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Addiction Among Native Americans | Drug Use & Alcoholism
Aug 8, 1: For example, you may state the interview was reliable, informative and objective. Drop down a double space and write to words that succinctly tells readers who Carl Hose is and why the interview with him is relevant to the article. When you think actively about how your argument is being supported, you are more capable of seeing where your reasoning or support may be falling short. Your method for selecting which sources to annotate depends on the purpose of the assignment and the research problem you are investigating. Walsh University Brother Edmond Drouin Library East Maple St. Things you might mention are:. Annotated Bibliography For my essay, I wanted to focus only on academic sources. Often, the items cited by an author will effectively lead you to related sources about the topic. Common sentence level problems. Genocide, abortion, war, the legalization of marijuana, global warming, lowering the drinking age, and gun control. Therefore, be stylistically conscientious, following these tips:. However, if you have no requirements, you need to consult additionally in regard to this issue. Right away I am ready to do my breakfast, after having my breakfast coming over again to read additional news. Writing an Annotated Bibliography: Strategies about how to critically evaluate a source can be found here. As a professor, Dr. Entries for the list of works cited must be aphabetical and double-spaced, with the indent of the subsequent line one-half inch from the left margin. Further Readings Annotated Bibliography Giving an Oral Presentation Toggle Dropdown Dealing with Nervousness Using Visual Aids Grading Someone Else’s Paper How to Manage Group Projects Toggle Dropdown Types of Structured Group Activities Group Project Survival Skills Writing a Book Review Toggle Dropdown Multiple Book Review Essay Reviewing Collected Essays Writing a Case Study Writing a Field Report Toggle Dropdown About Informed Consent Writing Field Notes Writing a Policy Memo Writing a Research Proposal Acknowledgements. Princeton University Tutors. One has to study a large data array to gain confidence in the correctness of the received results. What question s am I exploring? Like any bibliography, an annotated bibliography is an alphabetical list of research sources.
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Drug and Alcohol Addiction Among Minority Populations
How to Draw Up a Proposal. As this is not an extended piece of writing, only mention significant and relevant details. An annotated bibliography is a works cited page with a short, descriptive qualifier after each citation that aims to show the relevance of the source. EssayTigers Anton Blvd, 3rd Floor Costa Mesa, CA USA. That’s why we stand out from our competition as the prime essay service. An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to books, articles, and documents and follows the Alcohol and Sexual Assault – National Institute on Alcohol appropriate style format for the discipline, i. Or, narrowing the choice to, for example, a historical figure, social movement, foreign country, or theme, will make the paper seem more manageable. To conclude an analytical paper one should assess all information with the goal of developing a second opinion. How it compares to other works on the topic. It is sometimes challenging to find the vocabulary in which to summarize and discuss a text. You may not ever get your annotated bibliography published, but as a researcher, you might want to look for one that highenergytrondheim.no has been published about your topic. As a matter of fact, you can contact us if you want to receive help in dealing with this work. For interviews, you will need the name of the person you interviewed and the date, and you will state it was a personal interview. Since our launch in , not a single client complained about plagiarism. Belcher categorizes the trends into three non-exclusive sects: The citation goes first and is followed by the annotation. E8 S4 Peyotism and the Native American church: Strategies to Define the Scope of your Bibliography. It is perfectly appropriate to write in your paper: Academic integrity requires that you cite direct quotations Proofreading job opportunities from the author’s text. Importance of a Good Annotated Bibliography In lieu of writing a formal research paper, your professor may ask you to develop an annotated bibliography. Does each text relate to my research topic and assignment requirements? Referencing digital and online material. Using evidence to substantiate your argument. It is helpful to have students go through a library orientation in a classroom computer lab, with special attention paid to researching scholarly databases such as JSTOR that may house credible information about their future topics. Geoff Stacks, Erin Karper, Dana Bisignani, Allen Brizee Last Edited: What kind of database article are you citing? Two Articles on Morals and Values: Modern students face numerous questions in the course of virtuashop.000webhostapp.com studying. Start by telling us who you are. Writing an annotated bibliography can help you gain a good perspective on what is being said about your topic. Analysis of context and usefulness: Please feel free to refer to websites inprevious units, such as those under Web Resources on the Readingpages, as resources to help you in your research. Composing a bibliography requires great investments of time, to achieve maximum objectivity in the selection, classification and evaluation of sources. Is the information current or too old to be useful? Be sure you know which citation format MLA, APA, etc. Acknowledging exceptions and limitations. What is the context for the source? For example, you may state the interview was reliable, informative and objective. Roslyn’s essay and what her lecturer thought.
Higher rate of substance use among Native American youth
Leave out ideas that do not relate specifically to your paper. What does this teacher want from you? There are many different ways to write annotated bibliographies. Some key elements to consider when creating an annotated bibliography: How is the text organized? You’re probably already familiar with a bibliography – it’s the list of references you include at the end of a research paper. A checklist for the literature review. Davidson’s book provides a thorough examination of the major roles filled Measuring the Surface Tension of Water by the numerous pagan goddesses of Northern Europe in everyday life, including their roles in hunting, agriculture, domestic arts like weaving, the household, and death. How to Format APA, MLA and Chicago Citations Are you looking for more information on how to cite different sources in APA, MLA or Chicago style? I Can write your papers, Behind every man there is a woman essay do your presentations, labs and final exams. It is also important to note that you will probably have to consult many sources before finding five that will be genuinely helpful to you in crafting your thesis; a good deal of the research process involve sifting through and rejecting texts that are unhelpful, unrelated, outdated, or repetitive. The qualifications generally consist of advanced degrees and affiliations with colleges or universities. Answer the following questions. You should build your bibliography as you conduct your research. Writing an Annotated Bibliography: Cloud State University, Minnesota. Her text is accessible and reader-friendly and uses poststructuralism without becoming a slave Essays on information to its theories. In a very long annotated bibliography, the entries are often numbered see examples A and B , but this is rare in student papers. Stanford University Tutors. Thanks for signing up. The proposals should include: Add a public comment to this FAQ Entry. OK, so I found a written document, but it contains a spelling or grammatical error from the original author. You can focus your annotations for your own needs. The annotated bibliography is the first step to writing a successful research paper. Annotations An annotated bibliography is a list of citations for various books, articles, and other sources on a topic. Create your bibliography using the information provided kiemsoatbenhtatbacgiang.vn in our citation guides. How do you write an annotated bibliography? Therefore, be stylistically conscientious, following these tips:. Sample annotation is cited using MLA style, 7th ed. The source provides a sound basis for a paper you intend to write. Tense use in essays. Example If you interview a professor on the use of annotated bibliographies, you may have an annotation similar to this example: When inspired by your text or your argument, interested researchers can access your resources. The second strategy is to identify one or more important books, book chapters, journal articles, or other documents on your topic and paste the title of the item in Google Scholar [e. We respect your email privacy. Most historians use footnotes when they write a paper, article, or book. A definitive translation was printed in , and today the diary is one of history’s most-cited primary sources. What do I do? Categories you should follow. New York University Tutors. For building exceptions such as holidays and exam periods, please view our detailed service hours. The basic sequence for creating an annotated bibliography should go like this: Renee’s essay and what her lecturer thought. Table of contents Writing home General writing Essay writing What makes a good essay? The perfect custom essay is not just about covering the topic and avoiding grammar mistakes; it’s about keeping up to your personal writing style and academic level. The structure of the second part of an annotation depends mainly on the requirements you have, a research topic, a field of expertise, etc. Each of the body paragraph should contain.
