US 20020104027 A1
A security system and method are provided that relies, in one embodiment, on speech recognition to not only identify but also to validate a user. In use, the system requires a user to initially input information representative of the user at a station. A responsive signal is then generated and validated as representative of the user. Thereafter, a randomly generated challenge phrase appears at the station for the user to speak in response to validation of generated signal. The user then speaks the randomly generated challenge phrase and generates a second signal representative of the spoken response to the challenge phrase. This second signal is then processed for determining what was actually spoken as well as for the voice characteristics of the speaking voice. If a match is made for the two parameters, identification and validation of the user is complete and access is given. Changing the challenge phrase in a randomly generated manner reduces the possibility of an intruder impersonating the voice of a true user.
1. A N-dimensional biometric security system comprising
a station for receiving input information from a user representative of the user and generating a responsive signal thereto;
a first data base having a plurality of words and language rules for generating one-time challenge phrases corresponding to the user and a session access request therein;
a second data base having biometric models of the users therein; and
a controller to receive and validate said signal as representative of the user, said controller communicating with said first data base for delivering a randomly generated challenge phrase at said station for the user to speak in response to validation of said signal, and said controller communicating with said station to receive and validate a spoken response to said selected challenge phrase as representative of the user.
2. A method of identifying and validating a user comprising the steps of
having a user initially input information representative of the user at a station;
generating a signal responsive to the information;
receiving and validating the signal as representative of the user;
thereafter delivering a randomly generated challenge phrase at said station for the user to speak in response to validation of said signal;
having said user speak the randomly generated challenge phrase and generating a second signal representative of the spoken response to said challenge phrase; and
thereafter receiving and validating the second signal as representative of the user.
 This application claims the benefit of Provisional Patent Application 60/265,266 filed Jan. 31, 2001.
 User authentication is a critical aspect of information systems security. Protection from unauthorized user access or actions is essential to the confidentiality, integrity and availability of data, systems and networks. Biometric access control security systems have been developed to provide such protection by allowing authorized access only to authenticated users who pass a biometric identification or verification test. Biometric security systems implemented to date are mostly one-dimensional systems that use a biometric like a tag; a system where there is one biometric associated with one person such as a fingerprint. If implemented securely, one-dimensional biometric security systems can improve security greatly over password systems and are simple to use but are subject to privacy concerns, theft fears and big-brother trepidation.
 One-dimensional biometric security system implementations force the user to rely completely on an underlying unknown security system to insure the biometric is authentic and depend on system administration to insure privacy. On the other hand, an n-dimensional biometric system, which tightly couples a dynamic biometric with human input, can vary n times. Aspects of human user control and management can now be incorporated in the authentication process. Intricate knowledge of the dynamic biometric by unauthorized persons does not mean that the biometric can no longer be used because each instance of the biometric authentication is unique to the session. One example of such a system is a speaker recognition system coupled with the many combinations of language using speech recognition. Another example is a tightly coupled signature and handwriting recognition system, which similarly utilizes language variations. An n-dimensional biometric security system can be implemented so that robust security techniques and intuitive privacy schemes are realized which relieves privacy concerns, fears of biometric theft and trepidation of big-brother control.
 The present invention provides an n-dimensional biometric security system architecture that extends the capabilities of today's primarily one dimensional biometric security systems so that concerns and fears can be addressed. The proposed system simultaneously yet independently uses biometric speaker recognition and real-time natural language processing whereby one practical implementation is proposed based on an improved voice architecture in a data communications environment.
 One of the biggest security exposures today is unauthorized user access to data, systems and networks. Biometric security systems have been developed to address such an exposure by allowing authorized access only to users who pass a biometric identification or verification test. The underpinnings of identification and verification systems analyze a users biometrics input, create a compressed statistical form or template and match the template to statistical information previously stored upon enrollment . Variations in biometrics input, algorithms and matching techniques exist which effect accuracy and usability of the biometric.
 Another way to view the proposed system is to draw out the qualities of a privately secured biometric system and characterize it as one that gives the user the capability to re-establish their biometric, given their identity is confirmed, and allows the user intuitive private control and understanding of their own biometric. In the information systems security community we define biometrics as ‘Something you are’ that can be used for identification and authentication purposes and thereby has particular value when used as a counter measure against computer security exposures . This invention extends the use of ‘Something you are’ to be applicable to agreed upon time periods, user and organizational discretion.
 The proposed scheme improves security through a robust challenge response method of randomly generated phrases whereby the user must pass speaker recognition and voice recognition tests simultaneously. The scheme further improves security and privacy through the use of language sets and an optional user challenge response method whereby the user must pass verification and recognition tests simultaneously of a user selected phrase. The use of language and language sets gives the user an intuitive understanding of the biometric security system and control over his or her participation with the system. The proposed n-dimensional biometric security system enables a user to establish a biometric identity for a certain period of time or purpose allaying fears and providing a powerful tool for organizations and users to address security and privacy issues. The system is practical for information systems today and is envisioned to be most effective and applicable in a data communications environment particularly where voice processing is prevalent. The following describes the security architecture and applies it to a system implementation architecture that utilizes the power of a master processor for security and database functions, the quality of voice processors at intelligent remote unit sites such as desktop, hand held device, mobile phone, voice over IP phone (VoIP) and/or their associated local servers/PBXs and the most appropriate encryption method(s).
 One goal of the n-dimensional security system is that it can provide for security and privacy as agreed to by the user. Examples of potential uses of the system are an ISP service, which performs network and application authentication services across multi-media platforms for access to many applications such as email, messaging, and others. Remote users in a speaking environment could include speaker verification for ISP network and application authentication from different devices intelligently consolidated and controlled by the n-dimensional system proposed.
 A further example is that of a specialized application where the user wishes to view his or her private data that resides in an application hosted by an Application Service Provider (ASP). At some point in time, the user may want to move his or her private information to another application provider. The n-dimensional system allows the user to be deleted from the “History language set” at their previous ASP and enrolled in the “Art language set” at their new ASP. A second example is that of a consultant who is temporarily working with an organization and needs access to corporate systems. The organization would like to remove the consultant from the system upon contract termination and likewise, the consultant wants to be assured that the biometric is no longer useful.
 It is assumed that today's example of a practical application uses biometric verification versus identification technology because identification requires more resources and verification is adequate for many applications today including the examples discussed above. Secondly, it is assumed that the sample voice system described herein uses 1,000 random phrases in each language set and that each language set has the same specifications and characteristics. Given these assumptions, if we try to use verification schemes presented in the past, the following shortcomings become apparent:
 One predominant scheme, referred to as one-dimensional, is where the system performs matches on a particular biometrics template derived from a particular eye, finger or head position. If there is a match, the user is positively authenticated. One finger narrows the scope of biometrics capture, compression and the matching process making it easier to identify the user through the biometric and simple for the user. Since this kind of system uses a static biometric, i.e. one that does not change easily, then the system cannot meet certain security and privacy requirements because the fingerprint can be obtained by someone else and the user cannot change or has no other option associated with his or her fingerprint. In this case, there is one dimension according to the proposed model whereas each language set of 1,000 phrases has 1,000 options or dimensions. Other measures beyond the biometric must be taken to insure the biometric is authentic and privacy entrusted.
 A second approach is to perform a match on a particular biometrics template derived from any phrase or head position with no other associated controls. If there is a match, the user is positively authenticated. This method frees the user of constraints and provides great freedom of choice but is not as secure since there is little control of what the user may say or how he or she may turn. This scheme easily leads to situations of a one-phrase voice password as chosen by the user or inadequate biometric samples. A one-phrase password has the same shortcomings as the one dimensional biometric discussed previously. Inadequate biometric samples diminish the accuracy of the authentication process significantly and are not represented by the model.
 Another approach is a small set of biometrics variations like a multiple fingerprint system or a small set multi-phrase system where voice verification and recognition are tightly coupled non-independent processes. These types of systems typically represent variations or dimensions of less than fifty with no options remaining once exhausted. While a small set offers more security than a one-dimensional system because the biometric required for access is harder to anticipate and offers more privacy options, the system soon runs out of options which falls short of an n-dimensional security system. Of significance as well is that when voice verification and recognition are tightly coupled in non-independent processes the process tends to be rigid and behaviorally oriented. This is limiting since people are prone to not saying things exactly the same each time they speak. The proposed n-dimensional system gets around this problem with the simultaneous yet independent speaker and speech recognition processes.
 There also exists a security scheme that uses speaker recognition along with verbal information verification where the user provides information, which contains private information that supposedly only he or she knows . This is not as secure or private for the applications intended because the user has to supply and say aloud his or her private information, which could be overheard.
 Accordingly, it is the object of the proposed n-dimensional biometrics security system to overcome the security system shortcomings summarized above. The n-dimensional biometric solution is a security scheme that can be effectively implemented today with the implementation of simultaneous yet independent speaker recognition and speech recognition processes.
 Briefly, the invention provides a n-dimensional biometric security system as well as a method of identifying and validating a user.
 The system and method provide a simple technique for identifying a person, for example, a user attempting to gain access to a bank account at an ATM or over the internet, a user attempting to gain access through a door or passageway to a secured area, a user attempting to gain access to a system via a telephone or the like.
 The N-dimensional biometric security system comprises a station for receiving input information from a user representative of the user and generating a responsive signal thereto; a first data base having a plurality of words and language rules for generating one-time challenge phrases corresponding to the user and a session access request therein; a second data base having biometric models of the users therein; and a controller communicating with the station to receive and validate the signal as representative of the user. The controller also communicates with the first data base for delivering a randomly generated challenge phrase at the station for the user to speak in response to validation of said signal. The controller further communicates with the station to receive and validate a spoken response to the selected challenge phrase as representative of the user.
 The method of identifying and validating a user comprising the steps of having a user initially input information representative of the user at a station; generating a signal responsive to the information; receiving and validating the signal as representative of the user; thereafter delivering a randomly generated challenge phrase at the station for the user to speak in response to validation of the signal; having the user speak the randomly generated challenge phrase and generating a second signal representative of the spoken response to the challenge phrase; and thereafter receiving and validating the second signal as representative of the user.
 These and other objects and advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 represents a model of the n-dimensional biometrics access control system using speech in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 2 illustrates a simultaneous record prior to matching whereby a unique date/time identifier and hash of the entire record is imbedded in each object; and
FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic view of the n-dimensional biometrics access control system.
 The proposed security scheme improves security over past methods through a system challenge response method of randomly generated phrases. Each time the user is authenticated, a random biometric identifier is created unique to the user at that distinct moment. Upon access, a distinct and random biometric tied uniquely to the user provides the basis for a highly secure system. This prevents an unauthorized user from utilizing the traditional hacking techniques of cracking, stealing information and system penetration with access information at another time. Recording or theft of voice samples or properties do not help a hacker because it would be highly unlikely to reconstruct the random phrase on the fly given the short period of time for which the user and user terminal must respond. The methodology also prevents an “authorized agency” from sending around authentication information that could be used by other third parties without the user directly knowing. The solution addresses security fraud issues that surround token methods such as with Microsoft's passport authentication and authorization system.
 The proposed n-dimensional security scheme improves privacy in several ways. One way is through the choice of user phrase selection. This gives the user some control over the authentication process with the option of changing their own phrase or phrases at some future point in time. As long as we combine authentication information from the user selected phrase with authentication information from the random phrase, the security described above will be maintained because the overall biometric identifier remains random and distinct to a moment whereby the user terminal must verify adequate samples.
 A second way in which the proposed n-dimensional security scheme improves privacy is through the use of language sets. Language sets are subsets that apply to the same rules and knowledge of the overall language but encompass a subject area that gives the user an intuitive understanding of the system and some control over his or her participation with the system. Because the phrases are generated within a language set there must be enough variation of words, types of words and types of phrase structures to generate the kind of randomness and security required. Language sets give the user and the organization the option of moving users to different language sets or deleting them from the language set forever. It is likely that a user will remember having been in the “Fashion” or “Sports” language set many years down the road since it is so intuitive. This addresses public concerns such as Microsoft's passport token which users distrust and cannot easily and intuitively control.
 Language sets are also a good tool for organizations to implement controls associated with their policies improving overall security. On an on-going basis organizations can avoid the difficulty of many Ids and passwords that users find non-intuitive. When employees or third parties leave the organization, a user and its associated biometric information can be deleted unlike other authentication methods that require the organization to keep track of past authentication information. Given the random design of an n-dimensional biometric security system, there is significantly reduced exposure to unauthorized access even if the biometric information were available. If the user or organization believes the biometric information has been compromised or damaged they can change language sets and/or re-enroll. Such techniques alleviate fears of theft and reduce privacy concerns and trepidation over big brother controls. After all, you can't make users say what they don't want to.
