text:
The Future of Regulation
Abstract and Keywords
The financial crisis that led to a global recession in the first decade of the twenty-first century offers much potential for reconsidering the practice and study of regulation. Throughout this volume, the aspiration has been to present contributions that strengthen cross-disciplinary conversations across social science disciplines. Innovation often occurs on the boundaries and not the centre, as the centre is blinded by methodological and theoretical straitjackets that define or discipline a discipline. This cross-disciplinary scenario encourages regulation research to move outside the ‘comfort zones’ of established areas of investigation. A vision of greater cross-disciplinarity is likely to provide for innovative answers to the traditional questions in the study of regulation, and it is also likely to trigger its own questions. In that way, the study of regulation will be in an even better position to supply relevant answers to the concerns of the post-recession world.
Much of this book is about change and the ways in which regulatory processes and policies are able to adjust to new circumstances. As if to emphasise that point, the world of regulation seems to have shifted seismically during the writing of this book—and in ways that few could have predicted. The financial crisis that commenced in 2007 brought with it a sea change in the politics of regulation, at least in the financial sector. Before that event, businesses and governments around the world were consistently focusing their thinking and initiatives on the need to move towards ‘lighter touch’ and lower‐cost regulatory techniques. Reducing red tape was seen as a top priority and many governments placed great emphasis on their positions in league tables of business‐friendly regulatory environments.
In the UK, the Financial Services Authority reflected such general concerns about the costs of regulation when it commissioned a major consultancy study on this topic in 2006 (Deloitte, 2006). In 2007, New York's loss of market share to the City of London was hailed as a triumph of ‘light‐handed’ and ‘principle‐based regulation’ that would strengthen London's status as a world financial centre. In (p. 614) 2008, concern with the overall cost of regulation led the anti‐EU pressure group, ‘Open Europe’ (2008), to complain that new regulations had cost the UK economy £148 billion in the decade to 2009 and that EU legislation had accounted for £107 billion of this. Gordon Brown played his part in damping down regulatory expectations when, on coming to power, he established the Risk and Regulation Advisory Council in order to encourage risk taking and the avoidance of propensities to ‘overreact’ to risks by introducing new and excessive systems of regulation (Risk and Regulation Advisory Council, 2008).
By 2009, such calls seemed increasingly out of tune. Commentators, the public and regulators argued that not regulating, or regulating too lightly, might involve costs liable to dwarf those cited in relation to ‘excessive’ regulation. The costs of historical under‐regulation and regulatory failure in just one sector—financial services—were becoming apparent. The credit crisis had impacted on financial services and the wider economy, and the International Monetary Fund had forecast, in April 2008, that financial losses stemming from the credit crisis might approach $1 trillion. By 2009, the Bank of America was putting the figure at $7.7 trillion. Surveys, moreover, suggested that nearly 80 per cent of people blamed the regulators for the crisis (Black, 2009).
As a result, the regulatory mood had shifted by the late 2008 and early 2009. Politicians, regulators, and interested commentators were discussing widespread reforms to the regulatory architecture for financial markets. The supposedly light‐handed approach towards the regulation of financial services in the UK was said to have played a significant part in the ability of Bernard Madoff's so‐called Ponzi‐scheme to defraud investors of up to US$65 billion. Similarly, blame for the collapse of the former insurance giant AIG was partly placed on the ‘lax’ provisions of the City (and partly on avoiding oversight by the US‐Office of Thrift Supervision) that allowed London‐based AIG traders to invest into the US sub‐prime housing market.1
By this time, the then (newly appointed) head of the UK Financial Services Authority, Lord Turner, was warning that approaches to light touch regulation needed to be changed in order to establish a sounder and more interventionist regime of regulation. On prior approaches, he commented: ‘[…] over‐regulation and red tape has been used as a polemical bludgeon. We have probably been over‐deferential to that rhetoric’ (Moore, 2008, and Turner, 2009). In February 2009 he was more blunt in telling the Commons Treasury Select Committee that the light touch approach of his predecessors had been ‘mistaken’ and that there was now a need to quell the ‘animal spirits’ of bankers (Hughes, 2009). Similar language was also used in the US Treasury's reform proposals for financial regulation (US Treasury, 2009).
The regulatory mood, it was clear, had changed significantly—and its implications went beyond the regulation of financial markets. However, despite this universal mood swing towards favouring ‘more regulation’, there was nevertheless (p. 615) considerable scope for debate and controversy as to what the direction of travel was supposed to be. For many observers, calls for ‘more regulation’ were based on desires to reassert control through more sustained oversight by public authorities. Such controls were to replace the ‘light handed’ regulation that had relied on voluntary information gathering and were to rely on ‘nudges’ rather than ‘sticks’. In other words, regulation was to become more distinct again—more rule‐bound and arguably also more distanced from the private sector, both in terms of resource‐intense oversight and attitudes towards such matters as remuneration packages for staff. Mooted regulatory escalations were to offer a higher emphasis on technocratic decision‐making, more resources for enforcement, and as a result, more ‘costly’ regulatory activities.
In contrast, others argued that the previous regulatory system, especially in financial markets, had been particularly weak in terms of encouraging professional conversations. The key problem, on such a view, had been a decline in professional regulation that had been replaced by an over‐reliance, if not an aping of private business practices. One key example of the closeness of regulators with those they regulated was the ‘revolving door’ that operated between regulators and those in the financial industry—a circumstance that had not merely allowed but had encouraged (and was seen to have encouraged) the toleration of those vulnerabilities that had been identified during pre‐meltdown times. As a consequence, the argument ran, the pressing need was to build a stronger professional army of regulators.
A third strand in the advocacy of ‘more regulation’ urged that proposals for more rigorous regulation were potentially helpful in the short‐term and were required to stabilise markets. The contention was that once ‘normality’ had returned, markets would (and should) resume their natural superiority over governmental activities. Indeed, ‘too much regulation’ would soon be argued to be a deterrent for the return of investor confidence, whilst also hindering innovation.
Finally, adherents to a fourth approach argued that regulation was as much the disease as the cure. ‘More regulation’ was arguably helpful to deal with the feeding frenzies of outraged publics, journalists, and politicians. Nevertheless, all attempts at ‘more regulation’ would inevitably fail, due to the superior intelligence and counter‐punching efforts of market participants. In fact, adherents to this approach highlighted that it had been the ‘innovative’ attempts by financial institutions to circumvent regulatory requirements that had led to the generation of over‐complex products that were to prove ‘toxic’ in the first place.
These debates, unresolved at the time of writing, are not just of interest for regulation aficionados who are eager to follow the daily headlines. Rather, these debates and events reflect on the practice and study of regulation more widely and draw attention not merely to those existing faultlines that had become more prominent as a result of the strain of crisis and slump, but also to a number of recurring debates in regulation and to key themes for the future of regulation (p. 616) beyond the short‐term. The competing views regarding the need for ‘more regulation’ as outlined above place a spotlight on the ongoing contests about regulation that have influenced the nature of regulation as field of practice and study over time.
Historians of the early 21st century will debate whether the ‘credit crunch’ will have the same impact on economic and political life as did the Great Depression of the late 1920s and early 1930s. They may well ask the same question with respect to developments in thinking about regulation. Back then, as part of the ‘New Deal’ agenda, regulation was designed to tackle the perils of economic depression and the subsequent aspirations to provide for conditions for competition to take place (see Eisner, 2000). Whatever understandings regarding the ‘financial crisis’ will eventually prevail, it can be said that the events of the last few years have flagged up key themes that are at the heart of the debates in this Handbook and have wider implications for the practice and study of regulation, in particular highlighting the importance attached to the study of dilemmas and trade‐offs (Lodge, 2008: 292).
At one level, the most recent arguments have centred on the strength and weaknesses of particular regulatory instruments. At the time of putting this Handbook together, questions have been raised regarding the failure of regulatory instruments in financial regulation. For example, the idea of ‘risk‐based regulation’, much promoted by British regulators and politicians alike to underscore the supposed advantages of London as a global financial hub, has been found to have failed on multiple scores.
(1) It has been widely accused of having failed to identify the risks that were building up within the banking system.
(2) Arguably more damningly, even where it did identify risks, it has been said to have been politically too weak to force any form of regulatory response in the face of concentrated political and industry resistance (arguing that issuing open warnings regarding systemic risks would harm ‘market confidence’).
(3) Even more fundamentally, it has also been said to have signalled a failure of an individualist understanding of regulation, in which risk‐taking and failure are to be tolerated as long as that failure is not threatening to the wider system. Whether individual and system‐wide failure could be differentiated that easily was always questionable, but the financial crisis was said by many to have illustrated very transparently not only that perceptions of individual failure could quickly escalate into perceptions of system‐wide failure, but also that individual failure could no longer be regarded as an isolated event, given the inherently internationalised nature of the financial market system.
At a second level, contemporary events have highlighted the question of how regulation ‘travels’. Do regulatory strategies and instruments extend easily across domains or can they be seen as largely contained within single policy domains? And to what extent are regulatory strategies and instruments diffused and filtered (p. 617) by national contexts? Debates have centred on the extent to which the regulatory problems that had been diagnosed in financial markets had led to a contagion effect into other regulatory domains. Following the disasters of principle‐based and risk‐based regulatory techniques in the area of finance, it was increasingly asked whether related toolsets were also under pressure in other domains?
There is, for example, increasing recognition, now, of the considerable interdependence between the financial meltdown and wider policy goals, especially in relation to climate change. After the failure of markets and ‘light‐handed regulation’ in finance, growing attention has been paid to arguments that suggested that these tools would also fail in the area of environmental regulation—and that this would bring considerable consequences for future attempts at dealing with environmental problems.
In the area of utility regulation, too, the future direction of regulation has become widely debated. These debates have related to issues of ownership, but also to the regulatory instruments that are required to incentivise investment into long‐term capacity rather than short‐term efficiency gains through ‘asset sweating’. In the area of electricity, for example, these debates have highlighted the inherent complexity of the interdependence between political decision‐making, regulatory instruments and operator behaviour, whether this related to issues of generation capacity, the ‘portfolio’ of energy sources by technology or degree of security of supply, or the capacity of the transmission infrastructure.
Elsewhere, regulators have been dealing with the challenge of reconciling the political demand for faster broadband networks with the demand for low interconnection charges by network providers. At the same time, it has become difficult to imagine that a return to traditional modes of control would provide for functionally superior outcomes; for example, in the light of modern food production patterns, it is doubtful whether the traditional ‘sniff and poke’ meat inspection style would offer superior outcomes to contemporary hazard‐based approaches when faced by recurring food scandals across countries. Equally, how regulators are supposed to oversee the high‐speed world of technologically‐assisted transactions in the financial industry has similarly raised questions as to the viability of ‘increased oversight’ demands.
In short, the debates surrounding the future of regulation have become linked to a set of wider concerns with the problem‐solving capacities of the regulatory state—concerns that had emerged in the late 20th century across developed and lesser developed countries. These debates were shaped by an awareness of the limitations of traditional regulatory approaches, on the one hand, and the realisation of the limitations of the supposedly high‐intelligence ‘new’ regulatory approaches on the other hand.
At a third level, contemporary events have also drawn renewed attention to the long‐established debates regarding the boundary between ‘state’ and ‘market’ and to competing views regarding the importance and significance of ‘market failure’ (p. 618) and ‘government failure’. In other words, contemporary events have also focused attention on the adequacy of markets in general and the overall need for regulation to steer behaviours. Debates regarding regulatory strategies and instruments could be interpreted as signs of changing paradigms and re‐drawings of the boundaries between state and the economy. As has been said about the impact of the French Revolution, it is too early to tell (so we have to keep our heads). It is always easy to declare new paradigms and—under the influence of over‐confidence or hindsight—to point to the numerous signs that should have been interpreted as ‘red flags’. It is somewhat premature to predict the shifting of the boundary between ‘state’ and ‘market’, especially as the chapters in this volume highlight that regulation cannot be understood as operating in such distinct spheres of influence, but rather that regulation is about the inherent complexity and interdependence between state and market (also Hancher and Moran, 1989). Indeed, the challenge for the national practice of regulation continues to be the management of the tension between a heterogenous and highly differentiated society characterised by dominantly individualist preferences (i.e. with non‐redistributive preferences), and desires for more insurance against all forms of failure. How this tension can be dealt with, at what cost and by whom is likely to be one of the key regulatory challenges for the next decades.
Recession‐induced reflections on the future of regulatory activities have not been confined to the world of practice. Academics, however, could have been more prescient in the last decade or so than they were. Indeed, for some time, the academy has exhibited a tendency to be too fascinated with the description of the latest initiatives and regulatory tools rather than an inclination to engage in critical analysis. Similarly, too much confidence has arguably been placed in so‐called ‘alternative forms of regulation’, so that there has been an over‐playing of the potential problem‐solving capacities of self‐regulatory or market‐based systems. In the search for the ‘regulatory state beyond the state’, important questions regarding the capacities of these systems to develop standards, to enforce them, and to gather robust information might have been investigated further.
At the same time, as the chapters in this Handbook show, there is considerable evidence that scholars have not been asleep on the job, and that they have much to contribute to debates that will shape the future of regulatory activities across domains and social‐economic contexts. As the above chapters show, there has been substantial critical attention to the instruments of economic and social regulation, the particular biases of the regulatory state of the late twentieth century and the politics of regulation more generally. As we note below, it is not as if the debates of the past thirty years have lost their validity and relevance in a global slump. In contrast, there is a continued concern with the quality of regulation, in terms of establishing sufficiently robust systems of controls that do not impose red tape and high compliance costs.
(p. 619) Furthermore, the problems that arise when regulation operates at the national level but markets are global; when systemic risks are insufficiently attended to by regulators; and when key regulatory functions are delegated to private bodies such as credit ratings agencies are exactly the sort of issues of concern in the wider literature in regulation. How regulation—as a field for practice and study—responds to some long‐cherished ideas about markets will, moreover, require future study: notably given growing scepticism that markets are, at heart, naturally self‐regulating, and that markets are best seen as free‐standing rather than constructs of laws and regulations.
25.2 Looking Forward
In looking forward to the shape of post‐credit crisis regulatory approaches and agendas, the chapters of this book serve as a guide to the major challenges that regulators and others will have to meet with new levels of commitment. Thus, Chapters 2 and 3, by Cento Veljanovski and and Mike Feintuck respectively, serve to emphasise the need to move the economic theory of regulation forward in a manner that takes on board the ways in which markets are ‘constructed’ and which allows coexistence with social rationales for regulation. Karen Yeung's contribution on the regulatory state (Chapter 4) pinpoints the need to rise to the continuing challenge of securing democratic legitimation for the regulatory state at a time when there has been an explosion of concern about the state's increasing dependence on non‐state actors as well as markets and networks to deliver its policies, as citizens and politicians alike lose faith in the capacity of markets and networks of non‐state actors to provide adequate regulatory regimes.
In Chapter 5, Cento Veljanovski deals with a particular issue close to enforcement—the rules and procedures that have been and can be put in place to reduce wasteful attempts to ‘game the system’. Industry has a number of options it can use to influence regulation and the regulator such as bargaining, manipulation of information and publicity, and challenge in the courts. Regulators can also engage in strategic manoeuvres and gaming to achieve legitimate or sometimes illegitimate outcomes. This can range from the use of opaque rules and enforcement procedures, to more overt pressures which force those regulated to make significant and sometimes questionable concessions. Where possible, Veljanovski argues, industry will seek to influence regulation, and to exploit the latitude that the regulatory process allows to gain more favourable outcomes. Likewise regulators live in a world where the law is a broad brush and they have discretion to frame the rules and determine how they are enforced. In fact they are often given powers and duties to create the ‘rules of the game’ through (p. 620) their rulemaking powers and enforcement decisions. In this environment the use of strategic responses to regulation, and ‘gaming the system’ will be prevalent and the fight to resist this will be ongoing.
Colin Scott (in Chapter 6) considers debates regarding rules and standards within the post‐credit crisis world. This is a world in which the setting of standards is characterised by a diffusion of responsibility across national and supranational levels, state and non‐state organisations. He notes that such a diffusion places question marks against the traditional model of regulatory governance—which focuses chiefly on the role of state agencies—and he suggests that there is a need for a revised approach to evaluating the effectiveness and legitimacy of these more diffused regimes. He draws attention to the challenges of accountability associated with the emergence of a highly diffuse ‘industry’ for regulatory standard-setting.
Enforcement is, of course, a central aspect of regulation, and Chapter 7 by Neil Gunningham sets out an agenda for taking approaches beyond ‘punish and persuade’ through responsive regulation, meta‐regulation, and beyond. Specifically, it makes the case for regulation and enforcement to be designed using a number of different instruments implemented by a number of parties, and it conceives of escalation to higher levels of coercion, within a single instrument category, across several different instruments, and across both state controls and instruments applied by institutions and resources residing outside the public sector.
In similar vein, Cary Coglianese and Evan Mendelson explore, in Chapter 8, the degree to which regulatory systems move away from the central, state command model. They argue that all control mechanisms must, in the final analysis, promote self-regulation and they explore and contrast the potential of self‐regulatory and meta‐regulatory mechanisms. Tanina Rostain continues this examination of self‐regulation in Chapter 9 and highlights the modern challenge of sustaining professional self‐regulatory systems. She argues that efforts to uphold self‐regulation should be viewed as battles to maintain a ‘social trustee’ conception of professionalism in the face of accelerating market forces and technological innovation, new business rationalities, and the abandonment of client and social commitments.
On the particular issue of moving away from traditional modes of regulation and towards control through markets, David Driesen's Chapter 10 identifies a number of ongoing challenges. He notes that market‐based instruments have become increasingly important as neo‐liberalism has advanced and suggests that, though these instruments provide a cost effective way of realising environmental improvements, they depend on government design and enforcement for their efficacy. A concern that is shared across contributions is that such instruments are increasingly deployed in a complex context of multilevel governance and challenges multiply where market mechanisms traverse national boundaries.
Such talk of adapting regulatory systems to modern conditions raises the issue of measurement and the questions: How can regulatory success or failure be measured? In his Chapter 11, Jon Stern suggests that there are considerable (p. 621) difficulties to be overcome if satisfactory evaluations are to be produced. Evaluations are an art at least as much as a science—and ex post evaluations are always considerably strengthened by the existence of a pre‐decision option appraisal, such as a regulatory impact assessment. The growth in use of econometric techniques has complemented analytical case studies, but their scope is limited and they are not a substitute for case studies. Accordingly, the analytical case study approach needs to be continuously developed and improved—and this endeavour has to be combined with an understanding that regulatory evaluation is much more than just a technical issue. Such a challenge raises major political economy implications.
Rob Baldwin argues, in Chapter 12, that a positive future for ‘better regulation’ cannot be achieved in the absence of coordinated or coherent conceptions of the ‘better regulation’ initiative. As for the use and evaluation of different regulatory instruments, the way forward, he argues, demands a coming to grips with three main challenges. Conceptually there has to be greater clarity on the links between benchmarks for determining regulatory quality and the relevant regulatory outcomes that elective bodies establish. Strategically there is a need for more harmonious use of different regulatory improvement tools and a greater awareness of the propensities of different such tools to further certain objectives but, potentially, to undermine others. In relation to evaluation, it has to be accepted that the application of benchmarks is inherently contentious, that trade‐offs between different values and objectives have to be addressed, and that the ‘networked’ quality of modern regulation has to be dealt with in making assessments.
A particular mode of evaluating regulation is Regulatory Impact Assessment and this device brings with it a host of continuing challenges. In Chapter 13, Claudio Radaelli and Fabrizio de Francesco suggest that the underlying motivations for regulatory impact assessment provide for an ideal testing ground for theories of political control of the bureaucracy—notably those of bureaucratic dominance and those of political control. To achieve such ends, they argue, it will be necessary to carry out more theory‐grounded comparative research—a type of analysis that can usefully inform the debates on the regulatory state and constitutional change, as well as the normative appraisal of governance architectures.
Many contemporary debates on regulation centre on the concept of risk and, in Chapter 14, Julia Black suggests that risk currently plays four related roles in regulation: as an object of regulation; as a justification for regulation; as the basis for the construction of organisational policies and procedures; and as a framework for accountability and evaluation. Risk, moreover, is a concept that gives rise to numerous ongoing challenges. The highly politicised and contested nature of debates on risk, Julia Black stresses, poses governments with the problem of how to rationalise or stabilise decision‐making on questions such as: which risks to select for attention, how much attention to give them, of what nature, and who should be involved in making those decisions. These problems are enhanced when the normative boundaries of the state are themselves defined in terms of risk. (p. 622) Furthermore, framing policy in terms of risk has significantly boosted the cause, and extent, of public engagement. However, public participation can itself be destabilising and can run counter to the rationalising attempts manifested in risk policies and procedures.
Issues of accountability have been a traditional feature in regulatory debates, affecting regulation as a field of practice and study. For Martin Lodge and Lindsay Stirton (Chapter 15), the long‐standing concerns with the accountability of non‐majoritarian institutions and encouraging participation in decision‐making are only side‐aspects of the debate (issues that also link to concerns raised by Julia Black, as noted earlier). Instead, they argue that debates regarding accountability and transparency should move beyond a ‘state‐centric’ and institution‐driven perspective. Instead they propose four different worldviews of accountability and transparency—all of which have distinct implications for institutional design. Viewing debates regarding accountability in regulation in this way, they suggest, also shifts attention towards the quality rather than the mere existence of formal accountability mechanisms and the identification of various approaches' prerequisites and limitations.
In their chapter on the role of regulation and development (Chapter 16), Antonio Estache and Lain Wren-Lewis point to many cross‐cutting themes in this volume, especially in terms of evolving economic approaches towards regulation. For one, they highlight the particular analytical dimension that the field of development has brought for the field of regulation, especially in the area of network (infrastructure) regulation. This contribution is particularly prominent with regard to the concern with the interplay between establishing ‘credible commitment’, institutional capacities, and differences in terms of national institutional endowment. They also point to distinct sectoral and regional patterns and emphasise that ‘one size fits all’‐prescriptions of regulatory approaches is likely to prove counterproductive.
Chapter 17, by Mathias Koenig‐Archibugi focuses on the regulatory consequences of ‘global’ policies and addresses some of the most intensely debated questions about the global factors that may be relevant to regulation. The chapter argues that several crucial questions raised by global regulatory cooperation remain open. One of the most important concerns the way public and private actors interact in the regulation of transnational issue areas, another concerns the interplay of various governance arrangements and the role of ‘regime complexes’. Important questions such as these, it is contended, are unlikely to disappear from the research agenda of students of global governance, but often the most persuasive answers will come from fine‐grained analyses that apply plural methodologies and context‐specific conditional hypotheses to carefully constructed datasets and/or in‐depth process‐tracing and analytical narratives of the vicissitudes of particular regulatory initiatives.
Moving to the discussion of distinct policy domains, in Chapter 18, Niamh Moloney focuses on the particular challenges and risks of regulating financial (p. 623) services and markets. She suggests that what marks out this regulatory area is the significant level of risk involved in the regulatory project. As for ongoing challenges for regulators, these are said to be severe in the wake of the credit crisis and numerous issues have to be dealt with. Thus, conflict of interest and incentive misalignment risk is persistent and appears to mutate along with market developments and to outpace regulation. Gatekeeper failure, particularly with respect to auditors and analysts, is a further worry as is the capacity of rating agencies to assess structured credit risks correctly. Disclosure has been shown to be a troublesome technique as has market discipline and the outsourcing of regulation to internal risk management models and processes.
In Chapter 19, Janice Hauge and David Sappington consider how regulators set prices in network industries. Traditionally this was done by setting prices to end users for services produced by a vertically integrated electricity, postal, telecommunications, or water company; prices being set either on the basis of costs incurred or, latterly, via a process of incentive regulation which gives firms an incentive to reduce costs over time. However, more recent regulation has switched the focus to allowing entry by competitors into potentially competitive parts of the value chain, and permitting such entrants to buy access to the incumbent's monopoly infrastructure. Hauge and Sappington review the principles for setting such network access prices adopted in the energy and telecommunications market places, and discuss their effects. An alternative approach is to encourage pricing agreements negotiated between providers and purchasers of such wholesale network services.
Chapter 20 by Peter Alexiadis and Martin Cave complements the previous chapter by discussing a regulatory issue encountered in the same network industries in those activities where there is potential for the development of competition. Examples are electricity generation, sewage treatment, long distance telecommunications services, and retailing. The question arises as to when traditional price regulation can give way to reliance on competition law. The trend in many countries, and especially in telecommunications in Europe, has been to move to ‘deregulate’ in this way. The authors examine how such decisions are made and how well competition law works in such contexts.
In Chapter 21, Jürgen Feick and Raymund Werle deal with the regulation of cyberspace and suggest that the challenges of regulation in this area are partly reminiscent of those in other regulatory domains and partly new ones. This newness is due to the opportunities that the new technologies provide to actors and which allow them to act in very different ways—as regulators or as regulatory targets. A significant point in this field is that the distinction between those who regulate and those who are regulated can become blurred because public regulators increasingly, and more so than in other regulatory domains, depend on the co‐operation of regulatees or regulatory intermediaries, if public intervention is to be effective. The continuing challenge in this field is liable to centre around the norms, rules, and regulations governing this complex and dynamic space and the ways in (p. 624) which these are influenced by a variety of factors, parties, interests, institutions, and forces. All of this contest will take place in an international environment, a fact which further complicates rule making and rule enforcement.
The pharmaceutical industry is the focus of Chapter 22 in which Adrian Towse and Patricia Danzon look at the special challenges of regulating in the face of such factors as poor observability of efficacy, high dangers of moral hazard, and the potential exclusion from desirable services of those who lack wealth. In response to the need for private sector investment in drugs and vaccines to treat Less Developed Country‐only diseases, the advantages and disadvantages of ‘push’ and ‘pull’ subsidy proposals are considered.
In Chapter 23, Catherine Mitchell and Bridget Woodman illustrate many of the debates regarding the problem‐solving capacity of the regulatory state that have been noted in other chapters. Focusing on the area of sustainable energy systems, they highlight that inherent conflicts between policy and regulatory objectives, especially in an area that seeks to incentivise investment, (supposedly) achieve goals in terms of climate change commitments and enhance efficiency. Mitchell and Woodman point to the tensions that arise between levels of government as well as in terms of allocation of decision‐making authority between government departments and supposedly independent regulatory agencies.
Finally, regulation within government is scrutinised in Chapter 24. Martin Lodge and Christopher Hood question whether accounts, put forward over three decades ago and suggesting that governments were unable to regulate themselves, are still able to offer much leverage over the contemporary regulation of government by itself. The chapter suggests that past commentators may have been rather too optimistic about the ease with which government could regulate the private sector and that Wilson's classic ‘client politics’ analysis of the conditions that lead to capture of business regulation by the regulatees seems to apply every bit as much to the regulation of private providers of public services as it does to public bureaucracies of the traditional type.
The financial crisis that led to a global recession in the first decade of the twenty‐first century offers much potential for reconsidering the practice and study of regulation. It will not suffice to declare the past as forgotten and as a failure, and to move on to the next trick. In the Introduction, we noted our aspiration that this Handbook would support the building of an increasingly transdisciplinary (p. 625) conversation across the social sciences. So what is the future for the study of regulation as transdisciplinary endeavour for the next thirty or so years?
One future could be characterised by a withering away of an interest in regulation. Such scenario is not unlikely as academic fashions, funding opportunities, and slogans do change. Interests in regulation could shift to other concerns that are more likely to align with the new issues that are in vogue with research fund managers or likely to spawn the inevitable journal. However, the centrality of regulation in contemporary policy debates, noted at the outset of this chapter, should provide sufficient motivation and inspiration to prevent such a withering away from occurring. In fact, as noted in the Introduction (see also Moran, 2002), the search for technocratic and regularised decision‐making which provides for the inherent appeal of the language of regulation has been a recurring feature across time, and therefore is unlikely to fade. Similarly, the inherent issues involved in the study of control, whether this involves the governmental, economic, or social worlds, are unlikely to wither away (unless the contemporary recession triggers the path towards a utopia as pictured in William Morris' News from Nowhere).
A more likely scenario is the continued critical engagement with such issues across the social sciences, with a renewed and sharpened emphasis on the potential limits of market and government‐based forms of regulation. In other words, contemporary events—such as the widespread nationalisation of banking sectors, the substantial state aid paid to various industries and the strains of dealing with multilevel, international problems—offer the analysis of regulation not just a convenient set of new cases that are ripe for study. These events encourage a critical reflection on past developments, on regulatory approaches and on the overall resilience of the regulatory state as it emerged in the late 20th century outside North America (see Majone, 1997). Such a scenario would follow the path of ‘normal science’ in that we, in a marginal fashion, know more and more about arguably less and less. Research in regulation would converse across the disciplines, but would ultimately still be shaped by the concerns, methodologies, and pre‐occupations of different disciplines.
Handbooks as expressions of the state of the art of a particular area of study are motivated by three different rationales. One is to state the ‘latest’ thinking within a pre‐defined discipline, whether this is in, for example, law, political science, economics, or sociology. A second is to use the Handbook vehicle as a tool to encourage cross‐cutting discussions across disciplines that previously have remained distinct and unconnected. A third rationale is to use Handbooks for bringing together a defined field of study that draws on different disciplines and therefore contributes to a greater cross‐disciplinary understanding of the field. This particular Handbook of Regulation principally follows this third rationale. Throughout the volume, the aspiration has been to present contributions that strengthen cross‐disciplinary conversations across social science disciplines. Innovation often occurs on the boundaries and not the centre, as the centre is blinded by methodological and theoretical straitjackets that define or discipline a discipline.
(p. 626) This cross‐disciplinary scenario encourages regulation research to move outside the ‘comfort zones’ of established areas of investigation, whether this is through the use of diverse methodologies or through the utilisation of cross‐disciplinary concerns. In view of the institutional persistence of traditional disciplines (especially through the linkage between career and publication) as well as the inherent difficulties of conducting genuine cross‐disciplinary work, it will be even more difficult to move towards a world of true interdisciplinarity or to create a ‘discipline’ of regulation. A vision of greater cross‐disciplinarity is likely to provide for innovative answers to the traditional questions in the study of regulation, and it is also likely to trigger its own questions. In that way, the study of regulation will be in an even better position to supply relevant answers to the concerns of the post‐recession world.
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Turner, A. (2009). ‘The Financial Crisis and the Future of Financial Regulation’, The Economist's Inaugural City Lecture, 21 January 2009.Find this resource:
US Treasury (2009). Financial Regulatory Reform: A New Foundation, Washington, Department of the Treasury.Find this resource:
(1.) ‘AIG in the derivatives spotlight’, Financial Times, 13 April 2009.


