|Publication number||US7026808 B2|
|Application number||US 10/948,808|
|Publication date||Apr 11, 2006|
|Filing date||Sep 23, 2004|
|Priority date||Jan 31, 2002|
|Also published as||EP1470429A2, US6815944, US20030141862, US20050040814, WO2003069358A2, WO2003069358A3|
|Publication number||10948808, 948808, US 7026808 B2, US 7026808B2, US-B2-7026808, US7026808 B2, US7026808B2|
|Inventors||Ravi Vig, Jay M. Towne, Glenn Forrest|
|Original Assignee||Allegro Microsystems, Inc.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (17), Non-Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (59), Classifications (20), Legal Events (5)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
The present application is a Divisional application of and claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/282,528 filed on Oct. 29, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,815,944, issued on Nov. 9, 2004, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/353,836 filed Jan. 31, 2002 and 60/354,907 filed Feb. 5, 2002 which applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
The present invention relates generally to sensors and more particularly to a method and apparatus for sensing the speed and direction of a moving object and for providing information regarding the environment in which a sensor is disposed.
As is known in the art, magnetic sensing devices which can detect the presence of a ferromagnetic object in the vicinity of the sensing device have been widely used. Such sensing devices typically utilize a magnetic field and employ sensing apparatus that detect changes in the strength of the magnetic field. Magnetic field strength is defined as the magnetomotive force developed by a permanent magnet per the distance in the magnetization direction. As an example, an increase in the strength of a magnetic field, corresponding to a drop in the reluctance of a magnetic circuit, will occur as an object made from a high magnetic permeability material, such as iron, is moved toward the magnet. Magnetic permeability is the ease with which the magnetic lines of force, designated as magnetic flux, can pass through a substance magnetized with a given magnetizing force. Quantitatively, it is expressed as the ratio between the magnetic flux density (the number or lines of magnetic flux per unit area which are perpendicular to the direction of the flux) produced and the magnetic field strength, or magnetizing force. Because the output signal of a magnetic field sensing device is dependent upon the strength of the magnetic field, it is effective in detecting the distance between the sensing device and an object within the magnetic circuit. The range within which the object can be detected is limited by the flux density, as measured in Gauss or teslas.
As is also known, where it is desired to determine the speed or rotational position of a rotating object, such as a disk mounted on a shaft, the object is typically provided with surface features that project toward the sensing device, such as teeth. The proximity of a tooth to the sensing device will increase the strength of the magnetic field. Accordingly, by monitoring the output of the sensing device, the rotational speed of the disk can be determined by correlating the peaks in the sensor's output with the known number of teeth on the circumference of the disk. Likewise, when the teeth are irregularly spaced in a predetermined pattern, the rotational position of the body can be determined by correlating the peak intervals with the known intervals between the teeth on the disk.
One prominent form of such a sensing device is a Hall effect transducer. A Hall effect transducer relies upon a transverse current flow that occurs in the presence of a magnetic field. The Hall effect transducer is primarily driven by a direct current (DC) voltage source having electrodes at both ends of the Hall effect transducer, creating a longitudinal current flow through the sensor's body. In the presence of a magnetic field, a transverse voltage is induced in the transducer that can be detected by a second pair of electrodes transverse to the first pair. The second pair of electrodes can then be connected to a voltmeter to determine the potential created across the surface of the sensor. This transverse voltage increases with a corresponding increase in the magnetic field's strength.
The Hall effect transducer can also be chopper stabilized, wherein for half of some clock cycle the first pair of electrodes receives the DC voltage source creating the longitudinal current flow through the sensor's body. For the second half of the clock cycle, the second pair of electrodes receives this energizing DC voltage. This well-known technique reduces the inherent electrical offsets that may be present in the Hall effect transducer.
The Hall effect transducer is most often integrated into a single integrated circuit that contains conditioning circuitry to amplify and otherwise modify the output of the Hall effect transducer. This integrated circuitry is often referred to as a Hall effect sensor.
The Hall effect sensor is mounted within and perpendicular to a magnetic circuit that can include a permanent magnet and an exciter (the object being sensed). The exciter is a high magnetic permeability element having projecting surface features which increase the strength of the magnet's magnetic field as the distance between the surface of the exciter and the permanent magnet is reduced. Typically, the exciter will be in the form of a series of spaced teeth separated by slots, such as the teeth on a gear. The exciter moves relative to the stationary Hall effect sensor element, and in doing so, changes the reluctance of the magnetic circuit so as to cause the magnetic flux through the Hall effect element to vary in a manner corresponding to the position of the teeth. With the change in magnet flux there occurs the corresponding change in magnetic field strength, which increases the transverse voltage of the Hall effect sensor.
The Hall effect sensor can also detect the proximity of a permanent magnetic material, such as a rotating ring magnet.
With the increasing sophistication of products, magnetic field sensing devices have also become common in products that rely on electronics in their operation, such as automobile control systems. Common examples of automotive applications are the detection of ignition timing from the engine crankshaft and/or camshaft, and the detection of wheel speed for anti-lock braking systems and four-wheel steering systems. For detecting wheel speed, the exciter is typically an exciter wheel mounted inboard from the vehicle's wheel, the exciter wheel being mechanically connected to the wheel so as to rotate with the wheel. The exciter wheel is provided with a number of teeth which typically extend axially from the perimeter of the exciter wheel to an inboard-mounted magnetic field sensor. As noted before, the exciter wheel is formed of a high magnetic permeability material, such as iron, such that as each tooth rotates toward the sensor device, the strength of the magnetic field increases as a result of a decrease in the magnetic circuit's reluctance. Subsequently, the magnetic circuit reluctance increases and the strength of the magnetic field decreases as the tooth moves away from the sensing device. In the situation where a Hall effect device is used, there will be a corresponding peak in the device's potential across the transverse electrodes as each tooth passes near the device.
The sensor's output is dependent upon the distance between the exciter and the sensing device, known as the air gap. More specifically, as the air gap increases, the maximum output range of the device decreases thus decreasing the resolution of the output and making it more difficult to accurately analyze the device's output. The output of a Hall effect device is directly proportional to the strength of the magnetic field, and therefore is sensitive to the air gap at low strength magnetic fields.
An integrated circuit magnetic field sensor assembly typically can include a magnet, and one or more of the above-described Hall effect semiconductor sensors, where the magnetic poles are sensed as they move relative to the Hall effect semiconductor sensor. The assembly can also include a permanent magnet mounted proximal to the Hall effect semiconductor sensor, and a ferrous object then moves relative to the Hall effect semiconductor sensor, and this sensor detects the disturbances in the magnetic field created by the passing ferrous object. The magnet provides a magnetic field. The semiconductor sensors are located within the magnetic field and are utilized for sensing the strength of the magnetic field. The magnetic field sensor allows the detection of a ferromagnetic object passing through the magnetic field. The magnetic field sensor is disposed adjacent to the ferromagnetic object and is positioned from the ferromagnetic object so as to reduce the distance between the magnetic field sensor and the ferromagnetic object and still maintain an air gap between the magnetic field sensor and the ferromagnetic object to allow passage of the ferromagnetic object by the magnetic field sensor. The semiconductor sensors may be realized as Hall effect devices which are used to detect edges of the ferromagnetic object such as a gear tooth. From the detection of the edges of a gear tooth, information relating to the speed and direction of the rotating gear can be determined.
While detecting the speed of and direction of rotating devices has proven useful, further information regarding the rotating device is generally not available. It would, therefore, be desirable to provide a method and apparatus which provides information relating to the speed and direction of a rotating device and to further provide information relating to the environment the device is disposed in.
A method and apparatus for providing information from a speed and direction sensor is disclosed. The method and apparatus detect the presence of a ferromagnetic object as it moves past a sensor, or detect the disturbances in a magnetic field created by a ferrous object as it moves past a sensor having a permanent magnet in close proximity. The sensor determines speed and direction information regarding the ferromagnetic object, and further provides information relating to the environment surrounding the sensor or object, such as the status of an air gap between the sensor and the moving object, and the temperature of the environment in which the sensor or object is disposed.
In accordance with the present invention, a method of providing information from a speed and direction sensor includes generating at an output of the sensor a data string having a plurality of pulses, wherein a first logic data bit is represented by a first pulse having a first width and a second logic data bit is represented by a second pulse having a second pulse width wherein a first one of the first and second pulse widths is a multiple of a second one of the first and second pulse widths.
With this particular arrangement, a sensor which provides a data string in accordance with a predetermined protocol is provided. In one embodiment, the method includes the step of forming one or more data words using at least two pulses, wherein the data word conveys a characteristic of at least one of a target and an environment in which the target is disposed. By utilizing a protocol in which data words are formed from pulses of various widths, the speed and direction of a moving target as well as diagnostic data can be communicated to various circuits which can utilize this information. In one embodiment, when the target is moving in a first direction, the protocol provides speed and direction information on every edge or pole boundary of the target and the diagnostic data is decoded by measuring the width of each pulse. The diagnostic data can include, but is not limited to, status of an air gap between a sensor and a target and a temperature of the environment in which the sensor or target is disposed. In one embodiment, the first logic data bit corresponds to a logic zero data bit and the second logic data bit corresponds to a logic one data bit and the data string signal protocol includes a start data sequence (SDS) and a plurality of data words, each of the data words separated by a data word separator.
In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, a magnetic article proximity detector includes a magnetic field sensor for providing an output signal proportional to a magnetic field and a detection circuit to detect at least one of: (a) a parameter of the environment in which the magnetic article is disposed; (b) a parameter of the environment in which the magnetic article proximity detector is disposed; (c) a parameter related to a relationship between the magnetic article proximity detector and the magnetic article; and (d) a parameter of the magnetic article. The magnetic article proximity detector further includes an output control circuit coupled to receive one or more signals from the detection circuit. In response to the one or more signals, the detection circuit provides a data string in accordance with a predetermined protocol in which a first logic data bit having a first logic value in the data string is provided from a single pulse having a first pulse characteristic and a second logic data bit having a second logic value in the data string is provided from a single pulse having a second pulse characteristic with the second pulse width being related to the first pulse characteristic.
With this particular arrangement, a magnetic article proximity detector is provided which utilizes a protocol which conveys information in the form of data words. In one embodiment, each of the data words include two logic data bits for a total of four possible states for each word. In other embodiments, more than two bits per word can be used in which case more than four states for each data word will exist. In one automotive application, the detector detects information about a rotating ferrous target and provides the information to an engine control unit. Also, in one embodiment the pulse characteristic corresponds to one of: a pulse width, a current level and a voltage level. The detection circuit can include at least one of a speed detection circuit, a direction detection circuit, a temperature detection circuit, an air gap detection circuit and a voltage detection circuit. In response to signals fed thereto from the magnetic field sensor, one or more of the speed, direction, temperature, air gap and voltage detection circuits provides an output pulse stream providing speed, direction, and diagnostic information in accordance with a predetermined protocol which includes a data string having a plurality of pulses, one pulse for each edge of a detected target wherein a first logic data bit is represented by a pulse having a first pulse width and a second logic data bit is represented by a pulse having a second pulse width wherein a first one of the first and second pulse widths is a multiple of a second one of the first and second pulse widths.
