing TE properties, shedding a light on the TE device community. Furthermore, this approach has a potential for cost-effective manufacturing of well-designed TE devices depending on heat sources. We strongly believe that the currently developed technology can be easily transferred to other communities such as 3D printed electronics and painted electronic artworks.
Pure elemental granules of Bi, Sb, Te and Se (>99.999%) were purchased from 5N Plus. Ethanethiol (>97%), ethylenediamine (En, >99.5%), acetonitrile (>99.8%), glycerol (>99.5%), ethylene glycol (>99.8%), dimethyl sulfoxide (>99.9%) and dimethylformamide (>99.8%) were purchased from Aldrich Chemical Co. All elements and chemicals were used without further purification.
Synthesis of Bi2Te3-based inorganic TE paints
The synthesis of the Sb2Te3 ChaM solution was performed in a N2-filled glove box. To synthesize the Sb2Te3 ChaM solution, elemental Sb (0.32 g) and Te (0.68 g) powder with stoichiometric ratio of Sb2Te4 were dissolved in mixed co-solvent including 2 ml of ethanethiol (97%) and 8 ml of ethylenediamine (>99.5%). After stirring for over 6 h, all elemental Sb and Te were fully dissolved in solvent and the resulting solution showed a dark purple colour. Elemental analysis of the Sb2Te3 ChaM using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) revealed an overall ratio of Sb to Te of 2/1, which is identical to the initial elemental ratio. And 40 ml of acetonitrile was added into the Sb2Te3 ChaM solution, followed by the centrifuge at 7,500 r.p.m. for 10 min. After the centrifuge, the precipitated Sb2Te3 ChaM was added into mixed solvents including 3.6 g of glycerol and 0.4 g of ethylene glycol and it was sonicated for 10 min, which produced a dark-brown coloured solution. Bi2Te3-based TE powders were prepared by a mechanical alloying process. Typically, finely ground Bi, Sb, Te and Se powder was weighed according to the stoichiometric ratios of BTS for a n-type paint and BST for a p-type paint under N2 atmosphere, and they were ball-milled with stainless steel balls including two balls with 0.5 inch in diameter and four balls with 0.25-inch in diameter (SPEX, 8000M Mixer/Mill) for 4 h. The formation of BTS and BST alloys were confirmed by the XRD analysis (Supplementary Fig. 24). We carried out a sieving process at 45 μm to remove some large-sized BTS or BST particles. 4.0 g of TE powders were added into the Sb2Te3 ChaM solution, followed by the sonication for 1 h, which produced black-coloured viscous TE paints. The viscosity and evaporation temperatures were adjusted by controllably varying the amount of glycerol and ethylene glycol.
TE painting process
All procedures were performed in a N2-filled glove box. The synthesized n- and p-type TE paints were painted on glass, aluminium, polyimide and alumina substrates with a flat painting brush with the width of 5 mm. Painted layers on a substrates were sequentially dried on a hot-plates at 90 °C for 30 min, 120 °C for 30 min and 160 °C for 30 min and then they were annealed at desired temperatures (350–450 °C) for 10–30 min. To obtain thick painted layers with several hundreds of micrometre in thickness, painting and drying processes were repeated by several times, followed by annealing.
Fabrication of painted TE devices
In-plane type TE devices were fabricated by painting five couples of n- and p-type TE paints with the size of 5 mm × 10 mm on various substrates such as flat glass and polyimide, and curved hemi-cylindrical convex and concave glasses, and alumina hemisphere. Glass and alumina substrates were hydrophilized by a ultraviolet plasma treatment for 1 h before painting. Silver paste was painted electrically in series and thermally in parallel to interconnect n- and p-type TE legs (Fig. 4a). All of the procedures were performed in nitrogen-filled glove box.
Fabrication of through-plane TE devices
Through-plane type TE devices were fabricated by using the moulded disks prepared from the TE paints. The details of the moulding are described in Supplementary Fig. 23. Two pairs of n-type and p-type disks with the diameter of 4.0 mm and thickness of 1.0 mm were soldered using a Bi–Sn solder to the pre-patterned Cu foil electrodes on an alumina hemisphere (Fig. 6a). The top sides of TE disks were electrically interconnected with Cu foil electrodes by soldering (Fig. 6a), which produced the through-plane TE generator on a hemisphere.
TE properties measurement
TE properties measurement were performed on the samples prepared by repeated painting and drying of n- and p-type paints on aluminium plates, and subsequent annealing at 450 °C. The final samples were ∼500 μm in thickness. Furthermore, we characterized the TE properties of more than three sets of n-type and p-type painted samples and added s.e. to each data points. The uncertainties of the electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficients and thermal conductivity were 1.5, 1.0 and 5.9%, respectively, which demonstrates the reproducibility of the painting technology. To determine electrical conductivities at temperatures ranging from 27 to 127 °C, the sheet resistance of the samples was measured by a four-point Van der Pauw method (Keithley 2,400 multimeter controlled Lab trace 2.0 software, Keithley Instrument, Inc.) on a hot chuck plate. The four corners of the samples were contacted by sharp tips controlled by manipulators. The electrical conductivities were estimated with the thickness of the samples. To obtain the temperature-dependent Seebeck coefficients, the open circuit voltage and the temperature gradient were measured by two T-type thermocouples using a Keithley 2,400 source-meter and a Keithley 2,000 multimeter. The measuring set-up lied on a hot-plate and the measuring temperatures were controlled by heating a hot-plate. To apply the temperature differences, applied powers of commercial TE modules contacted with the samples was adjusted. Typically, six data points were obtained with the applied temperature differences and resulting voltages at two points contacted by thermocouples across the sample ranging from ±1 °C to 5 °C. The Seebeck coefficient was calculated based on the slope of the voltage versus the temperature-difference curves. This set-up was confirmed by measuring the Seebeck coefficient of n-type Bi2Te3 and p-type BiSbTe ingot samples, and the accuracy was within ±3%. We extracted the thermal conductivity by using the equation κ=ρCpD, where ρ is the density, CP is the specific heat capacity and D is the thermal diffusivity. The densities were measured by commercial equipment (BELPycno, microtracBEL). We calculated the specific heat capacities by assuming the law of mixture and by using the value of Bi0.4Sb1.6Te4, Sb2Te3, Bi2Te3 and Bi2Se3 (refs 56, 57, 58). Thermal diffusivities were measured in a temperature range from 27 to 127 °C by using laser flash analysis (LFA 457, Netzsch). Carrier concentrations and mobilities were measured by a Hall measurement system (BIO-PAD, HL5500PC) at room temperature.
Simulation study on the power output
