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Summer Must-Read Roundup: Books by Brockport
Hundreds of faculty members, emeriti, and alumni are published authors. Browse some summer reading material written by Brockport's own.
We Asked: What’s One Word to Describe Brockport?
Students and alumni describe their time at Brockport in one word: from transformation, to home, to leadership, and beyond.
Alumnus Takes Internship Experience to Top Spot on TripAdvisor
Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies graduate Max Accordino '16 transformed his internship experience abroad into a career.
1970 Graduate Is a Student Again, This Time in Scuba Gear
From an out-of-air emergency to 50-pound cargo, from blossoming friendships with college students to water exploration, Jill Campbell '70 is embracing her second chance as a student.

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3/4 pound plum tomatoes, peeled and coarsely chopped
1/4 teaspoon freshly ground black pepper
1/4 teaspoon ground red pepper
How to Make It
Heat olive oil in a large skillet over medium-high heat. Add garlic to pan; sauté 30 seconds, stirring constantly. Add potato, celery, salt, and beans; sauté 1 minute. Add 1/4 cup water; cover and cook 5 minutes or until beans are crisp-tender. Add cilantro and tomatoes. Cover, reduce heat, and cook 4 minutes or until tomatoes begin to soften, stirring occasionally. Stir in peppers.
MyRecipes is working with Let's Move!, the Partnership for a Healthier America, and USDA's MyPlate to give anyone looking for healthier options access to a trove of recipes that will help them create healthy, tasty plates. For more information about creating a healthy plate, visit www.choosemyplate.gov.
Definitely cook the potatoes for about 10-12 minutes instead of 5 minutes, then add the green beans after! 9 minutes total is not long enough to cook a potatoes in a skillet, and the green beans will end up overcooked. I subbed dill for cilantro because that's what I had on hand..it was great. I also added feta cheese for more flavor. My 4 year old son liked it, too!
I made this once before and it was, okay, so I thought I would give it another chance. It just doesn't do it for me. It's rather bland and always a bit dissapointing. I want to like it but it just doesnt have the flavor. There are too many other great recipes to do this one again. Moving on.
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The strain states of -, -, and -oriented grains in poly-crystalline sputtered (Ba,Sr)TiO3 thin films on highly -oriented Pt electrode/Si substrates were carefully examined by X-ray diffraction techniques. Remarkably, -oriented grains respond more while - and -oriented grains do less than the theoretically estimated responses, which is understandable from the arrangement of the TiO6 octahedra with respect to the stress direction. Furthermore, such mechanical responses are completely independent of the degree of crystallization and film thickness. The transition growth temperature between the positive and negative strains was also different depending on the grain orientation. The unstrained lattice parameter for each type of grain was different suggesting that the oxygen vacancy concentration for each type of grain is different, too. The results reveal that polycrystalline (Ba,Sr)TiO3 thin films are not an aggregation of differently oriented grains which simply follow the mechanical behavior of single crystal with different orientations.
The mechanical properties of materials are one of the fundamental material parameters, which are generally represented by the relationship between the strain (ε) and stress (σ). Sometimes, the ε and σ influence other fundamental properties of the materials, such as the electrical properties (piezoelectric effect) and defect distribution (piezochemical effect), as well as the mechanical response of the materials. Perovskite structured materials are a typical example showing such a correlation between the different fundamental properties due to their high ionic polarizability. Many perovskite oxide thin films, such as (Ba,Sr)TiO3 (BST), showed a crucial influence of the ε and accompanying σ on the functionality of the films, such as the dielectric constant, polarization, Curie temperature, and piezoelectric coefficient1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10. The strain can even transform the non-ferroelectric phase to the ferroelectric phase and vice versa11. Recent theoretical calculations indicated that the strain also provides an important contribution to the dielectric and ferroelectric properties of the perovskite oxide/metal interfaces, which mostly govern the functionality of the nano-meter scale thin films12,13,14.
The strain in thin films is induced by various intrinsic factors, such as the misfit strain and the thermal expansion mismatch with the substrate, as well as extrinsic factors, such as the impurity/vacancy incorporation and shot-peening effect in sputtering15. In many cases, many of these factors simultaneously influence the strain state of the perovskite oxide films, which renders the fundamental understanding on the influence of these factors on the properties of the films complicated and often disagree with the theoretical expectations.
The recent development in the fabrication techniques for the epitaxial perovskite oxide thin films16,17,18,19,20 has greatly improved the experimental verification for the influence of the strain. However, the epitaxial systems often have limited usefulness regarding their use in many important applications, such as random access memory devices and integrated electro-mechanical systems, which are usually formed on Si substrate for commercial reasons. Si is very vulnerable to the chemical reaction and poorly lattice-matched with these perovskite oxides. Its thermal expansion mismatch is also non-favorable for improving the functionality. Due to these non-desirable factors of Si substrate, it is usually passivated with amorphous SiO2 films and a poly-crystalline bottom electrode, typically Pt, which inevitably results in poly-crystalline perovskite thin films.
It must be quite a natural consequence that the strain state of the poly-crystalline film has a much more complicated pattern due to the non-uniform structure and crystallographic direction of each grain. It appears that there are two fundamental questions regarding the strain status of poly-crystalline films; what is the strain state of each grain, and is the strain state of each grain influenced by the strain state of neighboring grains? The other question is what is the defect (typically oxygen vacancy) concentration in each grain and does this have a certain relationship with the strain state of each grain? These questions are difficult to answer even when using the state-of-the-art spectroscopic tools having high spatial resolutions since the defect concentrations are generally very low.
In this report, the authors attempted to answer these two important questions by adopting the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique to the poly-crystalline BST thin films with a thickness of 120 nm which were deposited on highly -orientation preferred poly-crystalline Pt thin film electrodes by an rf magnetron sputtering technique at substrate temperatures (Ts) ranging from 338 to 505°C. The different Ts results in the different stress state of the films; low and high Ts induced the overall in-plane compressive and tensile stresses, respectively, due to the dominance of the shot peening effect (at low Ts) and the mismatch in the thermal expansion coefficients of Si substrate and BST film (at high Ts). In addition, BST films with thicknesses ranging from 29.6 to 155.8 nm were deposited at 505°C in order to understand the influence of the film thickness on the stress and defect states of each grain. The strain state of each grain with different orientations was estimated by a careful XRD analysis using the sin2ψ method. The results are compared with the expected strain-stress relationship from the bulk compliance values. Semi-quantitative discussions on the reason for the evolution of different stress-strain states based on the crystal structure of the perovskite material are presented.
First, the influences of Ts on the structural properties of BST films are discussed. Experimental details and detailed information on the accurate thickness and cation compositions of each BST film are shown in the methods section and in on-line supplementary information (table SI), respectively. The films are usually slightly Ti-rich (Ti/(Ba+Sr+Ti) ~ 0.52) and Ba-deficient (Ba/(Ba+Sr) ~ 0.48). XRD spectra in Θ-2Θ mode of the BST films showed relatively random growth directions with (110), (111) and (002) peaks. Although the diffraction peak intensity generally increases with the increasing Ts, suggesting better crystalline quality and less mosaicity, the relative peak intensity ratio did not vary significantly. (See Fig. S1 of on-line supplementary information) The peak position generally shifts into the high 2Θ direction with the increasing Ts, suggesting that the films undergo more in-plane tensile stress due to the thermal expansion mismatch between the BST (~ 10 x 10−6 °C−1)21 and the Si substrate (~ 2.62 x 10−6 °C−1)22 while cooling down after the film deposition. Detailed strain evolutions for each type of grain in the different films were examined by the sin2ψ method. Here ψ is the angle between the direction normal to the film surface and the direction of the specific crystallographic orientation where the inter-planar spacing was measured (ex, (112), (110), and (−112) planes for the -oriented grains). Details for the sin2ψ method can be found from Ref. 23 and its principle can be represented by Eq. (1) shown below.
Figures 1a-d show the variations in the lattice parameters of the Pt electrode film, -, -, and -oriented BST grains, respectively, as a function of sin2ψ for the BST films grown at different Ts. The data points were best linear fitted (lines) according to the Eq. (1); where, h, k, l, , and are the three Miller indices, measured inter-planar spacing at the measurement angle ψ, and the calculated out-of-plane inter-planar spacing (ψ = 0), strain along the measurement direction ψ, in-plane strain, and out-of-plane strain, respectively. aψ and a0ψ are measured lattice parameters at the measurement angle ψ, and the calculated out-of-plane lattice parameter (ψ = 0). The positive and negative slopes correspond to in-plane tensile (σ0 > 0, i. e. εo > εz) and compressive (σ0 < 0, i. e. εo < εz) stress states, respectively. From the extrapolation of the linear fitting to sin2ψ = 1 and 0, ε0 and εz can be estimated for each sample. There are several notable findings from the data sets shown in Fig.1 which could be more evidently seen in Fig. 2.
Figures 2a-d show the variations in the ε0 and εz values as well as the variation of the effective Poisson's ratio, ν ( = −εz/ε0), of the Pt film and those of the three differently oriented BST grains as a function of Ts. In this paper, the positive and negative strains denote the tensile and compressive strains, respectively. The Pt film has only -oriented grains and shows in-plane positive strain at all Ts due to the thermal expansion mismatch with Si (thermal expansion coefficient of Pt ~ 9.6 x 10−6 °C−1)24. However, the BST films show complicated development of strains depending on the Ts and types of grains. The - and -oriented grains grown at 505°C show in-plane positive strain, but the same type of grains grown at lower Ts show in-plain negative strains. The cross-over from the positive to negative strain occurs at ~ 460°C. After the abrupt change in the strain state near the transition temperature, the negative strain further develops rather slowly with the decreasing Ts for the -oriented grains. However, that of -oriented grains are rather complicated, which is not yet clearly understood. In addition, the magnitudes of ε0 and εz are symmetric and generally high in -oriented grains due to the higher compliance (S11) and high ν along  direction25,26. Nevertheless, they are rather asymmetric in -oriented grains along the tensile and compressive directions probably due to the different crystallographic structures. -oriented grains also show in-plane positive strain at the highest Ts but with a smaller magnitude of in- and out-of-plane strains. Interestingly, the transition into the negative strain state occurs at much lower Ts (~ 400°C). Therefore, the -oriented grains demonstrate an in-plane negative strain state only at the lowest Ts with a much smaller magnitude of ε0 and εz. For this case, the magnitude of εz is generally smaller than that of ε0. The variations in ν appears to be related with the strain state in Figs. 2 (b) and (c), but it is not the case in Fig. 2 (d). Such variations in ν are actually related with the change in Ba/Sr ratio with the varying Ts, and the relative comparison with the theoretically calculated values for the given Ba/Sr ratio has a higher significance as discussed below.
