text:
|Publication number||US5449851 A|
|Application number||US 08/049,586|
|Publication date||Sep 12, 1995|
|Filing date||Apr 19, 1993|
|Priority date||Sep 16, 1991|
|Publication number||049586, 08049586, US 5449851 A, US 5449851A, US-A-5449851, US5449851 A, US5449851A|
|Inventors||Iraj Rahmin, Albin Huss, Jr., Daria N. Lissy, Donald J. Klocke, Werner O. Haag|
|Original Assignee||Mobil Oil Corporation|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (14), Referenced by (7), Classifications (12), Legal Events (5)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/760,287 filed on Sep. 16, 1991, now abandoned.
This invention relates to a highly selective method for the conversion of n-olefin-containing, e.g. n-butene-containing, hydrocarbon streams to iso-olefin-rich, e.g., isobutene-rich product streams. The process uses a catalyst composition comprising ZSM-35 or its isotypes and can achieve isobutene selectivities of greater than 90% or even 99% at substantial n-butene conversions.
The demand for iso-alkenes has recently increased. For example, relatively large amounts of isobutene are required for reaction with methanol or ethanol over an acidic catalyst to produce methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) or ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) which is useful as an octane enhancer for unleaded gasolines. Isoamylenes are required for reaction with methanol over an acidic catalyst to produce tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME). With passage of the Clean Air Act in the United States mandating increased gasoline oxygenate content, MTBE, ETBE and TAME have taken on new value as a clean-air additive, even for lower octane gasolines. Lead phasedown of gasolines in Western Europe has further increased the demand for such oxygenates.
An article by J. D. Chase, et al., Oil and Gas Journal, Apr. 9, 1979, discusses the advantages one can achieve by using such materials to enhance gasoline octane. The blending octane values of MTBE when added to a typical unleaded gasoline base fuel are RON=118,MON=101,R+M /2=109. The blending octane values of TAME when added to a typical unleaded gasoline base fuel are RON=112, MON=99, R+M /2=106. Isobutene (or isobutylene) is in particularly high demand as it is reacted with methanol to produce MTBE.
The addition of shape-selective zeolite additives such as ZSM-5 to cracking catalysts, e.g. those used in fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC), is beneficial in producing gasoline boiling range product of increased octane rating. However, increased amounts of olefins result, including n-butenes, creating a need for their conversion to higher value products such as isobutene which can be used to produce MTBE.
Butene exists in four isomers: butene-1, cis-butene-2, its stereo-isomer trans-butene-2, and isobutene. Conversions between the butenes-2 is known as geometric isomerization, whereas that between butene-1 and the butenes-2 is known as position isomerization, double-bond migration, or hydrogen-shift isomerization. The aforementioned three isomers are not branched and are known collectively as normal or n-butenes. Conversion of the n-butenes to isobutene, which is a branched isomer, is widely known as skeletal isomerization.
The reaction of tertiary olefins with alkanol to produce alkyl tertiary alkyl ether is selective with respect to iso-olefins. Linear olefins are unreactive in the acid catalyzed reaction, even to the extent that it is known that the process can be utilized as a method to separate linear and iso-olefins. The typical feedstream of FCC C4 or C4 + crackate used to produce tertiary alkyl ethers in the prior art which contains normal butene and isobutene utilizes only the branched olefin in etherification. This situation presents an exigent challenge to workers in the field to discover a technically and economically practical means to utilize linear olefins, particularly normal butene, in the manufacture of tertiary alkyl ethers.
In recent years, a major development within the petroleum industry has been the discovery of the special catalytic capabilities of a family of zeolite catalysts based upon medium pore size shape selective metallosilicates. Discoveries have been made leading to a series of analogous processes drawn from the catalytic capability of zeolites in the restructuring of olefins.
European Patent 0026041 to Garwood, incorporated herein by reference, discloses a process for the restructuring of olefins in contact with zeolite catalyst to produce iso-olefins, followed by the conversion of iso-olefins to MTBE and TAME. The restructuring conditions comprise temperature between 204° C. and 315° C. and pressure below 51 kPa.
In European Patent 0247802 to Barri et al., it is taught that linear olefins can be restructured in contact with zeolite catalyst, including Theta-1 (ZSM-22) and ZSM-23, to produce branched olefins. The restructuring conditions comprise temperature between 200°-550° C., pressure between 100 and 5000 kPa and WHSV between 1 and 100. Selectivities to isobutene up to 91.2% are reported using a calcined Theta-1 tectometallosilicate at 400° C. and 30.6% 1-butene conversion.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,992,466 to Plank et al. teaches the use of ZSM-35 as a catalyst for hydrocarbon conversion reactions, including "isomerization of aromatics, paraffins and olefins."
U.S. Pat. No. 4,922,048 to Harandi discloses the use of a wide variety of medium pore size zeolites, e.g. ZSM-5, ZSM-11, ZSM-12, ZSM-22, ZSM-23, ZSM-35 and ZSM-48, in low temperature (232°-385° C.) olefin interconversion of C2 -C6 olefins to products including tertiary C4 -C5 olefins and olefinic gasoline.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,886,925 to Harandi discloses low pressure high temperature conversion of light olefins to produce higher olefins rich in isoalkenes. The process converts C2+ n-alkenes to a product comprising C4 -C6 alkenes rich in iso-alkenes, C7+ olefinic gasoline boiling range hydrocarbons, and unconverted hydrocarbons over ZSM-5. The reference teaches further treatment of the alkene effluent with methanol in the presence of medium pore size zeolites such as ZSM-5, ZSM-11, ZSM-12, ZSM-35, ZSM-38 and ZSM-48.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,996,386 to Hamilton, Jr. discloses concurrent isomerization and disproportionation of hydrocarbon olefins using a ferrierite/Mo/W/Al2 O3 catalyst. The catalyst exemplified produces fewer branched olefins than a comparable material free of ferrierite and the reference teaches that ferrierite-containing catalysts exhibit improved selectivity to linear olefins than conventionally prepared disproportionation catalysts.
All of the above references are incorporated herein by reference.
Despite the efforts exemplified in the above references, the skeletal isomerization of olefins e.g., to produce isobutene, has been hampered by relatively low selectivity to isobutene perhaps owing to the lability of these olefins. It is further known that skeletal isomerization becomes more difficult as hydrocarbons of lower molecular weight are used, requiring more severe operating conditions, e.g. higher temperatures and lower linear olefin partial pressures.
Generally, the conversion of n-butenes to iso-butene is conducted at selectivities below 90%. In order to obtain higher selectivities, operation at high temperatures (>500° C.) and with high nitrogen feed dilution (butene partial pressure, typically less than 5 psia (34.5 kPa)) is generally required. Selectivities of greater than 90%, 95% or even 99% are highly advantageous in commercial conversion of n-butenes to isobutene in order to avoid the need to separate out materials other than n-butene from the product stream. Such high selectivities will permit direct introduction (cascading) or indirect introduction of the isomerizer effluent to an etherification zone where isobutene is reacted with alkanol to produce alkyl tert-butyl ether, e.g. MTBE. Unconverted n-butenes in the isomerizer effluent can be withdrawn either before the etherification zone or preferably, from the etherification zone effluent insofar as the etherification reaction utilizes only the isobutene component of the isomerizer stream. Unreacted n-butenes from the etherification zone effluent can be recycled to the isomerizer where they are converted to isobutene at high selectivity. If the recycle stream contains not only unconverted linear olefins, e.g. n-butenes, but also by-product such as other olefins (e.g. propylene) or paraffins, they have to be removed from the recycle stream, such as by distillation or by taking a slip stream. These removal steps are expensive and can lead to considerable loss of not only the by-products but butenes as well. These losses are larger when the by-products formed are present in higher concentration. Thus, even small improvements in the isobutene selectivity during n-butene isomerization have a major effect on the commercial viability of the process. However, high selectivities in skeletal isomerization processes have generally required low linear olefin partial pressures and high temperatures which place substantial limitations on such processes. It would, therefore, be advantageous to provide a skeletal isomerization catalyst capable of maintaining relatively high selectivity at low temperatures and high linear olefin partial pressures.
The present invention provides a method for highly selective conversion of linear olefins to corresponding iso-olefins of the same carbon number, e.g. n-butenes to isobutene, which comprises contacting a linear olefin-containing organic feedstock with a catalyst comprising ZSM-35 under skeletal isomerization conditions.
The high selectivity of ZSM-35 in the present invention results in large part from isomerization occurring without significant conversion to lighter and heavier molecules. This phenomenon, it is believed, is a consequence of the pore structure of ZSM-35 which promotes isomerization at a much faster rate than the reaction by which say, butene, is converted to lighter (mostly propylene) and heavier olefins (olefin interconversion reaction). Moreover, such isomerization takes place without significant cracking of the feed or hydrogenation or dehydrogenation effects resulting in the formation of, say, n-butane or butadiene. The present invention can be used to effect conversion of linear olefins to iso-olefins while resulting in less than 30%, 10%, 5% or even less than 1% by weight of converted product having lower or higher average carbon number.