 For the purpose of demonstration of n-dimensional methods, the scheme is implemented based on the proposed voice architecture. Voice architectures of the past are designed for implementations using either telephone speech over telephone links from any telephone or voice applications such as speech-to-text at a dedicated PC. Telephone speech is geared for a noisy narrow channel reducing voice quality and accuracy. On the other hand, local PC voice implementations utilize a substantially wider channel to perform extensive speech recognition applications. Such local systems are closely tied to the local processor and database, which reduces portability of these voice applications. The proposed voice architecture essentially splits the voice processing so that high quality signal processing and vector processing is performed locally to optimize the wide clear channel for higher accuracy and the majority of matching is performed at the server where a high degree of control and security can be obtained. This proposed architecture therefore meets the needs of the private biometric security network system requiring high accuracy, security and control.
 As explained previously, the n-dimensional private biometric system combines speaker and speech technologies a new way. Specifically, once a user requests access, the system controller challenges him to speak a randomly generated phrase and secondly prompts him for a user-determined phrase if he so desires. The objective of the authentication process is to obtain quality speech input, perform high quality signal processing and create the representative statistical forms of both the voice information used for speaker recognition and voice information used for speech recognition for each phrase. This information will be used only in memory at the remote or local unit, combined into one date and time stamped record, encrypted and optionally, digitally signed prior to communication with the controller assuming the controller is resident on another machine. The controller verifies the optional signature and decrypts the information in memory, models and matches against information stored in the n-dimensional database. Authentication is considered successful if both matching results are successful.
 Methods of secure design beyond the scope of this application are required to validate the integrity of the design claims specified above. Security techniques at the remote or local unit must be used to insure the integrity of the unique record. Methods to flush memory buffers of latent information upon successful as well as error processes are required. Techniques to validate input channels are needed to insure the reliability of the input source. Communication security techniques of encryption beyond the scope of this application are assumed to be securely designed and implemented with strong algorithms, key management, network protocols, trusted routing and error processing amongst others. It is noted however that specific key creation schemes could be directly tied to the random generator described herein. Security techniques to provide non-repudiation are to be implemented securely. Similarly, security techniques at the controller must be used to insure the integrity, confidentiality and reliability of the n-dimensional engine and database(s) to prevent exposures to the database, buffers, system resources and availability, and the like.
 The intention of the proposed security system is to make use of dynamic biometrics, i.e. biometrics input that can vary, to implement a security system that is n-dimensionally secure. To obtain n-dimensional security, the system establishes a unique biometric identifier for a user at a particular moment in time by obtaining biometric input that can be correlated simultaneously to a prescribed human input by the same user.
 The system envisions a dynamic biometrics security system whereby the n-dimensional concept using voice processing is modeled. Human Input N and Biometric Input N are simultaneous. Both match results must independently be positive to authenticate the user positively.
FIG. 1 represents a model of the n-dimensional idea at the concept level using speech. The assumption is that Human Input x which in this case is the vocalization of Phrase x, is equal to Biometric Input x. The biometric matching process result and human recognition matching process results are therefore inexplicably tied. It is the union of Human and Biometric processes versus either performed separately that is the essence of the model and the basis for the benefits of an n dimensional model.
 The proposed security scheme uses this model as a basis for the system generated, as well as user generated, phrases. The objective of a practical system today is that the system generates random phrases where n goes minimally to 1,000 phrases and the user chooses phrases where n likely goes from 0 to 5 depending on user preference. A hacker would have great difficulty recreating one of the possible 1,000 phrases on the fly as the security system design is constructed herein. This application discusses the use of language, language sets and practical examples but does not address the vast subject encompassing the natural language processing possibilities inherent in the function sets referred to in FIG. 1. The full potential of these function sets are beyond the scope of the application and represent further areas that refine such a security technique.
 As described in the introduction, the objective of the authentication process is to obtain quality speech input, perform high quality input signal processing and create the representative statistical forms of both the voice information used for speaker recognition and voice information used for speech recognition for each phrase. Such speech representations are generated by the algorithms and processing of the biometric processor and natural language processor. Speaker authentication algorithms and processing are one-way and therefore it is not possible to reconstruct the speech input. The design does not allow for recorded or low quality speech.
 The human and biometric instance is illustrated in FIG. 2 and further described below.
 Once the user requests access, the controller establishes a unique session tag to keep track of the session including a session time out limit. Once the simultaneous input, signal processing and independent speaker and speech recognition modeling or compression are complete for that distinct session, a simultaneous record is constructed in memory before encryption. To additionally insure all objects are bound together we imbed the same unique date/time stamp identifier in each object. To additionally insure that the objects have not been altered or damaged a hash version of the simultaneous record is embedded into each object.
 Phrases and Language sets focus on the word or voice recognition aspects of the proposed solution. One can view the scientific study of human language, linguistics, as consisting of phonetics or the physical nature of speech, Phonology or the use of sounds in language, Morphology or word formation, Syntax or sentence structure and Semantics or the meaning of words and how they combine into sentences . Using each area of study one can construct language in written or verbal form whereby the language exists within a language set and meets security and usability requirements. A linguistic scheme is presented that meets the criteria specified below as an example that is practical and can make use of natural language processing available today. There can be many more combinations and uses of linguistics, sounds, visuals or other human interface aspects to obtain higher levels of security should that be desired in the future.
 The user requests system access and the n-dimensional biometric system controller respond with a challenge phrase. The controller determines a phrase and requests that the user speak it. Template generation and simultaneous matching as described previously is performed for both phrases. Controller determined phrase(s) allow for management of phrases by the intelligent controller to satisfy security and privacy requirements. Secondly, a user can also be requested to speak a phrase determined by the user. User determined phrase(s) allow management of phrases by the user to satisfy privacy and control requirements.
 The minimal requirements for a language set is that it provides for an intuitive set of phrases that link to a subject area known to the user and that it provides for enough linguistic variation to achieve the required security criteria. The minimal requirements for each controller generated phrase is that it is random, makes sense, constitutes a sample with good verification data, is simple to say and avoids inappropriate phrases.
 The system generates phrases by applying the rules and knowledge of language to a database of words associated with language sets. Language sets should maintain a unique subset of words specific to the intuitive subject area but various language sets overlap i.e. sets are non-exclusive.
 The system should vary controller determined phrase requests and randomly determine a phrase each time it authenticates a user for security purposes. Upon a fail or any other non-completion, the system will randomly determine a new phrase and not repeat the last phrase. Random generation of phrases is required; no pattern of phrases can exist. Such variance of phrases increases security because an imposter cannot anticipate random phrases.
 Language sets provide a means for security and privacy management of users and user sets. For example, an organization or department can allow only one language set unique to that organization and then, if required, switch to another language set for control purposes. Or a user may elect to change their private phrases, not allow certain phrases/word or change language subsets should they believe their voice information has been compromised. Likewise an organization using the controller intelligence can disallow language sets, phrases and words for a user or group of users should there be a suspicion of theft or compromise.
 These speech techniques demonstrate how users can intuitively control the use of their biometric for security purposes. Such techniques are far more flexible and intuitive than any available with a one-dimensional biometrics system such as a fingerprint. Contrary to conventional thinking, users will be relieved that their biometric may need to be refreshed after several years giving them the same control and freedom they have today to change their front door lock.
 The security scheme described above can theoretically be implemented across multiple systems and networks using voice systems such as digital cellular phones, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) and voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) telephone systems and applications such as multi-media or voice portals on the Internet. The scheme is effective and applicable today in a speech communications environment particularly where high quality voice processing is prevalent. For example, a Personal Computer (PC) running voice recognition software with a sound card and noise canceling microphone headset installed. Therefore, the application discusses an overall security architecture and applies it to a system implementation architecture that will realize optimal security performance using voice processing.
 The proposed network implementation of the voice security system is based on a Security System for Speech Communications architecture, which utilizes the power and control of a master processor for security and database functions, the quality of voice processors at intelligent remote units such as desktop and the most appropriate encryption method(s). The system describes a method to secure communication between a host computer at a host location such as an ISP and at least one terminal at a remote location, said method comprising the steps of generating a digital signal at said remote location corresponding to an orally generated speech pattern of a prospective user; storing said digital signal in a first memory device; compressing said signal to a compressed signal, optionally digitally signing said compressed signal; encrypting said compressed signal; receiving said encrypted compressed signal at said host location; optionally verifying digital signature of compressed signal; decrypting said encrypted compressed signal at said host location to form a usable compressed signal; comparing said usable compressed signal with said stored signal at said host location to permit access to the host computer in response to said usable compressed signal matching with said stored signal. The architecture accommodates multiple methods of sending and receiving authentication information such as methods of streaming in a VoIP environment, etc.
 The authentication process begins when a remoter user requests access, for example to their AOL accounts and services. During the initial user request for access, the user makes a claim that represents who they are. The claim information could be through a keyboard input of a PIN, speech input of PIN or other identification information such as an account number, identification of the cell phone ID provided by cell phone provider or any other method that facilitates the users initial claim as to who they are. Said claim information could be digitally signed and/or encrypted. The main controller validates initial user claim information and performs random generation of a challenge phrase as described herein and optionally associated encryption and/or digital signature keys to be used to protect authentication information described herein across the network. A user can also be requested to speak a phrase determined by the user.
 As shown in FIG. 3, the proposed security system comprises at least one user terminal and a controller gateway function, which determines access, based on matching results. The gateway performs management and control functions associated with matching or recognition, enrollment, random phrases, language sets, database security and encryption. Such a controller could be associated with single sign on systems to further the power and reach of the authentication process.
 The main controller has the resources to perform such tasks as specifying required security levels and balancing of both verification and recognition modeling and matching to obtain the desired accuracy levels. The n-dimensional system can interface with other security technologies such as single sign on systems, magnetic card systems or others that make sense to bundle depending on application and security needs.
 During enrollment and speaker or speech recognition, it is essential that the speaker and speech’ recognizer consist of a high quality acoustic channel and speaker decoder so that voice processing meets the high security requirements of today's world. The security architecture proposed lends itself to such. The voice solution stipulates quality voice input, signal processing, modeling and matching throughout all voice processing whereby each is essential and intrinsically linked for good performance . One should not assume based on prior designs that all voice processing must be done either all at a desktop or all over-the-telephone line from any phone because any component of voice processing can be done anywhere between the user and controller as long as the desired results are obtained. To obtain the quality security results stated above, the proposed implementation architecture processes voice input, signal processing and performs compression or modeling at the user terminal and models and matches at the controller.
 A good deal of sound and speech technology today is oriented toward telephone speech and widely used telephone systems. Thus, voice processing often assumes a narrow bandwidth and noisy channel prevalent with telephone speech. A voice verification system that performs a voice test from any telephone handset over any telephone line is greatly different from a voice verification system where a voice test from a PC via a microphone making use of CD quality sound processing. Any telephone connected to the telephone system is widely available but a more intelligent device such as a PC system, PDA or intelligent phone has the capability of processing voice far more accurately as we already understand from many years of use with voice recognition technology, for example, large vocabulary speech to text applications that are performed solely at the desktop with a headset and not over a telephone line.
 For example, a standard PC sound card or motherboard sound samples voice input at CD quality (a rate of 44 kilohertz). Sound is transmitted as input through 2 channels that carry 16 bits or 2 byte words per channel, for a total of 4 bytes. Therefore the CD rate of 44,000 samples per second utilizing 4 byte resolution and assuming linear coding of the data represents 1 megabyte of voice data per 6 seconds. PC Pentium processors can easily support statistical algorithms that handle up to 1 megabyte of data. This potential capability is greater than the normal processing for telephone speech, however, which samples at 8 kilohertz and uses 8 bits data with logarithmic scaling that represents less than 48 k of voice data per 6 seconds.
 Protection from unauthorized users has brought forth the development of biometric security systems but users are cautious due to fears associated with biometrics. Contrary to current thinking, biometric security systems that use dynamic biometrics, i.e. ones that can more easily vary such as voice, have the potential to be highly secure and private through an n-dimensional security scheme architecture, which tightly couples such a biometric with human input. Advancements described herein include the implementation of speaker recognition technology in a data communications environment, which is greatly more accurate than past implementations using telephony types of voice processing constrained by narrow and noisy acoustic channels. Also, the new combination of existing real-time natural language processing and speaker recognition technologies is practical in today's information systems environment to achieve n-dimensional security. The benefits of robust security techniques and intuitive privacy schemes inherent in an n-dimensional security system is extremely important in today's world of data communications and information systems.
  Gregory Tuai, Security System for Data Communications. U.S. Pat. No. 5,153,918, 1992
  Micki Krause and Harold F. Tipton, Handbook of Information Security Management 1999, CRC Press,
  Qi Li, Biing-Hwang Juang, Chin-Hui Lee, Qiru Zhou, and Frank K. Soong, Recent Advancements in Automatic Speaker Authentication. IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine. March 1999
  David Crystal, Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge University Press. 1987.
  Jelinek, Frederick. Statistical Methods for Speech Recognition, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1997


