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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Sec. Food Chemistry
Volume 9 - 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1036025
Different dissipation potential and dietary risk assessment of tristyrylphenol ethoxylates in cowpea ecosystem in China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
Tristyrylphenol ethoxylates (TSPEOn) are widely used as inert ingredients in pesticide formulations in the world. However, the information on the dissipation behavior of different homologs TSPEOn in agro-products is lacking. To investigate the dissipation behavior of TSPEOn, a cowpea field experiment treated with TSPEOn at different doses was carried out in Guangdong province, China. Different 24 TSPEO homologs were all detected in cowpea from the field terminal residue experiments, and the total concentrations of TSPEO homologs in cowpea were 40.0–1,374 μg/kg. The dissipation half-lives of 24 TSPEO homologs in soil were 1.51–2.35 times longer than those in cowpea. The long-chain homologs TSPEOn were dissipated faster than the short-chain homologs TSPEOn, suggesting a homolog-specific degradation of the TSPEOn in the cowpea ecosystem. The characteristic bimodal profiles of TSPEOn (n = 6–29) differing from that of the commercial TSPEOn were observed in the cowpea terminal residues experiment, indicating that the long-chain TSPEOn would degrade to short-chain TSPEOn in cowpea and soil. The acute and chronic dietary exposure risks of ΣTSPEOn in cowpea are within acceptable margins for human consumption across different ages and genders. But the health risks to children should be noticed in future.
Tristyrylphenol ethoxylates (TSPEOn) are important nonionic surfactants which are widely used in pesticide formulations to enhance the penetration and spread of the active ingredient. As the nonionic surfactant, TSPEOn was second only to alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOn) in China (1). A typical TSPEOn surfactant formulation is comprised of tristyrene with an average of 16 ethoxylate (EO) units, usually within the range of 1 to 33 ethoxylate units as depicted in Figure 1 (2, 3). Studies have shown that TSPEOn had moderate acute toxicity, subchronic toxicity, thyroid, and liver toxicity in mammals (4, 5). Furthermore, its degradation intermediates, styrenated phenols were demonstrated to have acute toxicity or estrogenic activity in Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Oryzias latipes (6–8). Considering the toxicity and the large production volumes, the United States Environmental Protection Agency has set a TSPEOn limit of no more than 15% in pesticide formulations in 2010 (4). However, concern about its residue and environmental behavior continue to this day, such information is currently lacking.
Previous studies had shown that relatively high concentrations of TSPEOn were detected in the agricultural ecosystem, such as cherries, peaches, and kiwifruit (1). Additionally, the dissipation behavior of TSPEOn was reported in lettuce under greenhouse and field conditions with half-lives of 2.18–5.36 and 1.82–5.52 days, respectively. TSPEOn were relatively persistent in the field. It can be concluded that the cultivation system and plant type jointly affect the absorption and degradation of TSPEOn (9, 10). Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] is an ideal food for diabetic due to its phospholipid can promote insulin secretion and participate in glucose metabolism, which is widely cultivated in the tropical and subtropical region of Asia. However, cowpea is susceptible to a variety of diseases and insect infestations, such as aphids, thrips, cowpea weevil, and liriomyza (11–15). Pesticide application is a probable major source of TSPEO residues during cowpea cultivation (11, 16–18). Further research is needed to study the potential different dissipation behavior of TSPEOn by cowpea growing in terms of public health and food safety.
In this study, a cowpea field experiment was carried out in Guangdong province, the main region of cowpea production in China, which was treated with TSPEOn at different doses. Different 24 tristyrylphenol ethoxylate homologs were all analyzed in cowpea from the field experiments to shed light on the dissipation rates and distribution profiles of different TSPEO homologs in cowpea. The acute and chronic dietary exposure risks of TSPEOn in cowpea for different subgroups (age and gender) based on supervised field trial data and relevant toxicological parameters were also assessed. The results obtained in this study have important implications in understanding the residue fate of TSPEOn.
Materials and methods
Reagents and chemicals
The standard of Technical TSPEO16 (a mixture of TSPEOn with an average of 16 EO units) was purchased from Jiangsu Zhongshan Chemical Co., Ltd., (Nanjing, China) and purified by using preparative liquid chromatography (LC) as described in our earlier study (19). Ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ⋅cm) was prepared by Milli-Q purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). Octadecyl (C18) and primary secondary amine (PSA) sorbents were purchased from Bonna-Agela Technologies, Ltd., (Tianjin, China). Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were obtained from Nanjing XFNANO Materials Technologies (Nanjing, China). Acetonitrile (≥ 99.95%) was liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) grade (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Anhydrous magnesium sulfate and sodium chloride were analytical grade (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Company, Beijing, China).
Field trails and sampling
Field trials of cowpea were designed under open conditions according to the Guideline for testing pesticide residues in crops (NY/T 788-2018) and the Standard operating procedures on pesticide registration residue field trials (20). For the field dissipation experiments, the emulsifier 601 (Technical TSPEO16) was diluted with water (500-fold dilution) and sprayed on the cowpea and bare soil at a dose of 2,250 g/ha during the vegetative period. A separate plot with the no-TSPEOn application was used as a control. Cowpea planting density and fertilization management in the experimental field were designed, according to the conditions of local planting. The area of each plot was 15 m2. Representative 2 kg cowpea and soil samples were collected randomly from each plot at 2 h, 1 d, 3 d, 5 d, 7 d, 10 d, 14 d, and 21 d after spraying. Both the cowpea and soil samples were stored in plastic bags with proper labels before being transferred to the laboratory.
For the terminal residue experiments, the emulsifier 601 was applied at dosage of 225 g/ha and 450 g/ha, respectively. Two and three applications were made with an interval of 5 d. Representative 2 kg cowpea and soil samples were collected separately from each plot at 5, 7, 10, 14, and 21 d after the last application. The mature cowpea samples were collected from the top, middle, and bottom of the shelf from each plot. All cowpea samples were cut into small pieces, homogenized and stored at −20°C until analysis. All soil samples were collected from 0 to 15 cm of the layer, dried at room temperature, ground to a powder using an electric grinder and sifted through a 2-mm sieve. All samples were packed in seal aluminum foil bags, and then stored at –20°C until analysis.
Tristyrylphenol ethoxylates (TSPEOn) analysis was performed by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) according to our previous study (1). Shimadzu Triple Quadrupole LCMS-8050 system (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) equipped with a Xbridge C18 (2.1 × 50 mm, 5 μm, Waters, Milford, MA, USA) precolumn and a Nova-Pak Silica (2.1 × 150 mm, 4 μm, Waters, Milford, MA, USA) column were used to separate the different homolog TSPEOn. The flow was kept at 0.30 mL/min. The mobile phases were 2 mM ammonium acetate water (A) and acetonitrile (B), and the gradient elution program was as follows: mobile phase B was ramped from 95 to 88% over 5 min, varied from 88 to 80% over 5.5 min, held at 80% for 2.0 min, and then increased to 95% over 0.5 min, thereby maintaining initial chromatographic condition within 7 min. The column temperature was maintained at 40°C. The injection volume was 2 μL.
Mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis was accomplished using a tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer (LCMS-8050, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) in time programmed multiple-reaction monitoring mode in positive mode. The source parameters were optimized and performed as follows: the ion source temperature (TEM) was 450°C. The base ions were the ammonium adduct ions [(M + NH4)+ or (M + 2NH4)2+]. All the MS parameters were listed in Supplementary Table 1 in supporting information. The LabSolutions software was used to acquire and analyze the data (version 5.82, Shimadzu).
The 10 g homogenized samples (cowpea and soil) were weighed into a 50-mL polypropylene centrifuge tube with a screw cap. To this, 10 mL ultrapure water (only to soil) and 10 mL acetonitrile were subsequently added. The sample tubes were vigorously vortexed for 1 min, and then ultrasound for 10 min. After that, 1 g sodium chloride and 4 g anhydrous magnesium sulfate were added, and the tube was vortexed for another 1 min and then centrifuged at 6,000 rpm for 5 min. 1 mL supernatant was transferred into a 10-mL centrifuge tube containing different purifying agents (150 mg anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and 5 mg MWCNTs for cowpea extraction and 5 mg MWCNTs, 25 mg PSA, and 25 mg C18 for soil extraction). After vertexing for 1 min, the tube was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 5 min. Finally, the resulting supernatant was filtered into an autosampler vial through a 0.22-μm membrane (Bonna-Agela Technologies Inc., Tianjin, China) for HPLC-MS/MS analysis.
The method validation results for TSPEOn in cowpea are shown in Supplementary Table 2. Recovery experiments were performed to evaluate the accuracy and precision of the method. Five replicates of spiked blank samples at three spiking levels were prepared. The recoveries of all the TSPEO homologs (n = 6–29) in cowpea ranged from 79.7 to 120%, with RSDs of 0.70–20.1%. The linearities of all the TSPEO homologs (n = 6–29) were evaluated by analyzing matrix-matched standard solutions, and the correlation coefficients (R2) were higher than 0.990. The limits of detection (LODs) and the limits of quantification (LOQs) were determined based on the signal-to-noise ratios of 3 and the lowest spiked concentration of each analyte, respectively. The LODs and LOQs for the homologs of TSPEOn were 0.001–0.14 and 0.06–5.13 μg/kg, respectively. The method validation results for TSPEOn in soil were listed in our previous research (19). The recoveries and RSDs ranged from 64.2 to 113% and 1.30 to 17.3%, respectively.
Data processing and statistical analysis