We developed a three-dimensional TE FEM using a commercial software package (COMSOL) for TE generators. The model calculates the temperature distribution and generated power of the TE generators integrated with a heated hemispherical alumina substrate. Similar to the curved structures exposed to sun light, we assumed that the substrate is subject to uniform heat flux, 1.5 kW m−2, together with convective heat transfer (Supplementary Fig. 19). To simulate natural convection of air, the convective heat transfer coefficient (h) was assumed as 10 W m−2 K−1 against an ambient air at 25 °C. The temperature across the substrate bottom surface was kept at 25 °C. The alumina substrate has a thickness of 2 mm, radius of 38 mm and thermal conductivity of 30 W m−1·K−1. Supplementary Fig. 19b,c show the calculated temperature distribution along an arc A–B where the temperature gradually decreases from 45 °C to 25 °C. The calculated temperature distribution in Supplementary Fig. 19c was an input to the FEM for the projected TE generator as shown in Supplementary Fig. 19a. To simplify the FEM, the painted TE generator fabricated on the hemispherical substrate was projected on a flat plane. The TE generator consists of one pair of p- and n- types of TE layers and conductive paste layers where the thickness was assumed as 50 μm. Each triangular TE layer has a width of 20 mm and a height of 60 mm such that the substrate has sufficient area for 5.5 couples of TE layers. The conductive paste was assumed to have the thermal conductivity of 9 W m−1·K−1 and the electrical conductivity of 103 S cm−1. On the basis of the geometry and the material properties, the electrical resistance was estimated as 3.5 Ω per a pair of the TE layers.
Commonly, a TE module includes p- and n- types of Bi–Te alloys that are sandwiched by flat alumina substrates. On the basis of the survey of the material properties and the geometry for commercial TE modules, we defined a standard TE module with a substrate area of 40 mm × 40 mm and ∼100 pairs of Bi–Te materials. The considered module has the thermal conductance of 0.65 W K−1, the electrical resistance of 2.3 Ω and the Seebeck coefficient of 52.8 mV K−1. For the simple modelling, the FEM for the conventional module includes only one leg of TE material, which has identical physical properties to the properties described above.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The spectrum of the Sb2Te3 ChaM prepared by vacuum drying at room temperature for a day was obtained using a ThermoFisher K-alpha with a Mg Kα X-ray monochromatic source.
X-ray diffraction. XRD patterns were collected by using X’pert Pro, PANalytical with a Cu Kα C-ray source, which has a characteristic wavelength of 1.5418, operating at 40 KV and 30 mA equipped with an X’Celerator detector.
Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Differential scanning calorimetry and TGA was simultaneously performed by using Q200 (TA instrument) with a heating rate of 10 °C per min−1 under nitrogen flow rate of 100 ml min−1.
Ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy. The absorption spectra were collected using a Cary 5000 (Agilent) spectrophotometer.
Scanning electronic microscopy. The microstructure was characterized by using a field effect SEM (Nova-NanoSEM230, FEI and S-4800 Hitach high-Technologies) operated at 10 KV.
Elemental mapping. The elemental maps of vacuum dried samples were characterized with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy by using a Nova-NanoSEM230.
Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms of the painted samples were characterized using a physisorption analyzer (ASAP2420, Micromeritics Instruments) The porosities of micro-pores in the painted materials were calculated with the micro-pore volumes obtained by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller measurement, which were 0.00261, cm3 g−1 for the n-type sample and 0.00319, cm3 g−1 for the p-type sample. Also, the average pore sizes were 5.85 nm for the n-type and 5.70 nm for the p-type samples. According to these data and the densities of the samples, the estimated portions of micro-pores in the entire porosity were 2.1% for the n-type sample and 2.5% for the p-type sample, respectively.
Measurement of TE power generation
Performance of TE power generator was investigated by measuring the I–V curve and the output power density under temperature differences across the devices was measured using a home-built set-up (Supplementary Fig. 16). To produce a reliable temperature difference ranging from 5 °C to 50 °C across the TE devices, the hot-side temperature was raised using a flat band heater, powered by a voltage converter. The cold side temperature was maintained at 20±0.5 °C using a commercial TE Peltier cooler. The temperature differences were measured by two T-type thermocouples that were in contact with hot and cold sides, by using Keithley 2,000 multimeter. Two Ag electrodes in prepared TE generators were connected to Keithley 2,400 source-meter and the I–V characteristics were measured by using Lab trace 2.0 software (Keithley Instrument, Inc) under desired temperature differences. We also repeatedly measured the output power characteristics of the painted generators by more than three times and add error bars in each data points in the revised manuscript. The output power density (output power per unit area) was calculated with total cross-sectional areas of TE layers.
For the measurement of the in-plane painted hemispherical generator, the planar heat source was fully covered with a glass fabric and the apex of the hemispherical generator was thermally connected by thermal pads to minimize the radiation and convection effects. The power output of the hemispherical generator was comparatively measured with and without a glass fabric covering.
For the measurement of the through-plane hemispherical generator, the hemisphere was heated by a band heater, powered by a voltage converter. For the cold side, the top Cu electrodes were connected to a commercial TE Peltier cooler by thermal pads. For the measurement of the internal resistance, the device was connected to an ammeter in series and to a voltmeter in parallel. The temperature differences were measured by two T-type thermocouples that were in contact with hot and cold sides. The maximum power output (P) was calculated by the equation of , where V is the output voltage and R is the internal resistance, respectively.
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author on request.
How to cite this article: Park, S. H. et al. High-performance shape-engineerable thermoelectric painting. Nat. Commun. 7, 13403 doi: 10.1038/ncomms13403 (2016).
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We acknowledge the financial support by the R&D Convergence Program of NST (National Research Council of Science & Technology) of Republic of Korea, the Center for Advanced Meta-Materials (CAMM) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning as Global Frontier Project (NRF-2014M3A6B3063704) in Republic of Korea, and Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2015R1C1A1A01053599).
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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Park, S., Jo, S., Kwon, B. et al. High-performance shape-engineerable thermoelectric painting. Nat Commun 7, 13403 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13403
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More college football free picks as well as premium sports
service plays are at OffshoreInsiders.com