In accordance with a still further aspect of the present invention, a method includes providing a start data sequence and providing a first data word having a plurality of pulses with each of the plurality of pulses having a pulse characteristic with a first pulse characteristic value corresponding to a first logic value and a second pulse characteristic value corresponding to a second logic value. In one embodiment, the pulse characteristic corresponds to one of: a pulse width, a current level and a voltage level and each pulse corresponds to a data bit having a logic value. In one embodiment, the first data word is a first word of a plurality of words in a data string and each data bit is provided from a single pulse having a first or second logic value. With this particular arrangement, a method for conveying information via data words is provided.
The invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
The present invention comprises a method and apparatus for detecting the speed and direction of a moving object as well as detecting diagnostic conditions (e.g. environmental conditions) of the apparatus or moving object and conveying the information to other circuits or systems in the form of data words. The method and apparatus also make the speed, direction and diagnostic condition information available to other circuitry for further processing. The apparatus includes a magnetic field sensor which provides an output signal proportional to a magnetic field at an output thereof and signal processing circuitry which provides, in response to the detection of ferrous materials by the magnetic field sensor, output signals in accordance with a predetermined protocol which utilizes pulses of varying widths to convey information in the form of digital words. The present invention is particularly suitable for automotive applications, such as detecting the rotational speed of a wheel and an environment for an electronic antilock braking or transmission system. The invention is not, however, limited to use in automotive applications.
In a preferred embodiment, the apparatus is provided as a speed and direction sensor which is realized as a Hall effect sensor integrated circuit (IC) and magnet combination which is appropriate for detecting the rotational speed of gear-tooth targets of the type utilized in automotive anti-lock braking system (ABS) and transmission applications. In an ABS application, the gear-tooth target (also referred to herein as an exciter wheel) is rotatably mounted in a wheel housing of a vehicle equipped with an anti-lock braking system. The exciter wheel is engaged for rotation with one of the automobile's wheels, the rotational speed of which is required for feedback to the anti-lock circuitry to prevent complete lockup of the wheel during braking.
It should be appreciated that reference is sometimes made, herein to data words having a particular number of bits, e.g. two bits. It should be understood that such reference should not be construed as limiting, rather such reference is made only for clarity in description and that the particular number of bits to use in any particular application is selected in accordance with a variety of factors including but not limited to the number of states or levels to be covered (e.g. 2 bits provides 4 different levels, 3 bits provides 8 different levels, 4 bits provides 16 different levels, etc . . . ).
Reference is also sometimes made herein to detection of certain parameters (e.g. air gap, temperature range, speed, etc . . . ). It should be understood that such references should not be construed as limiting but rather are provided for clarity in description. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate, after reading the description provided herein, that other parameters may also be detected. For example, in some applications it may be desirable to measure or detect parameters such as undervoltage, overvoltage and nominal voltage conditions.
Referring now to
In this particular embodiment, the teeth 22 are substantially identical in size and shape and are evenly spaced around the periphery or circumference of the hub 21. The speed and direction sensor 10 is disposed proximate the teeth 22 so that the teeth 22 and slots 24 alternately pass the speed and direction sensor 10 as the exciter wheel 20 rotates in either clockwise or counter clockwise directions. The teeth 22 thus act as targets which the sensor 10 detects.
Each tooth 22 has an outer surface 22 a and first and second edges 23 a, 23 b. The distance B between a surface of the speed and direction sensor 10 and the outer surface 22 a of a tooth 22 is referred to as the “air gap” distance or more simply, the “air gap.” The air gap between the sensor 10 and the surface 22 a is ideally selected such that the speed and direction sensor 10 provides the highest possible resolution of the exciter wheel 20, while still providing a large enough air gap to compensate for the unevenness in the exciter wheel 20 caused by heat expansion, unequal length between teeth 22, wear on the exciter wheel, and other factors which could affect the air gap distance.
In general overview, as teeth 22 pass by the sensor 10, the sensor 10 detects each edge 23 a, 23 b of each tooth 22 and provides an output pulse signal in response thereto. Each of the pulses in the series of pulse signals corresponds to a logical data bit and is part of a particular inventive protocol as will become clear from the description provided below in conjunction with
By utilizing a protocol in which data words are formed from pulses of various widths, the protocol can be used to provide information in the form of data words. In particular, the protocol allows communication of information (e.g. direction of a moving target as well as diagnostic data related to the sensor and/or the target) to various circuits, such as an engine control unit (ECU) for example, which can utilize this information. The diagnostic data can include, but is not limited to, status of the air gap between the sensor and the target and a temperature of the environment in which the sensor and/or target is disposed.
Referring now to
The target 32 includes a plurality of raised regions or teeth 34, each of which has a first edge 36 and a second edge 38. Teeth 34 and edges 36, 38 may be similar to teeth 22 and edges, 23 a, 23 b described above in conjunction with
The speed at which the target 32 moves relative to the sensor can be provided by a pulse rate. One way to compute the pulse rate is to measure the time interval between edges of two consecutive pulses (e.g. pulse edges 31 a and 31 b), and relate this time to the known distance (typically in degrees of rotation) between the edges of the corresponding tooth (34). In the embodiment shown in
The direction in which the target 32 is moving as well as diagnostic information can be obtained by measuring the width of one or more of the pulses 30 a–30 l. In particular, in accordance with the protocol of the present invention, each of the pulses 30 are provided having a first or second pulse width. The first pulse width (e.g. the width of pulses 30 d, 30 e, 30 f, 30 i) corresponds to a first logic value and the second pulse width (e.g. the width of pulses 30 a, 30 b, 30 c, 30 g, 30 h, 30 j, 30 r) corresponds to a second different logic value. The pulse widths are related in that the first pulse width is approximately half as long as the second pulse width. Assume for the sake of example that the first pulse width is 45 microseconds (μs) long and that this pulse width represents a logical zero data bit. Then a logical one data bit corresponds to a pulse having a width of about 90 μs. In this way, the pulse string 30 (which is the waveform provided by a sensor) can be represented as a digital data string 40 (i.e. a stream of data bits each of the data bits having one of two logic values).
The data bits of the data string 40 can be grouped into data words with each data word comprised of a predetermined number of bits. In one particular protocol embodiment, the beginning of a data string (e.g. data string 40) is indicated by a first plurality of bits 41 a–41 c corresponding to a start data sequence (SDS) 41. In the example of
The SDS 41, is followed by a plurality of data words 46, 48. In this example, the third bit of the SDS 41 is followed by two data words 46, 48 each of which is comprised of two bits 46 a, 46 b, 48 a, 48 b respectively. This yields a total of four logic states for each data word as shown in the Table below.
Each of the data words 46, 48 is followed by a delimiter 50. The value of the delimiter 50 is selected such that the combination of one of the data words 48, 48 and the delimiter 50 can never result in a series of bit which is the same as the SDS, In this particular embodiments, the SDS is provided as three logic one bits in succession and the delimiter 50 is provided as a single bit having a logic zero value. Thus, the combination of one of the data words and the delimiter bit can never result in three logic one bits in succession. This maintains a distinct signature for the SDS 41.
In accordance with the inventive protocol, a data bit (e.g. bit 30 d) provided from a pulse having the first pulse width i.e. the 45 μs pulse, represents the logic zero data bit and a left moving target (e.g. left rotation in the case of the wheel 20 in
As the target moves by the sensor in a first direction (e.g. left), a pulse is produced at each edge of every tooth 34. The resulting pulse string provided by the sensor is shown in
It should be appreciated that although the data string 40 described above includes a particular number of bits in the SDS 41 and a particular number of data words 46, 48 in the data string, and a particular number of data bits in the data string, the invention is not so limited. In other embodiments, the data string 40 could contain any number of data words 46, 48 and the data words may contain any number of data bits (e.g. three or more bits).
It should also be appreciated that if more bits are included in the data words, then each individual data word can convey more information (e.g. a 2 bit word has 4 states, a 3 bit data word has 8 states, etc . . . ).
Following the SDS 41, the first data word 46 is presented. In this example, the first data word 46 has a value of zero, since data bits 46 a, 46 b both correspond to logical “0” data bits. The first data word 46 is followed by a first data word delimiter 50 also comprising a data bit corresponding to a logical “0” data bit. In one embodiment, the first word provides air gap diagnostics information and the second word provides temperature diagnostics.
It should be appreciated that increasing logic state value does not necessarily correspond directly to increasing signal strength. For example, in one embodiment gray coding is used to reduce the risk of providing confusing information in the data word. For example, assume that the air gap changes in the middle of providing an air gap diagnostic word. In this case it would be undesirable to output confusing data. By using gray coding, however, the logic state values would progress as 0, 1, 3, 2 with 0 representing a minimum value and 2 representing a maximum value. In this manner only 1 bit need change between each logic state value as shown in Table below.
For example, when the first data word has a value of zero, this indicates that the air gap B is less than an air gap threshold limit BLIMIT (i.e. B<BLIMIT) and thus corresponds to a fault condition. When the first data word has a value of one, this indicates that the air gap value B is greater than the air gap limit BLIMIT and less than an air gap threshold value BTHRESHOLD (i.e. BLIMIT<B<BTHRESHOLD) thus corresponds to an air gap warning condition. When the first data word has a value of two, this indicates that the air gap value B is greater than the air gap installation value BINSTALL (i.e. B>BINSTALL) and thus corresponds to an air gap OK condition. When the first data word has a value of three, this indicates that the air gap value B is greater than the air threshold value BTHRESHOLD and less than the air gap installation value BINSTALL (i.e. BTHRESHOLD<B<BINSTALL) and thus corresponds to an installation threshold condition.
As shown in the exemplary embodiment of
It should be appreciated that if each word is comprised of more than two bits, then more than four logic states are available and thus it is possible to provide even wider or more discrete ranges of air gap, temperature and other parameters.
A second data word delimiter 50 follows the second data word 48. The cycle is then repeated with potentially different values in the data words 46 and 48 being presented to a control unit or other processing circuit. In this way the ECU can receive continuously updated information about the sensor and its environment.
As the relative speed between the target and the sensor increases, the falling edge of the logic one data pulse will begin to approach the rising edge of the next data pulse. The speed at which it is not possible to distinguish edges between such consecutive pulses is referred to as the diagnostic data drop out frequency, (FDO). Since a logic zero data pulse is approximately half as wide as a logic one data pulse, the logic zero data pulse can be detected at greater speeds (e.g. greater rotational speeds) than a logic one data pulse. Thus, to ensure that the ECU can distinguish one pulse from the next, in accordance with the protocol of the present invention, only logic zero data pulses are transmitted above the diagnostic data drop out frequency FDO. When this changeover frequency FDO occurs, the pulses provided by sensor 10 contain speed and direction information, but not diagnostic information. It is also possible when the FDO occurs to begin providing logic zero data pulses on every other edge, allowing the sensor to provide speed data for higher exciter speeds. The ECU would have to know that at the FDO the data coming from the sensor represented only one edge of the exciter, and adjust its frequency calculation accordingly.
It should be appreciated that the target 32 may be similar, for example, to the exciter wheel 20 described above in conjunction with
