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“The Chicago Convention. A Colored Woman’s Voice.” The Revolution, 4 March 1869, p. 139. The Revolution Newspaper Collection. Lewis & Clark Special Collections and Archives, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, OR. http://digitalcollections.lclark.edu/items/show/9695, 13 Jan 2022. Begins: “The colored women, of all other American women, should be devoted to the cause of Suffrage. One appeared in the recent Chicago Convention to the following effect:” Naomi Anderson’s speech at Chicago Women’s Rights Convention, March 1869, in the Chicago Public Library Meeting Hall: “I present myself to you as a composition of humanity, for there flows through my veins a combination of the blood of four distinct nations, of which the greater part is Dutch, part Indian, part African and the lesser part Irish. I am an American, because here I was born….Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton, with their high moral and intellectual power, have shaken the states of New England, and the shock is felt here today….and soon the whole world will be awakened to a sense of the value and importance of our cause.”
“Male vs. Female Suffrage. Letter from a Colored Lady.” Chicago Tribune, 8 March 1869, p. 4. Newspapers.com, https://www.newspapers.com/image/349534586. Letter to the editor of the Chicago Tribune….“A few words to colored male citizens…I am a strong advocate of woman’s suffrage…and I say that you who have ever been oppressed, you who are clamoring for your rights, should be the last ones to oppose universal suffrage…”
“Personal and Local Items of News.” Wichita Daily Eagle, 27 May 1884, p. 4. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/61334625 or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/3148741/. “Mrs. Naomi Anderson, a colored lady in this city, is a professional hairdresser, and will hold herself in readiness to arrange the coiffures of a number of ladies on ball and other society occasions. Mrs. A. is a very bright and intelligent woman.”
Untitled news article. Wichita New Republic, 4 Dec. 1884, p. 5. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/486480881 or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/77402012/wichita-new-republic/. “Naomi Anderson…has drawn on silk a beautifully designed map of Sedgwick County…it was sent to the World’s Exposition at New Orleans, altogether with a number of original poems printed on card board.”
“The Affro-American Mission.” Wichita Daily Call, 30 March 1887, p. 1. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/365725526/ or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/43224533/naomi-anderson-spoke/. Naomi Anderson gave an introductory address before entertainment given by the Affro-American Mission.
“Locals.” Wichita Globe, 13 May 1887, p. 4. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/384319047 or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/43223501/same-naomi-anderson/. Naomi Anderson is baptized.
“W.C.T.U. Echoes.” Wichita Beacon, 26 Nov 1887, p. 4. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/76985550/ or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/3147345/. Report of WCTU meeting. Naomi Anderson was elected Chairman. She stated “The shackles of slavery were broken by the hand of Abraham Lincoln. It now remains for the colored people to free themselves from the shackles of intemperance.”
“W.C.T.U. Notes.” The Wichita Daily Eagle, 29 Nov. 1887, p. 5. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/215140046 or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/93518930. Mrs. Naomi Anderson is chairman of a newly-formed temperance association.
“In Good Condition.” The Evening News-Beacon (Wichita, KS), 17 Nov 1888, p. 1. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/383501999/ or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/43223939/naomi-anderson-and-temperance/. W.C.T.U. two day convention of Sedgwick County Temperance Union. Naomi Anderson led discussion “How Shall We Interest Our Colored Sisters?”
“W.C.T.U. Convention.” The Wichita Daily Eagle, 20 November 1888, p. 5. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/215159223 or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/93518183. “Mrs. Naomi Anderson represented the interests of the colored sisters in an able paper. She showed that the wisdom of the ages had not by any means been confined to the white race, and that at the present day many of ‘sable hue’ were in every respect the peers of those of the ‘paler shade.’ “
“W.C.T.U. Convention.” Wichita Weekly Eagle, 23 Nov. 1888, Nov. 23, 1888, p. 5. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/62513705/ or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/3148747/. Naomi Anderson presented an able paper at the W.C.T.U. convention.
Rastall, F. H. “Work Among Colored People.” Our Messenger (Topeka, KS), 1 Dec. 1888. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/526589692 or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/43227746/naomi-anderson-and-wctu/. Naomi Anderson is endorsed by W.C.T.U. to represent and speak for them. Contact NA for terms for speaking terms at 817 S. Water Street, Wichita, KS.
“Mr. Whitman’s Reception.” The Mirror (Wichita, KS), 20 April 1889. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/416996978 or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/43224240/naomi-anderson-speaks/. Poet Albery Whitman was introduced by Naomi Anderson.
“Sedgwick County Convention.” Our Messenger (Topeka, KS), 1 June 1889, p. 3. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/526589778 or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/43227894/naomi-and-wctu/. Report of Sedgwick County WTCU Convention. “Naomi Anderson presented an earnest plea in behalf of her colored sisters, that means be furnished to educate them into the gospel of temperance.”
“Real Estate Transfers.” The Wichita Daily Journal, 10 March 1890, p. 1. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/366126441/ or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/93520331/. Naomi Anderson transferred to B.F. McLean 11 to 17 block 14 Orchard Grove addition for $100.
“Colored Mass Meeting.” The Wichita Daily Eagle, 20 January 1891, p 5. Newspapers.com, https://www.newspapers.com/image/80620632/?image=80620632 or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/3148834/the-wichita-eagle/. Naomi Anderson was elected a delegate to attend a state convention in Topeka, KS, to “will exert every honorable means to prohibit discriminating school legislation.”
“No Division Wanted.” Wichita Beacon, 20 January 1891, p. 4. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/76860109/ or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/3148847/. Mass meeting in Wichita to fight segregation in schools. Naomi Anderson elected delegate to Kansas state convention.
“Local Lore.” The Kansas Star (Wichita, KS), 24 January 1891, p. 8. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/416686312 or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/43222654/naomi-anderson-opposed-to-system-of-sepa/. Naomi Anderson opposed to system of separate schools. Same article as Wichita Daily Eagle, 20 January 1891, p. 5.
“Town Topics.” The Wichita Daily Beacon, 11 Dec. 1891, pg. 4. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/76716556/ or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/43224334/same-naomi-anderson/. Naomi Anderson is suing the city for personal injury.
Untitled article. Sumner City Standard (Wellington, KS), 28 Jul 1892 p. 12. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/383935013/ or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/44654093/justify-your-daughters/. “ ‘One of Afro-America’s grandest women’ will deliver a lecture on the subject ‘Justify Your Daughters.’ “
“Appeal for the Black Lambs.” Wichita Daily Eagle, 22 Nov 1892, p. 5. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/80649351 or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/3148798/. Letter to the Editor from Naomi Anderson, President of Colored Children’s Home. Appeal for Thanksgiving donations for the Colored Children’s Home.
“The Colored Children’s Home.” The Wichita Daily Eagle, 24 January 1893, p. 5. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/80619467/ or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/93464340/. Report of the Board meeting of the orphanage at which Naomi Anderson was elected president. “The past year has been full of trials and difficulties…The present building is very old and the owner thereof deem further rapair useless.”
Untitled news snippet. The Kansas Commoner (Wichita, KS), 3 Aug. 1893, p. 5. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/382921219 or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/43224382/naomi-anderson-spoke/. Emancipation Day was celebrated at Riverside Park, with addresses given by Naomi Anderson and others.
“Emancipation Day.” The Western Methodist (Wichita, KS), 19 August 1893. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/517754428/ or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/93524430/. Naomi Anderson delivered an Emancipation Day address and Columbian Poem.
“Sat Down on Boyd.” The Wichita Daily Eagle, 19 Dec. 1893, p. 5. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/85662596/ or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/93463799/meeting-on-the-notion-of-separate-school/. Naomi Anderson could see nothing practicable in his plans to segregate public schools.
“Mrs. Anderson Objects.” The Wichita Daily Eagle, 23 Dec 1893, p. 5. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/80628821 or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/93462906/naomi-anderson-objects/. Naomi Anderson defends herself against gross misrepresentations by Mr. Boyd, published in the last issue of The Eagle. Additionally, on the school segregation issue, Naomi Anderson stated: “I am opposed to separate churches, schools, barber shops, or separate anything that makes us a separate people. I do not believe that a people amalgamated as we are can be a separated people. We are bone and flesh of every nationality of white men in America, and we have no more right to denounce our white fathers than we have to denounce our black mothers; and we are the sons and daughters of some of the wisest and best men who ever sat in the legislative halls of this country. Therefore I believe it to be for the best good of my class of people to fight down all color line. It is their indispensable duty to do so; educate their children, fit them for the best positions in life, and then wait patiently.”
“Cases Set.” The Wichita Daily Eagle, 30 January 1894, p. 5. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/85658155/ or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/3148899/the-wichita-eagle/. Naomi Anderson vs. City of Wichita docketed for March 12.
“Notice.” Winfield Daily Courier (Winfield, KS), 12 May 1894, p. 2. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/384115523 or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/93583398/. Naomi Anderson delivered lecture last evening on Women’s Suffrage. “Mrs. Anderson, as a lecturer, has a national reputation…She has a pleasing and convincing manner…she is cultured and refined, with a well-informed mind and a retentive memory…she read an original poem which was very fine. Shen then gave a recitation for the amusement of the young people. May success crown the efforts that Mrs. Anderson is putting forth in the interest of her own race, and may it be our privilege to here [sic] Mrs. Anderson again in the near future.”
“Will Speak on Suffrage.” The Kansas City Gazette (Kansas City, KS), 11 August 1894, p. 1. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/59933652/ or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/3147464/. Naomi Anderson will deliver an address on the suffrage amendment from a race standpoint.
“Populists Roasted.” The Kansas City Times (Kansas City, MO), 11 August 1891. Report on Naomi Anderson’s suffrage lecture at Opera House. “She had little to say for Populists – among the things she said: “We are not colored people. We are Americans and nothing more. If we were colored we would have to be dipped in a paint pot and colored. We are neither Negroes, colored people nor African Americans. We are Americans. We are not God’s people if we feel race prejudice. I have studied the race question since I was nine years old…you cannot vote for Populists unless they open their organizations to you.”
“A Noted Speaker.” Emporia Gazette (Emporia, KS), 15 Aug 1894, p. 4. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/380933272 or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/44651133/a-noted-spekaer/. Naomi Anderson will address the colored people this evening. (Then quotes from an article in Kansas City Journal).
“A Noted Speaker.” The Weekly Gazette (Emporia, KS), 15 Aug 1894, p. 4. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/381009582/ or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/92532690/a-noted-speaker-naomi-anderson/. Naomi Anderson will deliver a lecture at the Colored Christian Church.
Untitled news snippet. Emporia Daily Tidings (Emporia, KS), 15 Aug 1894. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/486540110 or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/93605197/. “Naomi Anderson will give free Suffrage lecture at the colored Christian church at 8th and Congress Wednesday evening.”