text:
- This event has passed.
Forrest Wolverton “Taking Charge” Training, Live Apex Call
May 1, 2021 @ 8:00 am – 9:00 am MST
Part 9/12 of Forrest’s “Taking Charge” Training. As a master Practitioner of NL, Forrest understands how the human mind works. Whatever it is that is stopping you from achieving your goals, Forrest can help.

domain: psychology


text:
Fresh Express Slaw Salad Kit, Premium, Asian Avocado
Salad & Toppings: Net wt. 8.0 oz (227 g). Dressing: 1.6 fl oz (48 ml)/net wt. 1.7 oz (48 g). Red cabbage, green cabbage, napa cabbage, cauliflower stalks, mature kale. Honey roasted sesame chips. Wonton strips. Corn kernels. Edamame. Asian avocado dressing. Guaranteed fresh. New! Premium. Thoroughly washed. Ready to eat. Why We're So Fresh: To Guarantee Fresh Express Salads Are Consistently, Deliciously Fresh, We: Cool our salads within hours of harvest and keep them chilled from field to store. Thoroughly rinse and gently dry; then seal them in our keep-crisp bag to maintain freshness. Deliver fresh salads daily. Fresh promise express. Fresh Guaranteed! At Fresh Express, We are passionate about delivering the freshest highest quality salads possible! Our team of food scientists and agricultural experts are committed to exceeding industry standards so we can guarantee the freshness of our salads, every single day. www.FreshExpress.com Questions? Comments? Call 1-800-242-5472 or visit www.FreshExpress.com. Product of USA.