The in-plane tensile stress (positive strain) in BST grains can be generally understood from the thermal expansion mismatch between the film and Si substrate. The influence of Pt and SiO2 films is negligible due to their much thinner thickness (~ 0.1 μm) compared to that of Si substrate (~ 600 μm). The higher in-plane tensile stress state at higher Ts can be understood from the thermal effect. The in-plane compressive stress (negative strain) in sputtered films could be understood from the shot-peening effect15. The energetic bombardment of the sputtered particles (especially negatively charged oxygen ions) onto the growing film surface imparts the in-plane compressive stress15. Therefore, the increasing in-plane negative strain with the decreasing Ts can be understood from the domination of the ion bombardment effect of the sputtering process over the thermal expansion mismatch. Given the low compliance along the  direction of the perovskite BST material25,26, the out-of-plane strain (εz) of the -oriented grains must be smallest at the lowest Ts (338°C), which is indeed the case as shown in Fig. 2d. The same argument can be applied to the in-plane tensile cases; out-of-plane negative strain along the  direction is quite small at 505°C, due to the lower in-plane tensile strain at the same temperature compared to the other types of grains. In addition, the lower evolution of compressive stress by the larger decrement of the shot-peening effect in -oriented grains compared to the grains with different orientations decreases the transition temperature from ~ 460 to ~ 400°C. In other words, the thermal effect dominates the mechanical bombardment effect even at lower Ts in -oriented grains. These results must be a natural consequence of the crystallographic-direction specific mechanical properties of the BST material; lower and higher compliance along the  and  orientations, respectively (See on-line supplementary information for the calculation along different directions, and the text below for more discussions. The calculated values are included in Table I.).
In order to confirm whether the different responses of each type of grain to the external stress coincides with the bulk properties of the material, ν under biaxial stress was calculated for the different orientations of the crystals where in-plane biaxial stress (σ0) was applied to the isolated , , and -oriented gains, respectively, and the results are compared with the experimental results. These calculations were based on the elastic theory of cubic crystal and compliance tensors of the material with the same cation composition5,25,26. It has to be noted that each type of grain must have a completely random in-plane orientation for this comparison to hold its validity, which was indeed the case for - and -type grains but not for -type grains (See Fig. 3), because the film is of the poly-crystalline nature. Table I shows the variations in the calculated compliance (ε0/σ0 and εz/σ0), and the ν of the crystal with the , , and  directions normal to the stress plane, as well as the ν measured experimentally for the three different types of grain of the BST films grown at the various Ts. Due to the slightly different compositions of the different samples, Ba/Sr ratio of the films grown at 338, 402 and 431°C was taken as 48/52, and that of the other two samples was taken as 47/53.
It is notable that the measured ν of each type of grains is completely independent of Ts for the given Ba/Sr ratio, suggesting the identical mechanical responses of the different grains irrespective of the crystalline quality of the polycrystalline BST films. For the -oriented grains, the measured ν's are generally larger than the theoretically calculated values, suggesting that these grains have higher strains than the theoretically expected values along the out-of-plane direction. In contrast, the measured ν of the - and -oriented grains is smaller than the theoretical value, suggesting that these grains strain less along the out-of-plane direction. In fact, there are several data sets on the value of compliances of BaTiO3 and SrTiO3, from which the compliance values of 48/52 and 47/53 materials are calculated (see table S III of on-line supplementary information). Therefore, the theoretical ν's are certainly with some degree of uncertainty. However, the relative comparison between the measured and calculated values is certainly correct. Such a discrepancy between the theoretical and measured values of the ν's and different relative tendency suggest the following. The differently oriented grains experience a significant mechanical confinement effect due to the densely packed columnar microstructure (see fig. S2 of on-line supplementary information for cross-section transmission electron microscopy image) and smaller strain of the - and -oriented grains to the external biaxial stress is compensated by the larger strain of the -oriented grains.
Figure 3 shows the pole figures of -oriented Pt electrode grains (3a, where in-plane distribution of (11-1) type plane is shown), -oriented BST grains (3b, where in-plane distribution of (111) type plane is shown), and - and -oriented BST grains (3c, where in-plane distribution of (110) type plane is shown). The randomness of the in-plane distribution for Pt grains is almost perfect as can be understood from the almost constant distribution of the (11-1) X-ray diffraction peak intensity along the φ angle. This was also the case for the - and -oriented grains so that the (110) X-ray diffraction peak intensities along the φ angle are almost constant. However, the -oriented grains have a much more non-random in-plane orientation compared to the other cases. Although the exact reason for such an extraordinary behavior is not clearly understood, it might be related with the highly anisotropic nature along the crystallographic directions on the (110) plane compared to the more isotropic nature of the (111) and (002) planes. This may explain the peculiar variations in εz and ε0 of this type of grain shown in Fig. 2c. However, it appears that such a discrepancy in the degree of randomness of the in-plane orientation does not influence the mechanical confinement effect largely.
The different mechanical responses of the different types of grains, shown in Fig. 2, can be understood from the calculated compliance values and Poisson's ratio along the different directions of the bulk crystal shown in table I. The absolute value of the out-of-plane compliance along the  is the smallest and that along the  is the largest. The possible reasons for such a discrepancy was considered from the possible distortion of the TiO6 octahedra, which are the building blocks of the BST material in response to the external stress, and the results are included in the Fig. S3 of on-line supporting information. Due to the different compliance values along the different crystallographic directions, the different types of grains response differently to the mechanical stress along the in-plane direction; under the given (in-plane) compressive stress, for example, the smaller compliance of the -oriented grains results in the smaller elongation along the out-of-plane direction than the theoretical value because the other type of grains elongate more than the theoretical value due to their higher compliance along those directions.
Next, the defect (mainly oxygen vacancy) concentrations of each type of grain are considered. Various thin films processing techniques of oxide films usually induce oxygen vacancy generation for various reasons. In the sputtering process of BST films, the low oxygen partial pressure and shot-peening effect generally induce high oxygen vacancy concentration15,27,28. The average oxygen vacancy concentration, therefore, must be specifically determined by the adopted process conditions. However, due to the oxygen vacancy being generally low in density, it is often difficult to measure them by available spectroscopic means. In addition, it has not been feasible to estimate the oxygen vacancy concentrations in each type of grain within poly-crystalline oxide films. However, the accurate determination of the lattice parameters for each type of grain makes this possible as shown below. This is based on the work by Kim et al. where the lattice parameters of oxygen-deficient bulk BST material is reported to be determined by the oxygen vacancy concentration, which was controlled by the equilibrium oxygen partial pressure during annealing, for the given cation composition29. One possible problem in applying the same method to the thin films, as in this work, is to achieve an unstrained lattice parameter (a0) for the differently oriented grains, which are free from the influence of any strain. This becomes possible by adopting the sin2ψ method again. Details for the determination of a0 using the sin2ψ method were also, and the calculated sin2ψ values for each type of grain for the cases of Ba/Sr ratios of 48/52 and 47/53 are included in the table S IV of on-line supporting information.
Figure 4 shows the variation in the measured a0 of the differently oriented BST grains as well as the Pt as a function of Ts. There are three notable findings; first, they are generally much larger than the bulk lattice parameter with the same cation composition (a0 of bulk Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 is 0.3947 nm, being indicated by a dashed line in Fig. 4). Second, the a0 for each type of grain generally decreases with the increasing Ts having a different decreasing rate. Third, the a0 for each type of grain are not the same. At Ts = 338°C the difference is quite small. The largest a0 was achieved from the -oriented grains but the difference with a0 of -oriented grains, which is the smallest, is only ~ 0.002 nm. (See Table S V of on-line supporting information for the detailed numbers of a0) As Ts increases, the a0 of the -oriented grains decreases more significantly than the others and it becomes the smallest when Ts is > 400°C. In addition, the difference with the other types of grains becomes larger as Ts increases. At Ts = 402°C, the a0 of -oriented grains is the largest but that of -oriented grains becomes the largest at 505°C. Overall, the difference between the - and -oriented grains are generally smaller than that with -oriented grains. It needs to be stressed that these lattice parameters are not influenced by the in- and out-of-plane strains.
The larger a0 values for the various types of grains in BST thin film correspond to the higher oxygen vacancy concentration29. The estimated identical a0 of the Pt electrode to that of the bulk Pt material (down triangle symbol in Fig. 4) irrespective of the processing conditions suggests that other effects, such as strain and sputtering damage, can hardly influence the unstrained lattice parameters of the materials in the system. The different a0 values of the BST grains with different orientations suggest that the oxygen vacancy concentration is also different. According to the results given by Kim et al. the oxygen vacancy concentration for the lattice parameters of 0.4020 nm is three times larger than that of 0.3970 nm. (It must be noted that the absolute values of the oxygen vacancy concentration cannot be compared but only relative values can be estimated in this way.) In other words, the different oxygen vacancy concentrations in different types of grains results in the different a0 values even when all the grains were formed simultaneously under the given sputtering conditions. In general, the larger a0 values compared to the bulk value of all cases suggest that all the films are generally oxygen deficient by the knock out effect from the energetic particle bombardments during the sputtering.