Race/Ethnicity and Gender Differences in Drug Use and
Two Articles on Morals and Values: We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. Deadline Specify when you’d like to receive the final paper from your Writer. Kate Beck started writing for online publications in Question description Hello Brenda, I need to do an annotated bibliography on the research proposal you are currently working on women’s rights in the global workplace. Though Scientific Style and Format now uses citation—sequence for its own references, each system is widely used in scientific publishing. Aug 28, Whose interests does the article gargamel400.000webhostapp.com or website represent? Your personal information, as well as the details of your orders, won’t be shared with a third party under any circumstances. Thompson illustrates each of these aspects of methodology with feminist examples from family studies. Ask your homework questions. Harvard University Tutors. Download a printable version of this page. The focus is on description. Writing an annotated bibliography turns into a torture, if you are confused with Mrsa superbugs essay these tasks. I like this post, enjoyed this one regards for putting up. Well, they do want to know what you think, but presented as a rational, objective argument. Does the source offer a good introduction on the issue? The author discusses relevant archaeological evidence, patterns of symbol and ritual, and previous research. Depending on your assignment you may be asked to reflect, summarise, critique, evaluate or analyse the source. Do I have to cite every sentence of my paper? There is one more solution! The perfect custom essay is not just about covering the topic and avoiding grammar mistakes; it’s about keeping up to your personal writing style and academic level. Structure of legal arguments. An Annotated Bibliography Example of an alphabetically arranged annotated bibliography that also provides indexing for various subject, taxonomic, and geographic categories of information. EssayHub Blog How To’s HubHacks Contest Sign Up! Create your first order and see for yourself – our service is working fine! There’s no set style for annotated bibliographies, so familiarize yourself with the guidelines for your particular class before you start.
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The first step would be to cite your source, please format your source in APA, MLA, or Chicago style first. Because of this, I figured that peer-reviewed sources were my best attempt at non-biased information. For example, ” Source A exemplifies the culture of the Industrial Revolution. You revisit this annotation and add the credibility analysis before you submit your final compiled annotated bibliography at the end of the course. Another factor that will be affected by your particular assignment and teacher is how deeply you read each of these sources. Oklahoma University Tutors. The bibliographic information title, author, publication data, date, etc. Developing a provisional plan. Are annotated bibliographies written in 1st person? The quality and usefulness of your bibliography will The imaginative landscape essay depend on your selection of sources. Terms Privacy AdChoices RSS. Ask your professor what style is most appropriate and be consistent! Home — Annotated Bibliography Writing Service. I’ve noticed a common mistake in many annotated bibliographies, many students only write a summary, and they omit the last step. Good evidence supports your claim and makes your argument more compelling and conclusive. You might Journalism as a career also want to address how this research fits in the larger framework of the topic you’re addressing. Any information apparent in the title of the text or journal can be omitted from the annotation. In any case, you will need to develop the flexibility in your writing to play down the “personal element”. In addition, our website is scanned for viruses every day by SiteLock so that when you order an academic paper from our site, you can be confident that the information is safe from First impressions of people essay intruders. If you have a quote that is more than two lines across the page, then it should be converted to a block quote. Some of these may include: Understanding how microbes grow and multiply, writing homework help. Once they have your approval, the next step can begin. The Mushrooming of engineering colleges in india essay format of an annotated bibliography can differ depending on its purpose and the nature of the assignment. Skip Navigation Search the OWL site General Writing Common Writing Assignments Understanding Writing Assignments Argument Papers Research Papers Exploratory Papers Annotated Bibliographies Annotated Bibliographies Annotated Bibliography Example Annotated Bibliography Samples Book Report Definitions Essays for Exams Book Review Academic Proposals Giving to the OWL. This annotation describes the source without How to right a good essay summarizing the actual argument, hypothesis, or message in the content. What is an optimal text length? Skip to main content. Jessy October 6, – It might help to jot them down as you read. Claire’s essay and what her lecturer thought. Where does it end? Answer Questions If i write my own story about a monster clown, would that copying Stephen king even the story and characters and setting are different? The first includes just a summary of the work:. Skimming a text for relevance. For some students writing an annotated bibliography is the biggest challenge. From my step by step guide, you will learn how to write an annotated bibliography. Haven’t you acquired enough skills writing the darn paper? Purdue University; Annotated Bibliography. The sample period was then divided up into two weeks, Period 1 being the 9th – 16th and Period 2 being rd. Useful references – literature reviews. Thus, you must ensure that you read and understood all the requirements of your teacher and use the required writing methods to structure it properly. Bison of ‘southern’ appearance [referable to ancient bison Bison bison antiquus ] were present as far N [sic] as the Peace River region until about 10, B. No ad for bid response id: Type your question here or upload an image. Developing a plan for the assignment. The process of writing annotated bibliographies is similar to the process of composing a literature review, with some exceptions. While an annotation can be as short as one sentence, the average entry in an annotated bibliography consists of a work’s citation information followed by a short paragraph of three to six sentences, roughly words in length.
Accrediting Bodies in Health Care. How good is this evidence? From Les Fauves; a sourcebook. Check the price for your assignment. An annotated bibliography is an expanded version of a regular bibliography –those lists of sources you find at the end of a research paper or book. Write a concise annotation that summarizes the central theme and scope …An Quality Assurance annotated bibliography includes descriptions and explanations of your listed sources beyond the basic citation General audience or more specific? Home Essay Writing Services Contacts. It is perfectly fine to write something that is more detailed about how you will utilize the resource, the rule is to never make this section longer than the summary. Especially when the topic given to you by your teacher is very abstract while also providing you with limited resources. Once you’ve read them all you can compare them to each other. When should I write my annotations? Post navigation NEXT What is the Spoils system in government? Sample critical incident report. The Philosophy Student Writer’s Manual. Modern Language Association, ; How to Ch 11 Write an Annotated Bibliography. If you use this source again later in your paper, it is much easier. Studybay is a freelance platform. What if all of the information, quotes and paraphrases, in one paragraph, comes from one source? Use the vocabulary of the author, as far as possible, to convey the ideas and conclusions of the author; paraphrasing can lead the reader into channels of thought unintended by the author. Student Home Managing Your Program Enrolment Dates for enrolment …. Other times, when you are doing an initial investigation of the sources available, for example, your teacher will not expect you to read each source thoroughly. The Ethics of Medicine: An entry for a historical primary source document would tell the reader where the document came from, who wrote it, and provide a summary of its contents. THE PROCESS Creating an annotated bibliography calls for the application of a variety of intellectual skills: Creating a citation for your website in MLA format usually requires you to identify the website author, website title, website publisher, and the date you accessed the information. In this section, the author seeks to demonstrate the ability to reason and use evidence to support claims. What is it asking you to do? The students first instinct will be to go straight to the internet for all of their research, so it helps to put a limit on the number of sources you will allow from a particular medium. Cloud State University, Minnesota. It also allows the instructor to evaluate the sources before students begin writing their papers. These are the guidelines that will be helpful in writing a good annotation. The annotations for each source are written in paragraph form. Keep in mind that identifying the argument of a source is a different task than describing or listing its contents. Renee’s essay and what her lecturer thought. Contains brief descriptions of important legislation.