domain: food


text:
Wear do you live? Yes, I know it should be where do you live, but when it comes to this t-shirt project, I’ve got it right. CityFabric founder and grad student Matt Tomasulo displays figuregrounds – maps used in city planning and architecture – for specific cities on his line of t-shirts, bags, pillows and prints. Intended to strike up conversations about where you live, this printing project is currently on Kickstarter. While Matt has been selling t-shirts at local arts market for over a year, he’s looking to expand the line to include more city designs.
The Throttle Bottle Opener is a pint-sized beer popper that’s more clever than you realize. While its compact size make it ideal for tossing on a keyring, its miniscule build is only one of the benefits here. Outfitted with a powerful rare earth magnet, each Throttle Bottle Opener easily finds its way to your bottle’s cap. Not only that, you can keep it on the fridge so it’s on hand whenever you pull out a cold one. Then, use it with one hand to open that bottle. Clever, tiny, and incredibly useful.

domain: geography


Hacking is one of the emerging issues in these times of computers and software. Businesses facing this threat have gone into great depths trying to safeguard their entities. To safeguard against such threats, the software security system was developed. Several companies bearing different brand names come in with their unique software protection systems. Some scenarios avoided by the system include being hacked or having your system perform what activities it was not commanded to do.
Business sections covered by the software security include asset accounting, human resource, quality management, distribution of materials and sales. There could be a big loss of resources resulting from intrusion by hackers which necessitates the need to secure your business software. Security of the Business operations, as well as that of the clients, are protected well by the software security.There are three parts that make up the software security system.
Every sap license optimization service is divided into these three areas for optimum performance. Good results are realized since the three areas work together. Each party involved has a part they play at different levels of increasing complexity. We will concentrate on the three parts which are the segregation of duties, code security and the main application platform
The first part which is the segregation of duties protects the system from unauthorized users. Most of the software users are aware of this part. The interface is what a cashier or a teller may use on a regular basis. This part makes use of passwords to protect the system from intrusion. However, this may be compromised by password generation applications in some cases or removed intentionally by witty employees. One can only interfere this part of the security by being present at the site where the software is. For more facts about software, visit this website at http://www.dictionary.com/browse/software.
Code security comes in as the second component of the software security feature. You will find this part of the software written in programmable codes. An untrained user does not use this part of the system and thereby it is very common. Segregation of duties being the first part, this section comes in as an addition. To get into the system using this route, a lot of decoding needs to be done. No person without the knowledge of decoding the user can get access to this section.
Finally we have the sap license optimization security as the third and the last part. It safeguards the digital identity of the entire software in use. Information on logging in or out, unauthorized functions and the encryption of the software are contained in this section. The complexity of the part makes it the most important in the system. By hacking through the internet, hackers put every software under threat. Here is where the security features to protect against such are installed. To keep the system safe from intruders, the software developers put in special encryption on each software unique only to itself.


SKF BT4B328074/HA4 Description :
We specialize in supplying original SKF BT4B328074/HA4 bearing and provide customers with SKF BT4B328074/HA4 bearing size, specifications and drawings for customer reference. My company's SKF BT4B328074/HA4 bearing price concessions, adequate inventory, and other similar products are available for recommendation
Packaging Details :
1 . Industrial tube packing + cartons + pallets
2 . Individual colorful or white box + carton + pallets
3 . As the clients ' requirement
1 . Less than 45 KGS, we will send by express. (Door to Door, Convenient)
2 . 45 - 200 KGS , we will send by air transport . (Fastest and safest, but expensive)
3 . More than 200 KGS, we will send by sea . ( Cheapest and common use )
Cater To Your Needs Buy SKF BT4B328857/HA4 bearing - Malaysia buy BT4B328857/HA4
If you urgently need to buy SKF BT4B328857/HA4 bearing, we will be your best choice. We have sufficient stock of SKF BT4B328857/HA4 bearing now. SKF 32324 SKF 331925 SKF BT2B328304/HA4 SKF BT4B330880/HA1 SKF L555249/210/VE174 SKF 33208
Bearings BT4B334057/HA4(SKF),BT4B334057/HA4 needle
Bearings BT4B334057/HA4(SKF),BT4B334057/HA4 needle bearing Tapered Roller Bearings SKF BT4B334057/HA4 is the most common type, and their use is very wide. We can supply all of the following series of bearings: deep groove ball ...
Double row tapered roller bearings, TDO design - BT2B
In addition to the information provided on this page, consider what is provided under Double row tapered roller bearings. For information on selecting the appropriate bearing for a given application, and interpreting the data on this page, refer to Bearing selection process. ...
CHINA BT4B328558/HA4,BT4B328558/HA4 Tapered Roller Bearings - 682.6*965.2*701.6mm Bearing
We are one of the best dealers for BT4B328558/HA4 bearing.SKF BT4B331358/HA4,BT4B331334/HA4 Bearings are two of our main products, Offer SKF tapered roller bearings BT4B331559/HA4 Bearings Pdf,Spec,Dimensions,Size Chart with best price from us, At ...
Its size is - - mm. SKF BT4 bearing is mainly used for high-speed rotating scenes with high load, high precision, high speed and low temperature. Vibration, should prevent moisture, dirt intrusion, regular maintenance can extend the life cycle. SKF BT4
Bearings BT4B328074/HA4(SKF),BT4B328074/HA4 bearings Cape
Bearings BT4B328074/HA4(SKF),BT4B328074/HA4 bearings Cape Verde Tapered Roller Bearings SKF BT4B328074/HA4 is the most common type, and their use is very wide. We can supply all of the following series of bearings: deep groove ball ...
SKF BT1B 328068/HA4
SKF BT1B 328068/HA4 bearings are highly durable and long lasting bearings, you can buy at low cost and at very affordable prices. Rolls Bearing Limited are highly durable and long lasting bearings, you can buy at low cost and vey affordable prices Highly durable ...
bt4b328558/ha4 bearing:bt4b328558/ha4 Limiting Speed in Brunei:skf
Quality Spherical Roller Bearing manufacturer provide Rolling Mill bearing SKF BT4B 328065/HA1 four-row tapered roller bearings of the TQO configuration, Hangzhou Aocom (B,If you want to know skf bt4b328558/ha4 bearing’s Limiting Speed in Brunei.Please
SKF BT4B332720HA4 Bearing , GBS Bearing , SKF BT4B 332720/HA4
SKF BT4B 332720/HA4 beari SKF BT4B 332720/HA4 bearing All our bearing ensure quality please contact Email for any inquiry [email protected] SKF BT4B 332720/HA4 d： 1004,634mm four-row, TQI configuration D： 1308,1mm Tapered roller bearings, T ...
SKF BT4B 328074/HA4
SKF BT4B 328074/HA4 bearings are available in bulk and same day delivery also available in few areas. Rolls Bearing Limited stocks of high tensile, top quality bearings available all the time at wholesale rates. Express delivery within one week and top notch quality ...