domain: news


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Bangladesh will not participate in the 69th edition of the ‘Miss Universe’ competition, to be held on May 17 this year in United States.
National Director of ‘Miss Universe Bangladesh’ competition Shafiqul Islam confirmed the news to the Daily Sun on Tuesday.Shafiqul Islam said, “Due to lockdown and travel restrictions we could not complete all the preparations, including, physical test and natural beauty test and visa processing for Miss Universe. So we will not be able to participate in Miss Universe 2020.”
“Earlier this week, we informed Miss Universe USA management to withdraw our name from the competition and on Monday Miss Universe authorities withdrawn Bangladesh’s name from their list”, he added.
Earlier, the grand finale of ‘Miss Universe Bangladesh 2020’ was held at the Radisson Blu Dhaka Water Garden in Dhaka on April 3. Actor and model Tangia Zaman Methila clinched the title of Miss Universe Bangladesh 2020 in the programme and she was supposed to represent Bangladesh in 69th edition of the ‘Miss Universe’.


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MELY COAT beige checked
MELY COAT is a clean cut mid length coat, that features edged revers.
The revers seams are completely hand-stitched and you can close the front with buttons.
It also has side slits on the sleeves.
Handcrafted in our Berlin Studio with high quality fabrics from Italy.
Fabric: 72% lambswool 25% polyamid 3% cashmere
Lining: 57% viscose 43% poly-stretch
The model seen in the picture is 181cm tall and wears our M size.
Bitte wählen Sie alle Optionen.

domain: design


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The heron is quite endemic in the South Male Atoll and they ignore humans pretty much. Even when I am walking on these wooden bridges close to them, they wouldn't budge so it's easy to photograph them. They aren't camera-shy, that's for sure. There are several found in Fihalhohi, even around the land-based villas.
The waters of the Laccadive Seas are crystal so it's easy to spot underwater creatures. Information and travelogue are written on our earlier posts.
This is the Eye in the Sky!
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domain: travel


Apple's recently launched next-gen tablet - the new iPad - has several cutting-edge tech specs to lose oneself over. These range from its strikingly clear Retina Display, 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) capabilities, the enhanced iSight camera and a Siri-like voice dictation assistant.
With so many features and enhancements on offer, it is imperative you protect your gadget from scratches and drops.
There are a handful of trendy and visually appealing covers that could not only extend the durability of the iPad but also go a long way in protecting the case against accidental damage.
Check out the best cases and covers for the new iPad...


