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Failure of Neuroprotection Despite Microglial Suppression by Delayed-Start Myeloperoxidase Inhibition in a Model of Advanced Multiple System Atrophy: Clinical Implications
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Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disease. Post-mortem hallmarks of MSA neuropathology include oligodendroglial α-synuclein (αSYN) inclusions, striatonigral degeneration, olivopontocerebellar atrophy, and increased microglial activation that accompanies the wide spread neurodegeneration. Recently, we demonstrated upregulation of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in activated microglia and provided evidence for the role of microglial MPO in the mediation of MSA-like neurodegeneration (Stefanova et al. Neurotox Res 21:393–404, 2015). The aim of the current study was to assess the therapeutic potency of MPO inhibition (MPOi) in a model of advanced MSA. We replicated the advanced pathology of MSA by intoxicating transgenic PLP-α-synuclein transgenic mice with 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP). After onset of the full-blown pathology, MSA mice received either MPOi or vehicle over 3 weeks. Motor phenotype and neuropathology were analyzed to assess the therapeutic efficacy of MPOi compared to vehicle treatment in MSA mice. MPOi therapy initiated after the onset of severe MSA-like neuropathology in mice failed to attenuate motor impairments and neuronal loss within the striatum, substantia nigra pars compacta, inferior olives, pontine nuclei, and cerebellar cortex. However, we observed a significant reduction of microglial activation in degenerating brain areas. Further, nitrated αSYN accumulation was reduced in the striatonigral region. In summary, delayed-start MPOi treatment reduced microglial activation and levels of nitrated αSYN in a mouse model of advanced MSA. These effects failed to impact on motor impairments and neuronal loss in contrast to previously reported disease modifying efficacy of early-start therapy with MPOi in MSA.
KeywordsMultiple system atrophy Neuroinflammation Microglial activation Myeloperoxidase inhibition Neurodegeneration Synuclein
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive autonomic failure, cerebellar ataxia, and parkinsonism due to neuronal loss in respective brain areas (Stefanova et al. 2009; Fanciulli and Wenning 2015). Compared to idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD), it progresses more rapidly due to failure of levodopa benefit (Krismer et al. 2014). Mean survival is 8–10 years after symptom onset, and sudden nocturnal death is among the most frequent causes of death (Schrag et al. 2008; Shimohata et al. 2008). Currently, therapeutic interventions for MSA are limited (Kuzdas-Wood et al. 2014; Fanciulli and Wenning 2015). The lack of treatment options aiming to modify the underlying pathophysiology and the rapid deterioration of disease determine a major need for developing disease modification strategies.
To date, the underlying pathomechanisms of MSA are poorly understood, but the core feature of MSA pathology, i.e., abundant aggregates of α-synuclein (αSYN) within oligodendrocytes—also referred to as glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs)—led to the idea that MSA is a primary oligodendrogliopathy linked to ectopic αSYN accumulation (Wenning et al. 2008; Song et al. 2007). The origin of αSYN in GCIs is not completely understood. Current data suggest oligodendroglial expression of the protein (Asi et al. 2014), but propagation of neuronally derived αSYN (Watts et al. 2013) may also play a role in the disease cascade of MSA. Posttranslational modifications of αSYN like hyperphosphorylation and nitration seem to associate with the abnormal inclusion formation in MSA (Duda et al. 2000; Giasson et al. 2000; Kahle et al. 2002; Fujiwara et al. 2002). GCI pathology has been associated with neurodegeneration in the nigrostriatal and olivopontocerebellar systems as well as linked to prominent microglial activation in MSA brains (Ozawa et al. 2004; Ishizawa et al. 2004).
Microgliosis and neuroinflammatory responses seem to be an important contributor to the progression of neurodegeneration in MSA; however, their roles in early stages of the disease are difficult to assess in patients. In vivo imaging demonstrates subcortical and brainstem microglial activation in the brains of MSA patients (Gerhard et al. 2003). Post-mortem analyses show constituent presence of activated microglia in MSA (Ishizawa et al. 2004, 2008; Salvesen et al. 2015). Furthermore, several signaling molecules associated with activated microglia including toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) upregulation, NFκB nuclear translocation (Stefanova et al. 2007), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) upregulation (Stefanova et al. 2012) have been suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of MSA and have been further addressed in experimental models. Therefore, preclinical models are instrumental to address downstream pathogenic mechanisms linked to oligodendroglial αSYN accumulation.
To model MSA, transgenic mice were generated by overexpression of human αSYN under the control of specific oligodendroglial promoters, e.g., the myelin basic protein promoter (Shults et al. 2005) or the proteolipid protein (PLP) promoter (Kahle et al. 2002) resulting in the formation of GCIs composed of insoluble, serine-129 hyperphosphorylated αSYN, resembling the hallmark pathology of the human disease. The PLP-αSYN mouse showed progressive but mild neuronal loss in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and specific brainstem nuclei accompanied by microglial activation that might at least partly mediate the neuronal loss (Stefanova et al. 2005, 2007; Stemberger et al. 2010; Boudes et al. 2013; Kuzdas et al. 2013). Furthermore, PLP-αSYN mice showed increased vulnerability to oxidative stress triggered by 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP) (Stefanova et al. 2005). While both GCI-like pathology and oxidative stress alone may trigger striatonigral degeneration (SND) and both factors together result in an aggravated SND phenotype, olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) can only be initiated when both GCI-like pathology and mitochondrial dysfunction triggered by 3NP are present in the mouse brain (Stefanova et al. 2005, 2014). This feature of the combined PLP-αSYN + 3NP mouse model (further designated as MSA mouse model) makes it unique as a preclinical testbed of advanced MSA and provides the opportunity to test therapeutic interventions in a setting of widespread selective neurodegeneration representing both SND and OPCA, accompanied by GCIs and microglial activation.
Recently, we identified that MPO inhibition (MPOi) in the PLP-α-SYN mouse can suppress microglial activation and further mitigate in a dose-dependent manner the neuronal loss induced by mitochondrial dysfunction through 3NP (Stefanova et al. 2012). Our primary conclusion was that MPOi is an efficient neuroprotective strategy when applied in the early non-symptomatic stages of MSA where mild SND linked to GCI pathology precedes the aggravation of SND and the onset of OPCA triggered by 3NP. The aim of the current study was to define whether the approach of MPOi in MSA might hold promise as a neuroprotective strategy even after the onset of SND and OPCA, i.e., in a more advanced stage of the disease. We hypothesized that MPOi might reduce the level of microglial activation and post-translationally modified αSYN; however, behavioral impairments and neuronal loss may be more resistant to a delayed-start delivery in advanced MSA. For this purpose, MPO inhibition with AZD3241 or vehicle treatment was started after the induction of mitochondrial dysfunction by 3NP intoxication in PLP-αSYN mice.
Materials and Methods
Animals and Treatment
Homozygous transgenic PLP-αSYN mice overexpressing human αSYN under the PLP-promotor as previously characterized by Kahle and colleagues were used in this study (Kahle et al. 2002). Animals were aged 8–9 months at the beginning of the study. They were bred and housed in a temperature-controlled room under a 12/12 h (h) dark/light cycle with free access to food and water in the animal facility of the Medical University of Innsbruck under special pathogen-free conditions. During the study, observation of animal health was performed on a daily basis and all efforts were made to minimize the number of animals used and their suffering. All experiments were performed in accordance with the Austrian law and after permission for animal experiments by the Federal Ministry for Science and Research of Austria.
Transgenic male PLP-αSYN mice received 3NP intoxication according to a previously established dose escalation scheme as follows: 4 × 10, 4 × 20, 4 × 40, 4 × 50 mg/kg of 3NP, each dose applied four times intraperitoneally in a 12 h rhythm. Treatment with either AZD3241 (180 µmol/kg, n = 15) or vehicle (0.1 M meglumine with 20 % w/v HPbCD, n = 15) was commenced 1 day after the last 3NP administration and was delivered by oral gavage twice daily for 20 consecutive days in a volume of 10 ml/kg body weight. AZD3241 doses and target concentrations were chosen based on previous evidence (Stefanova et al. 2012; Tiden et al. 2011).
The standardized clinical motor scale (CMS) was applied daily during the total in vivo experiment to control the efficacy of the 3NP intoxication as previously described (Fernagut et al. 2002). Evaluation was performed every morning prior to treatment throughout the study. The daily scores ranged from 0 for a healthy animal to 10 for a severely impaired mouse. For the group comparison, a mean daily score per group over the experimental time was calculated.
In addition, motor behavior was assessed at the end of the treatment period by stride length test and open field activity test as previously described (Stefanova et al. 2012) with the investigator blinded to the treatment status of the animals. For the stride length measurement, the hindlimbs of mice were wetted with nontoxic food color. The mice were let to run on a strip of paper (length: 42 cm, width: 4.5 cm) down a bright corridor to a dark enclosure. The runs for each mouse were repeated four times. Finally, the distance between consecutive steps of the left and right hindlimb was measured and a mean stride length for each mouse was determined. The initial (acceleration) and final (deceleration) 7 cm of the runs were excluded from the analysis.
The spontaneous cage activity, including the horizontal and vertical (rearing) movements, was recorded for a period of 15 min applying the FlexField activity system (San Diego Instruments, CA). The test sessions were performed in the evening in a dark noise-isolated room.
Tissue Processing and Histological Analyses
