text:
Repost from onearth – A Survival Guide for the Planet
An Accident Waiting to HappenAs oil trains derail across the United States, a windswept—and vulnerable—stretch of Montana’s Glacier National Park underscores the folly of transporting crude by rail. by Elizabeth Royte, February 20, 2014
For more than a century railroads have hauled freight and people through this stretch of the Rockies. Glacier owes its existence, in fact, to the Great Northern Railway, which back in 1910 vigorously promoted the legislation that would establish a brand new national park, to which the railroad would soon be hauling wealthy visitors. Railroads, of course, are integral to U.S. commerce, and no one blinks when mile-long trains pass through small towns, big cities, and vast stretches of prairie, desert, and forests. Or at least they didn’t blink until recently, when shippers began to fill so many of those railcars with oil. In 2009, western crude filled a mere 8,000 tanker cars; in 2013, thanks to increased production in the Bakken, it filled 400,000.
The vast majority of America’s oil is still transported via pipeline, which is a significantly cheaper means of conveyance than rail. But building new pipelines to handle the glut of Bakken crude is expensive, time-consuming, and increasingly stymied by political opposition; by landowners unwilling to grant easements; and, if the pipeline crosses federal land, by heightened environmental review. Train tracks, on the other hand, already crisscross the nation, and freight railroads are now investing tens of billions of dollars on new locomotives, on the upgrading of track, and on so-called transloading facilities, where oil is either funneled into unit trains (which consist of 100 or more oil tankers) or pumped out of them and transferred to refineries, river barges, or ships. In 2013, 69 percent of Bakken oil traveled by rail; that percentage is expected to reach 90 percent this year.
But with that increase comes another—an increase in the risk of environmental catastrophe. According to the Federal Railroad Administration, at least one train, on average, slips off the tracks in this country every single day. Multiply the number of train cars carrying crude oil by 50, as we did between 2009 and 2013, and you multiply the odds of a leak, a major spill, or—worse—a massive explosion commensurately. And depending on where, when, and under what circumstances such an accident were to take place, the impact could range from manageable to utterly, epically devastating.
* * *
On a snowy day in January, I follow via automobile as the Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway climbs west out of the plains near the small town of East Glacier, in a part of Montana known for its wicked winds. Gusts of over 100 miles an hour aren’t uncommon here. Driving with a local resident, I note the remains of a porch that has blown off a house and into a tree, several steel posts bent 90 degrees by westerly gales, and a railroad-erected windscreen covering the train bridge over Midvale Creek. No trains have fallen off the bridge, but high winds have been known to blow boxcars off their tracks in other exposed stretches.Photo: Joel Sartore
Pushed and pulled by two locomotives at either end, the oil tankers depart East Glacier, attain an elevation of 5,272 feet at Marias Pass, then begin their long descent, contouring along steep mountainsides, snaking through a series of wooden avalanche sheds, and curving around wetlands until they emerge, 60 miles west, in the equally tiny town of West Glacier. It’s all incredibly scenic—snow-brindled conifers, distant peaks, granite outcrops—and Amtrak tries as hard as it can to take advantage of the scenery by routing its Empire Builder passenger train through this corridor during daylight hours. Alas, there’s so much competition for rail space from oil trains these days (and, increasingly, coal trains) that the Empire Builder now has an on-time rate of less than 50 percent. Oil trains have similarly stalled the transport of North Dakota grain, causing its price to spike 20 percent. But when there’s enough light, those eastward-bound Amtrak passengers get to see, on their left, the peaks of Glacier National Park; on their right are the splendors of the Flathead National Forest, a 2-million-acre tract, half of which has been officially designated as wilderness.
“This is a particularly sensitive part of the world,” Mark Jameson, of the National Parks Conservation Association (NPCA), tells me, before ticking off its various designations: United Nations Biosphere Reserve; UNESCO World Heritage Site; hydrological apex of the North American continent; ancestral hunting grounds of the Kootenai, Salish, and Blackfeet tribes. “The park and the forest are major engines of the rural economy”—nonresidents spend more than $714 million in the region—“and these streams contain numerous species of concern, including the bull trout and the westslope cutthroat trout.”
