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- How does a person get diabetes?
- How do you feel when your blood sugar is too high?
- Can drinking water prevent diabetes?
- Can diabetes come on suddenly?
- How can I test myself for diabetes?
- Do eggs cause diabetes?
- What fruit should diabetics avoid?
- What are the first signs of having diabetes?
- Can you get diabetes from eating too much sugar?
- How long can I live with diabetes?
- Can walking cure diabetes?
- Are bananas bad for diabetics?
- Can diabetes go away?
- What food can cause diabetes?
- What are the foods to be avoided for diabetes?
How does a person get diabetes?
Type 2 diabetes develops when the body becomes resistant to insulin or when the pancreas is unable to produce enough insulin.
Exactly why this happens is unknown, although genetics and environmental factors, such as being overweight and inactive, seem to be contributing factors..
How do you feel when your blood sugar is too high?
If your blood sugar level is too high, you may experience:Increased thirst.Frequent urination.Fatigue.Nausea and vomiting.Shortness of breath.Stomach pain.Fruity breath odor.A very dry mouth.More items…•
Can drinking water prevent diabetes?
SUMMARY: Drinking water instead of other beverages may help control blood sugar and insulin levels, thereby reducing the risk of diabetes.
Can diabetes come on suddenly?
Type 1 diabetes develops gradually, but the symptoms come on suddenly. As soon as the body is no longer making insulin, blood glucose levels rise quickly, so the following type 1 diabetes warning signs can develop: extreme weakness. extreme tiredness.
How can I test myself for diabetes?
To find out, you can make an appointment with your doctor and have your blood tested for the condition. Or you can go to the drug store, buy a blood glucose meter, and give yourself a diabetes test.
Do eggs cause diabetes?
Research suggests that high levels of egg consumption may raise the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and heart disease. While the connection isn’t clear, researchers believe that excessive cholesterol intake, when it comes from animal foods, may increase those risks.
What fruit should diabetics avoid?
Processing fruits also removes or reduces levels of certain key nutrients, including vitamins and fiber. The National Institute of Diabetic and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) recommends that people with diabetes should avoid fruit juices or canned fruits with added sugar.
What are the first signs of having diabetes?
Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar, causes many of the warning signs of diabetes listed above, including:Heavy thirst.Blurry vision.Peeing a lot.More hunger.Numb or tingling feet.Fatigue.Sugar in your urine.Weight loss.More items…•
Can you get diabetes from eating too much sugar?
Excess sugar intake and diabetes Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes affect the body’s ability to regulate blood glucose levels. Sugar consumption will not directly cause either type. However, eating too much can cause weight gain. Obesity is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes.
How long can I live with diabetes?
However, there is good news – people with type 1 diabetes have been known to live for as long as over 85 years with the condition. As noted above, recent studies into life expectancy are showing significant improvement in life expectancy rates for people with type 1 diabetes born later in the 20th century.
Can walking cure diabetes?
Research studies have shown that walking can be beneficial in bringing down blood glucose and therefore improving diabetes control. In a study involving people with type 1 diabetes, participants were assigned to either take a 30 minute walk after eating or have the same meal but remain inactive.
Are bananas bad for diabetics?
Bananas have a low GI score, and this the fruit to be an appropriate choice for diabetics. Dietitian Upasana Sharma, Head Nutritionist at Max Hospital says, “Banana contains sugar and carbs. But it is rich in fibre and has a low glycemic index. Diabetics can eat banana, but in moderation.”
Can diabetes go away?
Although there’s no cure for type 2 diabetes, studies show it’s possible for some people to reverse it. Through diet changes and weight loss, you may be able to reach and hold normal blood sugar levels without medication. This doesn’t mean you’re completely cured. Type 2 diabetes is an ongoing disease.
What food can cause diabetes?
Red meat and processed red meat are both linked to type 2 diabetes. Processed meats like bacon, hot dogs, and deli meats are particularly bad because of their high levels of sodium and nitrites.
What are the foods to be avoided for diabetes?
11 Foods and Drinks to Avoid with DiabetesSugar-sweetened beverages. Sugary beverages are the worst drink choice for someone with diabetes. … Trans fats. Artificial trans fats are extremely unhealthy. … White bread, rice, and pasta. … Fruit-flavored yogurt. … Sweetened breakfast cereals. … Flavored coffee drinks. … Honey, agave nectar, and maple syrup. … Dried fruit.More items…

domain: medical


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Thanks to the complex of vitamins contained in leaf lettuce, it can be safely called one of the most useful vegetables. It has the highest calcium content among vegetables and minerals after spinach. In combination with other vegetables, the salad leaf reveals its taste and gives the dish a bright shade, as well as an appetizing and fresh look.
It is difficult to say which country is considered the birthplace of lettuce. Now it is cultivated almost everywhere. And it is not surprising that this culture won the sympathy of vegetable growers not only due to the relative unpretentiousness in cultivation, but also due to the amazing richness of forms, colors and taste, combined with a high content of nutrients and vitamins in its leaves.
There are a large number of types of salads. They differ in both form and color of leaves - from light green to burgundy. All types of salads are incredibly tasty and healthy. Varieties of salad with colorful motley leaves are very decorative and look great in the garden. In cooking, salad is often used to decorate a variety of dishes, giving them brightness and originality.
Unique composition: minimum calories and maximum values Salad is a low-calorie product (100 g contains only 16 kcal), which includes: vitamins C, PP, E, B1, B2, B6, B9, K, H, choline, beta-carotene, potassium, magnesium, chlorine, calcium, sulfur, phosphorus, zinc, selenium, iron, carbohydrates, ash, sugars, nitrogenous substances, fats, water, starch, proteins, dietary fiber.
Vitamins of group B
The B vitamins included in the salad normalize blood pressure and improve sleep.
Young leaves of the plant contain a large amount of folic acid, which beneficially affects the reproductive function of the body.
Salad is an indispensable food for people with diabetes. There is a large amount of vitamin K that can regulate blood coagulation. Salad promotes bone tissue regeneration, restores the water-salt balance in the body, improves metabolism, has a beneficial effect on the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract and lowers blood cholesterol.
Calcium and magnesium
Lettuce is rich in calcium and magnesium. As you know, calcium is the main building material for bone tissue, tooth enamel, it is part of tissue and cell fluids, helps maintain normal blood composition. Magnesium helps to normalize the activity of muscle fibers, while maintaining the structure of cells.
The composition of the salad also includes lactacin - a unique substance with the ability to calm the central nervous system and remove excess salts from the body.
Alkaloids and carotenoids
The salad contains many alkaloids, which help alkalize the body, and carotenoids, which help maintain visual acuity for a long time. According to scientists, daily consumption of 100 g of salad prevents Alzheimer's disease.

domain: biology


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Address15 Avenue Calendal
From the balcony of the room (spray) arranged facing south, you can see the SEA and have fun passing squirrels.
This one is equipped with a 160x200 bed, a desk, and cupboards.
Holiday Rental Description:
At your disposal is also an office with a mini fridge, and wifi.
A fully independent bathroom with sink, shower and toilet.
The entire first floor is reserved for you as Marie-Agnes and Show more descriptionFabrice live on the ground floor.
Possibility to have breakfast in the garden, shaded under a plane tree, or enjoy the sunshineAt your leisure.
Parking and quiet assured.
Prices:Prices may vary depending on the season. Please check with the owner.
|Daily Price||Weekly Price|
|Room (2 pers.)||75 - 90||-|
|Room (3 pers.)||-||-|

domain: travel


President Donald Trump has approved a long-delayed Pentagon plan to create an independent cyber command to beef up cyberwar operations against the Islamic State and other foes.
The announcement Friday means that the U.S. Cyber Command, created in 2009 at Fort Meade, Maryland, will no longer fall under the chain of command of the U.S. Strategic Command at Offutt Air Force Base south of Bellevue.
Instead, Cyber Command will be elevated to the status of a full “unified combatant command” alongside six regional commands (including the U.S. Central Command and the U.S. Pacific Command) and three mission-oriented commands (including StratCom).
“CyberCom will now be equal to StratCom,” said Maj. Brian Maguire, a spokesman for the Offutt-based command. “For StratCom, it’s definitely a large thing.”
The decision raises the stature of Cyber Command within the military and gives it more autonomy.
“The elevation of United States Cyber Command demonstrates our increased resolve against cyberspace threats and will help reassure our allies and partners and deter our adversaries,” Trump said Friday.
CyberCom also may eventually be split off from the intelligence-focused National Security Agency, with which it shares offices and some overlapping missions at Fort Meade. CyberCom’s leader, Adm. Mike Rogers, also heads the NSA.
In an interview last February, Gen. John Hyten, StratCom’s commander, told The World-Herald he supports the move.
“I believe it’s time to elevate it, primarily because of the importance of Cyber,” Hyten said. “My desire is to do it sooner rather than later.”
The plan has been discussed for at least five years. Nearly a year ago, then-Defense Secretary Ash Carter sent a proposal to President Barack Obama to make CyberCom an independent headquarters and break it away from the NSA. Congress signaled support for the move in the 2017 authorization bill.
Making CyberCom an independent command will put the fight in digital space on the same footing as more traditional realms on land, air and sea. The move reflects the escalating threat of cyberattacks and intrusions from other nation-states, terrorist groups and hackers — including Russia’s meddling in the 2016 presidential election.
The goal is to give Cyber Command more autonomy, freeing it from any constraints that stem from working alongside the NSA, which is responsible for monitoring and collecting telephone, Internet and other intelligence data from around the world — a responsibility that can sometimes clash with military operations against enemy forces.
Cyber Command was created by the Obama administration as a sub-unit under StratCom. Since then the command has grown to more than 700 military and civilian employees. The military services also have their own cyber units.
Offutt’s Maguire said the change won’t happen immediately. It’s not yet clear how long it will take.
“The announcement today starts the process to elevate U.S. Cyber Command to a combatant command,” he said in a statement. “There are several more milestones before that process is complete.”
This report includes material from the Associated Press and Washington Post.