“Emancipation Day.” The Topeka State Journal, 21 Sept 1894, Night Edition, p. 5. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/323400635/ or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/93352069/. Plans for Emancipation Day celebration. Naomi Anderson will speak at the park after the parade.
Untitled article. The Daily Tidings (Emporia, KS), 30 September 1894, p. 1. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/486542760 or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/92531544/naomi-anderson-speaking-at-church/. Naomi Anderson will speak at four churches.
“New Lodge Instituted.” The Wichita Daily Eagle, 3 January 1895, p. 5. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/63430314/ or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/3147246/. A circle of the Ladies of the Grand Army of the Republic was organized in Wichita, composed of the wives, daughters, mothers and sisters of the colored ex-soldiers of the late war. Naomi Anderson was inducted into the order, as her brother served and died in Company I, 3, U.S.C. She was elected Senior Vice President and delegate to department convention.
“Brevities and Personals.” The Western Methodist (Wichita, KS), 02 May 1895, p. 8. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/517761127/ or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/43223779/naomi-andersons-upcoming-lecture/. Naomi Anderson will deliver a lecture on the race problem.
Untitled news article. The Wichita Times, 4 May 1895, p. 1. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/526877742/ or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/43222853/mrsnaomi-anderson-lecture-at-garfield-h/. Naomi Anderson will deliver lecture on The Solution to the Race Question at Garfield Hall. Proceeds of the lecture will be donated to the Charles Robinson Circle of Ladies of the G.A.R.
“Mrs. Naomi Anderson’s Lecture.” The Kansas Star (Wichita, KS), 1 June 1895, p. 1. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/417361798 or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/43223042/naomis-rescheduled-talk-on-the-race-que/.
“Wants a New Name.” The Evening Bee (Sacramento, CA), 11 December 1895, p. 7. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/624057439/ or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/44669162/sacramento-bee-11-dec-1895-p-7-solution/. Naomi Anderson lectures and sees a “solution to the race problem by using term “Americans of color.” Makes several Biblical references. “Her race is weighed down by the name Negro, which means inferior as well as black.”
“The Suffrage Convention.” Sacramento Daily Record-Union, 31 May 1896, p. 4. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/45979402/record-union-sacramento-ca-may-31/. State Suffrage Association Convention. First paper was read by “Mrs. Naomi Anderson, the colored suffrageevangelist, who states “the daughters of today want the ballot because it is power and will give them social equality.” Miss Anna Shaw was keynote speaker.
“A Colored Lady Orator.” San Francisco Call, 23 July 1896, p. 7. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/77944662 or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/52217441/naomi-andersonanthony1/. “Mrs. Naomi Anderson Is To Lecture Here on Woman Suffrage. Miss Anthony Will Speak Today in Oakland at the Salvation Army Mass Meeting. “ “Visitors to the Woman Suffrage Bureau are daily more numerous. Miss Naomi Anderson, an eloquent colored orator and an ardent apostle of the cause, will lecture in San Francisco every night this week and in Oakland the week following, after which she will commence a lecture tour of the interior.”
“To Stump the State.” San Francisco Examiner, 23 July 1896, p. 14. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/457677737 or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/43226249/naomi-anderson-spoke/. “Miss Naomi Anderson…has been engaged by the suffragists to stump the State in the interests of equal rights.”
“A Colored Disciple of Susan B. Anthony.” San Francisco Examiner, 26 July 1896, p. 11. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/457685720 or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/24250124/. Naomi Anderson was engaged by State Suffrage Association to lecture throughout California. Excellent bio includes at Chicago Convention “African American men resented her call of women’s suffrage before African American men had suffrage”. Also, “prominent in Kansas Campaign two years ago, and the 1880 campaign in Ohio. She has started several orphanages”….born in Michigan City, Indiana and educated in its public schools. She is an eloquent speaker, but never studied elocution or received any training.”
“A New Apostle to the Negroes.” San Francisco Call, 26 Jul 1896, p. 10. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/77944769/ or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/52217654/naomi-anderson-2/. Lengthy article prior to her six week lecture tour, very complimentary. “A long lecture tour to commence here…a woman of commanding presence” including Naomi Anderson quotes “If I can serve the cause I love, I ask no greater happiness.”””
“City News in Brief.” San Francisco Call, 28 July 1896, p. 7. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/77944929 or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/43224919/naomi-anderson-spoke-with-susan-b-antho/. “Naomi Anderson and Susan B. Anthony spoke at a suffrage meeting of colored folks last night.” (Same article as San Francisco Chronicle, 28 July 1896, p. 9.)
“Colored Women Want Suffrage.” San Francisco Chronicle, 28 July 1896, p. 9. Newspapers.com, https://www.newspapers.com/image/27490725. “Colored Women Want Suffrage. They Pass Resolutions. Meeting Addressed by Naomi Anderson. Miss Anthony Also Makes a Speech – An Unconverted Auditor. Naomi Anderson spoke on “Colored Women Want Suffrage” along with Susan B. Anthony at the Third Baptist Church in Sacramento.
“Friends of Suffrage.” San Francisco Call, 30 July, 1896, p. 7. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/ or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/43225364/naomi-anderson-speaks-on-suffrage-and-co/. “Mrs. Naomi Anderson is achieving good results at Women’s Suffrage Bureau.”
“Will Stump for Female Suffrage. A Colored Female Orator.” The Chicago Chronicle, 3 Aug 1896, p. 10. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/668070641/ or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/92531056/will-stump-for-female-suffrage-naomi/. Will stump for female suffrage in California. Includes sketch of Naomi Anderson.
“For Woman Suffrage.” The Topeka State Journal (Topeka, KS), 5 Aug 1896, p. 8. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/323099905/ or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/93352382/. “A Colored Woman Doing Good Work in California. Chicago, Aug. 5. – The first woman’s rights convention ever held in the west assembled in this city in 1869. Among those who took an active part in that gathering was Mrs. Naomi Anderson, a colored woman. Ever since then she has labored in the cause…she began her campaign work last week in San Francisco.”
“Colored Suffragists.” San Francisco Call, 6 Aug 1896, p. 5. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/77945371/ or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/43225982/colored-suffragist-naomi-anderson/. “Much interest is being stirred up by Mrs. Naomi Anderson’s lectures in Oakland.” Followed by article about Susan B. Anthony.
“Suffrage Workers.” Los Angeles Record, 11 August 1896, p. 3. Naomi Anderson to assist the campaign for women’s suffrage. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/677835870/ or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/77326559/. She is in Los Angeles as a delegate to the Afro-American Congress Convention.”
“Afro-Americans.” The Evening Express (Los Angeles, CA), 12 Aug 1896, p. 1. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/607784588/ or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/42254815/naomi-anderson-1896-campaign2/. Report on Afro-American Congress in Los Angeles. Naomi Anderson was present as a distinguished guest.
“A Lively Day. Disputatious Delegates at the Afro-American Congress.” Los Angeles Times, 13 Aug 1896, p. 9. The Afro-American Congress Convention in Los Angeles “formally announced the presence in the room of Mrs. Naomi Anderson.” Newspapers.com, https://www.newspapers.com/image/380270491/. She received a standing ovation and was conducted to a place on the platform.
“Slates Ready.” The Evening Express (Los Angeles, CA), 14 Aug 1896, p. 1. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/607784910/ or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/92533405/afro-american-convention-naomi-anderso/. Report of Afro-American Congress Convention held in Los Angeles, August 1896. “Mrs. Naomi Anderson, who is in the South in the interests of the Suffrage cause, spoke a few words with the consent of the convention, somewhat reluctantly given. Mrs. Anderson opposed the word Afro-American. She believed in plain American citizenship. Quite a discussion followed her remarks.”
“Colored Woman Suffragists.” The Gazette (York, PA), 23 August 1896. Report of Naomi Anderson’s suffrage campaign in California, with sketch. Expands on Kansas Democrat article of 29 October 1896.
“Mrs. Anderson Leads Her Race in the Fight for the Ballot.” Buffalo Evening News, 25 Aug 1896, p. 3. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/328328675/ or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/77906925/naomi-anderson-buffalo-ev-news-25-august/. “Mrs. Anderson leads her race in the fight for the ballot in California.” Includes sketch of Naomi Anderson.
Untitled news snippet. The Wichita Daily Eagle, 28 Aug 1896, p. 4. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/80622535 or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/45979288/wichita-daily-eagle-kansas-28-aug-189/. “Mrs. Naomi Anderson, the colored lady of Wichita, is leading the Equal Suffrage campaign in California. We always told you Mrs. Lease wasn’t our entire stock of that brand.”
“A Colored Woman on the Stump.” The Akron Beacon and Republican, 17 Oct 1896, p. 5. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/228132622 or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/92530354/naomi-anderson-a-colored-woman-on-the/. Report of Naomi Anderson’s suffrage campaign in California, with sketch.
“A Colored Woman on the Stump.” Kansas Democrat (Hiawatha, KS), 29 Oct 1896, p. 2. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/385911652/ or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/76753916/womens-suffrage-californias-firstnao/. Report of Naomi Anderson’s suffrage campaign in California, with sketch. “The campaign of the woman suffragists goes merrily on in California. The latest feature of the fight of the women in that state for full franchise is an attempt to stir up the colored women. Mrs. Naomi Anderson has charge of this part of the work. She is a matronly looking colored woman who has been for years identified with the suffragists, and she possesses a natural gift of oratory that has made her work particularly effective in the past and valuable in the present. Mrs. Anderson has been engaged by the California State Suffrage association to stump the state. Mrs. Anderson is a resident of Sacramento. She was the first colored woman to advocate suffrage for her sex, having spoken at the first women’s rights meeting that was held in the west.” (See also Akron Beacon Journal, 17 October 1896, for same article.)
“A Colored Woman on the Stump.” The Sentinel (Carlisle, PA), 04 Nov 1896, p. 4. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/344267648 or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/44672819/. An article about the California suffrage movement. Naomi Anderson was engaged to stump the entire state of California.
“Sewing Women are Acting in Harmony.” San Francisco Call, 25 July 1898, p. 7. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/81004875/ or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/3148883/. Report of progress from the directors of the newly-incorporated Woman’s Sewing Company, including Naomi Anderson. Lists the objectives of the corporation. 20,000 shares of stock will be issued at $1.00 each.
“Discussed Status of the Negro Citizen.” San Francisco Examiner, 19 Dec. 1898, p. 3. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/457463186 or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/77399849/. One speaker said the U.S. is hypocritical, and he opposed Negro enlistment in the US Army to fight in Cuba while their brothers are being hanged by mobs in America. Naomi Anderson stated that she has seven sons, three of whom are U.S. soldiers. “We must alter bad effects by changing their causes. To uplift a race we must elevate the mothers. We must look to the fathers to lift the stigma from the mothers.
“Anderson.” San Francisco Call, 10 June 1899, p. 14. Newspapers.com, https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/87846508 or https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/46230911/. Naomi Anderson’s obituary. “In this city, June 9, 1899. Naomi, beloved wife of Louis Anderson, and mother of Rhodes Talbert and Jessie, Orval and Garland Anderson, a native of Indiana, aged 56 years. Friends and acquaintances are respectfully invited to attend the funeral this day (Sunday) at 1:30 pm, from Bethel M.E. Church. Remains at the parlors of the California Undertaking Company, 405 Powell Street, corner of Post. Interment Laurel Hill Cemetery.”