This past year has been a rough one for many, but perhaps none more so than the courageous physicians, nurses, EMS providers, and healthcare workers who have put their own safety on the line in order to help take care of COVID-19 patients.
They've been stretched to their limits, in many cases caring for more patients than they thought possible. Katherina Faustino, an ICU nurse from Henderson, Nevada, has doubled the number of patients she's responsible for. Nerissa Black, a nurse in Santa Clarita, California, went from caring for four patients to six, leaving her only ten minutes for each patient every hour.
As we approach the one-year mark since COVID-19 first entered the United States, US emergency medicine physicians are tired. They're experiencing burnout at alarming rates. And now they're sharing their experiences.
On January 11th, 2021, Medscape released the results of their Emergency Medicine Physicians’ COVID-19 Experience Report. Though the results were collected between June and July of 2020, the report gives valuable insight into what EM physicians have experienced during this pandemic. More than 5,000 EM physicians responded.
Here are some of the most noteworthy stats.
- 54% of EM physicians have knowingly taken personal safety risks to treat a COVID emergency.
- That said, 94% of EM physicians have not been diagnosed with COVID-19.
Loss, Loneliness, and Burnout
- 14% of EM physicians lost a colleague to COVID-19…and the median number they lost was two. Many physicians also experienced the tragic loss of beloved friends and family members.
- 79% of EM physicians have reported experiencing job-related burnout, and nearly three-quarters of that number have said that their burnout worsened during COVID. And emergency medicine physicians aren't alone. 73% of U.S. physicians across the board have said that they felt burned out, and two-thirds said that it worsened during COVID.
- Before the pandemic, Medscape obtained data showing that most EM physicians were burned out because of the growing number of bureaucratic tasks required of them, such as charting and paperwork. 87% of EM physicians say their workplace has not made changes to reduce paperwork or administrative tasks to allow them to focus more on the pandemic.
- 55% of EM physicians (and 46% of US physicians overall) have said that they are more lonely since the start of the pandemic.
- 7 in 10 physicians who saw COVID-19 patients in person said they never or rarely treated them without the appropriate PPE. About 8% reported that they either often or always treated them without wearing PPE.
- About one third of EM physicians who treated COVID patients said that at some point, their workplace went beyond its capacity. One quarter of all US physicians said their workplace encountered that situation.
- About 42% of EM and US physicians in general said that their workplace has offered activities to help with grief and stress.
- Two-thirds of EM physicians saw their income decrease during the pandemic. About 70% saw their income decrease by 11%-50%.
- 82% of EM physicians report that they're now seeing patients with non-COVID diseases who probably would’ve sought care earlier had it not been for COVID-19.
- 87% of EM physicians did not have to make decisions about giving COVID-19 patients priority over other patients with life-threatening diseases.
- Two thirds of EM physicians reported that COVID has affected their ability to be as good of a doctor as they would like.
Of those surveyed, 71% of respondents were male, and 26% were female. Respondents were evenly spread across an age range of 28 - 70+. 18% worked more than 36 hours per week, while 82% worked 36 or fewer hours each week.
Today is National Women Physicians Day, in honor of the birth date of Elizabeth Blackwell, the first female doctor in the United States. Learn more about National Women Physicians Day here.


text:
Coinmint has reached an agreement with the local authorities of Upstate New York’s Massena country. The New York Power Authority (NYPA) decided to support an initiative by NCDC, the Coinmint subsidiary North County Data Center, to open a bitcoin mining facility in the premises of the old aluminum smelting plant known as the Alcoa East Facility.
This is a 1300-acre estate that has a power capacity of 435 megawatt. In particular, the place was chosen for having stable and reliable electricity and rich power generation sources because it is located on the northernmost border of the State of New York, and it has nearby hydrogen power from the St. Lawrence River Dam. The area is very windy and cold throughout the year and presents the ideal conditions for computers and mining equipment that tends to overheat.
Until now, during the reconstruction of the future bitcoin mining plant, Coinmint already invested nearly $50 million and promises to invest up to $700 million total. According to the agreement with NYPA, the construction phase will be completed by June next year, and initially 75 people will be employed. Another 75 people are expected to be hired at a later point. In the first round of employment, they will hire security personnel, IT and operational staff, technicians, electricians, and installing crews.
The communities in nearby towns are welcoming this initiative and are happy the NYPA offered support for the mining project by providing special price adjustments on electricity in order to match the low-electricity-cost policy of the investor and more importantly, allocated 15,000 kilowatts of St. Lawrence River’s hydroelectric power to the new mining plant.
Massena town supervisor Steve O’Shaughnessy released the following statement: “The thought of 150 jobs and revitalization of the Alcoa East Facility is exciting, We are ready to provide any assistance we can to move this project to its full potential.”
The NCDC signed a 10-year lease for the Alcoa East Facility and plans to finish construction and employment processes until the end of 2019 when it is expected to start operations 24/7. Coinmint’s Chief Technology Officer Prieur Leary, in an interview with CNBC, explained: “As long as bitcoin network exists we anticipate mining to be profitable.”
Featured Image via BigStock.

domain: economics


iPad Air 2
Holiday Special: Prices listed are $50 off our regular price on selected 64GB and 128GB models-- only while supplies last!
The thinnest iPad ever is also the most capable. It’s loaded with advanced technologies, including the Touch ID fingerprint sensor.
At just 6.1mm, the iPad Air 2 is also the most capable. It has a re-engineered 9.7-inch Retina display, the revolutionary Touch ID fingerprint sensor, a powerful A8X chip with 64- bit architecture, a new iSight camera, an improved FaceTime HD camera, faster wireless, iOS 8, iCloud, and up to 10 hours of battery life (varies by use and configuration). It also comes with great apps for productivity and creativity. And there are many more apps available in the App Store.


text:
Through novel experiments involving small nematode worms, scientists from Wyoming have discovered several genes that may be potential targets for drug development in the ongoing war against cancer. Specifically, researchers hypothesize that inhibiting these genes could reverse certain key traits associated with cancer cells. This discovery is published in the August 2012 issue of the Genetics Society of America's journal GENETICS (www.genetics.org).
"Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide," said David S. Fay, Ph.D., a researcher involved in the work from the Molecular Biology Department at the University of Wyoming in Laramie. "We hope that by carrying out basic genetic research on one of the most widely implicated human cancer genes, that we can contribute to the arsenal of diverse therapeutic approaches used to treat and cure many types of cancer."
To make this discovery, Dr. Fay and his colleagues used a strain of nematode worms that carried a mutation in a gene similar to one that is inactivated in many human cancers. This gene, called "LIN-35" in worms and "pRb" in humans, is thought to control at least several aspects of tumor progression including cancer cell growth and survival. The researchers systematically inactivated other individual genes in the genome of the mutant LIN-35 worms. As they deactivated various genes, scientists identified those that led to a reversal of defects caused by the loss of LIN-35, suggesting that they could be used as targets for anti-cancer therapies.
"This research is important because it offers possible new ways to shut down the genetic machinery that contributes to cancer growth and progression," said Mark Johnston, Ph.D., Editor-in-Chief of the journal GENETICS. "The causes of cancer are complex and varied, so we must approach this disease from many angles. Using simple 'model organisms,' such as nematode worms to find new drug targets, is becoming an increasingly important and effective strategy."
As a companion piece to this article, the journal GENETICS debuts a new educational resource called a Primer. The Primer article, written by Elizabeth A. De Stasio, Ph.D., of Lawrence University in Appleton, Wisconsin, provides guidelines for genetics instructors who want to use this contemporary research on nematode worms to teach their students about genetics concepts. The Primer includes background biological information on the worms, explanations of concepts used, and a sample approach to using the article in the classroom with questions for discussion. Additional Primers for instructional use will follow in future issues of GENETICS.
Genetics Society of America: http://www.genetics-gsa.org/
This press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. Please comment below. We try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. Critical discussions of the research are appreciated. If you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e-mail.
There's a new contender in the century-old quest for perfect, guiltless sweetness: allulose. It's sugar — but in a form that our bodies don't convert into calories. Perfect? Not quite.
Researchers say findings may have important public health implications as vitamin supplements are relatively safe and cost-effective
Sarcoptic mange can leave southern hairy-nosed and bare-nosed wombats blind and deaf before eventually killing them
Annual vaccinations could be a thing of the past as scientists have successfully tested vaccines on animals infected with different strains of influenza
Remember winter, when everything was cold and grey? Right now, when all around is lush and green, the contrast couldn’t be greater. But is everything really as it seems? New research shows that we see things differently in winter compared with summer.
We now know how to turn fat cells into ones that burn calories as heat rather than store them – raising the prospect of a gene therapy for obesity
A growing body of research suggests that doctors' racial biases and other prejudices continue to affect the care patients received. Medical educators say self-awareness is an important first step.
A new study renews questions about how aggressively doctors should treat a very early form of breast cancer or pre-cancer.
Addyi gains US marketing licence after third attempt, but questions remain about its effectiveness, potential side-effects and the true need for the drug
Increasingly taken by healthy people to improve focus before exams, after a comprehensive review researchers say modafinil is safe in the short-term