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Dear Friends and Family,
As 2010 dawns, we want to begin by expressing our gratitude for all of you. Friends and family are what give life it’s richness and diversity, and your presence in our lives---both individually and collectively---brings us great joy, comfort and peace of mind. We look forward to staying in touch with you in the New Year, and deepening our connections.
2009 was a remarkable year of change for us, and the significance of those changes will make 2009 one of the most memorable years in our history.
During the summer of 2009, we celebrated our 20th wedding anniversary and Rene’s 26th birthday in July, Keith’s 45th birthday in August, followed by Mary’s 50th birthday in September.
As proud parents, we are thrilled that Rene and Bevin chose to get married this past August, and we welcome the expansion of our family to include Bevin, her parents Mike and Pat, her brother Rick, and their many relatives. Following their wedding, Rene and Bevin moved to Taos, New Mexico to begin a new life together, and we are pleased that they are happily ensconced in a region of the country that feeds their souls and brings them joy.
Finally, all of you are aware by now that we took an enormous leap of faith during this past year, at a time when most people are hunkering down during the current economic climate. Due to a number of health challenges---including Keith’s chronic pain and our mutual Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS)---we decided to sell our house, quit our jobs, jettison the majority of our possessions, buy a mobile home, and hit the open road in search of a new life. After 20 years in Massachusetts, this was a difficult and painful decision to make, but one that eventually seemed both necessary and prudent. Luckily, we received unanimous support from our friends and family---despite the losses and distance that our departure from New England and the East Coast entail---and the pieces just fell into place (with some very difficult wrenches thrown into the works in order to test our resolve).
Despite the challenges of selling our home, relinquishing our belongings, saying goodbye to New England, leaving our jobs and simply letting go of life as we knew it, we are thrilled to now be on the road as 2010 begins, pursuing the dream of a new life, hopefully involving some form of intentional community. Many of you may remember that we were married on an intentional community in Southern Maryland in 1989, and it has been our desire to return to community life in pursuit of a healthier and economically sustainable lifestyle (in a warmer climate).
Since we left Amherst on October 30th, we have visited 14 intentional communities, 10 states (plus Washington, DC), and visited with family, friends, and many new friends and acquaintances along the way. It has taken us 8 weeks to travel from Massachusetts to Georgia! This luxury of time and lack of a tight itinerary is allowing us the flexibility to take our time, keep an open mind, and make decisions based on how we feel rather than on a pre-determined schedule. What we are doing is certainly not for the faint of heart, and we do experience occasional “road weariness” and a touch of homesickness. Thankfully, friends, family and intentional communities along the way have provided us with some wonderful company, and we are grateful to everyone who has housed us, fed us, adored Tina the dog, and otherwise supported us on our journey.
We also pause to remember our dear friend David Semon, who took his own life in mid-November after years of chronic pain and depression. May his spirit be free from suffering, and may he now know the peace that he could not manifest in this life.
As we complete our sojourn down the East Coast, we will turn “right”, so to speak, heading west along the Gulf Coast, making our way to Texas, the Southwest and the West Coast, eventually landing at Rene and Bevin’s lovely home near Taos. We have no idea where---or when---we will settle down, but please know that once we do, we will be more than happy to welcome (fragrance-free!) visitors to our new abode.
The New Year began with a “blue moon”, an auspicious beginning that shines a light on the possibility that the world will come to know peace, and that everyone may be fed, housed, clothed, healed, and cared for. We wish you and your loved ones health, prosperity, love, connection, and all good things, now and always.
With love and gratitude,
Mary and Keith

domain: geography


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Although HDL cholesterol is typically thought of as 'good' cholesterol, new data from a large study suggests that at very high levels, it may actually increase the risk of coronary artery disease.
Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
Increased risk of coronary eventIn IDEAL, very high levels of HDL cholesterol were tied to an increased risk of a major coronary event, the researchers found. After making adjustment for levels of apoA-I and other factors, each 12-point increase in HDL cholesterol raised the risk by 21 percent.
IDEAL, which included 8888 patients, assessed the benefits of high-dose statin therapy for preventing the recurrence of cardiovascular events.
SOURCE: Journal of the American College of Cardiology, February 12, 2008.
Revealed: benefits of cholesterol

domain: literature


text:
American actor best known for starring in films such as Wall Street, Platoon, Hot Shots, Men at Work, The Rookie, The Young Guns and Red Dawn. On TV he starred in Two and a Half Men. In an edition of The Enquirer, Charlie said “I’m 5′ 10″ and 155 pounds.”
Below is the chart showing the comparison of Charlie Sheen's height with other similar heights.
The selected celebrities for comparison include Joan Caulfield
, Melissa Peterman
, Sarah Jane Mee
, Naoko Mori
Charlie Sheen Fans Also Viewed

domain: celebrity


Becky Lynch and Charlotte will be making history in the historic all-women pay-per-view WWE Evolution, as they will face off against each other for the Smackdown Women’s title in the first ever last woman standing match.
On Wrestling Observer Live, Bryan Alvarez discussed the match and how much more time it will be getting, as the main event is supposed to be shorter. So they will be getting more than enough time to put on an instant classic in their storied rivalry and set the ring on fire. This is what he said:
“Becky and Charlotte getting 25 minutes. That’s at least the plan — I don’t know if that includes ring entrances or not.”
One thing for sure is that it will be one hell of a match, with a proper story to be told by these two very talented superstars.
Also check us out on Facebook and give us a like and share by clicking HERE.
h/t to Ringside News for the transcription.


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Messages posted on two dating sites can be used as evidence in the accused Colorado theater shooter’s trial, a judge has ruled.
Holmes exchanged messages using AdultFriendFinder.com and Match.com in the months before the July 2012 shooting. On the websites, Holmes reportedly posted, “Will you visit me in prison?” Prosecutors say the records prove Holmes had planned the shooting for months, understood it was wrong, and expected to go to prison as a consequence. They hope to use the records to undermine the insanity defense his lawyers are pushing. District Judge Carlos A. Samour Jr. ruled on Thursday that the records can be used as evidence in the trial.
Holmes will stand trial for first-degree murder and more than a hundred other counts after he allegedly opened fire on a midnight screening of The Dark Knight Rises in Aurora, Colo., killing 12 and injuring 70. Jury selection in the trial is scheduled to begin in February of next year, and prosecutors are seeking the death penalty.

domain: news


text:
|Dimensions||216 × 162 × 13 mm|
Little Toller Books
The Impossible Fairy Tale tells the story of the nameless ‘Child’, who struggles to make a mark on the world, and her classmate Mia, whose spoiled life is everything the Child’s is not.
At school, adults are nearly invisible, and the society the children create on their own is marked by cruelty, soul-crushing hierarchies and an underlying menace. Then, one day after hours, the Child sneaks into the classroom to add ominous sentences to her classmates’ notebooks, unlocking a series of events with cataclysmically horrible consequences. But that is not the end of this eerie, unpredictable novel…

domain: library


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Cambodia has always been one of those mysterious places that I’ve been meaning to go to. It’s definitely on my bucket list and I’m glad that we did it! I was never a huge fan of places with big cities and all, I much prefer outdoorsy, nature-ish places if I was given the choice. I think Sam was a little shocked when we actually finalized the plans for Cambodia because in his mind all he pictured was: sketchiness, poor country and crappy food and he really couldn’t believe that he’s about to leave his bubble for this!
I must say that Cambodia was quite the eye opener. It was absolutely stunning! Thanks to our local tourguide, Abi, we learned a whole ton of history about this country and how it came to be, the corruption and the wars. It makes me sad to see that although there are so many tourists visiting Angkor Wat and the other temples, and yet so little of the money actually goes back to helping the local people. Angkor Was was magnificent! It was a bit disappointing that the sunrise wasn’t as pretty as I had imagined it to be (it was quite foggy) but the temple itself was incredible! We got there at like 5am in the morning and there was a ton of people there already (I feel bad for the tour guides that I have to keep waking up so early all the time!).
One thing that I love looking at when I go to new places is the vegetation. I love looking at their funky looking trees (they probably say the same about trees over here in Canada) and cool looking flowers! I mean, check out that tree on the left of the image below, it’s like a lollipop!
Just look at the details! It’s all hand carved!
Sam is extremely afraid of heights!
So this bull below isn’t quite a good representation of the animals that we’ve been seeing in Cambodia. I’ve never seen a cow that’s just skin and bones before! All the cows that I’ve seen in my life has been quite…meaty. But the cows and dogs here, are all just skin and bones and you can see the rib cages from afar! Poor cows don’t even have grass to eat. Stray dogs there are all so skinny too because there are no scraps for them, because there isn’t even sufficient nutritious food for humans.
Gave Sam the camera to help me take a jumping shot so the bull can be directly below me… FAIL.
This is probably my fave photo from the trip. The country is so poor that there are all these children that are trying to sell you little hand made trinkets for some money. One USD dollar is equal to 4000 Cambodian dollars. It’s really upsetting to see how these children are not able to go to school and it’s not just because they don’t have money, it is also because there are no teachers who are willing to teach at such low wages provided by the government. How can these children get themselves out of poverty without the proper education or even opportunities.
The floating village was probably one of the cooler things to see in Siem Reap. People live on the water because they cannot afford land.
No school buses, just school boats!
Cambodia has been in war for quite a long time and it’s only recently that the wars have stopped. However, the veterans from the war are not being taken care of by the government. These men spent their lives serving the country and how unfair it is that the government just cast them aside after the war. A lot of them become small street entertainers or tuktuk drivers just to make a small living to support their families.
Can’t leave without my signature jumping shot!
This was probably the most hilarious thing that happened on the trip! Sam…being Sam, brought Pringles into Angkor Wat and as we were walking these Monkeys saw his Pringles and immediately ran towards Sam! They were very focused on getting their hands on his chips. I guess I really should be helping him but…oh wells! haha The monkey actually tried to jump up to snatch his chips! Sam got scared, threw the chips to the ground and all the monkeys attacked the can of Pringles.
Yup…….Sam: 0, Monkey: 1
We had some free time on our last day so we decided to head back to Angkor Wat on our own. I can easily spend a whole day or more there. The structures and details were amazing! Words can’t even describe how incredible it was to be inside that temple. It’s a shame that we don’t have anything like this here in Ontario and the trip to Cambodia was definitely very well worth it.
Me trying to look candid and all…
This was a lot steeper than it looks! I really had to use my arms to pull myself up, no way I was gonna go back down in these steps haha I thought about it, and I decided not to because I still want to head over to Thailand in one piece!
Special thanks our super duper awesome tourguide, Abi! This guy is so knowledgable and he definitely made our trip 10 billion times more fun! We’re so happy to have met you!!!!
I did capture some iPhone snaps here, when my 5d wasn’t available!
Next stop…Chiang Mai, Thailand and Krabi, Thailand!