FIG. 1 depicts the respective conversions and products obtained for ZSM-22, ZSM-23 and ZSM-35 in skeletal isomerization of 1-butene at 550° C.
FIG. 2 depicts the respective conversions and products obtained for ZSM-22, ZSM-23 and ZSM-35 in skeletal isomerization of 1-butene at 400° C.
FIG. 3 is a selectivity/conversion plot comparing the performance of ZSM-23 and ZSM-35.
FIG. 4 depicts the conversions and products obtained for ZSM-35 in skeletal isomerization of 1-butene at high WHSV, low temperatures and high butene partial pressures.
The present invention provides a process which converts a linear olefin-containing hydrocarbon feedstream to an iso-olefin rich product at high iso-olefin selectivity over a catalyst comprising ZSM-35 under skeletal isomerization conditions.
For present purposes, "ZSM-35" is considered equivalent to its isotypes, which include ferrierite (P. A. Vaughan, Acta Cryst. 21, 983 (1966)); FU-9 (D. Seddon and T. V. Whittam, European Patent B-55,529, 1985); ISI-6 (N. Morimoto, K. Takatsu and M. Sugimoto, U.S. Pat. No. 4,578,259, 1986); monoclinic ferrierite (R. Gramlich-Meier, V. Gramlich and W. M. Meier, Am. Mineral. 70, 619 (1985)); NU-23 (T. V. Whittam, European Patent A-103,981, 1984); and Sr-D (R. M. Barrer and D. J. Marshall, J. Chem. Soc. 1964, 2296 (1964)). Preferably the catalyst comprises ZSM-35 in its hydrogen-exchanged form, HZSM-35.
The skeletal isomerization reaction of the present invention is carried out at temperatures between 250 and 750° C.; weight hourly space velocity based on linear olefin in the feed between 5 and 500 WHSV; and linear olefin partial pressure between 12 and 500 kPa. The preferred conditions are temperatures between 325 and 600° C., more preferably between 390 and 550° C., WHSV between 10 and 400, more preferably between 30 and 250; and a linear olefin partial pressure between 30 and 300 kPa, more preferably between 50 and 150 kPa. Under these conditions the conversion of linear olefin, e.g., n-butene, can be at least 10%, preferably at least 25% and more preferably at least 35%. The selectivity to iso-olefin, e.g., isobutene, is at least 75%, preferably at least 85%, 90%, 95% or even 99%.
The present invention is especially suited to processes carried out at high linear olefin to iso-olefin selectivity, e.g., at least 92% at relatively low conversion temperatures and high linear olefin partial pressures. Such processes can maintain selectivities of at least 90, 92 or 95% at a conversion temperature less than or equal to 550, 400 or even 350° C., and linear olefin partial pressures above 2 psia (14 kPa), e.g. above 5 psia (34 kPa). Such processes can be carried out at an overall conversion of linear olefins of at least 30 wt %.
Preferred feedstreams include C4 or C4 + hydrocarbon feedstreams. Linear olefins suited to use in the present invention may be derived from a fresh feedstream, preferably comprising n-butenes and/or n-pentenes, or from the effluent of an iso-olefin etherification reactor which employs alkanol and C4 or C4 + hydrocarbon feedstock. Typical hydrocarbon feedstock materials for isomerization reactions according to the present invention include olefinic streams, such as cracking process light gas containing butene isomers in mixture with substantial amounts of paraffins including n-butane and isobutane. The C4 components usually contain a major amount of unsaturated compounds, such as 10-40% isobutene, 20-55% linear butenes, and small amounts of butadiene. Also, C4 + heavier olefinic hydrocarbon streams may be used, e.g. C4 to C10, preferably C4 to C6 olefinic hydrocarbon streams.
ZSM-35 is more particularly described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,016,245, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
An example of a piperidine-derived ferrierite is more particularly described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,343,692, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Other synthetic ferrierite preparations are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,933,974; 3,966,883; 4,000,248; 4,017,590; and 4,251,499, the entire contents of all being incorporated herein by reference. Further descriptions of ferrierite are found in Bibby et al, "Composition and Catalytic Properties of Synthetic Ferrierite," Journal of Catalysis, 35, pages 256-272 (1974).
The zeolite catalyst used is preferably at least partly in the hydrogen form, e.g. HZSM-35, but other cations, e.g. rare earth cations, may also be present. When the zeolites are prepared in the presence of organic cations, they may be quite inactive possibly because the intracrystalline free space is occupied by the organic cations from the forming solution. The zeolite may be activated by heating in an inert atmosphere to remove the organic cations e.g. by heating at over 500° C. for 1 hour or more. The hydrogen form can then be obtained by base exchange with ammonium salts followed by calcination e.g. at 500° C. in air. Other cations, e.g. metal cations, can be introduced by conventional base exchange or impregnation techniques.
The ZSM-35 may be incorporated in another material usually referred to as a matrix or binder. Such matrix materials include synthetic or naturally occurring substances as well as inorganic materials such as clay, silica and/or metal oxides. The latter may be either naturally occurring or in the form of gelatinous precipitates or gels including mixtures of silica and metal oxides. Naturally occurring clays which can be composited with the zeolite include those of the montmorillonite and kaolin families, which families include the subbentonites and the kaolins commonly known as Dixie, McNamee, Georgia and Florida clays or others in which the main mineral constituent is halloysite, kaolinite, dickite, nacrite or anauxite. Such clays can be used in the raw state as originally mined or initially subjected to calcination, acid treatment or chemical modification.
In addition to the foregoing materials, the zeolites employed herein may be composited with a porous matrix material, such as silica, alumina, zirconia, titania, silica-alumina, silica-magnesia, silica-zirconia, silica-thoria, silica-beryllia, silica-titania as well as ternary compositions such as silica-alumina-thoria, silica-alumina-zirconia, silica-alumina-magnesia and silica-magnesia-zirconia. The matrix can be in the form of a cogel. A mixture of these components could also be used.
Of all the foregoing materials, silica may be preferred as the matrix material owing to its relative inertness for catalytic cracking reactions which are preferably minimized in the instant isomerization processes. The relative proportions of finely divided ZSM-35 and inorganic oxide gel matrix vary widely with the zeolite content ranging from about 1 to about 90 percent by weight and more usually in the range of about 30 to about 80 percent by weight of the composite.
The regeneration of spent zeolite catalyst used in the isomerization reaction is carried out oxidatively or hydrogenatively employing procedures known in the art. The catalyst of the present invention can be readily reactivated without significantly reducing selectivity for isobutene by exposing it to hydrogen for a suitable period, e.g. overnight.
In order to obtain desired linear olefin skeletal isomerization activity/selectivity, ZSM-35, preferably in the hydrogen form, should have an alpha value of at least 5, preferably at least 50 when used in the catalyst of the present invention. Alpha value, or alpha number, of a zeolite is a measure of zeolite acidic functionality and is more fully described together with details of its measurement in U.S. Pat. No. 4,016,218, J. Catalysis, 6, pp. 278-287 (1966) and J. Catalysis, 61, pp. 390-396 (1980). The experimental conditions cited in the latter reference are used for characterizing the catalysts described herein.
Preparation of As-Synthesized ZSM-35
1.18 parts of aluminum sulfate (17.2% Al2 O3) were added to a solution containing 9.42 parts H2 O and 1.38 parts of 50% NaOH solution in an autoclave. 0.03 parts of ZSM-35 seeds and 3.20 parts of Hi-Sil precipitated silica were added with agitation, followed by 1.0 part of pyrrolidine.
The reaction mixture had the following composition, in mole ratios:
______________________________________ SiO2 /Al2 O3 21.5 OH- /SiO2 0.11 H2 O/Al2 O3 13.5 R/Al2 O3 6.45______________________________________
where R=pyrrolidine. The mixture was crystallized at 105° C. for 74 hours with stirring. The ZSM-35 product was filtered, washed with deionized water, and dried at 120° C. The chemical composition of the product was, in weight percent:
______________________________________ SiO2 76.7 Al2 O3 6.4 Na 0.84 C 7.26 N 2.03 Ash @ 1000° C. 85.5______________________________________
with a silica/alumina ratio for the product, in moles, of 20.3/1.
Preparation of HZSM-35/SiO2 Mi
The as-synthesized ZSM-35 of Example 1 was calcined in nitrogen for 3 hours at 538° C., then exchanged two times at room temperature with 1 N NH4 NO3 solution to convert it to the ammonium form, dried at 120° C., and calcined in air for 6 hours at 538° C. to convert it to the hydrogen form. The zeolite was dry mixed with a precipitated silica, in proportion to give 65% ZSM-35 / 35% silica after calcination, formed into pellets, and calcined in air for 3 hours at 538° C.
Preparation of Silica-Bound HZSM-35
A catalyst was prepared by dry mixing the as-synthesized ZSM-35 of Example 1 with precipitated silica, in proportion to give, after calcination, 65% ZSM-35 /35% silica in the catalyst. A solution containing 2% NaOH (based on solids) was added to the mix to create an extrudable mull, the mix was extruded to 1/16 inch (1.6 mm) diameter and dried at 120° C. The extrudate was exchanged two times with 1N NH4 NO3 solution at room temperature, rinsed with deionized water, dried at 120° C. and calcined in nitrogen for 3 hours at 538° C. It was again exchanged with 1N NH4 NO3 solution two times at room temperature, dried at 120° C., and calcined in air for 9 hours at 538° C.