domain: library


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Acne scarring is one of the conditions most over-the-counter treatments cannot successfully reduce or repair. But you don’t have to just live with acne scarring. Rejuve Med-Spa’s dedicated and experienced staff can help reduce acne scarring for a renewed, supple soft complexion.
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domain: medical


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Tim Holtz Distress Texture Paste 3oz- Snowfall
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domain: artistic


text:
Off the coast of a remote Micronesian island are the ruins of a once-great city of man-made stone islands, that represent the remains of megalithic architecture on an unparalleled scale in Micronesia. Ruins that, in addition, have inspired the city of R’lyeh in H. P. Lovecraft’s Cthulhu Mythos.
Evidence of the earliest human activity in the area dates back to the first or second century BC, while the construction of artificial islets started probably about 8th and 9th century AD. However, the megalithic structures were built in period of 12th to 13th century, about the same time as the stone construction of the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris, or Angkor Wat in Cambodia.
The complex of Nan Madol is built on a series of artificial islets in the shallow water next to the eastern shore of the Pohnpei island, linked by a network of canals. The site, often called the “Venice of the Pacific”, encloses an area approximately 1.5 km long by 0.5 km wide and it contains nearly 100 artificial islets.
The islets were constructed by placing large rocks and fill atop submerged coral reefs to form raised platforms, which supported elaborate buildings. The complexes were built primarily from columnar basalt, a volcanic rock that breaks naturally to form massive rodlike blocks that make an ideal building material.
According to local legend, the stones used in the construction of Nan Madol have been flown to the location by means of black magic. Archeologists have located several possible quarry sites on the main island, however the exact method of transportation of construction material is still not determined.
Nan Madol seems to have housed the ruling elite caste of Saudeleur dynasty. It was a political and ceremonial seat of power and it served, in part, as a means by which the ruling Saudeleur chiefs both organized and controlled potential rivals by requiring them to live in the city rather than in their home districts, where their activities were difficult to monitor.
The highly stratified social system at Nan Madol is the earliest known example of such centralized political power in the western Pacific area. Within the city, social hierarchy was reflected in the size of the residences built within the complexs, the largest being the homes of the chiefly elite. Excavations of these elite residences have revealed the presence of beads and other ornaments, which may have marked their owner’s social status.
Most of the islets served as residential area, however some of them served special purpose, like food preparation, coconut oil production or canoe construction.
Madol Powe, the mortuary sector, contains 58 islets in the northeastern area of Nan Madol and the centerpiece of the whole complex is the royal mortuary at the islet of Nandauwas, with a 7.5m high walls surrounding the central tomb enclosure.
The population of Nan Madol was probably more than 1000 at a time when whole population of Pohnpei barely reached 25,000. There were no sources of fresh water or possibilities to grow food on Nan Madol so all supplies had to be brought in from the mainland. The population of the city probably included a large number of commoner servants.
An intriguing aspect of Nan Madol is the close correlation between the oral history of the site, passed down through the centuries, and evidence unearthed during archaeological excavations.
Oral traditions make references to small canals cut into the islets, allowing sacred eels to enter from the sea so that they could be honored through the sacrifice of captured sea turtles. Subsequent excavations have revealed traces of both the small canals and the sacrificial turtles.
Nan Madol had been abandoned by the time the first Europeans arrived, early in the 19th century, most likely declining at the time of the fall of the Saudeleur Dynasty in about 1450. Some have claimed that the ruins are the lost islands of the hypothetical lost continent known as Lemuria, although there is no scientific backing for this claim (or, for that matter, for the existence of Lemuria at all).
Lovecraft used the story of the ruins as the basis for his R’lyeh, a fictional sunken city and home to Cthulhu, appearing in the short story “Call of Cthulhu”: “The nightmare corpse-city of R’lyeh … was built in measureless eons behind history by the vast, loathsome shapes that seeped down from the dark stars. There lay great Cthulhu and his hordes, hidden in green slimy vaults … until the end.”
And the real island of Pohnpei is also mentioned in the story.
Images from web.

domain: geography


text:
"When the COVID pandemic hit, epidemiologist Professor Emeritus Mary-Louise
McLaws AO became the go-to expert for many journalists across the media
spectrum. With new research being released daily, access to calm, reliable and
knowledgeable experts like Mary-Louise – or “ML” as she was known to her
friends – became paramount for them and many Australians.
Her manner was friendly and unassuming for someone so highly regarded in
scientific circles. She had a gentle and calm presence on camera and a way of
cutting through scientific terms and jargon to get to the heart of what really
mattered to viewers, readers and listeners.
Yet she was also not afraid to question whether authorities were making the
correct decisions. She expressed concerns that too few measures were being
taken to stop the virus spreading through the air and about the time it took
for rapid antigen tests to become publicly and freely available.
And when Mary-Louise spoke, the audience listened. Yet, she never resorted to
hyperbole or exaggeration. When Australians needed someone to explain what at
times seemed inexplicable, she knew all the right words. She had a unique way
of taking her understanding of diseases such as COVID and being able to tell
audiences exactly what they needed to hear.
Mary-Louise passed away on Saturday aged 70, some 18 months after her diagnosis
with brain cancer. We had the privilege of collaborating with Mary-Louise,
including on a paper published today about communicating health and science to
the public. We hope to continue her legacy of building trust in science, even
as it unfolds."
*** Xanni ***
Chief Scientist, Xanadu
Partner, Glass Wings
Manager, Serious Cybernetics

domain: news


text:
The Duchess of Sussex has made her first visit to Westminster Abbey's Field of Remembrance alongside her husband Prince Harry ahead of the national Remembrance Sunday ceremony. The royal couple were expected to be joined by the Duchess of Cornwall, who was forced to pull out due to a chest infection. Clarence House confirmed the news just hours before the service, in a statement which read: "The Duchess of Cornwall has been told by her doctor to cancel her engagements owing to a chest infection which has got progressively worse over the last few days. She will therefore not be at today's event with Harry and Meghan."
At the engagement, Harry and Meghan viewed the plots of tiny crosses erected by regiments, military units and other organisations associated with the First World War and other conflicts. The Field of Remembrance has been organised by the Poppy Factory and held in the grounds of Westminster Abbey since November 1928, when only two Remembrance tribute crosses were planted. There are now approximately 70,000 crosses produced by the factory team each year which are planted on more than 360 plots for regimental and other associations.
Click through the gallery to see more pictures...
In the run-up to Remembrance Sunday, members of the royal family are attending a series of events commemorating those who paid the ultimate sacrifice, culminating in the service at the Cenotaph, where the Queen and senior royals will gather to pay their respects. During their visit, Harry and Meghan each laid a cross of remembrance and toured the plots, where they met veterans from all areas of the armed forces who have served in past campaigns and more recent conflicts.
This is Prince Harry's seventh time at the Field of Remembrance event, which has been held in the grounds of Westminster Abbey since November 1928. The event is organised by The Poppy Factory who produce around 70,000 crosses a year, planted on over 360 plots for regimental and other associations.
Meghan, 38, dressed in a chic navy blue, textured coat which she teamed with an equally sophisticated navy hat by Philip Treacy and slouchy black boots. The royal completed her look with some simple earrings and also wore leather gloves.
Harry, a former Army officer, wore a military frock coat and peaked cap.
As the chimes of Big Ben rang out at 11am, a two-minute silence was observed by all those present.
The Duchess of Sussex seen planting a cross during a visit to the Field of Remembrance at Westminster Abbey.
Meghan paid her respect to servicemen and women who made the ultimate sacrifice in conflicts across the decades by planting a tiny cross in the Field of Remembrance.
The Duke of Sussex paid his respects during the poignant service.
Meghan appeared to be in good spirits as she chatted with veterans from the armed forces during the event. The Duchess went for a pretty beauty look, wearing her hair in a classic waved style and opting for glossy yet minimal makeup.
This was Meghan's first visit to Westminster Abbey's Field of Remembrance with her husband ahead of the national Remembrance Sunday ceremony.
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domain: history