In some embodiments it may be desirable to provide the first pulse width as a minimum pulse width. The minimum pulse width is defined by an effective RC time constant at an output of the sensor. It is preferable to select the narrowest possible pulse width since this increases the speeds at which a pulse can be detected (i.e. the narrower the pulse width, the higher the speed which can be detected). In one embodiment, the minimum pulse width corresponds to a the value of 45 us and is selected based on knowledge of an effective RC delay on a detection circuit. That is, the minimum pulse width is selected to be wide enough so that even with a worst case RC delay, the pulse will still have its integrity when it reaches the ECU. If it were determined that 10 us was an adequate period of time for the pulse to still have its integrity when it reached the ECU, then it may be desirable to make the minimum pulse width 10 us, since that would allow operation at higher data rates. In this particular embodiment, the 45 us is hard-wired into the circuit, it doesn't in any way “read” the value of the RC present at the output and adjust the pulse width accordingly. In other embodiments, however, it may be desirable to have the sensor (or other circuit) “read” or otherwise determine the RC delay (or other circuit characteristic) and determine an appropriate minimum pulse width.
Referring now to
The second direction pulse data string 60 does not contain diagnostic data. To obtain the highest resolution, the second direction pulses 60 a–60R occur on each edge 36, 38 of each tooth 34. The higher resolution limits the maximum second direction speed which can be detected. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to detect only one edge of a tooth (rather than every edge) and this approach would increase the maximum speed detected in the second direction but would result in lower resolution. In some embodiments it may be advantageous to provide diagnostic data in the second direction. This could be done, for example, by using a fourth pulse width equal to eight times the first pulse width, or 360 us, to indicate a logic one in the second direction, and the third pulse width, equal to four times the first pulse width, or 180 us, would indicate a logic zero in the second direction. As in the case of the first direction, at some specified data rate the fourth pulse width could be dropped and only pulses with the third pulse width would be output. In this case only speed and direction information would be provided, no diagnostic data would be output.
It should be noted that while in the embodiment described above the pulse width is four times the pulse width of the logic zero pulse, any pulse width which can be distinguished from the logic zero and logic one pulse widths can be used. Likewise, although in the embodiment described above in conjunction with
For example, in one embodiment it may be desirable to have different levels of current indicate logic zero, logic one, and direction information. For instance, the nominal current consumption of the circuit might be 6 mA, and 10 mA could indicate logic zero in the first direction, 12 mA could indicate logic one in the first direction, and 14 mA could indicate the second direction. The pulse widths would be the same, but the pulse heights would vary. The difficulties with this approach are: (a) it is not easy to have such tight tolerances on the current levels, and (b) monitoring several different thresholds can be costly in terms of external circuit components (such as window comparators). In one embodiment, two current levels are used to indicate whether a pulse is present or not. When it is desired to output a pulse, a current source in the circuit is turned on that causes additional current to flow through resistor 98 in
In other embodiments, a so-called three-wire version of the circuit is provided in which the output protocol is provided in voltage format, rather than current format.
Referring now to
With this spatial relationship between the components of the magnetic circuit, the presence of a tooth 22 target (e.g. the teeth 22 of exciter wheel 20 or target 32 in
The speed and direction sensor 70 further comprises an automatic gain control circuit (AGC) 74 and an offset adjust circuit 76 coupled to the magnetic field sensor 28. The offset adjust circuit removes a certain amount of the electrical offsets inherent in the magnetic sensor, effectively increasing the sensor's ability to detect small changes in magnetic field.
An air gap detection circuit 77 is coupled to receive signal Vsig from the magnetic field sensor 72 through the AGC circuit 74 and is also coupled to an output control circuit 84. The air gap detection circuit 77 detects the distance between the magnetic field sensor and the target that is to be detected. One technique for providing air gap information is described in co-pending patent application No. 60/354,907 assigned to the assignee of the present invention and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Briefly, the information is provided to the output control circuit in the form of three logic signals. The output control circuit decodes these three signals to make the correct protocol output word for airgap diagnostics
A speed detection circuit 78 is coupled to receive signals from the magnetic field sensor 72 through the AGC circuit 74 and is also coupled to an output control circuit 84. The speed detection circuit 78 is used to digitize the analog signal coming from the AGC block, and this digital signal corresponds to the edges of the ferrous exciter, or the pole pair interface in the case of a ring magnet. The rate of these digital edges contains the speed information which is passed to the output control circuit 84.
The sensor 70 further comprises a temperature detection circuit 80 which is also coupled to the output control circuit 84. The temperature detection circuit 80 may be integrated into the same silicon as the Hall sensor, and provides an indication of the temperature of the sensor environment. It is advantageous in many applications to know the ambient temperature of the sensor, such as in the case of an ABS sensor, the ECU can account for the change in viscosity of brake fluid and adjust accordingly the braking pressure. It may also be useful in the event the temperature falls below or rises above predetermined temperature thresholds, the sensor 70 can indicate to the system that the temperature is not within a preferred operating temperature range so that appropriate action can be taken.
A direction detection circuit 82 is also included as part of the sensor 70. The direction detection circuit 82 receives signals from the speed detection circuit and is used to determine a direction of movement of a target. For example, in the case where the exciter wheel 20 (
In the case where the magnetic field sensor 72 includes a pair of spaced apart Hall effect sensing elements, the direction of a target (e.g. the exciter wheel 20) can be determined based upon the phase relationship of the output of the two Hall effect transducers. A pair of inputs of the direction detection circuit 82 are connected to respective outputs of the speed detection circuit 78. The signal generated by the direction detection circuit 82 is provided to the output control circuit 70, which will be described below.
It is important to note that in one particular embodiment, the magnetic field sensor 72 is comprised of three Hall elements, lined up in a row, each one spaced apart from an adjacent element by 1.5 mm. The left Hall element and the middle Hall element are used to generate a differential signal that is the left channel. The middle Hall element and the right Hall element are used to generate a differential signal that is the right channel. Either channel can be used to give the speed information, but both channel's outputs are sent to the direction detection circuit, and the correct direction is determined by examining the phase relationship between the two channels “speed” signal. It should be understood that
The output control circuit 84 receives a plurality of input signals and from these input signals provides an output signal in accordance with the protocol described above in conjunction with
As mentioned above in conjunction with
Referring now to
The offset adjust circuit 76 couples at least a portion of each of the channels 73 a, 73 b and provides offset adjust signals through signal paths 77 a, 77 b to the magnetic field sensor 72. Thus, the offset adjust circuit 76 ideally removes electrical offsets inherent in the Hall effect sensors which comprise the magnetic field sensor 72, thereby effectively increasing the ability of the magnetic field sensor 72 to detect small changes in magnetic field.
The air gap detection circuit 77 is coupled to the channel 73 a at the output of the AGC circuit and detects the distance between the magnetic field sensor and the target that is to be detected. Although, the air gap detection circuit 77 is here shown coupled to the channel 73 a, it could also be coupled to channel 73 b, or to both channels 73 a and 73 b.
One technique for providing air gap information is described in co-pending patent application entitled Peak-to-Peak Signal Detector, filed Feb. 5, 2002, assigned application No. 60/354,907 assigned to the assignee of the present invention and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Briefly, the information is provided to the output control circuit in the form of three logic signals. The output control circuit decodes these three signals to make the correct protocol output word for airgap diagnostics
Referring now to
The sensor 90 provides the pulse signals to the comparator 94 which may be provided as a portion of an ECU circuit 102. The comparator provides an output signal to other circuitry (not shown), such as an anti-lock brake control which may be located remotely from the sensor itself.
Referring now to
As described above, a method and apparatus are used to provide information from a speed and direction sensor. The method includes not only speed and direction information but also provides information relating to the environment surrounding the sensor, such as information relating to the air gap between the sensor and the object being sensed, and information relating to the temperature the sensor is disposed in. In a preferred embodiment the sensor is utilized to provide speed, direction and diagnostic information for gear-tooth-based rotating targets found in automotive ABS and transmission applications.
Having described preferred embodiments of the invention it will now become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that other embodiments incorporating these concepts may be used. Accordingly, it is submitted that that the invention should not be limited to the described embodiments but rather should be limited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims. All publications and references cited herein are expressly incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
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|2||Bailey et al: U.S. Appl. No. 10/942,577; filed on Sep. 16, 2004.|
|3||Infineon Technologies, "Differential Two-Wire Hall Effect Sensor IC", TLE4942 Preliminary Data Sheet, Jun. 2000, pp. 1-13.|
|4||Partial International Search for PCT/US 03/02489 issued for the related PCT application; form PCT/ISA/206; 2 pgs. dated Oct. 2, 2003.|
|5||Robert Bosch GMBH Stuttgart, "Active Sensor for ABS/ASR/VDC-Systems with 2-Wire-Current Interface", Specification TLE4941/TLE4942, Version 5, Jul. 25, 2000, 44 pages.|
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|US20090102469 *||Dec 18, 2008||Apr 23, 2009||Bailey James M||Methods and Apparatus for Vibration Detection|
|US20090128130 *||Jan 22, 2009||May 21, 2009||Jason Stauth||Integrated Sensor|
|US20090153137 *||Dec 18, 2008||Jun 18, 2009||Bailey James M||Methods and Apparatus for Vibration Detection|
|US20090224754 *||Mar 6, 2008||Sep 10, 2009||Jonathan Lamarre||Two-terminal linear sensor|
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|US20100013467 *||Jul 17, 2009||Jan 21, 2010||Aisin Seiki Kabushiki Kaisha||Rotation sensor|
|US20100019332 *||Jul 24, 2008||Jan 28, 2010||Taylor William P||Methods and apparatus for integrated circuit having on chip capacitor with eddy current reductions|
|US20100026279 *||Jul 31, 2008||Feb 4, 2010||Ravi Vig||Apparatus and Method for Providing an Output Signal Indicative of a Speed of Rotation and a Direction of Rotation as a Ferromagnetic Object|
|US20100052424 *||Aug 26, 2008||Mar 4, 2010||Taylor William P||Methods and apparatus for integrated circuit having integrated energy storage device|
|US20100181993 *||Jan 19, 2009||Jul 22, 2010||Devon Fernandez||Direction detection sensor|
|US20110001471 *||Jul 2, 2009||Jan 6, 2011||General Electric Company||Self-adjusting multi-event timing apparatus|
|DE112008003576T5||Dec 23, 2008||Jan 20, 2011||Allegro Microsystems, Inc., Worcester||Verfahren und Vorrichtung für einen Winkelsensor|
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|WO2011152945A1||May 4, 2011||Dec 8, 2011||Allegro Microsystems, Inc.||Motion sensor, method, and computer-readable storage medium providing a motion sensor with a validated output signal from the motion sensor|
|WO2011152946A1||May 4, 2011||Dec 8, 2011||Allegro Microsystems, Inc.||Motion sensor, method, and computer-readable storage medium providing a motion sensor that can rapidly calibrate gains|
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|WO2014149238A1||Feb 11, 2014||Sep 25, 2014||Allegro Microsystems, Llc||Magnetic field sensor and associated method that can store a measured threshold value in a memory device during a time when the magnetic field sensor is powered off|
|WO2015138104A2||Feb 20, 2015||Sep 17, 2015||Allegro Microsystems, Llc||Circuits and methods for limiting a smallest separation of thresholds in a magnetic field sensor|
|WO2016069255A1||Oct 13, 2015||May 6, 2016||Allegro Microsystems, Llc||Magnetic field sensor for sensing a movement of a ferromagnetic target object|
|WO2016108992A2||Oct 13, 2015||Jul 7, 2016||Allegro Microsystems, Llc||Magnetic field sensor for sensing a movement of a target object|
|U.S. Classification||324/179, 324/677, 324/207.26|
|International Classification||G01P13/00, G01B7/14, G01P3/66, G01P3/488, G01D5/244, H03K5/08, G01R33/07, G01D5/14, G01R33/02|
|Cooperative Classification||G01D5/24457, H03K5/082, G01P3/488, G01D5/145|
|European Classification||G01D5/244Q, H03K5/08B, G01P3/488, G01D5/14B1|
|Sep 23, 2004||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: ALLEGRO MICROSYSTEMS, INC., MASSACHUSETTS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:VIG, RAVI;TOWNE, JAY M.;FORREST, GLENN;REEL/FRAME:015838/0748
Effective date: 20021022
|Nov 14, 2006||CC||Certificate of correction|
|Oct 2, 2009||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Apr 10, 2013||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: ALLEGRO MICROSYSTEMS, LLC, MASSACHUSETTS
Free format text: CONVERSION AND NAME CHANGE;ASSIGNOR:ALLEGRO MICROSYSTEMS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:030426/0178
Effective date: 20130321
|Apr 18, 2013||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8