The demand for efficiency in today’s dynamic business environment cannot be underestimated. Consequently, the need for effective workflow instruments is paramount. Among the tools gaining popularity is the
What is the Google Workflow Tool?
The Google Workflow Tool is a service based on cloud technology that enables users to automate business procedures. This tool is instrumental in managing approvals, data control, and task orchestration, thereby enhancing process efficiency.
Google Workflow Tool’s Noteworthy Features
The Google Workflow Tool boasts a host of features aimed at refining business processes.
Users can automate mundane tasks using the Google Workflow Tool. This automation not only conserves time but also minimizes error possibilities, leading to more precise and efficient results.
Effective Data Management
The Google Workflow Tool allows businesses to manage their data more efficiently. The tool offers data validation and manipulation options, ensuring data accuracy and currency.
Simplified Approval Processes
Approval management can be laborious. However, the Google Workflow Tool simplifies this by offering an intuitive interface for managing approvals, thus minimizing delays and enhancing decision-making.
Why Use the Google Workflow Tool?
The advantages of using the Google Workflow Tool are numerous.
By automating routine tasks and streamlining processes, the Google Workflow Tool can significantly boost business efficiency, leading to potential long-term cost savings.
Automation decreases the likelihood of human error. Therefore, using the Google Workflow Tool can enhance business process accuracy.
The Google Workflow Tool offers crucial insights into business operations, informing decision-making. With better-informed decisions, businesses can improve their success rates.
How to Utilize the Google Workflow Tool?
The Google Workflow Tool is easy to use. Here’s a step-by-step tutorial on leveraging this tool to enhance your business operations.
Step 1: Outline Your Workflow
Firstly, outline your workflow. This involves identifying the tasks to be accomplished, their sequence, and the responsible individuals for each task.
Step 2: Configure Your Workflow
Having outlined your workflow, the next step is to configure it in the Google Workflow Tool. This includes inputting your workflow details into the tool and setting up any required automation.
Step 3: Supervise Your Workflow
After setting up your workflow, it’s vital to regularly supervise it. The Google Workflow Tool offers various supervision tools that can help you monitor your workflow and detect any potential issues.
The Google Workflow Tool is equipped with features aimed at enhancing business processes and boosting efficiency. By comprehending these features and their effective usage, businesses can achieve maximum productivity and maintain a competitive edge in today’s dynamic business world.


Provost and Vice President for Academic Affairs
Dr. Scott Furlong, SUNY Oswego’s Provost and Vice President for Academic Affairs, has nearly 30 years of higher education experience and is a strong proponent of student success. At SUNY Oswego, Furlong manages the Academic Affairs division ensuring the academic integrity of the various programs. This also includes a variety of offices that support the College’s academic and student success endeavors. Prior to joining SUNY Oswego in 2017, he served as Dean of the College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences at the University of Wisconsin-Green Bay.
Furlong is a political scientist with a focus on American Government and Public Policy and has published extensively in the area of public and rulemaking policy including co-authoring two books published by CQ Press/Sage: Public Policy: Politics, Analysis, and Alternatives currently in its 7th edition), and Rulemaking: How Government Agencies Write Law and Make Policy (in its 5th edition). He has taught courses in American Government and Politics, Public Policy, and Regulatory Policy. Furlong earned his bachelor of arts degree in Government from St. Lawrence University in New York, and his Masters of Public Administration (MPA) and Ph.D. in Political Science from American University.