US 5522225 A
A thermoelectric cooler subassembly in which all connections between a thermister and the thermoelectric cooler are attached to a cold side of the thermoelectric cooler and avoid contact with a hot side of the thermoelectric cooler which reduces the sensing of the ambient temperature, as well as the hot side of the thermoelectric cooler, by the thermistor thereby providing a more accurate temperature control.
1. A thermoelectric cooler assembly comprising:
a) two spaced apart ceramic plates, one of said plates being a hot side, the other of said plates being a cool side,
b) thermoelectric cooler elements interposed between said ceramic plates,
c) two conductive pins, a thermistor input pin and a thermistor output pin, both of said pins attached to said cold side, said thermistor input pin and thermistor output pin having a given diameter and extending through said cold side,
d) two openings in said hot side, said openings being of a diameter larger than the given dimension of said thermistor input pin and thermistor output pin, and
e) said two conductive pins also extending through said hot side, said two conductive pins and said two openings being constructed and arranged with relative dimensions such that each one of said two conductive pins passes through its respective opening without contacting said hot side and is spaced from and not contacting the hot side other of said two conductive pins attached to said cold side and said hot side.
2. The thermoelectric cooler assembly of claim 1 further comprising a thermister having two lead wires, one lead wire being attached to said thermistor input pin and the other lead wire being attached to said thermister output pin.
3. The thermoelectric cooler assembly of claim 1 further comprising said thermister being bonded to one of said two spaced apart ceramic plates.
4. The thermoelectric cooler assembly of claim 3 where the one said two spaced apart ceramic plates is the cold side.
5. The thermoelectric cooler assembly of claim 1 wherein the gap between said one of said two conductive pins attached to said cold side and said hot side and the gap between said the other of said two conductive pins attached to said cold side and said hot side are both filled with insulative material.
This invention relates generally to thermo electric coolers and temperature sensors and more particularly concerns a subassembly for a thermoelectric cooler and a temperature sensor which is easier to install, has fewer loose wires, better temperature maintenance and improved reliability.
Thermoelectric coolers are used in a wide variety of electronic applications where a component must remain either at a constantly maintained temperature or a specific temperature either warmer or cooler then the ambient temperature to work correctly. Thermoelectric coolers have a cold side and a hot side. A device to be either heated or cooled is put in contact with the cold side of the thermoelectric cooler while the hot side of the thermoelectric cooler is put in contact with a heat sink. If the device is to be cooled, the thermoelectric cooler removes heat from the device and adds heat to the heat sink. If the device is to be heated, the thermoelectric cooler removes heat from the heat sink and adds heat to the device. Thermoelectric coolers are often used with thermistors, which are used to sense temperatures and enable control of the thermoelectric cooler, commonly as an input to a thermoelectric cooler driver.
The thermoelectric cooler and the thermistor each have two wires that must be connected. The wires are fragile, difficult to handle, and susceptible to damage from handling because the wires can be as thin as 0.002 inches in diameter.
The thermistor is usually mounted on the cold side of the thermoelectric cooler or to a device being cooled. To properly regulate temperature, the thermistor must only sense the thermoelectric cooler cold side temperature or the device it is trying to cool, whichever it is mounted on. However, the electrical connection to the thermistor is through wires or pins at a substantially higher ambient temperature. As a result, the thermistor senses not only the cold side temperature of the thermoelectric cooler or device being cooled but also the higher ambient temperature through the thermal conduction of the wires or pins of the electrical connections. The thermistor as a result averages these two temperatures and sends a false feedback signal to the thermoelectric cooler driver. The overall result is an ambient dependent temperature control with a set point that varies according to changes in the ambient temperature. Tests of this phenomenon show this variation at between two degrees centigrade and seven degrees centigrade. In many cooling applications, variations of this magnitude are unacceptable.
In laser printing applications, thermoelectric coolers are used to cool laser diodes which have a strong temperature dependent optical power output. Variations as large as those cited cause unacceptable fluctuations in the ouput power of the laser diode. The unacceptable output power fluctuations in the laser diode cause additional expensive circuitry to be added to the system to maintain a constant optical power output from the laser diode.
Accordingly, it is the primary aim of the invention to provide a subassembly which reduces the sensing of the ambient temperature by the thermistor thereby providing a more accurate temperature control.
Further advantages of the invention will become apparent as the following description proceeds.
Briefly stated and in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a thermoelectric cooler assembly with two spaced apart ceramic plates, one of the plates called a hot side and the other of the ceramic plates called a cold side, with thermoelectric cooler elements interposed between the ceramic plates. Two conductive pins are attached to the cold side, extending through said cold side and extending through two holes in said hot side. The holes in the hot side have a diameter larger than the diameter of said two conductive pins attached to said cold side, so that the pins may pass through the holes without contacting the hot side and leaving a gap between the conductive pins and the hot side.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a thermoelectric cooler and thermistor subassembly.
FIG. 2 is a cross section of the thermoelectric cooler and thermistor subassembly shown in FIG. 1 taken through cross-section line 2--2
FIG. 3 is a top view of an alternate thermoelectric cooler and thermistor subassembly.
FIG. 4 is a cross section of the thermoelectric cooler and thermistor subassembly shown in FIG. 1 and attached to a printed circuit board.
While the present invention will be described in connection with a preferred embodiment, it will be understood that it is not intended to limit the invention to that embodiment/procedure. On the contrary, it is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
______________________________________Alpha-Numeric List of Elements______________________________________40 Thermoelectric cooler and thermistor subassembly42 ceramic plate44 solid metal pin46 solid metal pin48 pin50 pin52 thermoelectric cooler53 thermoelectric elements54 cold side56 thermister58 lead wires60 insulating gap70 circuit board72 heat sinking plate74 hole76 hole78 solder joints______________________________________
FIG. 1 shows a thermoelectric cooler and thermistor subassembly 40. The thermoelectric cooler and thermistor subassembly 40 shown in FIG. 1 has a ceramic plate 42, solid metal pins 44, 46, thermoelectric cooler 52 with a cold side 54 and a thermister 56 attached to the cold side 54 by lead wires 58. Thermoelectric cooler elements 53 are between the ceramic plate 42 and the cold side 54. Pins 48, 50 are used to connect the thermister 56.
In FIG. 1, the pins 48, 50 are soldered to a metallized pad on the cold side 54 of the thermoelectric cooler 52. The pins 48, 50 then pass through the metallized ceramic plate 42 without touching it, as shown in FIG. 2. An insulating gap 60 is left between ceramic plate 42 and pins 48, 50. The insulating gap 60 substantially reduces the thermal shorting between ceramic plate 42 and the pins 48, 50. The insulating gap 60 can be filled with any insulative material with a preference for a simple air gap as shown in FIG. 2.
This construction puts the lead wires 58 of the thermister 56 in physical contact with the cold side 54 of the thermoelectric cooler 52. This effectively eliminates the problem of the thermister 56 sensing not only the cold side temperature of the thermoelectric cooler 52 but also the higher ambient temperature through the thermal conduction of the pins 48, 50. Thermal loads from the ambient temperature through convection and radiation are still present, however, these thermal loads play a minor role compared to thermal conduction loads.
FIG. 3 shows an alternate embodiment of the same subassembly using a surface mounted thermister 56'. Parts in FIG. 3 that are the same as parts in FIG. 2 are given the same reference numeral with a prime designation (') appended.
The structure in FIG. 3 is very similar to the structure in FIG. 2 including a ceramic plate 42' with solid metal pins 44', 46' extending through the ceramic plate 42', and a thermoelectric cooler 52' with a cold side 54'. Attached to the cold side 54' of the thermoelectric cooler 52' is a thermister 56'. The pins 48, 50 shown in FIG. 2 are no longer needed since the thermister 56' is mounted directly on the cold side 54' of the thermoelectric cooler 52' via solder bumps 58'.
FIG. 4 shows a third embodiment which mounts the subassembly of FIG. 2 onto a printed circuit board or other device. Parts in FIG. 4 that are the same as parts in FIG. 2 are given the same reference numeral with a double prime designation (") appended.
FIG. 4 shows a thermoelectric cooler 52" with its cold side 54" exposed. Attached to the cold side 54" is a thermister 56" with lead wires 58". The lead wires 58" are attached to pins 48", 50" (pin 50" not shown in FIG. 7). The pins 48", 50" extend through ceramic plate 42" as well as a circuit board 70 and heat sinking plate 72. Holes 74 are left in heat sinking plate 72 as well as holes 76 which are left in circuit board 70 so that an appropriate heat sink or housing may later be attached. The entire assembly is attached to the circuit board 70 by four solder joints 78, two of which are shown, between the pins 44", 46", 48", 50" and the circuit board 70.


text:
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Primary Colors Song for Kids/Secondary Colors Song for Kids - YouTube
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Play through Iphone Speakers- Hold up Colors at circle as they are sung... Have students follow teacher model hand movements to go along with the music
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A girl calls all the photographs in an FLR, in distinction to the traditional romance the place a person being is the dominant figure or both of them are treated equally. While this relationship has many advantages, it gets nowhere with out self-discipline. In this publish, we deliver you every thing you should know about these relationships. Perhaps no one advised you this at present, but you’re a fantastic individual to even analysis your relationship construction, as a substitute of taking yourself or your partner as a right. Whether a person needs monogamy or not, there’s no one measurement matches all glove for everyone.
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Study finds common exercise may help shield towards the consequences of significant life stressors
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You explore the various endeavors in mattress and turn out to be addicted to new our bodies and types of sexual activities. Also, regularly checking your STI standing isn’t compulsory when you might have only one partner. When you stick to at least one associate endlessly, you see each other’s actual self, understand their soul, and get best hookup sites past the social standards.
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People with dark personality traits are better at discovering novel ways to trigger harm or hurt others
But, unlike different people, Dan Savage does not advise spicing things up within the bedroom, however in your life generally. Re-igniting the spark can be as easy as going for a hike or using a motorbike together. The key to having an fascinating and profitable relationship is having adventures collectively, not only having a spicy sexual relationship. Dan additionally points out that 50-60% of women and men in long-term relationships cheat. The reason why a person gets damage when his/her companion cheats is due to their unrealistic beliefs.
You can share them in conferences and feature them in your social media bios or e-mail signatures. Sex positivity begins (and doesn’t end!) with valuing your individual sexuality. It may help a person in a sexually marginalized group really feel affirmed as nicely, says Howard. Research reveals that something so easy as using a person’s chosen identify (and the best pronouns) can cut back signs of melancholy and suicidal thoughts or behaviors.
We should even try out issues that transcend our comfort zone. However, we should never maintain doing something that makes us feel dangerous and uncomfortable. Contrary to well-liked perception, being monogamish does not imply Dan Savage is in opposition to monogamy. He supports it and also offers a few of his greatest tips about tips on how to make monogamy work. He additionally reveals the most typical misconceptions about love and monogamy. In the video above, he shares more about this subject at Mindvalley’s A-Fest.