Twenty-nine days after the start of the study, animals were sacrificed via intraperitoneal application of thiopental overdose (120 mg/kg b.w.) followed by transcardial perfusion using 4 % paraformaldehyde (PFA; pH 7.4). Subsequently, brains were quickly removed and post-fixed overnight in 4 % PFA at 4 °C. Cryoprotection was performed in a solution of 20 % sucrose in 0.01 M PBS pH 7.4 for at least 24 h. The brains were slowly frozen in 2-methylbutane at −40 °C and stored at −80 °C until further processing. Serial sections of 40 µm were cut on a cryostat (Leica, Nussloch, Germany). One full series was stained with cresyl violet (CV), according to a standard protocol. Monoclonal mouse anti-dopamine- and cAMP-regulated neuronal phosphoprotein (anti-DARPP32, BD Transduction Laboratories) was used to visualize and quantify medium-sized spiny neurons of the striatum. Monoclonal anti-tyrosine hydroxylase antibody (anti-TH, Sigma, St. Louis, Missouri) was applied to visualize and quantify nigral dopaminergic neurons. Monoclonal rat anti-mouse CD11b was used to visualize activated microglia cells (anti-CD11b, Serotec, Oxford, UK). Nitrated αSYN antibody (Invitrogen, Camarillo, CA) was used to visualize GCI-like inclusions. Secondary antibodies were biotinylated anti-mouse, or anti-rat IgG (Vector, Burlingame, CA) as appropriate. Visualization of the immunoproduct was carried out with the ABC-kit (Vectastain ABC-kit, Vector Laboratories, CA) and 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB).
An observer blinded to the identity of the animals performed all stereological investigations. The optical fractionator was applied for cell number estimations in the striatum, SNc, pontine nuclei, and inferior olives using a computer-assisted image analysis system (Nikon E-800 microscope, Nikon digital camera DXM 1200; Stereo Investigator Software, MicroBrightField Europe e.K., Magdeburg, Germany). Purkinje cells were counted in a region outlined to include only the Purkinje cell layer (Stefanova et al. 2012). Microglial activation was measured by determining mean gray values of CD11b immunoreactivity in a region of interest (ROI). Background (BG) gray values were measured in the same optical field out of the section. The relative optical density (ROD) was obtained after a transformation of mean gray values by using the formula ROD = −log (mean gray ROI/mean gray BG). The density of nitrated αSYN inclusions was measured in selected brain regions by delineating the region and defining the area and the number of inclusions within. Finally, GCI density was expressed as number per mm2.
Statistical comparisons were performed with GraphPad Prism Version 5.03 using t test analysis to compare vehicle- and MPOi-treated groups. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the progression of CMS in the vehicle- and MPOi-treated group over the period of 4 weeks. Correlations between functional measures and neuropathological readouts were done by linear regression analysis. Data in graphs are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). p < 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance.
We provide preclinical evidence that MPO inhibition in a model of advanced MSA suppresses microglial activation without significant preservation of neurons in the striatonigral or the olivopontocerebellar regions of the brain and no significant behavioral changes compared to vehicle-treated MSA mice. Furthermore, we report significant reduction of nitrated αSYN-positive inclusions in SNc and striatum but not in the olivopontocerebellar pathway, suggesting that nitrated αSYN accumulation in the MSA mouse brain is not exclusively determined by levels of microglial activation. Finally, our findings suggest that the reduction of microglial activation induced by MPOi (as confirmed previously both preclinically (Stefanova et al. 2012) and in a clinical trial (Jucaite et al. 2014)) may interfere with the degree of neuronal loss, and the degree of GCI density and motor improvement; however, these effects are significantly detectable only by early-start or “preventive” delivery of MPOi in a model of “early” MSA (Stefanova et al. 2012) but masked in a delayed-start paradigm applied to a model of “advanced” MSA.
Microglial activation is a prominent and consistent feature of human MSA pathology (Ishizawa et al. 2004; Gerhard et al. 2003; Salvesen et al. 2015) and its contribution to the disease mechanisms is broadly discussed (Fellner et al. 2011; Halliday and Stevens 2011; Sanchez-Guajardo et al. 2015). At post-mortem examination, microglial burden in the degenerating gray matter does not correlate with the remaining neuronal counts (Ishizawa et al. 2008); however, it is still unclear what the role of microglial activation in earlier stages of the disease may be and to what extent it contributes to the neurodegenerative process. Experimental evidence suggests that microglial activation in MSA models may have detrimental role through the upregulation of iNOS and increased release of nitric oxide in SNc in early stages of the disorder (Stefanova et al. 2007). Alternatively subpopulation of activated microglial cells may be responsible for the clearance of deleterious αSYN species through TLR4, thus having a rescue effect for nigral neurons (Stefanova et al. 2011). The current study together with our previous observations on the role of MPOi in early MSA (Stefanova et al. 2012) suggests that microglial activation can have different degree of effect on neuronal loss in MSA, dependent on the disease stage. When microglial activation is suppressed in early stages of the disease through MPOi, significant neuroprotection can be observed (Stefanova et al. 2012). Microglial suppression through the same dose and mode of application of MPOi in an advanced stage of neuronal loss in MSA mice is ineffective to protect the degenerating neurons in the affected areas. The current observations point toward the paramount importance of identifying an optimal treatment window in relation to the time course of neurodegeneration, which may explain the lack of efficacy of the delayed-start MPOi treatment on neuronal loss and motor function. However, we identified mild but significant correlation between levels of microglial activation and number of nigral neurons, supporting previously reported neuroprotection linked to reduced microglial activation.
Furthermore, nitric oxide and superoxide released by activated microglia have been previously proposed as mediators that link neuroinflammation and abnormally nitrated αSYN accumulation which may finally lead to nigral neuronal loss (Gao et al. 2008). Our results here support this conclusion indicating that suppression of microglial activation by MPOi treatment indeed leads to significant reduction of nitrated αSYN accumulation in SNc and striatum as we showed also in a previous experiment (Stefanova et al. 2012). However, no other of the analyzed regions—inferior olives, pontine nuclei, and cerebellar cortex—showed significant interrelations between the level of microglial activation and the density of nitrated αSYN inclusions suggesting region-specific interactions between oxidative stress, microglial activation, and αSYN pathology in a model of advanced MSA. Region-specific vulnerability has been previously described in PLP-αSYN mice. In this transgenic model, SNc and striatum undergo progressive neurodegeneration induced by GCI-like pathology (Stefanova et al. 2014) and this pathology can be further aggravated by mitochondrial dysfunction (3NP). On the contrary, the olivopontocerebellar region can be affected by neurodegeneration only in the presence of both GCIs and mitochondrial dysfunction (3NP) (Stefanova et al. 2005). This region-specific vulnerability is now further complemented by the observation that the interaction between mitochondrial dysfunction and GCIs can be modulated by microglial activation in the striatonigral but not in the olivopontocerebellar region.
As mitochondrial dysfunction is a valid candidate pathogenic mechanism in MSA as suggested by the finding of Coq2 mutations in MSA families (The Multiple-System Atrophy Research Collaboration 2013) and the central role of αSYN in the pathogenesis of MSA is unequivocal, it seems that the combined PLP-αSYN + 3NP model provides a relevant tool to address these two factors, their interplay and interaction with neuroinflammatory responses. It is likely that the subacute injury with 3NP in the PLP-αSYN mouse differs from the slowly progressive human MSA pathology which may relate to a better efficacy of MPOi therapy in human MSA. Despite the limitations of the mechanistic modeling approach that cannot 100 % reflect the dynamics of the human disease, we believe that it provides important insights into the possible scenarios of interaction between GCI pathology, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation and can give relevant answers to their role in development of therapeutic strategies for MSA.
The current dataset provides an important follow-up on the preclinical screening of MPOi and its therapeutic efficacy dependent on the stage of treatment initiation in a model of MSA. We reported previously that a preventive therapeutic regimen of MPOi in MSA mice replicating human GCI-like pathology prevented motor deterioration and conferred neuroprotection in SNc, striatum, cerebellar cortex, pontine nuclei, and inferior olives (Stefanova et al. 2012). The neuroprotective effects of MPOi were associated with reduction of microglial activation and diminished density of GCIs in the affected brain areas. Despite the profound beneficial behavioral and neuroprotective effects of MPOi therapy when initiated in a presymptomatic phase of MSA, our current results show that the effects of the therapy may be limited when drug application is started in an advanced symptomatic stage of the disease. Although we observed reduced microglial activation correlating with mild nigral neuronal preservation, this was not associated with significant motor improvement or reversal of SND and OPCA pathology in a double-hit model of advanced MSA.
In line with our results and their clinical relevance, a recent report on AZD3241 treatment in PD patients showed reduced levels of [11C]PBR28 binding to dopamine transporter and translocator protein in PET imaging indicating suppressed microglia activity (Jucaite et al., 2014). Taken together, the findings on MPOi therapy in the MSA mouse model and the randomized controlled trial in PD patients unequivocally point toward a strong biological effect of MPOi in the CNS and indicate that early timing of delivery is paramount in future MSA trials.
The authors are grateful to James Young, PhD for supporting the statistical analysis of the data. The study was supported by the grant from AstraZeneca. NS and GKW received Grants from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) W1206-08, F4414, and P25161.
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Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