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He is the author of borne and the southern reach trilogy, the first volume of which, annihilation, won the nebula award and the shirley jackson award and was adapted into a movie by alex garland he speaks and writes frequently about issues relating to climate change. Intensifying the mystery and mood is the fact that none of the characters are named. When reading annihilation, if youre looking for immediate gratification, you wont find it. The biologist has a name but it is never given to the reader, nor the other members of her expedition team. Buy a cheap copy of annihilation, book two by simon furman. This is the sort of book that requires you to dwell on it long after you put it down, teasing out meaning and theme, nurturing their seeds until they blossom. All portions of the grand comics database, except where noted otherwise, are ed by the gcd and are licensed under a creative commons attributionsharealike 4. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. Annihilation got me thinking more about what i want from a book and not about this particular book. The psychology of symbolic annihilation by mauricio mazon online at alibris. This book will inspire and motivate the reader to immerse themselves in the scriptures for a greater understanding of the divine nature of god. After eleven unsuccessful expeditions to survey the areamost of which ended in the death of every team memberthe twelfth expedition is ready to go.
Annihilation has 6 available editions to buy at half price books marketplace. Youll get lost in the haunted world of annihilation jeff vandermeers annihilation is the first volume in a planned trilogy about the exploration of the mysterious area x from which no. Specialty ebook and paperback publishers, orlando ebook. The annihilation wave has scoured the galaxy for the onetime heralds of galactus forcing the silver surfer to seek out his former master and prepare for a cataclysmic battle with primordial foes. The group is made up of an anthropologist, a surveyor, a psychologist, and a biologist. Omnibus, annihilation, book one, annihilation, book three, and several more. Abrams and margaret atwood collaborated on a novel, it might look something like annihilation, the first in an extraordinary trilogy. One minute, wade mullins is at home, attempting to destroy topsecret drawings for the atomic bomb. Annihilus, lord of the negative zone, has declared war. And since id just read and liked the thanos imperative, which takes place after all the annihilation stuff, it was just the push i needed to check this out. Drax the destroyer returns from exile on earth to mentor nova but wait until you see his dangerous new persona. The annihilation book series by multiple authors includes books annihilation. Conquest book 1 hc gathers the first chapters of the scifi war spectacle that aint it cool news says is a worthy sequel and every bit the equal to the impressively cohesive and thoroughly entertaining crossover event from last year. Buy annihilation by jeff vandermeer from waterstones today.
Martins epic fantasy series, a song of ice and fire, the sworn sword follows the adventures of ser duncan and his squire, egg, as they quest for honor and glory in the seven kingdoms. Is there a purgatory, and if so, how does it fit into the picture. A trade paperback which reprints part of the annihilation story arc. Thankfully though, marvel is collecting the entire saga in three hardcover collections, and while this first collection details the events leading up to the main saga of annihilation, there isnt really anything super pivotal here.
Then came keith giffen, dan abnett and andy lanning with annihilation and once again, marvel proved that no one does space opera with as much wit, fun and pure frenetic energy. In this epic story, saxon andrew takes us into the future and the lives of human and nonhuman characters, some we can easily relate to, and others who are a bit different. The annihilation story arc is collected in two other paperbacks as well. Now earth is targeted for total annihilation by 50,000 warships.
The next minute, hes in an alternate world staring at a strange prophet who says wade is the final sign, an endtime omen of a culture on the verge of annihilation. Gueststarring quasar, ronan the accuser, the superskrull and thanos. Jeff vandermeer is the weird thoreau according to the new yorker. For thirty years, area x has remained mysterious and remote behind its intangible border an environmental disaster zone, though to all appearances an abundant wilderness. What is your annihilation prologue comic book worth. Does god annihilate wicked souls rather than punish them endlessly. Something is stirring in the negative zone something the marvel universe isnt ready for. Annihilation southern reach volume 1 by jeff vandermeer available in trade. Book one is all prologue and backstory, and the trade is inclusive of. Youll get lost in the haunted world of annihilation. The administrator of this site cannot be held responsible for what its users post, or any other actions of its users. Hordes of loyal soldiers swarm from the center of the. Contributors include john walvoord, william crockett, zachary hayes, and clark pinnock.
Vandermeer lives in tallahassee, florida, with his wife. Hordes of loyal soldiers swarm from the center of the universe, and only a handful of heroes can resist destruction. Here in annihilation, it shines through with warm blazing incandescence. Issues annual special giantsize kingsize super special graphic novel prestige format hard cover soft cover trade paper back no.
But it was a long while before we would get anything as epic as those classic confrontations. Nature has reclaimed the last vestiges of human civilization. Annihilation book by jeff vandermeer 6 available editions. Each view in turn is presented, critiqued, and defended. Marvel has assembled a grand collection of previously defunct, bronze age cosmic characters to battle a new threat of cosmic proportions.
Annihilation southern reach trilogy, book 1 by jeff vandermeer book cover. With annihilation the first volume of the southern reach trilogyhe carefully creates a yearning for answers, then boldly denies them, reminding us that being too eager to know too. See the complete annihilation series book list in order, box sets or omnibus editions, and companion titles. Paperback trade fiction books best sellers march 18. And be sure to check back next week for more comic book recommendations. Tpb or trade is a collection of stories originally published in comic books, reprinted in book format, usually presenting either a complete miniseries, a story arc from a single title, or a series of stories with an arc or common theme a trade paperback may reproduce the stories either at the same size in which they were originally presented in. Annihilation, book 1 by keith giffen nook book ebook. This results in a new pulsation between the weird and the familiar, the enigmatic and the explicated, the shape and the flux, the form and the content, the unknown and the known. Annihilation book 1 hc trade paperback comic issues. This is one of a grand writers finest and most dazzling books. If a book is not in a rank since the previous week, it will not have an arrow. The unnamed narrator of this brilliant first in a trilogy from fantasy author vandermeer city of saints and madmen tells of her evermoreterrifying, yet evermoretranscendent experiences, as she.