text:
Fly back to your homes or your friend’s as it’s the most fun-filled season of the year and spend a heartwarming get-together with your loved ones by the cozy fireplace. Sales are at their peak this time of the year with Black Friday, Thanksgiving and Christmas lined up we have discounts everywhere to spend all the money we’ve piled up by working hard throughout the year. Make sure you choose the best option for the upcoming vacation to take advantage of all that thick snow as this is the time that everyone reminisces and remembers for the rest of the year.
If you want to have some fun indulging in snow sports with family this season, then Nashoba Valley is the location for you. Located in Massachusetts is a small ski area, Nashoba Valley, in Westford which has been open since 1964. There is a tubing park at the place that is well garnered by its guests with a separate entrance. The place held many historical events in 80’s which are remembered to date and is also known to be one of the earliest areas in the country to allow snowboarding. Nashoba Valley also hosts numerous other activities despite being a full-service ski area offering lessons, rentals, skiing, and snowboarding.
Base Elevation: 200 feet
Summit Elevation: 440 feet
Vertical Drop: 240 feet
The Nashoba Valley has a summit of 440 ft. with a base of 200 ft. and a vertical drop of 240 ft. The place has skiable terrain of over 52 acres with snowmaking covering all of the 52 acres to ensure guests of their non-stop winter fun that they have paid for. The skiable terrain is divided into 17 trails serviced by 11 lifts in total. The resort opens in November and is open for 126 days in the season. The resort has entertained guests for more than half a century. The average snowfall at this place is about 55 inches thick. Thus, the resort is really amazing for skiing and other snow sports, making it one of the most visited ski resorts in the region.
The Nashoba Valley has over 52 acres of skiable terrain divided into 17 trails of which 24 % are beginner runs, 47 % intermediate runs, and 29% are advanced runs. The Nashoba Valley has two terrain parks. They offer both night and day skiing on all of the 52 acres of skiable terrain and hence, whenever you feel like tasting those winds and steep slopes you can always go for the run. The place has trained professionals in case you want to go home with some more experience and learning in skiing. It is required that all skis must have working brakes and all snowboards must have an adequate leash to prevent runaway equipment as the staff at the place cannot be deemed responsible for the participant’s equipment.
Nashoba Valley’s Snow Tubing Park has a lot to offer with its separate entrance from Route 119 in Littleton, Massachusetts to the tubing park located on the same land. The Nashoba Valley ski area features a tubing park with 16 runs served by 4 Poma handle tows to give their guests the pleasure they have paid for. You must be at least six years old and 42 inches tall to qualify for snow tubing. Snow tubing has become one of the fastest-growing winter recreational activities in New England.
The tubing park is maintained by Nashoba Valley’s experienced grooming fleet. The park provides the perfect tubing conditions for thrill seekers of all ages, but it is best to avoid tubing on warm days or days with fresh snowfall. The tubing park also consists of an on sight lodge for those participants who tire their adrenaline out to provide a place where one can sit, relax, and enjoy all the amenities of Nashoba Valley’s delicious snack bar, including a full-service bar and TV to catch up with the outside world and the latest happenings while having the thrill of your life.
Nashoba Valley Park has two terrain parks which are one of the best parks in Massachusetts and have won awards. The Nashoba Valley has a dedicated Park Staff that keeps the park fresh, well groomed and maintained at all times during the season of opening. The park has its own lift despite the skiing lifts which has short lines for optimized distance. For all those who love music, the park run is equipped from top to bottom with a sound system to make you groove while you are enjoying skiing with your family.
The park has many fun events and a cheerful atmosphere with almost new features every week. The ski area is a progressive terrain for skiers of all kinds, to make it easy to learn tricks and handle skiing at all levels. The park also has night skiing on all of the 52 acres of land. Thus, the Nashoba valley’s award-winning terrain parks have been well known and garnered a good name despite the small land available.
The 52 acres of the skiable terrain of Nashoba Valley is serviced by a total of 11 lifts of which 3 are triple chairs, 1 is a double chair and seven are surface lifts. The rate depends on the timing and the day of visitation. From Monday to Thursday the ticket costs $30 valid from 2 pm to 9 pm, on Friday ticket costs $35 valid from 2 pm to 10 pm, on Saturday ticket costs $40 valid from 9 am to 5 pm, the Saturday special twilight tickets cost $40 valid from 3 pm to 10 pm, Saturday night tickets cost $35 valid from 5 pm to 10 pm and on Sunday ticket costs $40 valid from 2 pm to 10 pm.
If the participant is still learning and only needs access to the beginner area, the Nashoba Valley offers a reduced price ticket for the beginners. This pricing is valid for tickets at all season at all times, including days, nights, twilight, weekdays, and weekends (all the listed tickets). From Tuesday to Thursday the preseason beginner area ticket costs $20 for ages 5 and above, from Friday to Sunday the preseason beginner area ticket costs $25 for ages 5 and above. There are also group tickets like Five-Pack tickets which contain five day or night ticket vouchers and the quad which are for college students and normally requires a college ID for confirmation of the student, but for a limited time in the season, anyone can take advantage of this great deal. The Quad ticket comes with Two Lift Tickets and Two Tubing Park Tickets as a whole. These can be used anytime during the winter season and expire in the coming spring season from the date of purchase.
Nashoba Valley is known for a fun family time and has fetched many great reviews over the years. The rates of tickets and rentals are quite reasonable. The trainers here at the ski school improve our skills by every method with a very dedicated sense of teaching. The terrain is great for skiers of all levels and is well known for its award-winning terrain parks and sound equipped Tubing Park. Despite being a small mountain, it has less crowded slopes and a variety of terrain which especially helps the beginners to strengthen their skills.
Despite some shortcomings, Nashoba Valley is one of the best places to head out to, during the winters. With so much on offer at the ski park and top-notch facilities along with it, you cannot afford to miss out on visiting this place this winter. So what are you waiting for? Go, pack your bags and head out straight for the Nashoba Valley with your family and friends and make the most of the winters there. Have fun!
Copyright 2020 by Schneemenschen GmbH. All Rights Reserved.