Preparation of Silica-Bound HZSM-35
A catalyst was prepared by dry mixing the as-synthesized ZSM-35 of Example 1 with precipitated silica. Colloidal silica, in proportion to give 65% ZSM-35 /35% silica after calcination, and water were added to the dry mix to obtain an extrudable mull. The mull was extruded to 1/16 inch (1.6 mm) diameter, dried at 120° C., calcined in nitrogen for three hours at 538° C., and then in air for 6 hours at 538° C. The extrudate was exchanged two times with 1N NH4 NO3 solution at room temperature, dried at 120° C. and calcined in nitrogen for 3 hours at 538° C.
Isomerization of 1-Butene with ZSM-22, ZSM-23 and ZSM-35 at 550° C.
ZSM-22 was prepared by charging 48.2 parts water to an autoclave followed by 5.0 parts KOH solution (45% by weight), 1.0 part aluminum sulfate (17.2% Al2 O3) and 0.45 parts seeds. After mixing thoroughly, 8.2 parts of Ultrasil VN3 precipitated silica (Nasilco), then 3.6 parts of ethylpyridinium bromide (50% by weight) were added and mixed thoroughly. After aging the reaction mixture for 16 hours at 93° C. while stirring, the temperature was increased to 160° C. and maintained until crystallization was complete. The product was identified as ZSM-22 by X-ray diffraction. The slurry was filtered, washed and dried. A portion of the zeolite was calcined in flowing nitrogen for 3 hours at 538° C. and 3 hours in air at the same temperature. The cooled zeolite was exchanged with 1 N NH4 NO3 (5 cc/g zeolite) at room temperature for one hour then washed with water. The exchange procedure was repeated and the catalyst dried at 120° C. The zeolite was then calcined in flowing air for 3 hours at 538° C., then blended 65 parts zeolite and 35 parts Ultrasil VN3 and pelleted. The pellets were sized 14/24 mesh and recalcined at 538° C. in flowing air for 3 hours.
ZSM-23 was prepared by charging 85.5 parts water to an autoclave followed by 2.64 parts KOH solution (45% by weight), 1.0 part aluminum sulfate (17.2% Al2 O3) and 0.5 parts ZSM-23 seeds (100% basis). After mixing thoroughly, 14.5 parts of Ultrasil VN3 precipitated silica (Nasilco), then 5.1 parts of pyrrolidine were added and mixed thoroughly. The autoclave was heated to 160° C. with stirring and maintained at these conditions until crystallization was complete. The product was identified as ZSM-23 by X-ray diffraction. After flashing the pyrrolidine, the slurry was cooled, washed, filtered and dried. Eight parts of the dried ZSM-23 were combined with 1 part Ultrasil VN3 and 1 part Ludox colloidal silica (DuPont), mulled and extruded to form 1/16 inch pellets which were dried at 120° C. The pellets were then calcined in flowing nitrogen for 2 hours at 538° C. and 3 hours in air at the same temperature. The cooled catalyst was exchanged with 1N NH4 NO3 (5 cc/g catalyst) at room temperature for one hour then washed with water. The exchange procedure was repeated and the catalyst dried at 120° C. The exchanged extrudate was then calcined at 538° C. in flowing air for 3 hours.
The above-prepared ZSM-22 and ZSM-23, and ZSM-35 prepared in accordance with Example 3 above were used in butene skeletal isomerization reactions. The approximate experimental conditions were:
______________________________________Temperature 550° C.Pressure 177 kPa1-Butene WHSV 65 hr-1N2 /Butene in feed 3 vol/vol______________________________________
FIG. 1 graphically depicts the respective conversions and products obtained for ZSM-22, ZSM-23 and ZSM-35. Under these conditions selectivities of 83 5%, 88 2% and 95% respectively, were obtained.
Isomerization of 1-Butene with ZSM-22, ZSM-23 and ZSM-35 at 400° C.
ZSM-22 and ZSM-23 prepared in accordance with Example 5, and ZSM-35 prepared in accordance with Example 3 above were used in butene skeletal isomerization reactions. The approximate experimental conditions were:
______________________________________Temperature 400° C.Pressure 177 kPa1-Butene WHSV 65 hr-1N2 /Butene in feed 3 vol/vol______________________________________
FIG. 2 graphically depicts the respective conversions and products obtained for ZSM-22, ZSM-23 and ZSM-35. Under these conditions selectivities of 54.3%, 51.1% and 93.2%, respectively, were obtained. ZSM-35 maintains selectivity above 90% even at temperatures which significantly reduce selectivities for ZSM-22 and ZSM-23.
Isomerization of Butene with ZSM-23 and ZSM-35 at 400° C.
ZSM-22 and ZSM-23 prepared in accordance with Example 5, and ZSM-35 prepared in accordance with Example 3 above were used in 1-butene skeletal isomerization reactions at 400° C. and varying n-butene conversions over a wide range of process conditions. FIG. 3 is a selectivity/conversion plot comparing the performance of the two catalysts. At 30 to 40% conversion, selectivity of ZSM-23 ranges between 30 and 80%. In contrast, selectivity of ZSM-35 ranges from 90 to 99%. Indeed, selectivity of ZSM-35 remains relatively flat at greater than 85% all the way from about 2 to 40% conversion.
Isomerization of 1-Butene with HZSM-35/SiO2 Mix
The ZSM-35-containing catalyst of Example 2 was used to process a 1-butene feed under four sets of skeletal isomerization conditions comprising two temperatures and two relatively low 1-butene partial pressures. The conditions and compositions of the product streams from Runs 1 to 4 are set out in Table 1 below. Selectivity for isobutene ranged from 93.2 to 99%.
TABLE 1______________________________________Butene Skeletal Isomerization Using ZSM-35/SiO2 MixCatalyst: ZSM-35/Silica Mixed (65/35), Silica/Alumina = 20,Catalyst Alpha = 96Feed: 1-Butene/NitrogenRun Number: 1 2 3 4______________________________________Feed 1-Butene WHSV: 76 75 21 21Feed Nitrogen/1-Butene 3 3 10 10(vol/vol)Temperature (°C.) 400 550 400 550Pressure (kPa) 163 170 156 163Hours On Stream 2 6 9 14.5Composition of the Product Stream (%)Normal Butenes 61.9 62.9 66.8 62.2Isobutene 35.5 35.2 32.9 36.2Propene 1.1 0.6 0.2 0.4Pentenes 0.8 0.3 0 0Other C5- 0.7 0.9 0.1 1.2C6+ 0 0.1 0 0n-Butene Conversion (%) 38.1 37.1 33.2 37.8Isobutene Selectivity (%) 93.2 95 99 95.6______________________________________
Isomerization of 1-Butene with Silica-Bound ZSM-35
The ZSM-35-containing catalyst of Example 3 was used to process a 1-butene feed under four sets of skeletal isomerization conditions comprising two temperatures and two relatively low 1-butene partial pressures. The conditions and compositions of the product streams from Runs 1 to 4 are set out in Table 2 below. A comparison of Tables 1 and 2 shows that silica binding has no significant deleterious effect on performance between silica-bound ZSM-35 and ZSM-35/SiO2 mix catalysts.
TABLE 2______________________________________Butene Skeletal Isomerization Using Silica-Bound ZSM-35Feed: 1-Butene/NitrogenRun Number: 1 2 3 4______________________________________Feed 1-Butene WHSV: 65.9 65.5 18.4 18.5Feed Nitrogen/1-Butene 3 3 10 10(vol/vol)Temperature (°C.) 400 550 400 550Pressure (kPa) 161 171 158 165Hours On Stream 2.5 6.5 9.5 14.5Composition of the Product Stream (%)Normal Butenes 65 63.3 64.5 63Isobutene 32.8 34.8 35.1 36.0Propene 0.84 0.6 0.2 0.48Pentenes 0.65 0.25 0 0Other C5- 0.62 0.94 0.2 0.55C6+ 0.1 0.13 0 0n-Butene Conversion (%) 35 36.7 35.5 37Isobutene Selectivity (%) 93.7 95 98.9 97.2______________________________________
1-Butene Conversion at Low Temperature, High Pressure Conditions
1-Butene was converted over the HZSM-35 catalyst of Example 4 under the following conditions:
______________________________________Temperature 400° C.Pressure 200 kPa1-Butene WHSV 20 to 65 hr-1Total WHSV 40 to 130 hr-1N2 /Butene 1 (vol/vol)______________________________________
The results of this conversion are depicted in FIG. 4 and show that ZSM-35, unlike ZSM-22 and ZSM-23, performs well, particularly respecting selectivity, even at high WHSV, low temperatures and high butene partial pressures.
1-Pentene Conversion over ZSM-35
1-Pentene was converted over the ZSM-35/SiO2 catalyst of Example 3 under the following conditions:
______________________________________Temperature 400° C.Pressure 200 kPa1-Pentene WHSV 123 hr-1Hours On Stream 10.______________________________________
This conversion yielded the following product distribution (wt %):
______________________________________Total C4- 1.72-methyl-1-butene 19.42-methyl-2-butene 51.53-methyl-1-butene 0.11-pentene 2.2trans-2-pentene 14.9cis-2-pentene 9.6Total C6+ 0.7IC5=/NC5= in product 2.66.______________________________________
The above results indicate that linear pentene is converted to branched pentenes (to near equilibrium) over ZSM-35 with excellent selectivity.
While the instant invention has been described by specific examples and embodiments, there is no intent to limit the inventive concept except as set forth in the following claims.
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|US5985238 *||Jun 30, 1997||Nov 16, 1999||Pq Corporation||Process for preparing ferrierite|
|US7604794||Mar 9, 2004||Oct 20, 2009||Neste Oil Oyj||Zeolite catalyst for skeletal isomerisation of olefins|
|US20060179207 *||Feb 10, 2005||Aug 10, 2006||International Business Machines Corporation||Processor instruction retry recovery|
|US20060275207 *||Mar 9, 2004||Dec 7, 2006||Neste Oil Oyj||Zeolite catalyst for skeletal isomerisation of olefins|
|CN102603452A *||Feb 7, 2012||Jul 25, 2012||王伟跃||Method for preparing isoalkenes through isomerizing linear alkenes|
|EP2133309A1 *||Feb 28, 2008||Dec 16, 2009||Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas||Method for preparation of an aluminosilicate with ferrierite structure from gels containing tetramethyl ammonium and benzylmethylpyrrolidine, and uses thereof|
|WO1998016488A1 *||Oct 10, 1997||Apr 23, 1998||Mobil Oil Corporation||N-olefin skeletal isomerization process|
|International Classification||C07C5/27, B01J29/70, B01J29/65|
|Cooperative Classification||B01J29/7042, C07C5/2775, B01J2229/26, B01J2229/42, B01J29/65, B01J29/7046|
|European Classification||C07C5/27D2F, B01J29/65|
|Mar 11, 1999||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Dec 30, 2002||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|Mar 28, 2007||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|Sep 12, 2007||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|
|Oct 30, 2007||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 20070912