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This was my first time having cranberry beans, and I’m almost embarrassed to say, farm-fresh beans!! Where have I been hiding?! These beans were absolutely delicious; packed with folate, manganese, magnesium, phosphorus, and protein, just to name a few.
This was a delicious quick and easy stew for dinner with family. If you don’t have cranberry beans, don’t fret! Any beans would be delicious substitution (especially cannelloni beans). Tired of beans? Cubed tofu would be a great substitution as well!

domain: food


text: Heather Dean first encountered the people of Copal AA when she was reporting on human rights conditions in Mexican refugee camps. She accompanied their return from exile as they collectively built a new village. Dean will highlight the work of the women’s group in Copal AA and the impact of education in women’s lives, within the wider context of the current fight for indigenous rights and ongoing ecological and political issues in Guatemala. This is a Center Stage event hosted by the Women’s Center and will take place in Derryberry Auditorium at 7 pm. Socially distant seating with masks required, but open to everyone.

domain: sociology


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CCDG is excited to launch its virtual LC School May 9-13th
Instructor: Merlin K. L. Bicking, PhD
Description: This multi-day course offers sufficient theoretical and practical background to perform independent work in liquid chromatography. Lectures encompass all major areas of liquid chromatography likely to be encountered by workers practicing in the field.
AACC ACCENT® Credit Hours will be awarded to the learner after completion of a short survey at the end of the course. 16 credit hours for the lecture and 2 credit hours for the optional lab. The course will be delivered in half-day sessions, lasting approximately four hours each. Each session involves a live instructor and opportunities for questions and discussion. Course notes will be delivered in PDF format to all students prior to the course.
Posters by: Edward G. Franklin, PhD, Technical Director of Chromatography Applications at Regis Technologies, Inc.
HPLC-UV Method Development for Baseline Resolution of 17 Cannabinoids
With ongoing discussions regarding the legalization of marijuana along with great interest in the potential medical benefits of hemp-derived products, there is increasing demand upon the cannabis testing industry for analytical determination of cannabinoid content. Current regulations concerning potency vary by jurisdiction, but usually require testing for the active forms of THC and CBD. In addition to those, California requires testing for the acid forms, THCA and CBDA, along with CBG and CBN. As regulations evolve, and as research interests in minor cannabinoids expand, it is important to have robust analytical methods in place that are capable of meeting needs. Herein, the baseline resolution of 17 cannabinoids by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection is described. Chromatographic method development was performed with particular attention to speed of analysis and means of affecting selectivity for the improved resolution of critical pairs.
Sample Loadability on Coated and Immobilized Polysaccharide-Based CSPs
Chiral stationary phases (CSPs) prepared by coating phenylcarbamate derivatives of amylose and cellulose on supporting silica gels have proven invaluable for the separation and purification of enantiomers in both high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). One notable limitation of coated polysaccharide phases is the restricted use of certain organic mobile phases, such as acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran (THF), and toluene. These solvents must be avoided as they can swell or dissolve the polysaccharide and destroy columns packed with coated CSPs. Immobilized versions of the same chiral selectors have expanded the capabilities of these phases to allow for the use of such solvents in analysis and sample purification. For some applications, however, practitioners have observed important differences in selectivity and sample loading capacities between the coated and immobilized versions. Herein, three examples of chiral separations performed using HPLC and SFC are discussed with respect to how these differences may be manifested and overcome or exploited to advantage.
Edward G. Franklin, PhD, Technical Director of Chromatography Applications at Regis Technologies, Inc. Dr. Edward G. Franklin earned a B.S. in Biochemistry in 2006 and M.S. in Forensic Science in 2007 from Duquesne University in Pittsburgh, PA. In 2012, he received a PhD in Analytical Chemistry from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill under the direction of Dr. James Jorgenson. In over 10 years of HPLC-related experience, he has conducted research ranging from fundamental investigations of the kinetic performance of packed-bed HPLC columns, instrument and column development for ultra-high pressure separations of complex samples, and column stationary phase development for application-specific methods. In his current position as the Technical Director of Chromatography Applications at Regis Technologies, Inc., he develops new products and methods for chromatography solutions related to chiral and achiral separations using reversed-phase, normal phase, and supercritical fluid approaches.
Your Autosampler Can Make Mixtures and Calibration Standards
Merlin K. L. Bicking, PhD, President and Senior Analytical Scientist, ACCTA, Inc.
We have automated or improved nearly every step in most chromatography methods, except for the preparation of calibration standards. High precision and accuracy methods still require Class A pipets and volumetric flasks, and large volumes of high purity solvents. This presentation will describe a simple procedure that uses a typical HPLC autosampler to prepare single or as multi-component mixtures of calibration standards at multiple levels. The method is most efficient when you have the ability to program the autosampler directly, but there are simple variations that can be developed without such programming. Multiple applications will be shown that demonstrate the ability to prepare standards that match manual preparations. This on-demand procedure has been successfully validated for GMP use and is an excellent alternative for high-cost standards.
Dr. Bicking has extensive analytical chemistry experience in academia, contract research, independent testing laboratories, consulting, and technical training. His professional history includes development of two EPA methods, as well as numerous methods in other regulated and non-regulated industries. His publications and presentations cover a wide range of topics, including liquid chromatography theory, derivatization, method optimization, and the use of experimental design strategies in analytical chemistry. He also develops and presents technical training seminars for analytical laboratory staff. He has been teaching the CCDG LC School for the last four years.
Automation: The next critical tool for scientists’ survival during the pandemic and during recovery.
Fred Foster, GERSTEL, Inc. Baltimore, MD
The pandemic forced everyone to learn how to continue to be productive while existing in a remote environment. As scientists, we were able to quickly adapt to virtual meetings, web conferences, and online connections, however, our workloads and the samples needing analyzed did not stop. There is still laboratory work to perform that is harder to complete remotely. When the vaccines are available to all, everyone has been vaccinated, and the ever-present “curve” has finally been flattened, the brick-and-mortar work environment will open again. Once that occurs, all the work that was delayed because of shutdowns, partial work weeks, and working from home will be waiting for all of us. We will need a way to do a lot more with less resources. That is why automating as much as possible will be critical.
This seminar, given in the first month of what will hopefully be the year in which we see the light at the end of the tunnel, will discuss how GERSTEL helps its customers automate their sample preparation and sample introduction methods in order increase throughput, get through the backlog of samples, and ultimately free up resources when they are needed most. The MPS roboticPRO is a highly efficient LC or GC autosampler with extended robotic functionality. It provides reliable processing of complex tasks including automation of liquid-liquid and solid phase extraction procedures and as well as other liquid handling methods. Syringe holders and syringes are integrated in special syringe modules, which can be exchanged automatically within a running sequence when using the MPS roboticPRO for maximum flexibility. The entire system is controlled using the proven GERSTEL MAESTRO software in a simple and efficient manner. Examples of some of the automated sample preparation options and how they are used to provide increased productivity will be highlighted.
Fredrick D. Foster, GERSTEL, Inc., 701 Digital Dr., Suite J, Linthicum, MD 21090, USA
Fredrick D. Foster received his B.S in Chemistry from Juniata College and his M.S. in Biotechnology from Johns Hopkins University. Mr. Foster has more than 25 years experience in analytical and bio-analytical method development and analysis, working closely with industry and various U.S. Federal and State agencies. Application fields include clinical, food safety and environmental analysis, mainly based on HPLC and LC-MS/MS. Mr. Foster currently works as an Applications Scientist for GERSTEL, Inc. located in Baltimore, MD, helping to develop, demonstrate and train customers on automated sample preparation methods coupled to either HPLC or LC/MS/MS.
Due to the current status of COVID-19 and CDC recommendations, the CCDG board has decided to postpone in-person activities until further notice. This includes our annual Introductory to Liquid Chromatography and Gas Chromatography courses.
Fortunately, we are continuing our lecture series in virtual space. Our next lecture/poster session on January 20, 2021 (see website for more information) is a joint activity with the Chicago Mass Spectrometry Discussion Group. We plan to have another lecture/poster session in the spring.
We thank you for your understanding, and we sincerely hope everyone stays safe and healthy at this critical time.
Regards, James V. DeFrancesco, PhD CCDG President email@example.com
The Chicago Chromatography Discussion Group has added a poster session at the beginning of each dinner meeting to provide an opportunity for chromatographers to present, demonstrate, and discuss their most recent achievements, practical experiences, novel ideas and challenges. The goal of the poster track is to encourage and facilitate the exchange within the chromatography community, foster collaboration, and, therewith strengthen the community as a whole.
At the end of the year, the governing board will award one poster $250 and a one year membership.
Submissions to the website should include either:
A draft of the actual poster including author(s) and affiliation(s); or
An extended abstract of the presented contribution comprising the following contents:
Motivation and goals
Background information if needed to understand the contribution
Deadline for posters is February 7th. Our next Networking, Dinner & Presentation Meeting is Tuesday February 11, 2020
Send your submission to firstname.lastname@example.org
The introduction of commercially available UHPLC systems in 2004 and the rapid adoption of its methodology and instrumentation fundamentally altered the landscape of the separations laboratory. While the rules that govern the practice of UHPLC are no different than those that govern HPLC, a much stricter adherence to those rules is necessary. In addition, the proliferation of mass spectrometers as LC detectors has required analysts to think carefully when transferring optical detector-based methods to LCMS platforms. This presentation will review best practices for UHPLC and UHPLC MS. Specific topics of discussion will include tubing & connections, sample diluents, solvent purity, glassware cleanliness, contaminant ions as well as other tips & tricks to make a day in the lab less stressful.
Rich DeMuro, Principal Technical Support Specialist, Waters Corporation Rich joined Waters as a Technical Support Specialist in 2008. Based in the Chicago area, he is responsible for the regional support of Waters separation, MS and informatics platforms as well as their applications. During his 30+ year career in the analytical instrument industry he has worked extensively with a broad range of techniques while specializing in the field of liquid chromatography. During his time at Shimadzu from 1987 – 2007, Rich’s focus was on LC hardware/software operational support & training. That focus has been maintained at Waters while also expanding to include separations development & mass spectrometry. Rich earned a BS in Nutrition from the University of Delaware and is a past president of the Chicago Chromatography Discussion Group
CCDG GC School
Posponed until we can meet in person