How Important Is Tobias Harris To The Sixers Success?
When Tobias Harris signed his 5 Year, 180 Million dollar contract last summer to remain in Philadelphia, the expectations automatically elevated for a young man entering the prime of his NBA career. His role on the team is more than just the Sixers' third scoring option, Harris is also expected to be a floor spacer, take pressure off Joel Embiid and Ben Simmons as a Rebounder, and not be a weak link on the defensive end of the floor. But when the COVID-19 Pandemic hit, Tobias Harris took on a new role in the leadership department. He spoke about working on team chemistry, orchestrating team virtual meetings, checking on others, speaking out on Social Justice issues, along with mentoring younger players and bridging the gap between the different players on the roster. Since the 76ers entered the NBA Bubble, Tobias Harris makes frequent appearances on Matisse Thybulle's YouTube Vlog where the whole world gets to see how Tobias is with his teammates on and off the court. On top of all of this, Harris was the team's leading scorer in all of their Scrimmage Games as the NBA ramped up for the resumption of the season.
Co-Host of The NBA Podcast and Forbes Sports Contributor Bryan Toporek joined The Sports Bash on Thursday discussing how important Tobias Harris will be to the 76ers success in the NBA Playoffs:
"Nothing but positive things to say about Tobias Harris both on and off the court; It really does seem like he's taken more of a leadership mantle in these last few months which is great so see. He is the team's highest paid player right now so with that comes the added responsibility and he might have not wanted to step on (Joel Embiid) and Ben (Simmons) toes having just come here last year, probably come in and feel like it's their team, they are the All-Stars, (Tobias may have) just wanted to fit in....Look, he's got to be a big part of this team if the Sixers are going to win a championship this year it can't just be (Joel Embiid) and Ben (Simmons), they need guys like Tobias, Shake Milton, Al Horford, Josh Richardson, they need big contributions from all of them. I don't expect Tobias Harris to score 30 Points a game but if he can average around 20 (Points per Game) and shoot in the mid-(40 Percent range), hit a couple of threes per night, that is what they need out of him. So its great to see him attack these scrimmages like they are regular season games or even like they are playoff games, the intensity has been there for him. (Matisse Thybulle) spoke with reporters and they asked about Tobias in particular and Matisse had nothing but good things to say about how Tobias has gathered the team together and taken on that role of developing chemistry."
Check out what Toporek had to say about Ben Simmons' Shooting, Joel Embiid's mindset, Al Horford's role on the 76ers, and more