The different variations in a0 for the three types of grains with increasing Ts are understood as follows. The almost identical a0 at the Ts of 338°C suggests that the vacancy concentration is dominantly determined by the knocking out effect during the sputtering process, which must be identical for all the three types of grains. The surface of the BST film was quite smooth demonstrating a highly uniform grain size irrespective of the types of grain due to the relatively incomplete crystallization at this low Ts (See Fig. S 2b of on-line supporting information). It can be also understood that the in-plane compressive stress does not influence the vacancy concentration since the three types of grains have different levels of strains (Fig. 2). As the Ts increases, the thermal healing effect appears to work and the vacancy concentration generally decreases. The larger decrease in the vacancy concentration for the -oriented grains compared to the other two cases cannot be explained by the in-plane tensile stress effect, although this can be thought to be the case because the transition into the in-plane tensile stress state already occurs at ~ 400°C for this case while the other two types of grains still remain in the in-plane compressive state up to ~ 460°C. This can be understood from the fact that the positive strain of the -oriented grains is the lowest among the three but the vacancy concentration was the lowest (smallest a0) for this case at the Ts of 505°C. In fact, given the finding that the negative in-plane strain does not invoke any difference in the vacancy concentration between the different types of grains (338°C), it may not be reasonable to consider that the tensile stress induces the difference. Therefore, there must be some other factors, which influence the degree of oxygen vacancy healing depending on the types of grains.
It has been reported that the in-situ well-crystallized polycrystalline SrTiO3, BaTiO3 (BTO), and BST films tend to have roughened surface morphology due to the different growth habit planes of each grain30. Hwang et al. reported that the -oriented grains of BTO on the highly -oriented Pt thin film electrode grows only on the vicinal planes of the -oriented Pt grains while the - and -oriented grains grow on the (111) plane of the Pt grains31. They invoked different surface charges and surface energies of the BTO materials depending on the types of crystallographic surfaces for such peculiar behavior of (local) epitaxial growth for such ionic oxide (BTO) on the metal (Pt) surface although the lattice mismatch is generally favorable for the usual epitaxial growth. Furthermore, the emergence of the three types of grains in this work is also believed to be due to such surface and interface-charge related arguments. As a result, the - and -oriented BST grains tend to have a flat surface as they may grow on the flat surface region of the -oriented Pt grains, while the -oriented BST grains tend to grow on the vicinal area of the Pt grains, which eventually results in the larger specific surface area of the -oriented grains compared to the other two types of grain. (See Fig. S2 of on-line supporting information for TEM and atomic force microscopy (AFM)) Although this cannot be directly confirmed due to the lack of crystallographic information in the AFM images, the relatively rough surface morphology of the Pt electrode and several protruded grain shapes of BST films revealed by AFM (Fig. S2 of on-line supporting information) revealed that the specific surface area of the -oriented BST grains is larger than those of the two others. TEM also confirmed this (See Fig. S2 of on-line supporting information). The larger surface energy of (111) planes also contribute to the suppression of the flat (111) surface in -oriented BST grains. With this assumption, the faster healing effect of the -oriented grains can be understood; the larger surface area of this type of grain enhances the vacancy annihilation during the growth at a higher Ts. At lower Ts, the generally less evident evolution of grain morphology of the different grains makes this difference less evident and thus the vacancy healing effect must be averaged out.
Up to now, the influences of Ts on the evolution of strain and oxygen vacancy concentration for each type of BST grains have been discussed. Next, the effects of film thickness (tf) on the evolution of the strains will be discussed for the films grown at 505°C. tf was varied from 29.6 nm to 155.8 nm, and the detailed information of these films, such as the Θ-2Θ XRD data and cation composition are included in the on-line supporting information (Figures S4 and S5). All the films showed identical crystallographic growth behavior and cation compositions irrespective of the tf within the experimental error (< ~ 1 at. %).
The in- and out-of-plane strains of the -, - and -oriented grains are also examined by the sin2ψ method, and the variations in the lattice parameters of Pt electrode film, -, -, and -oriented BST grains, respectively, as a function of sin2ψ for the BST films with different tf are included in Fig. S6 of on-line supporting information. The results for the BST grains are summarized in Fig. 5. Figures 5a-c show the variations in the ε0 and εz values as a function of the tf for the three differently oriented grains. The ε0 and εz values generally decrease with the increasing tf. However, the overall difference between the different types of grains is quite identical to that shown in Fig. 2; the strain of -oriented grains is symmetrical and largest while that of -oriented grains is asymmetrical and smallest. Table II shows the same comparison between the calculated and measured ν values of the three types of grains at two representative tf. The experimental ν of the other tf films are exactly the same as those shown in table II. A same tendency as that in table I can be found.
Figure 5d shows the variations of unstrained lattice parameter (a0) for the different types of grains as a function of tf. Bulk a0 value (0.3947 nm) of the (Ba0.5,Sr0.5)TiO3 is indicated by dashed line in the figure. The a0 for each type of grain is almost independent of the tf but only depends on the type of the grain. This means that the overall oxygen vacancy concentration is not dependent on tf while the strain is dependent on it. Moreover, this suggests that the strain relaxations shown in Fig. 5a-c are not due to healing out of the oxygen vacancies or agglomeration of the oxygen vacancies to form the dislocations. Conversely, this also coincides with the fact that the film stress hardly has an influence on the vacancy concentration, as discussed above.
In this work, the strain state of in-situ crystallized poly-crystalline BST thin films on Pt electrodes was carefully examined using the sin2ψ method in the X-ray diffraction technique. The poly-crystalline BST thin films deposited at substrate temperatures ranging from 338 to 505°C showed a relatively random orientation with -, -, and -oriented grains along the normal direction to the surface, of which strain states are different although they were grown simultaneously. In addition, the transition temperature where the strain state of each grain changes from the in-plane compressive state, which is believed to be due to the shot-peening effect of the sputtering process, to the in-plane tensile state, which is due to the thermal expansion mismatch between the BST film and substrate, was also different. This is a highly unexpected result as opposed to the general conjecture that the every grain in poly-crystalline film has an identical strain (and stress, too) under the given growth conditions due to the strong mechanical confinement between the neighboring grains. The different compliances along the out-of-plane direction of the different types of grains resulted in the different strains responding to the external in-plane stress.
The unstrained lattice parameter, which is dominantly governed by the oxygen vacancy concentration for each type of grain, was also different suggesting the vacancy concentration is different. Interestingly, such a discrepancy has no correlation with the different strain state for each type of grain but appeared to be related with the specific surface area, which provides the grains with oxygen atoms at higher growth temperatures.
The trends of the orientation-specific strain state was maintained in a wide thickness range (29.6 ~ 155.8 nm) although thicker films generally show decreased strains perhaps due to the generation of misfit dislocations. However, the orientation-specific unstrained lattice parameter was constantly maintained suggesting that the different vacancy concentration for each type of grain is independent of the film thickness.
Perhaps the most striking feature that this work figured out from the detailed X-ray study on such an ionic crystalline material is different oxygen vacancy concentration in each type of grains. Even further unexpected finding is that the oxygen vacancy concentration has nothing to do with the strain state of each grain.
It is believed that this work may invoke a new aspect of mechanical and chemical nature regarding poly-crystalline thin films. However, it must be noted that there could be many other thin film systems that show different levels of mechanical interactions between the grains (perhaps metals or covalently bonded materials have different tendency), which could be checked by the same X-ray technique. It is hoped that this technique can be more widely applied to many other poly-crystalline material systems in order to elucidate their mechanical and chemical nature of different grains.
After the Si substrate was cleaned, 100-nm-thick SiO2 was thermally grown and 10-nm-thick amorphous Al2O3 layer was deposited by an atomic-layer-deposition process in order to improve the adhesion between the substrate and the Pt electrode that was deposited on top by a dc sputtering technique. The Pt electrode thickness was 100 nm and had a highly  preferred growth behavior in the out-of-plane direction while the crystallographic direction in the in-plane direction is completely random. BST films with thicknesses ranging from 29.6 to 155.8 nm were deposited by an rf sputtering technique using a ceramic target under a sputtering pressure of 10 mTorr (O2/Ar gas ratio = 10%). The substrate temperature was varied from 338 to 505°C. 338°C was just enough Ts to grow the in-situ crystallized poly-crystalline BST film. Film cation composition ratios, [Ti]/[Ba+Sr+Ti] and [Ba]/[Ba+Sr], were estimated by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (See on-line supporting information).
X-ray diffraction was performed using a Cu kα radiation, which was monochromatized by a curved graphite monochromator. A Hybrid Mirror type X-ray detector was used to enhance the resolution and minimize the measurement error and analysis time. The Θ-2Θ scan was used to determine the crystallographic orientation of the film. The sin2ψ method was used in order to detect the strain and unstrained lattice parameter of each grain. Lastly, the X-ray pole figure measurement was also used to determine the degree of randomness of the in-plane crystallographic direction for each type of grain.
The microstructure of the film was observed using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) (See on-line supporting information).
This work was supported by the Converging Research Center Program (2012K001299), and the Global Research Laboratory program (2012040157) through the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea.
On-line Supporting information