The annihilation wave has scoured the galaxy for the onetime heralds of. Annihilation southern reach trilogy, book 1 by jeff vandermeer. If you are the publisher or author of this book and feel that the. Tpb or trade is a collection of stories originally published in comic books, reprinted in book format, usually presenting either a complete miniseries, a story arc from a single title, or a series of stories with an arc or common theme. Annihilation is brilliant and atmospheric, a novel that has the force of myth. Annihilation jeff vandermeer macmillan macmillan publishers. My decision, give me a klingon narrator, i want the larger than life emotion, the instability of the protagonist, i want a kaleidoscope of a story. Kindle direct publishing indie digital publishing made easy. As the annihilation wave spreads into kree and skrull. Marvel battles the superskrull, who has all the fantastic fours powers on his side. This is a new first edition, first printing paperback copy with a black remainer mark on the bottom edge, brownish spine. Marvels heroes face villains theyve never fought before. But jeff vandermeer is not interested in putting his readers at ease. In the midst of marvels much hyped civil war event, the companys other less heard of event, annihilation, gets lost in translation.
Ideal for comparing and contrasting, this forum evenhandedly presents, critiques, and defends the literal, metaphorical, conditional, and purgatorial views on hell. Annihilation is a 2006 crossover storyline published by marvel comics, highlighting several. Finally, a novel about weird science thats genuinely weird. Conquest, book one last edited by williamsburger on 012020 07. Find the value of the marvel comic annihilation prologue volume 1. Now you can collect books in the passages series in one volume. Annihilation scourge trade paperback book by marvel comics. In this comic bookgraphic novel adaptation set one hundred years before the events in george r. There is a comfort in familiarity, a foundation from which to definitively identify and label. Annihilation book 2 trade paperback annihilation comic. No job is too small for deadpool, but fixing one boys bad. As an introduction to the southern reach trilogy, it works perfectly, opening up to us this sinister, uncertain world, containing the unknown and the familiar, but all distorted and strange. It is the first in a series of three books called the southern reach trilogy.
Each link contains the name of the first title and last title on the listing page. Feb 07, 2014 youll get lost in the haunted world of annihilation jeff vandermeers annihilation is the first volume in a planned trilogy about the exploration of the mysterious area x from which no. The first expedition returned with reports of a pristine, edenic landscape. To find the trade paperback you are seeking, select the link below where the title you are searching falls alphabetically. Their mission is to map the terrain, record all observations of their surroundings and of one another, and, above all, avoid being contaminated by area x itself. Charles yu, author of how to live in a science fictional universe in much of jeff vandermeers work, a kind of radiance lies beating beneath the surface of the words. Is hell literally a place of eternal smoke and flames. Volume 1 collects drax the destroyer miniseries, annihilation. Learning gods nature book 1 by john anthony paperback for kindle once for all.
Martins epic fantasy series, a song of ice and fire, the sworn sword follows the adventures of ser duncan and his squire, egg, as they quest for. Trevor noah gets minutes with the one guy you want to. The book is able to integrate flux into very narrative technique and enunciative process, whereas the film has a more difficult trade off between flux and form. The links on this page go to title listing pages which list titles and the publisher available as a trade paperback, sorted alphabetically. Inspire a love of reading with prime book box for kids discover delightful childrens books with prime book box, a subscription that delivers new books. Click and collect from your local waterstones or get free uk delivery on orders over. The first volume of the extraordinary southern reach trilogy now a major motion picture written and directed by alex garland ex machina and starring natalie portman and oscar isaac. This study guide consists of approximately 42 pages of chapter summaries, quotes, character analysis, themes, and more everything you need to sharpen your knowledge of annihilation. Eddie brock and venom are targeted by monster hunter lady hellbender. Feb 11, 2014 when reading annihilation, if youre looking for immediate gratification, you wont find it. Annihilation reading order marvel cosmic comics comic book. Nature has reclaimed the last vestiges of human civilisation.
The annihilation wave has scoured the galaxy for the onetime heralds of galactus forcing the silver surfer to seek out his former master. The interactive counterpoints forum allows the reader to see the four views on hellliteral, metaphorical, conditional, and purgatorialin interaction with each other. Area x has been cut off from the rest of the continent for decades. Book one has 1 available editions to buy at half price books marketplace. The largest online source for comic book pricing in.
This includes but is not necessarily limited to our database schema and data distribution format. Inspired by lowells life studies, teicher explores troubled spaces between loved ones as a son. Learning gods nature is part one in a three book series. Can nova assemble a team powerful enough to tackle this burgeoning threat or is it already too late to stop its descent upon the galaxy. The book describes a team of four women a biologist, an anthropologist, a psychologist, and a surveyor who set out into an area known as area x. The next annihilation epic continues with the newest addition to marvels galaxy of scifi stars and the last remaining nova corps centurian, as the action builds to the main event. Until you earn points all your submissions need to be vetted by other comic vine users. None of the files shown here are hosted or transmitted by this server.1498 403 556 671 676 1242 789 467 1217 1511 1463 787 362 183 315 985 1509 138 512 1357 397 126 154 236 1548 1511 957 106 135 691 369 1307 620 329 511 1353 256 402 1243 1154 1493 1381 634