domain: history


The Chelsea midfielder spent last season on loan at AC Milan but has returned to pre-season training with the Blues.
It is unlikely he will stay at Stamford Bridge and a return to the San Siro appears to be off the table.
"Of course it’s strange that I do not know where I will play (at the end of) next month," he said.
"But that’s part of football. Nothing is certain at this time."
Van Ginkel joined Chelsea from Vitesse Arnhem for £8m in 2013 but his debut season was ruined by an anterior cruciate ligament injury.


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David Coffin - Live from the Revels Stage
CD Release Party in Somerville
Party with us on Thursday, October 17 as we celebrate David's 40 years with Revels and release our newest recording, David Coffin: Live from the Revels Stage! The two-CD set is filled with David's favorite live performances and an extensive booklet complete with behind-the-scenes anecdotes which we're thrilled to share with his fans young and old! (The party will be fun, too!)
Revels is delighted to invite you to the launch of our newest recording - and a very special one, indeed! David Coffin: Live from the Revels Stage celebrates David's 40 years with Revels and, with 35 hand-picked favorite live performances, is David's personal valentine for Revels fans everywhere.
To commemorate its release PLEASE JOIN US for an evening of music, video clips, food and fun at The Center for Arts at the Armory in Somerville, MA at 6:00 pm on October 17th. A cash bar will be available as well!
There are lots of ways to enjoy the event. Bring the family (children's price available!). Buy your CDs with your ticket (super deal!) or pick up the CD at the event ($15 - a special one-night-only -price!).

domain: artistic


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Supreme Court of Pakistan: While upholding the conviction and sentence of the appellant in the high profile assassination of Salman Taseer, the then Governor of Punjab province, on allegations of blasphemy, the 3 Judge Bench of A.S.K. Khosa, Mushir Alam and D.M. Khan, JJ., observed that seeking reforms in a manmade law in respect of a religious matter for its better enforcement does not ipso facto amount to criticizing the religious aspect of such law i.e. demanding reforms in religious laws does not amount to blasphemy.
As per the facts of the case, Salman Taseer was brutally assassinated by the appellant who was his security guard, for openly standing up in support for a Christian lady accused of blasphemy and calling the blasphemy laws enforced by General Zia-ul-Haq as “black law”. The counsel for the appellant Mian Nazir Akhtar argued before the Court that, the appellant’s act was in sync with the religious obligations imposed on a devout Muslim to kill an apostate. It was further contended that a murder committed by the appellant was due to extreme provocation by the deceased Governor, therefore the act does not fall under the ambit of Section 302(b) of Pakistan Penal Code (PPC). Advocate-General Mian Abdul Rauf, appeared before the Court on behalf of the State.
The Bench perused the concerned verses of Holy Quran and Section 295-C of PPC dealing with blasphemy and observed that, in a democracy the citizens have right to express their voices over laws that they feel to be regressive or violative of rights. Seeking reformation in religious laws does not amount to criticism of the religious laws of the land. The Court further cited that how the Hudood laws enacted in 1979 were amended in the wake of severe protests over their misuse against religious minorities. A bare reading of the definition of blasphemy contained in Section 295-C of PPC shows that the statutory definition restricts blasphemy to defiling the sacred name of Prophet Muhammad. The Court further observed that a false accusation of blasphemy is detestable and culpable legally and as well as under the tenets of Islam. The Court further added that the appellant had no authority to take the law in his hands especially when he himself was a police officer who had full knowledge of the legal remedies available for his grievances, therefore the appellant does not deserve any sympathy from the Court. [Malik Muhammad Mumtaz Qadri v. The State, decided on 07.10.2015]

domain: law


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My One Word: RESTORATION
In the past ten years I have gone through a most difficult valley. Broken marriages and relationships. Separation from my children and a sense of failure as a parent. Losing my mental stability to major depression and anxiety then becoming homeless. I had never dreamed I would reach such a desparate state of affairs. So much loss, sadness, and despair.No amount of crying would really change anything so I made a decision this year to try something different. Taking an offensive rather than a defensive tactic against obstacles, such as becoming more bold about making changes. I decided to declare this year a year of Restoration! The scripture that came to mind was Joel 2:25. Then I found out about the OneWord movement and decided to join hands with this movement because it seemed to fit my idea of instead of tackling a gazillion things at once to just focus on one thing I could change or claim change for.