domain: chemistry


There also was no comment on whether the ad would run elsewhere if CBS chooses not to air it during the Super Bowl.Kevin Durant $63 million $28 million $35 million NBA 8.In general, we need to have a little better timing on that.Boston Celtics NBA $3B 20.New England Patriots NFL $4B 8.
25, at Noon ET, all NBC Sports and NHL social media accounts will conduct a social media roadblock to promote the game in a coordinated effort, including using the hashtag #HockeyGoesHollywood.At the end of the day, each individual has to take it upon themselves to put in the time and be a pro.
The Week of Greatness is back for Year Five, says one of the guys.Whether the NFL is willing or able to deal with those shortcomings remains to be seen and could be a side issue because Americans engage with the game, not with the NFL.Kirk Cousins $60 million $58 million $2 million NFL 10.The Liberty now presents a tremendous opportunity for a new owner to bring new resources, creativity and focus to ensure the team becomes an enduring success, said Dolan.?The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame has postponed the 3d annual Jerry Colangelo Classic originally scheduled for Dec.According to IEG, the increase exceeds the 4% increase in overall sponsorship spending but falls behind the 4% increase in the sports category.
The brand had been the NCAA’s official hotel partner for several years beginning in 2008.We are parting ways with many exceptional teammates, all of whom have made important contributions to ESPN.?The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame has postponed the 3d annual Jerry Colangelo Classic originally scheduled for Dec.Our company has actively supported IndyCar with more than just race tires, and we’ll continue to remain highly visible through our promotional activities and marketing initiatives around the series, Al Speyer, executive director, Firestone Racing, said in a statement.
Washington Football Team NFL $3B 16.Bayern Munich soccer $3B 25.New York Giants NFL $3B 10.13 Pittsburgh Steelers at Buffalo Bills ?Dec.Los Angeles Dodgers MLB $3B 14.
State Farm-Chris Paul Marketing Vision Hits Staples Center Q&A: State Farm’s Got Game With Chris Paul, Aaron Rodgers Back to Home Page.Nadal joins Jimmy Connors , Roger Federer and Ivan Lendl .7, in Seattle.If there was a lockout, a strike, that would be stupid.
9 MLB Network NL Finalists: Alec Bohm , Jake Cronenworth , Devin Williams AL Fnalists: Cristian Javier , Kyle Lewis , Luis Robert Manager of the Year Nov.Seattle Seahawks’ Rocky Bernard, bottom left, trips-up Arizona Cardinals quarterback Kurt Warner as Julian Peterson slams into him from above during the second half of an NFL football game Sunday, Dec.29 Chicago Bears at Green Bay Packers ?Dec.Real Madrid soccer $4B 7.This year, seven million Americans say they will bet legally at a casino sportsbook, 1 million more than last year, and tens of millions of others will place bets with friends, participate in pools or squares contests or place their bets online.
?Connor Schell, who joined ESPN in 2004 and currently is svp and executive producer for content, said he would is leave the network at the end of 2020 to pursue other ventures.Chances are that one of them is available for the Devils at seven.Do you ever see anything that surprises you or makes you say, I didn’t see that coming?Bayern Munich soccer $3B 25.According to Esurance’s Lee, We felt there were so many equities there.
I love the energy he brings and just how excited he is to come to work and get better each day.It’s because of these two reasons that I want to take this time to spend with my family and to assess what the next challenge is for me to take on.The NFLPA said that an independent auditor received submitted ballots through a secure electronic platform then verified, tallied and certified the results.


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Paper Plate Weaving ~ perhaps using t-shirt yarn to speed up process and fill faster? Pizza card boards are too flat, so styrofoam/plastic plates work better for space to work behind but must be fairly gentle or will be taping all the warping cords down to keep in place.


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EPUB EBook by Peter Grey
EBook DescriptionApocalyptic Witchcraft gives a compelling and profound account of the Sabbat and Wild Hunt as living experiences. Apocalyptic Witchcraft EPUB EBook These are the core of our ritual practice. Dream, lunar and, critically, menstrual magic are explored as a path to this knowledge. The wolf, the Devil, and the Goddess of witchcraft are then encountered in a landscape that ultimately reveals the witch to her or himself. These are not separate threads, but arise from a deep mythic structure and are woven together into a single unifying vision. Alternating between polemic, poetic and ecstatic prose, an harmonious course is revealed in a sequence of elegant stratagems. The book is threaded together with a cycle of hymns to Inanna, pearls on the tapestry of night. Seemingly disparate aspects are joined into a vision which is neither afraid of blessing nor curse. This is a daring undertaking, born from both urgency and need. It offers a renewed sense of purpose and meaning for a witchcraft that has seen many of its treasured ideas about itself destroyed. An apocalyptic age demands an Apocalyptic Witchcraft, and this is a book which is offered up to revolutionise the body of the craft, a way out of the dark impasse. Like this book? Read online this: Buckland's Book of Saxon Witchcraft, Apocalyptic Realm.
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domain: literature


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Regular price: £25.99
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A fascinating world of dance, a story about strong women with secrets, how they live with their demons. It is filled with excitement, intrigue and unlikely opportunities. The characters are brilliant, a story is beautifully told. One of the few books I could read all day.
3 of 3 people found this review helpful

domain: artistic


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The rivers and lakes of Africa are filled with conversations that you cannot hear or take part in. These chats are conducted by fishes called mormyrids or elephantfishes, which can produce and sense electric fields. They use their abilities to navigate through murky waters, hunt their prey, and talk to one another. It’s clearly a successful lifestyle, for there are over 200 species of mormyrid alive today. Bruce Carlson from Washington University in St Louis thinks that the origin of these diverse species lay in the diversity of their electric songs. Different species of mormyrid communicate with different electric signals, which work as badges of identity. When they’re ready to mate, they find partners of their own kind by listening out for their preferred electric dialect. The evolution of these diverse signals hinged in turn on changes in the mormyrids’ brains and sense organs. These allowed them to pick up subtler differences in their electric signals and talk to each other in more varied ways. This opened up a world of communication, but it was also the mormyrid equivalent of the Tower of Babel. By gaining the ability to communicate in different dialects, the species of mormyrid grew apart.
Carlson pieced together this sequence of events by comparing 26 different species of mormyrid. All of them detect each other’s electric fields using special structures called knollenorgans, dotted throughout the skin. These structures connect to a part of the brain called the exterolateral nucleus, or EL. Carlson found that the EL is more structurally complex in one subfamily of mormyrids called the mormyrins – it’s generally large and split into distinct front and back sections. The other subfamily – the petrocephalins – have a simple, uniform EL. It is no coincidence that there 178 species of mormyrins but only 30 species of petrocephalins. The same pattern applies to the knollenorgans. The diverse mormyrins have these electric sensors all over their bodies, while the petrocephalins typically have them only on their heads. The mormyrids analyse electric signals by comparing the timing of responses from different knollenorgans. The more broadly spaced they are, the more sensitive the fish would be to different signals. Carlson’s story was beginning to come together. It looked like some mormyrids had developed skin that can detect subtler variations in electric signals. They also had evolved brains that could better process the information from the skin. To see if that was true, Carlson tested living electric fish. He played them ten bursts of ten electric pulses – all identical, except for the ninth burst which was slightly out of time with the others. You would expect the fishes to respond less and less strongly to repetitive pulses. But if they noticed the change at the ninth burst, their responses should pick up again. That’s exactly how the fish behaved, but only if they had a complex EL. If they had a simpler, uniform EL, they didn’t notice the difference in the ninth pulse. The exceptions prove the rule. The only mormyrins that couldn’t detect the ninth pulse were the most primitive members of the group (Myomyrus) that haven’t evolved the complex EL of their cousins. Meanwhile, the only petrocephalin that could detect the ninth pulse was Petrocephalusmicrophthalmus, the one species that has evolved a complex EL, just like most of the mormyrins. So mormyrins are generally better than petrocephalins at detecting variety in their electric signals. They’re also better at producing variety. All elephantfishes create electric pulses using a special set of muscles near their tail. These are called electrocytes, and they act like living batteries. The electrocytes of mormyrins grow in a flexbile way, so different species end up producing very different pulses depending on how their batteries develop. This combination of abilities – to both produce and detect a wider variety of signals – set the evolution of the mormyrids into overdrive. It was a time of great musical experimentation. With great speed, one new species emerged after the other, all thanks to the production of new electric songs. Carlson found that the mormyrids with complex ELs and flexible electrolytes have diversified the timing of their electric signals 10 times faster than other members of the group. They have given rise to new species at three to five times the rate. (This group is known as "clade A" in the diagram; it consists of all the mormyrins except the primitive Myomyrus.) Again, the exceptions are instructive. P.microphthalmus did not give rise to a large number of different species because, even though it has a complex EL, it lacks the flexible electrolytes of the mormyrins. It can detect subtle changes in electric signals but it can’t produce them. It’s like a connoisseur of classical music that’s stuck playing the scales. Meanwhile, Myomyrus has flexible electrolytes, but a simple EL. It’s a deft singer with a tin ear. Reference: Carlson, Hasan, Hollmann, Miller, Harmon & Arnegard. 2011.Brain Evolution Triggers Increased Diversification of Electric Fishes. Science http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1201524More on electric fish:
More on speciation:

domain: biology


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| Mar 16, 2013
| 4:25 PM
Latrice lifts the sleeve of her gray sweatshirt to reveal small, dark lines — scars from slicing her forearm over and over to drown out pain from years of sexual abuse. She says she was an alcoholic, dropped out of school in the eighth grade and got...
| Jun 18, 2013
| 10:06 AM
I'm not exactly sure why maybe it's because of my carefully tracked reading habits? Then again, maybe it's because of the specific types of credit cards that I have, a much more likely scenario. But either way, I have been receiving unsolicited, unpaid...
| Jun 12, 2013
| 2:30 AM
IS MERS ON THE LOOSE?
There are signs that the new coronavirus that emerged in the Arabian peninsula last year is spreading among people who have had no known contact with an infected source.
Ron Fouchier, of Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam, the...
| May 22, 2013
| 6:02 PM
Dylan Jerrell was having a tough time in kindergarten.
The energetic, outgoing Bigfoot fan was easily frustrated, and he responded to challenges with disruptive meltdowns. He wouldn't hit anyone, but he'd break down and cry or yell at his teachers....
| May 20, 2013
| 1:44 PM
Having childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder could lead to a life of obesity, even if ADHD symptoms disappear in adulthood, a new study shows.
The study, which followed up on 207 middle-class men who had been diagnosed with ADHD as...
| May 21, 2013
| 4:18 PM
By the end of high school, 12% of teens say they have taken a stimulant medication for reasons other than to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). But parents, including many of those whose kids are taking ADHD drugs in a bid to boost...
| May 7, 2013
| 1:48 PM
This story would be funny if it weren't so sad. Texas Longhorns pitcher Corey Knebel was suspended from the team on Friday because he substituted his urine sample for a teammate's to prevent the teammate from failing a drug test. Problem: Knebel's urine...
| Apr 18, 2013
It’s FCAT week, as many of you know, and my son is in third grade. This is his first major standardized test, but he has been calm these few days and prepared each morning. He's even getting up early and getting ready without any prodding from...
| Apr 19, 2013
Howard County General Hospital will offer the following wellness classes in April and May. Classes will be held at the HCGH Wellness Center, 10710 Charter Drive, Suite 100, Columbia unless otherwise listed. Register in advance online...
| Apr 3, 2013
| 11:55 AM
NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Parents of preschoolers at risk for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may first want to try behavior training before they put their children on medications, suggests a new analysis of past studies.
| Jan 30, 2013
| 9:25 AM
SportsQuest Playing With Purpose Scholarship
For any Christian varsity student athlete who maintains a minimum “C” grade average or higher. Applicants must complete the application, and if possible, submit SAT and ACT scores. www....

domain: health


The Alberta government is exploring using Edmonton’s young offenders centre to house people who flagrantly disregard public health rules during the COVID-19 pandemic.
In an email Wednesday, justice ministry spokesperson Jonah Mozeson said the government is looking at “potential need for a controlled facility” for cases where “a high-risk individual refuses to quarantine in their private residence or a government-provided facility such as a hotel room.”
tap here to see other videos from our team.
He gave the example of an international traveller “who refuses to self-isolate as required and willingly puts Albertans’ health at risk.” Such a person “could be temporarily housed at a secure facility for his or her required 14-day self-isolation period,” Mozeson said
He added: “such a measure would only be used as an extraordinary last resort. But the government must prepare for contingencies.”
The Edmonton Young Offender Centre (EYOC), located next to the adult remand centre in northwest Edmonton, is built to jail youth aged 12 to 17. It can house 286 people and holds a mix of pre-trial and sentenced inmates.
As of Wednesday there were just 18 youth at the facility.
Speculation about its future arose Wednesday when Mark Cherrington, an Edmonton youth worker and former federal NDP candidate, said he heard the government planned to close the facility.


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Instead of drinking, blow bubbles at these moments.
The Dexter Drinking Game.where was this game when we were watching dexter non-stop shoot!
The Ultimate "Friends" Drinking Game. Can't drink but sounds fun!
“Buddy the Elf, what’s your favorite drink?” 10 Christmas Movie Drinking Games You'll Want To Play This Year
Frozen Drinking Game (Need To Try Disney Cocktails)
Bottoms up, movie buffs! View Movie Drinking Games You're Going to Play ASAP" and more funny posts on CollegeHumor

domain: entertainment


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Bulls forward Nikola Mirotic said he has accepted teammate Bobby Portis’ public apology. He just hasn’t told Portis that to his face and likely won’t anytime soon. ‘‘I guess he will know now,’’ Mirotic said Wednesday, when he met with reporters for the first time since a practice altercation between the two Oct. 17 sent Mirotic to the hospital with a concussion and two broken bones in his face. Mirotic said he and Portis, who was suspended for the Bulls’ first eight games for punching Mirotic, will support each other on the court but made it clear there won’t be a relationship between the two away from the court. Mirotic had just been named the starter at power forward — over Portis and rookie Lauri Markkanen — and was set to begin a very important fourth season when the altercation occurred.
Nikola Mirotic will be professional with Bobby Portis, but that’s it
Chicago Sun-Times | Nov 30

domain: news


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Well, maybe not the one about dogs and cats. ArcGIS 10 introduced the concept of editing with feature templates, which define a new feature’s symbology and default attribute values, among other properties. glenn I now have four feature templates for the Roads layer. Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system build to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage and display all kinds of spatial or geographical data. Well that’s a good question, and the answer is that it depends on your data and what you want from it. At this point, even my original major road feature template disappears from the Create Features window. The SQL LIKE operator is used to search for a specified pattern in a column. I am working with some data from Zion National Park and surrounding communities, including a Roads layer where the roads have been symbolized by type: Freeway, Major road, Minor road, and Unpaved road. When creating a map for editing, I should consider authoring the appropriate layer properties, such as symbology, display expressions, fields, and definition queries. As I am working with the streams layer, I later set a definition query on the Shape_Length field to display only streams that are longer than 1000 meters (“Shape_Length” > 1000). 1. If the feature template really does not exist, I can also create a new template for a layer with a definition query by using the Create New Templates wizard. We want to find vacant land for our apartment building. Some combinations will … Anytime I want to add a feature, I use the Create Features window, which displays a list of available feature templates and tools for creating new features. For example, if I have a similar definition query where a field called Stream Length must be greater than 1000 meters, then I must set 1000 or a larger number as the feature template’s default attribute value to make the new features display on the map and the feature template show on the Create Features window. When a time that is not null is stored with the dates (for instance, January 12, 1999, 04:00:00), querying the date only will not return the record because when you pass only a date to a date-time field, it will fill the time with zeros and retrieve only the records where the time is 12:00:00 a.m. Labeling and styling, including heat maps and thematics? GIS Level 2 Workshop, MIT GIS Services 3 Definition Queries A definition query is a way of displaying only certain features in a layer based on an expression. Only feature templates with default attribute values matching the definition query are displayed. If the default attribute values do not satisfy the query, the feature template is hidden because the new feature would disappear from the map as soon as it is created. Plus, learn how to publish your projects to ArcGIS Online for sharing and collaboration. Sometimes, removing a definition query is the best way to make a feature template display. When you open a layer in the QGIS canvas, and then right-click the layer, you will see the Update SQL layer menu. Typically, this is performed using a criteria-based query language, most commonly SQL.. While the feature template’s default attribute value satisfies the road type portion of the query, the maintenance field’s value does not. In reality, a feature template is shown on the Create Features window when the template’s default attribute values match the definition query. All the feature templates are displaying in the Create Features window because all the features in the layer are being drawn on the map. The underlying philosophy for determining whether ArcMap shows a feature template is that new features created with the template must be visible after creation. Esri generally recommends building and working with maps that are each designed for a certain ArcMap workflow, such as a map to be used specifically when editing. You can label. Therefore, I need to update the maintenance field’s default attribute value. In most cases, the desired information can be given as a set of criteria based on … This could be because there are no templates for the layer, but it could also be that the template exists but is being filtered out of the Create Features window. You use it in ArcMap to select features with the Select by Attributes dialog box or with the Query Builder dialog box to set a layer definition query. Either way, the bottom line is that I must display intermittent streams and should show the perennial streams as well so I can create features in relation to them. Querying dates. A symbol and a corresponding default attribute value for the field being used to symbolize the feature is assigned to the feature template. Therefore the expression would simply be for event date field values that are greater than or equal to the current date minus 2 days or for event date field values that are greater than the current date minus 3 days. You can filter date fields on hosted feature layers as well as on ArcGIS Server 10.2 and later service layers that support standardized queries. Depending on the GIS tasks, this means that I may have several map documents referencing one set of data—for example, a visually pleasing map with labels and cartographic effects for creating mapping products, a functional map used when editing, and a simple map for sharing on the web or a mobile device. In simple way GIS can be define as an image […] A definition query displays only the subset of features that match an attribute query defined on the Layer Properties dialog box; the remaining features are not drawn on the map or shown in the attributes table. However, I need to be careful when assigning a template’s default attribute values, since they should only refer to values that will be used frequently. When editing, definition queries on ArcGIS system fields, such as OBJECTID, Shape_Area, or Shape_Length, are not supported. Definition queries while editing work best on discrete categories, rather than attempting to set up an inequality equation such as this one. I really like the USGS TNM maps for references and use the USGS TNM Style Template in ArcGIS at lot – see the ArcGIS Template (map document or mxd file) provided by USGS - … Here we can type in our Definition Query,…which is simply an SQL statement,…just like the one's we were using earlier…when we were selecting by attributes.…If you need help, we can click on…Query Builder here, to get to the Query Builder tool.…Now earlier, we had seen … ; The where parameter is a SQL expression that is run by the database.1=1 is an expression that will return true for every feature so this will retrieve all features from the layer. Later, I change the Roads layer’s definition query to display only the roads that are major AND are maintained by the county. Therefore, I may want to revise my definition query when editing if I expect only a few features to match it. For more information on the query operators types, refer to ArcGIS Help: SQL reference for query expressions used in ArcGIS. I discovered a common misunderstanding that removing a definition query is the only way to get a feature template to appear in the Create Features window. = DATE 'YYYY-MM-DD' = TIMESTAMP 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS' When should you use each type of date-time query? For example, you use this syntax using the Select By Attributes tool or with the Query Builder dialog box to set a layer definition query . *Price may change based on profile and billing country information entered during Sign In or Registration, Exploring the amazing world of GIS using ArcGIS Pro, Creating feature classes in a geodatabase, Ex_Files_ArcGIS_Pro_2_4_Essential_Training.zip. Dogs and cats living together? While a layer being turned off is one of the more obvious reasons why feature templates are not shown on the Create Features window, layer definition queries can be subtle causes. This means that the template’s default attribute value for a field with the definition query could be null and must be populated to make the template display. Solved: I used the "Like" function all the time in ArcMAP definition queries. ArcGIS Pro doesn't seem to offer this function. When creating features, I am also going to be zoomed in closer where it makes sense to draw all the features. The LIKE operator can also be used with the wildcard characters, to … Introduction to the basic operators in the SQL Query Builder. … A name or ID that is only common to a few features should not be set as default values for a template to avoid having to update the attributes after each feature is created. Since there is not a way to satisfy that definition query with the template’s default attribute values, no templates in this layer will ever display on the Create Features window using this query. Like a selection, a definition query makes no permanent changes to your underlying data nor does it create a new layer. With ArcGIS Pro, we're going to answer all these questions and more. GIS application are tools that allow end users to perform spatial query, analysis, edit spatial data and create hard copy maps.
arcmap definition query like 2021