Toyota etios not starting
Toyota etios 2014 make not starting, no crank, key 1st
position get indication/warning light and 2 position
dosen't start, suddenly problem arised
Move shifter up/dn. If still nothing. Check battery voltage it should be minimum 12.4vdc. If battery is goid, check battery cables for corrosion and make sure they're tight.


text:
Topic: Health Department
Haze situation not alarming at the moment – Poon
Poon (third left), with Vivian (fourth right), Tang (front, second left), Jimmy (front, left), and Calvin (third right) launching the Datuk Stephen Wong Memorial Football Tournament yesterday.
2 deaths due to dengue in Terengganu
KUALA TERENGGANU (Sept 13): Two deaths due to dengue have been recorded in Terengganu by the state Health Department this year as of September.
Alarming increase in dengue cases in Johor
JOHOR BARU: The number of dengue cases in Johor has increased at an alarming rate with 7,761 cases recorded from Jan 1 to Aug 31 this year, a rise of 101.2% compared with 3,857 cases in the same perio...
Exco: Alarming spike in dengue cases in Johor
JOHOR BARU, Sept 4 — The number of dengue cases in Johor has increased at an alarming rate with 7,761 cases recorded from January 1 to August 31 this year, a rise of 101.2 per cent compared with 3,8...
Database to monitor squatter areas
Shafie (ninth from right), Christina (eighth from right) and Yusof (10th from right) with the newly-appointed members of City Hall’s Board of Advisors after presenting the appointment letters.
JE virus detected in Tambunan
KOTA KINABALU: Agriculture and Food Industry Minister Junz Wong called on the public to remain calm and not to speculate on the Japanese Encephalitis (JE) virus found on a human in Tambunan...
JE virus detected
KOTA KINABALU: Agriculture and Food Industry Minister Junz Wong called on the public to remain calm and not to speculate on the Japanese Encephalitis (JE) virus found on a human in Tambunan.
JE virus detected in pig farm in Tambunan
KOTA KINABALU: The Japanese Encephalitis (JE) virus has been detected in Tambunan, about 100km from here, says the state Agriculture and Food Industries Minister Datuk Junz Wong on Tuesday (July 16).
SIA supports SMK Beluran blood donation drive
Blood donation and health checks at SMK Beluran Hostel Open Day – 49 pints of blood were donated
BELURAN: SMK Beluran has again successfully organised a blood donation campaign in conjunction with ...
USJ, Subang Jaya see rise in dengue cases
PETALING JAYA (July 3): The USJ and Subang Jaya areas have seen a significant rise in dengue infections, with eight cases reported in 21 days, Subang Jaya assemblyman Michelle Ng told The Star.
Foreign remedies easily available
JOHOR BARU: Illicit medicine smuggled from Indonesia are being sold openly at some sundry shops and a wholesale market in the state.
Arson suspected in dumpsite blaze
MELAKA: A fire at an illegal dumpsite along the riverbank of Sungai Kelamak may have been deliberately caused by arsonists, according to an environmentalist.
Taking care of orang asli kids
IPOH: The Health Ministry has been carrying out measures to improve the nutrition of orang asli children in Pos Kemar, Gerik, since 2010 under its Community Feeding Programme, says the Perak Mentri Besar’s office.
Cops bust fake MC producing syndicate
KUALA LUMPUR: Police have busted a syndicate selling fake medical leave certificates in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor, with the arrests of six individuals.

domain: health


text:
The global bread maker market size was worth USD 608.67 million in 2023. It is expected to generate USD 1,077.50 million by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 7.4% during the forecast period (2023–2032).
A bread maker, often known as a bread-making machine, is a piece of cooking equipment that may be used to bake loaves of bread using the necessary ingredients. Typically, it comprises a bread pan with paddles built into its bottom and is designed to be installed in the middle of a smaller oven. Bread maker machines feature a variety of settings to accommodate the wide varieties of doughs available. The most recent models of bread maker equipment can produce white bread, whole grain bread, European-style bread, and dough. Bread makers typically come equipped with timers that enable the machine to function even when no one uses it. Additionally, several high-end models let users create their own unique cycles for the bread-making process.
The critical factor driving growth in the global bread maker market over the past few years is the rising amount of discretionary spending. There is a consistent rise in the amount of money people have, owing to the substantial economic expansion occurring in emerging countries and the rise in work options for women. In addition, the rise of the working class, particularly the rise of working women and the rise of nuclear families, combined with increasingly hectic lives, is among the primary causes that drive the expansion of the global bread maker market.
The recently developed sophisticated bread makers come with pre-programmed settings. Bread can be baked precisely to the user's specifications when using fully customizable bread-making programs, which offer this possibility. Since the flour made from each type of grain has its own unique qualities, the amount of time needed for baking and rising is also unique. Since this can be accomplished with intelligent bread makers, the global bread maker market will likely present chances for growth for innovative bread makers throughout the forecast period.
|Market Size||USD 1,015 million by 2030|
|Fastest Growing Market||Europe|
|Largest Market||North America|
|Report Coverage||Revenue Forecast, Competitive Landscape, Growth Factors, Environment & Regulatory Landscape and Trends|
With the usage of an e-commerce platform, clients can select from various brands for the same goods. In addition, internet shopping is navigable, which offers a customer a hands-on buying experience and aids in locating the latest options in similar categories. Even local dealers and small shop owners can interact with users globally through an online sales channel, which is advantageous for the growth and development of local businesses and vendors. Over the past several years, companies have utilized e-commerce to sell their products and services. The online sale of merchandise is an important business activity for manufacturers, retailers, and service providers. Thus, the global bread maker market is driven by the overall expansion of the e-commerce industry.
In developing nations, the demand for multiple kitchens and small appliances is fueled by rapid urbanization and a shift in people's lives due to a rising disposable income. Modern bread machines' effortless operation and time-saving features make them suited for consumers with hectic lifestyles. This element is anticipated to stimulate the global bread maker market expansion. In addition, the increase in innovation by key players in the bread maker market to create new and advanced products to meet rising consumer demands is also one of the significant aspects indicating the bread maker market's growth potential throughout the forecast period.
All bread makers available on the market are compact. Although having compact equipment due to new living trends is advantageous, the reduced size of bread machines results in smaller loaves. It is sufficient for a small household, but such bread machines are not very useful for families with more than four members. Waiting for each loaf of bread to bake is laborious for a food service company. Larger bread machines are necessary for such services; consequently, these constraints hinder the global bread maker market expansion of bread machines.
Smart appliances give users a variety of possible benefits. The global bread baker market expansion is fueled by the advent of wireless connectivity with appliances and technical advances. The adoption of intelligent technology in bread machines is the most recent development that requires additional investigation. With the popularity of smart kitchen appliances, particularly bread makers, industry incumbents, and new entrants offer lucrative growth prospects. Other aspects that give potential prospects for the global bread maker market include the rise in per capita income in developing nations, the increase in multifunctional food appliances, and the expansion in internet-enabled services and gadgets.
Region-wise, the global bread maker market share is segmented into North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and LAMEA.
North America is the largest shareholder and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 6.4% by 2032. The US is an essential economy globally, and its businesses are more flexible than those in Western Europe. Additionally, this country has a greater prevalence of consumer items. North America is a developed, homogeneous market with a high product penetration dominated primarily by replacement products. Large homes provide ample space for various little and large appliances. The sustained rise of the housing market is creating further growth potential for the North American bread maker market.
Europe is the second-largest shareholder and is expected to grow at a higher CAGR of 7.3% to generate USD 372.23 million by 2032. The European market is very competitive and is experiencing a transitional shift from the preceding years due to the focus of its stakeholders on exploiting new applications. Moreover, the working women population has increased in Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, and France. This increases bread maker and accessory demand in certain regions. Manufacturers have introduced new and creative bread machines to remain competitive in Europe's bread machine market. Also, a rise in awareness regarding the availability of numerous intelligent bread machines with additional capabilities increases the market for bread makers in this region.
Asia-Pacific is the fastest-growing region during the forecast period. Over the past few years, there has been a spike in sales for bread maker machines in this region due to the increased interest in home-cooked meals. Moreover, in developing nations such as India and China, trust, quality, and safety are the most sought-after bread maker characteristics. Increases in urbanization and the number of middle-class consumers in developing and developed countries have stimulated the implementation of convenience-oriented lifestyles, making bread makers more prevalent across all age groups.
The global bread maker market share is bifurcated into product type, distribution channel, application, and region.
Segmentation based on product type includes Horizontal Loaf and Vertical Loaf.
Horizontal Loaf is anticipated to hold the largest market share, growing at a CAGR of 8.8% during the forecast period. In general, horizontal loaf bread maker machines are horizontal units. It has a smaller height but a bigger width to provide horizontal bread. These machines are capable of producing 1 to 3-pound loaves. The demand for horizontal loaf bread machines is increasing. The primary reason is that these machines are relatively new to the market and feature appealing design aesthetics.
Further, due to its horizontal shape, it can produce larger loaves than vertical loaf machines. Therefore, there is a greater demand for horizontal loaf bread makers in the residential market. Increases in the number of pans in machine ovens create attractive opportunities for new entrants to enter the market, allowing users to bake more bread loaves.
Generally, Vertical Loaf Bread machines are taller than horizontal loaf bread machines, but their breadth is more compact. These devices can produce loaves weighing between 1 and 2 pounds. Food services typically have limited kitchen space, so they require vertical bread loaf makers. As a result of the rise in demand for food services, the global bread maker market is anticipated to expand significantly.
Segmentation based on the application includes Food Service and Household.
The Household segment is expected to command the highest market share, growing at a CAGR of 7.2% during the forecast period. The household segment can be characterized as an individual, group, or shared residence where kitchen appliances are utilized. Increasing global consumption of ready-to-eat meals due to hurried lifestyles and increasing consumption of indulgences and snacks are two of the primary reasons driving the global bread maker market. Younger working-class consumers are more likely to favor homemade ready-to-eat foods and customized recipes; therefore, preparing bread loaves for the entire family is a straightforward effort for them.
Most North American and European households favor baked goods for breakfast, and bread is usually referred to as breakfast food. Moreover, as families become more conscious of the freshness of food products and the hygienic conditions of packaged foods, they opt for homemade breakfast foods, resulting in an increased demand for bread machines over the past several years. The adoption of more intelligent features in bread machines is anticipated to fuel global bread maker market expansion over the forecast period.
Food Service is anticipated to grow swiftly during the forecast period. Consumers are seeking gluten-free and healthier loaves that are appropriately made. When it comes to providing a nutritional diet to customers, food service providers prefer to bake their own bread. They rely on bakery suppliers for traditional, ordinary bread, but they make their own specialty bread. As a result, their demand for bread machines is constantly increasing and is anticipated to increase during the forecast period.
Segmentation based on the distribution channels includes Specialty Stores, Supermarkets/Hypermarkets, E-Commerce, and Others.
Supermarkets/Hypermarkets are anticipated to hold the largest market share, growing at a CAGR of 6.8% by 2030. Supermarkets/Hypermarkets are self-service versions of traditional retailers. They provide an extensive selection of food, consumer goods, and household items, mainly sorted and organized on enormous shelves. Typically, supermarkets cover a vast area and stock a variety of brands at a single location.
In addition, they are situated near residential areas for ease and accessibility. This increases consumer preference for supermarkets. Moreover, supermarkets and hypermarkets are growing in popularity due to a wide selection of consumer items under one roof, abundant parking spaces, and accessible operating hours. The appeal of hypermarkets in advanced and developing nations is enhanced by urbanization, labor force growth, and competitive pricing.
E-Commerce is expected to grow rapidly during the forecast period. Increased penetration of numerous online portals in emerging regions and increased sales and discounts tempt people to purchase bread makers' machines online. Moreover, online sales platforms have expanded consumer reach, resulting in their emergence as a crucial revenue source for many businesses. In addition, the online sales market is anticipated to rise due to the rapid expansion of internet and mobile user bases in emerging regions.