domain: travel


These mail carts with wheels take the work out of heavy moving around your company. Wire mail cart features 10" rear tires and 8" front casters to gives these mail carts extra capacity for heavy loads.
- Baskets are constructed of 31 solid steel rods, 1/8” thick, reinforced with 3/16” frame wires all robotically welded and nickel chrome plated for the strongest baskets in the industry
- Push handles are 17 gauge precision bent steel tubes with welded in axle bracket for the 10” rear wheels.
- Mail delivery cart frame is 16 gauge 1” x 1 ½” square steel tubing with solid welded ¼” rods for rigidity.
- Each mail cart frame has 4 - heavy duty, 14 gauge wrap around brackets for a tight fit and the best connection to the round tubular handles.
- Sturdy steel frames for lasting durability. Even when fully loaded it can roll over rough and uneven terrain.


text:
My Hardest MTX Video
The music in this video is Copyright by Sony Music Entertainment. I DO NOT
own any of this music nor did I create any of it.
Two 12" MTX Subwoofers with a 600 Watt Amp.
I know it is underpowered, I might look into 1000 Watt Amps when I get the
money but for now, 600 does the job.
Seafoam in a WRX
This is a cleanout of my engine with seafoam. Great smokeshow. Seemed a lil
bit peppier as per the buttDyno. Also did this to a friends
forrester today *sorry no vid* but that helped ALOT
1992 Honda Accord Driveshaft CV Axle Replacement
Some of the steps taken to replace a driveshaft and axle seal on a 1992
Honda Accord. This isn't a step by step procedure, but the video shows
most of the steps involved to do this job. Refer to the service manual for
all of the steps, and follow all proper safety precautions!
There was a lot of wind noise when I filmed this, so I added music to the
video. Mute the sound if you don't like the music.
Music by Opeth "Master's Apprentices"
Seafoam a 6th Gen Nissan Maxima
Seen some video's on SeaFoam, this one I made for my brothers and sisters
in the 6th Gen Nissan Maxima community. Also after Seafoam, it is
recommended you schedule or do an oil change soon!!!
Watch the official Video for other cars here!
How To Seafoam Your Vehicle
2 Can of Seafoam & 1 Can of Deep Creep - 1 can goes into your fuel tank and
half of the other one goes into your oil and the other half goes through
the brake Booster line. The Deep
Creep is sprayed through the throttle body. Let the vehicle sit 15-20
mins. and start up and watch the smoke show. If you have no smoke your
vehicle didn't have any carbon build up to clean off.
1000 horsepower hp Subaru WRX STi (65 psi GT45R) walk around review
http://www.SubyPAL.com - This is a REAL 1000 hp STI! Features unique
"mystery mods" which turn this bored over STi block into a 65 psi capable
monster! Powered by a massive turbo, a
ton of PSI, race ported heads, bored over cylinders, and a full internal
build for an impressive 1000+ horsepower capability. This
build killed the motor within a month and is no longer on the streets. Some
saw it run, and those who did only saw the tail lights! I was lucky enough
to get it in my garage for a tour before it popped. Enjoy 0:)
***Learn what makes this car capable of 1000 HP at
Sea foam engine cleaner in a Subaru WRX
A friend of mine asked me to tape him putting Sea Foam engine cleaner in
his 2004 Subaru WRX. I had to laugh because a neighbour walked over to ask
if he blew his turbo! Lot's of smoke
that's for sure!
Honda Accord VTEC timing belt and water pump Honda Accord VTEC High Detail How to
You can buy a quality belt and water pump online here
Special thanks to Spanky for filming this video for me. : ) My last
Honda Accord video was
very well viewed, but lacking in good sound, stability, and lighting so I
did another one with some help. Enjoy High Detail How to do a timing belt
and water pump Honda Accord VTEC

domain: hobby


text:
At least 20 people have been identified to have been killed and more than 600 others injured in a series of explosions at a military camp in Equatorial Guinea on Sunday.
President Teodoro Obiang Nguema has blamed the blasts in the city of Bata on stubble burning by farmers and negligence in the storage of explosives.
The blasts flattened homes and tore the roofs off buildings. Debris was strewn across a wide area.
The health ministry in the oil-rich Central African country said hospitals had been overwhelmed. It urged people to donate blood and asked off-duty doctors to help.