domain: sociology


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- Number of military caregivers increases as wounded veterans return home
- Soldiers learn sexual assault prevention during
- Fort Bliss officials, soldiers react to Fort Hood shooting
- Fort Hood Shooter recently left Fort Bliss
- Hagel proposes big cuts in Army in 2015 budget
- Former German Club manager plans to open new spot, organize another Oktoberfest
- Las Cruces veterans look forward to VA expansion
- Pilot program on Fort Bliss geared to help military kids work through unique challenges facing them
- Defense attorney: Change in charge could help convict Rachel Poole’s alleged attacker
- Poole: 'I'm in disbelief' following attacker's changed charge
- Web Extra: Interview with Rachel Poole following attacker's arraignment
- Report ranks the El Paso VA one of the worst in patient wait times
- Borderland trauma patients could help save lives thousands of miles away
- White Sands Missile Range future in question
- Financial protection for Fort Bliss soldiers starts with prevention
- Army makes alterations after budget cuts
- Report: Closing commissary a possible cost-saving measure
- Army colonel wants to put unattractive women on Army advertisements
- KFOX14 goes undercover: Marriage for hire, soldiers seeking brides
- Fort Bliss family named 'National Volunteer Family of the Year'
- Army changes sexual assault case policies
- Local furloughed workers speak out against government shutdown, Congress
- Fort Bliss feeling effects of government shutdown
- Fort Bliss couple at the heart of changing military
- Fort Bliss Responds to Navy Yard Shooting
- Report: Radiation in bunker 7 times above normal
- Cartels recruiting soldiers
- Fort Bliss soldier accused of participating in immigrant smuggling ring
- APNewsBreak: Defense furloughs cut from 11 to 6
- Fort Bliss' commanding general talks about what plagues the city, post
- Fort Bliss wants El Paso to better market itself
- Army veteran says VA refuses to fill prescription
- Fort Bliss: Preliminary test results show no immediate threat from contaminated bunker
- Fort Bliss investigating possible radioactive materials on post
- Radiation experts: No immediate danger at Fort Bliss
Fort Bliss: Preliminary test results show no immediate threat from contaminated bunker
Updated: Friday, July 19 2013, 09:47 PM MDT
By: Gina Benitez
FORT BLISS, Texas --
Fort Bliss officials said the public can now rest a little easier after preliminary test results reveal contaminated material around a bunker area near Biggs Army Airfield poses no immediate threat.
"This bunker behind us is the bunker that was in question. The question, the bunker that had alpha and beta contaminents," said Maj. Joe Buccino, Fort Bliss spokesman.
Tests just started but so far Fort Bliss is sure of a few things.
"First of all, the water is safe. So the water is well within the standards for water tables. We tested all six wells here on Fort Bliss and they tested normal. If they're going to test normal here, they're going to test normal in El Paso," Buccino said.
As we reported, a tip from a retiree who used to work in the weapons storage area led officials to bunker 11057.
Officials were made aware that radioactive material had been stored here back in the 1950s and 1960s -- material that may have posed a hazard to anyone who came in contact from then up until now. Test results Friday found no one who worked the bunker area was ever affected.
"The contaminants never moved off of the floor. And that's critical because the contaminants never moved onto the weapons or the equipment that was stored here. It never moved onto the people that worked on here," Buccino said.
But much work is still left to be done.
Army Environmental Command is working to assess the entire area affected.
They're looking at documents and talking to former airmen who worked the area in the '50s and '60s to possibly pinpoint the underground contamination.
For now, the biggest fears have been eased: There is no immediate threat or health risks to anyone who worked in the bunker.
"So what's in this bunker, what's in the floor of this bunker, is the equivalent of one X-ray. So really all this means is that it's good news for the community and good news for Fort Bliss," Buccino said.

domain: news


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Planting a winter garden is rewarding, yet it comes with challenges in the form of crawling & flying pests. There are simple ways to control these pests naturally.
Over these last 6 months I’ve discovered some things I’ve fallen in love with. A bit of wine with dinner, embroidery, and Yoga. I had taken a few Yoga classes right before the pandemic, but not yet had the opportunity to fall in love with it! Over these last 6 months I’ve… Continue reading Enhance your Yoga Practice with Essential Oils
Natural, Plant based cleaning is not expensive. In fact it can save you money.