domain: medical


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RBI Governor Shaktikanta Das on Saturday indicated that the central bank can consider the idea of a bad bank to tackle non-performing assets (NPAs) and advised banks and non-banks to adopt appropriate compliance culture and identify risks early.
“If there’s a proposal to set up a bad bank, the RBI will look at it. We have regulatory guidelines for asset reconstruction companies,” Das said while delivering the Nani Palkhivala Memorial Lecture.
NPAs of the banking sector are expected to shoot up to 13.5 per cent of advances by September 2021 from 7.5 per cent in September 2020 under the baseline scenario, the Financial Stability Report of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) said earlier this week. “We are open to look at any proposal to set up a bad bank,” he said.
A bad bank buys the bad loans and other illiquid holdings of other banks and financial institutions, which clears their balance sheet. Banks, led by the Indian Banks’ Association (IBA), had last May had submitted a proposal to set up a bad bank to the Finance Ministry and the RBI, proposing equity contribution from the government and the banks.
According to Das, banks and non-bank financial companies (NBFCs) need to identify risks early, monitor them closely and manage them effectively.
The risk management function in banks and NBFCs should evolve with changing times as technology becomes all pervasive and should be in sync with best international practices, he added.
“In this context, instilling an appropriate risk culture in the organisation is important. This needs to be driven by the board and senior management with effective accountability at all levels,” Das said. Recent events in our rapidly evolving financial landscape have led to increasing scrutiny of the role of promoters, major shareholders and senior management vis-à-vis the role of the board, the RBI Governor added.
With the Union Budget just two weeks away, Das advised the government to define the fiscal roadmap in terms of the quality of the expenditure.
“Going forward, it becomes imperative that fiscal roadmaps are defined not only in terms of quantitative parameters like fiscal balance to GDP ratio or debt to GDP ratio, but also in terms of measurable parameters relating to quality of expenditure, both for Centre and states,” Das said.
Redefining fiscal roadmap
With reference to the Budget, Das said the government should define the fiscal roadmap not only in terms of quantitative parameters, but those relating to quality of expenditure too. This, he said, would ensure continued welfarism as well as sustainable growth.
“While the conventional parameters of fiscal discipline will ensure medium and long-term sustainability of public finances, measurable parameters of quality of expenditure would ensure that welfarism carries significant productive outcomes and multiplier effects,” Das said.
Maintaining and improving the quality of expenditure would help address…
Go to the news source: RBI open to bad bank proposal: Shaktikanta Das

domain: economics


THE National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) is on the right path in the exercise of its mandate, with its findings and recommendations on human rights abuses in the country. The commission, in a report to the Attorney-General of the Federation (AGF) recommended various alleged election offenders for prosecution. Among the 41 indicted persons and institutions are a former Governor of Edo State, Professor Oserhiemen Osunbor, a former Speaker of Kogi State House of Assembly, Clarence Olafemi, a former Resident Electoral Commissioner of the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) in Ekiti State, Mrs Ayooka Adebayo, and an Assistant Superintendent of Police, Christopher Oloyede. Also indicted were INEC, the police and the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP).
Some of the offences for which the named persons and institutions were indicted are forgery, perjury and breach of trust. The commission, in its report to the AGF, said the report is “in exercise of its mandate under section 5 which empowers it to refer any matter of human rights violations requiring prosecution to the AGF or of a state”. Accordingly, the list forwarded to the AGF contains names of “persons and institutions indicted for various offences committed under the Electoral Act 2006”. The report also quoted judgments of electoral tribunals and courts which indicted some of the persons named in their report.
We earnestly ask the AGF to make haste to prosecute all the persons and institutions indicted in the report, as a warning signal to potential electoral offenders during the 2015 elections. We also enjoin civil rights organisations to ensure that the AGF is not allowed to sleep on this matter. Indeed, Nigerians who desire free and fair elections must join hands to pressure the AGF to discharge his constitutional obligations in the overall interest of our fledgling democracy. For, until electoral offenders are made to face the consequences of their crime, it will remain attractive for desperate politicians and political parties to use all means to take over or retain power, in the name of elections.
We also unequivocally condemn the actions of the indicted institutions, particularly INEC, the police and the party that has controlled power at the centre since 1999, the PDP. The indictment is telling on how the PDP has been able to hold on to power, even when available evidence shows that the party has failed to perform. While the party should hide its head in shame, we encourage it not to hamstring the AGF from performing his constitutional role of bringing those indicted to justice. For, while the alleged electoral offences are already a slur on our democracy, we want the party to note that failure to prosecute the offenders is a greater indictment of our country as a lawless country.
It is also important that the prosecution should commence with the very notable persons indicted by the commission. Such an act will send signals to those who may be planning to rig the up-coming elections in Ekiti and Osun states, and more significantly, the 2015 general elections. It is also important that INEC should take immediate steps to weed from its fold those with the potential to further bring the commission to disrepute. The commission owes Nigerians the responsibility to cooperate with the AGF and civil rights groups to ensure a successful prosecution of the indicted individuals and institutions. After all, the alleged offences were primarily committed under its watch.
Also, the police and other sister security agencies must see the indictment as a wake-up call. They need institutional discipline, and an understanding that their mandate does not extend to helping the party in power win any election at all cost.
This article was first published in The Nation on April 28, 2014.
Last modified: April 28, 2014


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GMC Utilities Group has won a five-year contract from Gas Networks Ireland worth approximately £ 300 million.
Balfour Beatty and CLG Developments were the established contractors who had already signed a nine-year contract in 2012.
The employees of the Balfour Beatty CLG joint venture have moved to GMC, which has now started work on site.
Jim O’Gorman, GMC’s Head of Contract, said, “We are delighted to have won this five-year national contract to provide a range of services to Gas Networks Ireland.”
Balfour has confirmed its intention to withdraw from the Irish market and the gas and water sectors.

domain: news


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New US country trio Lockeland (Michael Boris, Kyndon Oakes and Mark Vikingstad), are set to release their sophomore single...
- Country Release Friday | Poppy Fardell Releases New Single ‘Drive’ ft Tim Prottey-Jones
- New Release | I Won’t Forget to Miss You’ New Charity Single in Aid of Mind Charity
- New Release | Essex County Reimagine Wham!’s ‘Last Christmas’
- Country Release Friday | ‘Wings’ The New Single from Kezia Gill
- Country Release Friday | Hayley McKay Releases New Single ‘Breathe’


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9 Windsor Way
Commute to Downtown Middle River
Most errands require a car.
A few nearby public transportation options.
Minimal bike infrastructure.
9 Windsor Way has a Walk Score of 48 out of 100. This location is a Car-Dependent neighborhood so most errands require a car.
This location is in Baltimore. The closest park is Golden Ring Park.
Explore how far you can travel by car, bus, bike and foot from 9 Windsor Way.
9 Windsor Way has some transit which means a few nearby public transportation options. Car sharing is available from RelayRides.
56 DOWNTOWN - WHITE MARSH
62 CCBC ESSEX - TURNER STATION
36 TOWSON TOWN CENTER - FOX RIDGE
This location is in the city of Baltimore, MD. Baltimore has an average Walk Score of 64 and has 620,961 residents.

domain: travel


Below are a few example projects I’ve worked on (wearing a variety of hats), spanning the fields of enterprise software, social innovation, and brand focused e-commerce.
Elemental Conductor Live is a software management system to configure and operate clusters of multiple video encoder systems (the ‘Elemental Live’ product), designed for 1000s of channels. Read the three case studies.
One Economy Corporation was a global non-profit dedicated to improving the lives of those in underserved communities through technology.
AIP was an exclusive independent vendor of Nike products.