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The good boys and girls got the freshest of the fresh petits fours direct from Divine Delights outlet in Petaluma in their stockings this year. I finally made it in there last Monday to shop in person, having missed the 4pm closing a few times before.
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domain: food


The Eye in the Sky
Kruger National Park Remote Sensing Monitoring Workshop
By: Izak Smit (Research Manager: GIS & Remote Sensing)
A view from above might help answer questions on the ground. In order to manage Kruger National Park effectively and to understand how actions like artificial surface water provision, management fires and animal numbers influence the system, effective and well-designed monitoring programmes are crucial. KNP has a proud history of monitoring thus providing long-term datasets that are used by many researchers, both internal and external to the park.
With the KNP covering an area of almost 2 million hectares, it is physically impossible to monitor the entire park using field-based monitoring techniques like vegetation surveys. In addition there is a greater understanding of importance of land uses and land cover in the wider region of which Kruger forms part. The communal land, commercial farming, private game reserves, trans-frontier parks, etc. bordering Kruger are all part of the bigger system and the management or mismanagement of resources in these areas can have a direct influence within the boundaries of Kruger.
The rivers running through Kruger provides a good example of a resource that needs to be co-managed by many land owners and water users in order to ensure that it can meet the expectations of commercial and communal farmers, neighbouring communities, mines, industry, municipal users and others, without compromising the ecological integrity of the river. There is also South Africa’s obligation to let water through to neighbouring Mozambique. So how can this immense area that spans different management, temporal and political boundaries be monitored and studied effectively?
Remote sensing is a tool that is increasingly recognized as a viable method of studying large regions like Kruger and its surrounding environment. In fact, remote sensing is largely immune to all the hard and artificial boundaries that have been created by man and can guide the way monitoring is conducted on the ground.
What is remote sensing?
Remote sensing can be defined in many different ways, but all the definitions have one aspect in common, namely, acquiring information about something (usually an area on the earth’s surface) without being in physical contact with that area.
Aerial photographs and satellite imagery are the most common data sources used in remote sensing, and both of these are employed in the Kruger National Park. For example, the GIS and Remote Sensing laboratory in Skukuza uses satellite imagery from the MODIS sensor (supplied free of charge twice daily) to map fire scars in the park. AVHRR satellite imagery has also been used to improve the mapping of herbaceous biomass in the park.
However, it is increasingly recognized that remote sensing could play a bigger role in monitoring in the park and this was the impetus for inviting remote sensing expertise from across South Africa to Skukuza for a one-day workshop on 13 November 2006. 25 scientists attended the workshop, including people from three universities, the South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON), CSIR, the Meraka Institute, the Satellite Application Centre (SAC), as well as delegates from SANParks.
The main aims of the workshop were
(i) to provide a forum and a networking opportunity for remote sensing scientists working, or interested in working, in the Kruger Park,
(ii) to discuss and develop some initial ideas on possible ways that remote sensing may be used for monitoring purposes in the park, and
(iii) develop a KNP Remote Sensing Monitoring Framework. It is anticipated that this Framework, compiled by experts in this field in combination with Kruger’s own researchers, will stimulate and direct future remote sensing research to be in line with Kruger’s research objectives, specifically exploring the potential of remote sensing as a monitoring tool in the park.
The concept of Threshold of Potential Concern (TPCs) and the associated monitoring programmes already existing in Kruger were introduced to the group.
During the workshop three main monitoring themes that remote sensing could contribute towards were identified. The scientists present were confident that current remote sensing technology can contribute to monitoring
(i) woody vegetation structure,
(ii) herbaceous layer (including herbaceous biomass and productivity)
(iii) fire in KNP, with heterogeneity cross-cutting all three these themes.
It was also recognized that remote sensing techniques would never be able to replace field-based monitoring, but would be able to contribute to monitoring on space and time scales previously not possible.
Groups of scientists and researchers, under the coordination of a group-appointed champion, are continuing the process by preparing a remote sensing monitoring framework for the three themes. Each framework will outline what remote sensing monitoring products should be developed, what field data, remote sensing imagery and other resources are needed to develop these products. The possible analysis techniques that can be explored to achieve these goals, together with logistical issues like timeframes and responsible persons will also be included. The 3 frameworks will finally be combined into a “Kruger National Park Remote Sensing Monitoring Framework” by the KNP GIS & Remote Sensing Laboratory in Skukuza, with inputs from all stakeholders.
The framework will ensure that a more directed, coordinated and collaborative approach is followed in future remote sensing research in the park, specifically focusing on using remote sensing for addressing some of Kruger’s monitoring priorities on different scales and in a cost effective manner.
The remote sensing research community is eager to become involved in remote sensing projects in Kruger - in fact, some are already! The KNP GIS & Remote Sensing Laboratory in Skukuza share this enthusiasm and will provide the necessary support to establish Kruger as a data rich, well-known, preferred and adequately supported remote sensing study site, with active involvement from national and international expertise. This also includes effective communication and information dissemination between all involved.
This workshop and the developing frameworks provide a clear message that Kruger, even though it is one of the oldest proclaimed protected areas in the world, embraces new technology in their vision to conserve biodiversity for the enjoyment of all South Africans.
P.S. If you want more detail or are interested in getting a copy of the KNP Remote Sensing Monitoring Framework (a first draft to be completed by early March 2007), please e-mail Izak Smit .