domain: literature


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The film is based on three school students and their journey from youth to adulthood filled with competition, envy, friendship, victory, failure and heartbreak.
Bhatt said all three were nervous, as it was their first film and everything appeared too grand for them. “All three of us are very nervous, it’s our first film and it is a Karan Johar film.
Everything is very grand; the promotions are very grand, as Siddharth always says everything is too grand for us. We have so much to take in and it’s just happening so soon that we can’t breathe. We just hope that the audience likes the film and please all of you go and watch it on October 19th,” said Bhatt.
The music of the film is composed by Vishal Shekhar and Bollywood actors, Shahrukh Khan and Kajol, are giving special appearance in two different songs of the film separately.
The film is slated to hit the silver screen on October 19, 2012.
Photos: Salman Khan returns from Jodhpur to Mumbai
15 'peach' perfect photos of Priyanka Chopra at People's Choice Awards 2017
Photos: Tennis legend Andre Agassi meets Rahul Dravid in Mumbai
Photos: 10 times 'Sultan' Salman Khan wrestled with the law
62 going on 16: These photos of Rekha prove she is 'forever young'


It is expected that by 2020, 90 percent of the world’s population over six years of age will have a mobile device (1) and there will be over 26 billion mobile devices(2). All of these devices will result in an exponential growth in the Mobile data traffic over the next several years. By 2019 Mobile traffic is expected to reach 24.3 Exabytes per month growing at compound annual growth rate of 57%*(3).
To support such a data growth, Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) needs to continuously build and maintain larger capacity infrastructures and backhauls with decreasing revenue. In many cases the MNOs are basically turning into bit-pipes for Over-the-Top (OTT) apps.
As a result, globally more and more MNOs are finding out that their business model is challenged where data is growing at an exponential rate and voice and messaging revenues are diminishing. As such, there is a need for MNOs to optimize, scale and to open up new monetization opportunities. Fortunately MNOs can accomplish that with Mobile-Edge Computing.
What is Mobile-Edge Computing (MEC)?
Mobile-edge Computing offers an IT service environment and cloud computing capabilities within the Radio Access Network (RAN), in close proximity to mobile subscribers.
The RAN edge is a service environment with ultra-low latency and high-bandwidth, proximity and it provides exposure to real-time radio network and context information. Mobile-edge Computing allows newer value added apps and services to be delivered and current content, services and applications to be accelerated, increasing responsiveness from the edge.
The mobile edge computing (MEC) provides several business benefits.
The technical standards for MEC are being developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). MEC enables implementation of Mobile Edge Applications as software-only entities or VMs that can run on a Network Function Virtualization Infrastructure (NFVi) layer.
Mobile Edge Computing translates local context, agility, rapid response time and speed into value. It delivers several key use cases in the following areas:
MNOs are finding out that their business models are challenged as they have to continuously expand their network footprint to support ever increasing data requirements from mobile and IoT devices
Mobile Edge computing can help these MNOs by optimizing their networks and significantly improving network economics with newer value added apps and service such as content caching, CDN, IoT, Smart Cities, Connected cars and Enterprise Services, etc.
This was a quick introduction to the Mobile-Edge Computing. In the next blog, we will talk about some of these key Mobile-Edge Computing use-cases in more detail. Watch this space as Dell EMC Service Provider team delivers some new and exciting solution for Mobile Edge Computing. To learn more visit: www.dell.com/telecom .
(1) Ericsson Mobility Report, June 2015.
(2) Gartner Supply Chain Executive Conference, May 2014.


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#TheList Christopher Lees, born 21/01/1986, last known address Wilsford Close, Druids Heath, Birmingham B14 5PS – one of a group of four teenagers who filmed themselves repeatedly hurling a cat from a balacony
The individual shown is Christopher Lees, one of a group of four teenagers who filmed themselves repeatedly hurling a female cat named Kharlo 60ft from a balcony. Only Lees can ever be identified for legal reasons.
Kharlo limped off but was found by her owner, student Simone Warmington, and taken to the vet. She had suffered brain damage and multiple fractures and had to be put to sleep.
The mobile phone footage was shared with numerous parties before it was reported to police and the RSPCA. Lees is heard giving a running commentary as the callous group carry out their sadistic act of cruelty towards the defenceless ginger and white cat.
The prosecutor for the RSPCA said of the case: “The most disturbing feature is not only the sustained cruelty, but also that that was seen as entertainment – it was being done for no other reason than entertainment. These people were enjoying it and sending it around on phones.”
Miss Warmington described her heartbreak at losing her pet in such cruel circumstances: ” “I was absolutely devastated, I cried, I was distraught really. I couldn’t get my head around it. She would have been so scared, I will never forget it.
In July 2006 Lees pleaded guilty to animal cruelty and was sentenced to four months in prison. He was also banned from keeping animals for five years.
In August 2006 an unnamed 16-year-old girl was detained for four months and banned from keeping animal for ten years.
A 14-year-old girl was given a 12-month referral order for aiding and abetting the cruelty.
A fourth, 17-year-old youth was due to be sentenced in September 2006 but we’ve been unable to find details.
Update on Chris Lees: in May 2015 Lees was given a suspended prison sentence after harassing his ex-girlfriend in a revenge porn case.


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IN PICTURES: Aerial photos show the beauty of Whitby, Scarborough and the North Yorkshire Coast
A series of images taken by Delta Charlie Drones owner David Creek, both before and during the pandemic, capture the incredible beauty of North Yorkshire.
For Delta Charlie Drones, lockdown has provided the opportunity to create a record of the empty streets during the pandemic.
Owner David Creek said:: “I’ve had a unique opportunity to capture things like Whitby piers when there was nobody on them."
*All images are copyright Delta Charlie Drones and were taken in accordance with restrictions in place at the time.
You can follow Delta Charlie Drones on Facebook at www.facebook.com/DeltaCharlieDrones