domain: psychology


TheSoftWater.com Features New Line of Water Softener Systems in Orange County
Irvine, CA (PRWEB) December 24, 2013
Stewart Water Treatment, an Orange County soft water systems company offering soft water installations and repairs for homes and businesses, is proud to introduce a new environmentally-friendly water softener system. The new Puronics Salt-Free water system is an eco-friendly water conditioner that offers the cleanest water yet doesn’t rely on harmful technology that pollutes the environment.
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Santa Ana, CA 92704
This was submitted by Google Places Marketing
, Vocus PRW Holdings, LLC.
Vocus, PRWeb, and Publicity Wire are trademarks or registered trademarks of Vocus, Inc. or Vocus PRW Holdings, LLC.


text:
Hello my friends! Yes, I am drunk with sunshine (finally spring has almost morphed into summer!) and the garden is looking lovely. I have been busy with stitching 2 exchanges so no photos to show yet.
This is a quick catch up post. I had thought I would post more while I was off work but it turned out I did a lot of 'around the house' type of work - spring cleaning inside and out. As a result, I am having a giveaway next month - ha ha - yes, June is only a day or so away. Please come back next week as I need to put the 'bundle' together.
First, I want to thank Snip for this lovely award which she gave me well over a week ago. You know when you're dazzled with sunshine you just lose all sense of time!
Then I have to show some gardening shots as I have to say right now "Happiness is a Garden full of flowers".
These beautiful irises are from my MIL's garden. I got them probably 20 years ago and have given 'cuttings' to various people over the years. She is no longer with us but whenever I see these irises I am reminded of her. That's what I love about gardening - you can pass on plants to friends and they will form their own memories for the gardener. See that little pink peony in the lower right hand corner? It looks like this when opened...
What I love about this beauty, beyond the colour and the fragrance, is that it was free! It was in the same pot as another peony that we bought and this is the first year that these bloomed. What a lovely surprise!
I love these giant white poppies with purple centers.
So, how can one not be happy when surrounded by such lovely happy flowers? I really do feel very happy when I am puttering away in my garden. In the fall/winter, stitching is my solace.
While waiting for my giveaway, you can go and visit Yuko and she has some beautifully stitched goodies she is giving away.
One question I do want to ask - do you have any good books to recommend regarding traditional samplers? I would like to learn more about traditional samplers.
Thank you for stopping by and I hope you are enjoying some sushine as well!


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WEDNESDAYS 1/11 – 2/15
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8:30-9:30pm: Intermediate Blues (http://bit.ly/2dZhMoe)
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Keep track of our upcoming lessons here:


|Publication number||US4972442 A|
|Application number||US 07/343,620|
|Publication date||Nov 20, 1990|
|Filing date||Apr 27, 1989|
|Priority date||Apr 27, 1989|
|Also published as||CA1304456C|
|Publication number||07343620, 343620, US 4972442 A, US 4972442A, US-A-4972442, US4972442 A, US4972442A|
|Inventors||Herbert L. Steierman|
|Original Assignee||Northern Telecom Limited|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (44), Classifications (11), Legal Events (6)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to electronic timing apparatus and methods and more specifically to phase-locked loop circuits.
2. Background of the Invention
Phase-locked loop circuits have been used for many years for the purpose of generating a signal in a preferred phase relationship with another signal. Prior art phase-locked loop circuits are exemplified in U.S. Pat. No. 4,724,402 in the name of Karl Ireland granted Feb. 9, 1988, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,931,585 in the name of Barker et al. granted Jan. 6, 1976 and in U.S. Pat. No. 4,748,644 in the name of Robert T. Silver et al. granted May 31, 1988. In telephony systems it is often required to have a local clock follow a primary master clock in a preferred phase relationship provided by a larger, often remote, network. For example in U.S. Pat. No. 4,519,071 for "Phase-Locked Loop and Clock Circuit For A Line Switch", issued May 21, 1985 to Miller, a phase-locked loop circuit permits clock signals which are generated in a line switch module to be in phase synchronism with any one of a number of PCM lines.
Phase-locked loop circuits are often used in clock circuits in the receivers of digital signals for the purpose of generating a local clock signal phase aligned with an incoming reference signal. The phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit within the receiver can adjust its local clock signal in frequency to a multiple of the frequency of the reference signal provided by a transmitting device and as a consequence of this phase adjustment phase aligns these two signals together. Once this phase alignment has occurred and the phase relationship between the reference signal and the local clock signal is referred to as being locked, the receiver may receive synchronous data sent by the transmitter.
In most telephony systems in order to receive and capture transmitted data referenced to the transmitter's clock signal, it is necessary for the receiver to have a clock signal which is synchronized or phase aligned to the same clock signal. Although synchronization can be achieved with a single reference signal many telephony systems where reliability requirements are high, accommodate multiple reference signals (called primary and secondary references) providing redundancy in the system in the event of primary reference signal failure.
In operation, the PLL circuit phase aligns the local clock signal to the primary reference signal while any other reference signal is in a secondary or standby mode for selection.
Many time domain digital signal communication systems employ a detection mechanism to verify the integrity of a selected primary reference signal. A simple comparator circuit may be implemented to detect a lost or faulty primary reference signal which would result in the selection of the secondary reference signal to replace the lost or faulty signal, thereby changing the status of the signal. Although switching between primary and secondary reference signals is a relatively simple task, a design for providing a transparent clock switchover, that is one which does not add or delete clock cycles during the switchover functions has not simply or conveniently been achieved. In a communications system this ideal type of transparent clock switchover is referred to as a "hitless clock switchover". The communications system maintains its integrity during the switchover from one reference to another and the transmission and reception of data during the switchover period is not jeopardized during a hitless clock switchover. For example in a communications system where the transmitter and receiver are respectively transmitting and receiving data, and the receiver detects a faulty primary reference signal, it would typically switch over to a secondary reference signal. During the switchover the receiver should maintain the integrity of the local clock signal which should ideally be undisturbed in spite of the reference signals having been changed. The frequency of the local clock signal in the receiver should not increase or decrease during the interval of switching reference clock signals. In the past, in communications systems, a slight variation in the frequency of a local clock signal would not have had catastrophic effects, however an incumbent telephone user may have noticed some noise introduced in the conversation due to incorrect sampling and missed bits. When data is being transmitted through the telephone system, preserving the integrity of the data is critical. In the event of a detection error in a data transmission, at least one retransmission of the data is required. More recently in all digital networks, signal channel transmission speeds of up to 64 Kbs have become available, at corresponding billing rates, of course. In this environment noise may significantly extend a long distance call duration required for a moderate or high speed data transfer, particularly if several switching facilities are traversed If such occurs the customer may be billed in excess of what would be expected had the detection errors been avoided by more precise phase synchronization of clock signals.
A commonly known technique for hitless clock switchover uses a phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit. A well known feature of a PLL circuit is its memory of frequency and phase with respect to the incoming reference signal. For example if a reference signal is removed from the PLL circuit, the output signal will desirably follow the same frequency pattern as it had in the recent past. After some time however the output signal will drift and the frequency of the output signal will change. If the output signal drifts significantly a hitless clock switchover will not be attained. The invention disclosed addresses the problem of extending the aforementioned feature of a PLL circuit, its memory of phase and frequency, lessening the urgency to quickly switch reference signals when an error has been detected, and thus providing a means to achieve hitless clock switchovers.
The invention provides a method of generating a clock signal in a phase-locked loop circuit, the clock signal having a frequency being variable between predetermined limits. The method comprises the steps of determining a valid reference signal as being available for operation of the circuit and operating the circuit in a tracking mode wherein the clock signal is phase-locked with the reference signal. A subsequent absence of the valid reference signal is determined and the circuit functions in the maintaining mode of operation wherein the rate of change of frequency of the clock signal tends toward zero.
An object of this invention is to provide an improved clock circuit for generating an output clock signal, the frequency of which tends to be relatively stable throughout an operating regime which from time to time may include a switchover from one reference signal to another wherein the time to complete the switchover may be an indefinite period of time during which the output clock signal is generated without tracking any reference signal.
According to one aspect of the invention a phase-locked loop clock circuit is operable in a tracking mode in response to a reference signal, and in a sustaining mode in an absence of the reference signal, for providing a clock signal having a frequency which is variable between predetermined limits. The circuit includes a governable oscillating means for providing the clock signal in response to a first control signal. A scaling means divides the frequency of the clock signal to produce a scaled signal having a predetermined frequency relationship with the clock signal. A difference circuit determines a phase difference between the scaled signal and the reference signal and provides a second control signal having a duty cycle related to the phase difference therebetween in the tracking mode of operation, and the difference circuit provides the second control signal having an even duty cycle, in the sustaining mode of operation. An integrating means is responsive to the second control signal for producing the first control signal.
According to another aspect of this invention there is provided a method of maintaining the frequency of a clock signal in a phase-locked loop circuit between predetermined limits, the phase-locked loop circuit being operable in a tracking mode in response to a reference signal, and in a sustaining mode in an absence of the reference signal. The method includes the steps of generating the clock signal in response to a first control signal. The frequency of the clock signal is scaled to obtain a scaled output signal having a predetermined frequency relationship with the clock signal. In the tracking mode of operation, a second control signal having a duty cycle related to the phase difference between the scaled signal and the reference signal is provided. In the sustaining mode of operation the second control signal is provided with an even duty cycle. The second control signal is integrated for producing the first control signal.
An embodiment of the invention is discussed with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a typical prior art phase-locked loop clock circuit; and
FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of a phase-locked loop clock circuit in accordance with the invention.
Referring now to the prior art circuit of FIG. 1, a governable oscillator 14 provides a local clock signal for use by electronic circuitry. The output signal is scaled using a divide-by-N circuit 16 and the scaled signal is fed back to a phase detector circuit 12. Typically a phase detector may be implemented using an EXCLUSIVE-OR-gate and a JK flip-flop wherein the output signal of the EXCLUSIVE-OR-gate is a logic zero when the two input signals have the same frequency and zero phase difference. The JK flip-flop latches any error signal representing a phase difference in the input signals. The circuit 12 is connected to a reference signal source and compares the reference signal with the feedback scaled local clock signal to deduce the phase relationship and provides a related output signal to a loop filter 24. If the phase detector circuit determines the two signals compared to be out of phase by an amount exceeding predetermined acceptable limits, a control signal is asserted indicating a fault condition to a microprocessor. Similarly the control signal is asserted in the event of a total or intermittent loss of the primary reference signal. Typically the microprocessor responds to a fault by switching reference clocks. During the switchover period the frequency and phase of the local clock could remain constant, however, depending on response time of the PLL, clock cycles may be added or deleted as compared with the clock signal prior to switchover thus corrupting data transmission. FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention. A multiplexer 10 is connected to a terminal Y and is responsive to microprocessor control signals for selecting one of a plurality of input reference signals for providing a primary reference signal. A first JK flip-flop 18 is connected to the terminal Y and is responsive to the primary reference signal. The JK flip-flop 18 is connected to an error detector 26 via a terminal T3 and provides a signal SQ1 on an output terminal T1. An EXCLUSIVE-OR gate 22 receives a signal SQ2 and the signal SQ1 on a terminal T2 and the terminal T1 respectively for providing an output signal SQ1EXQ2. A loop filter 24 is responsive to the signal SQ1EXQ2 and provides a voltage signal SDC corresponding to the DC component of the signal SQ1EXQ2. A voltage controlled crystal oscillator 14 responsive to the signal SDC provides a local clock signal having a frequency in dependence upon the voltage of the signal SDC. A divide-by-N circuit 16 responsive to the local clock signal provides a scaled signal in dependence upon the frequency of the local clock signal and a predetermined scalar value N, the frequency of the scaled signal being a submultiple of the frequency of the local clock signal such that the frequency of the local clock signal divided by N is equal to the frequency of the primary reference signal. A phase error detector 26 responsive to the primary reference signal, the scaled signal, and a second microprocessor control signal is adapted to provide a diagnostic signal D1 which is asserted to represent an error condition on terminal T3. A second JK flip-flop 20 responsive to the scaled signal provides the signal SQ2 on the terminal T2.