domain: hobby


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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Volume 4 - 2016 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2016.00048
Sensitivity of Grapevine Phenology to Water Availability, Temperature and CO2 Concentration
- 1School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, UK
- 2Genetics and Crop Improvement Program, East Malling Research, East Malling, UK
- 3Grupo de Fisiología del Estrés en Plantas, Departamento de Biología Ambiental (Unidad Asociada al CSIC, EEAD, Zaragoza e ICVV, Logroño, Spain), Facultades de Ciencias y Farmacia, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- 4Meteorological Research and Development Division, Agrometeorological Department, Meteorological and Hydrological Service, Zagreb, Croatia
- 5UMR 1287, EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- 6World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya
- 7Centre for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- 8Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
In recent decades, mean global temperatures have increased in parallel with a sharp rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, with apparent implications for precipitation patterns. The aim of the present work is to assess the sensitivity of different phenological stages of grapevine to temperature and to study the influence of other factors related to climate change (water availability and CO2 concentration) on this relationship. Grapevine phenological records from 9 plantings between 42.75°N and 46.03°N consisting of dates for budburst, flowering and fruit maturity were used. In addition, we used phenological data collected from 2 years of experiments with grapevine fruit-bearing cuttings with two grapevine varieties under two levels of water availability, two temperature regimes and two levels of CO2. Dormancy breaking and flowering were strongly dependent on spring temperature, while neither variation in temperature during the chilling period nor precipitation significantly affected budburst date. The time needed to reach fruit maturity diminished with increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation. Experiments under semi-controlled conditions revealed great sensitivity of berry development to both temperature and CO2. Water availability had significant interactions with both temperature and CO2; however, in general, water deficit delayed maturity when combined with other factors. Sensitivities to temperature and CO2 varied widely, but higher sensitivities appeared in the coolest year, particularly for the late ripening variety, ‘White Tempranillo’. The knowledge gained in whole plant physiology and multi stress approaches is crucial to predict the effects of climate change and to design mitigation and adaptation strategies allowing viticulture to cope with climate change.
Evolution of Environmental Factors Linked to Climate Change
Analyses of historic climatic changes indicate an increase in mean land surface temperature by 1.06°C over a period of more than 100 years, with the lion's share of this amount—0.85°C—occurring over the past two decades (IPCC, 2014b). Climate projections for the end of the 21st century forecast increases in temperature within a rather wide range, from stabilization at 1.5°C higher than the current reference period to a more than 4°C increase in average global temperature, depending on the mitigation measures adopted (IPCC, 2014a). The main driver of the temperature increase has been human emission of greenhouse gases. Among these, CO2 is the most relevant in volume and global effect (IPCC, 2014a), with its concentrations increasing from a preindustrial level of 280 μL L−1 to currently more than 400 μL L−1 in 2016, with predictions for the end of the century ranging from 421 to a 936 μL L−1 (Meinshausen et al., 2011). Rainfall in many major wine growing regions of the world has decreased and is expected to decrease further in the future (IPCC, 2014b).
Dependence of Grapevine on Temperature
Important effects of temperature on grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) have long been recognized as influencing plant physiology, berry composition and ultimately wine characteristics (Jones et al., 2005; Bonada and Sadras, 2015). Thermal time integrals are even used as one of the main criteria to assess the suitability of a given cultivar to a given location (Gladstones, 1992). Premium commercial vineyards have been traditionally distributed across a relatively wide range of latitudes, ranging from the subtropics to temperate climates like the south of England (at 53°N). Across this range, temperature during dormancy and growing season varies widely (Jones, 2006, 2007). However, the distribution of grape growing regions is not necessarily aligned with the acclimation or adaptation thresholds of the species, and in the case of quality wine production, the upper temperature limits are hard to assess even at the variety level (van Leeuwen et al., 2013). Evidence of the plasticity of this species and the apparent lack of thermal restrictions for growing grapes is the recent increase in production of both table and wine grapes in subtropical and tropical areas (Demir, 2014).
Temperature Thresholds for Wine Typicity
Although basic climatic conditions for grape growing are easily satisfied, rising temperatures may make it difficult to consistently fulfill specific criteria required for grape quality in many places without adjusting variety, clone or accession within a given variety, or changing management practices. This is especially relevant for wine grapes, as most wine appellations in the world aim to deliver a very specific product, resulting from the wine-making, grapevine genetic material (cultivar and clone), cultural practices, edaphic factors and climatic conditions (van Leeuwen et al., 2004). Final grape composition results from numerous processes leading to accumulation and/or decay of metabolites, which are affected to a considerable degree by climatic conditions (Kuhn et al., 2014). Consequently, aromas, aroma precursors, phenolic compounds, organic acids, and sugars have very different accumulation patterns throughout grape development and, what is most relevant, their responses to increasing temperatures may differ in magnitude. The best example is that temperature increases can enhance both sugar accumulation and organic acid decay, but acidity is more affected than sugar levels. This results in lower acidity for the same sugar level in grapes grown under warmer conditions (Lakso and Kliewer, 1975; Sweetman et al., 2009; Etienne et al., 2013). This decoupling has been reported for other relevant metabolites, such as anthocyanins (decreasing the anthocyanin/sugar ratio) (Sadras and Moran, 2012; Martínez-Lüscher et al., 2016), proanthocyanidins (Cohen et al., 2012) and aromas (Bonada et al., 2015). In contrast, a decoupling of anthocyanins and sugars was reported with increasing water stress, in favor of anthocyanins in Cabernet Sauvignon (Sadras et al., 2007). During the ripening period, in summer, elevated temperature and drought occur simultaneously, and therefore, the effects on the decoupling of anthocyanins and sugars can be moderate due to the contrasting responses elicited by these two factors. In this sense, Sadras and Moran (2012) reported that restricted water supply during berry development can contribute to partially restore anthocyanin/sugar ratios disrupted by high temperature.
Relationship between Wine Composition and Altered Phenology
Despite the scarcity of data, some attempts have been undertaken to relate grape composition to records of environmental conditions (Bonada and Sadras, 2015). Grapevine phenology records, however, are relatively abundant and can be a good proxy for altered grape composition in response to environmental factors (Sadras and Moran, 2013; Bonada and Sadras, 2015). The duration of the phenophases can affect metabolite dynamics (Kuhn et al., 2014; Martínez-Lüscher et al., 2016), but it is also likely that advancing phenology shifts the ripening period toward the warmest part of the year (Webb et al., 2007; Duchene et al., 2010), which is not compatible with the production of high quality table wines (van Leeuwen and Seguin, 2006). Other factors, such as water deficit and elevated CO2, did not affect significantly grape development speed of ‘Red Tempranillo’ fruit-bearing cuttings when applied individually (Salazar Parra, 2011). Only, a significant hastening in grape ripening was observed when these two factors were applied simultaneously from veraison to maturity.
Annual Cycle of Grapevine Development
Most temperate fruit crops need a period of cool temperatures before they can produce flowers (Campoy et al., 2011; Considine and Considine, 2016). Satisfaction of the chilling requirement influences the timing of budburst, flowering and subsequent phenological stages (Luedeling, 2012). However, grapevine flowering and veraison can be modeled quite successfully using spring temperatures as the only predictor variable (Parker et al., 2011), suggesting a weak effect of temperatures during bud dormancy (Garcia de Cortazar-Atauri et al., 2009). While the period from the breaking of dormancy to flowering is strongly determined by temperature, flowering to veraison is often influenced by other abiotic factors such as water deficit (Davies et al., 1994; Antolin et al., 2003; Martínez-Lüscher et al., 2015a), and the correlation is usually weaker (Duchene et al., 2010). This becomes even more evident for the period from flowering or veraison to fruit maturity, which is influenced by an even larger number of factors (Petrie and Sadras, 2008; Webb et al., 2012). Even though ripeness is defined by subjective criteria, and therefore is not a phenological event strictly, it can be reliably measured in relation to metabolite concentrations, such as sugars, anthocyanins and organic acids (Bonada and Sadras, 2015). For instance, regarding the implications of sugar content for the potential alcohol content of resulting wine, the concentration of total soluble solids (TSS) is a straightforward and reliable marker for the progress of ripening (Bonada and Sadras, 2015).
Aim of the Study
In recent years, phenology responses of perennial crops to projected future climates have been assessed. These projections have often focused on response to temperature, with a few cases including water availability, but they have not convincingly considered CO2. The present study aims to give an overview of the effect of climate change-related phenomena (water deficit, increasing temperature and elevated CO2) on the phenology of grapevine, a temperate perennial woody crop. For this purpose, we evaluated historical data of phenological records and conducted some experiments under controlled conditions. The combination of these two data sources—historical records and fruit-bearing cuttings under controlled conditions—allows immediate extrapolation to the field when analyzing historical data, but it also allows studying the direct effects of these environmental factors at reasonable cost, when performing experiments under semi-controlled conditions.
Materials and Methods
Field Phenology Records