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Sulayman Chappelle Biography, Age
Sulayman Chappelle was born on February 11, 1967, in Washington, D.C. He is an American comedian, actor and writer. Sulayman Chappelle has appeared in several television shows and movies, most notably “The Larry Sanders Show” and “Half Baked”. In 2002 he was awarded a Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album for his work on the album “The Unorthodox Jukebox”. Sulayman Chappelle has also written several books including “Uncle Tom’s Pub: And Other Stories from the Life of Stand-Up Comedy” (2013) and “Don’t Cry Baby: A Memoir” (2017). He was married to actress Patricia Arquette from 2000 until their divorce in 2004. Sulayman Chappelle has two children from his previous marriage to LisaRaye Lewis. His daughter Amala Kapadia was born in 1990 and his son Ace Klibanov was born in 1994.
Sulayman Chappelle was born on September 10, 1988 in Brooklyn, New York City
Sulayman Chappelle was born on September 10, 1988 in Brooklyn, New York City to parents Maureen (née Sullivan) and Ernest Chappelle. As a child, Sulayman showed an interest in comedy and began performing at open mic nights. After dropping out of college, he moved to Los Angeles to pursue a career in stand-up comedy.
The following year he released his second comedy album, “Killin’ Them Softly”.
In January 2017, it was announced that Chappelle had signed a three-year deal with Netflix. That year he also starred in the films “The Five-Year Engagement” and “Unforgiven”. In 2018 he released the stand up special “Kingdom Supersized”.
Sulayman married actress Amala Ratna Zandile Dlamini on December 31st, 2018 at Nasrec wedding venue South Africa.
Chappelle has two children: a daughter with comedian Adelaide Clemens and a son with actress Rebecca Ferguson
Sulayman Chappelle is of Ghanaian descent
Sulayman Chappelle was born on November 24, 1970, in Brooklyn, New York to Ghanaian immigrants. His parents divorced when he was young and he and his brother were raised by their mother. Chappelle first became interested in performing as a child, when he joined his school’s drama club. After high school, he studied at American University in Washington D.C., where he became involved in the local hip-hop scene and began rapping under the name The Excellence. In 1995, Chappelle released his debut album Sulaiman’s Law. The album was well-received and helped lead to a successful career as a comedian. In 2006, Chappelle released his second album, Die Laughing: Live at the Independent. Die Laughing received mixed reviews but still managed to chart well on the Billboard charts.
Chappelle is known for his cerebral humor and observational sketches that often target black culture and politics. He has appeared on numerous television shows including The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, Late Night with Conan O’Brien, Jesse Jackson’s All-Star Comedy Jam, Saturday Night Live (where he won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics in 2005), and BET’s Comicview series. He also has several stand-up specials available on DVD including For What It’s Worth (2002), Killin’ Them Softly (2004), Bluestyler (2007), and Soul Food (2010). In 2016, he starred in
In 2017, Sulayman Chappelle
Sulayman Chappelle was born on September 30, 1987 in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina. He is an American comedian and actor. Sulayman Chappelle was raised by his mother and stepfather. In 2004, he graduated from high school and then went to the University of South Carolina…
Sulayman Chappelle started his career as a stand-up comic in 2006. His first TV appearance was on Late Night with Conan O’Brien in 2009. He also appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Lopez Tonight, Conan, Jimmy Kimmel Live!, and many others…
In 2017, Sulayman Chappelle released the Netflix show Thundercats Roar which is based on the 1980s cartoon series ThunderCats. The show received mixed reviews but it became one of the most popular new shows on Netflix….
Sulayman Chappelle has an estimated net worth of $5 million dollars. He has been married to fellow comedian Michelle Wolf since February 2017. They have one child together.
Sulayman Chappelle Wiki
Sulayman Chappelle (born September 3, 1971) is an American comedian and actor. He is the creator, writer and star of the critically acclaimed HBO series Chappelle’s Show, which aired from 2003 to 2006.
Chappelle was born in Brooklyn, New York City. His father, Richard Earl Chappelle (1937-2004), was a Pentecostal preacher and asbestos worker; his mother, Barbara Ann (née Smith; 1937-2005), was a welfare recipient and bus driver. Chappelle has three sisters: Erna Faye (“Nina”) (born 1963), Yvonne Chappelle (born 1966), and Deborah “Debbie” Lynn (“Dede”) (born 1968).
Chappelle grew up in German Village in Columbus, Ohio. In 1998, he moved to North Hollywood with then-girlfriend Sabrina White. They broke up in 2000 and he relocated back to Columbus to live with his mom.
In 2001, at the age of 29, Chappelle made his debut as a stand-up comic at the Laugh Factory in Hollywood. The following year he released his first comedy album entitled Killin’ It: The Sulleyman Chappelle Story.
In 2003, he created and starred in the critically acclaimed HBO series Chappelle’s Show which ran for two seasons before its cancellation due to low ratings. That year he also starred with Jim Carrey in the film Man on the Moon.
Since the cancellation of Chappelle’s Show, he has starred in a number of movies and taken intermittent time off from stand-up comedy to focus on his acting career. His first major acting role was as Eugene Byrd in the 2005 film The Longshots. He has since appeared in a number of smaller films, such as 2008’s Head of State and 2012’s The Comedy.

domain: celebrity


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Articles tagged ‘ascend’
Huawei unveiled their latest social-friendly Ascend G6 4G smartphone at MWC 2014. The phone features a 5-megapixel front facing camera that lets you take better selfies through its unique wide-angle lens.
Huawei started the ball rolling at this year's Mobile World Congress 2012 with an impressive lineup of its Ascend D Quad, D Quad and Ascend D1. The Chinese company also made a bold claim that its K3V2 quad-core processor is the fastest in the world. Join us as we find out more.
- SingTel announces new Unlimited Fiber Plan, promises no traffic throttling
- ASUS ZenFone 5 LTE available in Singapore on August 30 from S$249
- Sony Xperia C3 available in Singapore from August 30 at S$468
- Klipsch adds new Reference R6M earphones to its Reference series
- HTC to release world's first octa-core 64-bit smartphone?
- HTC announces the 4.7-inch Desire 510, its most affordable 4G smartphone to date
- Seagate ships world's first 8TB hard disk drive
- RugGear unveils rugged Android tablet, the Ultra Tab 7.0 - RG900 for S$830


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Section 1. Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including Freedom from:
c. Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
Although the constitution and law prohibit such practices, there were reports security officials tortured and otherwise abused detainees.
In its June report, HRW reported security force members beat detainees, including minors. Security force members used wooden sticks, rubber truncheons, and whips to do so. According to the report, several students stated they were hung by their wrists and whipped, four said they received electric shocks to their feet, and two had weights tied to their testicles. Several female detainees reported security force members raped them. The report stated, “Most of the individuals interviewed by HRW who were detained for more than one month described treatment that appeared to amount to torture.”
Mistreatment reportedly occurred at Maekelawi, official detention centers, unofficial detention centers, police stations, and in Kilinto federal prison. There were reports police investigators used physical and psychological abuse to extract confessions in Maekelawi, the federal crime investigation center in Addis Ababa that often held high-profile political prisoners. Interrogators reportedly administered beatings and electric shocks to extract information and confessions from detainees. HRW reported abuses, including torture, that occurred at Maekelawi. In a 2013 report, HRW described beatings, stress positions, the hanging of detainees by their wrists from the ceiling, prolonged handcuffing, pouring of water over detainees, verbal threats, and solitary confinement. Authorities continued to restrict access by diplomats and NGOs to Maekelawi, although some NGOs reported limited access.
The United Nations reported that during the year (as of December 20) it received one allegation of sexual exploitation and abuse against Ethiopian peacekeepers for an incident alleged to have occurred during the year. The allegation, against military personnel deployed to the UN Mission in the Republic of South Sudan, was investigated by the Ethiopian government and found to be unsubstantiated.
Prison and Detention Center Conditions
Prison and pretrial detention center conditions remained harsh and in some cases life threatening. There were reports that authorities beat and tortured prisoners in detention centers, military facilities, and police stations. Medical attention following beatings reportedly was insufficient in some cases. Prisoners died in fires.
The country had six federal and 120 regional prisons. During the state of emergency, effective since October 8, the government announced detention centers in Awash, Ziway, and Dilla and stated suspects could be detained at various police stations in Addis Ababa. There also were many unofficial detention centers throughout the country, including in Dedessa, Bir Sheleko, Tolay, Hormat, Blate, Tatek, Jijiga, Holeta, and Senkele. As part of the government’s response to the protests, persons were also detained in military facilities, local administration offices, and makeshift government-owned sites.
A local NGO supported model prisons in Adama, Mekelle, Debre Birhan, Durashe, and Awassa; these prisons had significantly better conditions than those in other prisons.
Pretrial detention often occurred in police station detention facilities, where conditions varied widely, but reports indicated poor hygiene and police abuse of detainees.
Physical Conditions: Authorities sometimes incarcerated juveniles with adults. Prison officials generally separated male and female prisoners, although mixing occurred at some facilities.
Severe overcrowding was common, especially in prison sleeping quarters. The government provided approximately nine birr ($0.40) per prisoner per day for food, water, and health care, although this amount varied across the country. Many prisoners supplemented this amount with daily food deliveries from family members or by purchasing food from local vendors. Other reports noted officials prevented some prisoners from receiving food from their families. Medical care was unreliable in federal prisons and almost nonexistent in regional ones. Prisoners had only limited access to potable water. Water shortages caused unhygienic conditions, and most prisons lacked appropriate sanitary facilities. Many prisoners had serious health problems but received little or no treatment. There were reports prison officials denied some prisoners access to needed medical care. In 2012 the Ministry of Health stated nearly 62 percent of inmates in jails across the country experienced mental health problems due to solitary confinement, overcrowding, and lack of adequate health-care facilities and services.
The June HRW report on government response to Oromo protests stated detainees reported overcrowding, inadequate access to food and water, and solitary confinement, including in military camps. The report stated men and women were not held in the same cells in most locations, but children were detained with adults.
Fires in prisons occurred in Gondar in December 2015, in Ambo on February 19, in Debretabor on September 1, and, on September 3, at Kilinto Prison where at least 23 inmates died.
Visitors of political prisoners and other sources reported political prisoners often faced significantly different treatment compared with other prisoners. Allegations included lack of access to proper medication or any medical treatment, lack of access to books or television, and denial of exercise time. In at least one case, when such complaints were openly raised in a court of law, the presiding judges referred the complaints to the prison administration, which had already refused to look into the complaints.
Administration: Due to the lack of transparency regarding incarceration, it was difficult to determine if recordkeeping was adequate. There were reports prisoners mistreated by prison guards did not have access to prison administrations to complain. Prisons did not have ombudspersons to respond to complaints. Legal aid clinics existed in some prisons for the benefit of prisoners, and at the regional level had good working relations with judicial, prison, and other government officials. Prison officials allowed detainees to submit complaints to judicial authorities without censorship. Courts sometimes declined to hear such complaints.
The law permits prisoners to have visitors. According to the Anti-Terrorism Proclamation (ATP), a lawyer is permitted to visit only one client per day, and only on Wednesdays and Fridays. Authorities allegedly denied family members access to persons charged with terrorist activity. There were also reports authorities denied the accused visits with lawyers or with representatives of the political parties to which they belonged. In some cases police did not allow pretrial detainees access to visitors, including family members and legal counsel.
After the September 3 fire in the federal prison at Kilinto, attorneys reported visitation for several prisoners was restricted to closely prison visits by family members only. Conversations could not touch on subjects such as trials, politics, and allegations of abuse. This was reported in the prisons in Kilinto, Shewa Robit, and Ziway. These restrictions also applied to political prisoners.
Officials permitted religious observance by prisoners, but this varied by prison, and even by section within a prison, at the discretion of prison management. There were allegations authorities denied detainees adequate locations in which to pray. Prisoners could voice complaints regarding prison conditions or treatment to the presiding judge during their trials.
Independent Monitoring: During the year the International Committee of the Red Cross visited prisons throughout the country as part of its normal activities. The government did not permit access to prisons by other international human rights organizations.
Regional authorities had allowed government and NGO representatives to meet with prisoners without third parties present. By September such allowances were severely curtailed, however. Prison officials reportedly denied access to prisoners for civil society representatives and family members, including in undisclosed locations. The government-established EHRC, which is funded by parliament and subject to parliamentary oversight, monitored federal and regional detention centers and interviewed prison officials and prisoners in response to allegations of widespread human rights abuses. An NGO continued to have access to various prison and detention facilities around the country.
Improvements: The government constructed two new prisons.