domain: chemistry


text:
I wonder how many people have recoiled with horror at what happened in the House of Representatives recently. I am referring to the decision, effectively, to ban the social media platform, TikTok, in the United States (to ‘protect Americans from foreign adversaries’), because it supposedly affords the Chinese government the opportunity to ‘spy’ on Americans and manipulate their thinking.
Well, one thing is sure – judging by the margin by which this motion was adopted by the House, and the quality of some of the opinions aired on the topic (that I have listened to), there was precious little thinking going on around the room, with some notable exceptions (352 votes for, 65 against), such as Representative Thomas Massie (R) of Kentucky. What thinking there was – such as the excellent argument put forward by Massie – was not sufficient to sway the rest of the delegates in the direction of common sense.
So what was this non-debate about TikTok all about? Most readers would probably already know about it, but it bears repeating, lest the intricacies of the hidden assumptions escape one’s attention. In sum, as mentioned earlier, it comes down to the claim that China is using TikTok to spy on American citizens, and in addition to influence their thinking and behaviour. This, despite the glaring fact that – as Clayton and Natali Morris argue in the first video linked above – the US spies on its own citizens with impunity, not to mention that it also conducts espionage on China.
The two investigative reporters of Redacted further highlight the remarkable speed with which the US Congress has addressed the putatively urgent issue concerning TikTok, while allowing the arguably far more urgent matter of thousands of illegal immigrants streaming across the American border to continue unabated. The further irony is, of course – also stressed by the Morris duo – that these illegal immigrants include a far more salient ‘Chinese threat;’ namely, the large numbers of young, ‘military age’ Chinese men. And yet, the border issue is clearly not seen in the same light of urgency as TikTok!
Should the US Senate confirm the House’s vote to ban this short video app (application) – which is likely – thousands, if not millions of Americans who depend on it for their livelihood, would be left high and dry. This does not seem to have bothered the members of the House either.
But most egregiously, it is either lost on the members of the House, or they wittingly connive at the fact that this Act will endow the American President – Joe Biden, at present – with tremendous powers to control anything deemed to be under the influence of so-called ‘foreign adversaries,’ real or imagined. ‘Anything’ here includes not only comparable apps, but internet platforms and websites too. So, if X (formerly Twitter) is regarded by the incumbent of the presidency, for whatever reason, as posing a threat to US citizens in terms of influence or ‘manipulation’ by ‘foreign adversaries,’ it could be banned. It is redundant to emphasise the dictatorial potential of such a situation, but we’ll get to it later, anyway.
In Thomas Massie’s speech to the House he makes a telling distinction: while other speakers described TikTok as a Chinese ‘Trojan horse,’ he perspicaciously turns this metaphor back on the bill itself, insisting that it is itself the real Trojan horse. On March 12 he warned that anyone who thought it was not a Trojan horse would have to explain why there is a very telling exclusion in it, namely (quoting from the bill):
The term ‘covered company’ does not include an entity that operates a website, desktop application, mobile application, or augmented or immersive technology application whose primary purpose is to allow users to post product reviews, business reviews, or travel information and reviews.
This exclusion hides more than it shows Why? Because the exclusion pertains to ‘entities’ that are innocuous from a political point of view. But what about platforms like Rumble, X, or BitChute which, unlike YouTube and Facebook, are not censored, and therefore include many items to which the current regime (being part of the neo-fascist cabal) is hugely allergic? In other words, once signed into law, this Trojan horse bill could attack Americans from inside the walls of Troy, as it were, at the whim of the head honcho in the White House. And one need not add that, in the hands of its present occupant it would be a weapon of mass despotism.
Ironically, Senator Rand Paul’s insights concerning the House decision bring to light the unacknowledged lies and cover-ups lurking behind the ostensibly ‘open’ debate preceding the voting. He did not waste any time commenting (in the first video linked above) that:
Reactionaries who want to ban TikTok claim the data can’t be secured because the ‘algorithm’ is in China.
The truth is the algorithm runs in the US in Oracle cloud with their review of the code. (NOT in China.)
Maybe we should examine the facts before committing violations of the 1st and 5th Amendments.
They want to ban TikTok because it’s ‘owned by China.’
60% of the company is owned by US and international investors.
20% is owned by the company founders.
20% is owned by company employees, including over 7,000 Americans.
The CEO of TikTok is from Singapore, not China.
So ask yourself why they keep repeating this lie to scare you?
In characteristically courageous fashion, Rand Paul did not hesitate to expose the lies that were bandied about in the House, neatly repudiating them by providing the true state of affairs in each case. But he did not stop there. This was followed by:
My statement on the House TikTok ban.
The passage of the House TikTok ban is not just a misguided overreach; it’s a draconian measure that stifles free expression, tramples constitutional rights, and disrupts the economic pursuits of millions of Americans.
With an iron fist, Congress dictated an unrealistic and narrow path for divestment, effectively banning TikTok and ignoring its substantial investments in data security.
This act is not securing our nation – it’s a disturbing gift of unprecedented authority to President Biden and the Surveillance State that threatens the very core of American digital innovation and free expression.
Joe Biden must be overjoyed, licking his lips at the thought of having been gifted with the dubious means to silence his critics and opponents at will, at the cost of Americans and people in the rest of the world being informed through available sources of their choice. It would amount to a situation hardly distinguishable from one where the state owns all the media – in other words, an unadulterated dictatorship. That is, unless it is stopped at the Senate level, which is unlikely.
One wonders whether the outcome of Murthy vs. Missouri, before the Supreme Court today (March 18), dealing as it does with the troubling issue of censorship (and therefore with the implications and purview of the First Amendment), would have a noticeable retrospective effect on the TikTok ban, which – at bottom – relates to the same question.
What is astonishing about all of this is the apparent ease and rapidity with which the bill passed through the House, as Clayton Morris points out in the first video, linked above, highlighting the contrasting lack of interest in actively tackling the undeniable problem of unchecked ingress of illegal immigrants at American borders (referred to earlier). In a country which has always boasted about having the First Amendment, or rather, what it stands for – freedom of speech – which implies guaranteeing the continued existence of those sources of information which make freedom of expression possible, one might have expected the results of the vote to have been the other way around.
As it stands, is it far-fetched to read in these results the degree to which the collective mindset in the US has already morphed into one that is, incomprehensible as it may seem, receptive to despotic rule? I think not. The neo-fascist technocrats, who must surely have regarded the United States as the biggest hurdle to cross in their quest for world domination, must be writhing with uncontrollable convulsions of glee at present. After all, they are witnessing the crumbling of this erstwhile ‘bastion of freedom,’ which their puppet in the White House and his minions have set in motion with relative ease, it would seem.
A situation such as the one briefly sketched above as a distinct possibility, would eerily resemble what was the case in the early 1950s in the United States, which went by the name of the ‘Red Scare.’ The Eisenhower Library (online) provides this useful sketch of this lamentable episode in American history:
Senator Joseph R. McCarthy was a little-known junior senator from Wisconsin until February 1950 when he claimed to possess a list of 205 card-carrying Communists employed in the US Department of State. From that moment Senator McCarthy became a tireless crusader against Communism in the early 1950s, a period that has been commonly referred to as the ‘Red Scare.’ As chairman of the Senate Permanent Investigation Subcommittee, Senator McCarthy conducted hearings on communist subversion in America and investigated alleged communist infiltration of the Armed Forces. His subsequent exile from politics coincided with a conversion of his name into a modern English noun ‘McCarthyism,’ or adjective, ‘McCarthy tactics,’ when describing similar witch hunts in recent American history. [The American Heritage Dictionary gives the definition of McCarthyism as: 1. The political practice of publicizing accusations of disloyalty or subversion with insufficient regard to evidence; and 2. The use of methods of investigation and accusation regarded as unfair, in order to suppress opposition. Senator McCarthy was censured by the US Senate on December 2, 1954 and died May 2, 1957.]
Several things strike one in this excerpt, the first of which is the phrase ‘witch hunts,’ with its disquieting connotations of persecuting people on the basis of flimsy, but ‘useful’ evidence of supposed malpractice of some kind – such as having a black cat, metaphorically speaking, equivalents of which could include ‘misinformation,’ disinformation,’ and even (God forbid) ‘malinformation,’ all of which have been thoroughly tainted, from a mainstream perspective, with connotations of proverbial witchcraft. The TikTok ban would allow members of the Biden Inquisition to scream ‘Witch!’ at anything which does not gel with the official narrative, such as the items found on X, Children’s Health Defense, or BitChute, to mention only some likely candidates.
Then there is the related American Heritage Dictionary’s illuminating description, quoted in the excerpt above, which links McCarthyism explicitly with the ‘political practice of publicizing accusations of disloyalty or subversion with insufficient regard to evidence’ as well as with ‘the use of methods of investigation and accusation regarded as unfair, in order to suppress opposition.’ To anyone with a modicum of comprehension of what is at stake, this would appear to be uncannily apposite. Given its track record, could anyone expect of the Biden administration any ‘regard to (contrary) evidence’ where accusations of disinformation are concerned? Or the employment of ‘methods of investigation’ that are fair? Give me a break!
To sum up by using a currently popular term, Biden and his DOJ would ‘weaponise’ the TikTok ban to the hilt, to the detriment of the citizens of the US as well as American democracy. And make no mistake: democracy may never recover from what threatens to become nothing less than McCarthyism on steroids. While one has access to the means for resisting this conspicuous act of usurping the constitutionally ‘guaranteed’ rights and freedoms of the American people, one must avail oneself of these – before they disappear.