Jose Mourinho admitted Friday he is growing ever more anxious about the prospect of losing Belgian international Marouane Fellaini as the midfielder’s contract talks with Manchester United drag on. The Old Trafford manager, speaking ahead […]
Popular crossdresser, Bobrisky has just stepped out for the first time rocking a skirt, complete with hat and high-heeled boots. Bobrisky who is popularly known for using makeup and rocking heels has taken it a […]
Who else can do this?
Anambra State Governor, Willie Obiano, on Friday visited President Muhammadu Buhari at the Presidential Villa, Abuja.
The Kaduna State Governor, Nasir el-Rufai, on Friday said it was good that former Vice-President Atiku Abubakar left the All Progressives Congress early. He said the party was already aware that Atiku would leave in […]
The death toll in a militant attack on a mosque in Egypt’s north Sinai region has risen to 235, Egyptian state television reported, quoting the public prosecutor. No group claimed responsibility for the assault but […]
Former President Olusegun Obasanjo on Friday morning led hundreds of people on road walk for diabetes awareness in Abeokuta, the Ogun State capital, declaring that he still walk with agility at 80, despite being diabetic. […]
The lovely couple who will be getting married this weekend, had their bachelor and bachelorette parties, last night, in an undisclosed club in Lagos. #OritseFemi 's wife goes on her knees as husband sprays huge […]
General Overseer of Living Faith Ministries, Bishop David Oyedepo has revealed the consequences that await any Christian worshipper who doesn’t pay tithe. The Bishop, while speaking to members of Dunamis International gospel centre in Abuja […]