domain: news


Free Ads! if you are a small business with annual revenues of less than $1M - piglix.com will place your ads free of charge for up to one year! ... read more
$2,000 in free prizes! piglix.com is giving away ten (10) Meccano Erector sets, retail at $200 each, that build a motorized Ferris Wheel (or one of 22 other models) ... see details
Ongoing news reports in the international media have revealed operational details about the United States National Security Agency (NSA) and its international partners' global surveillance of foreign nationals and US citizens. The reports mostly emanate from a cache of top secret documents leaked by ex-NSA contractor Edward Snowden, which he obtained whilst working for Booz Allen Hamilton, one of the largest contractors for defense and intelligence in the United States. In addition to a trove of US federal documents, Snowden's cache reportedly contains thousands of Australian, British and Canadian intelligence files that he had accessed via the exclusive "Five Eyes" network. In June 2013, the first of Snowden's documents were published simultaneously by The Washington Post and The Guardian, attracting considerable public attention. The disclosure continued throughout 2013, and a small portion of the estimated full cache of documents was later published by other media outlets worldwide, most notably The New York Times (United States), the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Der Spiegel (Germany), O Globo (Brazil), Le Monde (France), L'espresso (Italy), NRC Handelsblad (the Netherlands), Dagbladet (Norway), El País (Spain), and Sveriges Television (Sweden).
|Program||International contributors and/or partners||Commercial partners|
|Year||Disclosure||Size||Main source(s)||Major publisher(s)|
|2016||Panama Papers||11.5 million documents||"John Doe"||Süddeutsche Zeitung, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, The Guardian, BBC, Le Monde, Tamedia, Falter, La Nación, NDR, WDR, ORF|
|2013||Global surveillance disclosure||1.5-1.77 million documents||Edward Snowden||The Guardian, The New York Times, The Washington Post, Der Spiegel, El País, Le Monde, L'espresso, O Globo, ProPublica, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, NRC Handelsblad, Sveriges Television|
|2010||U.S. Army and U.S. State Department documents||734,885 files||Chelsea Manning||
The Guardian, The New York Times, Der Spiegel, Le Monde, El País,
The material consisted of:
|1971||Pentagon Papers||4,100 pages||Daniel Ellsberg||The New York Times|
Don't forget! that as one of our early users, you are eligible to receive the 1,000 point bonus as soon as you have created five (5) acceptable piglix.


text:
Trans-fatty acids have been the topic of a lot of negative health news, but a new dietary study in rats suggests that trans-fats do not increase the risk of insulin resistance and diabetes, which may ease at least one area of concern.
Epidemiological studies indicate that chronic consumption of trans-fats may alter muscle insulin sensitivity, as their unusual molecular shapes can reduce muscle's ability to burn energy; in turn, reduced fat oxidation may promote insulin resistance.
The data in this area has been conflicting, so Beatrice Morio and colleagues undertook a detailed study in rats. They gave rats an eight-week diet enriched in either industrial trans-fats (processed oils), natural trans-fats (dairy fat), or regular unsaturated fats.
In none of the cases did the diet alter the rat's insulin or glucose responses, nor did it significantly affect their muscle capacity. The researchers confirmed their rat studies in cell culture studies by incubating muscle cells with either trans-fatty acids or oleic acid (olive oil); as in the rats, there were no noticeable difference in the insulin sensitivity of the cells.
So while trans-fatty acids are still relatively unhealthy, these findings do show that muscles can utilize them, whether natural or industrial, much like regular fats; thus, trans-fat metabolites won't accumulate in muscles and increase the risk of insulin resistance and diabetes.
Materials provided by American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
Cite This Page:

domain: chemistry


text:
Bling Snowflake Stitch Markers Lace or Sock size rings Set of 4 /SM301
Snowflake stitch markers snag free no snag
This set features lovely snowflake charms with a big glittery ice crystal rhinestone in the center and midnight iris accent beads. For "cool" knits any time of year! The perfect gift for your favorite knitter who loves the snow or maybe treat yourself?
These small smooth rings will fit up to 3.5mm (US size 4), perfect for lace or sock weight yarn. Set of 4.
My stitch markers are made with nickel-free/lead free smooth rings so there are no ends to catch on delicate fibers.
Dangle stitch markers are more than just knitting needle jewelry! Dangle markers are much easier to manoeuvre from one needle to the other than single rings which are easily dropped and lost, and large bead markers which give you more bulk on your needles right at your stitches where you need it least! Dangle markers are a pleasure to move around and are lightweight as well as attractive! So go ahead and dress up your knitting project! Who said you can't be pretty and clever at the same time?
**Stitch markers are a choking hazard for children. Children should NEVER be allowed to use them as a toy! My stitch markers are NOT intended to be used by children!

domain: hobby


text:
We often talk about wholesome education for children. Gone are the days when kids were told to focus only on their studies and it was assumed that the only way to succeed in life was to score well in school and crack some competitive exam. Times have changed now and children need all-round education and development. It is essential to equip our children with real life skills and not just bookish knowledge.
One of the basic life skills that is essential for children in money matters. Children are dependent on their parents for their needs and parents also try their best to fulfil all their needs. However, as they reach a certain age, it is important to make them understand that money cannot be taken for granted and that it takes a lot of hard work to earn money which should be utilised judiciously.
Why Teach Money Skills to Children
Life is full of challenges and one of the most important skills one needs to navigate life is finance. My daughter is in grade 2 and they have a chapter on money where they are taught about currency and buying and selling. But even till last year, she thought that to get money all you have to do is visit a bank or an ATM.
It is essential to give them practical knowledge at home, so that they can understand the importance of earning, saving and spending. This will prepare them for the challenges of adulthood.
Top 10 ways to teach money skills to kids
You can start teaching basic money skills as early as 3 years.
Money lessons for preschoolers (3-5 years)
In this day and age of invisible money or plastic money, children often do not relate buying with actual money. My daughter, till a couple of years ago, thought credit card is how one make any purchases. It is thus important to introduce them to the rupee notes and coins, to show them how actual money works. Taking them along to an ATM is also a good idea.
Do not say Yes to demands immediately
This is the age when demands start taking shape and it is our duty as well as responsibility to let them know that “yes” is not an automatic answer to everything they ask for. It is important to not give in to unreasonable demands and let them know that
Money Lessons for Primary school kids ( 6-10 years)
During the time kids are in primary school, they can be taught many important money lessons. The right foundation put at this age will serve them throughout the life.
Get a piggy bank and introduce your child to the habit of saving little change. Kids love their piggy banks and they love putting all monetary gifts in them for later. It is a great joy when little change turns into a substantial amount over time which they can use to buy something of their choice. What better way to teach the first lesson in saving for a goal!
Avoid Impulse Buying
This too is a life lesson which can serve kids through their life. How often do we see something on display and buy it without thinking if we really need it or not.
You can help your kids think about the purchase they want to make. Help them understand that the toy or the game that they feel they just cannot do without at the moment may lose its appeal as soon as you reach home.
Save for goals
When kids are this age, we often give in to their demands because they are just so cute and we want to give them everything we can. But here comes the catch. Getting everything as soon as they ask for does not allow them to appreciate or be grateful. It is important to let them know that if they really want something, they must plan and save for it, just like adults need to plan and save for their life goals.
If you child wants a cycle or a video game, let them know the price and how much you can contribute to it. Remaining s/he must save. See the zeal with which they will save every penny they can and the joy and sense of achievement which they get upon reaching that goal.
Board games for Money lessons
Another good way to introduce kids this age to money lessons is by engaging them in board games like monopoly, business and game of life. Good way of bonding for the whole family while imparting some life lessons.
We also make up our own games like simply buying and selling toys and using actually notes and coins, lkearning to pay eact amounts and calculating change to be given etc.
Learning to make financial choices
One has to make judicious financial choices all our lives and the foundation can be laid early. When your child wants an expensive toy, you can impress upon the fact that they can either have the toy or the class which they have been wanting to take for a while, since you cannot afford to buy both and it is upto them choose which one is more beneficial to them and what can be pushed off for a little later.
Choosing cheaper products
Quite often as grown ups, we have to choose a cheaper product instead of a more expensive branded product because they pretty much serve the same purpose. Or we hunt for the best bargain across stores for the same product. Kids can do the same. We realized buying books online was way cheaper than buying it in stores. So, now once we browse the bookstore for a book and like it, we check it on Amazon or Flipkart. And more often than not, it is 30-40% cheaper online. My daughter resisted it initially because she wanted it immediately, but not anymore. She knows she can get it the nexxt day and we can save a bunch by buying it online.
Learning to handle peer pressure
This is something that we struggle with all our lives. We want to throw best parties, look the best, want our children to go to the best school, have everything that our friends or neighbours have. Kids too want to get the game that their best friend has. She wants the latest barbie even if she doesn’t play with 5 others that she already have. Drawing a line is necessary while explaining to them there will always be someone who has something which you do not have and that you cannot live your life trying to be like others.
Money lessons for Middle Schoolers (10-16 years)
This is the age when kids are on the verge of adulthood. They think they know more than their parents and the horizons are widening each day. So, now you must give them the freedom along with the responsibility of managing their own finances.
Give them a fixed pocket money and they have to use it wisely. Do not give any top-ups. It is best to not give them use of cards.
Earn your own money
If they want extra money for their needs, they can try earning some. In India, it is not very common to allow kids to work during school and college years, but it can teach them many valuable lessons.
Handle their own Bank Account
As children go into high school, you can open their own bank account, which they can operate and save their money in.
Understand the pitfalls of credit cards and loans
A lot of kids these days seem to think that all you need this a credit card and you can buy whatever you want. Teach them that credit cards are loans and you have to pay back loans along with a huge interest on top on the amount you borrowed.
Showing how little amounts add up/ compound interest
Once they have their own bank account, you can teach them how savings add up and putting in little amounts can lead up to a big amount at the end of year or so.
With these teachings growing up, kids will be much better prepared to face the financial challenges of adulthood.