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Clearing one other person’s energy from your own field will not need you to separate a course
Habits and routine. Our day to day or regular lifestyles are frequently focused around a relationship with your significant other. The device call you utilized to create on the way house from work, the morning coffee can start to feel like empty time that you are not sure how to fill sunday.
It will also help getting your self into an innovative new routine, a unique task, an environment that is new
A song that you listen to to shake things up you can clear your closet, reorganise your furniture, try a new recipe, join an interest group, do something you’ve always wanted to do but haven’t yet, try a new coffee shop, or start a new after-work habit like a mindfulness meditation. If you should be uncertain the place to start, check out strategies for changing practices with mindfulness:
Elect to do whatever seems more that is exciting/empowering use the classes you discovered in your preferences evaluation to share with the game you wish to decide to try. This can move your mind-set, and in addition your biochemistry, and set your mind on making connections that are new associations, that will be an energizing and enable you to definitely produce brand brand new energies, associations, and experiences being only for you.
Rachel Anenberg (BA, BSW, MSW) is really a psychotherapist that is spiritual in Sydney’s Northern Beaches, and remotely on the web. She facilitates sessions for folks and partners who wish to heal and develop. She utilizes a variety of power work and mental intervention to supply psychological and healing that is spiritual.
Relationships are very significant to people; nevertheless there was a catch because good relationships try not to happen just. To nurture relationships that are good individuals must spend greatly in social abilities, hard work. escort girls North Charleston SC Considering that the individuals taking part in relationships have actually their opinions that are own priorities and objectives, there’s always a chance that distinctions will emerge and very quickly sufficient the partnership will start getting strained. The great news is in spite of their distinctions; partners can rediscover their love, dedication and passion when they choose to go after relationship counselling.
Though relationships are critical to people, many usually do not endure the test of the time. Helen Chen, a married relationship specialist in a current lecture stated that about 85 per cent of relationships result in breakup. Research has revealed that present divorce or separation prices in the usa stands at about 50 percent. Regardless of these grim data, individuals nevertheless trudge on, hoping that their relationship that is next will effective.
Relationship breakups are brought on by a broad array of facets. Cash is apparently the quantity journey cable for many peoples interactions. Dilemmas about funds can arise in one partner feeling it can be about simple discrepancies about what money should be spent on that they are contributing more compared to the other, in some instances. Aside from cash, contemporary partners usually complain about maybe perhaps not finding time that is enough invest with one another. Social commitments, very long hours at the job being busy with young ones can all mess with even the relationship that is best. In addition, partners argue about intercourse and housework.
Therefore will there be hope for relationships? The solution can be an emphatic yes. Relationships can flourish particularly if partners try using relationship guidance while they start off. Relationship treatment helps people recognize and resolve conflicts since well as boost their interactions. Based on William Doherty, teacher of household social technology at the University of Minnesota, partners that consult relationships professionals have success rate of 70-80 per cent.
Normally people usually do not see their relationships objectively and are apt to have impractical objectives about their lovers. A report carried out by an organization from Heriot-Watt University found that people have actually a twisted feeling of just what a perfect relationship requires. The team concluded that individuals have these expectations that are unrealistic Hollywood love films and narratives. This is how a relationship specialist comes to your rescue.
A relationship therapist or specialist is a psychologist, psychiatrist, pastoral therapist or medical worker that is social. The work and purpose of the therapist would be to listen, seek to comprehend, respect and facilitate better interactions between your social individuals active in the relationship. The therapist provides a perfect environment for private discussion to normalize emotions and enhance interaction, allow both events become heard along with empower a relationship to take close control of the very own decisions and fate.
Fundamentally, the purpose of relationship counselling is couples that are give to resolve their problems. Throughout the span of treatment, individuals learn fundamental aspects of conflict and friendship being an easy task to do and work out total feeling. The therapist will evaluate the couple’s relationship facilitate and story de-escalation of unneeded disputes. In addition, your specialist will facilitate the growth of practical and solutions that are practical help in establishing the connection straight right back on the right track.

domain: psychology


Taiwan’s Ministry of Transportation and Communications is calling on the public to report confusing or unclear highway signs.
The ministry’s Institute of Transportation (Jiāotōngbù Yùnshū Yánjiūsuǒ) has set up a toll-free telephone line for people who want to report such signs. The number is 0800-231-900, extension 5. Or people can make submissions through the institute’s Web site (Mandarin only).
I doubt that the ministry can be convinced that the awkward typography and tiny lettering of the romanization on many signs are indeed errors that need correction. Still, it’s worth a try. But as for the use of Tongyong Pinyin….
Signs will be corrected within 15 days, according to the ministry.
- Public assistance sought to improve confusing road signs, CNA via the China Post, January 31, 2007
- Jiāotōngbù zhúbù gǎishàn lùbiāo — huānyíng tígōng jiànyán (交通部逐步改善路標 歡迎提供建言), Zhōngguǎng xīnwén wǎng (中廣新聞網), January 31, 2007
- 親和性圖形路標 駕駛不再霧煞煞, China Times, January 31, 2007


A man and a woman suffered non-life-threatening injuries when they were shot on a street east of uptown Wednesday morning.
The shootings in the 1300 block of Pamlico Street, off Hawthorne Lane, were not random, police said.
The male victim flagged down a Medic ambulance on Central Avenue, Charlotte-Mecklenburg police Capt. Torri Tellis told reporters near the scene later Wednesday. Central Avenue is roughly a mile from where the man and woman were shot.
Police have not said if they have a suspect in the case or what they believe led to the shootings. Tellis said only that the shootings were not domestic-related.
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Earlier Wednesday, police investigated an unrelated death on Cattail Court, off Plaza Road Extension near Interstate 485.
Police confirmed a man died but have not said what they believe caused his death. Crime scene tape blocked part of the street throughout the morning.
Staff photographer Davie Hinshaw and Observer news partner WBTV contributed.