In operation the circuit in FIG. 2 performs in three modes. In the first mode of operation upon power up of the circuit, the phase-locked loop is in an unlocked state which is indicated by the signal D1 having a predetermined logic value representative of an error condition. The microprocessor then simultaneously selects (via the multiplexer 10) a suitable clock reference source and asserts a clear error signal to the error detector 26 for clearing the error condition indicated by signal D1. After a predetermined period of time, as determined by the characteristics of the loop filter, the phase-locked loop will be in a locked state wherein the primary reference signal and the scaled local clock signal have similar frequency and phase, varying within predetermined acceptable limits, and the clear error signal is removed. Upon removal of the clear error signal, the signal D1 indicates the true phase-locked loop status. If the true phase-locked loop status indicates no error detected by the error detector 26, then the second mode of operation follows, otherwise the third mode of operation ensues. The second mode of operation occurs when the error detector 26 receives the second microprocessor control signal indicating no errors. In this mode error detection resumes. As the phase-locked loop reaches equilibrium, during error free operation, the signal SQ1, having a duty cycle of approximately 50 percent, corresponds in frequency to the primary reference signal and the signal SQ2 also having a duty cycle of approximately 50 percent, corresponds in frequency to the signal SQ1, however shifted in phase by 90 degrees. The EXCLUSIVE-OR gate 22 responsive to the phase relationship of the signals SQ1 and SQ2 being 90 degrees out of phase, provides the signal SQ1EXQ2 which is approximately a 50 percent duty cycle signal. Before the PLL has stabilized the signal SQ1EXSQ2 will not have a near 50 percent duty cycle as the signals SQ1 and SQ2 will not yet be 90 degrees out of phase, and the voltage controlled oscillator will increase or decrease in frequency in dependence upon the skew of the duty cycle of the signal SQ1EXSQ2. When the phase-locked loop has been running for some time and has stabilized in a state of equilibrium, the DC component of the output signal of the EXCLUSIVE-OR gate 22 will represent a near zero degree phase error signal to the PLL. This second mode of operation is referred to as a tracking mode in which the phase-locked loop tracks or follows the incoming reference signal, producing an output signal which reflects the recent frequency changes of the incoming reference signal. In the tracking mode the phase-locked loop maintains a relatively fixed phase relationship between the selected reference signal and the voltage controlled oscillator output signal. The third mode of operation occurs when an error is detected. The signal D1 having a logic value which is predetermined and representative of an error condition, performs the dual function of alerting the microprocessor that an error has occurred, and sets the JK flip-flop 18 in a mode whereby its output signal SQ1 represents a constant logic value (not representative of the primary reference signal). When the signal SQ1 represents a constant logic value (due to an error condition), the signal SQ2 having a nearly 50 percent duty cycle, cycles through the EXCLUSIVE-OR gate 22 and will provide a stable signal to the voltage controlled oscillator 14 via the loop filter 24. The loop filter 24 integrates the input signal SQ1EXSQ2. This signal having an average duty cycle of approximately 50 percent results in a near constant output signal after integration within the loop filter. This near constant output signal SDC does not necessarily have a voltage which corresponds to the midpoint input voltage of the voltage controlled oscillator. The near constant output signal SDC is a voltage signal representative of a state of equilibrium in the phase-locked loop. This stable signal SDC is maintained until a new reference signal has been selected. This third mode of operation is referred to as a sustaining mode of operation. The effect of cycling the signal SQ2 through the EXCLUSIVE-OR gate 22 is to maintain the phase-locked loop in a relatively stable state rather than trying to lock to a faulty incoming reference. The sustaining mode is a transitory mode of operation. After a new reference signal has been selected replacing a faulty reference signal the first mode of operation begins followed by the second or tracking mode of operation. The degree to which the "near equilibrium" state can be achieved is a function of the quality and selection process that is used when choosing components. For example, the rise and fall times of the reference signal and the scaled local clock signal may conveniently be matched by providing logic gates 18 and 20 within the same integrated circuit package. Selection of other components such as the voltage controlled oscillator must also meet the requirements and specifications of output clock signal. For example if the desired output clock signal must be within 50 parts per million (ppm) accuracy, then it would be desirable to choose a voltage controlled oscillator having a tuning range of approximately +-150 ppm.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US3931585 *||Jun 17, 1974||Jan 6, 1976||Navidyne Corporation||Phase comparison systems employing improved phaselock loop apparatus|
|US4151485 *||Nov 21, 1977||Apr 24, 1979||Rockwell International Corporation||Digital clock recovery circuit|
|US4466110 *||Dec 7, 1981||Aug 14, 1984||Clarion Co., Ltd.||Artificial sync signal adding circuit|
|US4519071 *||Apr 22, 1982||May 21, 1985||International Telephone And Telegraph Corporation||Phase-locked loop and clock circuit for a line switch|
|US4561101 *||Jul 15, 1983||Dec 24, 1985||Thomson Csf||Clock-frequency recovery device adapted to high-frequency radiocommunications in disturbed media|
|US4724402 *||Apr 23, 1987||Feb 9, 1988||Rockwell International Corporation||Phase-locked loop apparatus using an embedded oscillator as a lock detection means|
|US4748644 *||Jan 29, 1986||May 31, 1988||Digital Equipment Corporation||Method and apparatus for a constant frequency clock source in phase with a variable frequency system clock|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US5136617 *||Dec 3, 1990||Aug 4, 1992||At&T Bell Laboratories||Switching technique for attaining synchronization|
|US5138636 *||May 23, 1990||Aug 11, 1992||Alcatel Cit||Circuit for detecting received signal loss in a digital signal receiver|
|US5162746 *||Aug 7, 1990||Nov 10, 1992||Level One Communications, Inc.||Digitally controlled crystal-based jitter attenuator|
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|US5260979 *||May 28, 1991||Nov 9, 1993||Codex Corp.||Circuit and method of switching between redundant clocks for a phase lock loop|
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|US5473640 *||Jan 21, 1994||Dec 5, 1995||At&T Corp.||Phase-lock loop initialized by a calibrated oscillator-control value|
|US5493243 *||Jan 4, 1994||Feb 20, 1996||Level One Communications, Inc.||Digitally controlled first order jitter attentuator using a digital frequency synthesizer|
|US5572167 *||Jul 31, 1995||Nov 5, 1996||Lucent Technologies Inc.||Method and apparatus for a phase-locked loop circuit with holdover mode|
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|US5982209 *||Jul 23, 1997||Nov 9, 1999||Sgs-Thomson Microelectronics S.R.L.||Clock circuit and corresponding method for generating and supplying a clock signal to electronic devices|
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|US7509514||Mar 3, 2005||Mar 24, 2009||Thales||Method and device for the sampling of digital data in synchronous transmission, with maintenance of binary integrity|
|US7777541||Feb 1, 2007||Aug 17, 2010||Cypress Semiconductor Corporation||Charge pump circuit and method for phase locked loop|
|US8073042||Apr 12, 2006||Dec 6, 2011||Cypress Semiconductor Corporation||Recursive range controller|
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|US20060013345 *||Nov 20, 2003||Jan 19, 2006||Bo Lindell||Oscillator frequency control|
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|DE4406834A1 *||Mar 2, 1994||Sep 8, 1994||Mitsubishi Electric Corp||Phase-locked loop circuit|
|DE4406834C2 *||Mar 2, 1994||Jun 4, 1998||Mitsubishi Electric Corp||PLL-Schaltung|
|DE4424012A1 *||Jul 8, 1994||Jan 18, 1996||Telefunken Microelectron||Schaltungsanordnung für eine Phasenregelschleife|
|DE4424012C2 *||Jul 8, 1994||Apr 5, 2001||Temic Semiconductor Gmbh||Schaltungsanordnung für eine Phasenregelschleife|
|DE10012079B4 *||Mar 14, 2000||Feb 17, 2005||Fujitsu Ltd., Kawasaki||Taktsteuerschaltung und -Verfahren|
|EP0517431A1 *||May 28, 1992||Dec 9, 1992||Codex Corporation||Circuit and method of switching between redundant clocks for a phase lock loop|
|EP0558261A1 *||Feb 23, 1993||Sep 1, 1993||Sgs-Thomson Microelectronics, Inc.||Method and apparatus for providing the lock of a phase-locked loop system to a frequency sweep|
|EP0821486A1 *||Jul 24, 1996||Jan 28, 1998||SGS-THOMSON MICROELECTRONICS S.r.l.||Clock circuit with master-slave synchronisation|
|EP1571531A1 *||Mar 2, 2005||Sep 7, 2005||Thales||Method and apparatus for sampling digital data in a synchronous transmission, keeping binary integrity|
|U.S. Classification||375/357, 375/376, 331/1.00A|
|International Classification||H04L7/033, H04L7/00, H03L7/14|
|Cooperative Classification||H04L7/0083, H03L7/146, H03L7/143, H04L7/033|
|Jun 29, 1989||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: NORTHERN TELECOM LIMITED, P.O. BOX 6123, MONTREAL,
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:BNR INC., 685A EAST MIDDLEFIRLD RD., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA. 94043;REEL/FRAME:005164/0134
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Owner name: BNR INC., 685A EAST MIDDLEFIELD RD., MOUNTAIN VIEW
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:STEIERMAN, HERBERT L.;REEL/FRAME:005164/0133
Effective date: 19890602
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Owner name: NORTEL NETWORKS CORPORATION, CANADA
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:NORTHERN TELECOM LIMITED;REEL/FRAME:010567/0001
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Geology and ore deposits of the Globe-Miami district, Arizona /
|Format:||Government Document Online Book|
United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey,
|Series:||Geological Survey professional paper ;
|Online Access:||ONLINE VERSION|
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Plant sales abound this time of year and whether you’ve been shopping at neighborhood plant swaps or browsing through local nurseries — you know how energizing the experience can be. But once you arrive home, do you ever find yourself saying, “Now what?” If so, we’ve got you covered! We love plants sales too, so we’ve put together a few Master Gardener “Tips of the Trade” that will have you digging in to this– the most optimistic of garden seasons–with excitement and confidence.
It’s planting time! The frost free date in central New Jersey is on or after May 10 –so now’s the time for gardeners to get growing.
Ready or not: What to do if planting’s on pause…
If you’re NOT planning to transplant your new plants immediately, remember to water them as needed and protect them from animals and harsh elements such as frost and wind until you are ready to plant them.
For the best results for all of your garden plants–as well as your lawn–you should know the pH and nutrient level of your soil. To do this, have a soil test run. You can stop by the Extension Office to purchase a soil mailer, or call the Extension Office at 609‑989-6830 for more information.
Planting 101: Steps to help your new plants thrive
The following tips apply to most newly-purchased plants. But, be sure to check plant labels first for any variety-specific instructions.
SITE CONSIDERATIONS: Read plant labels carefully before selecting planting sites. Plants have different requirements for sun/shade, soil condition and drainage.
Also, since plants have different growth patterns and rates of growth, consider the spread and the height of the plant at maturity.
In addition, two other factors should be considered: visibility (planting in order for the plant to be seen and enjoyed) and accessibility (planting in order to for the plant be accessible for fertilizing, dead heading and/or pruning).
SOIL PREPARATION: Remove all weeds and other debris from the planting site. Loosen soil for good root growth and mix in organic matter (compost, well rotted manure or peat moss) to amend the soil. If a recent soil test was performed, refer to the report for information regarding recommended lime and fertilizer. If no soil test has been done, fertilize with 10-10-10 at 2 lb. per 100 square feet, or follow the label directions on a fertilizer for flower or herb gardens. Spade or rototill amendments to a depth of 6-8 inches for most annuals or perennials.
PLANTING: Hardy perennials, trees and shrubs can be planted immediately. (The frost-free day in central New Jersey is on or about May 10.) If tender plants– aka annuals– are threatened by frost, be prepared to cover them.
Plant at any time on a cloudy day, or early morning or late afternoon on a sunny day. Prepare a space at least twice the size of the plant container and almost as deep. Remove the plant from the container and loosen or cut the roots slightly to encourage growth. Plant at the same depth as the plant was in the container. Gently settle soil around the roots, being careful not to leave air pockets around the roots. Water thoroughly.
MAINTENANCE: Water early in the morning (preferable) as plant species require. Use a rain gauge to determine how much rain had fallen and adjust watering schedule accordingly. Mulch will help maintain soil moisture, temperature and deter weeds. Mulch depth should never exceed two inches.
GARDEN HELP: For more planting information, or if you are having plant, tree or lawn problems, please call the MASTER GARDENER HELPLINE (609-989-6853), Monday through Friday from 9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. You can also visit our website at www.mgofmc.org for more information from the Rutgers Cooperative Extension and Barbara J. Bromley.
GARDEN INSPIRATION: Don’t forget to visit our Educational Gardens this summer when the gardens are in their full glory, the flowers are in bloom and the butterflies are visiting. For information about coming activities, check out our Events page.