Being an android user myself, and owning a decent tablet, I, like many others have been craving an equivalent to the the awesome garage band and imaschine app currently available on iOS. Finally after along wait, we have something very nearly ready. Check out the video fr more info.
Looking to grab yourself a decent hardware / software combo? There are a lot of choices out there, but here is great video to help you understand the differences between the two top dogs at the moment.
HaD the honor to hAve a brieF chat wiTh these guys a while back. Some suPerb mUsic making goiNg on here…(sicK!) If your into your French house disco cuts, then your going to love these. Reminds me of why i got into music in the first place – to make people dance.
Watch this song and feel awesome. Found this through researching Guy Sigsworth. Not usually my preferred style: pop, however this production, and video go beyond. If you do not feel upbeat and or happier after watching this then i would suggest seeing a specialist
Recently I have been playing with the idea of visuals reacting and or playing along to music. There are many ways to do this, however I went with manipulating 3D objects in space. Hope you like, more to come.
‘Heaven’ was used in the acclaimed skate film Fully Flared directed by Spike Jonze and Ty Evans. The collaboration inspired the directors to take footage and re-edit a sequence of shots that shows the Lakai skateboarding team demonstrating their considerable skills as they navigate through and around various exploding obstacles. With ‘Heaven’ as the musical backdrop, the resulting marriage of sound to picture is quite extraordinary.
I have just discovered a superb performance from Yppah featuring Anomie Belle. I haven’t heard much from this artist in the past couple of years, but i guess that is due to the fact that he is now signed with Ninja Tunes Records, and is writing music with such talented artist.
Yppah, featuring Anomie Belle, performs live in the KEXP studio. Recorded March 21, 2012.
Host: DJ El Toro Audio: Kevin Suggs Cameras: Scott Holpainen, Jordan Salazar & Justin Wilmore Editing: Justin Wilmore
Here is a little info on Yppah if you didn’t already know who he is:
Yppah (pronounced ‘Yippah’), sometimes know as Joe Corrales, Jr., released his debut album You Are Beautiful At All Times in November of 2006 on Ninja Tune. This stunning debut is a lush mix of beautiful and often times melancholic electronica, breakbeat drum samples with shoegazer melodies set in an atmospheric sound landscape.
Joe spent his early teen years playing guitar and bass in rock bands, then later as a scratch DJ who mixed hip hop and house in clubs sets. He’s also a founding member of the turntablist group The Truth.
Drawing on a cultural heritage that took in My Bloody Valentine alongside hip hop and heavily influenced by various forms of electronic music, psychedelic soul and rock, his music often mixes guitars shoved through massive reverbs/delays, keyboards/synthesizers, live drums, and other techniques.
Since the release of You Are Beautiful At All Times, Yppah has formed a live band consisting of himself, Caliban Goodbrain (Thomas Sutherland), Nicholas Noeding, Jr. and rotating band members. Live performances of the album have included shows at SXSW 2007 and the enormously popular Starbucks Mixed Media Series at the Museum of Fine Arts Houston. Yppah again made an appearance at SXSW 2008, this time as a DJ. He has traveled with the likes of DJ Food, DK, Bonobo and Zero dB taking part in Solid Steel Nippon 2, a hugely popular music event in Japan, and has also created remixes for DJ Kentaro and Zero dB.
Recently, Yppah’s music has been embraced by the entertainment industry. His songs have been featured in television episodes of CSI and House, the movie 21, and in the videogame trailer for Atari’s Alone in the Dark.
Yppah’s sophomore album, They Know What Ghost Know, was released in May of 2009. Employing the same atmospheric mix as his debut album, They Know What Ghost Know consists of a more rock based sound. He is also a third of the electronic/rock group Day of the Woman with Pollination/Nick Noeding, Jr. (Albuquerque, NM) and Stenographer/Dave Salinas (Houston, TX).
With their own productions, the Bachelors continue to defy those that try to categorize them into a genre. From the deep liquid drum n bass inspired by their hometown of London and the likes of High Contrast and LTJ Bukem to the minimal inspired Autonomic sounds of dBridge and sun-drenched 4/4 grooves inspired by fellow SF locals Dirtybird … the Bachelors have retained their quality and a large and loyal following throughout, garnering plays from Annie Mac, Basement Jaxx, LTJ Bukem, High Contrast, Loxy, Doc Scott, DJ Hype, Reid Speed, Alix Perez, Grooverider and DJ Marky…
Leading a wave of new skool D+B talent from Europe with his blend of uplifting, melancholic melodies and heavy dancefloor bass + beats, Netsky’s popularity as both a DJ and producer is second to none.He first came to Hospital’s attention with “Smile” and “Tomorrow’s Another Day” was quickly snapped up, signing exclusively to Hospital in late 2009. Netsky’s first release on Hospital was the iconic “Memory Lane” (as featured on “Sick Music 2″ in 2010) and this was swiftly followed up by his chart topping debut album – “Netsky”– in May of the same year. Following virtually unanimous praise and hype from all corners of the globe, it plunged Netsky firmly into the limelight, where he has remained ever since, delivering a potent mix of dancefloor anthems, vocal led classics and that clean cut new jungle sound which has become his trademark….
Richard D. James Album is an electronic album by Aphex Twin, whose real name is Richard David James. It was released on Warp Records in 1996. The work features use of software synthesizers and unusual beats. It is his fourth official full-length album. The album garnered high acclaim from music critics, and was named 40th in Pitchfork Media‘s “Top 100 Albums of the 1990s” list. It was also placed #55 on NME’s Top 100 Albums of All Time in 2003.…
Several of Sinclar’s songs have became international hits, being particularly popular in Europe. Some of his most popular hits include “Love Generation” (with Gary Pine) and “World, Hold On” (with Steve Edwards).


Major battle brewing over leaks in Senate
FBI inquiry into release of 9/11 reports raises a question of who polices Congress.
This is a city where leaking has become an art form. The stealthy release of a tidbit that can push an agenda, or sway or test public opinion is so common that it is rarely even scrutinized.
But in post-9/11 America, that is changing. Leaks of information especially classified and sensitive to the country's war on terror are being vigorously chased down.
One of the most serious is the FBI's current investigation into the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. It is alleged that a member or staffer leaked the classified text of two terrorist messages that the ultrasecret National Security Agency (NSA) had intercepted on Sept. 10 about an imminent attack.
What it adds up to is an unprecedented probe of Congress by the FBI, raising complicated questions about the separation of powers not seen since the days of the Pentagon Papers in the early 1970s.
For one thing, the case involves an agency of the executive branch, the FBI, investigating another branch of government. Both House and Senate rules specify that leaks on the Hill should be probed by their own ethics committees. Though congressional leaders themselves called for the FBI to come in, many lawmakers balk at the precedent it is setting.
Even more worrisome to some, the FBI is investigating the body responsible for its own oversight. In fact, a joint House-Senate panel is in the midst of conducting a review of intelligence lapses by the FBI and CIA that occurred prior to 9/11.
"It's maybe not a conflict of interest," says a former high-level intelligence official. "But it is definitely an embarrassing kind of conflict of responsibilities."
Consequently, how this investigation plays out is of paramount concern here. So far, the probe is centered on the Senate Intelligence Committee only. If the FBI determines a lawmaker leaked information, the Justice Department would have to turn it over to the Senate for action, which is where the constitutional clash starts to comes in.
"There's a little problem here in that the [federal] rules for revealing classified information apply to the executive branch," says a former Senate Intelligence Committee staff member.
Moreover, Congress has always claimed the right to discipline its own. "Ultimately, the framers and the court intended Congress to be the political branch," says Senate historian Richard Baker. "You have to reach Congress through political means ... not through judicial means."
At the least, the FBI's investigation will hinder the joint panel's probe. "It has already led to some delay in the work of the committee," says the former intelligence official. "In the worst case, it could undermine the credibility of what they are doing."
The request to bring in the FBI was made by the chairmen and ranking members of both the Senate and House Intelligence Committees. They did so, in part, to insulate themselves from any suggestion of a coverup. The lawmakers called for the probe in late June, after Vice President Dick Cheney publicly chastised them for the leak.
ON June 19, CNN broadcast the text of the two messages: "Tomorrow is zero hour," and "The match begins tomorrow." Although the NSA intercepted the dispatches Sept. 10, they weren't translated until after the attacks.
CNN's broadcast closely followed a closed-door session held by the panel. CIA Director George Tenet, FBI Director Robert Mueller, and NSA chief Michael Hayden had testified about what their agencies knew and what actions they had taken. So far, the probe is focusing on members on the Senate side only. "That's where the leads are pointing," a law-enforcement official says.
All 17 senators are being asked through a Justice Department memo whom they met during that period, what they said, and where the encounters took place. Investigators are also requesting that senators voluntarily hand over their daily schedules, planners, calendars, appointment books including Palm Pilots, e-mail, and computer calendar files as well as any notes of meetings with journalists. Some are being asked to submit to a polygraph.
Not surprisingly, Senate reactions vary about the requests. Sen. Bob Graham (D) Florida, who chairs the committee, says he will fully comply after he returns to Washington this weekend to review his files. But others are balking, noting, among other things, that the requests are targeting the Democratic-controlled Senate only.
"If asked, I would not give up my phone logs, and I would not take a lie-detector test," says Sen. Kent Conrad (D) of North Dakota, who is not under investigation.
The vice president's complaint stung members of the Intelligence Committee, because it had fought to take the lead in the investigation of possible intelligence lapses prior to 9/11. Some had argued that the job should be given to a blue-ribbon commission. But chairmen Graham and Rep. Porter Goss (R) of Florida noted that their joint committee had experience in dealing with classified documents and could be trusted to handle it quickly and discreetly.
Those intelligence committees, after all, were established in the late 1970s to curb a spike in leaks over the Vietnam War and the nation's covert operations. And the committee has shown it can police itself. In 1987 Sen. Patrick Leahy (D) of Vermont was forced to resign from the committee after it was discovered he gave a reporter access to a draft committee report on the Iran-contra affair.
But the Bush administration has been increasingly angered by leaks that they say could undermine the war on terror.