So far my cafe racer project is off to a good start. I have completely stripped the bike including the electrical system.
Since the above picture was taken, I have also taken off the carbs, stock airbox, and hack-sawed part the back frame off. I also bought some sweet renthal ultralow handle bars and placed them on the forks giving the bike a nice trcaker/brat look. I bought paint stripper and some high quality spray paint in order to paint the gas tank. I plan on stripping the paint down to the metal then taping up a sweet diagonal stripe similar to the build below.
I will be working on the painting if the weather is good before I leave for spring break. Upon my return, I plan on cleaning and de-greasing the entire bike and engine. I ordered a custom brat/cafe style seat that will hopefully be here by then too which I can mount on giving the bike it’s base look. I might need to design a flat seat pan in order to bolt the seat on as well. This would also give me options to mount and hide the battery, wiring, and brake lines. I really want to try and keep the triangle of the bike frame open giving the bike a lighter, and simpler look such as the bikes below.
I really like the metal and black look or might even try and incorporate some white into it too but want to make the seat and handlebar grips tan in order to add eye catching and classy accents to the bike.
Another part of the bike I originally did not plan on tackling until summer is the electrical system. The wiring harness was overly comlicated and very bulky so I plan on rewiring the entire bike down to the bare minimums of what I need. Below is a diagram I found that will help me with the rewiring process.
Below is what the original wiring used to be.
Definitely going to be a challenge but it will pay off tremendously in the end. I also purchased a battery I can mount in any direction meaning I can hide the battery by mounting it on the swing arm or under the bike as opposed to dangling in the triangle I want to open up.
The last task I need to tackle is taking off the wheels and giving them a nice coat of black paint. While the wheels are off I plan on dropping the forks down an inch or two to give the bike a flatter, more aggressive look. I hope to find some affordable rear shocks to update the suspension as well and will be looking after spring break to swap the stock ones out also raising the back off the ground an inch or so.
Overall, the bike is coming along nicely along I have realized this will be more challenging than I expected. I expect to finish the aesthetic portion of the project before the end of the class but am still worried about finishing the electrical portion in time. Although it is not crucial to the project scope of this class it would still be nice to be able to drive this baby to classes during the end of spring and show off my hard work.


text:
Kansas City Royals
Vin Mazzaro pitched six stellar innings and the Kansas City Royals beat punchless Oakland 2-0 Sunday, handing the Athletics their third shutout in four games.
Josh Reddick and Adam Rosales each drove in a pair of runs, and the Athletics took advantage of three errors by Kansas City on their way to a 9-3 victory in a Saturday matinee.
Cuban defector Yoenis Cespedes went hitless in his second game of the spring for the Oakland Athletics, who overcame Eric Hosmer’s homer, double and four RBIs to beat the Kansas City Royals on Sunday.
A person familiar with the agreement tells The Associated Press that outfielder Melky Cabrera and the San Francisco Giants have agreed to a $6 million, one-year contract and avoided salary arbitration.
Guillermo Moscoso held Kansas City hitless until rookie Salvador Perez singled with two outs in the eighth inning, and the Oakland Athletics beat the Royals 7-0 Wednesday.
Eric Hosmer and Jeff Francoeur hit back-to-back home runs in the second inning, Danny Duffy won for the first time in more than a month and the Kansas City Royals beat the Oakland Athletics 7-4 on Tuesday.
Kevin Kouzmanoff and Kurt Suzuki each homered for the Oakland Athletics 5-2 win over the Kansas City Royals.
The defending champion San Francisco Giants head back to the Bay Area with some uncertainty in their roster.
Alex Gordon hit a two-run homer to lift the Kansas City Royals to a 4-3 victory over an Oakland Athletics split-squad on Wednesday.
The Athletics have boosted their offense and added a reliable outfielder, acquiring David DeJesus from the Kansas City Royals for right-hander Vin Mazzaro and minor league lefty Justin Marks.

domain: news


Measure anything anywhere
Existent portable 3D systems available on the market include articulated arm coordinate measuring machines (portable arms), laser trackers and hand held optical scanners. Our universal Metrolog X4 software can enhance any portable 3D measuring device.
Metrolog X4 is compatible with
|Portable arms||Hand-held systems||Laser trackers|
|Wenzel, Faro, Hexagon, Kreon, Nikon||Creaform, Metronor, Nikon||Hexagon (Leica)
Portable metrology solutions
Portable articulated arms allow bringing directly the measuring system to the job and measure on the spot rather than bringing large parts into a dedicated 3D metrology facility.
Laser trackers are suited for large volume measurement, and the alignment and inspection of tooling, fixtures and equipment.
Handheld scanners for industrial applications have no need for external tracking devices such as CMM/portable arms, innovative positioning targets allow quick and easy setup with accuracy guaranteed, allowing complete freedom of scanning even in confined spaces. The quality of scan data is among the best available for portable scanning devices, providing high accuracy and resolution.
However, combinations of different categories of portable metrology are equally possible. For instance, a portable arm can be paired with a laser tracker in the form of a tracked arm has also seen the extension of the portable arm into larger volume inspection tasks. The laser tracker has also seen a focus recently on hand held tactile probing and hand held scanners increasing further the application depth of the laser tracker into production metrology applications.
Gain a competitive edge with portable metrology
With the rise of portable metrology, inspection and quality assurance have spread out to almost all industries. Mainstream, portable CMM can push metrology and manufacturing industry forward by enabling the use a portable CMM right on the factory floor, in particular for small and medium sized parts, gaining data in real-time that can be shared across multiple factories improving production on a larger level than just a single manufacturing run.
Performing inspection directly in the manufacturing environment
Portable metrology solutions collect accurate measurements directly on the shopfloor environments, hence improving productivity and efficiency.
Precise 3D control of all kinds of parts
From precise mechanical part, to free form parts that come in different shapes, colours, complex surfaces and sizes, even parts that frequently move during the inspection process.
Ensuring high performance for large data set acquisition
Given that, the majority of these systems are equipped with optical sensor technology; this makes Metrolog X4 software the best fit because it provides unparalleled performance for large data sets (point clouds).
In a nutshell, portable industrial metrology systems enable fast and simple 3D measurement. Metrologic Group software solutions just make them better.
Why make use of portable measuring devices?
- Your process requires a portable 3D measurement solution for small and medium applications directly on the shop floor or in field conditions,
- You are looking for a cost-effective alternative to CMM or devices that are not expert-oriented,
- You have already a CMM and you’d like to equip your shop floor with an additional portable solution to speed up your quality control productivity,
- You are new to 3D metrology and a portable measuring device sounds like a good solution to start with.
The right software to boost your portable measuring device
Whatever your portable metrology device, our Metrolog X4 software is the best fit because it can be used with or without CAD file, and it interfaces with all types of portable devices available on the market. This is particularly true when you’re already using our universal 3D inspection software with your CMM, and you’d like to maintain your level of software expertise when acquiring a new portable measuring device for several reasons:
- program data transfer,
- working sessions,
- reporting templates,
- and above all, to avoid multiplying the management of several software solutions.
Gain peace of mind with Metrolog X4 software
Fast to set up and easy to use, Metrolog X4 enables a seamless measurement workflow using portable metrology solutions in addition to existent conventional 3D measuring machine park.
With comprehensive tools and the most complete set of features on the market.
Better throughput and important time saving via performant & easy to use software architecture.
A proven results accuracy. Fostered relationships with major 3D measurement equipment brands.
Extend the capabilities of your solution
Built-in software provided with portable measurement systems are predominantly limited at the operating level, non-universal, and with lengthy point cloud processing time and approximate results.
Not only replacing the built-in software by our universal software solution does not require any physical modification of the device, but it enables a thorough use of the equipment and the most extensive universality on the market. Furthermore, our software solutions have repeatedly proven to be a significant time-saviour delivering real-time most accurate results directly at the point of production.


Cloudy skies with a few showers after midnight. Low 32F. Winds SSW at 5 to 10 mph. Chance of rain 30%.
Light rain early... then remaining cloudy with showers in the afternoon. High 39F. Winds SSW at 10 to 15 mph. Chance of rain 80%.
Rain showers early tapering to some drizzle late. Low 37F. Winds SSW at 10 to 15 mph. Chance of rain 50%.