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Heat thoroughly until all honey is dissolved. Pour mixed liquid … Recipe for this iced honey vanilla latte below:-). Hope y, eating our way through 2020 (into 2021) It has a nice weight to it when you hold it or press down on the pod. Let the … Thanks so much to It’s American Press for sponsoring this post! Pour coffee concentrate and milk into the glass. Add the flavor of fall to your next latte with this pumpkin latte. The key here is a honey vanilla simple syrup, made in advance with honey, hot water, and vanilla extract. It’s kind of hard to press, but it’s supposed to be, since it should be pressed down very slowly. For this Iced Honey Vanilla Latte, strong brewed coffee is mixed with a honey vanilla simple syrup and whole milk for a refreshing, refined sugar free iced coffee. You’re left with a concentrated, slightly wet heap of coffee grounds rather than the drenched sludge found at the bottom of a French Press. The 3 LITERS of Water a Day Challenge - How It Improved My Health! Ingredients. Add the milk, cream, and vanilla and stir to combine. 1/3 Milk. Made with cold brew concentrate, this is a great drink to start your morning. Place the honey, water and lemon juice in a small pan and bring to a steady simmer on medium heat while stirring. Add ice as desired. Pour your espresso/coffee, into … Mary & I (Erin, TROPICAL BLUE (spirulina) SMOOTHIE Add ice cubes to glass. Stir and enjoy! Fill glass with ice. 3. Learn how your comment data is processed. & pickleball. Add simple syrup and coconut milk to glass. In the American Press, the grounds are contained in a pod with two mesh areas, surrounded by an airtight lining that doesn’t allow any grounds through. ICED LATTE RECIPE. The double-walled carafe ensures it stays cool enough to handle while keeping your coffee piping hot. Click the stars to rate! If you love the cozy feel and homey taste of a warm bowl of oatmeal, then you should really try this oat milk latte recipe. Your email address will not be published. Pressing down on the pod is so fun and satisfying- I just let the weight of my hands guide it slowly down. As a result, it’s the perfect thing to make at home! Pan Fried Sea Bass with Lemon Garlic Herb Sauce. Pour in coffee, milk and syrup. And here at Red and Honey, we’ve got several to choose from: DIY Starbucks Passion Tea Lemonade, Hibiscus-Green Iced Tea, and Honey-Sweetened Lemonade. Bring to a simmer and then add in the sugar and honey. 5 from 1 vote. Step01 Heat 118 ml milk. Honey Lavender Latte. Immediately after using my new American Press, I marched my old French press right up to that pile and left it there. Whisk rapidly to produce a little “foam”. That’s because the fine mesh sieve in a French Press can allow some of the grounds to sneak through. There’s not much to say here- this is one of the simplest recipes ever. For this Iced Honey Vanilla Latte, strong brewed coffee is mixed with a honey vanilla simple syrup and whole milk for a refreshing, refined sugar free iced coffee. ), add hot water to the carafe, and after waiting for a minute or so (“pre-infusing”), press down slowly to finish brewing your coffee. Lavender-Honey Iced Latte. 1. Subscribe to get easy, REAL FOOD recipes for BUSY PEOPLE, like you. So I’ve learned to appreciate good alternatives. I believe traditional home cooking with food your great-grandmother would recognize doesn't have to cost a lot of time or money. You can easily toss it in the trash, or if you have a garden, empty it into your compost or at the base of one of your plants for a boost of nitrogen. If you don't have any vanilla beans lying around your house like me, here is a quick and easy vanilla syrup recipe: Combine 2 tbsp of hot water with 2 … Don’t worry- if you don’t have an American Press you can still make this delicious Honey Vanilla Latte (just use any strong brewed coffee- see recipe below). Place the ice cubes in a shaker and pour the … STEP TWO Once the honey mixture begins to bubble, stop stirring and let the honey sit for 1–2 minutes until it deepens in color and releases a nutty aroma. Step03 Brew 2 capsules of espresso (Voltesso or Volluto) Step04 Combine 29 ml Copyright © 2021 Bowl of Delicious on the Foodie Pro Theme. Pour the milk over ice cubes in a glass. Also a little addicted to coffee & wine, reality TV, travel, baseball (go Cubbies!) Find your favorite Starbucks products online or at a store near you with our locator. The coffee came out lighter colored than I thought it would, but it still maintained a bold flavor. Store in the refrigerator for up to two weeks. Remove from heat and allow to cool to room temperature before pouring into an airtight container through a fine mesh strainer.
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domain: food