As 2013 drew to a close, Jameson’s group began to ponder, for the first time, the repercussions of a nightmare scenario: What if a unit train were to derail here, spilling millions of gallons of oil into this unspoiled environment before bursting into flames and triggering a catastrophic explosion? Unfortunately, such a scenario isn’t so farfetched. Last July, 63 tankers filled with Bakken crude derailed and exploded in Lac Megantic, Quebec, killing 47 people and incinerating the center of the small town. Then, in November, 25 cars of Bakken oil derailed in an Alabama swamp: the ensuing explosion sent 300-foot flames into the sky and continued to burn for three days. In December a Bakken oil train collided with a derailed grain train in Casselton, North Dakota, spilling 400,000 gallons and burning for close to 24 hours while more than a thousand residents evacuated their homes in sub-zero temperatures. Since March of 2013, in fact, there have been 10 large rail-related spills of crude in the U.S. and Canada. Just two weeks ago, a southbound Canadian Pacific train leaked a trail of about 12,000 gallons of crude oil through nearly 70 miles of southeastern Minnesota.
Historically, crude oil has been placarded as a product with “low volatility,” the kind of oil that couldn’t be lit with a blowtorch. But in the wake of the Lac Megantic disaster, investigators determined that the crude coming out of North Dakota had a much lower flash point than other forms of crude, and posed a much more significant fire risk if released. (Missouri’s Department of Natural Resources is concerned enough about this risk, apparently, that the agency now requires the flaring of Bakken crude’s volatile compounds before it will allow barges to carry the stuff down the Mississippi River in that state.) The DOT-111 tankers that hold the oil are another problem entirely. Today, 85 percent of the 92,000 tank cars that haul flammable liquids around the nation are standard issue DOT-111s. For decades the National Transportation and Safety Board has been warning that this type of tanker car, in particular, punctures easily. Last fall, the Federal Railroad Administration told the Petroleum Manufacturers Institute that it had found “increasing cases of damage to tanker cars’ interior surfaces,” possibly caused by “contamination of crude by materials used in fracking.”
Earlier this year the American Association of Railroads petitioned the DOT to impose new standards on tanker cars, including thicker head shields and improved valve coverings. But retrofitting or redesigning tankers to resist corrosion and puncture would cost the industry around $3 billion, remove cars from service in an already tight market, and take several years. Lobbyists for Canadian and U.S. oil producers have asked regulators not to rush into rules that could hurt their profits, preferring that they focus instead on addressing “track defects and other root causes of train accidents.”
* * *
The derailment of a unit train along Glacier National Park’s U-shaped southern boundary is what one might deem a low-risk proposition that nevertheless carries a high-hazard potential. The cold, clear waters of this corridor—where Bear Creek, key trout-spawning territory, joins the wild and scenic Middle Fork of the Flathead River—are pristine, and they support a lucrative rafting, kayaking, and fishing industry. “Once oil gets into moving water, there’s no cleaning it up,” says Scott Bosse, the Northern Rockies director of the conservation group American Rivers. “We saw this with the Yellowstone River [pipeline] spill of July 2011, where less than 1 percent of the 63,000 gallons of crude was recovered.”
Residents of the canyon that runs between the park and the forest note that BNSF employees are a constant presence along the tracks, tweaking, upgrading, replacing, and surfacing the company’s investment. Despite their attentions, derailments along this stretch aren’t unknown: there have been 37 between 2000 and 2012—on the high end, compared with other Continental Divide railroad crossings. Some have involved strong winds; some are attributed to human error or equipment failure. According to one oil-train conductor based in North Dakota who asked to remain anonymous, BNSF pushes its employees hard. With so much traffic on the rails, he told me, “we’re working longer than the legal limit, and we’re sleep-deprived. Older and more experienced conductors and engineers are retiring, leaving us with young and inexperienced workers.” Another BNSF mechanic whom I met as he was ordering lunch at a roadhouse near Essex, Montana, told me that wet rails were a perennial problem. “Trains spin their wheels and dig holes in the track.” The grade, too, worried him. “It takes a lot to stop a train coming down from the Pass.”
* * *
So how would a worst-case scenario play out? Picture this: a unit train jumps the track just west of the Continental Divide. Cars tumble off the rail bed, bouncing and ricocheting off each other. Tankers puncture, oil spills and flows, and a spark detonates a massive explosion.
Then the phone rings in the Flathead County Office of Emergency Response, an hour and a half away in the town of Kalispell.