domain: law


The kings of '90s punk rock revivalists, Green Day, is currently on a world tour performing over two hours of their finest power pop and pure punk rock hits, along with a mix of selections of songs from their trio of new studio albums (¡Uno!, ¡Dos!, and ¡Tré!) that were released late last year. While that is going on, their 2004 rock opera album, American Idiot, is enjoying a long run as a touring musical after a Broadway production. It was first performed in 2009 but officially debuted in April 2010 and has since had successful runs in America and in the U.K. and Ireland, with well over 400 performances to date. The 90-minute-long Tony Award-winning stage adaptation of this Grammy-winning album is well into another stateside run and will keep running until early May of 2014.
EAST LANSING, MI -- Based on Green Day’s Grammy Award-winning multi-platinum album, "American Idiot," the Broadway hit of the same name comes to the Wharton Center starting tomorrow, Tuesday, April 9.
The show tells the story of three lifelong friends forced to choose between their dreams and the safety of suburbia.
MLive was able to chat with Alex Nee, who plays Johnny in the show. Here's what he had to say about his early love of Green Day, the stage and more.
For tickets or more info visit www.whartoncenter.com


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Cheryl has been working at CBU since 1984. She started in catering and progressed to being the Food Service Director. She has been working over 30+ years in the Food Service Industry.
John has been working at CBU for the past 2 years. He has worked for Compass Group since 1992 in various Universities, Colleges and Business accounts throughout the Maritime provinces and Canada.
Jason has been working at CBU since 2004. He has been working in the food service industry since 1984 at various locations throughout Canada.

domain: food


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The survey of nearly 2,000 facility and energy management executives from 20 countries found that 57% of or...
The site in Hollister, Calif., on which the Superior Court for San Benito County was built is tight. Project architect SmithGroupJJR expanded the sense of openness in the 41,500-sf building’s interior space by borrowing visual interest from its exterior exposures. All public circulation and staff corridors and ramps have direct views onto outdoor areas, which include a plaza and roof rock gardens. The technique is based on a concept used in traditional Japanese gardens. Photo: Bruce Damonte, courtesy SmithGroupJJR
The building's canopy suggests classical courthouse features of front porch and portico. It also...read more
Bonds issued to build or renovate 44 courthouses in California helped pay for the $29.4 million Superior Court for San Benito County, which opened in 2014. The exterior is distinguished by a cantilevered patterned canopy. Photo: Bruce Damonte, courtesy SmithGroupJJR
State budget shortfalls are making new construction and renovation projects a tough sell, leading...read more
The museum's exterior will be decorated with verses of the Sheikh's poetry, according to the Wall Street Journal.
The Sheikh of Dubai hopes the $136 million museum will serve as an incubator for ideas and real d...read more
The proposal is a compromise on another plan that would allow transgender people to use either the women’s or men’s room. Image via Pixabay
A few other cities, including Philadelphia, Austin, Texas, and Washington D.C., already have gend...read more
Rendering: city of Kokomo, Ind.
FEMA will withhold funding on $5.5 million worth of projects such as building tornado safe rooms...read more
Renderings courtesy HOK
Missouri Governor Jay Nixon has assembled a task force to develop plans for an open-air NFL stadi...read more
The Illinois Institute of Technology's Main Building is among the city buildings at the highest risk of being lost to demolition or decay, according to the group Preservation Chicago. All photos provided by Ward Miller of Preservation Chicago
Preservation Chicago released its annual list of historic buildings that are at risk of being dem...read more
The number of units under construction is up 37% by projects and 34% by rooms, according to Lodging Econometrics. Photo: Abdul-Jawad Elhusuni via Wikimedia Commons
After a three-year bottoming formation, the pipeline for hotel construction has posted five conse...read more
The slopes will minimze interference of the surrounding buildings from getting sunlight. Renderings courtesy 5+design
The complex, Diamond Hill, will feature sloping rooflines and a mountain-like silhouette inspired...read more
Renderings courtesy of Egypt's Ministry of Housing.
Zayed Crystal Spark Tower will stand 200 meters tall and will be just a short distance from the p...read more
Some ideas that have been submitted so far include: modular building facades, improving air tightness in envelopes, and scalable mixed waste to energy conversion technology. Infographic: DOE
The Oak Ridge National Laboratory launched a new crowdsourcing website called the Buildings Crowd...read more
The three-story, 58,000-sf Pennovation Center, as it’s being called, will be at the heart of Pennovation Works, a blend of offices, labs, and production spaces situated within 23 acres along the Schuykill River and adjacent to the university’s main campus in Philadelphia. Renderings courtesy HWKN
The new Pennovation Center will provide collaborative and research spaces for educators, scientis...read more
Students use a quiet zone at Falcon Virtual Academy in Colorado Springs, Colo., a $1.2 million adaptive reuse of an aging manufacturing warehouse. Home-schooled students, working students, and transitional students can use spaces within the facility when they need to work together on projects or seek instructional support from teachers. DLR Group designed and planned the 20,000-sf facility for 400 students of Falcon School District 49. Photo: ©Ed LaCasse
How the latest design, construction, and teaching concepts are being implemented in the next gene...read more
Photo courtesy Facebook
The intent of ASHRAE Standard 90.4P is to create a performance-based approach that would be more...read more
Photo courtesy EnergyManagementSystems.org
When school districts demand the latest and greatest, they need to think about how those choices...read more
Using a technology developed at Delft Technical University, the windmill generates energy by harnessing the movement of charged water droplets in the wind. Renderings courtesy Dutch Windwheel Corporation
The 571-foot structure will house apartments, a hotel, restaurants, even a roller coaster.
Wrestling room doubles as safe room at a Wichita, Kan., school. Photo: FEMA
Many school districts continue to resist mandating the inclusion of safe rooms or storm shelters...read more
The 11th high school in Houston’s Cypress-Fairbanks Independent School District will be part of a 179-acre, 592,000-sf “educational village” that eventually will include middle and elementary schools. The project is one of dozens of new K-12 campuses being planned throughout Texas to keep up with the population growth. Rendering: PBK Architects, courtesy Cypress-Fairbanks ISD
Many districts are struggling to have new construction and renovation keep pace with student popu...read more
Natural light floods the interior spaces. All photos: copyright Joseph Romeo
The 280,000-sf school achieved 91 points, out of 100 base points possible for LEED, making it the...read more
The complex will be filled with terraces and gardens where children can learn basic biology. All renderings courtesy Adam Wiercinski Architecture.
Forget the retrofit of a shipping container into a building for one moment. Designboom showcases...read more
Food Port will feature expanses of agricultural space to support local farmers and the agricultural industry. Renderings courtesy of OMA
The $460 million Food Port project will define a new model for the relationship between consumer...read more
Across the cultural grid, from food to retail to transportation, America's urban areas are alread...read more
Engineering and construction executives that comprise the NRCI panel are strongly optimistic about both the economy and their businesses. Photo courtesy of Vhanepfu/Wikimedia Commons.
Construction companies face the challenge of having enough people to keep up with increasing back...read more
What does a green building look like? How would you know one if you saw one? Maybe a trivial ques...read more
The Bickman Fitness Center expansion at Clark University, completed in September 2013, provides space for an expanded cardio fitness program, with additional room for equipment storage and multipurpose events. Photo: John Horner Photography / courtesy Perkins+Will
Adopting facility layouts from Asian and European models, today’s sports and recreational buildin...read more
Security experts contend that camera surveillance loses its effectiveness if the images are not continuously monitored, as shown here in the University of Pennsylvania’s public safety command center. Penn is experimenting with using cameras to remotely identify people entering buildings. Photo: John Caulfield, BD+C
In 1996, the University of Pennsylvania’s sprawling campus in Philadelphia was in the grip of an...read more
The proposed site is a 168-acre parcel at the southwest quadrant of the intersection of the 405 freeway and Del Amo Boulevard. Renderings courtesy of Scott Boehm/Manica Architecture.
Two rival teams may bring the NFL back to Los Angeles.
Overall, there were 21 mega deals last year, totaling $127 billion. The greatest number of deals took place in Asia and Oceania. Image courtesy of MorgueFile/hotblack
Worldwide engineering and construction industries closed 218 M&A deals in 2014 worth more tha...read more
Last year, the 340,000 multifamily units started represented the highest level of construction since the 1980s. Photo: Uploader via Wikimedia Commons
Contractors are pushing full speed ahead, but CoStar Group thinks a slowdown might be in order th...read more
Construction input prices were down in January, according to the U.S. Department of Labor. Prices for other materials were also down on both a monthly and yearly basis.
The decline in oil and petroleum prices finally showed up in the produce price index data, accord...read more