One of my formative childhood movie watching experiences was All the President’s Men. I saw the movie in my early teens and was the only person in my high school modern U.S. History class who knew what Watergate was or who Bernstein and Woodward were.
I also grew up in a household which valued journalism. Both my parents were reporters at various points in their careers and my grandfather was a sports journalist for forty years.
Because of this background, I probably have a very noble idea of the tenets of journalism. I believe the press is the the unofficial fourth branch of the government’s checks and balances system. It is a watchdog and should question those in power. Journalists should ask tough questions about the government’s own behavior rather than becoming a mouthpiece.
During a time in which the transparency and morals of the American government are being questioned because of drone strikes, NSA surveillance, and other tactics in the ongoing war against terror, Nora Ephron‘s post-humous play, Lucky Guy, reflects on the values of the investigative journalism of New York’s tabloid heyday in the 1980s and 90s.
“I think she [Ephron] always saw the signposts of human behavior that mark the era in which we lived,” said Tom Hanks, who stars as reporter Mike McAlary, in a recent interview on Charlie Rose.
Lucky Guy is a play about a reporter, Mike McAlary, who circulates between Newsday, the New York Daily News, and the New York Post at different points in his career. The story, as Ephron tells it, is McAlary, a hard-working reporter, dreams of one day becoming a newspaper columnist like the famed Jimmy Breslin.
And even though McAlary may have an ego the size of Cleveland, his love and respect for journalism ring through whatever spells of ego-mania he experiences.
“We write the first draft of history. We’re the voice of the people. If it wasn’t for us, we’d be living in a dictatorship,” McAlary tells his editor.
Tabloid newspapers seem an unlikely source for strong investigative journalism, but that’s exactly what McAlary wrote. During the 1980s, McAlary uncovered the story of the Buddy Boys, a ring of corrupt policemen in New York’s 77th Precinct.
In 1997, while McAlary was undergoing chemotherapy for colon cancer, he reported on the Louima case, about the police torture of a young man in Brooklyn. His work earned him a Pulitzer Prize.
Although the play takes place in the 1980s and 90s, it’s interesting to consider what its playwright, Ephron, a former journalist herself, and its main character, McAlary, would think of current events such as Bradley Manning‘s trial, Edward Snowden leaking information about NSA surveillance, and the death of journalist Michael Hastings.
Manning and Snowden aren’t reporters, but they seem to share the same high morals which investigative journalists have. High morals, in this case, means coming across information—whether it is information about national security operations or corrupt cops—which gives one pause about what is going on, why is this happening, and on whom’s authority. In tManning and Snowden’s cases, they felt it was information the American people deserved to know.
Alan Rusbridger, an editor at The Guardian, the British newspaper which has been publishing the leaked NSA documents from Snowden, said he thought Snowden’s reasoning for leaking the information was two-fold.
“It brings up two philosophical questions. One is the ability to report. Reporting requires a transaction between source and reporter and if those transactions can’t be private, that’s the end of investigative reporting. It’s something society ought to think about. The other is protest. The ability to protest and dissent from the economic or environmental or political system we have and if those methods [that the NSA is using] are starting to be used to anticipate or suppress or cut off forms of protest, then you’re moving into a kind of government or surveillance state which has no happy precedence in history. From his desk, he [Snowden] saw this and said that’s what we ought to be discussing. You can’t have that debate without putting facts into the public domain,” Rusbridger said in a June 27 interview on Charlie Rose.
In today’s society, it’s difficult to name a journalist who could be considered a true investigative reporter, but that’s exactly what Michael Hastings was.
His unwillingness to buy into the party line when it came to government officials led him to write a Rolling Stone profile on General Stanley McChrystal, “The Runaway General”. McChrystal was the commander of NATO’s International Security Assistance Force in the Afghanistan war and Hastings’ profile uncovered his contempt for civilian officials in Afghanistan. The story led to the general’s resignation.
On June 18, Hastings died in a high-speed single automobile crash in Los Angeles. After the crash, it was revealed Hastings believed he was being investigated by the FBI. Questions remain around his death.
Hastings, much as McAlary did, believed in the freedom of the press above all. They believed by uncovering the truth and questioning authority, they were serving the public. The public still needs those who believe in the tenets of journalism. Those willing to ask the hard questions.


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The Amir Hamzah, SH & Rekan has successfully represented employees who have been the victims of discrimination. Conversely, the attorneys at Amir Hamzah, SH & Rekan have successfully defended employers who have been falsely charged with discriminating against employees. The following are the types of unlawful discriminatory practices that the attorneys at Amir Hamzah, SH & Rekan have zealously opposed and successfully litigated on behalf of their clients:
The Indonesian Constitution supports the same wage principle for the same job. The Constitution states that all persons are entitled to obtain employment and receive wage and fair treatment in employment.
The Manpower Act guarantees that every worker / laborer is entitled to equal treatment without discrimination from employers. Indonesia has ratified the ILO Convention No. 100 concerning Equal Wages that govern the prohibition of discrimination against equal employment by gender. Wage differences based on employment appraisal are not discriminatory.
Source: Article 28D (2) of the 1945 Constitution, Article 6 of the Manpower Law (Law 13/2003).
There is no discrimination
In accordance with the Indonesian Constitution, everyone is equal to the law and government. Everyone is entitled to work that meets a standard of living worthy of humanity.
The Manpower Act also prohibits all forms of discrimination. All workers / laborers have equal opportunity to obtain employment and get equal treatment without discrimination from employers. Termination of employment is prohibited if done on the basis of ideology, religion, political choice, ethnicity, race, color, social group, physical condition or marital status of a worker.
Employers who employ disabled people are obliged to provide protection to the workers concerned depending on the type of disability (due to the disability).
Sources: Articles 5,6 & 27 of the 1945 Constitution; Articles 67 & 153 of the Manpower Law (Law No.13 / 2003); Law on Persons with disabilities (Law No. 8/2016)
Equal treatment of women in the workplace
Women can work in the same industry because there is no prohibition in the rules. The Constitution grants the right to choose any profession to all citizens. The Constitution states: "All citizens are entitled to decent work and wages for humanity." The Constitution also states: "Everyone has the right to work and earn just wages and treatment at work."
Source: Article 27 (verse 2) & 28D (2) of the 1945 Constitution
Disclaimer: While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of this publication, it is not intended to provide legal advice as individual situations will differ and should be discussed with a lawyer. For specific technical or legal advice on the information provided and related topics, please contact the attorneys at Amir Hamzah, SH & Rekan Law Office.
Rules on fair treatment at work
• Act No. 13 of 2003 on Manpower Act no. 13 of 2003
• Law no. 80 of 1957 on the Agreement of the Convention of the International Labor Organization No. 100 on Wages for Male and Female Workers for Equal Works. 80, 1957 on the approval of the International labor Organization No: 100 on Equal remuneration for men and women workers for work of equal value
• Law no. 21 of 1999 on the Agreement of the Convention of the International Labor Organization No.111 on Discrimination in Employment and Occupation / Act no. 21, 1999 on the approval of the International labor Organization Convention No: 111 on Discrimination (Employment and Occupation)

domain: law


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Mineral Sands – Tronox
2021-11-26 · Mineral sands are within a class of ore deposits that contain heavy minerals such as ilmenite, zircon, leucoxene, and rutile. The most important, naturally occurring minerals that are mined to produce titanium dioxide (TiO 2) feedstock are ilmenite, leucoxene and rutile.The minerals are either used as feedstock in their natural form or in an upgraded form, such as …
Industrial Minerals Limited – High Purity Silica Sands ...
Industrial Minerals is a diversified Industrial Mineral developer with a primary focus on High Purity Silica Sand, Industrial Minerals will focus on exploring and developing its highly prospective Australian High Purity Silica Sands and complementary Industrial Mineral Projects. Industrial Minerals holds ownership of seven High Purity ...
Top mining companies in the US
2018-11-2 · The US mining companies supplies coal, metals, industrial minerals, sand, and gravel to businesses, manufacturers, utilities and others. A significant amount of power generated in the country is from coal. The US mining industry''s activities include extraction, beneficiation, and processing of naturally occurring solid minerals from the earth.
2021-11-23 · Medallion has spent years working with heavy mineral-sand mining companies seeking monazite supply arrangements, and recently partnered with trading house Talaxis Ltd to secure supplies. Monazite contains thorium (and a small amount of uranium), which is a slightly radioactive material that needs to be handled safely.
The 10 Best Sand Mining Companies in South Africa
8 - LEONS SAND & STONE - Durban. 675 SUNSET AVENUE CHATSWORTH . Durban . Kwazulu Natal . 4093. Since 2001, topsoil and fill sand, plaster, building, we have been suppliers of quality sifted & unsifted river, and stone. For quotes and queries please contact Leon on 0834602731 at….
Mineral Sands Industry Information
2019-11-27 · mineral sands, heavy mineral (HM) grade provides a good indication of the cost of mining - how much ore needs to be moved to capture heavy mineral. However, most mineral sands mines produce several product streams – predominantly ilmenite, with lesser quantities of the more valuable minerals of rutile and zircon.
Westland Mineral Sands Company Limited
2 Careful land use The overall long-term sustainability of our operation is heavily dependent on the quality of the post-mining landscape of our sites. As much of the mineral sand is under productive farmland, we have a responsibility to the landowners, the local authorities, and the West Coast community to ensure it is returned with a similar level of agricultural productivity.
About Us | Strandline Resources Limited
Ms Atkins has 7+ years of non-executive director experience with listed companies & NFPs. She is currently a non-executive director of ASX200 global contract mining company, Perenti Global (ASX: PRN) and International Women in Mining (a NFP). She is a former director of The Australasian Institute of Mining & Metallurgy (The AusIMM).
Company Overview | TiZir Limited
Company Overview. TiZir Limited is a vertically integrated zircon and titanium business which owns the Grande Côte mineral sands mine in Senegal and the TiZir Titanium and Iron ilmenite upgrading facility in Norway. The company is jointly owned 50/50 by Mineral Deposits Limited of Australia and ERAMET of France.
About Us | Strandline Resources Limited
Mr Garofalo is a finance and corporate executive with over 20 years'' experience in the mining industry. He was most recently Commercial Manager at Fortescue Metals Group and has held several other senior executive roles for ASX-listed mining companies, including General Manager of Finance, CFO and Company Secretary.
Mineral Sand Mining
Qld-based minerals company focused on commercialising extraction of rare earths and critical minerals at plant in Gladstone region. A Queensland-based minerals company, focused on commercialising the extraction of rare earths and critical minerals from bauxite residue and neutralizing the remaining solid residue for beneficial re-use is hoping to build a large scale …
2021-8-25 · We are an international mineral sands company with expertise in exploration, mining, processing, marketing and rehabilitation. More about us. Go to content. Part of everyday life. Zircon and titanium dioxide minerals are used in a wide array of products that are part of everyday life. End use products.
Mining & Exploration – Regius
Regius Resources is currently exploring the gold, graphite and heavy mineral sands potential of Mozambique. Their up and coming graphite project is situated in the Cabo Delgado Province of Northern Mozambique. The heavy mineral sands project is situated near the famous Corridor Sands, heavy mineral deposit in the Xai-Xai District of Southern Mozambique.
2021-11-21 · His commodities experience cuts across copper-gold, mineral sands, tin and iron ore in companies including Consolidated Rutile, Ok Tedi Mining, Nautilus Minerals and Atlas Iron. Fletcher Hancock Legal Counsel. Mr Fletcher Hancock has extensive experience in mining, energy and resources sectors having previously acted as Legal Counsel for ...