domain: law


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COLORADO, United States Of America — The Florida woman accused of creating a “credible danger” that prompted the closing of greater than 1,000 Colorado schools legitimately bought a gun at a shop near Columbine senior high school a single day before she ended up being discovered dead, in accordance with the FBI.
Sol Pais, 18, bought the weapon at Colorado Gun Broker, a weapon store at 8966 W. Bowles Ave. in unincorporated Jefferson County on 9Wants to Know confirmed with a store spokesperson monday. The shop is all about 2 kilometers west of this college.
Pais had been found dead from a gunshot that is self-inflicted Wednesday early early morning.
Colorado Gun Broker spokesperson Josh Rayburn said the Pais underwent a complete back ground check and ended up being cleared by both the nationwide Instant Criminal Background Check System (NCIS) and also the Colorado Bureau of Investigation (CBI).
“We had no reason at all to suspect she ended up being a hazard to either by by herself or other people,” Rayburn stated. “we’re extremely sorry to know of this result in this example. It really is never ever good an individual loses their life.”
“Our company is praying on her behalf household — as they are extremely thankful this example failed to escalate right into a general public tragedy,” he included.
While Pais’ background check came ultimately back clean, some have actually noticed that possibly she nevertheless should https://mailorderbrides.us/russian-bride/ not have now been permitted to obtain a weapon. Federal rule states a sale of a firearm is appropriate “provided the deal complies with state legislation when you look at the continuing state where in fact the licensee is found as well as in their state in which the buyer resides.”
In cases like this, Pais could lawfully buy a shotgun at 18 under Colorado legislation, but she will have to be 21 to purchase the exact same weapon in Florida.
Nevertheless, CBI told 9NEWS on Wednesday that “as of this moment, there’s absolutely no indicator of any illegal deal,” additionally the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) stated what sort of Florida legislation is written relates only if the customer is in Florida.
Other people have actually expected 9NEWS if Colorado’s brand brand new flag that is red control legislation, signed earlier in the day this thirty days, would use in this instance. Regulations is formally referred to as risk that is extreme purchase, plus it does not get into impact until 2020.
Florida adopted an identical flag that is red of its very own this past year, after having a shooter killed 17 pupils at a school in Parkland.
Home Majority Leader Alec Garnett (D-Denver), their state legislator whom composed Colorado’s variation, claims that both in states, an energetic warning sign purchase from a judge to seize somebody’s firearms would appear straight away in a background check. However, “a petition for an extreme danger protection purchase needs to be filed within the county in which the respondent resides,” the law states, meaning the petition would need to be filed in Florida.
If your flag that is red has expired in Florida, or perhaps in Colorado the following year if the legislation takes impact, it is scrubbed through the nationwide history check system and would not stop a weapon sale.
Once the weapon store in Jefferson County went its check, it appears there was clearly no such active red banner purchase contrary to the girl. Within a news seminar Wednesday, the FBI said Pais purchased the firearm prior to the agency considered her a risk.


Physical Jazz make impression
This blog is pretty sure that this quote wasn't said by the Los Angeles Lakers or the Denver Nuggets earlier in the week.
"We had pretty good control of the game and then the physicality of the game changed. I thought they started knocking us around; some loose balls and stuff. I thought that was the difference, just their physicality and their size."
Those are the words of Doug Collins, the Sixers head coach.
And, yes, the Jazz, finally, were physical on Friday night, for the first time this season. Two nights after Denver scored lay-in after lay-in on free-flowing drives to the basket, the Jazz decided to make people pay for entering the lane.
The transformation started in the second quarter when Josh Howard laid Thaddeous Young on his back. Then there was Jeremy Evans blocking two shots in five minutes of action. And finally, there was Lou Williams driving for the potential game-tying bucket, only to be contested by Derrick Favors at the rim.
The Jazz, for one night, resembled a playoff team, at least defensively. And, they won the game because of it, finally holding an opponent to less than 100 points in the process.
"It was tough," Collins said. "They played Favors. They played Millsap. Kanter's big - it was tough."
A few more coaches may have similar thinking before the season ends.


text:
At MINK Radiologic Imaging, our top priority is protecting the health and safety of our patients, visitors, and staff members.
We will continue to remain open but we’ve put in place some new policies and guidelines to promote social distancing and help contain the spread of COVID-19. Please see below and thank you in advance for your cooperation and understanding:
Mink Radiologic Imaging – Beverly Hills
Mink Radiologic Imaging – 3rd Street Los Angeles
Mink Radiologic Imaging –Marina Del Rey
SCREENING: We are performing health screenings for patients at the time of scheduling and in person when the patient arrives at the facility.
We will be checking temperature at the entrance of our suite before allowing access to a patient/visitor.
We are cleaning and disinfecting all areas of operation frequently.
Our staff is constantly washing their hands, wearing gloves, and masks for patient protection as well as theirs.
Patients will be at least 6 ft away from one another in our waiting rooms.
No visitor to accompany the patient unless a caretaker (1) is absolutely needed.
Patients are required to wear masks (1) will be provided at time of service if a patient does not have one.
No walk-ins for X-Ray at any location until further notice.
WE WILL ADVISE THE PATIENT: PLEASE DO NOT VISIT IF YOU HAVE:
Fever, chills cough, sore throat, shortness of breath/difficulty breathing, loss of taste/smell, muscle pain