The dissipation kinetics of all 24 TSPEO homologs in cowpea and soil were estimated according to the pseudo first-order dynamics equation:
where C0 (μg/kg) and Ct (μg/kg) indicate the concentrations of TSPEO homologs and ΣTSPEOn at time 0 (d) and time t (d), k is the dissipation rate constant. The half-life (T1/2) was calculated from k by using the equation:
where NESTI is the national estimated short-term intake. HR is the highest residue concentration (μg/kg), which is obtained on the highest residue level of the terminal residue experiments. LP is the large portion consumption of cowpea (dark-colored vegetables instead) for the consumers (97.5th percentile of eaters, g/day person), and bw is the mean body weight, which is shown in Supplementary Table 3 (11). In this study, the population was divided into eight groups according to age and gender: child (≤ 11 years), youngster (12–18 years), adult (18–60 years), and elder (> 60 years) for both male and female. The consumption data of dark-colored vegetables was used instead in the dietary risk assessment, when the cowpea consumption data were unavailable. ARfD is the acute reference dose (1.67 mg/kg/d), which was determined using the lowest observed adverse effect level of 500 mg/kg/d and an uncertainty factor of 300 (4, 22).
where NEDI is the national estimated daily intake. STMR is the median residue in the terminal residue experiments (μg/kg). F is the mean daily consumption of cowpea (dark-colored vegetables instead, g/day person), as shown in Supplementary Table 3 (11), ADI is the acceptable daily intake (0.5 mg/kg/d) calculated using the no observed adverse effect level of 50 mg/kg/d and an uncertainty factor of 100 (4, 22).
Results and discussion
Dissipation of homolog tristyrylphenol ethoxylates (n = 6–29) in cowpea system
The dissipation kinetics curves of different homolog TSPEOn (n = 6–29) and ΣTSPEOn in cowpea were shown in Figure 2. The initial concentrations of TSPEOn (n = 6–29) and ΣTSPEOn deposited on cowpea samples were 23.9–2,316 μg/kg (Figures 2A–X) and 16,506 μg/kg (Figure 2Y) at 2 h after TSPEOn treatment, respectively. After 21 d, 96.1–99.8% of the initial residues of TSPEOn (n = 6–29) were dissipated. The dissipation half-lives of homolog TSPEOn (n = 6–29) and ΣTSPEOn were found to be slightly varied from 2.42 to 4.20 d, which were comparable to those in lettuce (1.82–4.34 d) and cucumber (1.80–4.30 d) in the previous studies (9, 10), indicating that all the homolog TSPEOn (n = 6–29) could be dissipated fast in these vegetables.
Figure 2. Dissipation kinetics curves of different tristyrylphenol ethoxylates (TSPEOn) [n = 6–29, (A–X)] homologs and ΣTSPEOn (Y) in cowpea in China.
Similar results were observed in the soil as shown in Figure 3. The dissipation trends of all TSPEOn (n = 6–29) and ΣTSPEOn followed pseudo first-order kinetics. After 21 d, the dissipation rates of homolog TSPEOn (n = 6–29) and ΣTSPEOn can reach 85.3–93.9% in soil, which were slightly lower than those in cowpea. The variety of dissipation rates of homolog TSPEOn (n = 6–29) in cowpea and soil might be related to several factors, including log Kow, climatic conditions, photo-degradation, microorganism biodegradation, preferential absorption, and character of soil (23–30). According to the length of ethoxylate chain, the TSPEOn has been divided into two groups, namely short-chain TSPEOn (n ≤ 16) and long-chain TSPEOn (n > 16) in this study. From Figures 2, 3, it was found that the dissipation half-lives of short-chain TSPEOn (n ≤ 16) were a little bit higher than those of long-chain TSPEOn (n > 16) in cowpea and soil. A regression analysis between the dissipation half-lives and the different homolog TSPEOn (n = 6–29) in cowpea and soil was conducted in Figures 4A,B. It was found that the dissipation half-lives of the homolog TSPEOn (n = 6–29) were significantly decreased with the increasing EO unites in TSPEOn structure in cowpea and soil, indicating that the length of EO chain would be an essential factor influencing the dissipation half-lives of TSPEOn in the cowpea ecosystem.
Figure 3. Dissipation kinetics curves of different tristyrylphenol ethoxylates (TSPEOn) [n = 6–29, (A–X)] homologs and ΣTSPEOn (Y) in soil in China.
Figure 4. Relationship between dissipation half-lives and the different homolog tristyrylphenol ethoxylates (TSPEOn) (n = 6–29) in cowpea and soil. (A) TSPEOn half-lives in cowpea, slope = –0.0632, r2 = 0.6247; (B) TSPEOn half-lives in soil, slope = –0.0644, r2 = 0.7937.
Distribution of tristyrylphenol ethoxylates in cowpea ecosystem
The terminal residues of ΣTSPEOn in cowpea are shown in Supplementary Figure 1. The terminal concentrations of ΣTSPEOn were detected and ranged from 40.0 to 1,374 μg/kg in cowpea, which increased with the incremental application frequency and dosage. The typical distributions of homolog TSPEOn (n = 6–29) at 450 g/ha after two applications in cowpea in terminal residue experiments were characterized in Figure 5, and the distributions of other terminal residue experiments were shown in Supplementary Figures 2–4. It was found that a significant bimodal profile was observed in the homolog TSPEOn (n = 6–29) distribution in cowpea. One concentration peak-value was occurred at TSPEO12 (3.04–58.3 μg/kg), and the other was observed at TSPEO22 (6.22–88.4 μg/kg).
Figure 5. Concentration distribution of homolog tristyrylphenol ethoxylates (TSPEOn) (n = 6–29) under 450 g/ha after two applications at different interval to harvest in cowpea in terminal residue experiments in China. Interval to harvest: (A) 5 d; (B) 7 d; (C) 10 d; (D) 14 d; (E) 21 d.
As shown in Figure 6, a typical normal distribution profile was presented in the commercial TSPEO mixture, but bimodal profiles were observed for TSPEOn in cowpea and soil samples. Compared with the commercial TSPEO mixture, the contributions of TSPEO homologs with short EO unites (n = 6–13) increased from 21.8 to 33.3% in cowpea and soil. All these results implied that the biotransformation would be taken place among the homologs TSPEOn (n = 6–29) in the cowpea ecosystem. However, it has been reported that the long-chain nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPEOn) can biodegraded into more lipophilic shortened EO chain NPEOn by attacking and shortening the hydrophilic part of the molecule of NPEOn under anaerobic conditions (31–34). Short-chain NPEOn presented more toxicity and persistence than long-chain nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPEOn).
Figure 6. Typical liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) chromatograms of (A) standard of commercial tristyrylphenol ethoxylates (TSPEO) homologs spiked at 1.0 mg/kg; (B) TSPEO homologs in cowpea under 450 g/ha after three applications at the interval to harvest of 10 d in terminal residues experiments; (C) TSPEO homologs in soil under 450 g/ha after three applications at the interval to harvest of 10 d in terminal residue experiments.
Risk assessment of tristyrylphenol ethoxylates in cowpea
Assessments of acute and chronic dietary intake risk for cowpea consumption are shown in Table 1. For the acute dietary intake risk, the HRs of ΣTSPEOn in cowpea samples were 1,374, 957, 560, 200, and 301 μg/kg at the interval to harvest of 5, 7, 10, 14, and 21 d, respectively. Accordingly, the aHI values for child (≤ 11 years), youngster (12–18 years), adult (18–60 years), and elder (> 60 years) were 0.04–0.30%, 0.03–0.19%, 0.02–0.15%, 0.02–0.15% for males, and 0.05–0.32%, 0.03–0.18%, 0.02–0.16%, 0.02–0.16% for females, respectively. These results indicate that there is little or no acute risk to humans.
Table 1. The acute and chronic dietary risk assessment of tristyrylphenol ethoxylates (TSPEOn) in cowpea.
For the chronic dietary intake risk, the STMRs of ΣTSPEOn in cowpea were 770, 639, 320, 144, and 103 μg/kg at the interval to harvest of 5, 7, 10, 14, and 21 d, respectively. Therefore, the HQs for child (≤ 11 years), youngster (12–18 years), adult (18–60 years), and elder (> 60 years) were 0.05–0.40%, 0.04–0.28%, 0.03–0.24%, and 0.03–0.24% for male, 0.05–0.40%, 0.04–0.27%, 0.03–0.25%, 0.03–0.25% for female, respectively, significantly lower than the acceptable risk level (100%). These results suggest that the risk of chronic dietary intake of ΣTSPEOn based on the terminal residues of different interval to harvest is acceptably low. The assessment results were coincided with the study of cucumber (10). Nevertheless, it should be noted that children are the most susceptible population to acute dietary intake risk and chronic dietary intake risk, and the impact on the health of children should be monitored in future.
In the present study, the dissipation and terminal residues of TSPEO homologs in a cowpea ecosystem were studied. The dissipation rates of all the homolog TSPEOn (n = 6–29) in cowpea were higher than in soil. The long-chain TSPEOn presented a higher dissipation rate than that of short-chain TSPEOn in the cowpea ecosystem. The fact that the typical bimodal profiles of TSPEO homologs and the noticeable increase of short TSPEOn (n = 6–13) indicated that the long-chain TSPEOn would be degraded to short-chain TSPEOn in the cowpea ecosystem. The risks of acute and chronic dietary intake of ΣTSPEOn in cowpea for general consumers in China were distinctly lower than the acceptable levels (100%). But children were the most susceptible population to acute and chronic dietary intake risks, which should be paid more attention to. This study provides proper guidance and feasibility suggestions for the TSPEOn application in pesticide formulations.
Data availability statement
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
ML: investigation, sample processing, and writing – original draft. QW: formal analysis. XL: investigation. NY: sample processing. MJ: writing – review and editing. LZ: methodology and data curation. JW: supervision. FJ: writing – review and editing and funding acquisition. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
This work was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2019YFC1604500), the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program and the Young Talents Program under Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2022.1036025/full#supplementary-material
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Keywords: tristyrylphenol ethoxylates, cowpea, soil, dissipation, risk assessment
Citation: Li M, Wang Q, Li X, Yue N, Jin M, Zheng L, Wang J and Jin F (2022) Different dissipation potential and dietary risk assessment of tristyrylphenol ethoxylates in cowpea ecosystem in China. Front. Nutr. 9:1036025. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1036025
Received: 03 September 2022; Accepted: 04 October 2022;
Published: 19 October 2022.
Edited by:Liguang Xu, Jiangnan University, China
Reviewed by:Xujin Wu, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
Zhixia Li, Southwest University, China
Copyright © 2022 Li, Wang, Li, Yue, Jin, Zheng, Wang and Jin. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Fen Jin, firstname.lastname@example.org