Grapevine phenological records of Croatia were obtained from the pan European phenology project (PEP725 Pan European Phenology Data; dataset accessed on 2015-09-23 at http://www.pep725.eu). Croatia has a long tradition in phenological observations carried out by the Meteorological and Hydrological Service from 1951, which was extended to vineyards in 1958. In this study, the records were used to calculate the time elapsed between March 1st and the beginning of budburst (BBCH 7), budburst to beginning of flowering (BBCH 60) and from flowering to fruit maturity (BBCH 87), to test the influence of temperature on grapevine development (Lorenz et al., 1995). The database consisted of 307 seasonal records collected between 1961 and 2013 from nine commercial vineyards in five phenological stations in Croatia (Mandicevac, Daruvar, KriZevCi, Cepic and Trsteno). These sites, which are distributed between latitudes 42.75°N and 46.03°N and between longitudes 14.13°E and 19.23°E, are representative of the average latitude for the distribution of northern hemisphere vineyards. The nine plots had different climate and soil conditions but none were irrigated. Most of them were in south-orientated hills. In the continental part (Mandicevac, Daruvar and KriZevCi) and the northern Adriatic Coast (Cepic), vines were trained with trellis, distance between rows varied from 1.6 to 2.2 m, and distance within plants in a row ranged from 0.7 to 1.2 m. In the southern Adriatic Coast (Trsteno), there was no training, and separation between plants was 1 × 1 m. The white varieties observed in the vineyards were ‘Chasselas Dore,’ present in Mandicevac, KriZevCi and Trsteno; ‘Riesling Italico,’ present in Mandicevac, KriZevCi and Daruvar; and ‘Istrian Malmsey,’ present in Cepic. ‘Plavac Mali,’ an autochthonous red variety present in Trsteno, was also observed.
Temperature and Rainfall Records
Field temperature and rainfall records were extracted from the E-OBS European gridded data set (Haylock et al., 2008). As this database contains daily minimum and maximum temperatures, hourly records were constructed with procedures contained in the chillR package (Luedeling, 2016), for R programming language (R Development Core Team, 2016). These procedures follow the recommendations of Linvill (1990). Sunrise, sunset and day length data for this method were modeled using each site latitude (Spencer, 1971; Almorox et al., 2005).
Identification of Chilling and Warming Periods
Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression was used at one of the locations (Mandicevac) to correlate variation in daily chill and heat accumulation to grapevine budburst dates. Daily chill accumulation (in Chill Portions) was calculated according to the so-called Dynamic Model (Fishman et al., 1987), which is regarded as the most accurate under a wide range of circumstances (Campoy et al., 2011). Daily heat accumulation (in Growing Degree Hours) was calculated according to Anderson et al. (1986), with a curvilinear model using a base temperature of 4°C and an optimum temperature of 26°C, which are representative of grapevine response to temperature (Parker et al., 2011). Formulas for each model are given in Luedeling and Brown (2011) and Luedeling et al. (2009), respectively. Eleven-day running means were constructed to facilitate interpretation of the results (Luedeling and Gassner, 2012). Forty-one datasets were created, consisting of 694 independent variables—daily heat and chill accumulation from June 1st (of the year preceding the year of recorded budburst) to May 14th, which was the latest budburst date recorded at the site (data for May 14th were omitted in leap years)—and one bud break date each. PLS regression outputs—variable importance in the projection (VIP) and model coefficients—were used to delineate the periods where an increase in daily chill accumulation indicated a bloom-advancing effect (negative correlation between chill accumulation and budburst date; this was interpreted as the chilling phase) and where an increase in daily heat accumulation implied a bloom-advancing effect (negative correlation; warming phase). The VIP threshold for importance was set to 0.8, which is commonly adopted by other studies (Wold et al., 2001). Further details of the procedures are described in Luedeling et al. (2013). Once these periods were identified, three-dimensional interpolation (Kriging) was used to illustrate the differential effects of temperature during the chilling and warming periods on budburst dates. This aims to facilitate the interpretation of the effect of two predictor variables that are highly correlated. The angle of the contour lines that are generated indicates, which one of the two factors is dominant in determining budburst dates (Guo et al., 2015).
Plant Material and Growth Conditions
Dormant cuttings of Vitis vinifera L. cvs ‘Red Tempranillo’ (accession T43, Clone RJ-43) and ‘White Tempranillo’ (accession CI-101 in the “La Grajera” germplasm bank, Government of Rioja, Spain) were collected in January of 2014 and 2015 from an experimental vineyard of the Institute of Sciences of Vine and Wine (ICVV) in Logroño (La Rioja, Spain).
Three node cuttings of V. vinifera L. cv. ‘Red Tempranillo’ and ‘White Tempranillo’ were selected to produce fruit-bearing cuttings according to Mullins (1966), as described in Kizildeniz et al. (2015). Rooting was induced using indole butyric acid (300 mg L−1) in a heated moist-bed (25–27°C) kept in a cool chamber (5°C). After 1 month, the rooted cuttings were planted in 0.8 L plastic pots containing a mixture of sand, perlite and vermiculite (1:1:1, v/v) and transferred to the greenhouse. At fruit set, plants were planted in 13 L plastic pots containing a mixture of peat and perlite (2:1, v/v). Only a single flowering stem was allowed to develop on each plant, resulting in only one grape bunch per plant. Pruning was used to control vegetative growth until fruit set, thus allowing only 4 leaves per plant to grow. Growth conditions in the greenhouse were 26/15°C and 60/80% relative humidity (RH) (day/night), with a photoperiod of 15 h with natural daylight supplemented with high-pressure metal halide lamps (OSRAM®, Augsburg, Germany). The supplemental system was triggered when photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) dropped below a photosynthetic flux density (PPFD) of 900 μmol m−2 s−1, providing a PPFD of 500 μmol m−2 s−1 at inflorescence level. Plants were irrigated with the nutrient solution described by Ollat et al. (1998): NH4NO3 (64.5 mg L−1), (NH4)2HPO4 (75 mg L−1), KNO3 (129 mg L−1), MgSO4.7H2O (125 mg L−1), Ca(NO3)2.4H2O (248 mg L−1), (NH4)2SO4 (66 mg L−1), Fe (EDDHA) (280 mg L−1), H3BO3 (2.86 mg L−1), MnCL2.4H2O (1.81 mg L−1), ZnSO4.7H2O (0.22 mg L−1), CuSO4.5H2O (0.08 mg L−1) and (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O (0.016 mg L−1). Plants grew under these conditions until fruit set (from March to May, both in 2014 and 2015).
Temperature Gradient Greenhouse Experiment Design and Analyses
Treatments were applied in the temperature gradient greenhouses (TGGs), located at the University of Navarra (42.80°N, 1.67°W) in Pamplona (Navarra, Spain), from June to August (i.e., from fruit set to maturity) in 2014 and 2015. TGGs are designed as temperature gradient tunnels (Rawson, 1995), which allows investigating the effects on plants of environmental changes, such as elevated temperature, elevated CO2 and drought, acting separately or in combination. They were constructed with a modular design with three temperature modules, which creates a temperature gradient ranging from near-ambient temperature in module 1 to ambient temperature +4°C in module 3. CO2 can be injected into the greenhouse to increase the air CO2 concentration as desired (more details in Morales et al., 2014). When fruit set was complete for all plants, fruit-bearing cuttings of ‘Red Tempranillo’ and ‘White Tempranillo’ cultivars were subjected to a combination of two temperature regimes (ambient and ambient +4°C, no experimental plants were set in module 2 with intermediate temperature) and two CO2 concentrations (current ca. 400 μL L−1 and elevated ca. 700 μL L−1) until maturity (defined as TSS = 21–23°Brix). Each treatment consisted of 10 plants, which were selected on the basis of similar grape bunch sizes. Plants were maintained with free vegetative growth. CO2 concentration, temperature, relative humidity and radiation were measured and/or controlled by an automated monitoring system. Data were analyzed with XLStat (Addinsoft, Paris, France) by a factorial ANOVA (2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2). Only main factors and two-level interaction P-values were presented.
Effect of Temperature on Grapevine Dormancy Breaking Under Field Conditions
PLS regression results for budburst dates (Figure 1) showed several periods with significant variable importance in the projection (VIP) scores (>0.8) and negative coefficients between September 23rd and February 27th, suggesting that during this period, increases in chilling were correlated to advanced budburst. Although there was a period of negative correlations before this period—between August 31st and September 8th—and a large period of significant scores and positive coefficients from October 25th to November 26th, it seemed reasonable to interpret the period between September 23rd and February 27th as the chilling phase, in agreement with studies showing the effectiveness of chilling in October (Dokoozlian, 1999; Li and Dami, 2016). Days with significant VIP scores coupled with negative correlation coefficients for daily heat accumulation were also discontinuous, but they were concentrated in two major periods: January 4th to January 16th and January 22nd to May 1st, with only a brief interruption, during which model coefficients did not remain negative every day. In addition, mean heat accumulation during the first period—January 4th to January 16th—was very low and most likely did not have a strong effect in most years. It must be noted that this species may fulfill its critical chilling requirement much earlier than most perennial crops, and therefore, important and negative scores for heat accumulation could be expected at any time of the chilling period when adequate temperature levels are reached. We delineated the warming phase as the period between January 22nd and May 1st.
Figure 1. Results of Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression analysis for budburst dates of grapevine cv. ‘Riesling Italico’ in Mandicevac (Croatia), using the Dynamic Model and the GDH Model for quantifying chill and heat accumulation, respectively (historical data from 1961 to 2013). Color bars in the figures indicate VIP above 0.8, the threshold for considering variables important. Green and red bars represent, besides importance, a positive and negative relationship, respectively, between budburst and daily chilling and heat accumulation. In the lower graphs (chill accumulation and heat accumulation), bars represent the standard deviation of daily chill and heat accumulation, with colors following the same pattern as for the variable importance in the projection (VIP) and model coefficients. Blue, red, and gray shaded areas and dashed lines represent the designated chilling and warming period, range in budburst dates and average budburst date, respectively. GDH, Growing Degree Hours.
The delineation of chilling and warming phases allowed calculation of mean temperature during these phases. Results showed a weak effect of changes in temperature during the chilling phase on budburst date (Figure 2). Taking into account the angle and the separation of the contour lines in Figure 2, the sensitivity of budburst date to changes in temperature during the chilling period was small (0.03 d °C−1), compared to −4.38 d °C−1 for temperatures during the warming phase. The almost horizontal contour lines of the interpolation surface suggest that temperature during the warming period strongly affected budburst date compared to the effect of temperatures during the chilling period. In addition, variation in mean temperature during the delineated chilling phase is much lower than during the warming phase (ranges of −4.2 to 3.9°C and 3.0 to 9.2°C, respectively).