A quantitative study of atomic and molecular halogens in the lower atmosphere
Halogen chemistry has been implicated in the destruction of ground level ozone, the oxidation of non-methane hydrocarbons, and the oxidation of gaseous mercury in the Arctic troposphere. Quantitative determinations of halogen atom concentrations are important in understanding the extent of this chemistry, as are quantitative investigations of halogen atom precursors which are thought to include molecular halogen species. This work describes a new method, based on the measurements of the concentration increases of a suite of halogenated volatile organic compounds, for determining halogen atoms concentrations. The analytes of interest, brominated and chlorinated aldehydes and ketones, were determined by gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detection with a custom-built, integrated, sampling, separation, detection, and data acquisition system designed for automated analyses. The method was employed in Barrow, Alaska, and results indicate that halogen atom chemistry is active even in the absence of major ozone depletion events. Bromine atom concentration to atom chlorine concentration ratios were lower than previous observations, as were the absolute concentrations of bromine and chlorine atoms. Halogen atom concentrations, measured with this technique, were not significant enough to account for the observed ozone concentration decreases. Also described is a method, based on negative ion chemical ionization ion trap mass spectrometry, for the determination of the molecular halogens Br2, Cl2, and BrCl. The method used a cryogenic preconcentration to enhance molecular halogen limits of detection and a Teflon pinhole inlet for sample introduction into the mass spectrometer. Chemical ionization of the molecular halogens was performed by NO2 - generated by electron impact of nitromethane. Kinetics of the Br + NO2- ion-molecule reaction were explored and are reported. Laboratory tests indicated the method achieved limits of detection suitable for atmospheric detection of molecular halogens. The method was tested in Chicago, IL and found to be limited by ambient water vapor.
Shepson, Purdue University.
Analytical chemistry|Environmental science
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text:
So, a couple of months ago, some of us came up with an "ingenious" idea. We're a bunch of DOS gaming nerds, sure, but most of us also have a programming background and DOS Game Club was actually founded by a bunch of people hanging out in a game development related IRC channel. What would be more appropriate than to use this dual footing we have to actually make a DOS game of our own?
There have been a few games published by DGC members over the last couple years, most recently voxel and Tijn's SlipSpeed, which is actually already a DOS game. But the idea for the DGC game would be to get more of our regulars to participate in the creation.
We brainstormed for a bit and came up with a few things we want to achieve. First of all, we want it to run smoothly on proper 90s hardware. The hardware we're aiming for at the moment is a mid range 486 machine, but the idea is to make it at least playable on a 386 as well.
Another thing we wanted from the beginning was an appropriate genre for a DOS game, and potentially one that has fallen a bit out of favour now. We quickly settled on a Cinematic Platformer, like Prince of Persia, Flashback or Another World. The fact that this genre is a bit vaguely defined actually gives us a bit of extra freedom while still sticking to a well known genre.
With some additional brainstorming, we decided it would be a tech noir story, a former space station cop, now private investigator doing PI stuff on a space station. There are a few more ideas for the story line, but I guess we'll share more details about that as we progress and this devlog is supposed to highlight more of the development aspects and less the content of the actual game - in the end a cinematic platformer will rely heavily on its story, so we'll try to keep this spoiler free.
This devlog will also highlight many of the technological decisions we'll be making (or have already made) and look somewhat into the details of DOS PC hardware, where I think it could be appropriate for a more technically interested audience.
Video Mode Shenanigans
I already mentioned that the game will have to run on a mid-range 486, but what exactly does that mean? One of the most interesting choices is of course the kind of graphics adapter this will be aimed at and on the 486 there's really a lot to choose from. Back in the day I have seen all kinds of graphics cards on 486s, some people still had their EGA cards they had taken over from their 386, others were running some sort of Super VGA on a 32 Bit VLB or PCI card.
The SVGA landscape is very heterogeneous so targeting those would be painful - it would require writing different graphics drivers for many card models or resorting to something like UniVBE. Those options are not very appealing and since the game is supposed to also run (albeit maybe with some reduced details and/or frame rate) on a 386, this option is off the table.
EGA and CGA would be really exotic on a 486 and even most 386 got upgraded to VGA sooner or later if they hadn't been sold with one in the first place. So, plain old standard VGA it is. This gives us a couple of options in terms of graphics modes, but for DOS games, the old BIOS mode 13h and the non-standard (but still supported on every VGA card) mode X, later popularized by Michael Abrash, are really the only sensible options.
Mode 13h, is a mode that IBM included in the original BIOS for the IBM PS/2 series, which introduced the VGA. To change the graphics mode through the BIOS (which was really the way IBM engineers intended all programmers to do it), one has to call a function in the BIOS (through means we may take a look at in a later log, since it's a fundamental piece of architecture of a DOS PC).
This function takes one parameter, the video mode you'd want to switch to. There are several modes available, accumulated over the years since the original IBM PC 5150 and for backwards compatibility, they are all still supported even on a modern PC (even though there might be some BIOS emulation involved nowadays). This mode number you'd pass for this mode is 13 hex (i.e. decimal 19, but it's more common to refer to it in hex).
In this mode, we get 320x200 pixels at 256 colors and it is probably by far the most common video mode you'd see in any game made between 1990 and 1995. It would be the perfect mode if it didn't have two major drawbacks:
First of all, and more noticeable to players is that pixels are not actually square in this mode. As you may have noticed, this mode has an aspect ratio of 8:5 pixels while PC monitors at the time had an aspect ratio of 4:3. So the picture would usually be stretched to fill the entire screen, which made all pixels slightly elongated. This is mostly a graphics design problem, where you have to make sure everything looks good after stretching. It can be a bit inconvenient to work with that on a modern screen, though on a high DPI screen on one of our development PCs it would be hardly a problem for graphics artists. But it also means all drawing code needs to take this into account and for example a circle drawing algorithm would not have to draw a circle but an ellipse which would then be stretched by the screen to look like a circle again. That's not pleasant at all.
Another downside of this mode is that it severely limits the amount of video memory a program can access in this mode. For certain reasons (which again, we might investigate in a later blog) in this mode we could only access 65536 bytes of video memory, just enough to hold a single screenful of pixels (each pixel takes up one byte in memory, so 320x200 pixels means 64000 bytes). Every fully compatible VGA card has 256K of video RAM though, so by using mode 13h we'd be wasting 3/4 of video memory.
That too, would be too big of a problem if that didn't prevent us from doing one important thing: Double Buffering. Double buffering is a method in which the screen shows one frame while we are working on preparing the next frame in a section of video memory that is not visible at the moment, where it doesn't interfere with the current frame.
If we were to prepare the screen to be displayed in the same section of memory that is currently being displayed, we'd have to make sure that we only update video memory whenever we're between two frames, and that's a very short amount of time: 1.55ms to be precise (again, for reasons that would make this article way too long, which is already is, haha).
1.55ms is so little time, in fact, that on a system with a 16 bit system bus (like every 386 and the majority of 486s), it is technically impossible to rewrite the whole screen buffer in that short amount of time: The AT bus is clocked at 8 MHz and it takes 4 clock cycles to perform one write operation. Each write operation can transfer 2 bytes to the video card, so there's a theoretical limit of about 12400 bytes we can transfer during this blanking interval. Not even enough to update 1/50 of the screen, and that's only for the fastest VGA cards available that could max out the bus. On a VLB or PCI system that situation can be substantially better, VLB can transfer up to 133MB/s on a 33MHz bus: enough for more than three full updates of the screen in the blanking period. But do we really only want to allow users of high end 486 machines to enjoy the game without video tearing?
Well, certainly not! It's bad enough that the game will run significantly slower on a 386 or lower end 486, but adding tearing on top of that is unacceptable. So, our options would be to either not update the whole screen each frame, which has been done by many games. Command Keen doe allow scrolling, but that's done using some hardware tricks that basically allow the game to only update the outer edges of the screen and use scrolling functionality of the VGA to scroll around the otherwise unchanged contents of most of the remaining screen. Only the edges and moving things ("sprites") needed a redraw each frame. But this prevents many cool graphics effects, like parallax scrolling or many animated objects on screen - clearly not a solution for us.
Mode X to the Rescue!
Now with all these issues it was clear that mode 13h was not for us. Luckily, over the years, a couple of smart people figured out how to use the entirety of the VGA's memory in 256 color mode while at the same time increasing the resolution to 320x240, which solved the issue of non-square pixels.
There seem to be a couple of reasons IBM decided to include a 320x200 pixel mode in the BIOS: First of all it fits nicely into the 65536 bytes that are "visible" to the CPU and thus easily accessible to any program. But it's also the resolution of the CGA, so programmers were probably already familiar with the resolution and it was relatively easy to rewrite CGA and EGA programs to make use of the added color capabilities. 320x240 would have been much better, mostly due to the square pixels, but it just wouldn't fit into the 65536 bytes window accessible by the CPU.
In other graphics modes, especially 640x480 at 16 colors, each byte the CPU could see was actually representing 4 bytes of actual graphics memory and which of those four bytes a program accessed was relatively complicated to change. In 320x200 mode this four times multiplexing is disabled, whence the limitation to 1/4 of the available memory.
But people soon began to realize that you could tweak mode 13h to re-enable this multiplexing behaviour, thus giving access to the entire 256K of video memory. With that done, it was also possible to change the resolution to 320x240 (which uses the same fundamental timing as 640x480, only that the VGA doubles each pixel both vertically and horizontally). Since 640x480 was guaranteed to be supported by every VGA monitor out there, 320x240 is also guaranteed to work on every VGA system.
The timing for 320x240 is a bit different from 320x200, which means the screen refresh rate is reduced from 70Hz to 60Hz. Also writing to video memory in this mode is more complicated (due to the multiplexing described earlier), but can also be a lot faster in certain situations than the old school mode 13h.
All in all, mode X has a lot of advantages, and a few, relatively minor disadvantages.
Other Hardware Considerations
Since the video and CPU questions are solved, there are a few other things we need to think about. Most importantly of course, what sound and music options are available to us?
It's almost guaranteed that a 486 gaming machine has either a Sound Blaster of some. The Sound Blaster was also very popular in the 386's days and it is also Adlib compatible. So aiming primarily at Adlib sound with Sound Blaster sound effects is a pretty safe bet to give players at least music, if not music and sound. We'll see how it goes, maybe we'll be able to support additional methods of sounds and music playback, it'd certainly be interesting to add MIDI support for all those Roland MIDI cards out there and somewhat popular among the wealthier gamers of the time.
Another thing I'd really like to do is add Gravis Ultra Sound and SoundBlaster AWE support. Obviously each additional method requires some extra work by the music composer and we'll see how far we can push him. But first we'll focus on Adlib music + SoundBlaster effects. Adding additional PC speaker sounds is going to be much easier, so that would be a good failsafe option for older machines.
Other than that, we're currently aiming to have the game runnable with 4MB of main memory and it's certainly going to be a game you'd have to install on your hard drive, as we clearly expect it to be at least a couple of megabytes in total. Since we're aiming at 386 and 486 machines, it makes sense to also make this a 32 bit game, which makes accessing memory beyond 640K a whole lot easier and has some other advantages.
Also, I think keyboard input will be the absolute minimum, but for platformers, joystick support also seems mandatory.
One of the ideas of this project is to use the most modern tools we have available for development. Some people develop games for old hardware on hardware that is at least era appropriate for their target. While that is certainly a cool thing to do and sounds like a very rewarding (albeit maybe a bit frustrating at times) experience, we decided to go the other route.
We're a mixed team of people, not all of us have actual retro hardware to work on. Also, using better tools (hopefully) means we can use more processing power of modern computers to pre-process data for the actual game and also keep the time needed to make actual development tools as short as possible. I have, for example, just finished a tool that converts tilemaps for the level and sprite sheets for game objects into data formats that we can use in the final game. This tool is not even 400 lines of Python code and was written over the course of a couple of afternoons.
If we had decided to do all development on actual DOS machines (or DOS tools in DOSBox), the same amount of time would probably have gotten us to a point where we could start thinking about making a level editor or similar. Instead we have all the tooling available already and can get started on the actual game code.
So, for the most part, development will happen on modern Linux systems (the entire build system is currently based around that and I don't think we'll change that), using DOSbox for testing, DJGPP as our C and C++ compiler (most of the game code will probably be written in modern C++) and all kinds of other tools like Aseprite and Tiled.
As mentioned in the last section, we do already have some of the tooling needed to make the game. Some of the game engine code is written, too, though at the moment with a strong focus on hackability and not at all on speed. Currently just rendering a single tilemap layer at 30FPS requires DOSbox setting equivalent to a mid-range Pentium. But we do have enough experience with the old hardware's limitations to know what is possible later on and we're hiding all the slow parts behind high level abstractions - this way it'll be possible to re-implement the rendering pipeline using better methods for mode X without (hopefully) having to rewrite a lot of game code.
Development continues, but this is a hobby project with a couple of people working on it on as much of their spare time as they can afford. It's also a rather big project, so don't expect the game to be done anytime soon.
Meanwhile we'll keep posting updates about interesting things happening in the project, certainly shorter than this one which is really supposed to give an overview over the last couple of months of development.
Each future post will likely pick one technical aspect of the game and discuss it a bit more in-depth, just like the video mode question in this one.