text:
Sometimes it's easy to overlook the basics when it comes to food. Especially week day mornings, when you don't want to even pretend to think while you're hustling children into clothes, making breakfast, getting everyone out the door on time.
Weekends though, I like to experiment when I cook. So when The Wednesday Chef posted a recipe for the perfect fried egg, I decided to try Wednesday's sunny side ups for breakfast Saturday.
And they were good.
A cinch to cook.
Tasty even for the four year old who likes all food just so.
1. Melt a lump of butter in a pan over low heat.
2. Crack your eggs into little bowls and then slide them into the pan. You can also crack them directly into the pan, but then your yolk will get bubbles in it. This might not bother you, but if you have a perfectionist in the family, or a four year old, go for the little bowls.
3. Cover your pan with a lid.
4. Leave the heat on low, and let your eggs cook for 3 to 3.5 minutes, depending on how runny you like your yolk.
5. Slide your eggs from pan to plate and enjoy!
Thanks to popular demand, I made them on Sunday too. Caroline modeled them for me this morning, along with her toast and tea.
If I'm not working or hanging out with our 10 year old while a bouncy 5 year old dances around us, there's a good chance I'll be hammering away on our piano, reading a book or trying to sketch. I live in Prague, Czech Republic and hail from the U.S. South.

domain: food


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Aims: Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a heterogenous entity leading to liver damage. We have analysed the frequency, biochemical and histological patterns and clinical courses of DILI cases due to metamizole at our tertiary care centre in Hamburg, Germany.
Methods: Consecutive patients with DILI who presented to our clinic were analysed retrospectively. Causes of acute hepatitis other than DILI were excluded.
Results: In total, 154 DILI cases were admitted to our centre from 2008 to 2017. After phenprocoumon, metamizole was the second most frequent putative agent causing DILI (23 of all 154 DILI cases, 14,9%). The biochemical pattern on admission of metamizole-induced DILI cases was hepatocellular with median levels of alanine transaminase (779 U/L, 64-3532 U/L) by far exceeding median alkaline phosphatase levels (131 U/L, 42-578 U/L). In 17 of the 23 cases (74%) liver biopsy was performed. Moderate to severe inflammatory histological activity and severe centrilobular necrosis (>30%) was present in 76.5 and 35.3%, respectively. Metamizole was involved in 2 DILI cases progressing to acute liver failure, then receiving liver transplantation and still alive at time of assessment. Our data were supported by re-exposure in 4 patients. Furthermore, a database search for metamizole-induced liver injury in the European Medicines Agency's database identified about 300 reports on suspected metamizole-induced DILI in Europe.
Conclusion: Elevation of liver enzymes or acute liver failure are not mentioned in the German drug label of metamizole as potential side effects. Our study reveals that in Germany and Europe, metamizole is a frequent and underrated agent causing DILI.
Keywords: acute liver failure; drug-induced liver injury; elevated liver enzymes; metamizole; side effects.
© 2020 The Authors. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Pharmacological Society.

domain: medical


Photo via Tonl
In the War Against My Sexuality, I Chose Truth Over Fear
Why I will not let the epidemic of homophobic violence in South Africa stop me from living openly as a queer womxn
Noxolo Mabona; Nonkie Smous; Noxolo Nogwaza Lerato Moloi; Noluvo Swelindawo; Phumeza Nkolonzi; and Zoliswa Nkonyana… this list is unfinished. While some of us know these names, countless other murdered queer people in South Africa go undocumented as victims of hate crimes. To say that "queer lives matter" in South Africa right now, is an aspiration. Black queer women are being abducted, assaulted, burnt, gang raped, stabbed, stoned, and shot. It is a war and we are being killed for not conforming to society's expectations around sexuality. Homophobia has a powerful grip on South Africa—a threat of violence that looms over personal struggles around sexuality and gender expression.
I've always thought of myself as brave and even audacious but for a long time that side of me—my queerness—existed silently, petrified of becoming a statistic. Since high school I've wrestled with feelings for other women, feelings I didn't initially recognize. With time they grew from a non-platonic fondness into what I can now call attraction. I fought myself against these feelings. I used my tyrannical will to box them deep within. I desperately hoped that if I suppressed it enough my claim to heterosexuality wouldn't be a lie. I was the battleground for a self-inflicted war against my sexuality. My resistance was in the form of a propaganda war aimed at myself.
While I was afraid of how the world would receive me, I was even more afraid of being honest to myself. I denied myself the power to self-actualise and secretly envied queer people who lived openly. I condemned myself before the world had a chance to and imagined disapproval from my family without giving them a chance.
The violence and discrimination against queer people in South Africa flows in part from our political leaders. In a 2014 sermon, Mmusi Maimane's, the leader of the Democratic Alliance referred to queer people as "sinners" and "the sick." This kind of symbolic violence can quickly manifest into physical harm. A report published by Love Not Hate in 2017 sheds a light on some experiences of queer people. The report showed that 44 percent of the community experiences many kinds of victimization; 20 percent are physically battered; and 88 percent of those crimes go unreported. There is also the 10 percent who are discriminated against at health institutions, a terrifying truth that gravely impacts their lives. Even stats like these aren't accurate because many of our stories live in the dark.
We're constantly involved in the battle for the power to safely and openly be ourselves and love who we want to. This struggle for power has left many bruised and homeless after being alienated by their families; burdened by having to stay in abusive relationships because they have nowhere else to go; and self-medicating with the hope of postponing the feelings of rejection and loneliness that they carry. Many struggle with mental illness caused by the unkindness the world has shown them. Some succumb to suicide.
Growing up, I didn't have a community of queer Black people that I felt I could relate with. I had little reference to understand Black womxn, like myself, who don't identify as heterosexual or bisexual or lesbian. This left me feeling like a strange deviant because I had transgressed from heterosexuality yet I was a homosexual misfit who wasn't familiar with the term queer at the time.
Things changed when I met someone, we'll call her X. The two of us started out as friends. Innocent conversations on Whatsapp eventually turned sex all the while assuring her, and myself, that I was "straight." Things between us fell apart mostly because I couldn't be honest with myself. In my battle with myself, I wasn't thoughtful about how my actions impacted her.
When things ended between us, something in me shifted and I no longer felt obliged to hide anymore. I can't explain it. There wasn't one big moment, but I do remember lying in bed crippled by heartbreak thinking "I don't want to muffle my truth anymore." I was yearning to free myself. What happened between me and X—and how it unfolded—forced me to stare myself down.
Now, I'm at peace with who I love and I've found the courage to stop fighting myself. I know that there will always be people who believe that homosexuality can be cured with alienation, a prayer, some treatment as well as rape and/or murder. There will always be the hurtful questions and remarks. These are things many of us will always have to navigate our way around and protect ourselves from.
And, I'd love to say that I'm not afraid anymore. Sometimes I am. But, in being honest with myself there's a calm that's found me. I've fought myself for too long to live in the dark anymore.
From Your Site Articles


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San Francisco’s Market Street Old Navy to close, company says
By Freddy Brewster
SAN FRANCISCO, Calif. - The iconic Old Navy store on Market Street in downtown San Francisco will shutter its doors on July 1 after nearly 30 years in operation, a spokesperson for Gap Inc., Old Navy’s parent company, announced on Friday.
"Since our Market Street store opened in the 1990s, the way we leverage flagship locations has changed," the company announced. "As a result, we have taken the difficult decision to close our Market Street store when the lease expires, and we are already working to identify new locations in downtown San Francisco that will better serve the needs of the business and our customers."
Old Navy’s closure comes on the heels of many other downtown San Francisco retailers shuttering its doors.
Williams Sonoma, Nordstrom, and Saks Off 5th have all announced store closings in San Francisco in the month of May.
As did Coco Republic, an upscale home furnishings provider that is leaving its three-story storefront at 55 Stockton Street after opening last fall.
Bay Area shoppers can still find Old Navy stores on Folsom Street in San Francisco, Daly City, Colma and Emeryville.