domain: design


I Love My Tortie T-Shirt – Ladies
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Material: 100% combed ringspun cotton.*
- Semi-fitted silhouette with side seams.
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- Twin needle sleeves and hem.
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Weight: 150 gsm
*Heathers 65% polyester/35% ringspun cotton.
**Heather grey 90% ringspun cotton/10% polyester.
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|Ladies size (US/CAN):||4/6||6/8||10||12||14/16|
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Top 10 Autism Statistics For 2021
- Around 5.4 million people in the US are autistic.
- One in 54 American children is autistic.
- 40% of autistic people are more anxious.
- There is a 13% prevalence of sleep disorder in autistic people.
- Data on autism rates indicates that 7% of children born prematurely are autistic.
- 61% of autistic children present with minimal or no functional speech.
- In England, 71% of autistic children continue their education in mainstream schools.
- 40% of autistic adults who work part-time want to work more hours.
- ASD costs amount to $268 billion annually.
- The mortality rate of autistic people is double that of the general population.
Role Of The Slp In Diagnosis
Interdisciplinary collaboration in assessing and diagnosing ASD is important due to the complexity of the disorder, the varied aspects of functioning affected, and the need to distinguish ASD from other disorders or medical conditions.
Ideally, the SLP is a key member of an interdisciplinary team with expertise in diagnosing ASD. When there is no appropriate team available, an SLPÃ¢who has been trained in the clinical criteria for ASD and who is experienced in diagnosing developmental disordersÃ¢may be qualified to diagnose these disorders as an independent professional .
Some state laws or regulations may restrict a licenseeâs scope of practice and may prohibit the SLP from providing such diagnoses. SLPs should check with their state licensure boards and/or state departments of education for specific requirements.
See the Assessment section of the Autism Spectrum Disorders Evidence Map for pertinent scientific evidence, expert opinion, and client/caregiver perspective.
Interdisciplinary collaboration and family involvement are essential in assessing and diagnosing ASD. The SLP is a key member of an interdisciplinary team that includes the childâs pediatrician, a pediatric neurologist, and a developmental pediatrician. There are a number of available algorithms and tools to help physicians develop a strategy for early identification of children with ASD .
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Terminology And Distinction From Schizophrenia
As late as the mid-1970s there was little evidence of a genetic role in autism while in 2007 it was believed to be one of the most heritable psychiatric conditions. Although the rise of parent organizations and the destigmatization of childhood ASD have affected how ASD is viewed, parents continue to feel social stigma in situations where their child’s autistic behavior is perceived negatively, and many primary care physicians and medical specialists express some beliefs consistent with outdated autism research.
It took until 1980 for the DSM-III to differentiate autism from childhood schizophrenia. In 1987, the DSM-III-R provided a checklist for diagnosing autism. In May 2013, the DSM-5 was released, updating the classification for pervasive developmental disorders. The grouping of disorders, including PDD-NOS, autism, Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, and CDD, has been removed and replaced with the general term of Autism Spectrum Disorders. The two categories that exist are impaired social communication and/or interaction, and restricted and/or repetitive behaviors.
The Internet has helped autistic individuals bypass nonverbal cues and emotional sharing that they find difficult to deal with, and has given them a way to form online communities and work remotely.Societal and cultural aspects of autism have developed: some in the community seek a cure, while others believe that autism is simply another way of being.
Also Check: How To Discipline Autistic Children Effectively
Changes In Autism Statistics Over Time
Over the last two decades, the number of autism diagnoses has more than doubled. In 2000, about 1 in 150 children was diagnosed with ASD, compared to 1 in 54 children as of 2016.
Additional studies on developmental disabilities in children in the U.S. have recognized a similar trend. From 2009 to 2017, the percentage of children with autism increased from 1.1% to 2.5%.
According to the Autism Society, the prevalence of ASD has increased between 6% and 15% each year from 2002 to 2010 and will likely continue to rise at this rate. Currently, over 3.5 million people in the U.S. have an autism diagnosis. Roughly 1% of the global population has ASD.
A Child Development Professional Believes Some Children Are Being Misdiagnosed
Why are so many more children being diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders than 20 years ago?
Galway-based consultant speech and language therapist Karen OConnor suggests its time to progress the conversation nationally and internationally about this autism epidemic.
Although there have been many studies on the epidemiology of ASD internationally, uncertainty remains about the true prevalence of ASD globally. The World Health Organisation estimates that one in 160 children has an ASD, but some well-controlled studies have reported figures as high as one in 59 children.
Autism spectrum disorders are a range of related developmental disorders that begin in childhood and persist throughout adulthood. ASD can cause a wide range of symptoms, including problems and difficulties with social interaction impaired language and communication skills and unusual patterns of thought and physical behaviour. Boys are three to four times more likely to develop an ASD than girls.
Based on epidemiological studies conducted over the past two decades, the prevalence of ASD does appears to be increasing globally. However, some experts argue that the rise in the number of diagnosed cases does not necessarily mean that the condition is becoming more widespread, but may be due to improved awareness, expansion of the diagnostic criteria, better diagnostic tools and improved reporting.
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Aspie Dating: 10 Things To Keep In Mind When Looking For Love
Individuals with high functioning autism may be interested in online dating or even a double date with a trusted friend. It is important to talk to autistic people about online safety and have a protocol in place to keep them safe.
This is true for autistic teens as well as adults. With all the electronic communication available, there are dangers that need to be taught.
About 50000 Individuals With Autism Will Leave High School Every Year In The Us
In the US, reports have it that up to 50,000 individuals dealing with autism leave high school every year. These kinds of facts about autism can be the result of several things, but mostly, these students struggle with slower learning processes. Due to their affected learning, dropping out of high school may become an option for them to avoid extra costs.
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The Rate Of Asd In The Us Grew By An Estimated 14% In Just 2 Years
In the United States, the rate at which Autism has affected individuals increased by 14% between 2016 and 2018. In the past, there were notably fewer diagnoses of the disorder. But over time, diagnoses of autism have become more prevalent, making it a common health disorder today.
Additionally, a study conducted by the CDC shows that autism had a 16% increase in its total prevalence from 2012 to 2014. Why is autism increasing? For several years, many people have believed that the rate of ASDs prevalence has been alarmingly on the rise. However, the truth is that the diagnosis and monitoring of the disorder have simply become more accurate. In short, the number of people with ASD has long been inaccurately measured and is now being identified correctly.
Recommended Reading: Difference Between Sensory Processing Disorder And Autism
How Common Is Autism
In 2018, the Centers for Disease Controls Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring reported that approximately 1 in 59 children in the United States has been identified with an Autism Spectrum Disorder . This estimate is a 14% increase from the 1 in 68 rate in 2016 and a 47% increase from the 1 in 88 rate in 2012. In the 1980s autism prevalence was reported as 4 in 10,000. In the nineties, prevalence was 1 in 2500 and later 1 in 1000.
It is problematic to compare autism rates over the last three decades, as the diagnostic criteria for autism have changed with each revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual , which outlines which symptoms meet the criteria for an ASD diagnosis. In 1983 the DSM did not recognize PDD-NOS or Aspergers syndrome, and the criteria for autistic disorder were more restrictive. The previous edition of the DSM, DSM-IV, included autistic disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, PDD-NOS, and Aspergers Syndrome. Due to inconsistencies in diagnosis and how much we are still learning about autism, the most recent DSM only has one diagnosis, autism spectrum disorder , which encompasses each of the previous four disorders. According to the new diagnostic criteria for ASD, one must have both deficits in social communication and interaction, and restricted repetitive behaviors, interests, and activities .
Geographic Differences In Asd Reporting
Along with racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic differences, there also seem to be geographic differences in autism rates in the United States. In New Jersey, autism rates are as high as 1 in 34 children.
In Arkansas, where there are fewer rural service providers, autism impacts 1 in 77 children, a rate much lower than the national average. This suggests that despite diagnostic advances in the United States, regional differences exist in helping children and families access services they need. Its possible that the national average of 1 in 59 may be much higher.
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Getting The Right Environment
Environment is important to quality of life for autistic people. There are ways you can adapt and improve your environment to make it as comfortable and supportive as possible for you or your child.
The social model of disability is a way of looking at the world that treats the difficulties people with disabilities have as being caused by barriers in society, rather than just the disabilities themselves. These barriers can be physical for example, buildings not having accessible toilets. Barriers can also be caused by peoples attitudes for example, many people will assume someone is lying because they dont make eye contact while talking.
The social model of disability can be a helpful way of considering the difficulties someone faces, and how to adapt their environment so it works for them.
Common changes to an environment that can help autistic people include:
- sensory changes for example, being given a quiet space to work, being able to use sensory toys like fidget spinners, or being allowed to make noises while working
- communication changes for example, using email or apps to communicate, using very clear language, allowing additional time to ask questions, or using visual communication such as photos or pictures as well as written words
- routine keeping to a regular routine and giving warning of any changes as far in advance as possible
Clinical Development And Diagnoses
Leo Kannerearly infantile autism
The word autism first took its modern sense in 1938 when Hans Asperger of the Vienna University Hospital adopted Bleuler’s terminology autistic psychopaths in a lecture in German about child psychology. Asperger was investigating an ASD now known as Asperger syndrome, though for various reasons it was not widely recognized as a separate diagnosis until 1981.Leo Kanner of the Johns Hopkins Hospital first used autism in its modern sense in English when he introduced the label early infantile autism in a 1943 report of 11 children with striking behavioral similarities. Almost all the characteristics described in Kanner’s first paper on the subject, notably “autistic aloneness” and “insistence on sameness”, are still regarded as typical of the autistic spectrum of disorders. It is not known whether Kanner derived the term independently of Asperger.
Kanner’s reuse of autism led to decades of confused terminology like infantile schizophrenia, and child psychiatry’s focus on maternal deprivation led to misconceptions of autism as an infant’s response to “refrigerator mothers“. Starting in the late 1960s autism was established as a separate syndrome.
Also Check: Can Autistic Adults Get Married
Epilepsy Is Most Common In Autistic Children Over The Age Of Nine
In a nutshell, epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of seizures and associated with abnormal activity in the brain. Autism spectrum disorder statistics show that epilepsy is most common in autistic children over the age of nine. Whats more, autistic children over the age of ten have a 2.35 times higher chance of being diagnosed with epilepsy than younger children.
Important Autism Statistics For 2021
- The rate of ASD in the US grew by an estimated 14% in just 2 years.
- ASD generally appears before children hit 3 years.
- 64% of kids with autism have received therapy within the last 12 months.
- 1% of the adult population of the United Kingdom has ASD, according to autism statistics in the UK.
- Around 1% of the worlds population has autism.
- Research has shown that genetics are a major cause of ASD.
- Prematurely born babies or those born with a low birth weight have a higher risk of having autism spectrum disorder.
- Adults who have a child with autism have a 2%18% chance of having another child with the disorder.
- 4% of children with ASD lost their diagnosis by age 8.
- On average, autism costs families about $60,000 annually.
Read Also: Autistic Life Span
Resources For Adults With Asd
- Autism Now has resources and information for individuals with autism, other developmental disabilities, and their families. A national initiative of The Arc.
- Autism Speaks Transition Tool Kit provides information about the transition to adulthood for individuals with ASD. In addition to the development of self-advocacy skills, the kit covers the topics of community life, housing, health, sexuality, internet safety, employment, and post-secondary educational opportunities.
- A Guide for Transition to Adulthood, which is part of the Life Journey Through Autism series by the Organization for Autism Research , is a comprehensive resource to aid in transition planning for individuals with ASD.
The Crucial Role Vitamin D Deficiency Might Play With Autism
Yet another recent study published by the National Institutes of Health found a link between autism and deficiency in Vitamin D.
They found that Neonatal vitamin D status was significantly associated with the risk of ASD and intellectual disability.
Therefore it stands to reason that both a prenatal vitamin for pregnant women as well as a vitamin D supplement for children might be a good idea. Always check with your doctor first though.
Its an Amazon Choice product with almost 5 stars and over 1000 reviews, so you know this vegan, organic herbal multivitamin blend is outstanding. 1 tablet contains 67% of the recommended daily allowance of Vitamin D.
It also contains probiotics which may also play a crucial role in the prevention of autism.
For babies themselves, Amazon Prime has an amazing product with almost 5 stars and well over 1600 reviews called Baby Ddrops Liquid Vitamin D3 .
Its tasteless, no chemicals, no additives artificial flavors or colors and free from Wheat, gluten, soy, corn, sugar, milk, and peanut. While its designed for breastfed babies , you can also dispense the drop into a bottle as well.
Free shipping on that one too!
So now lets review the . . .
Recommended Reading: What Is The Life Expectancy Of Someone With Aspergers
Emergence Of Mental Health Comorbidities And Transition Into Adulthood
As they transition to adolescence and adulthood, people with ASD begin to exhibit a range of mental health comorbidities. In a UK sample of 10 to 14-year-olds with ASD, 70 % had at least one other psychiatric diagnosis and 41 % had two or more . The most commonly identified problems were anxiety disorders , attention disorder and oppositional disorder . Other studies corroborated the prevalence of co-occurring anxiety disorders alone as being about 40 % in children and adolescents with ASD compared to typically developing peers with a prevalence of about 532 % .
These findings highlight the many facets of autism and the need for continued screening and intervention adapted to the processes that may emerge during the unfolding life-long condition. There is a high risk for youth with ASD to develop an associated mental health problem and, thus, a need for screening to identify and address comorbid issues early on. Treatment of these additional conditions will not only lead to an improved quality of life, but also increase learning at school and add to adjustment in the community .
Can You Prevent Autism
There is not a cure for autism.
That being said, there are a lot of opinions on the causes of autism and ways of prevention.
Autism.com states that one of the best things can do is give herself six months or even a year to improve her diet and make better lifestyle choices .
She should consume organically grown grains, vegetables, fruits, nuts, and lean sources of protein.
Laying the foundation by putting herself in optimal shape prior to conceiving will go a long way in minimizing the chance of miscarriage, or developing other complications of pregnancy and delivery.
They go on to say that reducing or eliminating the white foods , chemical preservatives and processed foods may help prevent autism.
Lastly, they also recommend improving the gut bacteria which I get into more below.
You May Like: What Does Mildly Autistic Mean
Claims Of A Link Between The Mmr Vaccine And Autism Have Since Been Disowned
In fact, the primary contributor to the dramatic spike in autism prevalence in recent decades is the fact that a broad range of children, teenagers, and adults on the spectrum are able to get diagnosed at all. Until the 1980s, there was no autism spectrum as a diagnostic category. The condition was defined very narrowly, and mistakenly thought of as rare a misconception that Kanner, again, helped to spread.
Kanner wished to avoid dilution of his syndrome, and discouraged diagnosis unless children precisely matched the core features he described in 1943. He once bragged that he turned away nine out of 10 of the children referred to his office for a diagnosis of autism.
In the US, this meant that parents through the 1980s often had to bring their child to nine or 10 specialists before finally obtaining an autism diagnosis, which meant that few working-class families or families of colour were able to afford one. And girls with autism were still virtually invisible to the psychiatric establishment until the end of the 20th Century.
Some researchers have been preoccupied with trying to find a trigger for autism, such as vaccines
When I interviewed Wing at the Lorna Wing Centre for Autism in Bromley in 2011 for NeuroTribes, she told me that she fully expected estimates of autism prevalence to rise after the spectrum concept was adopted, dismissing the idea that vaccines were responsible. Its a question of diagnosis, she said firmly.