domain: hobby


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Premio Lo Nuestro returns to Kaseya Center for the 36th edition of the longest-running Latin music award show in the United States. Artist nominees include Maluma, Peso Pluma, Grupo Frontera, Karol G, and Feid.
Set to air live on February 22, the awards ceremony will kick off with a red carpet pre-show, Noche De Estrellas. The main event will be hosted by legendary telenovela actress Angelica Vale, Dominican actress and TV presenter Clarissa Molina, and the charismatic starlet Galilea Montijo.
Since 1989, Premio Lo Nuestro has continued to honor the significant accomplishments of Latin artists and the undeniable global impact of Latin music. The nominations for Premio Lo Nuestro 2024 are based on Uforia radio airplay during the eligibility period, streaming data, and a committee of Music and Entertainment experts. This year, 180 nominees span the 38 categories covering all genres of Latin music.
TICKETS: Tickets are on sale now at ticketmaster.com


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We stayed in a deluxe room for 3 on the 10th floor with a view of the Anzac memorial, Hyde Park and St. Marys Cathedral from the small balcony. We had no problem with traffic noise. The room had a small seating area next to the kitchenette, the latter having all the necessary equipment for a week's stay (perhaps apart from a dishwasher!!). Breakfast was supplied daily to the refrigerator, comprising milk, cereal, toast (plus preserves/vegemite/peanut butter) , mixed fruit cartons, orange juice plus tea and coffee. There was sufficient storage space, albeit not enough wardrobe hangers for 3 people. The bathroom was very clean with washbasin, shower (with retractable clothes line), and toilet with soft close seat. Hotel also has a free launderette with soap powder available to buy at reception which was a real bonus. Internet access is available at a cost but we did not see that there was any wifi available.
In terms of location, it is well placed for Museum station opposite which is only two stops from Circular Quay and all the iconic sights. The hop on hop off bus stop is a short walk across the park. Coles supermarket at World Square is nearby and the 7/11 is a few doors down from the hotel entrance.
All in all we would recommend staying here and would visit again.More
- Free Wifi


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On certification to the Superior Court, Appellate Division, whose opinion is reported at 357 N.J. Super. 398 (2003).
(This syllabus is not part of the opinion of the Court. It has been prepared by the Office of the Clerk for the convenience of the reader. It has been neither reviewed nor approved by the Supreme Court. Please note that, in the interests of brevity, portions of any opinion may not have been summarized).
The issue in this appeal is whether a plaintiff, who belatedly files a physician certification under the New Jersey Automobile Insurance Cost Reduction Act (AICRA), N.J.SA. 39:6A-1 to -34, must suffer the dismissal of his or her complaint or whether remedies short of dismissal will suffice.
On December 27, 1999, a pickup truck, in which Jenevieve Casinelli was a passenger, was struck in the rear by an automobile owned and operated by Wilfredo S. Manglapus. Casinelli was injured in the accident. On July 17, 2001, Casinelli filed a complaint against Manglapus alleging that she was injured as a result of his automobile negligence. Manglapus filed an answer on October 12, 2001, and on February 25, 2002, moved for summary judgment seeking dismissal of Casinelli's complaint, with prejudice, on the ground that she had failed to produce a physician certification establishing that she met the verbal threshold requirement contained in N.J.S.A. 39: 6A-8(a).
Casinelli failed to submit the required reports in certification form within 120 days of Manglapus' answer as required by AICRA. On March 20, 2002, however, in opposition to the summary judgment motion, Casinelli filed the requisite physician certifications. The trial court declined to dismiss Casinelli's complaint, finding good cause to extend the time within which to file the physician certification.
On appeal, Manglapus argued that Casinelli's complaint required dismissal with prejudice for failure to comply with N.J.S.A. 39: 6A-8(a), and that even if her complaint was dismissed without prejudice, the statute of limitations had expired, and thus, the refilling was prohibited. Casinelli countered that there is nothing in AICRA to suggest that the Legislature intended meritorious suits to be dismissed either with or without prejudice for the late filing of a physician certification. The Appellate Division rejected Manglapus' argument and held that a dismissal without prejudice is the proper remedy for late filing. However, recognizing the "harsh consequences" that would flow from the dismissal without prejudice remedy where the statute of limitations had expired, the court held that Casinelli could invoke the doctrines of substantial compliance and equitable estoppel. Accordingly, the Appellate Division affirmed the denial of summary judgment and remanded the case for proceedings consistent with its opinion.
HELD: The physician certification is neither a fundamental element of the New Jersey Automobile Insurance Cost Reduction Act (AICRA), N.J.S.A. 39:6A-1 to -34, cause of action nor analogous to a pleading and therefore, neither dismissal with nor without prejudice is compelled. Rather, the late filing of the physician certification is akin to a discovery violation with respect to which the court may resort to any of a full panoply of remedies, ranging from an order to compel production through dismissal, depending on the facts.
1. AICRA is, as its name implies, a cost-containment initiative enacted as a refinement to the no-fault automobile insurance system that originally became law in this State in 1972. The legislative findings and declarations underlying AICRA are unequivocal; cost containment, fraud avoidance and a fair rate of return to insurers. Like its predecessor, the 1988 Verbal Threshold Act, AICRA allows purchasers of automobile insurance to choose between two options: a policy providing unrestricted recovery of non-economic damages with a concomitantly high premium or a policy with a "verbal threshold" limiting non-economic losses to certain categories of injury with a proportionately lower premium. The main difference between the AICRA threshold and prior law is that AICRA tightened the categories of injury that would justify non-economic damages. AICRA also requires the filing of a physician certification. The certification serves two purposes: to supply evidence that a plaintiff has, in fact, sustained an injury that qualifies for recovery of non-economic damages under the new verbal threshold and, to provide a legal foundation for a charge of perjury, should false swearing later be shown. (Pp. 8-11)
2. Manglapus argues that the Affidavit of Merit statute is an analogue to AICRA and that the belated filing of an AICRA physician certification warrants the same treatment; i.e., dismissal with prejudice "in all but extraordinary circumstances." Alan J. Cornblatt, P.A. v. Barow, 153 N.J. 218 (1998). We disagree. Unlike the Affidavit of Merit statute that pointedly equates failure to file the affidavit with "failure to state a cause of action," there is nothing in AICRA to suggest that the legislature intended that result. In our view, the perceived analogy between the AICRA physician certification and a pleading, which is the underpinning of the dismissal without prejudice remedy, does not withstand scrutiny. Although superficially seductive, that analogy only holds up in the narrow band of cases in which a plaintiff is unwilling or unable to produce a physician certification. However, in the vast majority of cases in which an attorney has simply slipped up and missed the filing date for an otherwise acceptab e physician certification, the analogy to a pleading breaks down. In such cases, there is no statutory bar to the continuation of the lawsuit. Rather, the physician certification is belatedly produced evidence supporting the otherwise cognizable claims advanced in the complaint. In such circumstances, we can see no warrant for adopting as mandatory the dismissal without prejudice remedy, instead viewing the tardy presentation as falling under the broad umbrella of failure to make discovery, thus subject to the arsenal of remedies provided in our rules for such procedural errors. By allowing courts the flexibility to accept belated physician certifications, under appropriate circumstances, both of the AICRA's aims are advanced; the meritorious cases of injured plaintiffs can go forward, and a certification, paving the way for a future perjury action in the case of false swearing, is on file. On the other hand, the remedy of dismissal with prejudice does nothing but guarantee the random elimination of meritorious cases and does not advance AICRA's goals. Unless the late filing is entirely faultless on the attorneys' part, however, some sanction should be imposed. (Pp. 11-18)
Insofar as the judgment of the Appellate division affirmed the denial of Manglapus' motion to dismiss Casinelli's complaint with prejudice, it is AFFIRMED. The Court's concomitant conclusion that a dismissal without prejudice is required is REVERSED. The case is REMANDED to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with its original disposition of the case.
JUSTICE LaVECCHIA filed a separate, dissenting opinion, stating that the failure to comply with the strict temporal requirements of AICRA's physician certification obligation should be treated as the equivalent of a failure to state a claim, and that the presumptive disposition is such a case should be a dismissal without prejudice, barring any other "impediment" such as a statute of limitations.
CHIEF JUSTICE PORITZ and JUSTICES ZAZZALI, ALBIN and WALLACE join in JUSTICE LONG's opinion. JUSTICE VERNIERO did not participate. JUSTICE LaVECCHIA filed a separate, dissenting opinion.
The opinion of the court was delivered by: Justice Long
The question presented on this appeal is whether a plaintiff, who belatedly files a physician certification under the New Jersey Automobile Insurance Cost Reduction Act (AICRA), N.J.S.A. 39:6A-1 to -34, must suffer the dismissal of his or her complaint or whether remedies short of dismissal will suffice. We hold that the physician certification is neither a fundamental element of the AICRA cause of action nor analogous to a pleading and therefore, that neither dismissal with nor without prejudice is compelled. Rather, we view the late filing of the physician certification as akin to a discovery violation, with respect to which the court may resort to any of a full panoply of remedies, ranging from an order to compel production through dismissal, depending on the facts.
On December 27, 1999, a pickup truck, in which Jenevieve Casinelli was a passenger, was struck in the rear by an automobile owned and operated by Wilfredo S. Manglapus. Casinelli was injured in the accident. She was examined by Dr. James Garabo, a chiropractor, who sent her to the emergency room at Rahway Hospital where she was prescribed a cervical collar and over-the-counter pain medication, and advised to see a neurologist. The cervical x-ray taken at the hospital disclosed "[l]oss of normal lordosis*fn1 with mild kyphosis*fn2 [backward curvature of the spine] centered on C4-5."
On December 29, 1999, Casinelli was examined by Dr. Nazar H. Haidri, a neurologist, who diagnosed post-concussion syndrome; post-traumatic headaches; acute cervical, dorsal and lumbar sprain; and symptoms consistent with bilateral lumbar radiculopathy.*fn3 Dr. Haidri also observed a limited range of motion in both the cervical and lumbar areas of Casinelli's spine and spasms "over both cervical para-vertebral muscles." Dr. Haidri noted that Casinelli had been involved in a prior motor vehicle accident in which she had injured her neck and back and determined that the earlier injuries were "markedly aggravated by the accident of December 27, 1999."
Based upon his examination, Dr. Haidri ordered several Magnetic Resonance Imagery (MRI) studies that were read by Dr. Howard Kessler, a radiologist. Dr Kessler issued two reports on February 16, 2000, in which he concluded that the cervical MRI disclosed "[r]eversed cervical lordosis consistent with muscular spasm ... [d]isc herniation at C5-C6, central and left paracentral with sac indentation." As a result, Dr. Haidri referred Casinelli to Dr. Steven L. Nehmer, an orthopedic surgeon, who examined her on May 11, 2000.
In a report dated May 16, 2000, Dr. Nehmer recommended that Casinelli undergo either a cervical epidural injection or physical therapy. In a subsequent report dated September 29, 2000, Dr. Nehmer diagnosed Casinelli as suffering from a cervical disc herniation at C5-6 along with lumbar strain.
Because a cervical MRI taken after Casinelli's 1998 injury had not revealed any disc herniation, Dr. Nehmer opined that Casinelli's injuries were causally related to the accident with Manglapus. Overall, Dr. Nehmer viewed Casinelli's prognosis as "guarded."
On July 17, 2000, Dr. Charles G. Kalko, a neurosurgeon, examined Casinelli and issued a report diagnosing her as having suffered cervical radiculopathy and cervical deformity at C5-C6, as a result of the accident. He recommended that Casinelli "start physical therapy and consider obtaining a cervical CT myelogram and then consider surgical intervention." Dr. Kalko also concluded that Casinelli's injuries were causally related to the accident, and declared her prognosis "guarded pending further diagnostic testing and surgery."
On July 25, 2000, Casinelli was referred to Dr. Paul K. Ratzker, a neurosurgeon, for treatment. In a report dated July 25, 2000, Dr. Ratzker diagnosed Casinelli as suffering from "left sided C6 cervical radiculopathy secondary to the disc herniation at the C 5-6 level." He prescribed pain medication and a course of physiotherapy.
After Casinelli completed a three-week course of physical therapy, Dr. Ratzker reevaluated her and reported she was feeling better, but still experiencing "occasional spurts of pain." He recommended that she either try a cervical epidural steroid injection or continue with the physical therapy and pain medication. Casinelli elected to continue with the physical therapy and returned for an examination by Dr. Ratzker on September 14, 2000, at which point she reported that she was feeling better, but had begun experiencing numbness in a small area in her forearm. Overall, Dr. Ratzker found Casinelli had experienced improvement with physical therapy and recommended a continued course of therapy twice a week for six more weeks and a reevaluation thereafter. He assessed her prognosis as "fair."
On July 17, 2001, Casinelli filed a complaint against Manglapus alleging that she was injured as a result of his automobile negligence. Manglapus filed an answer on October 12, 2001, and on February 25, 2002, moved for summary judgment seeking dismissal of Casinelli's complaint, with prejudice, on the ground that she had failed to produce a physician certification establishing that she met the verbal threshold requirement contained in N.J.S.A. 39:6A-8(a). In response to the motion, Casinelli submitted a report by Dr. Haidri that stated that her post-traumatic tinnitus, blurred vision, chronic cervical, dorsal and lumbar sprain, and disc herniation at C5- C6, were causally related to injuries sustained during the December 27, 1999, accident. Attached to that report was a report of Dr. Nehmer, dated May 16, 2000, supporting Dr. Haidri's conclusions. However, Casinelli did not file those reports in certification form within 120 days of Manglapus' answer as required by AICRA.
On March 20, 2002, in opposition to the summary judgment motion, Casinelli filed the requisite physician certifications. Two medical experts (Drs. Haidri and Ratzker) certified that Casinelli sustained a "permanent and significant injury" as a result of the December 27, 1999, accident, based upon continuing symptoms present after the accident, including a permanent disruption of her intervertebral disc. In addition to those certifications, Casinelli submitted her own certification outlining her injuries, course of treatment, and her then current complaints of pain and physical ...