domain: geography


The Phylip Software was developed by Joe Felsenstein at the University of Washington. It is designed to take a multiple alignment and perform various phylogenetic analyses to show the evolutionary relationship between the different seqeunces.
This software is rather difficult to use. It is best used from within the GDE interface (SeqLab editor or GDE).
You need to give it a multiple alignment. The ClustalW software can save its output in Phylip format
Phylip On-Line Manual


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Shep to a new toy from our neighbor. It's a llama. I've named him Lloyd.
Screw Wegman. He takes pics of his dogs. Shep took this picture!
I was trying to line up a shot, he jumped on me and his paw landed on the phone, snapping the pic.
Sophie - always needs the attention. Dad #2, always giving it to her.
Shep at the vet. Treat at the back of the counter.
We had a really rough 12 hours with him. He's fine, but for a bit there, he is what I would call
After the vet. At home, snoozing away. This was before he started feeling worse.
Two of them.
I don't know who this guy / gal is at daycare, but I might love them.
Song by: Neil Young & Crazy Horse

domain: pet


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Our Production Music Library is composed by experienced audio professionals from germany with decades of experience in creating the right, big sound. We have composed for a big range of media like computer games (e.g. Turrican on C64, Sarakon on C64, differend Demo Groups on C64, Against Rome on PC etc…). Our music for motion picture advertising is also licensed by big production companies like Pro7 and Sat1 (TV) and leading industry companies like KIA, Hyundai and Telekom just to name a few.
We offer all of our music royalty free as we believe that this it the fairest and easiest way to license music to our customers and this is still making us to the “underdogs” in the industry. For creating our music we only use the best tools of the trade and often mix them with some live recordings.
To make licensing more easy you can simply send us an e-mail for direct licensing. We distribute our license on our own there are no retailers allowed to license our music – so you are always in touch with the composers and copyright owners.
In addition we offer our music for non-commercial use totally free of charge. Yes free music usage on Youtube, Social media and more. Just download our copyright free music via Soundcloud and you are good to go.
As epic music on a massive scale is what we like the most, we do not only produce for the industry only, but also for our fans supporting us over all the years! We are very glad and proud to have a loyal fanbase that also love to hear epic, heroic and dramatic – emotional music.

domain: artistic


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Report: The American Express OPEN State Of Women-Owned Businesses Report
This American Express OPEN publication bridges the gap between the quinquennial Survey of Business Owners conducted by the U. S. Census Bureau. The report offers an up-to-date accounting of the state of women-owned businesses in the United States in 2011. Using data from the three most recent business census surveys (1997, 2002, and 2007)—the most recent of which was just published in December 2010—this report provides estimates of the number, employment and revenues of women-owned firms as of 2011. Data are reported at the national level in total, and by industry, revenue and employment size class. Trends at the state level are also reported.
Highlights from the Executive Summary:
As of 2011, it is estimated that there are over 8.1 million women-owned businesses in the United States, generating nearly $1.3 trillion in revenues and employing nearly 7.7 million people.
Between 1997 and 2011, when the number of businesses in the United States increased by 34%, the number of women-owned firms increased by 50%—a rate 1½ times the national average.
Despite the fact that the number of womenowned firms continue to grow at a rate exceeding the national average, and account for 29% of all enterprises, women-owned firms only employ 6% of the country’s workforce and contribute just under 4% of business revenues . Further, the employment and sales growth of women-owned enterprises between 1997 and 2011 (8% and 53%, respectively) lags the national average (17% and 71%).

domain: economics


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Sexual Harassment: Not in my Community
OFF LIMITS: BUILDING SEXUAL HARASSMENT-FREE ZONES
Sexual harassment contributes to a continuum of violence against women felt throughout our culture. With the goal of preventing and eventually eliminating sexual harassment in our workplaces, schools and communities, each individual action brings us one step closer to a sexual harassment-free zone. By bringing Denim Day to your constituency, you can help accelerate change.
WHAT IS A SEXUAL HARASSMENT-FREE ZONE?
An environment where sexual harassment behavior is not tolerated. People are expected to treat each other with respect and dignity. The creation of a sexual harassment-free zone requires the support, commitment and attentiveness on the part of everyone in the community from residents and leaders, to patrons and institutions.
The Off-Limits Philosophy
Violence is learned, it can be unlearned.
Sexual harassment is preventable; it is not inevitable.
Sexism, racism and other socially sanctioned forms of violence affect interpersonal relationships.
Sexual harassment must be taken seriously.
Men and boys must be educated about accountability but not by being seen as the “enemy.”
Empowerment lies in moving through victimization, not in being stuck in it.
Ending sexual harassment is a complex process. Communities must work together, with support from our institutions, to provide a positive future for us all.
Everyone is capable of taking responsibility for creating sexual harassment-free zones at work and in other environments.
Bring Denim Day to your constituents: Action Plan
Declare your community a “sexual harassment-free zone.
BRING DENIM DAY TO YOUR Constituents
Promote Denim Day community-wide and encourage your constituents to wear denim on April 24th.
Include Denim Day messaging and announcements on your official communication plan and encourage people to wear jeans on Denim Day.
HOST A SEXUAL Violence Prevention Event
Book an event at a public space after work, during lunch or a coffee break or even a meeting to talk about sexual violence. Creating spaces for discussions to raise awareness and dispelling myths about sexual violence is central to understanding the barriers to ending sexual violence such as sexual harassment and abuse in our communities.
In Los Angeles, Peace Over Violence representatives are available as a resource; reach out for more information.
RUN A DOLLARS FOR DENIM FUNDRAISING CAMPAIGN
Dollars for Denim is a fundraising campaign that allows community leaders and elected officials to support rape prevention education and healing services for survivors by collecting donations for Peace Over Violence. To learn more visit denimdayinfo.org
Encourage your office to buy and distribute Denim Day materials like buttons and posters. Visit our online shop for details.
Contact your local rape crisis center for information on trainings, presentations, and volunteer opportunities.

domain: sociology


text:
- This event has passed.
Elsie is from Tustin, Michigan. She received her BS in Home Economics Education from Michigan State University in 1963, and taught Home Economics at the high school level for a few years, then decided it was more important to stay at home with her young children. Her quilting career began at that time as a way to add a little bit to the family income while staying at home. She learned to quilt while still in high school, at the insistence of her grandmother.
Elsie’s quilts have appeared in many national and international quilt shows, including American Quilter’s Society, National Quilting Association, National Patchwork Association, Quilt Expo Europa, Quilters Heritage Celebration, Quilt America!, International Quilters Association. They have also appeared in Quilters Newsletter Magazine, Lady’s Circle Patchwork Quilts, Quilting Today, and Traditional Quiltworks. Her article, “From Photo to Fabric: Pieced Architecture” was published in the Spring 1996 issue of The American Quilter Magazine.


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GULSHAN KHAN/AFP via Getty Images
New Research Out of South Africa Brings Us Closer To Understanding Ancient Human Species
The remains left by “Homo Naledi” informs us of their use of burial grounds, tribal paintings, and more.
South African researchers continue their journey to discover the weird and wonderful ways human beings have developed over the last hundred thousand years. Their latest achievement is in the improved understanding of how the hominin “Homo Naledi” existed, thought, and behaved. Scientists have discovered that the ancient human species partook in burial practices, and created rock paintings and carvings -- acts previously believed to be above their level of intelligence.
“It’s a remarkable thing. My mind is blown,” said famed American-South African anthropologist Lee Berger and his team, who unearthed the artifacts and published the latest findings. Homo Naledi was first discovered in 2013, but our understanding of their behaviors has only scratched the surface. The new discoveries have shown evidence of behaviors humans only exhibited 100,000 years later, and the evidence left behind leads us to believe that they were incredibly intelligent - a major blimp to the idea that bigger brains make for smarter brains.
Berger and his team first discovered the new species in 2013, while working out of the Rising Star Cave System in Africa’s Cradle of Humankind, located in Johannesburg, South Africa. Two cavers squeezed themselves into an unexplored, tight entrance to a cave, and discovered the passage littered with “human” remains. Two years later, the team of paleontologists concluded that the fossils weren’t human, after all. Based on their research, the newly discovered hominin averaged 144 centimeters (4’7 inches) tall, had smaller hands and feet, with brains compared to the size of a chimpanzee. Berger had to lose 25 pounds in order to access the 17.5 cm (7”) wide cave opening for the first time last July. In 2021, researchers found infant remains intentionally put to rest, the first sign of their cognitive abilities. A lot of the artifacts have been discovered in spaces that are impossible to find and reach, indicating Homo Naledi’s use of fire as a source of light to navigate the labyrinth-like terrain. In December 2022, Berger and his team confirmed their hypothesis as they discovered remains of hearths covered in soot and burned bones. And according to this year’s findings, the plot thickens.
Video showing researchers entering the Dinaledi caves
The team announced that they’ve observed cave engravings on the natural pillars that create the entrance to the passage of what has been deemed “Dinaledi Chamber” – the area where Homo Naledi’s fossils were first discovered. Berger saw geometric shapes and patterns deeply engraved into the cave’s dolomite stone. Dolomite is a very hard rock, and to carve into them is no small feat. “There was this moment of awe and surprise in seeing these highly recognizable symbols carved into the wall,” said Berger. “Seeing these symbols was entirely unexpected.” A preliminary report has led the team of researchers to believe that aside from the 47 people who accessed the cave for paleontological purposes, there is no evidence that suggests any species other than Homo Naledi ever inhabited it. As research continues, Berger and his team at Rising Star Cave will be able to date their findings and provide more context and understanding of our time on Planet Earth.