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Every Game of Thrones book you can read after the final season - CNETIt is the phenomenon that has united a planet. It is the most fervently debated, most speculated, most anticipated event perhaps ever in the history of entertainment. Still unfinished, the source - the finest fantasy writing since the passing of J. Tolkien - is still unfolding. Readers can rest safe in the knowledge that for George R. Martin, the fabled genuine end is still yet to come Guides, games and gifts for all fans.
Book Tier list - Game Of Thrones / A Song Of Ice And Fire
A Song of Ice and Fire is a series of epic fantasy novels by the American novelist and screenwriter George R. R. Martin. He began the first volume of the series, A Game of Thrones, in , and it Books in the A Song of Ice and Fire series are first published in hardcover and are later re-released as paperback editions.
Every Game of Thrones book you can read after the final season
Archived from the original on March 7, Chapter sets from the novels were also compiled into three novellas that were released between and by Asimov's Science Fiction and Dragon :, Lovecraft. Archived from the original on July 21.LovecraftRobert E. Retrieved May 31. Of those who work in the grand epic-fantasy tradition, [George R. A boy can dream?
As they gather, and Shae never loved Tyrion as the show implies, one young man embarks upon his own quest for the queen. If you have changed your email address then contact us and we will update your details? The Hollywood Reporter. Tyrion and Sansa don't have a friendly relationship after their wedding.
A Clash of Kings
Martin provides a variety of female characters to explore the place of women in a patriarchal society! That when things are, something from which there is no need to surface from hours at a time, A Song of Ice and Fire book collection box set cov. Retrieved January 7.
The Independent. Winter is coming, I told you. Martin: The Rolling Stone Interview". Retrieved April 17.
Retrieved February 2, who want to know what happens next and aren't satisfied with HBO's telling of the tale, Mance Rayder never actually dies. This, and the war that has lce the world into little more than a wasteland has finally burned itself o. Few legitimate claims to the Iron Throne still exist. Archived from the original on May 22.
If that's the case, you also may not be aware of exactly how much the show has diverged from the plot of the books—sometimes in quite extreme ways. Here's a primer on the books and how they differ from the series, along with some other Westerosi writings that Martin has penned over the years. Beware: the night is dark and filled with spoilers. A Game of Thrones , the first book in the series, was released in The story chronicles the events beginning with the death of former Hand of the King Jon Arryn and concluding with the death of Ned Stark.
A Dance with Dragons came out inGeorge RR Martin, much of the show hardly resembles the books. Retrieved April 12, Robb's wife is neither pregnant nor present at the Red Wedding. Additionally.
If that's the case. Depending on the interview, you also may not be aware of exactly how much the show has diverged from the plot of the books-sometimes in quite extreme ways, unpublished novellas that Martin tentatively intends to tthere. There are at least nine more, Martin is said to have reached the turning point in A Dance with Dragons. Archived from the original on May 12.

domain: entertainment


XNOVA 1407 - 4000KV MOTOR RACER- SET OF 4
The XNOVA 1406/1407 is for MINI Racer size 130/180.
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- Motor fixing screw
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Summer Film Festival 4 Elements
- 08. 08. 2015
Nine ½ Weeks
Elisabeth is an accomplished and intelligent woman with a successful career. She becomes infatuated by John whose aloof and mysterious personality attracts her so much that she is willing to loosen the reins of her restrained lifestyle and indulge in the sensuality that the relationship with him offers. However, the unbridled passion starts turning into a nightmare full of eroticism and a complete submission. In this cult erotic drama, Elisabeth will have to decide whether she will get burnt by her desire or tamed by her reason.
Nine ½ Weeks (Adrian Lyne, USA, 1986, 112 min., OV+SS)

domain: library


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Inside new Joburg mayor Jolidee Matongo’s plans for the city: 5 things he wants to implement
Newly elected Johannesburg mayor Jolidee Matongo has promised to hit the ground running with service delivery to ensure stability in the city and for its residents.
He told a media briefing after his appointment on Tuesday that financial stability and accountability will be among his areas of focus.
Matongo is the former MMC for finance in the metro and was elected unopposed to replace late city mayor Geoff Makhubo, who succumbed to complications related to Covid-19 last month.
Here are his five big plans for the city:
Ensure service delivery or lose your job
City managers who do not improve on ensuring adequate service delivery will risk losing their jobs. Matongo said money must be spent towards the services for which it has been budgeted to avoid returning it to the National Treasury.
“We budgeted R175m in the past financial year to provide food for the food insecure in our city and the money was not spent by the relevant department. We will ensure those assigned to deliver the services do so. If people don’t spend the money, they will have to sit at home.”
No sitting in the office in suits and ties
The mayor committed to interacting with residents on the ground.
“We will be an administration that is not in the office. We will be not be sitting in the offices wearing ties. We will be in our work suits every day and on the ground dealing with the problems people experience.”
Incompetent managers will not be tolerated
Matongo warned city officials who don’t immediately attend to queries from community members to shape up or ship out.
He shared how he once found residents in his neighbourhood patrolling the area because they had no street lights for months despite logging queries with the city.
The service was immediately restored after he made the call on their behalf.
“The problem was attended to within 48 hours. Why should it be that it must be somebody with a title who must make things happen. We don’t want that attitude from officials.”
Helping businesses after the unrest
The mayor said the city has plans in place to assist businesses and shopping centres affected by the recent unrest and looting that ravaged areas in Gauteng last month.
“We have instructed the team to come up with incentives like rates holidays for the shopping centres to ensure we provide some relief. The plans are there.”
Eradicating shacks and land invasions
Matongo said the city will also focus on land invasions and eradicating shacks.
“We will deal with the issue of land invasions, not just by sending the Red Ants to remove them. The alternative is on the table to provide people with serviced sites so they can build for themselves, you regulate land use in the city.”