domain: sociology


text:
From streetstyle to work wear, take your pick from our curated collection of shirts. Pair up our exclusive collection of shirts with denims or tailored pants alike.
Giving you a range of options from boxy and oversized to tailored and slouched perfection, our selection of blouses and shirts will keep your style game strong. Boho appealing prints, soft pastels to sleek jewel tones. Boyfriend shirts take you from boardroom to bar and prints and punchy colours bring in the personality.
Shop at Reads Online for our curated range of Shirts from both international and Australian fashion designers that will have you ready for any occasion. Step up your style from beach, business looks, smart casuals to vacation, basics, loungewear and more. Shop from Anupamaa, Verge, Brunella, Sea Salt, Nice Things and many more

domain: design


Apple will unveil new products mid-September, including the much-awaited new iPhone models, reports said Monday.
According to a report from the Wall Street Journal and information received from telecoms companies, the new iPhone 8 and iPhones 7S and 7S Plus will be unveiled on September 12.
The anticipated iPhone 8 is expected to have an all-glass display, and function without a physical home button unlike all previous versions of the world's most popular phone.
Experts and people familiar with the matter feared that the presentation could be delayed due to manufacturing issues with the new iPhone.
The New York Times reported Wednesday that the new iPhone 8 could be sold at a price around $999, which is a nearly a $350 increase from the standard price over the years.


GIZ Ghana has a vacant position for young talents. Join their dynamic team as an IT Specialist/Junior IT specialist and grow in a fast-paced, innovative environment. They encourage young and bright talent in the IT space to apply, as they value fresh perspectives and innovative ideas that contribute to their cutting-edge technology solutions.
6 people are needed Accra and 1 person needed to work Tamale and Wa respectively.
Scope of The Position At GIZ:
As an IT Specialist/Junior IT Specialist, IT and digital tools are used extensively by the GIZ employees to achieve its business objectives. Consequently, IT Specialist must ensure that all relevant IT systems are working as they should and in compliance with applicable rules and regulations.
- Installation, upgrade and maintenance of IT-Equipment. (e.g. client computer, printers, network equipment, scanners, servers, peripheral devices)
- Monitors the state of hardware and software in use for security aspects.
- Tests new hardware systems and identifies options for upgrading existing systems and peripherals.
- Monitors the internet connections in use to ensure maximum uptime.
- Implements IT security measures in projects office.
- Monitors vulnerabilities in the communications networks to prevent data leaks.
- Helps regularly update antivirus software and relevant operating system updates/patches to ensure a secure working environment.
- Resolves all technical and connectivity issues, prepares all the necessary information, and provides phone support.
- Maintains all GIZ standards (e.g., Ms. 365, WINPACCS, SAP) and custom software used in project offices.
- Knowledge and experience in Incident and Escalation Management.
- Helps implementing ISMS in alliance with GIZ Headquarters strategy and local Information Security Advisor.
- Ensure that the IT systems in use comply to GIZ Standard Policies and Guidelines.
- Keeps an inventory of software and hardware.
Academic And Work History:
- BSc/MSc in Computer Science, Information Technology or related fields
- Outstanding knowledge of IT hardware and software used, (Windows Server) computer network systems (Cisco Meraki), database software, network security.
- At least 2 years professional experience in Information Technology position or a supporting experience in IT areas.
- Good presentation, communication, and reporting skills with the ability to present complex technical details in a simple business context good time
- Outstanding working knowledge of ITC technologies (related software, phone, email, the internet) and computer applications (e.g. Microsoft 365)
- Good knowledge and command of the English is a must and team spirit.
- Willingness to upskill as required by the tasks to be performed – corresponding measures are agreed with management.
How to Apply
Forward your detailed Curriculum Vitae (CV) and a one-page cover letter to email@example.com under the Job Code 2024/ITS/30/01 and your preferred Duty Station.
Date Of Closure: 13th February, 2024
If you do not hear from GIZ Two (2) weeks after the deadline, take it as your application was unsuccessful.
WhatsApp Job & Scholarship Alert
- To get daily Job and Scholarship Alerts on Whatsapp, Join Our WhatsApp Group via the link below.
NOTE: PLEASE IF YOU’RE ON ANY OF OUR WHATSAPP GROUPS, DON’T JOIN THIS ONE
UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCE SHOULD AN APPLICANT PAY MONEY TO ANYONE IN GETTING A JOB WE HAVE PUBLISHED


I checked out the Honda website, it says : 3 yr/36,000 mi basic, 5 yr/60,000 mi powertrain.
However, this dealership said that they're proud to offer :
All Tax, Title, License/Registration, & Dealer doc Fees
Honda’s Destination and Handling
Honda’s 24 Hour Roadside Service
Window Tint w/...
The 2007 Honda CR-V provides a cutting-edge combination of performance, efficiency and low emissions with a 2.4-liter, i-VTEC 4-cylinder engine, standard 5-speed automatic transmission and available Real Time(TM) 4-wheel drive. Drive-By-Wire(TM) throttle control smoothly choreographs shift...


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This week’s Galveston County Animal Resource Center pets of the week are Desiree and Stanley.
Desiree (A01995) is a bobtail with a wonderful marbled tabby coat. She’s 3 years old, friendly, outgoing, attention-seeking and sometimes silly acting. Her coat is thick, soft and with a wonderful blend of browns, tan and rust. Green eyes, a pale muzzle and perfect tabby “M” are the finishing touches to Desiree’s appearance. Come meet this unusual and stunning kitty today. You just may fall in love and ask her to go home with you.
Stanley (A020244) is a fun loving guy who loves to play just as much as he enjoys cuddling. In his free time, Stanley enjoys playfully bouncing around the yard and lounging around with his head in your lap for belly rubs. Do you have room in your heart for this sweet cuddle bug?
Desiree and Stanley available for adoption Tuesday through Saturday at the special rate of $42.50. Pet of the week adoptions include rabies vaccination, spay or neuter and microchip. For more information, call 409-948-2485 or visit www.gchd.org. These and other pets are available at 3412 25th Ave N. in Texas City.

domain: pet


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Review Summary: One of the few bands around that still seem interested in innovating.2 of 2 thought this review was well written
It seems as though punk bands rarely take cues from other genres, or at least not any cues really worth taking. Sure, every decade or so there’s a metal infusion that results in even harder hardcore, and on the other end we put up with pop-punk, then power-pop, and so on. But genuine and worthwhile fusion is almost unheard of. Enter the World/Inferno Friendship Society. These eccentric Brooklynites draw from big band swing, Peter Lorre movies, and memories of Weimar Germany, welding it to their authentic punk attitude and fondness for rocking out and blacking out.
Of course, all this only demarcates World/Inferno as unique and ambitious. Their execution makes them must-listen music. Frontman Jack Terricloth has one of the smoothest and sexiest voices I’ve ever heard, and pens lyrics so thoughtful you almost forget that they’re all about anarchism and shoplifting. Behind him the horns, keyboard, and guitar coalesce into a melodic force that never seems to play a superfluous note or filler phrase. No instruments stand out particularly, which in this case is surely a mark of maturity rather than lack of technicality.
But enough with the long-winded introductions and praises… what do their songs actually sound like? About half the tracks are upbeat and dance- or sing-along worthy. Take “Your Younger Man”, with its meandering accordion-driven verse and bouncing mini-climaxes. Or “Only Anarchists Are Pretty”, a mid-tempo’d track that marks easily the longest song here (over 5 minutes), but not only never drags, but actually manages never to have an instant that isn’t totally infectious.
Other offerings are more intense, like “Paul Robeson”, which sports a xylophone of all instruments alongside a more Jimmy Page-esque guitar part. “Fiend in Wien” and “Me V Angry Mob” both showcase Mr. Terricloth’s storytelling talents and emotive vocals while demanding what we might call “friendly moshing”. “So Long to the Circus” makes for a fitting and energetic closer, being another track where the horns take something of a back seat in favor of anthemic and distorted choruses.
As fun as this album is, I find it equally therapeutic. Lyrics like “Let us now speak of the brave men who lived their lives just as they would have it” just do it for me. This is one of those CDs where a failure to come out a better, more interesting person indicates serious character flaws. Usually albums this powerful come off as pretentious and inaccessible, but these words are out of place entirely for Red Eyed Soul. And though most of their fans may identify as punk, this is truly a disc for people who just love music.