domain: news


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Wayne Coyne and his Flaming Lips have always had a strong penchant for elaborate concepts. The story of "7SkiesH3" sounds completely enraptured. On the occasion of Record Store Day 2011, the band had produced a limited edition of 500 pieces of a 24-hour song, which is now being released on CD for the first time, steamed down to 50 minutes. The album consists of single tracks, but they merge into each other like on "The Terror". Artrock isn't just a hollow phrase here, but it's really a work of sound art that can't easily be 'ignored', but needs openness and a long breath to be appreciated. As expected, the band is thick, often even thicker than ever before. Some sounds sound like King Crimson multiplied by Ljubljana. But "7SkiesH3" is a symphony, a Klangtsunami that washes away the performing musicians as well as the listener. All the more minimalistic are the structures. Songan movements rarely peel out of the rhythm skeletons and sound carpets. The only thing that counts from the first to the last note is the continuous process.
Top track: In A Dream

domain: entertainment


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Christmas Countdown Calendar - City Sidewalk
Countdown Calendars ship for free in the US and just $5 everywhere else!
Format | Single page XL art print with sticker sheet (+ instructions). Hanger sold separately
Format | For 25 days leading up to Christmas, place a sticker on each day to reveal a hand-painted scene.
Size | 20" x 30"
Origin| Made in the USA
Product Type | Countdown Calendar
Title | Christmas Countdown Calendar - City Sidewalk
Ships rolled in tube.
Can be used with wooden rails (recommended) or custom XL Calendar hanger.


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« PreviousContinue »
did for the Lake country what Tennyson did for southern England and the Fenland. But Wordsworth did not do this part of his work with as much specialised power as Tennyson.
This is the first thing to say of his landscape. The second concerns his invented landscape, but this will be more fitly treated of in the chapter on the Classical poems.
Meanwhile, Tennyson began two new kinds of poetry in this book of 1833. The first was the treatment of moral questions under the symbolism of poetry. of this symbolic poetry he afterwards produced a few examples. The Vision of Sin, made in 1842, is one. There is a dream in In Memoriam which may be said to be another example. Within the main allegory of the Idylls of the King there are other examples to be found. The dream in Sea Dreams is another. Of these there are not many, for this species of poetry, which embodies a moral problem in a highly ornamented vision, is as exceedingly difficult to do well, as it is exceedingly easy to do badly. When Tennyson did it, he gave all his powers to it, and was not content till he had wrought it, by change after change, into the most careful and skilful finish. There is only one poem in this volume of 1833 which is in this manner. It is The Palace of Art, and it stands out clear—a new thing, a fresh effort.
As we read it in the volume of 1833, it has many weak lines.
So far as composition goes, it is often
. Often we say to ourselves, “Would this were better." But as we read it in the volume of 1842, when it had received eight years of recasting
and polishing, it is one of the most perfect of Tennyson's poems. To compare the first draft of this poem with the second, or to compare the first draft of Enone with the second, is not only to receive a useful lesson in the art of poetry-it is also to understand, far better than by any analysis of his life, a great part of Tennyson's character ; his impatience for perfection, his steadiness in pursuit of it, his power of taking pains, the long intellectual consideration he gave to matters which originated in the emotions, his love of balancing this and that form of his thought against one another, and when the balancing was done, the unchangeableness of his acceptance of one form, and of his rejection of another; and finally, correlative with these qualities, his want of impulse and rush in song, as in life-English, not Celtic at all. These qualities appear in his elaborate recasts of his poems, and when we compare the recasts with their originals, the man, as well as the artist, seems to grow before us into actual being.
But, returning to the poem, it marks the first rising in his mind of thought on the graver questions of life ; not thought on the world around him, or on any question as it affects humanity, but on a question concerning himself and his duty as an artist. “ Shall I love art and beauty which I shape in art for the sake of art alone, beauty for beauty only ; knowledge only for the sake of the beauty it brings to me? Shall I live, apart from the world of men, and work with no desire to help, exalt or console the blind and ugly herd of men ?" This is a question that we ask in the present day, and some answer, “Yes, beauty only, beauty
for its own sake-art without any aim of love in it-art in isolation from mankind !" And they retire to a sheltered solitude and sing their song alone, refusing to hear, behind their hushed tapestries, the cry of human sorrow for human love. What is their fate? They lose love, for love is only gained by loving; and they lose the beauty they desired to grasp, for beauty is the child of love. Outside the power of loving man, no beauty lasts. And finally, having none to love, and therefore nothing to take them out of themselves, they are wholly thrown on themselves. Their only companion is their self, and this is absolute horror and dismay.
This, then, was his subject, and he puts it in the Introduction. I write, he says, a sort of allegory of a soul that loved beauty only, and good and knowledge only for their beauty, and who shut out Love :
And he that shuts out Love, in turn shall be
It is a good subject for an essay or a sermon, but when an artist seizes it as the subject of a poem it must first be filled with human passion ; and secondly it must be ornamented with lovely images. Passion is given to it by Tennyson by making the soul a person who goes through pride to dreadful pain, and through pain into repentance. Beauty is given to it by the description of the palace which embodies all the various arts and wisdom of the world in imaginative symbolism. And surely no more superb and lovely house was
ever built by the wit of man. Take two verses out of many :
Four courts I made-east, west, and south and north,
In each a squarèd lawn, wherefrom
A flood of fountain-foam.
Of cloisters, branch'd like mighty woods,
Of spouted fountain-floods.
The vowels roll and ring, and the ornament is lovely—ornament which Tennyson takes care to introduce between his successive representations of the state of the soul. The whole palace is dedicated to loveliness. The rooms are filled with the great painters' art ; all fair landscape is there, and pictures of great romance from Christian history, from Arabia, India, Greece, and Rome ; portraits of the great poets; and on the floors, in choicely planned mosaic, is wrought the human tale of the wide world's history; while all philosophy and knowledge—in the chiming bells, and in melodies and in the lights that lit the domes -were heard and realised. There lived the soul alone unto herself.
And "while the world runs round and round," I said,
* I have quoted the passages in this poem from the revised version of 1842.
No poem of Tennyson's underwent more revision.
Then comes the punishment, full of human interest, and wrought with an emotion which lifts it above the level of mere symbolism. Despair, confusion of mind, fear and hatred of solitude, selfscorn, terrible silence, hatred of life and death, entombment in fire within, fell on her. At last she cried :
" What is it that will take away my sin
And save me lest I die?"
And out of the repentant cry came escape from
• Make me a cottage, in the vale,' she said,
for 'love is of the valley,' and when love is learned I will return to my palace; for when I love, and return with others there, bringing all I love with me to enjoy with me—the beauty which turned to corruption when I was alone will live again in glory."
This is Tennyson's confession of the duties of


Since forming a few years back, The Shout have been quick to make an impression and become one of Belfast’s brightest acts, earning an accolade or two along the way.
They were initially brought to our attention via their debut release WRITE-DELETE-REPEAT and we were pretty impressed, so we were more than happy to indulge in their music once again in the form of a new EP entitled Nowhere To Go But Home.
The record delivers exactly what it promises – an assortment of high-octane tracks featuring fun, full-blown choruses chocked with lyrics that are easy to latch onto, whilst being driven by blistering melodies; all topped off with a blend of spirited harmonies, ravishing riffs and catchy, charging rhythm sections.
With only 3 tunes on offer clocking in at 12 minutes total, it does fall a little on the short side, but regardless of that fact, it gives us what we want, leaving more than enough of an impact for listeners to go back and relish in it again and again.
An ideal starting point for newcomers to get an introduction to one of the most exciting rock groups to emerge from Northern Ireland in recent memory.


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chocolate stick jam center core filled snacks food making machine
1. Product introduction
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Whole processing line consist of Mixer , extruder , core-filling , shaping , cutting , oven dryer .
3. Technology parameter
core filled snacks
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Jinan Eagle Food Machinery Co., Ltd located in Qijia Industrial Zone, Daqiao Road, Licheng district, Jinan city, capital of Shandong province.
We are professional manufacture offood extrusion production systems. The production process from technical drawing, welding, drilling, Lathe turning, measuring,
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Explore QEOP's past, present and future at London Festival of Architecture 2022
London Festival of Architecture (LFA) is a month-long celebration of architecture and city-making, taking place every June across London. The programme features over 400 events that explore the theme of ‘Act’ and invite the audience to reflect on how we should act in the face of the climate emergency, social injustice, and the needs of a changing society, as well as how we can act for ourselves, each other, and our cities.
Destinations for LFA’s 2022 programme include the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park (QEOP), where in September of 2023, London College of Fashion, UAL will be moving into our new building on East Bank, a new development for London prioritising culture, education, and innovation. Read more about LCF’s move on Canvas.
This year, QEOP celebrates the 10-year anniversary of the London 2012 Olympic Games. LFA 2022 will celebrate the area’s creative past, present, and future, and showcase different local stories championing creativity and urban innovation at all scales.
From ‘Art in the Park – a walking tour of the Park’s public artworks art and social history' to ‘Wild Ways’ and the ‘Power of Plants’ exploring the park’s biodiverse landscapes, the LFA free events have something for all ages, celebrating the area’s creative past, present, and future including the legacy of the Olympic Games. Take your friends and family and explore what the park has to offer.