domain: news


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Dear Mr Cameron et al,
I am writing to you about the merciless war you and your Government appear to be waging against disabled people in this country.
What are you trying to do to us? Before the election in May there were numerous reports in the press that you were planning on restricting the amount of money disabled people can claim under the Access to Work Scheme prior to axing it copletely. Yesterday saw the end of the Independent Living Fund. This morning we awoke to the news that you are proposing to reduce Employment Support Allowance by getting rid of the Work Related Activity Group and cut the amount of money disabled people receive.
Do you understand what this money you are trying to ‘save’ is used for? I’m not sure that you do. Let me explain:
Access to Work (AtW) is money is granted to disabled people in work to put them on a level playing field with non-disabled people in the same workplace. It is often used by disabled people to pay for a cab to get to and from work because public transport is not accessible. It can also be used to pay for equipment in the workplace such as voice recognition software for visually disabled people or for people with learning difficulties. It can be used to pay for disabled people to have an assistant in the office to help with tasks they can not do due to their impairments, such as fiddly filing and taking notes in meetings. For other disabled people AtW pays for assistants to read documents out loud to people with dyslexia or a visual impairment. It can be used to pay for BSL interpreters in meetings for people with a hearing impairment and it pays for employing someone to assist people with learning difficulties in the workplace. For all of us the help we receive from AtW is what makes it possible for us to be able to work at all. If you cut this fund it is likely that you will make it impossible for many disabled people to go out to work. We will be forced to resign and claim benefits instead. Is that what you wanted?
ILF, the fund you cut yesterday, allowed many disabled people to pay for the care packages they need to allow them to get up and get ready to go out to work. It was money that was used to pay for someone to help disabled people to get up, get washed, get dressed and get fed every day. For many of disabled people this meant they could go out to work. They are now unable to pay for the help they need and, for some, this means they will have to resign from their jobs and claim welfare benefit instead. I’m sure this is not what you planned but it is the reality of the situation. And, unlike AtW, ILF funding was also used by disabled people who are too disabled to even think about going out to work to pay for their care packages and employ carers to do the jobs that need doing to make life bearable. Some disabled people will now not be able to afford to pay for those care packages and will, instead, have to dismiss their carers who will, in turn, have to claim benefits because they are unemployed. Is that what you wanted?
Employment Support Allowance (ESA) is the welfare benefit which is paid to disabled people who are not in work. As, I’m sure you are aware, there are two rates of this benefit that could be paid, a rate for disabled people who are judged to be able to work if they can get the support and help they need and a rate for those people who are too ill, too disabled, to ever be able to work. Disabled people use this money to buy food, pay for housing, gas and electricity, pay for clothing, pay for things that are essential to live. They use it to pay for things they need as disabled people and do not get provided for them any other way such as adult nappies and specialist food stuffs. For those disabled people who will never be able to work this is the only income they are ever likely to receive for their entire lives. Without this money disabled people are likely to be forced out of their own homes, where they are living independently, into care facilities which will still have to be paid for somehow. Without this money disabled people are likely to die. Is that what you wanted?
What do you want Mr Cameron? Do you want history to remember you as someone who cared and who did his best to serve all the people of this country to the best of his ability or do you want history to remember you as someone who only cared about his friends, the rich? Do you want history to remember you as a compassionate man or do you want history to remember you as the person who was in charge when disabled people were taken back to the Victorian era. Is that what you want?
Choose now, choose well and stop what you are doing before disabled people pay the price. If we die we remain dead and we cannot be restored to life. Is that the legacy you want to leave? Choose now.

domain: finance


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MUSKEGON, MI -- Here are the top Muskegon-area headlines for Dec. 15, 2013:
FRUITPORT TOWNSHIP, MI – Members of the Fruitport Township police and fire departments volunteered Thursday, Dec. 12, to bring some holiday cheer to a local family that lost their home and their dog in an Oct. 29 fire.
The following people were sentenced Dec. 9, 2013, in circuit court.
27th CIRCUIT COURT
Judge Anthony A. Monton
Ashley Louise Atkins, 22, of Chicago, one year Oceana County Jail for marijuana possession, $400 fines/fees/costs, sentence to be served in the court’s discretion and held one year.
The following people were sentenced Dec. 9 or 10, 2013, in circuit court.
14th CIRCUIT COURT
Chief Judge William C. Marietti
Robert Lee Diggs, 18, of Muskegon Heights, 5 ½ months Muskegon County Jail for probation violation on 2013 conviction of controlled substance delivery less than 50 grams, $1,397.60 balance restitution/fees/costs, probation continued.
MUSKEGON COUNTY, MI – A small pack of dogs and their human counterparts trekked through a cold and snowy landscape on Saturday, Dec. 14 to give local veterans a boost during the Christmas season.
The group gathered for the inaugural "Winter Wonderland Walk" at Dog Star Ranch, the former golf course-turned-dog park and activity center at 4200 Whitehall Rd.
MUSKEGON COUNTY, MI – Some of the best December snow in the Muskegon Winter Sports Complex’s history led the recreation center to open a couple weeks early on Saturday, Dec. 14.
The complex on Friday announced on its Facebook page that it planned on opening its sledding hill and ice rinks along with its skating, snowshoe trails and most of its cross-country ski trails the next day because of the forecast, which called for continuous precipitation throughout the weekend.


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PawHut 47" Triangular Wooden Rabbit Hutch Bunny Guinea Pig House Small Animal Cage Backyard Garden Habitat
- PORTABLE COMPACT FOOTPRINT: The compact, low footprint design of rabbit cage easily fits a smaller space, while the triangle frame makes it lightweight and easy to move.
- WIRE-STYLE ENCLOSURE: With its many screened walls, there is a ton of ventilation for your animals to be able to enjoy the outdoors.
- EASY ACCESS DESIGN: The rabbit run has 2 easy openable doors to gain quick access to your pets, a door is able to open up the outer run area and the another is to open the inner loft area.
- INDOOR & OUTDOOR: This indoor rabbit hutch has an outdoor rabbit run for your pets to run around, as well as an enclosed space for them to be able to sleep indoors.
- Overall Dimension: 46.5" x 19.7"W x 17.72"H, Door Opening Size: 4.72"L x 7.1"H. NOTE: Buyer to determine the number of pets that will fit in the triangular rabbit hutch, depending on breed and size.
PawHutPawHut offers the best pet supplies for all your furry and feathered friends. Our top priority is ensuring the happiness and well-being of your pets, and we strive to provide high-quality products that meet all of their needs. By providing your pets with a wide range of premium products at affordable prices, PawHut has something for everyone. Shop with us today and give your pet the care and comfort they deserve!
Get back to nature with a bunny cage from Pawhut that lets your rabbits feel the wind in their fur and the grass at their feet. They'll enjoy fresh air anywhere with a lightweight and portable design that's easy to transport. Solid fir wood and durable galvanized wire construction with a waterproof finish makes it outdoor ready right from the start. With a bunny hutch from Pawhut, your animals will appreciate the more natural way of life afforded to them.
- • Made of solid fir wood with a non-toxic waterproof finish and durable galvanized wire
- • Fir wood surface processed with environment protection outdoor water-based paint
- • Enclosed sleeping area with a second removable wooden opening
- • Designed with left door, iron gauze door and middle door openings
- • Open play area enclosed by safety wire with 1 by 3 inch spacing
- • With 2 wooden floor boards at bottom
- • Lightweight and space saving, easy to move around
- • Requires simple assembly
- • Material: Fir wood
- •Color:Orange red
- •Net Weight: 15.43lbs
- • Overall Dimension: 46.5”L x 19.7"W x 17.72"H
- • Left Door Size: 13"L x 17.32"H
- • Iron Gauze Door: 6.9"L x 17.32"H
- • Door Opening Size: 4.72"L x 7.1"H
- • Iron Gauze Size: 28.74"L x 16.54"H
- • Board Size: 13.6”L x 8.3"W
Customer PhotosSee more customer images

domain: pet


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Incentives and remuneration systems in dental services
- First Online:
- 259 Downloads
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of an incentive-based remuneration system on number of individuals under supervision and on quality of public dental services in Norway. The basis for the study was a natural experiment in which all public dental officers in one county were given the opportunity to renegotiate their contract from a fixed salary contract to a combined per capita and fixed salary contract. Comprehensive data were collected before and after the change. A main finding is that the transition to an incentive-based remuneration system led to an increase in the number of individuals under supervision without either a fall in quality or a patient selection effect.
KeywordsDentists Contracts Incentives Effectiveness Quality
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- Robinson R., Steiner A. (1998) Managed health care. Open University Press, BuckinghamGoogle Scholar
- Schoen M.H. (1974) Methodology of capitation payment to group dental practice and effects of such payment on care. Health Services Reports 89: 16–24Google Scholar
- Statistics Norway. (2005). StatBank Norway. Available August 15, 2007, from http://statbank.ssb.no//statistikkbanken/default_fr.asp?PLanguage=1.
- Widström, E., & Eaton, K. A. (1999). Systems for the Provision of Oral Health Care, workforce and costs in the EU and EEA. A council of European chief dental officers’ survey. Helsinki: STAKES.Google Scholar
- Wooldridge J.M. (2002) Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp 128–132Google Scholar