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It can be challenging to find the right Forex brokerage. A growing number brokers are available due to the increasing popularity of currency trading. Many traders have no clue where to start. To find the right broker, you need to carefully peruse the many forums and internet advertisements. Before choosing the right broker for you, make sure to thoroughly investigate each one. Come and visit our website to learn more about best forex broker.
Here are some tips that will help you choose a Forex Broker:
Forex is a 24-hour market. Therefore, your broker should offer 24/7 support. Find out if your broker will provide a dedicated point for support and how quickly you can get them to resolve your issues before you hire one. The Forex market trading hours are different depending on the currency you trade. Any questions you may have about order execution should be answered no matter the time.
Forex brokers who require a small initial deposit, such as $300 to $500, should be searched. This feature may not be available at all brokers. Brokers might require new traders to invest thousands.
Before you select a Forex broker, ensure that he’s licensed. The US-based National Futures Association or Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) is the most common association for brokers. The regulation of brokers is a way to improve their reputation. Consider if the broker isn’t registered at any of these organizations before hiring him.
When you trade currencies, you’ll have to pay a percentage or a commission. Sometimes, you may have the need to sacrifice a low transaction to ensure a reliable broker. The spread will vary depending on which broker is used, as currencies can’t be traded through a central exchange. Some brokers use an adjustable spread while some require a fixed one.
Find a broker that has an easy-to understand trading platform. All reputable brokers allow customers to trade demo accounts. This will allow you to experience the trading platform before investing your real money. Professional trading software will show you live prices, not indicative quotes. Check out reviews about brokers and visit their websites to find more information about customer support, telephone numbers and Forex trading regulations.