domain: entertainment


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"I appreciate so much the kindness shown to me by your staff and yourself as well. You were all very considerate at all times. Thanks for always being honest — I appreciate your sincerity. I will always give you the very highest recommendations — I believe you are the very best. Thanks again for being so nice!"*
*Individual results vary
Injectable Fillers Dallas
There is a variety of injectable fillers to choose from, including fat injections, Bellafill, and Sculptra® Aesthetic. Dallas plastic surgeon Dr. Steve Byrd is a renowned facial plastic surgeon with the expertise to help you get the most from your facial rejuvenation. Dermal fillers give patients a way of fine-tuning their plastic surgery results or a non-surgical alternative for improving their appearance and confidence if they’re not quite ready for plastic surgery.
If you’re interested in dermal fillers in Dallas/Fort Worth but you’re not sure which option is best for you, give us a call at (214) 821-9662. We’ll be happy to give you a full evaluation and recommendation in our office on North Central Expressway. You’ll be looking and feeling better before you know it.
Dr. Byrd’s Approach
An office consultation where you’ll discuss your desired changes and the appropriate products is the first step. Lisa, our nurse in Dallas for the past 20 years, assists in the evaluation and treatment of patients interested in injectables. She is compassionate and gentle in the injection technique, and she is fluent in all the latest products, their indications, and their limitations. Topical anesthetics and blocks can be used to make the procedures as comfortable as possible. It takes a clinically trained, artistic eye to decide what filler or combination of fillers would best help a patient realize his or her goals.
The wide array of wrinkle treatments and facial rejuvenation options in Dallas and Fort Worth today can seem overwhelming. Schedule a consultation today, and Dr. Byrd and Lisa will help you sort through your choices and select the products best suited to your needs.
|Products||Chemical Name||Expected Results||Additional Information|
|Fat||Autologous adipose tissue||Lifetime||50% of injections “take”|
|Bellafill||Polymethylmethacrylate||Lifetime*||Skin test required prior to initial injection|
|Sculptra||Poly-lactic Acid||18 – 24 months||Requires 2 – 3 injections 6 – 8 weeks apart|
|BOTOX® Cosmetic||Botulinum toxin||3 – 4 months||Consistent users may be able to wait 6 months between treatments|
*FDA studies went beyond 7 years and presence of fill is still apparent.
Are You a Candidate?
If sun damage, injury, or natural aging have created frown lines, crow’s-feet, marionette lines, or vertical lip lines on your face, you may derive great benefit from one of the injectable product therapies available. The fillers supplement your body’s natural collagen, while BOTOX Cosmetic keeps your own deep muscle tone from creating facial creases. You can also discuss your candidacy for facelift, endoscopic brow/midface lift, and other facial surgery and which would be best for you.
How the Procedure Is Performed
A topical anesthetic is applied about 30 minutes prior to the injection of fillers used in the nasolabial folds, cheeks, eyelids, and chin area. If lips are to be injected, a dental block is utilized to minimize any discomfort. After the products are injected, pressure, massage, and ice therapy are begun immediately to achieve the desired effect while minimizing swelling and any possible bruising. (Please advise the scheduler and arrive 45 minutes prior to your appointment to allow the anesthetic time to work properly.) BOTOX Cosmetic does not require any topical numbing, but it can be administered upon request. We advise stopping all medications that contain aspirin 10 to 14 days prior to receiving any of these injections to limit bruising.
Recovery: What to Expect
|Day 1 – 2||
|Day 3 – 14||
Fat injections are my overall favorite filler. Lab results indicate a 40% to 50% cell survival rate, which translates into stable, and long-term outcomes. Fat has the advantage of staying exactly where it is injected, rather than migrating to other parts of the body.
Fat cells are harvested from the patient’s abdomen or thighs using a small cannula and syringe, not a liposuction machine. A numbing solution mixed with fluids is injected at the harvest site to reduce pain and bleeding. We remove several times as much fat as will be injected in the selected site. After the cells have been purified, the fat is placed in syringes and made ready to inject.
The procedure requires IV sedation and a short office recovery prior to returning home. The injection area may be swollen for about 3 weeks, but as you heal, the injected area becomes soft and smooth, taking on the body’s normal feeling and texture. Microfat injections are my favorite overall lip filler, and they also can be used successfully for the nasolabial folds, hollows or depressions near the eyelid/cheek area, cheeks, and even in body-contour deformities.
Because about 50% of the fat is expected to “take,” we slightly overfill during injection to compensate somewhat for that expected and normal loss. We are reluctant to double the desired fill volume, though, for fear of getting an undesired lump or overcorrection. You can always add more fat, but you can’t remove it.
In 2006, after a number of years of use in Europe (and labeled with another name), the FDA approved the use of Bellafill in the United States for the treatment of nasolabial folds. The filler that is used in this treatment is composed of synthetic microspheres called polymethylmethacrylate, or PMMA, cow collagen and lidocaine. The PMMA does not reabsorb into the body; instead, it stimulates the body to produce its own collagen supply.
Polylactic Acid – Sculptra Aesthetic
Sculptra is an injectable approved by the FDA for use in HIV patients with “facial atrophy,” or the loss of fat between the skin and muscle of the face that creates a gaunt look. Sculptra has been used safely outside the United States for years for cosmetic treatment of deep volume loss or atrophy in the face. It has now become a favorite long-term filler for Dallas and Fort Worth patients seeking correction of deep lines and hollows. Applications for use include gaunt cheeks, tear troughs, nasolabial folds, and sublabial hollows. Correction of the sublabial depression helps minimize the appearance of jowls either before or after a face lift. Two to three injections are scheduled 6 to 8 weeks apart to establish the desired fill and contour. Following the last injection, the result should last 18 to 24 months.

domain: medical


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Baltimore-based GWWO Architects has completed its meticulous restoration and rehabilitation of the Thomas Jefferson Memorial at West Potomac Park in Washington, D.C. Erasing decades of wear, tear, and weathering from the nearly 80-year-old neoclassical landmark while executing long-needed structural repairs, the exhaustive sprucing-up is the first of a two-phase modernization effort spearheaded by the National Park Service (NPS). The second phase will focus on improving the visitor experience through a revamp of the Jefferson Memorial’s lower-level exhibition area along with accessibility-centered upgrades that will bring all public areas at the open-air monument into compliance with current Architectural Barriers Act Accessibility Standards.
An estimated three million people visit the John Russell Pope-designed memorial on the shore of the Potomac River Tidal Basin each year, making it one of the most visited sites in Washington. (Pope had died by the time construction commenced in 1938 amid a firestorm of controversy and his surviving partners, Daniel P. Higgins and Otto R. Eggers, assumed the role of project architects during the building phase.)
“Our work at the Jefferson Memorial was highly nuanced and extremely precise with respect and in deference to the original architecture,” said GWWO principal John Gregg in a press statement. “Our design will make this beloved and iconic American memorial much more accessible and enjoyable for millions of visitors a year.”
As detailed by the firm, it was first contracted by the NPS in 2016, at which point a larger project team including Building Conservation Associates was assembled to take on the formidable task at hand. Work commenced with extensive surveying and the documentation of existing conditions at the memorial including its flat and portico roofs. Also examined were “structural, plumbing, electrical, and conservation issues at those same locations.” The team then developed a construction plan to replace 10,000 square feet of non-historic flat roofing; carefully repairing the historic, marble portico roof; and stabilizing, repairing, and cleaning, marble elements associated with the roofing system as well as the limestone at the portico and colonnade ceilings. Plumbing repairs and other structural fixes relating to the roofs were also carried out as part of the $14.5 million overhaul.
Visitors will also notice that the structure is now shining much brighter thanks to extensive laser cleaning efforts that eradicated a thick layer of black biofilm covering the structure’s iconic marble dome. (Last October, the Washington Post published a thorough scientific explainer of the biofilm removal process.)
Phase two of the makeover will be more public-facing and involve “removing all barriers to access and improving the visitor experience at the memorial by following universal design principles, with the goal of improving both physical and programmatic accessibility throughout the site while considering implications to the historic cultural landscape,” according to GWWO. As part of this phase, the site will gain sloped walkways flanking the main stairs on the east and west meant to help shorten the travel time from the front of the memorial to the lower chamber. A new elevator transporting visitors from ground-level to the chamber will also be installed. Thanks to the largesse of D.C. billionaire David Rubenstein, the 2,500-square-foot lower-level will also be fully renovated and feature a new-and-improved gift shop, enhanced visitor support spaces like restrooms, and improved circulation. Per the firm, it is also “currently collaborating to provide new and expanded barrier-free, fully accessible exhibits within the lower level that will provide additional perspectives on Thomas Jefferson’s multi-faceted story.”
“While Thomas Jefferson is not without some things that we can question today, clearly he did some great things for our country, including being the author of the Declaration of Independence, creating the University of Virginia, and as president, he bought the land that we call the Louisiana Purchase, which doubled the size of our country,” said Rubenstein, who serves as co-founder and co-chairman of the Carlyle Group, in October 2019 when his $10 million gift for an underground overhaul of the memorial complex was first announced.
Rubenstein has also gifted millions in funding for restoration/renovation projects across the capital region including at the Washington Memorial, the Arlington House at Arlington National Cemetery, the U.S. Marine Corps War Memorial, the Lincoln Memorial, and the Belmont-Paul Women’s Equality National Monument. (Recently completed phase one restoration work at the Jefferson Memorial was funded by the federal government.) In the time since Rubenstein first announced his gift for the phase two museum space, Jefferson’s complicated legacy has come into sharper focus among the public. At least one tribute to the polymathic third U.S. President, who was also an architect in addition to lawyer and politician, has been removed/relocated outside of Washington D.C.: a 7-foot-tall plaster model of the bronze Jefferson statue at the United States Capitol Rotunda that presided over New York City Council chambers for more than a century. Although initially unclear where it would go after its removal, that statue ultimately found a new home within the New-York Historical Society as part of a 10-year loan agreement.
Phase two work at the Jefferson Memorial kicked off last month and is expected to wrap up by 2023. The memorial will remain open to visitors throughout construction.