domain: chemistry


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Sometimes, our body lacks enough energy to cope with daily tasks while maintaining the active defenses it needs to protect itself from external agents such as climate change or viruses, which can affect the body's well-being. Therefore, it is important that we help our body to improve its presence of defenses and energies.
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A product of natural origin that provides energy, reconstructive and defensive properties of the body.

domain: medical


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In the s, a writer was researching legends and folklore.
By the time anyone realized what was happening, that the crooked man was real, it was already too late.
Beside this funny pair of feet, With small and sturdy hand, You wrote your own initials as You write them in the sand.
You will see my tiny footprints, in the rustle of the leaves.
Loved this poem.
Never fall in love my friend, You'll see it doesnt pay, It isn't worth the heartache it causes on the way.
And the grave is not the goal; Dust thou art, to dust returnest, Was not spoken of the soul.
I want to be the softness that induces you to trust.
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And, departing, leave behind us footprints on the sands of time.

domain: literature


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Wanamingo Wins MBA Region 5C Title
The Wanamingo Jacks continued their dominance in the Minnesota Baseball Association Region 5C Tournament Friday night capturing the championship.
The Jacks rolled by the Austin Greyhounds 9-1 in Red Wing.
Wanamingo scored 4 runs in the first inning and never looked back. Brady Anfinson went the distance on the mound allowing 5 hits, walking 2 and striking out 2 batters. He also hit a batter.
The Jacks cranked out 13 hits in the game with five guys having multiple hit performances.
Peder Sviggum had 2 hits including a double. Sam Roosen 2 hits and an RBI. Eric Swiggum had 2 hits including a triple and RBI. Alex Roosen hammered 3 hits including a double and 3 RBI. Brady Anfinson added 2 hits, 3RBI.
In addition to winning Region 5C the victory gives Wanamingo a bye on the opening weekend of the State Tournament which is next weekend.
Later today the Elimination Bracket games are being played in Red Wing.
At 1:00 p.m. Hastings and Stewartville-Racine will play followed by a 4:00 p.m. contest between Cannon Falls and defending Region 5C Champion Rochester.
The Roadrunners were defeated by Stewartville-Racine the first game of Regions while the Bears suffered a tough 2-1 loss to Wanamingo in the Winner's Bracket Semifinals last weekend.
The winners of those games are scheduled to play at 7:00 p.m. tonight in Red Wing.
Wanamingo outscorred their opponents in the title run 24-2 in the three games they played in the Region 5C Tournament.
In Region 6C Waterville faces St. Clair at 11:00 a.m. in Arlington after St. Clair edged Blue Earth last night 2-1 in 10 innings.
The other loser's bracket game is 1:30 p.m. when Waseca plays Gaylord. The Islanders ended Minnesota Lake's season Friday night.
Winners of those games play at 4:00 p.m. with the winner receiving the #3 seed out of Region 6C.
The Championship game at 7:00 p.m. tonight has top seed Jordan facing the Cinderella of the Tournament Eagle Lake. The Expos were the #12 seed and knocked off #5 Blue Earth, #4 Gaylord and #2 Waterville to advance to the title game.
The Brewers opened Region 6C with a 4-1 win over Wells, then defeated LeSueur 14-0 before cruising by Waseca 10-2.
The winner is Region Champion and has a bye opening weekend of state next weekend in Chasa, Waconia and Hamburg.
In Section 1B Dundas saw their season end falling to Hampton 5-2 in Hampton. The Cardinals will play at Elko Sunday, August 15, 2021 at 2:00 p.m. for the #4 seed from the section to advance.
Miesville is the #1 seed, Rochester Royals are #2 seed, New Market the #3 seed out of Section 1B.
How do you feel about climate change?
LOOK: The most expensive weather and climate disasters in recent decades
Would you have guessed these drinks would be have been on these states list?


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DIY Book Nok Kits
Crafting Literary Magic with DIY Book Nok Kits
In the realm of creative expression and literary passion, DIY Book Nok kits emerge as enchanting gateways to miniature worlds. These captivating kits allow you to weave stories and scenes from your favorite books into tangible, awe-inspiring displays. Let's embark on an immersive journey into the magic of DIY Book Nok kits, exploring why they have become a beloved pastime for enthusiasts worldwide.
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Connect with fellow DIY enthusiasts and share your unique creations in the DIY Book Nok community. From valuable tips and tricks to showcasing your finished masterpieces, the community serves as a hub for inspiration and camaraderie.
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In conclusion, DIY Book Nok kits transcend ordinary crafting, offering a gateway to personalized literary escapes. Elevate your reading space with the magic of DIY Book Nok and let your creativity unfurl in a world of enchantment. Happy crafting!

domain: artistic


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Pros and cons of international tourism essay
Depletion of Natural Resources.
Advantages and disadvantages of tourism ielts essay
Tourists often lack respect for local traditions and culture, refuse to follow local dress standards, get drunk in public, or behave rudely or inappropriately towards locals. In the year the U. The increasing tax make the company goes up the price of their product. Tourism does more harm than good in the world. Otherwise, not a few of them criticized with the negative influence on pricing of local product. To begin with, the tourist trade is vital for some economies. This is fine in good times, but it can leave the country vulnerable to economic ruin in the long run and can contribute to political upheaval or natural disasters. Source Do you think that overall, the advantages of tourism outweight the disadvantages? Strong brand presence and awareness in the local market ii. On the one hand, some people think that international tourism activities bring some disadvantages for the local societies. International tourism has brought enormous benefit to many places. Cultural Pros and Cons of Tourism Benefits It promotes cross-cultural connections, appreciation, and understanding.
Cultural Pros and Cons of Tourism Benefits It promotes cross-cultural connections, appreciation, and understanding. Secondly, from an economic perspective, tourism industry plays a vital role in many countries.
New York, USA, with That is not to say that the tourism industry is flawless.
Tourism Dependence. As for the negative effects, it really depends on how the government would make clear regulations and implement them.
Disadvantages of tourism in hawaii
Therefore, many countries now are eagerly disseminating their own unique attractions. The following essay will discuss advantages and disadvantages of international tourism. On the other hand, those that travel with a group and don't interact with locals or merely visit tourist sites and never wander off the beaten path may not enjoy this benefit at all. I believe that these benefits of tourism outweigh its drawbacks. Merely visiting a place is not enough to expose a person to culture. Some estimate that cruise ships to the Caribbean create over 70, tons of annual waste. Total Words: They make the major profits, leaving local businesses with relatively little benefit. On the other hand, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism tried to expand the popularity of K-pop such as established thousands of Korean Cultural 9 Centers worldwide. Its mean they will increase import our product. In Indonesia case, such as currency depreciation rupiah bring Indonesia into to the weakness economy. Do the disadvantages of international tourism outweigh the advantages?
Source Many places in the world rely heavily on tourism as a key source of income and employment. In conclusion, it seems to me that the potential dangers of international tourism on the environment and culture are more significant than the possible benefits on personal and economical sectors.
You could start applying for colleges, get accepted to one, and then go to college right out of high school; or you could do the same thing, but take a year off. So, this may lead to loss of many cultural features and values.
In conclusion, despite its negative effects, I personally believe that global tourism industries would bring more benefits to the local inhabitants and communities. The income generated can make up a significant proportion of both private, local, and national incomes.
based on 117 review

domain: sociology