Photo: Loco Steve
Cindy Mullaney, deputy director of that office, explains what would happen next. “What we’d do is send the jurisdictional fire chief out to size up the situation: what have we got, where’s it going, which way is the wind blowing, and do we have ways to mitigate it,” she says. “If the spill is in the river, we have boom, absorbent pads, and sea curtains cached here in Kalispell. The road department has more of that stuff.”
When I ask her whether the geography of the corridor presents any specific challenges to emergency response, Mullaney replies matter-of-factly. “The biggest problem is that you’re on uneven ground,” she says. “A lot of it’s very steep and rocky. There’s a huge amount of snow in the winter. You throw a river in there, the avalanche danger, the limited communication capabilities, limited evacuation sites with a helicopter, the long distance from any type of resources, … it’s gonna be challenging, no doubt about it.”
Montana has six highly trained and well-supplied hazmat teams spread out around the state. The nearest to the Continental Divide, however, is 90 minutes away. Closer to the corridor are a handful of local fire departments that can respond more quickly but that must nevertheless rely on volunteers—most of whom lack up-to-date (or in some cases, any) turn-out gear, advanced training, and the right tools for containing spills or combating fires borne of hazardous materials.
Depending on where it happened and how high the winds were blowing, Charles Farmer, director of emergency services for Glacier County (just east of the Continental Divide), says that an accident in his area could be “devastating, catastrophic. We’d have no capabilities to handle it. We would organize an evacuation.” Ben Steele, East Glacier’s fire chief, answers in much the same way. “We’re not even close to having enough people to respond if there’s a spill,” he tells me. “We typically get only six or seven volunteers to respond. We haven’t had any training on hazardous materials.”
We talk about the Casselton and Lac Megantic unit train fires, which burned so intensely that responders couldn’t even count the number of cars that were going up in flames, right before their eyes, for more than a day. I ask Steele how he and his volunteers would manage such a situation. “We’d use the rule of thumb,” he tells me. “You hold up your thumb in front of your eye and you back away until the fire is completely hidden.” Meanwhile, a conflagration in the steep, windy canyon could rapidly spread over hundreds of acres. And a spill in the river, especially during the spring runoff season, “could pollute 1,000 miles of shoreline.”
* * *
Jeffery Mow has been the supervisor of Glacier National Park for fewer than six months, but he has special reason to worry about oil-related accidents. A lean man with a cheery, eager manner, he began his Parks Department career more than two decades ago in Alaska as a ranger, and then later a supervisor, in Kenai Fjords National Park. After the Exxon Valdez ran aground in 1989, Mow investigated the 11-million-gallon oil spill for the Park Service and the Department of Justice. (Oil washed onto the shores of both Kenai and Katmai National Parks.) Then, when the Deepwater Horizon gushed more than 200 million gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico in 2011, the U.S. Department of the Interior sent Mow to Louisiana to act as its incident commander. Despite massive billion-dollar cleanup operations in both locations, he says from behind his desk in the park’s West Glacier headquarters, “the legacy continues. The oil is still out there.”
Shortly after arriving at Glacier, Mow recalls, “several people brought it to my attention that, gosh, these are really long trains coming through here. That piqued my interest.” Soon afterward, he sat down with officials from BNSF, from whom he learned that he’d be seeing a minimum of one unit train a day—containing 3 million gallons of oil—and up to 10 unit trains a week. Mow also learned, to his dismay, that BNSF’s contingency plan for that oil was “their contingency plan for any other hazardous material they transport, which usually comes along in mixed loads.”
Photo: Loco Steve
But as Mow well understands, Bakken crude is no ordinary hazmat. BNSF recently hired a consultant to forge a detailed response plan specific to hauling crude through this region. Matt Jones, a railroad spokesperson, said it would include highly detailed maps of the entire route and strategies on how to deploy containment booms in the Middle Fork of the Flathead River or any other nearby body of water. For his part, Mow says he hopes that whatever form the new approach takes, it will entail simulations such as field and tabletop exercises that will allow local officials to rehearse their responses. “We want to have a robust ability to respond, and not try to figure out what we’re doing when we’re in the middle of it,” he says.
Park officials are also eager to learn if the railroad—which is already planning to spend $5 billion to expand capacity, maintain track, and buy locomotives and equipment in 2014—will be building any more avalanche sheds. Currently, eight of these structures have been erected to protect trains from the snow that regularly plummets down 40 separate avalanche paths within a 9-mile stretch. In 2004, three avalanches derailed 119 empty rail cars and struck a commercial truck on the highway; a fourth narrowly missed cleanup crews. Between them, these avalanches shut down the tracks for 29 hours, creating a 70-mile backup of freight traffic.