domain: finance


Ladbrokes enter three year deal to fund St Leger
RACING never ceases in its capacity to surprise. Within turbulence surrounding the sport’s finances came the announcement yesterday that Ladbrokes have entered into a three-year commitment to sponsor the St Leger. At a time when traditional betting pursuits are being usurped by internet-based gaming, the world’s largest high street bookmaker is standing by the world’s oldest classic.
The deal, which will see the Doncaster race rise in value to £450,000 this year, represents a shot in the arm for the St Leger. The staying test has been much maligned in recent years but a change of management at Doncaster, coupled with the marketing skills of Ladbrokes, could bequeath the season’s final classic a new lease of life.
In addition to the prize-money increase, Ladbrokes heralded


Press Release Summary:
Measuring 3.2 x 1.2 x 0.95 mm, FSN watch crystal suits applications such as portable and handheld devices. With 32.768 kHz frequency, surface mount device is optimized for 12.5 pF load capacitance. Frequency tolerance at 77Â°F is -20 to +20 ppm, and frequency stability is -0.045 ppm/(delta CÂ°)Â² over operating temperature of -40Â°C to +85Â°C. Max equivalent series resistance is 50 kohms, and insulation resistance is 500 Megohms at 100 Vdc.
Original Press Release:
New Fox Miniature Watch Crystal Smallest Available; Features Ultra Low Profile of Less Than 1 mm
Fort Myers, FL, October 2003- Fox Electronics, America's leading supplier of frequency control products, now offers the smallest miniature watch crystal available, measuring just 3.2 mm x 1.2 mm with an extremely low profile of 0.95 mm. The extremely small size of the new FSN watch crystal makes it ideal for applications where space is critical, such as in portable and handheld devices.
With a frequency of 32.768 kHz, the new FSN surface mount device (SMD) is optimized for a standard 12.5 pF load capacitance, with an optional 7 pF load capacitance available. Frequency tolerance at 25°C (77°F) is -20 to +20 ppm and frequency stability is -0.045 ppm / (deltaC°)2 over the standard operating temperature of -40°C to +85°C (-40°F to 185°F).
Turnover temperature range is +20°C to +30°C (68°F to 86°F) and storage temperature is -55°C to +125°C (-67°F to 257°F). Maximum equivalent series resistance of the new FSN crystal is 50 kohms and insulation resistance is 500 Mohms at 100 VDC.
The new watch crystal comes standard in a 3,000-unit tape and reel for automatic assembly systems.
Pricing for the new FSN crystal begins at $0.79 each in quantities of 3,000. Delivery is stock to 12 weeks.
For additional information, contact Customer Service, Fox Electronics, 5570 Enterprise Parkway, Fort Myers, FL 33905. Tel: 888/GET-2-FOX; Fax: 239/693-1554; E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org; Web: www.foxonline.com.
Fox Electronics is America's leading supplier of standard and custom frequency control products, including the industry's broadest line of crystals, oscillators, VCXOs, TCXOs, OCXOs, RFXOs, and crystal filters. The company, headquartered in Fort Myers, FL, has facilities, representatives, and distributors throughout the world.


text:
On November 3, 2022, National Human Rights Commission Chairperson, Chen Chu, Director of the French Office in Taipei, Jean-François Casabonne-Masonnave, and CEO of Expertise France, Jérémie Pellet, jointly signed a work content agreement. Given the ongoing pandemic, Mr. Pellet completed his signing in Paris first.
This follows the signing by Chairperson Chen and Director Casabonne-Masonnave of a joint statement of intent to cooperate in July 2022. The French side has agreed to send human rights experts to Taiwan and assist Taiwanese and French human rights organizations in exchanges, provide professional advice and consultation, and further implement and strengthen the strategic goals and mechanisms of cooperation and exchange between the two sides. This agreement represents a major milestone in human rights cooperation between Taiwan and France.
Source: The Control Yuan (National Human Rights Commission), Taiwan


text:
A majority of respondents to a survey of 20,000 U.S. dentists support adding dental coverage to Medicare, according to research from the ADA's Health Policy Institute (HPI) and Oral Health America. The survey findings were presented at the recent American Public Health Association (APHA) annual meeting in San Diego.
More than 71% of the dentists who responded supported adding dental coverage to Medicare, and over 75% who replied responded that they were very or somewhat likely to provide care for these patients.
"Across all of the questions, we did get a majority saying 'yes, we should have this; yes, I would participate; and yes, I'd be willing to make some changes,' " study co-author Cassandra Yarbrough stated in an APHA release. Yarbrough is a lead public policy analyst at the ADA.
Medicare covers 59 million people in the U.S., but only a third of beneficiaries have some level of dental coverage, primarily through the Medicare Advantage plan, according to the researchers. In 2016, only 43% of people age 65 and older in the U.S. had an oral care visit, according to Yarbrough.
Researchers from the HPI and Oral Health America wanted to measure support for adding dental benefits to Medicare of both U.S. dentists and consumers 50 and older. The organizations commissioned four 10-person focus groups in June 2017 in Chicago and Tampa, FL, to obtain the consumer data. Each group was comprised of men and women ages 50 and older representing different races/ethnicities, education and income levels, and political perspectives.
The researchers also conducted two surveys of more than 20,000 U.S. dentists of all ages in May 2017 and January 2018.
Of those surveyed, 93% of the consumers and more than 71% of the dentists who responded supported adding dental coverage to Medicare.
More than 60% of the dentists also responded that they were "very willing" or "somewhat willing" to make some changes to their practice, such as learning new diagnostic codes or using electronic health records, if the payment rates were comparable to private plan payments.
The researchers concluded that there was strong support for Medicare dental coverage among both consumers ages 50 and older and dentists.
"Given the findings, policymakers should act to integrate dental coverage in Medicare," they wrote in their APHA abstract.
Higher than expected
Beth Truett, president and CEO of Oral Health America, was one of the four study authors. The percentage of dentists in favor of adding a dental benefit to Medicare was higher than they expected, she told DrBicuspid.com.
"We see it as a hopeful sign that ... dentists recognize that oral health equity is vital to the overall health of an aging nation ... and conceivably a business opportunity represented by more patients with resources," she stated.

domain: medical


Originally Posted by Taxman
What's the difference between the 351m & 351w, I have read like 4 articles an none really specified the differences... I'm looking at building a 408, an found a 351m block...
The 351M is a de-cubed 400 Ford engine.
IMO they make good boat anchors. Sorry.
Stick with a 351W, it's lighter and there are far more parts available for it.


text:
Police probe death of Kawangware man found naked on his bed
Police in Nairobi have launched investigations after the body of a man was found inside his rented house.
A police report reveals the body of Mr George Gatitu was found lying on his bed while he was naked.
The matter was reported to Muthangari Police Station by one John Kamau.
Mr Kamau said he received a call from Mr Gatitu’s neighbors who broke the disturbing news to him.
“He reported that today in the evening he received a report from a neighbor that his uncle namely George Gatitu was lying dead in his house. He went to his uncle’s house which is located in Msalaba Area, Kawangware which is about four kilometers of the station and found the door wide open when he entered he found his uncle’s dead body on the bed,” the report read in part.
The officers moved to the scene and found the body of the deceased in the same position as they had been briefed without any physical injuries.
Neighbors told the police that the deceased was last seen alive over a week ago.
“The scene was processed by csi and body moved to city mortuary awaiting postmortem,” the report further read.
The incident took place barely three days after the body of a man was found lying on the floor of his home in Ruthimitu in Kabete, Nairobi County.
In a report seen by this reporter, officers at Kabete Police Station in Dagoretti Sub-County, Nairobi, launched investigations after receiving a report of the sudden death of Mr Eric Thairu Ragui, 61.
“It was reported by Mr James Wainaina at about 6:40pm that he found his brother lying unresponsive in his iron sheet house. Police officers rushed to the scene at Ruthimitu, about 5 kilometres south of the station, and found the access to the house locked from inside, so they broke the gate to the compound and the door to the house,” the report reads in part.