domain: economics


text:
Written on: 17/01/2014
Very happy with the search of hotels using Agoda and it has good reliability. The prices are reasonably cheap and the reviews given are trustworthy. A good guide for travellers to hunt for accommodation and other information of the places.
As rated by our community of reviewers
" Best holiday ever " Read More
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" Very good service " Read More
" Variety, Good Value and Great Choice! " Read More
" Do not book " Read More

domain: travel


text:
Candy Elmore has a great idea for early Christmas shoppers. Buy gifts made by impoverished artists from developing countries through the WorldCrafts program of the Southern Baptist Church.
WorldCrafts items will be on sale during an open house at the Frontier Southern Baptist Church on Saturday, Oct. 30, from noon to 4 p.m. Buyers can also order from a catalog which features stories about the artists who come from Asia, Africa, Europe, Latin America, the Middle East and the Far East.
Items include jewelry, purses, handbags, clothing, Christmas ornaments and other crafts made from natural, renewable resources. They will be marked 20 percent off the original price.
Ethnic “finger food” made according to WorldCrafts recipes will be served at the open house.
WorldCrafts was founded by the Women’s Missionary Union of the Southern Baptist Convention in 1996. It began with one artisan group — Thai Country Trim in Thailand. Now WorldCrafts partners with artisan leaders and local crafts guilds worldwide.
Guilds and leaders involved with WorldCrafts abide by Fair Trade Federation guidelines.
Even though WorldCrafts is a Christian organization, it doesn’t discriminate against artists of other faiths, Elmore said. For instance, some of the clients are Muslim herdsmen in India.
Elmore said that WorldCrafts guarantees that the artists will receive a livable wage.
“We commit to pay artisans a fair price that covers not only their costs, but also insures sustainable production,” said WorldCrafts director, Andrea Mulins. “We encourage artisans to set prices that allow them to invest in the growth of their business.
“We provide partial advance on payments of the artisans that allows them to hire more people and purchase raw materials needed.”
Artisans include those who are shunned by society, such as the disabled and former slaves in sex trafficking rings.
Until WorldCrafts came along, some of these artists lived in abject poverty, not able to find markets for their work. In some cases, large corporations offered the artisans substandard pay for their work, while pulling in high profits for themselves as they sold the work at premium prices.
Ever since Elmore found out about WorldCrafts several years ago, she has wanted to host an open house which sells its crafts.
Elmore is the wife of Frontier pastor Gary Elmore. She teaches at the Kodiak Baptist Mission preschool. She said she is trying to get teenagers in her church to participate in WorldCrafts, which can make a difference in a world of poverty, hunger and its pitfalls.
The open house provides an opportunity for people to buy handmade art from renewable resources in remote regions of the world and to learn about other cultures. Purchases transform lives of artisans, their families and communities through housing, education and nutrition.
The program helps impart a sense of dignity through teaching hygiene and other survival skills, Elmore said.
Learn more about the program by linking to its website, www.WorldCraftsVillage.com.

domain: artistic


text:
If 7 designers got together and had a baby
Digital Design -Hacking a Technology
Collaborative image making. Send 9 people specific instructions with a 'unique hashtag'. When one person posts an image, they hashtag it and tag the next poster in that image. The next poster does the same thing. Once all images are posted, you see one big picture created out of the 9 images.
Can everyone please follow the instructions below? Check for your name and instructions assigned to it.
I will start first, then Felipe, Justin, etc. Each person uploads their picture of part of their face (following the example picture above) and tags the following person, (so the next person knows when to upload)
Shiela - Please take a picture replicating box 1 and hashtag #SVAsFiiNeST