Figure 2. Response of the budburst date of grapevine cv. ‘Riesling Italico’ in Mandicevac (Croatia) to average temperatures during the chilling and warming periods (September 23rd to February 27th and January 22nd to May 1st, respectively (historical data from 1961 to 2013). Colors and contour lines represent predicted flowering dates expressed in Julian dates (days of the year) using observed data points of grapevine budburst dates in Mandicevac (Croatia; black dots).
Decoupling of the Effects of Water Availability and Temperature on Grapevine Phenophases under Field Conditions
The linear regression trend determined for all sites (Figure 3) shows that the sensitivity is −4.49 days change in budburst date for each degree of temperature increase (d °C−1) from March 1st to budburst. This sensitivity is higher than for any other phenophase displayed, as the stage from budbreak to flowering had a sensitivity of −3.29 d °C−1 and the stage from flowering to harvest had a sensitivity of −2.57 d °C−1. When the effect of temperature on field phenological data was decoupled from rainfall (Figure 4), precipitation showed a differential effect on phenological periods. The interpolation surface of the period from March 1st to budburst (Figure 4A) shows some delaying effects in rainy years and advancing effects in dry years, but this was not a general trend and it resulted in a high degree of patchiness. Contrarily, the period from budburst to flowering and flowering to ripe fruit resulted in smoother interpolation surfaces (Figures 4B,C, respectively). In the case of budburst to flowering (Figure 4B), only temperature and not rainfall showed an advancing effect. This is suggested by decreasing values of contour lines and interpolation surface with increasing temperature, but not with rainfall. However, in the case of the period from flowering to ripe fruit (Figure 4C), this effect was shared by increases in temperatures and decreases in precipitation.
Figure 3. Time from March 1st to budburst (A), budburst to flowering (B) and flowering to ripe fruit stage (C) vs. mean temperature for that period for each year and place. Data from 9 plantings in Daruvar, Cepic, KriZevCi, Mandicevac and Trsteno (Croatia) (historical data from 1961 to 2013).
Figure 4. Response of the length of the periods March 1st to budburst (A), budburst to flowering (B) and flowering to ripe fruit (C) to mean temperature and mean rainfall for each planting and year (historical data from 1961 to 2013). Colors and contour lines represent predicted deviation from the average length of each period expressed in days using observed data points of the length of each phenophase (black dots).
Effects of Water Availability, Temperature, CO2 Concentration and their Interactions under Semi-Controlled Conditions
The two varieties (‘Red Tempranillo’ and ‘White Tempranillo’) showed different sensivities to increasing temperatures (Figure 5). The figures obtained were −1.52 d °C−1 in 2014 and 0.15 d °C−1 in 2015 for ‘Red Tempranillo’ and −2.03 d °C−1 in 2014 and −0.90 d °C−1 in 2015 for ‘White Tempranillo’. The lower sensitivity to temperature observed in 2015 for both varieties was most likely associated with higher temperatures recorded in that year and a higher number of days with temperatures above 35°C (Table 1). Atmospheric CO2 did not change the sensitivity to temperature in any case, and this is supported by the lack of interactions in the two-way ANOVA analysis. The overall effect of CO2 and temperature was highly significant [p(CO2) < 0.001 and p(Temp) = 0.001], with elevated CO2 having an advancing effect of 4.37 d and 3.54 d in T and T+4°C treatments, respectively. However, looking at the varieties separately, the effect was not significant for the ‘Red Tempranillo’ variety [p(CO2) and p(Temp) > 0.05], whereas the effect for ‘White Tempranillo’ was strong [p(CO2) < 0.001 and p(Temp) = 0.005]. Considering all years and varieties, high CO2 advanced phenology by 6.75 d and 4.06 d in the T and T+4°C treatments, respectively.
Figure 5. Days to complete fruit development (from fruit set to designated maturity) vs. mean temperature between the phenophases in ‘Red Tempranillo’ and ‘White Tempranillo’ grapevine grown under two CO2 concentrations (ambient CO2 or 700 μL L−1 CO2; white and black points and bars, respectively) and two temperature regimes (ambient temperature, T or ambient temperature +4°C, T+4°C). Points and bars represent means ± standard error (n = 16–20). P-values based on four-way ANOVA taking as main factors: cultivar, temperature, CO2 concentration and water availability.
Table 1. Temperature recorded in the temperature gradient greenhouse experiments with ‘Red Tempranillo’ and ‘White Tempranillo’ grapevine.
It must be noted that several two-level interactions were significant for time from fruit set to veraison, veraison to harvest and fruit set to harvest (Table 2). Therefore, the significance of the main effects must be interpreted with caution. For instance, 5 out of 11 interactions involved the Year main effect, which reflects the inconsistency of some factor effects from year to year. Other important interactions were found between the Cultivar and CO2 for time from veraison to maturity and fruit set to maturity. These findings point out the higher susceptibility of the white cultivar under all the combinations of conditions. Still, it must be noted that for most combinations of treatments, elevated CO2 plants completed fruit development and ripening earlier than their ambient CO2 homolog. Interactions between environmental factors were also found, including between water deficit and temperature and between water deficit and CO2. In the main effect comparisons, water deficit extended the ripening period by an average of 3 days. However, looking at the effect of water deficit combined with other factors, cyclic drought (CD) had an advancing effect (i.e., ‘Red Tempranillo’ under T–E CO2 in 2015 and ‘White Tempranillo’ under T–E CO2 in 2014 and 2015), which explains the significant interactions between water availability and temperature and CO2.
Table 2. Days to complete phenological periods: fruit set to veraison, veraison to designated maturity and fruit set to designated maturity in ‘Red Tempranillo’ and ‘White Tempranillo’ grapevine grown under two water availability levels (FI, full irrigation or CD, cyclic drought), two temperature regimes (ambient temperature, T or ambient temperature +4°C, T+4°C) and two CO2 concentrations (A CO2, ambient CO2, or E CO2, 700 μL L−1 CO2).
Effect of Temperature
Many studies have reported the accelerating effects of rising temperatures on phenology based on events typically occurring in spring (i.e., budburst, leaf unfolding, and flowering). While most species show a clear advance in phenology, an exception to this general trend may be those species that are starting to experience difficulties in meeting their chilling requirements (Guo et al., 2015). In this respect, grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is presented in the literature as a species with a low chill requirement, despite its tendency to burst and flower rather late (Mullins et al., 1992). Although they are believed to need a very small exposure to chilling temperatures to resume growth and flower normally, incremental exposure to chilling temperatures reduces the time to respond to high temperatures and increases the percentage of budburst, which suggests some sensitivity to chilling (Dokoozlian, 1999). In the present study, grapevines do not show a major change in budburst date in response to changes in temperature during the chilling period. Instead, temperature during the warming period was the overriding factor influencing this phenophase (Figure 2). The high variable importance in the projection (VIP) values and negative coefficients for heat accumulation observed at the beginning of March highlight the importance of taking into account this period for the prediction of budburst and flowering. These results support previous studies that find best model performance for models using the March 1st as a start date for the accumulation of thermal time, instead of the classical approach of taking into account temperatures from January 1st (Garcia de Cortazar-Atauri et al., 2009; Duchene et al., 2010; Parker et al., 2011).
For later phenological events, such as onset of ripening, thermal time models have proven to be valuable tools. However, as the growing season goes on, the level of complexity increases and factors such as yield, cultural practices and water availability may also influence the timing of phenophases (Petrie and Sadras, 2008; Sadras and Petrie, 2011; Martínez de Toda et al., 2013). Simply, the ripening of non-climacteric fruits relies to a great extent on photoassimilation in the leaves, translocation and storage of photoassimilates, which are reactions greatly enhanced by temperature (Greer and Weedon, 2013). Historical data also support the relationship between temperature and commercial ripeness in grapes (Chuine et al., 2004; Daux et al., 2012). In the historical data used in this study, the effect of temperature on the time between flowering and harvest was visible, but—as expected—the correlation was weaker than for the completion of previous stages, such as budburst or flowering. This advancement of the ripening period, shifting dates from September to August in the northern hemisphere, has the additional effect of shifting this period to what is usually the warmest part of the year (Webb et al., 2007; Duchene et al., 2010). In this study, this effect resulted in an increase of the temperature during the ripening period by 1.27°C for each °C increase in the average temperature (Figure S1).
Effect of Water Availability in Relation to Temperature
Our studies show differences in the effects of rainfall depending on the phenological period. Whereas events occurring before berry development do not show a clear dependence on rainfall, berry development shows a higher dependence both on temperature and water availability (Figure 4). Mild water deficit has proven to enhance ripening through several processes, such as altering plant abscisic acid (ABA) signaling, reduction in berry size or concentrating berry contents (i.e., anthocyanins and sugars) (Deluc et al., 2009; van Leeuwen et al., 2009; Chaves et al., 2010). In fact, environmental cues such as water deficit, as well as solar radiation, and even heat within the suboptimal range of temperature of a variety, may promote signaling mechanisms, such as ABA biosynthesis, and enhance ripening (Kuhn et al., 2014). ABA signaling during grape ripening interacts with plant responses to exogenous stresses, by regulating the process of plant adaptation (Ferrandino and Lovisolo, 2014). Many key genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis are up-regulated during ripening, therefore ABA accumulation induced by stress conditions may induce the activation of these key genes (Nicolas et al., 2014), thus improving berry quality (Ferrandino and Lovisolo, 2014). For example, despite hastening fruit ripening, mild water deficit normally has a desirable effect, increasing the concentration of some phenolic compounds in the grapes (Chaves et al., 2010). However, as climate change continues, places experiencing a risk of severe water deficit may encounter contrasting effects. Severe water deficit can induce stomatal closure, greatly reduce carbon fixation, and subsequently, impair berry ripening (Martínez-Lüscher et al., 2015a). This may explain the results obtained with fruit-bearing cuttings, where a water deficit appeared to generally delay maturity. In addition, water availability had significant interactions with both temperature and CO2 concentration. For conditions such as ambient temperature and elevated CO2, where plants were presumably less stressed, the general tendency of cyclic drought to delay ripening was reverted. Contrasting effects of water deficit have also been reported by Cook and Wolkovich (2016) in large scale field data analyses, where precipitation correlates positively with harvest date anomalies in France, while they correlate negatively in the drier vineyards of Spain. Cook and Wolkovich (2016) highlight that the relationship between water deficit and early harvest has weakened in recent decades in central Europe due to the decoupling of the incidence of high temperatures and drought.