Customer service is a big part of producing packaging machinery, and also the Product Packaging Equipment Manufacturers Institute (PMMI) recently discovered that less than 50% of end customers were satisfied with the number as well as schedule of well-informed service professionals. While packaging equipment producers are certainly responsible for component of this reduced level of complete satisfaction, the modern technology behind product packaging machinery and also expectations additionally offer to maintain the variety of end customers pleased with solution reduced.
As technology improves, the role of a service technician necessarily alters. While service technicians have historically played the duty of an auto mechanic, expectations currently require far more than simply these skills. Computers as well as PLC’s play a bigger duty in product packaging equipment today than they ever before have before. On top of that, clients expect to locate a firm today to integrate different product packaging machinery from a number of makers. These two simple expectations entirely redefine “knowledgeable” as made use of for a solution specialist.
Picture a packaging line that includes a power conveyor system, bottle unscrambler, liquid loading maker, covering equipment and a wrap labeler. In almost all situations, there will be numerous equipment producers, in many cases a different supplier for each private piece of equipment. When it comes time to mount the product packaging machinery for the end user, the job will likely be up to a solitary manufacturer or a company that specializes in the installment of packaging equipment. In other words, there will certainly not be five separate professionals at the installation for the most part, yet instead one or two installers from a solitary company. It logically follows, after that, that the service technician should comprehend not only the packaging equipment produced by his or her own business, but every one of the packaging machinery on the line. Essentially, the meaning of “educated” has actually simply increased by regarding an aspect of 5.
Obviously, the first service that enters your mind vertical packaging machine when seeing a low portion of pleased end customers is to simply work with more well-informed solution specialists. However, the employing practices of product packaging machinery makers probably has much less to do with the end customers fulfillment than the majority of would certainly think at first look. Solution professionals become experienced most importantly through experience. The more equipment a technician has the possibility to service, the even more expertise they obtain. Yet there exists a large amount of info for packaging equipment solution specialists to get. Bear in mind the instance noted over as well as increase it one more action. Think about for a moment simply the producer of the fluid filling equipment. Presume throughout a year the firm makes one hundred loading makers. It would certainly not come as a surprise if no two of the one hundred makers were identical. Each fluid filler, and for the most part each piece of product packaging equipment, will certainly be a little various – or perhaps totally different – from the last one manufactured. This schedules in part to different items as well as various product packaging. It may take years for the specialist of the loading equipment to end up being genuinely well-informed concerning every aspect of loading tools. Nevertheless, end individuals currently expect this technician to not only have the ability to set up the filler as well as work with the mechanical elements of the equipment, however to have the understanding essential to program PLC’s and correctly cord equipment when essential. This is expected not just for the filling up maker, however, for the various other product packaging equipment on the line as well. As well as truly so, the end user is entitled to educated help if the tools at the heart of their company does not satisfy performance standards.
So if the absence of educated service technicians is not as a result of the hesitation of manufacturers to employ specialists, how do we combat against the reduced variety of end individuals satisfied with the service they obtain? There are actually a couple of new trends that might help to bring the numbers up if used correctly. First, numerous colleges in the USA now identify packaging as an essential market in the United States and also internationally. A growing number of institutions are offering degrees in Product packaging as well as Packaging Scientific research. Experience in the classroom collaborating with common elements and also equipment will bring brand-new recruits to the packaging field equipped with a history that never prior to existed. While different colleges may offer various educational programs, one can only really hope that several of the courses will focus on product packaging equipment as well as what makes them work. Not just might this bring about a greater number of knowledgeable service specialists yet to advancement in the class offered the manufacturing flooring.
One more brand-new device that might be utilized to enhance the understanding level of service professionals is digital packaging equipment. Though now being considered as a device for end users, enabling them to work with product packaging equipments on a computer display, the prospective exists for such modern technology to be used in the manufacturing arena or in the class. Permitting professionals to get on a computer system and operate, transition and or else find out a packaging machine can bring about much more effective solution when at the end individuals plant. It likewise permits an additional avenue for service technicians to obtain the understanding anticipated by the end users.


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DruckChemie develops, manufactures and supplies chemical and technical products and accessories for the printing industry, as well as providing waste reprocessing and recycling services. The range of goods on offer includes virtually all the consumables required by a printing works apart from plates, printing ink and paper. A high degree of service competence, great innovative drive and a pronounced environmental awareness are the foundations on which the excellent reputation of our company and our products is based throughout the world.
- A complete range of customer services continuously optimised for customer needs
- Certified waste disposal organisation
- DruckChemie assumes responsibility for professional recycling of products and chemicals after usage
- Vast industry knowledge invested into ever more efficient, environmentally compatible products and services.


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The audio album of Ram and Anupama Parameswaran starrer ‘Hello Guru Prema Kosame’ audio has received a great response from the audience. The Romantic entertainer is slated for 18th October release and the movie makers are planned a grand Pre-release event on 13th October at JRC Convention,Hyderabad.
The film’s theatrical trailer is released on 10th October and received a huge response from audience. Pranitha Subhash and Prakash Raj play crucial roles in the film. Dil Raju is producing the movie.


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Valentine's Day Cosplay Contest
The winners of the Valentine's Day Cosplay Contest have been announced!
On our Instagram, we announced we were doing a Valentine’s Day Cosplay contest. We had only one category this time for best Valentine’s day cosplay!
We are happy to officially announce the winner! Congratulations and thank you to everyone who participated.
The Best Valentine’s Day Cosplay by: @magicalmari.e