text:
A balanced view of gods sovereignty and free will by norman geisler is a book that frames the debate on the role of the sovereignty of god in salvation. How to read overdrive library ebooks on kindle ereader medium. As an apprentice, he embraces the ruthless ways of the sith. Related searches for ranger s apprentice 12 rangers apprentice. A world with no hunger, no disease, no war, no misery. The magicians apprentice also available in format docx and mobi. Scythe by neal shusterman free download epub ebook site. Download the magicians apprentice ebook for free in pdf and epub format. Rangers apprentice series john flanagan and john f. Pdf kushiels chosen book phedres trilogy free download. But now the world is threatened by powerful new magic. Then he held up a hand to forestall the torrent of. Aldiko reader ios android to download and read this ebook on a pc or mac.
The spook s apprentice download ebook pdf, epub, tuebl, mobi. The link contains all the 10 books of the series in. Chosen ebook by shayla morgansen 9781742844657 rakuten kobo. Adobe digital editions this is a free app specially developed for ebooks.
Andersens exceptional plotting ensures that its sequel will be. This is a free application that can read ebooks in the epub format. Wardstone chronicles last apprentice has 58 entries in the series overdrive rakuten overdrive borrow ebooks, audiobooks, and videos from thousands of public libraries worldwide. Read the ruins of gorlan ranger s apprentice book 1 by john flanagan available from rakuten kobo. Calibre drm removal plugins 2019 remove ebook drm with.
At the gathering before will becomes a rangers apprentice, the gathering reads the rangers apprentice series. The chosen series, book three kindle edition by buginsky, andrea. Click download or read online button to get the spook s apprentice book now. Download the rangers apprentice series 110 by infosys app. Mar 19, 2020 pdf epub the healers apprentice download. Star wars lords of the sith paul s kemp download free ebook. The series follows the adventures of will, an orphan who is taken as an apprentice ranger, as he strives to keep the kingdom of araluen safe from invaders, traitors, and threats. Geisler chosen but free bethany house publishers a division of baker publishing group 1999 1 1. Pdf the emperor of nihon ja download full pdf book download. The book was published in multiple languages including english, consists of 678 pages and is available in mass market paperback format. Two teens are forced to murdermaybe each otherin the first in a chilling new series from neal shusterman, author of the new york times bestselling unwind. Chosen is an urban fantasy novel and is book one in the elm stone saga. Xcor, leader of the band of bastards, convicted of treason against the blind king, is facing a brutal interrogation and torturous death at the hands of the black dagger brotherhood. The book does give a reason qui gon was so obsessed with anakin being the chosen one.
Kindle ebooks can be read on any device with the free kindle app. Free ebook rangers apprentice 111 rangers apprentice is a series of fantasy novels written by australian author john flanagan. They have always scared him in the pastthe rangers, with their dark cloaksand shadowy ways. The white elm council has governed the magical societies of the world for centuries, keeping the peace, leading the way of the light, but when popular and powerful lisandro announces his intention to leave the council, a line is drawn in the sand. Read the magicians apprentice online, read in mobile or kindle.
In 1940s brooklyn, two boys who have grown up within a few blocks of each other, but in entirely different worlds, meet for the first time in a bizarre encounte. This looks like a great series for fantasy fiction lovers. Rangers apprentice 12 epub download gratis emhistory. Download now the story that brings the rangers apprentice arc fullcircle. I didnt start out to save the world, it just sort of happened. The rangers apprentice by john flanagan was an interesting book about a young boy named will who wanted to join battle school but was declined by the crafts master and was chosen to join a group called the rangers his mentors name was halt he was an expert ranger and planned on teaching the ways. I only wanted to win back the love of the woman who broke up with me. For like no other disciple of the dark side, darth plagueis learns to command the ultimate power. The villagers believe the rangers practice magic that makes them invisible to ordinary people. Pdf thunderhead pdf free download read online free. Download the ruins of gorlan pdf ebook free your pdfs. If you dont have an adobe id, you can create one for free. Will treaty has come a long way from the small boy with dreams of knighthood. Now scythes are the only ones who can end lifeand they are commanded to do so, in order to keep the size of the population under control.
Prophets apprentice chronicles of the chosen kindle edition by boyson, cassandra. Master and apprentice star wars available for download and read online in other formats. Im going to download it and give it a try since i always enjoy reading new authors to keep life interesting. Free ebook rangers apprentice 1 11 rangers apprentice is a series of fantasy novels written by australian author john flanagan. And when the time is right, he destroys his masterbut vows never to suffer the same fate. Professor geisler sets forth the reformed view, which he pejoratively labels extreme calvinism.
Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading prophets apprentice chronicles of the chosen. Apprentice to one, hero to all rangers apprentice 12. For businessexclusive pricing, quantity discounts and downloadable vat. Calibre is famous as its ebook management function, and in fact its now more and more. Then you dont have to search for a book having all of them anymore. John flanagan ended his lost stories collection by hinting at a new hero we hadnt yet seen a halfskandian, halfaraluen boy. The wizard, elkan, is also looking for an apprentice after the chosen one cannot fulfill. This part is focused on how to remove drm from kindle calibre free kindle drm removal calibre plugin.
Then the books you have chosen will be automatically sent to your app. Prophets apprentice chronicles of the chosen kindle. The ruins of gorlan rangers apprentice book 1 ebook by john. Download john flanagan rangers apprentice series 15 free epub, mobi, pdf ebooks download, ebook torrents download. And now 15yearold will has been chosen as a rangers. The ruins of gorlan rangers apprentice book 1 ebook by. This site is like a library, use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want. Jan 18, 2009 they are offering a free download of book one of the rangers apprentice series called the ruins of gorlan by john flanagan in ebook format. Citra and rowan are chosen to apprentice to a scythea role that neither wants. The first edition of the novel was published in april 6th 2002, and was written by jacqueline carey. Free download or read online kushiels chosen pdf epub phedres trilogy series book. Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading strikers apprentice.
And he makes good on those hints with the brotherband chronicles. The people of majaos elves and dwarves, hobbits and gnomes, orcs and humans are diverse in their aptitude for magic, but magic and techmagic devices are everywhere. Flanagan will, an orphan who becomes an apprentice to the mysterious protectors known as rangers, strives to keep the kingdom of araluen safe from invaders, traitors and other threats in this new york times bestselling series for action and adventure lovers. She kept her eyes cast down, not wanting them to see the sudden light of pleasure that she knew would be all too obvious. Master and apprentice star wars hardcover 18 apr 2019. Life had other plans for him, and as an apprentice ranger under halt, he grew into a legendthe finest ranger the kingdom has ever known. The ruins of gorlan by john flanagan overdrive rakuten. Download free ebooks of classic literature, books and.
The crippled god has been granted a place in the pantheon, a schism threatens, sides must be chosen but whatever each god decides, the rules have changed and the first blood spilled will be in the mortal world. Maddie took a deep breath and waited for the worst. Majaos is a world of magic but not everyone is a professional mage. Many of the audiobook sites you can find on the internet let you download classic books in the public domain for free, but some sites have better quality books than others. Free ebook rangers apprentice 111 aug 3, 2012 rangers apprentice is a series of fantasy novels written by label. As related to this referred book, you may have known why this book is waited for. Star wars lords of the sith by paul s kemp, 9780606385176, download free ebooks, download free pdf epub ebook.
The writing is nearly error free, and the book is a smooth read. If you like to read the fiction books and you are also a fan of the fantasy genre as well. Download the rangers apprentice series 110 by infosys. Torrent download rangers apprentice 12 the royal ranger. Everything you need to know about how to download ebooks on. The chosen by chaim potok, 9780141040776, download free ebooks, download free pdf epub ebook. Free ebook the ruins of gorlan by john flanagan simply. To read this ebook on a mobile device phone or tablet youll need to install one of these free apps.
A scorching forbidden love threatens to tear a rift through the black dagger brotherhood in j. The sorcerer in the north 6 the siege of macindaw 7. Free download scythe by neal shusterman epub file on your apple android kindle device. If youre looking for a free download links of the last apprentice book series pdf, epub, docx and torrent then this site is not for you. Weve decided, horace said, to send you to will as an apprentice. Geisler a balanced view of gods sovereignty and free will chosen but free dd 3 62310 12. Checking out and downloading ebsco ebooks ebsco connect. Download the last apprentice book series pdf ebook. The outcasts, the first part of a new series about a brotherband of oddball teenagers whom nobody else wants.
Oct 07, 2019 here are a number of places you can download audiobooks legally, and for free. Wardstone chronicles last apprenticeseries overdrive. Aldiko is available in a free adsupported version or a. The rangers apprentice series 110 by john flanagan. And now 15yearold will, always small for his age, has been chosen as a. If you are still wondering how to get free pdf epub of book the healers apprentice by melanie dickerson. Download pdf master and apprentice star wars book full free. She was chosen to work on this anthropological expedition to bali. Star wars lords of the sith paul s kemp download free. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have search hundreds times for their chosen readings like this electrician apprentice test study, but. But, for you who are still curious of the reasons, you will realize he reasons when you start to read the book.1167 899 788 1677 1039 841 385 154 881 1519 267 1497 182 1024 156 1335 640 1431 154 1498 1568 711 951 621 441 561 20 355 1048 816 971 447 723 1017 420

domain: library