The influence of temperature and water availability on grape ripening may depend on other factors, such as soil type, variety and rootstock, among others. Soil is a key factor for vine productivity and fruit quality, and the response of V. vinifera to water deficit may depend on the soil water retention capacity (Oliveira et al., 2003). In addition, the increase in phenolic concentrations observed in higher clay soils were greater in wet and intermediate years than in dry years when abundant ABA biosynthesis controls plant responses to drought, independently from soil properties (references in Lovisolo et al., 2016). Soils with moderate water retention capacity induced mild water stress, thus favoring fruit ripening, compared with soils with either very low or unlimited water availability (Tramontini et al., 2013). Also, they stated that water availability in the soil overrides differences due to cultivar in determining the vineyard productive potential. van Leeuwen et al. (2004), who studied the effect of weather, soil and cultivar simultaneously, found that soil had little effect on phenology (1 day change in flowering-harvest) compared with weather and cultivar (up to 14 and 9 day difference in the flowering-harvest period, respectively). For fruit quality, however, impacts of weather and soil were greater than that of cultivar, with effects being mediated through their influence on vine water status. Concerning rootstocks, a small and possibly insignificant 3-day difference for the time between flowering and harvest in a comparison among three different rootstocks was reported by Dias Tofanelli et al. (2011). In contrast, Corso et al. (2016), using a selection of the most representative rootstocks and scions of mid-latitude vineyards, showed a rather strong effect of rootstocks on ripening rates. Varieties can also differ in their response to increased temperatures and water deficit. Based on the results under controlled conditions, late ripening varieties may be more sensitive than early ones. Probably, early ripening varieties may be more predetermined to ripen during the warmest part of the year, reaching a threshold of precocity where further advances are not possible, whereas late ripening varieties may be advanced to a greater extent, and therefore, the increase in ambient temperature during their ripening period may be greater.
Effect of CO2 Concentration in Relation to Temperature
Grapevine fruit-bearing cuttings grown under semi-controlled conditions showed similar sensitivities to increasing temperatures compared to field grown vines, although sensitivities were lower in the warmer year, 2015, and for the early cultivar, ‘Red Tempranillo.’ The change induced by elevated CO2 followed similar variation, but this effect was greater than the effect of the 4°C increase. In recent studies with grapevine fruit-bearing cuttings, a correlation between carbon fixation rates and grape development rates has been reported (Martínez-Lüscher et al., 2015b). This behavior has been described under field conditions as well, where leaf removal treatments, which presumably reduce overall grapevine carbon fixation, resulted in a delay in grape maturity (Martínez de Toda et al., 2013; Parker et al., 2014, 2015). Plants exposed to elevated CO2 often show photosynthetic acclimation, which is characterized by an initial increase in carbon fixation rates and reduction to initial levels or even lower after a mid-term exposure (Leakey et al., 2009). However, this is not a generalized response and, even if this were the case, it would not mean that plant performance and fruit yield would be strongly affected (Idso and Kimball, 1991; Leakey et al., 2009). One of the greatest efforts to study the effect of elevated CO2 on fruiting woody perennials is a 17-year experiment on sour orange trees (Citrus aurantium L.) with open-top-chambers, which showed a constant increase in yield despite photosynthetic acclimation (Kimball et al., 2007). To the best of our knowledge, a paper by Bindi et al. (2001) is the only FACE experiment study in the literature, where an increase in sugar accumulation in the grapes was reported. Although this effect was diluted in the latest stages of ripening, this is evidence for accelerated ripening in grapes grown under elevated CO2. In previous reports, Salazar Parra et al. (2010) and Martínez-Lüscher et al. (2016) showed how grapes grown under both elevated CO2 and increased temperature met the sugar criteria for harvest much earlier, and this led to a decrease in anthocyanin concentration. In contrast, Kizildeniz et al. (2015), who studied the interaction between elevated CO2 and increasing temperature, reported that elevated CO2 showed mitigating effects, generally increasing anthocyanin concentration and increasing either grape organic acid concentration or decreasing grape pH, probably related to the precocity of these treatments. Thus, due to its complexity, the relationship between different environmental factors and grape composition should be assessed with caution, as phenology-mediated effects are likely.
Martínez de Toda and Balda Manzanos (2013) and Martínez de Toda et al. (2013) showed that cultural practices, such as canopy density reduction, can have an opposite effect to that resulting from high temperature, reducing TSS concentration for a fixed date. However, in that case, this contributed to restore grape pH, but reduced anthocyanin concentration. Interestingly, Martínez de Toda et al. (2014), in a similar experiment but harvesting grapes at a designated TSS concentration, found that delayed phenological development contributed to increasing anthocyanin concentration. These findings suggest that carbon translocation into the grapes can be controlled, thus altering the timing of phenological stages, which can contribute to mitigating the effects of climate change.
The results of the present study suggest that temperature, water deficit and CO2 levels representative of the conditions expected for the end of the 21st century may strongly advance budburst, flowering, and berry designated maturity. Some uncertainties still exist, such as whether the delaying effect of severe water deficit or the decreasing sensitivity under extreme temperature, which have been observed both in fruit-bearing cuttings in the present study and in other field studies, will be generally observable in vineyards in the future. Future efforts should be directed to investigating how grapevine whole-plant physiology may be altered in response to climate change-related factors, and to uncoupling the effects of environmental factors such as temperature, water deficit and CO2, from their potential effects on berry phenology. These are crucial topics to establish successful mitigation and adaptive strategies for viticulture in a changing environment.
JM performed the analysis and elaborated the draft of the manuscript. ZD and EL designed the analysis of the field data. IP, JI, and FM designed the TGG experiments, TK performed the TGG experiments. VV provided the field data and reviewed the manuscript. JM, TK, ZD, EL, CV, EG, IP, JI, FM, and SD contributed to the interpretation of the results and elaboration of the final manuscript.
This work was funded by the Land Settlement Association, the University of Reading Research Endowment Trust and East Malling Trust, European Union (INNOVINE Call FP7-KBBE-2011-6, Proposal N°311775), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación of Spain (MCINN BFU 2011-26989), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain (AGL2014-56075-C2-1-R), Aragón Government (A03 research group) and Asociación de Amigos de la Universidad de Navarra (grant to TK).
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
We acknowledge the members of the PEP725 project making possible accessing the field data, the E-OBS dataset from the EU-FP6 project ENSEMBLES (http://ensembles-eu.metoffice.com) and the data providers in the ECA&D project (http://www.ecad.eu). Special thanks to Amadeo Urdiain, Hector Santesteban and Mónica Oyarzun for technical assistance in the TGG experiments.
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fenvs.2016.00048
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Keywords: climate change, viticulture, fruit development, ripening, chilling, dormancy, partial least squares regression
Citation: Martínez-Lüscher J, Kizildeniz T, Vučetić V, Dai Z, Luedeling E, van Leeuwen C, Gomès E, Pascual I, Irigoyen JJ, Morales F and Delrot S (2016) Sensitivity of Grapevine Phenology to Water Availability, Temperature and CO2 Concentration. Front. Environ. Sci. 4:48. doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2016.00048
Received: 29 April 2016; Accepted: 09 June 2016;
Published: 12 July 2016.
Edited by:Urs Feller, University of Bern, Switzerland
Reviewed by:Claudio Lovisolo, University of Turin, Italy
Maren Müller, University of Barcelona, Spain
Copyright © 2016 Martínez-Lüscher, Kizildeniz, Vučetić, Dai, Luedeling, van Leeuwen, Gomès, Pascual, Irigoyen, Morales and Delrot. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Johann Martínez-Lüscher, email@example.com

domain: agronomy


Westworld Season 2
Hello and welcome to another episode of TGE Watches: Westworld! We’re covering season two in its entirety in this episode. That’s right, folks! We cover the whole season from start to finish, and our esteemed host Dante has not watched a single episode of either season. Join our co-hosts Nicole, Regina, Isabela, and Jaye as they attempt to explain Westworld to Dante with varying levels of success & failure, buoyed by a whole lot of laughs and chicanery. What do Pokeballs, time-traveling ruby slippers, and the hats from The Adjustment Bureau have to do with Westworld? We don’t know, but we sure had fun theorizing about it!
Also, don’t miss Jaye’s fantastic write up of the entire season, featured here!
Spoilers abound, so be forewarned!
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Until next time, be the very best, like no one ever was.
Dante, Regina, Isabela, Nicole, and Jaye
Dante Buccieri is the resident comic book savant of The Geek Embassy. He’s been reading comics for as long as he can remember, and now that he’s a librarian he gets to advocate for comics in libraries and get paid for it. He’s also a tabletop gaming fan, especially those that involve cards, with favorites including Sentinels of the Multiverse, Magic: The Gathering, Bang!, Smash Up, Star Realms, and 7 Wonders. Dante is a library professional at Portland Community College in Hillsboro, OR.