domain: history


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The Agency has seven primary program areas which cover the various aspects of public health and social services. Click on any one of the program areas below to see a list of services offered by that program.
Select a program from the list below:
Aging and Independence Services
Behavioral Health Services
Housing & Community Development Services
Medical Care Services
Public Health Services
Office of Military & Veterans Affairs
- CalWORKs, Cash Assistance for Immigrants (CAPI), County Medical services, CalFresh, General Relief, etc.

domain: health


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The Corporation for Public Broadcasting and a group that collects royalties for artists and recording copyright owners said Thursday they’ve agreed on payment terms for streaming music online.
The agreement between CPB and SoundExchange establishes the royalties that will be paid on behalf of the public radio system for streaming sound recordings on a variety of public radio Web sites from Jan. 1, 2005, through Dec. 31, 2010.
The deal covers about 450 public radio Web sites including CPB-supported stations, National Public Radio, NPR members, National Federal of Community Broadcasters members, American Public Media, the Public Radio Exchange and Public Radio International.
SoundExchange, a nonprofit group that collects royalties for recording copyright owners and artists from Internet radio stations and other digital radio services, will receive a single upfront royalty payment of $1.85 million.
In addition, SoundExchange will receive consolidated usage and playlist reporting from CPB on behalf of the public radio system. That move is designed to improve the efficiency of the payment process, helping to ensure that performers and sound recording copyright owners are accurately paid, CPB and SoundExchange said in a combined statement.
NPR also has agreed to withdraw its appeal of a May 2007 Copyright Royalty Board royalty rate decision.
Both sides said the agreement reinforces the value of artist performances and recognizes the mission of public radio stations.
“This important agreement will ensure that the artists heard on public radio station Web sites will receive compensation and will enable public radio webcasters to continue to meet their public service, nonprofit missions,” Pat Harrison, chief executive of CPB said in the statement.
SoundExchange director John Simson said the agreement broadens the landscape of music available to public radio. “SoundExchange’s 35,000 artists and 4,000 plus labels look forward to our continued partnership with public radio,” he said.
Kurt Hanson, who operates AccuRadio.com, a multichannel Internet radio station, said the deal appears to be reasonable. Hanson said he hopes other groups representing nonpublic Internet radio stations can reach fair royalty agreements with SoundExchange.
SoundExchange has said it is moving closer to a deal with big webcasters, including those represented by the Digital Media Association (DiMA), a trade group made up of companies that operate online audio and video services.
Traditional AM and FM broadcasters are currently exempt from copyright royalty rates for over-the-air radio play since – under the logic of the current law – that airplay is thought to provide free promotion for artists and labels. But the broadcasters are subject to the new rates for any songs streamed over radio station Web sites.
The National Association of Broadcasters, which represents those traditional stations, said it looks forward to sitting down with SoundExchange “to craft equitable streaming rates that enhance the online music experience and expose more artists to our listeners.”

domain: law


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Roasters 'N Toasters
Roasters 'N Toasters Review
Formerly the longtime family establishment Arnie and Richie's, Roasters 'N Toasters Miami Beach has preserved an intimate, Jewish deli feel that would make Arnie and Richie proud. The prices are slightly higher than back in the day, but the faithful still come for the onion rolls and smoked whitefish salad, as well as the new "Corky's Famous Zaftig Sandwich," a deliciously juicy skirt steak served on twin challah rolls with a side of apple sauce. Service can be brusque, but it sure is quick.
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After 3 years of staying with various friends and visiting towns recommended by others, I found a Florida town that met my criteria for possible relocation/retirement. Read more
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The Stetson men's basketball team (2-5) fell at home to Florida Atlantic (3-3) by a score of 88-78 on Thursday night at the Edmunds Center. Senior Adam Pegg led the Hatters with 24 points, while junior Willie Green tied a career high with 10 rebounds.
Prior to Thursday's contest, Stetson head coach Casey Alexander was aware that defending FAU's dynamic scorer Greg Gantt was going to be a challenge. After the lefty shooting guard scored 11 points in the first five minutes, and gave the Owls an early 15-5 lead, it became obvious to everyone else as well.
Knocking down 4-of-5 three-pointers on 8-of-11 from the field in the first half en route to a 21 point frame, many of which came with a Hatter defender in his face, Gantt led FAU to a 41-28 lead at the break.
"Gantt's a great shooter," Alexander said after the game. "He does it against everybody. That's all we talked about in the scouting report. He had 21 at halftime, and I'd have to watch it again to be sure, but at least 10 of them I would take any time. He just made them, and that's what great players do."
It could have been worse, though, as FAU led by as many as 16 in the first half. A steal by Jordan McCoy led to a Pablo Bertone reverse layup to make it 30-14 in favor of the Owls with 9:01 to play in the half, but Stetson fought back.
After the under eight media timeout, Green stole the ball and fed junior Chris Perez for a layup on the break to start a 9-0 run for the Hatters. Senior Joel Naburgs hit 1-of-2 from the line, Green drove to the lane for two, freshman Logan connected on a floater from the right side of the lane, and senior Liam McInerney picked up a long rebound and finished the layup on the other end to make it 30-23 with 4:54 to play in the half.
The Owls finished the period on a 10-4 run to take their 13-point lead into the break. FAU took advantage of Stetson's 12 first half turnovers, finishing the half with 12 points off of turnovers.
"I think the biggest difference in the game - on our end - were the 18 turnovers," Alexander said. "And more importantly, it was that 12 of those came in the first half. We should be a good ball handling team, but we took too many opportunities away from ourselves with turnovers."
Unlike the first half, when the Hatters had a difficult time entering the ball into Pegg in the post, and the Stetson center only went 3-of-8 when he did get the ball, the senior got on track in the second. Pegg sparked a 15-4 run that cut FAU's 18-point lead to just seven, at 58-51, with 10:51 to play in the game.
Pegg hit a three and then connected on a jump hook in the paint to score the first five points of the run. A couple of free throws from Irwin came before another Pegg three, a layup by McInerney, and a Irwin triple to get Stetson right back into the game.
That ended up being as close as the Hatters would get, though, as the two teams traded baskets for most of the way before a three-pointer by sophomore Dennis Diaz made the final score 88-78.
"I hope that means we're coming together a bit, and that we're playing against the game more so than what the outcome is," Alexander said of Stetson's ability to fight back on Thursday. "And when you do that, the result is going to be what you want it to be more often than not."
Gantt finished with a career high 34 points on 13-of-23 shooting, and 5-of-8 from beyond the arc. Stefan Moody added 17 points, while McCoy and Bertone added 12 each. The Owls finished with six blocks and 11 steals, numbers that aren't off the charts, but look much better when compared to Stetson's two blocks and three steals.
"Greg Gantt got them off to an unbelievable start making those shots," Alexander continued. "We were in a hole early, and it was tough, it was tough for 40 minutes. I'm really proud of our guys for playing hard the whole time. I wish, for their sake, that we had something to show for it, but we played a team tonight that was better than we were."
Pegg led the Hatters with 24 points on 10-of-17 from the floor. Stetson finished with four players in double figures as Irwin scored 13, Perez totaled 12, and Naburgs tacked on 11. Irwin led the team with four assists, while Green's career-best 10 rebounds were also a game high.
Stetson will stay at home for its next contest, hosting Florida International on Sunday, Dec. 9. The Hatters and the Panthers will tipoff at 2:00 p.m. at the Edmunds Center with coverage on HatterVision, ASun.TV, WSBB 1230 AM, 1490 AM, and MyAM1230.com.

domain: news