domain: hobby


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Little Brother Announces Release Date Of April 20th For New LP LeftBack Bonus DVD With Never Seen Before Footage To Accompany Limited First Run
Favorites of fans and critics alike, Little Brother, the North Carolina duo of Phonte and Rapper Big Pooh, is proud to finally confirm the release of an album people have been waiting on for years. LeftBack, which will be the fourth album of Little Brother’s illustrious career, will be available April 20th via Hall Of Justus.
Little Brother members Phonte and Rapper Big Pooh worked through several versions of the album before locking in the final version of LeftBack. Close followers of Little Brother may already be familiar with the LeftBack title, however, any previously held notions of this album being an EP should be dismissed. Little Brother opted to scrap the EP concept and instead, crafted an album’s worth of material for those who have been waiting patiently for new content. “I didn’t want our last record to be a bunch of second-rate material,” says Phonte. “I wanted to walk away from Little Brother knowing that I gave our fans all that I had to give, and said everything I wanted to say. With LeftBack, I’ve done that.”
Continuing the tradition they set with the critically acclaimed GetBack, Big Pooh and Phonte have enlisted multiple producers for LeftBack, both from within and outside of the Justus League camp. Producers for this album include frequent collaborator Khrysis and GetBack producers Denaun Porter and Zo!, as well as efforts from Symbolyc One and first time Little Brother contributors, J. Bizness, and King Karnov.
In addition to production, Khyrsis will also be contributing guest vocals on the album. Joining the North Carolina producer/MC are Torae, Truck North, Jozeemo and fellow Justus League MC’s Chaundon and Median. Resident crooner Darien Brockington and songstress Yahzarah also supply vocals on the album.
Despite Little Brother’s dominating presence in the hip-hop world since the 2003 release of The Listening, LeftBack will mark the duo’s first album with a true multi-media experience. Accompanying LeftBack will be four official music videos, all shot and directed by Matt Koza, known for his previous work with Foreign Exchange, Rapper Big Pooh, Kam Moye, RJD2, and more. While not customary for a Little Brother release – the group has had only one previous official video, for The Minstrel Show’s “Lovin’ It” – with LeftBack, Little Brother is excited to offer loyal supporters a long-desired visual take on the group’s music. Says Big Pooh, “Three albums, three mixtapes, one video. It doesn’t make a whole lot of sense in this day and age. We have always lacked in the visual department, and I think it will be refreshing to finally offer the people those visuals.”
Building on the album’s multi-media offerings, the initial pressing of LeftBack will also feature a limited edition DVD full of exclusive bonus material. Compiled in a documentary format, the bonus DVD will include recent tour footage, as well as exclusive Little Brother footage shot and archived throughout their career. For fans that miss the initial run, a subsequent DVD-only release will also include all official music videos from LeftBack.
Fans can expect further announcements from Little Brother, including tour info and other interesting developments on LeftBack’s road to the release.


One of the members of the Three TV collective, music artist Sinclar dropped his album Saint Sinclar back in March. Before the album was available on all digital streaming platforms, the nine-track album was exclusive on the recent VCU graduate DJ BoyGirl’s Soundcloud page. Saint Sinclair is executively produced by Soy and throughout the nine tracks, Sinclair varies his vocals from a rapper’s cadence to a singer’s cadence such as his third track on the album Veterans. On Veterans, he discusses earning more of his stripes with the tasks that are in front of him. He also reflects on his experiences balling and having close calls in his city to back up his statements. Another example of the varying cadences is the seventh track Baton Rogue. The story of Baton Rouge is a story focusing on how an unknown woman is giving Sinclair an enlightened sense of synesthesia. The project is just around twenty minutes long and for nine tracks, some of the songs can be further fleshed out to expound on certain stories discussed in songs like Baton Rogue and No Saviors. Some of the songs have common themes such as women and succeeding with his squad. You can get his album on all digital streaming platforms HERE. Follow him on Instagram @lawdwoada.
Watch his visual for Veteran below.


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Food Relief matches the food insecure with restaurant partners for a free meal, all covered by donor dollars.
About the Project
Across the country, food banks and other organizations in the food security system are seeing 20x normal demand. Millions of individuals are going hungry, while restaurants are struggling more than ever before.
Food Relief matches the food insecure with a free meal from a partner restaurant near them, all via texting. This system keeps restaurants alive (and their employees working), injects funds into the local community, and eases the burden food banks and the rest of the food security system are experiencing due to COVID-19.
We've already served over 20k meals in San Francisco and are rapidly expanding to other cities.
We launched in San Francisco 4 weeks ago and have already served 20k+ meals.
- Who is already working on this
- How to get in touch
- Number of volunteers needed
- Preferred Volunteer location
- Organization status


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Old hoax about washing fruit and vegetables with salt water resurfaces in Thailand
Multiple Facebook and Twitter posts shared thousands of times claim that washing fruits and vegetables with salt water will cause insecticide residue to “become more long-lasting”. The claim is misleading; experts maintain that salt water does not cause insecticide residue to become more durable.
The claim was published on Facebook here on December 26, 2016. It has been shared more than 200 times.
The post's Thai-language caption translates in part as: “Don’t use salt water to clean vegetables and fruits!!!
“Many people misunderstood that washing vegetables with salt water will make vegetables become clean. But in reality, salt is Sodium Chloride which will make the residue such as insecticide become more long-lasting in the vegetables and fruits.
“When you want to clean fruits and vegetables properly, you should wash them with water and then put them in the wheat flour mixed with a little bit of water. Because it will make the toxin from insecticide go away.”
But the claim is misleading, according to experts.
“Salt water doesn’t make the chemical residues left in vegetables and fruits become more long-lasting,” Dr. Tirayut Vilaivan, a professor at Chulalongkorn University’s Department of Chemistry, told AFP by phone on May 18, 2020. “However, I would say it is only 30-40% effective because most insecticides can’t be diluted in water.”
Dr. Vilaivan added that using vegetable washing liquid is the most effective way to clean produce.
“Vegetable washing liquid has the surface-active agent which can help get rid of the chemical residues in fruit and vegetables,” he said. “But you also need to wash the washing liquid thoroughly before eating them.”
Dr. Jessada Denduangboripant of Chulalongkorn University, said “salt water can be used to wash fruit and vegetables” on his Facebook page here on December 17, 2014, adding that it could potentially help to remove insecticides.
"Most insecticides come in oil form so salt will make the oil compound separate from each other," he said.
Below is a screenshot of Dr. Jessada's Facebook post:
Voice TV, a Thai television network, also debunked the claim in December 2014 here.


The United Launch Alliance (ULA) Atlas V today successfully launched a 'national security payload' with the assistance of five Graphite Epoxy Motor (GEM 63) solid rocket boosters, manufactured by Northrop Grumman.
They are designated as SILENTBARKEKR / NROL-107 and are built for the U.S. National Reconnaissance Office and U.S. Space Force’s Space Systems Command.
NROL usually represents "National Reconnaissance Office Launch," denoting covert satellite launches for the U.S. government. These missions are characterized by a high level of confidentiality, with mission details, payloads, and objectives typically remaining undisclosed to the public.
The boosters provided approximately 1.85 million pounds of thrust to propel ULA Atlas V rocket out of Earth’s gravity. The mission is critical to national defense and will improve space domain awareness and satellite threat intelligence. In addition to the upper stage propellant tanks supplied by the company, Northrop Grumman will continue to provide GEM 63 rocket motors to support ULA’s Atlas V, and GEM 63XL rocket motors to help boost ULA’s Vulcan rocket, scheduled for its first launch later this year.


May is National Historical Preservation Month and the Lynnwood Historical Commission is dedicating a plaque to honor the history of Alderwood Manor at 2:30 p.m., Friday, May 29, at the Lynnwood Convention Center.
Mayor Nicola Smith will be dedicating the plaque, which will be located outside the main entrance.
The planned community of Alderwood Manor emerged between Everett and Seattle along the electric Interurban Railway in 1919. By 1922 the population of Alderwood Manor had grown to 1,463 people – and 200,000 hens. Egg production in Alderwood Manor ranked second in the nation. The Great Depression in the 1930s decimated the poultry business, and in 1939 the Interurban was dismantled in favor of bus and automobile transportation. The opening of Highway 99 stimulated commercial development in the area, bringing growth and opportunities to the new city of Lynnwood, which was incorporated in 1959.
The Lynnwood Convention Center is located at 3711 196th St. SW., Lynnwood.