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JACKSON – When the Falcon’s needed a playmaker, senior point guard Laquain Foster answered the call. Foster turned in 27 points in Ingomar’s 67-54 win over Montgomery County on Tuesday, finding runs in a game full of them to outlast the Hornets quietly creeping towards overtaking the lead. Ingomar jumped out ahead early, posting a […]
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JACKSON -When the shots counted the most they fell for West Union who held on for a 57-55 win in overtime against Bogue Chitto on Wednesday. The Lady Eagles led for the duration of the 32 regulation minutes with the Bobcats managing three ties in the final seconds of play. Zariah Matthews earned the shot […]
JACKSON – Ingomar’s young Lady Falcons squad reached another milestone on Wednesday, nabbing their first win inside Mississippi Coliseum with a 81-37 final over the Sebastopol Lady Bobcats. The victory marked the thirtieth win for the 2014-2015 season while also guaranteeing the Falcons a game on March 9 in the Class 1A girls semi-finals. Sebastopol […]
INGOMAR – Late in the fourth quarter, Ingomar trailed Coldwater in the first round of the Class 1A state playoffs. Not only did the Falcons need a big play, they needed someone to step up and lead the team. They got both in senior Laquain Foster, who turned a turnover earned by Ingomar’s defense into […]
OKOLONA – East Union started out hot on Tuesday, sinking five three-pointers in the opening minutes of their Class 2A playoff game, but the Urchins came up short losing 70-55 to the Okolona Chieftains. East Union’s 17-16 lead at the end of the first quarter was led by the efforts of Hunter Nobles, who earned […]
Hickory Flat’s playoff run ended on Tuesday as the Rebels lost 80-64 to John F. Kennedy High School in the Hornets’ second half comeback. Rebels leading scorers Randtail Isom and Hunter Mason both posted double-doubles in their final game. Isom scored 29 points and earned 10 rebounds, while Mason added 23 points and 10 rebounds. […]
New Albany gained a narrow 53-52 victory on Tuesday, defeating Greenwood in the opening round of the Class 4A state playoffs. “I feel that our offensive execution and our kids’ willingness to match their (Greenwood) physicality on both ends of the court were definitely the keys to the win,” New Albany coach Brad Gray said. […]
BY DENNIS CLAYTON ASHLAND – Ingomar’s Lady Falcons rallied in the second half to win the Division 2-1A tournament championship on Saturday, defeating Ashland 45-35. Ingomar trailed 27-20 with 4:05 left in the third quarter, but the Lady Falcons went on a 25-8 run to close the game and take the win. “We did have […]
(B) Ingomar 71, Coldwater 65 Ingomar rallied from a 63-56 deficit, going on a 15-2 run to close the contest and win in the first round of State 1A playoffs on Tuesday. The game featured 10 lead changes plus numerous ties, with the largest lead only being seven points. Ingomar held an early lead by […]
The blast of winter weather forced the postponement of the Girls North playoffs scheduled on Monday for four Union County area teams. All of the contests are rescheduled for Wednesday, weather permitting. Here is a listing of the games and the rescheduled dates and times: Wednesday, February 25 6:00 – Mound Bayou JFK at Ingomar […]
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text:
Have you ever heard that a recipe has its dedicated day? Well, if not, then we have one recipe for you that is so popular in Odisha, it has a dedicated day called Rasagola Dibasa. We are talking about the deliciously toothsome and sugary Rasgulla!
A popular Bengali sweet – rasgulla, is one of the most loved and adored sweets all over Indian and around the globe. There are mainly two types of rasgulla – spongy ones and non-spongy ones.
Toothsome Rasgulla Recipe
This traditional Indian milk-based sweet is made with chenna. Chenna is the reason why it has this creamy and spongy texture. The sugar syrup will infuse the sweetness we all love! This dessert is served immediately after lunch or dinner.
Making chenna is easy as you will need to add food acids such as lemon juice into cow or buffalo milk. Lots of Bengali sweets are made using chenna, and you will find the same process for other Bengali sweets as well.
Be it Malpua, Gulab Jamun, Jalebi, or even Balushahi – no Indian sweet can hold a candle against the juiciness and deliciousness of rasgulla! So, let’s see how you can make this recipe at home!
Prep Time: 15 minutes
Cooking Time: One hour
Servings: 8 servings
- 4-liter milk
- 3 cup sugar
- Two teaspoons rose water
- 1/3 cup and two teaspoon lime juice
- 6 cup water
- Two tablespoons all-purpose flour
- Four teaspoons green cardamom
Method to Prepare
- Add two liters of full-cream milk into a heavy-bottomed pan. Boil it. When it comes to a boil, reduce the heat and add two teaspoons of lemon juice.
- The milk will take some time to curdle, and you may need to add some more lemon juice. Once the milk curdles, keep the heat low and boil for another 4 minutes. Your chenna will be separated.
- Now, switch off the flame. You will see the green whey and the chenna separate from the water and stand out as small chunks.
- Let the liquid cool for 15 minutes. Now, take a muslin cloth and strain the chenna away from the whey. Wash the chenna with running water to get rid of the smell of lemon.
- You can use this whey in soups and stews or curries as it is full of nutrition.
- Now, tie the muslin cloth. Once the chenna is cool, squeeze extra water and let it hang for some more time. Avoid sliding it into the refrigerators as it will make the chenna rubbery.
- Now, take a pan and heat water in it. We will be preparing sugar syrup now. When the water comes to a boil, throw in sugar and let it simmer on low heat.
- Check the syrup after 9 or 10 minutes by taking a drop of syrup in a spoon. If it shows you one string, then your syrup is ready.
- Add the juice of half a lemon to prevent the syrup from granulating later.
- Also, add Gulab Jal and cardamom powder. Switch off the gas. Take out the chenna from the muslin cloth and keep rubbing it with your hand.
- Rub it enough so that you get a smooth texture and start releasing a little oil. Add all-purpose flour into it.
- Once it is smooth and lighter in texture, make small-sized balls and keep them aside. Meanwhile, heat sugar syrup till it reaches a boiling point.
- Now, add the small rasgulla one by one into the sugar syrup, ensuring there is enough space in the pan. Boil them for 8 minutes on low heat. Avoid stirring.
- Now, close the cover and let the rasgulla simmer for 7 minutes. When you open the lid, you will see swelled up rasgulla swimming in the sugar syrup.
- Switch off the flame and allow them to cool.
- Enjoy them warm or cold!
Never made Rasgulla before? No need to worry; you will love this super quick and easy Rasgulla recipe. Adored by all – this Rasgulla Recipe is made using fresh paneer and dipped in sugar syrup. You just cannot resist having more than one!