domain: design


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The following article is a small excerpt from one of my books. I hope you’ll want to learn more and let me help you to get into the best shape of your life.
Years ago, both true and false health information would spread slowly. Not today. The Internet and social media has given people the ability to send everyone on their email lists wild stories that end up mushrooming around the world in a matter of hours.
Most of those health scares are a misreading of facts or a deliberate twisting of the truth. The following are a few examples and their truths.
Drink eight glasses of water a day
In 1945, the U.S. Food and Nutrition Board told people to consume eight glasses of fluid daily. Before long, we believed we needed eight glasses of water, in addition to what we eat and drink, every day.
The Truth: Water’s great, but you can also fulfill your daily needs with juice, tea, milk, fruits, and vegetables. Even coffee quenches your thirst, despite its reputation as a diuretic. The caffeine makes you lose some liquid, but you’re still getting plenty.
Stress will turn your hair gray
In today’s crazy world with stress and deadlines, who doesn’t believe that stress can shock your locks?
The Truth: Too much stress does age you inside and out. It ups the number of free radicals, scavenger molecules that attack your healthy cells, and increases the spill of stress hormones in your body. So far, though, no scientific evidence proves a bad day turns your locks gray.
Reading in poor light ruins your eyes
It’s the commonsense refrain of parents everywhere that reading under the covers or by moonlight will ruin your eyesight.
The Truth: Reading in dim light can strain your eyes. You tend to squint, and that can give you a headache. But you won’t do any permanent damage, except maybe cause crow’s-feet. Your overtired eyes can get dry and achy, and may even make your vision seem less clear, but a good night’s rest will help your eyes recover just fine.
Coffee’s really bad for you
108 million Americans crave coffee each morning. Could something so many crave possibly be good for you? Wrong.
The Truth: Too much may give you the jitters, but your daily habit has a lot of positives. Coffee comes from plants, which have helpful phytochemicals that act as antioxidants. Drinking coffee gives your brain a boost, too. And, despite the jolt of energy it provides, coffee has no effect on heart disease.
Feed a cold, starve a fever
The old wives’ tale has been a staple since the 1500s when a dictionary master wrote, Fasting is a great remedy for a fever.
The Truth: Colds and fevers are generally caused by viruses that tend to last seven to 10 days, no matter what you do. There is no proven evidence that diet has any effect on a cold or a fever. Even if you don’t feel like eating, you still need fluids, so put a priority on those. If you’re congested, the fluids will keep mucus thinner and help loosen chest and nasal congestion.
Fresh is always better than frozen
Ever since scientists and health care professionals realized the benefits of antioxidants, they’ve stated “eat more fresh fruits and veggies” which implied that eating frozen fruits and vegetables was second rate.
The Truth: Frozen can be just as good as fresh because the fruits and vegetables are harvested at the peak of their nutritional content, taken from a plant, and frozen on the spot, locking in nutrients. Unless it’s picked and sold the same day, produce at farmers’ markets, though still nutritious, may lose nutrients because of heat, air, and water.
Eggs raise your cholesterol
In the 1960s and 1970s, scientists linked blood cholesterol with heart disease and eggs (high in cholesterol) were carefully eliminated from most diets.
The Truth: Newer studies have found that saturated and trans fats in a person’s diet, not dietary cholesterol, are more likely to raise heart disease risk. And, at 213 milligrams of cholesterol, one egg slips under the American Heart Association’s recommendation of no more than 300 milligrams a day. Eggs offer lean protein and vitamins A and D, and they’re inexpensive and convenient.
Get cold, and you’ll catch a cold
It must be true because your mother always said so.
The Truth: Mom was wrong. Chilling doesn’t hurt your immunity, unless you’re so cold that your body defenses are destroyed and that only occurs during hypothermia. You can’t get a cold unless you’re exposed to a virus that causes a cold. The reason people get more colds in the winter isn’t because of the temperature, but it may be a result of being cooped up in closed spaces with more people and exposed to cold viruses.
Your lipstick could make you sick
In 2007, an environmentalist group, the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics, had 33 lipsticks tested for lead. Although there’s no lead limit for lipstick, one third of the tubes had more than the limit allowed for candy.
The Truth: The reality is that lead is in almost everything. It’s all around us. But the risk from lead in lipstick is extremely small. Lead poisoning is most commonly caused by other environmental factors like pipes and paint in older homes.
I lift weights, so osteoporosis isn’t a concern
Your twice-weekly weightlifting sessions contribute to bone health, but it’s not the whole bone-building picture. Weightlifting alone does not offer much protection if your diet lacks certain nutrients. You also need to address nutritional factors, such as calcium and vitamin D intake, smoking cessation, individual bone health and other factors. For strong bones, the National Osteoporosis Foundation recommends (in addition to weight training two to three times a week) that women under age 50 and men under age 71 take in 1,000 mg of calcium a day; women 50 and over and men 71 and over need 1,200 mg a day. Women and men under 50 require 400 IU of vitamin D a day, and those 50 and older need 800 to 1,000 mg.
I eat only 1,000 calories a day and still gain weight, so I must have a slow metabolism
If you track your calories and still can’t lose those last 10 pounds, your problem may lie more with your math than your metabolism. It’s easy to underestimate calories, especially if you eat a lot of restaurant meals. Large amounts of hidden fats, mainly fats used in cooking the food, add hundreds of calories per dish. Added butter, milk or cream cannot be seen, which makes it harder to track calorie intake. In addition, chronic dieting without exercising can slow metabolism, especially as you age. Women should eat between 1,600 to 2,000 calories a day, depending on activity level, and men should take in between 2,000 and 2,800 calories a day.
I eat only “natural” beef and chicken, so I’m safe from antibiotics and pesticides
Reading labels as a way to eat healthier only works if you know the lingo. Choosing foods with a “natural” label, for example, doesn’t mean you’re in the clear from added chemicals. ‘Natural’ has almost no legal meaning. The USDA’s legal definition of ‘natural’ only means ‘minimally processed and without artificial preservatives.’ Virtually all conventional meat qualifies. To stay clear of pesticides, antibiotics and other chemicals, look for the green-and-white USDA organic label. It’s the gold standard of labeling for meat, dairy and eggs.
Longevity runs in my family, so I’m destined to be healthy to an old age
Just because grandma lived to age 95 doesn’t automatically mean you’ll also live to see your 90s. Various studies (involving identical twins) suggest that only about a third of the variation in longevity is accounted for by genes. The rest is lifestyle and chance. Many things that seem like chance are really not random; to a surprising extent you can make your own luck by getting on a healthy pathway. Many people have the capacity to live well into old age, but most do not. Generally speaking, though, knowing how long your parents lived is not a very good indication of how long you will live.
I don’t need a second opinion; I trust my doctor completely
No matter how well you trust your doctor, seeking a second opinion when you’re diagnosed with a serious ailment or are considering surgery is simply smart. It helps you make an informed decision. The decision to have surgery is a serious one. Many nuances and subtle differences exist in surgical approaches, including technology and surgical procedures. It’s always a good idea to understand the differences, and a second opinion may prove to be a meaningful investment.
I take vitamins, so I can eat what I want
It sounds like an easy fix, but popping vitamins does not give you dietary carte blanche to eat junk food and skip fresh fruits and vegetables. Taking vitamins can provide a false sense of security. Isolated nutrients found in a pill do not have the same effect on your body as when they are consumed as part of a whole food. For example, taking a vitamin C supplement can’t compare with eating oranges or berries, which contain antioxidants, phytochemicals (natural chemicals which often act like antioxidants) and fiber, which all work together synergistically. Vitamins can be part of a healthy lifestyle, but they certainly do not counteract the negative effects of unhealthy foods. Check with your physician before starting any new vitamins or supplements.
I don’t need to work out — I chase around my kids all day long
Running around taking care of kids can certainly burn calories and be physically exhausting. But all that activity is not specific enough to produce the results like weight loss, muscular definition and improved energy levels , you’d get from a structured exercise program. However, those calories burned during daily activity (called NEAT for non-exercise activity thermo genesis), are an effective add-on to an exercise program. To get the best results from an exercise program include cardio respiratory exercise to improve function of your heart and lungs, resistance training to boost muscle strength and bone-mineral density and some flexibility exercises. At least two days a week of dedicated exercise can have a significant impact on managing body weight and experiencing other beneficial results from exercise.
I can still lose weight if I eat what I want on the weekends and diet all week
You eat healthy all week long, so you should be able to splurge on weekends and still lose weight, right? Not exactly. If you have been restricting calories during the week, you may find yourself extra hungry come Saturday morning. As a result, you may end up making up for the calories you limited during the week and then some. By Sunday night you’re sluggish and bloated. A better bet is to eat healthfully throughout the week and allow yourself a little extra leeway on the weekends. It is still important to eat mindfully even on the weekends. If you’re going out to dinner on Saturday night, eat a healthy, high-fiber breakfast (such as oatmeal and fruit) and lunch (such as salad and sandwich on whole-grain bread), and then allow yourself to indulge in an entree, a drink and a dessert in the evening.
I don’t need a primary care physician
Annual visits to your gynecologist or other specialist throughout the year are important, but they don’t make up for a primary care doctor. Specialists focus only on a particular body system. A primary care doctor is trained to view the whole person, which differs from a specialist’s focus. A primary care doctor treats the majority of all health conditions, from skin care to chest pain and everything in between. In addition, your primary care doctor acts as a health care advocate if you develop a serious illness, referring you to one or more specialists and acting as the coordinator of all the care you receive (e.g., making sure medications from one specialist doesn’t conflict with another). The better your care coordination, the better your long-term outcome.
I vent my anger, so I’m less likely to have a heart attack
Primal scream therapy and punching pillows as ways to vent anger are a thing of the past for a reason. They don’t work. In fact, this type of venting may actually worsen the health impact of anger. People who are chronically angry have more health problems than people who are less angry. Anger is connected with surges in blood pressure, and venting anger may actually make it worse. It’s also not very effective in terms of solving life’s problems. Instead, look at problems more realistically and develop a more forgiving and flexible outlook. Also you need to develop good communication skills so you can negotiate in a reasonable way that considers the other person’s perspective.
It’s over-the-counter medication, so taking a little extra can’t hurt me
If you’re of the mind that since two aspirin are good then three must be better, you may be gambling with your health. Taking more than the recommended amount of any medication can cause health issues. Over-the-counter does not mean harmless. In fact, OTC drugs can and do cause significant side effects, often due to inappropriate use. For example, acetaminophen (e.g., Tylenol) is one of the most common causes of acute liver failure, often due to unintentional overdose. Over-the-counter anti-inflammatory agents (e.g., aspirin, ibuprofen) can cause stomach ulceration and bleeding, especially when used for prolonged periods or in high doses. . Your best bet is to follow the labeled dosing. If you need something more, check with your pharmacist or physician before increasing the dose.
I save up my one-drink-a-day allowance for the weekends and enjoy it all at once instead
Numerous studies show the health benefits of a glass of red wine a day. Abstaining fromalcohol all week and over-imbibing on weekends, however, is not advisable and could even prove dangerous. All things in moderation and that particularly means drinking alcohol. Even studies that say one drink a day is good for your heart also mention that the one drink a day may also increase your risk of other conditions like cancer. The one-drink findings were based on the fact that some alcohol may thin your blood a bit and may reduce your risk of blood clots. Drinking to excess is not good for your heart or any other part of your body and may even increase the risk of a cardiac event.
I know you want to get in shape and look great. Whatever your fitness goal…to slim down…gain muscle…tone your arms or flatten your tummy…I’m here to help you accomplish your goals and to improve your fitness level. If you have enjoyed this article and the many other free features on my site, and would like some more comprehensive information such as fitness books and CD’s to aid you in achieving your health and fitness goals, please visit my ONLINE STORE where you will find innovative natural health and beauty products to help you become the BEST YOU CAN BE !

domain: medical


text:
The FCA has published its final rules on pension transfers, which takes effect from today, including a climbdown on occupational transfers without safeguards.
In March, the regulator announced a radical tightening of pension transfer rules in light of expected greater demand to access the new pension freedoms.
The FCA had proposed to continue to consider transfers from occupation defined contribution schemes without safeguards in the definition of pension transfers.
But now it says it will “introduce an exception” and while advisers must still have the “appropriate permission” there will be no requirement for a pension transfer specialist for advice on such transfers.
In addition, the FCA says it will work with the Department for Work and Pensions on clarifying the definition of safeguarded benefits and on the process for non-UK residents intending to transfer.
Currently, non-UK residents will need to take advice from both an FCA-regulated adviser and a local overseas adviser.
The regulator also says it will consider whether there is a need for a full review of transfer value analysis as part of a broader view of its handbook pension rules.
Guaranteed annuity rates
The FCA confirms that transferring from a policy with a guaranteed annuity rate will not require a specialist but that providers need to value the GAR when determining whether the transfer breaks the £30,000 threshold for taking advice.
Money Marketing previously revealed provider concerns over the treatment of GARs held by schemes, rather than individuals.
But the regulator would not clarify further, saying “each case will have to be considered by the relevant firm”.
While transfer of GARs will not require a pension transfer specialist, firms advising on policies containing GARs will now need pension transfer permissions.


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The real estate sector in Dubai showed a continuous flow of investments despite the COVID-19 challenges. The real estate and properties transactions reached Dhs5.3 billion in total during the week.
Dubai’s real estate (realty) sector has maintained an increasing pace of performance, reflecting the vitality, flexibility and attractiveness of Dubai’s property market by recording 6,388 sales transactions worth Dhs14.79 in June 2021.
Dubai property sector is on a solid growth track and marching ahead despite the COVID-19 challenges. The City of Wonders has registered 25,455 real estate transactions worth Dhs92 billion from January - April 2021,
Sheikh Mohamed witnessed the signing of the UAE-Indonesia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement, alongside Joko Widodo. Under the trade deal, over 80% of UAE exports will gain immediate duty-free access to Indonesia.
AD Ports Group on Thursday announced that it has reached an agreement to acquire a 70 per cent equity stake in International Associated Cargo Carrier BV,
Four Chinese airlines said on Friday they will buy a total of 292 planes from Airbus in a $37 billion windfall for the aviation giant, as the industry rebuilds after the coronavirus pandemic.