domain: finance


Until ten years ago, Meghna Charkrabarti was preparing for a life as an environmental scientist, having earned both a bachelor’s and a master’s degree in this field. But, in 2001, Chakrabarti abruptly abandoned the scientific career path, deciding instead to pursue a career in public radio.
“When I was halfway through my master’s degree,” says Chakrabarti, 35, it was “time to be honest with myself. And, the honesty was, I didn’t want to do engineering or science as a career, because I didn’t think that I had that much talent in it. And that was a really important realization, because I come from a family of very talented scientists.”
After completing her master’s, Chakrabarti was home, unemployed, chopping tomatoes while listening to WBUR, when the idea occurred to her to write a letter to the station, asking if there were any employment opportunities. To her surprise, Anna Bensted, producer of the “Inside Out” documentary series, called her, telling her that she could not hire her, but that there was volunteer work available as an intern. And this is how Chakrabarti got her start with WBUR.
But why public radio? Chakrabarti says, “I was a public radio listener since I was this high. I have always enjoyed writing a lot, and did journalism in college, on the side. So, there was obviously an unrecognized passion for that. Now, why radio in particular? That was where a lot of great journalism was happening…I also happen to be in a town that has one of the greatest public radio stations in the country, so why not give it a try?”
In the aftermath of September 11, WBUR, which bills itself as ‘Boston’s NPR News Station,’ organized a new program, ‘On Point’ hosted by Tom Ashbrook. Chakrabarti was hired as a producer for the show, and, within a couple of years, also became the program’s director. She continued her behind-the-scenes role on ‘On Point’ until 2006, then began doing on-air reporting on energy and transportation issues affecting New England. She was later cast into the spotlight as a fill-in host for ‘Here & Now’, WBUR’s national midday show.
Then, in May, 2010, WBUR expanded its weekly public affairs program ‘Radio Boston’ to a weekday schedule, and selected Chakrabarti as the program’s host. She was later joined by veteran NPR journalist Anthony Brooks as her co-host. WBUR’s website describes the show, which airs from 3-4:00 PM, as introducing the listeners “to newsmakers, big thinkers and artists and bring us stories of relevance to Bostonians here and around the region.” ‘Radio Boston’ executive producer Mark Navin says, “We really see ourselves as a transitional program. We want to do a little bit of the afternoon talk show format, but we also want to do a little bit of the news magazine format that ‘All Things Considered’ represents.” ‘All Things Considered’ is the flagship evening commute news program on NPR, airing from 4-6:00 PM.
Chakrabarti greatly admires the relaxed, incisive interview style of Terry Gross, host of NPR’s ‘Fresh Air’, and wants ‘Radio Boston’ to include more of the in-depth interviews that ‘Fresh Air’ is known for. “We absolutely want some of that in every single Radio Boston. I want some of that as a host to be able to show that part of my style and personality,” says Chakrabarti. She recently had the opportunity to perform just such an interview with comedian Rachel Dratch, taking the time to delve into Dratch’s career, her local connection (Dratch is from Lexington), and her thoughts on the role of women in comedy.
Chakrabarti has no formal journalistic training, but feels that this is, in no way, a detriment. “I think journalism school is a waste,” she declares, “because journalism is still, at its core, an apprenticeship craft. It’s a craft. So, the only way to really, really, really learn it is to do it, and to do it every day.” Her co-host Brooks, who also has no formal training as a journalist, says, “I wouldn’t be as strong on that as Meghna, because I know there are a lot of terrific journalists that come out of some great journalism schools…I think that if you’re lucky enough to go to a great journalism school, I don’t see that it could hurt you. I know the way that senior journalists in this profession think, and the first thing they’re going to look at is what experience do you have…The quickest way to get that experience is to do it.”
Her scientific background has been a great asset, Chakrabarti strongly believes: “I think my training as a scientist and engineer really contributed to how I approach the stories as a journalist…that’s what I feel is the greatest skill set that I brought over into journalism.” Executive producer Navin concurs: “Having another kind of academic background, as Meghna does, as Anthony does, as a lot of people here do, it gives you a good basis for being a good journalist, because you know, academia is all about research and discovery, and that’s what journalism is all about.”
The ‘Radio Boston’ staff consists of only six people, including both hosts. Each program typically comprises three or four segments on a wide range of topics. Much of the research for each segment must be performed by the hosts themselves. The process of arriving at story topics for each show is complex, derived from news and cultural events, the interests of the hosts, and requests from the community, especially the arts community, for attention. Chakrabarti says, “We have to cover things that are in the news with intelligence and passion and analysis…We absolutely would be totally remiss if we didn’t talk about Occupy Boston…But we have to cover things 1,000 miles away from the news, that are the opposite end of the universe from the news. I think that’s one of the things people love public radio for, they can hear things they may know nothing about.”
Rising from a volunteer intern 10 years ago with no radio experience, to co-hosting a popular local affairs program on WBUR, it would seem that Chakrabarti’s decision to enter public radio has been a good one. Asked about Chakrabarti’s success and what the future might hold for her, co-host Brooks says, “Meghna has the essential qualities that all successful journalists need…she is relentlessly curious and relentlessly energetic. And she is very, very intelligent. And if you put those three characteristics together, you have the basic building blocks of what makes a good journalist. So, I think that Meghna can take this as far as she wants.”


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Commercial Property Valuation
Methods and Case Studies
Wiley Finance Editions
1. Edition July 2019
240 Pages, Hardcover
Wiley & Sons Ltd
A practical guide to the best approaches for commercial real estate value assessment
Commercial Property Valuation provides a comprehensive examination of principles and methods of determining the accurate value of commercial assets. This invaluable resource covers all key elements of commercial property valuation, including valuation queries, real estate report structure, market analysis, capitalization and discount rates estimation, and more. This book details the economic characteristics unique to commercial property and illustrates property-specific risk factors and mitigation strategies. Drawing from years of professional and academic experience, the authors provide accurate information on multiple valuation approaches suitable for commercial real estate such as sales comparison, income capitalization and residual land value. Favoring real-world practicality over complex formulas, this book provides a powerful set of tools to assist readers in selecting and applying the best valuation approach to various situations. Actual case studies of office buildings, hotels, high street retails, and residential developments allow readers to understand and apply appropriate valuation methodologies.
Commercial property is a major investment class that offers abundant opportunities but poses unique risks. Thorough and inclusive knowledge is essential to success in this complex and competitive sector of real estate. This book provides expert coverage of critical topics allowing readers to:
* Identify the unique economic characteristics and potential risks of commercial real estate valuation and investment
* Focus on methods specific to commercial real estate valuation
* Learn how to select and apply the appropriate valuation method in a variety of scenarios
* Access sample Excel spreadsheets and ancillary online resources including slides and useful Internet links
Commercial Property Valuation is an essential resource for investors, appraisers, consultants, accountants, and students in real estate courses.
PAOLO BENEDETTO, MRICS, is Advisory & Valuation Director at Agire - IPI Group, an Italian real estate service company. His specialization is in real estate valuations. He is an Academic Fellow of Real Estate Finance at Bocconi University (Milan, Italy) and a Fellow of Corporate Finance and Real Estate at SDA Bocconi School of Management (Milan, Italy). Paolo is a member of the Italian board of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) and a RICS Registered Valuer.

domain: library


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A red clear slime topped with a few slush beads for crunch. Inspired by Sparkles candy.
Texture: Crunchy clear slime
Perfect for pokes, bubble pops and stretching.
Add-on: One handmade Sparkles candy in a random colour.
Difficulty level: 5/5
Recommended for expert slimers.
Expert slimers have experience with all types of textures and can handle any and all levels of stickiness.
IMPORTANT: All our slimes are made with a borax based activator. Slime is not edible. Recommended for ages 8 and up.

domain: hobby


text:
At a glance:
I am 26 years old. I have always been very athletic so I really enjoy working out at the gym! I also love the outdoors so you can always find me hiking and camping.
My name is Amber and this is my husband Duke. We are fun and outgoing and willing to try just about anything at least one time, so do not be shy when it comes to having your fantasy fulfilled. That is what we are here for ;)
What I'm doing in private:
I am extremely flexible, so there is not a sexual position out there that I cannot perform. I also have no gag reflex therefore I can deep throat quite well ;)
Turns me On:
Someone that is confident and knows what they want.
Turns me Off:
Ignorance and pushy, rude people.


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That’s the reason you’re visiting now Ladyboy Dating.
Our site is not another non-real profile dating site.
Finding love is a challenging quest even in your home country.
Dating internationally will either make it more so or raise the chance to finally get the partner you've been looking for all along.
It was governed as British Guiana, with mostly a plantation style economy until the 1950s.
Welcome to the original and largest celebrity dating site.All our profiles, men and ladyboys, are real people next door.It is not easy to meet ladyboys, especially if you’re a shy person in love.is a sovereign state on the northern mainland of South America.It is, however, included in the Caribbean Region due to its strong cultural, historical, and political ties with other Anglo Caribbean countries and the Caribbean Community (CARICOM).Meanwhile, the share of 55- to 64-year-olds who use online dating has doubled over the same time period (from 6% in 2013 to 12% in 2015).

domain: geography


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Cost of living in Baranavichy, Belarus compared to Abuja, Nigeria
WARNING! Abuja has artificial and unrealistic official exchange rates. You can also get this comparison using the parallel street rate in Abuja.
WARNING! This comparison is based on only a few data points. At this point it is only a guess. It is based on 200 prices entered by 15 different people.
These prices were last updated on February 17, 2018. Exchange rate: 184.065 NGN / BYN *
Do you live in Abuja? We need your help!
Cost of living in Baranavichy (Belarus) is 31% cheaper than in Abuja (Nigeria)
For example, to keep the same standard of living that would require 1,540,000 ₦ in Abuja you would need to make just about 1,069,115 ₦ (5,808 BYN) in Baranavichy.
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