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June 01, 2018 12:25 PM
Firefighters in Shakopee responded to an explosion near Valleyfair Friday morning.
According to the Shakopee Fire Department, the explosion occurred at Anchor Glass, right across Highway 101 from Valleyfair. The explosion caused a fire in the pumphouse building.
No one was injured, and the fire has been extinguished. The state fire marshal is investigating the incident.
The company's environmental manager Travis Richins says the main thing is that no one was hurt. He says everything else can be put back together.
The Associated Press contributed to this report.
Updated: June 01, 2018 12:25 PM
Created: June 01, 2018 12:20 PM
Copyright 2018 - KSTP-TV, LLC A Hubbard Broadcasting Company


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Somethings I will never outgrow 😘
I don't have any cats, but I named our dog Charlie Bill. And when he heard Bill, he knew he was in big trouble. lol
That is cute lol
That works too
What a small world my neighbors middle name is dumbass too
I believe that is accurate and rightly earned
I call all the cats and dogs and whatnots with the same name...
"Fucker!" I guess I should have a copyright claim crawling in...
You should because that is the name that I give my boss
You don't want to know what they called you, Marko.
They called me a pigfucker.
Aww no...Mr Nice Guy.
Geez...it was difficult for my pets to even recognize their first names....
Bridget's cat has so many names that by the time I get them all out I forget what he did
It's so cute that cats love shoe boxes...
Old Jelly Belly does. He squeezes his entire 20 lbs in one

domain: pet


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The origin and vegetation development of the Rejvíz pine bog and the history of the surrounding landscape during the Holocene.
Lydie Dudová 1 2 , Michal Hájek 1 2 & Petra Hájková 2 1
- Department of Vegetation Ecology, Institute of Botany, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Poříčí 3b, Brno, CZ-603 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
The Rejvíz bog is an extensive mire complex in Central Europe, with up to 7 m deep sediments and two natural lakes. Recent vegetation is one of the best preserved examples of Pinus uncinata subsp. uliginosa (syn. P. rotundata) bog woodland in Central Europe. The origin and development of the mire and changes in the surrounding landscape vegetation are reconstructed using sediment stratigraphy, radiocarbon dating, pollen analysis and plant-macrofossils analysis, with particular emphasis on the processes that resulted in the origin of Rejvíz bog and on pine woodland dynamics. Based on identified species the water level changes were reconstructed. The sediment started to accumulate more than 9000 years ago at an open mixed-woodland spring with Dichodontium palustre. Later, poor fen vegetation with sedges and horsetails developed. Around 6170 cal. yr BC the fen became inundated for 2000 years and (semi)aquatic vegetation thrived. Next step in the succession followed a decline in water level which resulted in the development of drier oligothrophic vegetationwith a high representation of pine and dwarf shrubs. After ca 1020 cal. yr BC the mire became the bog it is now. Three wooded stages appeared in both the minerotrophic and ombrotrophic developmental phases: before 6720 cal. yr BC, during ca 1960–1020 cal. yr BC and recently. The vegetation in the surrounding landscape developed without marked human interventions up till ca the last six or five centuries, when deforestation and later settlement took place. Comparison with published data from the Góry Bystrzyckie/Orlické hory Mts suggests that not only regional, but also local vegetation changed in a similar way across the middle-altitude eastern Sudetes, following oscillations in climate rather than local changes in mire water regime.
Hrubý Jeseník Mts, eastern Sudetes, palaeoecology, peatland, pollen, plant macrofossils, sediment stratigraphy, spring
How to cite
Dudová L., Hájek M. & Hájková P. (2010) The origin and vegetation development of the Rejvíz pine bog and the history of the surrounding landscape during the Holocene. – Preslia 82: 223


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Family-owed Casa Visco of Schenectady donated $25,000 to the Regional Food Bank of Northeastern New York, raised from sales of its limited edition Harvest Homestyle sauce. One hundred percent of the proceeds went to the Food Bank. The company also donated $25,000 in 2009.
Partnering with Casa Visco were Price Chopper and Hannaford supermarkets. The check was presented last month at the food banks annual auction gala by Adine Viscusi of Casa Visco. Jerry Golub of Price Chopper and Gene Prout of Hannaford also participated in the presentation.
“The Viscusi family has supported the Food Bank in countless ways and their generosity has brought meals to thousands in our region,” said Mark Quandt, executive director at the Food Bank.


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Order by phone: (800) 338-5954 Item #exh63041b — Source #1136
Inferior Alveolar Nerve Injury From Dental Drill/Implant - Medical Illustration, Human Anatomy Drawing
This stock medical exhibit depicts an injury to the inferior alveolar nerve caused by a dental implant. The first image is a lateral view of a skull showing the course of the inferior alveolar nerve through the mandible. The second image shows the dental implant in place, compressing the nerve. The third image shows the drill contacting the nerve. The images along the right side show cross-sectional views of the normal condition, the drill tip contacting the nerve, and the final dental implant in place.
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I look forward to our continued professional relationship."
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Medical Legal Art creates medical demonstrative evidence (medical
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