Police told to beef up reports of hate crime
Not only is there under-reporting, but attacks on groups such as goths and punks should be included
Sunday 15 June 2014
Only one in seven hate crimes is recorded by police forces and they need to drive up the number of cases they are dealing with, according to new guidance to officers.
Too many hate crimes go unreported, says the report by the College of Policing. Of the 278,000 hate crimes that occur annually in England and Wales, just 43,927 were recorded by police in 2012-13, it states. Forces need to "improve recognition of those crimes that are reported" and "close the gap of under-reporting".
Police record hate crimes against people on the grounds of disability, race, religion, sexual orientation or gender-identity. But the new operational guidance states that there are "many other groups in society who have been targeted with hostility and crime" and it is "essential" that the focus on the five main groups "is not used to deny the existence of other hate crimes".
The report comes as an academic study warns that attacks on "alternative" groups such as goths bear close similarities to those on established victims of hate crimes. The study warns that the targeting of goths, among others, "is a bigger problem than people think" and creates a "climate of fear" among those affected.
The College of Policing guidance, the first for a decade, states: "Every effort should be made to increase reporting and recording of hate crimes. Increased reporting will help to identify serial offenders, bring more offenders to justice and improve community confidence in the police."
Hate crimes are "far more prevalent than official statistics suggest. Proportionately, they are more likely to be directed against the person than non-hate crimes, and they tend to be experienced repeatedly," according to Dr Nathan Hall, of Portsmouth University's Institute of Criminal Justice Studies, in a foreward to the guidance. "Hate crimes can have a greater emotional impact on the victim than comparable non-hate crimes, and can cause increased levels of fear and anxiety that can also permeate through wider communities."
Last year, Greater Manchester Police became the first force in the country to treat attacks on goths and other "alternative subcultures" as hate crime – in response to a campaign by the Sophie Lancaster Foundation, set up in memory of a young girl murdered in Bacup, Lancashire, in 2007. Sophie and her boyfriend were targeted for being goths and brutally attacked on their way home one night. The 20-year-old suffered horrific head injuries and never regained consciousness.
Amid mounting pressure on forces to take a wider approach, Warwickshire Police and West Mercia Police recently announced that their definition of hate crime now includes goths, punks, emos and others who live an alternative lifestyle and are victimised because of the way they look.
Verbal abuse, intimidation, threats and violent assaults are suffered by goths, according to a new study. The research, published in the British Journal of Criminology next month, draws on in-depth interviews with victims across England.
"The nature and impact of such experiences, we argue, bear comparison with key facets of hate crime. Such evidence informs and underlines the importance of conceptual arguments about whether hate crime can or should be extended beyond recognised minority groups," says the study by researchers from the University of Surrey. Victims are "targeted primarily on the basis of what they appear to represent".
But researchers cite the fear factor upon hearing of attacks on others as the "most striking" similarity with other hate-crime victims, with a "sense among participants that the victim could have been them... They may potentially be at risk in the future."
They conclude that "the targeting of goths and alternatives show[s] a number of similarities with the experiences of established hate-crime victim groups".
Dr Jon Garland, co-author of the study and a criminologist at the University of Surrey, told The IoS: "It's a bigger problem than people think, it affects people's lives more than people think, and it also affects the community as well."
Superintendent Paul Giannasi, the Association of Chief Police Officers' hate-crime spokesperson, said: "We would welcome a broader approach to hate crime where appropriate."
He added: "Some forces choose to include attacks on the elderly as a hate crime, while others have identified local hostility towards 'alternative subcultures' such as goths and punks."
Five-year-old Iris Grace is raising awareness of autism through her extraordinary paintings
Car tax disc changes: Five facts you never knew about your (almost obsolete) tax disc
Isis an hour away from Baghdad - with no sign of Iraq army being able to make a successful counter-attack
Car tax disc changes: Two days to go - and they affect you much more than just not displaying a piece of paper
The Aral Sea: Nasa pictures show how what was once the fourth largest lake in the world has become almost completely dry
Isis, we are told, is a 'clear and dangerous threat to our way of life'. I’m sorry, but I just don’t buy it
Exclusive: 'Putin's Russia has been my biggest regret,' says Nato's outgoing Secretary General
The Osborne Ultimatum: Chancellor’s benefits freeze bombshell will affect ten million households
There’s no excuse for Dave Lee Travis’s behaviour, but we need to keep a sense of proportion
Should gay sex be illegal? 16% of Britons think so
Mark Reckless becomes second Tory MP to defect to Ukip in a month
- 1 Sainsbury's '50p challenge' poster telling staff to encourage customers to spend more placed in shop window instead of staff room
- 2 Five-year-old Iris Grace is raising awareness of autism through her extraordinary paintings
- 3 HeForShe campaign: Iceland to follow up Emma Watson speech with UN women's rights conference – for men only
- 4 Car tax disc changes: Two days to go - and they affect you much more than just not displaying a piece of paper
- 5 Teenagers irritable because early school hours mess with their biological clocks
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text:
Both PUT and POST can be used for creating.
You have to ask "what are you performing the action to?" to distinguish what you should be using. Let's assume you're designing an API for asking questions. If you want to use POST then you would do that to a list of questions. If you want to use PUT then you would do that to a particular question.
Great both can be used, so which one should I use in my RESTful design:
You do not need to support both PUT and POST.
Which is used is left up to you. But just remember to use the right one depending on what object you are referencing in the request.
- Do you name your URL objects you create explicitly, or let the server decide? If you name them then use PUT. If you let the server decide then use POST.
- PUT is idempotent, so if you PUT an object twice, it has no effect. This is a nice property, so I would use PUT when possible.
- You can update or create a resource with PUT with the same object URL
- With POST you can have 2 requests coming in at the same time making modifications to a URL, and they may update different parts of the object.
Used to modify and update a resource
POST /questions/<existing_question> HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com/
Note that the following is an error:
POST /questions/<new_question> HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com/
If the URL is not yet created, you should not be using POST to create it while specifying the name. This should result in a 'resource not found' error because
<new_question>does not exist yet. You should PUT the
<new_question>resource on the server first.
You could though do something like this to create a resources using POST:
POST /questions HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com/
Note that in this case the resource name is not specified, the new objects URL path would be returned to you.
Used to create a resource, or overwrite it. While you specify the resources new URL.
For a new resource:
PUT /questions/<new_question> HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com/
To overwrite an existing resource:
PUT /questions/<existing_question> HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com/

domain: design


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text:
Gloucester City council invest £13.4million into regeneration by Shaun Moore | Gloucester News Centre - http://gloucesternewscentre.co.uk/
Gloucester City Council’s budget for the coming financial year includes allocations for improving nature reserves, enhancing play areas in the city and regenerating the city centre.
The 2017/18 money plan, which will be discussed in February’s full council meeting, includes investment into regeneration and improving the nature reserves in the city.
Following a six week public consultation last year, which saw 263 residents and businesses respond, the budget allocates a total £13.5million investment into regenerating and improving the city.
Earlier this year the city council started the £6.4million regeneration of Gloucester’s bus station. Previously unused buildings, such as Albion House and The Fleece Hotel, have also been injected with cash to make them usable.
This regeneration is set to continue throughout 2017/18 with more than £5million being invested into the regeneration of Kings Quarter.
The public told the council that the waste collection and recycling services, quickly followed by the street cleaning and litter collection, are amongst the most important services provided.
The new recycling service that was successfully launched last month has seen the council invest £1.9million in new vehicles. By collecting these extra materials recycling has been made easier and will increase by up to five per cent, in turn making savings in the region of £300,000 per year.
However, councils across the country are facing some of the toughest financial times in decades.
Part of the plans to reach £2.6million savings by 2021/2022, the council tax for band D properties will see an annual £5 increase.
Due to the high levels of further savings required the ‘Together Gloucester’ project has been launched which is tasked with delivering £1m of savings in 2017/18.
This project will focus on making appropriate changes to how the council works as an organisation whilst protecting front line services as much as possible.
The council will continue to work with other councils and partners to see where services can be shared.
Cllr Dave Norman, cabinet member for performance and resources at Gloucester City Council, said: “We really appreciate all the feedback we received, it’s essential for us to see what residents and businesses think our priorities should be.
“We’ve listened to your feedback and prioritised investment into regenerating the city, making it an even better place to live, work and play.
“I’ve said before that this has been one of our toughest budgets yet. We’ve been challenged with having to make significant savings, we’re confident that this budget plan tackles those issues in the most efficient way possible.
Gloucester News Centre – http://gloucesternewscentre.co.uk
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domain: politics


text:
Meaning of Organic Farming :
Lets understand the meaning of Organic Farming and what is it actually. In this modern Organic Farming there has been use of ecologically based pest controls and biological fertilizers and it is derived from animal and plant wastes and nitrogen-fixing cover crops.
It is an alternative agricultural system which has been originated early in the 20th Century. This Farming system is adopted in Australia. In Australia they use the near about 70 million hectares land for it.
Today this farming adopted in response to the protect the environment harm by more uses of Chemical Pesticides and synthetic fertilizers. In this farming there are numerous ecological benefits. By this farming method crops production are very healthy in comparison to conventional farming.
Organic products are very helpful to prevent the disease like Cancer. We can say Modern Organic Farming is adopted by many farmers and also by home makers in home Gardens too. I personally observed that some of my friends are using their vacant space for this and are producing organic vegetables and other plants too.
The Chemicals which is using in Conventional Farming is causes of disease like cancer, pollution and degradation of soil, water and we can see chemical impact on domestic animals too.
Organic Farming is a big revolution in the farming field. It is noticeable, in the this technique of farming soil remains healthy and any damage by chemical fertilizers is hardly noticeable. Technique use for cultivation of plants and rear of animals in natural way.
In modern Farming process involves the biological materials and avoids the synthetic substances to maintain the soil fertility. This Farming is Eco friendly and it minimize the pollution and wastage. In other words we can say in organic farming the method which is use is involves the growing and healthy crops without the use of synthetic based fertilizers and pesticides.
This farming relies and keep the balance of ecological agricultural principles like crop rotation, organic waste and biological pest control etc. In Organic farming the use of pesticides and fertilizers are natural and in this modern system farmers avoids the use of various petrochemical fertilizers and pesticides.
To achieve the goal of modern Farming’s There is an international organization – “International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM)” established in 1972.
Simply we can define “In Organic Farming the system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems, people’s and pet animal’s health. Organic agriculture is a combination of tradition and scientific way to benefit the environment and quality of life.
It is an environmentally and socially responsible approach.
Production in India :- According to the World or Organic 2018 Report, India is having 30 percent producer in the world.
Organic products which is grow under an agriculture system without the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
According to (2017-18) report India produced around 1.70 million MT of certified organic products. It includes all varieties of food products and commodities –
- Medicinal Plants
- Dry Fruits
- Oil seeds
- Sugar crops
- Cereals and Millets
- Fiber crops
- Herbal and Aromatic plants
- Spices and Condiments
This is a method of farming that works at grass root level and preserve the reproductive and regenerative capacity of the soil. Organic Farming’s method is a good plant nutrition, sound soil management, produces high nutritious food and rich in vitality which prevent us from many diseases.
It is not limited to the edible sector but it is also produces organic products also.
Among all of the states Madhya Pradesh is the largest producer in the field of organic farming products followed by Maharashtra, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan.
If you liked this article show us love by leaving a comment below. You can also share this article on social media to your friends and family. Please subscribe so that you can get updates and articles delivered directly to your mailbox.

domain: agronomy


text:
Exciting entertainment for children 4-9 accompanied by adult
*Children's authors Jeanne Harvey and Amy Novesky selling and reading from their creative stories.
*Puppylocks and the 3 Bear by internationally accalimed Magical Moonshine Theater will engage children
* Heather's Magic Show featuring musical interludes including a straight jacket escape, a large linking ring act, and butterflies dancing in the air
*a visit with Santa and photo op for adults
*cookies and juice
Send check for $25 per person to: Sally Knorp at 1000 Trinity Dr. Menlo Park, CA 94025. Please include your email or phone number for confirmation.