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Same-Day Dentures – The Perfect Fit for Your Smile
Are you planning to get your teeth pulled out but don’t wish to wait for your new permanent dentures?
Dentures are an ideal solution for people with missing teeth. But you can’t ignore the fact that the creation of conventional dentures is a time-consuming process.
If you are unwilling to wait to revitalize your smile, then same-day dentures are the solution for you!
Same-day dentures, a revolutionary new dental experience at RiverRock Dental, will allow you to leave the clinic on the same day with a beautifully crafted set of dentures.
What are Same-Day Dentures?
Same-day dentures, also known as immediate or temporary dentures, are a type of denture that can be placed into your mouth immediately after your tooth extraction. These dentures are created before the tooth extraction based on impressions that your dentist takes prior to removing your teeth.
Immediate dentures are used to “immediately” fill the gaps left by extracting one or multiple teeth. They allow patients to have functional teeth right away.
Immediate dentures act as a temporary placeholder for the first two to three months after your tooth extraction and until you get your permanent set of dentures ready.
Difference Between Same-Day Dentures & Conventional Dentures
Prepared before the tooth extraction procedure.
Prepared after the tooth extraction procedure.
Placed on the same day as the natural teeth extraction.
Placed after teeth are removed and your gums have had time to heal.
Patients get functional teeth immediately but have to be more cautious during the healing process.
Patients have to remain without teeth during the healing period.
Follow-up appointments are critical as the dentures require regular adjustments due to the gums and jawbone healing and changing shape over time.
Fewer follow-up appointments are needed as the dentures are placed only after the complete healing process.
The expedited fabrication process can lead to higher costs.
The initial cost is lower than immediate dentures.
Pros & Cons of Same-Day Dentures
- Immediately placed temporary dentures can restore your smile while you heal. They can also cover your surgical sites.
- These dentures help preserve your jawbone density while you wait for your permanent dentures.
- Immediate dentures help protect your tooth extraction sites from food and irritation.
- They help preserve your natural speaking and eating habits.
- It is easier to mimic the natural appearance of your teeth with these dentures as they are created before your tooth extraction.
- Immediate dentures can help maintain your self-esteem and lifestyle.
- They also act as a pressure bandage to stop the bleeding from the tooth extraction sites and protect the soft tissue in your mouth.
- Getting immediate dentures also means you never have to leave the house without your dazzling smile.
- Immediate dentures are less comfortable than conventional dentures, especially when worn over fresh tooth extraction sites.
- They may not fit as well as the permanent dentures that are created after your gums have healed.
- They require frequent adjustments.
- Their fit will change as your gums and jawbone heal.
- The cost of frequent relinings can add up over time, making immediate dentures a more expensive option than traditional dentures.
How Long Can You Leave Your Same-Day Dentures Out?
It is strictly advised that you follow your dentist’s instructions after they place your immediate temporary dentures.
Dentists usually recommend not removing the denture until the morning following the extraction and even then only for cleaning. By the fourth day, you can take the denture out at bedtime and leave it in a cup of cold, clean water overnight.
Are You a Good Candidate for Same-Day Dentures?
While same-day dentures are an excellent solution for people with aesthetic concerns, this treatment may not be for everyone.
You can be a good candidate for immediate dentures if you:
- Wish to eat, smile, talk, and laugh without getting embarrassed while waiting for your permanent dentures
- Have healthy gum and bone tissue
- Have experienced tooth loss
- Don’t want to wait a week for your permanent dentures
- Are concerned that your tooth extractions will change the shape of your face while you wait for your permanent dentures
Our dentists at RiverRock Dental can determine whether you are a good candidate for same-day dentures based on the following factors:
- Your age
- Whether you suffer from any oral issues such as an incorrect bite, gum disease, or severe bone loss
- If you are dealing with any underlying health issues, such as a heart condition, or undergoing any other specific treatments
What is the Procedure for Getting Same-Day Dentures?
Here is a step-by-step breakdown of the procedure done when getting a same-day dental bridge.
Consultation & Evaluation
You will meet the dentist one or two months before your tooth extraction for a consultation. During this visit, the dentist will evaluate your oral health, discuss your dental history, and determine if same-day dentures are a suitable option for you.
If your dentist deems immediate dentures appropriate for you, they will take several impressions of your mouth, usually over four to five visits. These impressions help the dentist create a set of dentures that will fit your mouth.
Based on the impressions and measurements, the dental laboratory will craft your immediate dentures in advance. The goal is to have the dentures ready for placement on the same day as the tooth extraction.
The Day of Tooth Extraction
On the day of the tooth extraction, the dentist will remove your natural teeth and place the same-day dentures in your mouth on that day itself.
Your dentist will provide post-placement instructions, including guidance on oral care, diet restrictions, and any precautions needed during the initial healing period. You may feel a little soreness and discomfort during the first few days of healing.
The fit of the dentures will change as your gums and jawbone heal and settle during the recovery period. Therefore, regular follow-up appointments are important to monitor the healing process and adjust the dentures.
Getting Your Permanent Dentures
The healing process for your oral cavity may take anywhere from a few weeks to a few months, depending on the number of tooth extractions. Once the healing is complete, your dentist will begin the process of creating your permanent dentures by taking impressions of your stabilized oral tissues.
RiverRock Dental's Lab Services – Where Your Smile Comes to Life
For RiverRock Dental, keeping up with the cutting edge of dentistry is of utmost priority. And that is why we bring out commitment to your oral health right from our state-of-the-art in-house lab.
RiverRock Dental’s lab services allow us to seamlessly integrate the art of perfecting smiles with science and give your smile a new life.
We understand that your smile deserves only the very best, which is why we offer a comprehensive range of services, from customized crowns and dental bridges to precision-fitted dentures. We also provide:
- Full dental arch options.
- Custom surgical guides.
- 3D scanning and imaging technology that can design a completely new smile of your choosing.
This on-site lab allows our dental team to control quality and reduce turnaround time by half, providing our patients with high-quality dental options on the same day.
How Long Do Immediate Dentures Last?
Immediate dentures are created to be temporary and are usually worn for about 6 to 8 months until the arrival of your permanent dentures. People typically do not wish to wear these for an extended period since they tend to slip and move due to the changing nature of the mouth.
However, it is said that same-day dentures can last as long as conventional dentures if readjusted and relined regularly. Some people skip getting permanent dentures to save money and use their immediate dentures for the long term.
If you choose to wear your immediate dentures permanently, do keep in mind that they will require frequent relining and adjustments for a proper fit in your mouth.
Caring for Your Same-Day Dentures
It is vital that you keep your immediate dentures in for at least 48 hours after they are placed. After that, you can clean your immediate dentures just as you would permanent dentures.
To clean your same-day dentures:
- Hold them over a basin filled with water or over a towel to avoid breaking them.
- Clear the dentures of any debris or food particles using a soft toothbrush and a denture cleanser.
- Soak your dentures in cold water after cleaning them.
- Do not use hot water to soak as they can warp your dentures.
- Clean your immediate dentures at least 4 to 5 times a day to prevent any complications.
How Much Do Same-Day Dentures Cost?
The average cost range for same-day dentures is between $1500 to $4000 per arch. Some of the factors that can influence the total cost of immediate dentures include:
- The need for a surgical stent
- The additional time needed to prepare them
- The cost of all follow-up appointments for relining and adjustments
- The material quality
- Whether you are getting a partial or full temporary denture
Your dental insurance may also cover some of the costs, so it’s worth checking with your insurance provider to understand your coverage.
Choose RiverRock Dental's Dental Plan & Make Your Dental Care Affordable!
Make one annual payment for our dental plan and gain access to the following services.
- 2 Preventive exams per year
- 2 Preventive dental cleanings per year (Any additional Perio Maintenance appointments are charged at Perio fee.)
- Preventive X-rays: Bitewings & Anterior PAs are taken yearly. Full Mouth X-ray or Panorex will be taken every three years.
- Sealants on permanent molars and 2 Fluoride treatments for children under 18 years of age.
Additionally, you also get:
- 15% off when paying in check or cash on the day of the service (excluding product sales & orthodontics)
- 10% discount when paying with a credit card on the day of the service (excluding orthodontics & product sales)
Meet Your Dentists
Dr. Todd Christianson
A graduate of the University of Minnesota School of Dentistry in 2008, Dr. Todd Christianson remains dedicated to staying up to date with advancements in dental practices. Committed to ongoing education, he ensures that his patients receive top-tier treatments and benefit from the latest developments in the field of dentistry.
Dr. Nathan Hanson
Dr. Nathan Hanson has completed his studies at the University of Minnesota. He actively engages in continuous education to stay current with evolving dental practices. Beyond the clinic, he finds joy in camping and hiking, along with a passion for endurance sports.
Dr. Austin Ostrander
Originally from Glenwood, MN, Dr. Austin Ostrander earned his Biology degree from the University of St. Thomas before completing dental school at the University of Minnesota. Dr Ostrander maintains affiliations with various continuing education societies.
Get Your Tailored Smile at RiverRock Dental
Same-day dentures are a beneficial solution to replace your missing teeth on a temporary basis. They help in supporting the healing process while also preserving your aesthetics and self-assurance.
The dental team at RiverRock Dental can give you a complete understanding of the immediate denture procedure. With proper guidance and attention to detail, you can make an informed decision regarding your oral health and overall well-being.
Begin the process of getting your same-day dentures at RiverRock Dental by booking a consultation today!

domain: medical


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I'm a kennel attendant at a vet
I am currently working at a veterinary clinic as an assistant and kennel attendant. I have grown up with dogs of various sizes and am comfortable dealing with all sizes and types of dogs. I am an animal science major at UVM and have taken classes related to animal behavior and animal training so I am equipped to handle the most stubborn and nervous of dogs. I am extremely compassionate towards animals and make sure ...

domain: pet


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18 Years’ Worth of Days
The average retirement lasts for 18 years, with many lasting even longer. Will you fill your post-retirement days with purpose?
Have A Question About This Topic?
In investments, one great debate asks the question, “Active or Passive Investing: Which Is Better?”
Around the country, attitudes about retirement are shifting.
Agent Jane Bond is on the case, cracking the code on bonds.

domain: economics


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One highlight of New Year’s Day (if you have it off) is the ability to chill out with day-long marathons on television.
Here’s your guide to what marathons can be found for New Year’s Day Wednesday, Jan. 1, 2014:
“Twilight Zone” marathon on SyFy starting at 8 a.m. (goes to 5 a.m. Thursday, Jan. 2).
“NCIS” marathon on the USA Network starting at 6 a.m. (goes to 1 a.m. Thursday, Jan. 2).
“Happy Endings” marathon on VH1 starting 8 p.m. Tuesday, Jan. 31 through 12:30 a.m. Jan. 2.
TBS will show “The Hangover” four times in a row starting at 11 a.m. and running to 8 p.m.
BBC America will air “The Tudors” starting at 7 a.m. and running to 3 a.m. Thursday, Jan. 2.
Love Andy Cohen? Bravo will air a ton of “Watch What Happens Live” starting at 6 a.m. and going until 3 p.m.
Cartoon Network will have a “Looney Toons” marathon from 8:30 a.m. to 6 p.m.
Discovery Channel will show eight episodes of “Dual Survival” starting at 1 p.m.
FUSE will have a day-long Eminem take-over starting at 6 a.m.
What will you be watching?

domain: hobby