BALTIMORE (WJZ) — October is right around the corner and that means it’s pumpkin spice season.
Chances are you’ve noticed that pumpkin spice has become so popular over the years that you’re likely to find it just about everywhere this fall, from scented candles to your cup of coffee.READ MORE: Rise In Teen Girls With 'Tic-Like' Behaviors Could Be Linked To TikTok, Doctors Say
But did you know there’s a science behind the popularity of this scent and flavor? Researchers say it has to do with your sense of smell and, of course, a healthy dose of nostalgia.
“It is associated with lots of positive memories that we probably have from growing up and family Thanksgivings and other kinds of fall seasonal stuff,” Johns Hopkins University doctoral candidate Sarah Cormiea said.
Researchers tell WJZ the scents of those spices — cinnamon, nutmeg and ginger — trigger warm feelings for the fall season that people tend to find comforting and irresistible.
“Smell has that special access to our memories like that and the fact that we get bombarded with pumpkin spice this time of year, it really starts to lock in those associations and keep those vivid connections going for us,” said Jason Fischer, assistant professor of psychological and brain services at Johns Hopkins University.READ MORE: Two Men Shot At Severn Basketball Court
The allure of pumpkin spice isn’t lost on coffee shops, whether they’re mom-and-pop shops or chains with locations across the country.
There’s such a high demand for the flavor, Dunkin’ rolled out its pumpkin spice-flavored items last month, which is earlier than the company has launched them in years past.
“Everyone just loves and looks forward to pumpkin everything,” Colleen Krygiel, a field marketing manager for Dunkin’, told WJZ.
But you don’t have to take the experts’ word for it. Just ask some of the people who clamor for pumpkin spice in their lives.
“It tastes like happiness, happiness and memories and good vibes,” resident Dominic Williams said.MORE NEWS: Maryland Weather: Warm With A Chance Of Storms
The good news for Williams and other fans? Pumpkin spice is here to stay for awhile. Dunkin’ will have its pumpkin spice products available through the end of the year.


Protect your hard floors from stains and scratches with the Circles area rug. It has a flame retardant and mildew resistant make. This rug is machine woven with 100% polypropylene for durability and softness. Its medium pile construction makes it a good choice for almost any room in the house. Available in standard sizes. Professional rug cleaning recommended.
- Features: Indoor
- Rug Construction: Machine Woven
- Rug Material: Polypropylene ( 100 %)
- Protective Qualities: Flame Retardant, Mildew Resistant
- Care and Cleaning: Shake or Vacuum to Remove Loose Dirt, Professional Rug Cleaning Recommended, Use Rug Pad, Blot Spills Promptly
- Pile Type: Medium Pile (Less than 1")
- Warranty Description: 30 Day Limited Manufacturer Warranty


text:
Editor Nicole Krawcke firstname.lastname@example.org
The ranking by Congressional Quarterly Press is announced amid two armed robberies in Canton Township in the past few weeks.
Todd Mutchler to take over for retiring Patrick Nemecek at start of year.
Michigan State Police released the sketch of a man they said tried to lure a 10-year-old boy into his pickup truck with candy in Salem Township.
Wixom resident Raulie Wayne Casteel, appearing via video link, was arraigned Friday on charges relating to Oct. 16 shootings in Wixom.
Wixom resident Raulie Wayne Casteel was arraigned Wednesday afternoon on charges relating to one of 24 shootings that took place last month along the interstate corridor; more charges are expected.
Wixom resident arrested, police say prosecutors reviewing case.
Daylight Saving Time ends early Sunday morning, and State Fire Marshal Richard Miller is encouraging residents to keep fire safety in mind while turning back clocks this weekend.
Awareness, Public Safety
If one simple thing could save a life, would you do it? How about not texting while behind the wheel? Patch editors in Michigan are joining with AT&T in pledging that 'It Can Wait.' Here's why.
The following information was provided by the Plymouth Township Police Department. Arrests do not indicate convictions.
The following information was provided by the Canton Township and Plymouth Township police departments. Arrests do not indicate convictions.
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text:
This week we caught up with Dramacube actor Finn Bralow who has been nominated at this years’ Richmond Arts Swan Awards.
Finn congratulations on receiving your nomination for the Richmond Arts Swan Awards in the category of Best Boy Performer aged 14 and under.
Which show were you nominated for and which role did you play?
The show was Elf the Musical JR and I’ve been nominated for the role of Michael.
Being nominated for Best Boy Performer is a huge achievement. Can you explain how you prepared for the role and what you did to create your character?
He’s a comedy part and uses sarcasm. I thought about his relationship with his dad and that he didn’t care.
Playing a principle role often requires lots of line learning. What techniques did you use to learn your lines and can you offer any top tips?
Everyday we would practice lines and talk about the best way to deliver them. We listened to the music in the car for a 5 hr drive to Cornwall. I practiced one line without the script until I learnt it and then I learnt the next line until I knew all my lines, then my family helped me with my cues.
Did you have many songs to learn in the show and which was your favourite?
I had quite a few songs to learn but my favourite was ‘I’ll believe in you’.
What did you enjoy most about the rehearsal process?
I enjoyed how the rehearsals were really fun and active.
What did you enjoy most about performing at Hampton Hill Theatre?
I liked the really warm feeling in my heart when I performed.
Well done again for receiving your nomination and we wish you the very best of luck at the Swan Awards ceremony.


With so many dramas these days built around bad behavior — the worse the better, it seems — it's a downright anomaly to come across a genuinely compelling story about ordinary people trying to do their best. All the more reason to appreciate the understated delicacy of "See Rock City," the second in playwright Arlene Hutton's "Nibroc" trilogy about a couple from rural Kentucky trying to cope with marital and societal upheaval during World War II and its aftermath.
Rubicon Theatre Company in Ventura reunites the cast and director from its stellar production of the first installment, "Last Train to Nibroc," with equally impressive results.
Lily Nicksay and Erik Odom reprise their roles as May and Raleigh, a serious-minded would-be missionary and an affable aspiring writer in their early 20s, whose best-laid plans were derailed by their chance meeting on a cross-country train ride.
Familiarity with their gently comic but unsentimental romantic ups and downs in the previous two-hander is helpful but not essential. Hutton's skillful scripting and the charming intimacy between the two actors brings us up to speed with the couple's relationship in the opening few minutes.
Now married and back living with May's family in eastern Kentucky, their story deepens even as it darkens amid the final convulsive year of the war in Europe, as they face new adult responsibilities and obstacles to their dreams of a bigger life.
Pitch-perfect staging by Katharine Farmer once again frames Hutton's deceptively simple, character-based style (reminiscent of Horton Foote's portraits of everyday life at their naturalistic best). Subtextual themes run closer to the surface this time around, as May runs up against the limits of career opportunities made possible by a wartime economy without an accompanying change in cultural norms. The medical condition that prompted Raleigh's military discharge — and set up the first play's whimsical concluding misunderstanding — is now a more serious obstacle to fulfilling his own ambitions.
Furthering our insight into May and Raleigh's contrasting natures and goals, Hutton brings their respective mothers onstage: one a gracious nurturing bedrock (Sharon Sharth), the other a bluntly dour pessimist (Clarinda Ross), both impeccably portrayed and each playing a pivotal part in the play's hard-hitting cliffhanger. Fortunately, the Rubicon has already announced the concluding chapter for its next season.
"See Rock City," Rubicon Theatre, 1006 E. Main St., Ventura. 2 and 7 p.m. Wednesdays, 8 p.m. Thursdays and Fridays, 2 and 8 p.m. Saturdays, 2 p.m. Sundays. Ends Feb. 14. $25-$54. (805) 667-2900 or www.rubicontheatre.org. Running time: 1 hour, 35 minutes.


text:
A picturesque picnic spot, just off Oxley Highway, makes Tia Falls lookout and picnic area an ideal stop over on a long drive. Located on the south western edge of Oxley Wild Rivers National Park, it’s a great introduction to the rugged wilderness of the gorge country.
Check out the beautiful scenic view from Tia Falls lookout. The kids will love the waterfall, especially after big rains, which is when you might see rainbows. Unroll the picnic blanket or spark up the barbecue for a lunch under the trees. If you feel like stretching your legs, there are plenty of options to suit all the family, including the easy Tia Falls walk, which offers a closer view of the falls, or the longer Tiara walking track.
**To keep visitors safe ALL camping in NSW national parks now requires a booking. For day visitors, please plan ahead and visit outside of peak periods (11am and 2pm). Check park alerts and visit COVID-19 updates for more information before visiting any park – www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au **

domain: travel