Concerned with the ongoing potential for financial and human carnage, in 2005 BNSF requested permission from Glacier National Park to control avalanches using explosive charges and military artillery. But before the park could complete its own environmental impact study, the railroad withdrew its request. The environmental impact study went forward, however, and in the end rejected the use of explosives in favor of building new snow sheds. The cost: $5.4 million, amortized over a 50-year period. The railroad, “which had been concerned enough about train safety to propose bombing the national park,” according to the NPCA’s Michael Jameson, declined to build.
Regarding their decision, Mow simply sighs. “It’s not something we can force them to do,” he tells me.
* * *
I glance out the window of Mow’s office and take in the primeval forest of Douglas fir, aspen, birch, and lodgepole pine. A pair of bald eagles spirals over the southern end of Lake McDonald. Perhaps moved by the elemental beauty of the scene, Denise Germann, the park’s management assistant, jumps into the conversation. “This isn’t just a track moving to a destination,” she says, with some passion. “It’s a track moving through public land, going through pristine country. It’s going through land that has many different [values]—whether it’s recreation or economic or scenery or wilderness.”
She’s recapping, essentially, all that we’ve been discussing so far. And yet it bears repeating, since no plan of anyone’s devising can possibly guarantee safe passage through a high-risk corridor of a hundred or more oil-filled tanker cars a day.
Mow acknowledges her statement with a somber nod. And as he does, I can’t help but recall what Larry Timchak, the president of the Flathead Valley chapter of Trout Unlimited, told me at an earlier point during my trip to Montana.
“The probability of an accident over time,” he said, “ is 1.”OnEarth contributing editor Elizabeth Royte also writes for the New York Times Book Review, which called her “no stranger to the pleasures and perils of chasing errant pieces of plastic and other castoffs to surprising (and often disgusting) places.” She’s the author of Bottlemania: How Water Went on Sale and Why We Bought It and Garbage Land: On the Secret Trail of Trash.


This weekend the Rossini Festival was in Downtown Knoxville. As Baltimore burns, Ferguson lays in ruins and every police officer is fully aware that they are on camera. So, is Mayor Rogero combined with Facebook, photos of public officials become public domain. A credible www.BrianHornback.Com source discovered one and sent it to me. Here it is.


Jonathan Traylor is a triple threat, and maybe more. As a world-class singer/songwriter, producer/musician, and dancer, the 29-year-old is poised to breathe new energy into the faith-based music scene with his unapologetically wild sound and style. The Dallas-raised performer is known for using contemporary sounds and high-energy stage performances, while leading audiences in heartfelt and surrendered moments of worship, all with the goal of infusing the culture with the message of the Gospel in a way that is real and relevant.
“I want to make music that helps not just the churched, but the unchurched,” Jonathan explains. “Christ wants everyone to have a seat at the table. It is not an exclusive thing. I want to make music that connects everyone and brings everyone to the table.”


|Publication number||US5076494 A|
|Application number||US 07/698,249|
|Publication date||Dec 31, 1991|
|Filing date||May 6, 1991|
|Priority date||Dec 18, 1989|
|Publication number||07698249, 698249, US 5076494 A, US 5076494A, US-A-5076494, US5076494 A, US5076494A|
|Inventors||Chester D. Ripka|
|Original Assignee||Carrier Corporation|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (11), Referenced by (83), Classifications (9), Legal Events (5)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 452,038, filed Dec. 18, 1989, abandoned.
This invention relates generally to an integrated system for space heating and for heating water for general service use. Specifically, the invention relates to a heating system having a water heating module employing the latent heat of condensation of the hot gases of combustion from the system burner to preheat fluids entering the relatively small fluid heating volume of the module and thus achieving a high thermal efficiency.
Conventional space heating systems using a central furnace all operate on the same general principles. Air for a space to be heated is circulated through and is heated by a heat exchanger. The heat exchanger may be in contact with the burning fuel and its hot gases of combustion or in contact with a secondary fluid which has been heated by a burning fuel. Such systems are usually either of the forced air or hydronic type, but may be a combination of both. Most such systems in general use have indirect furnaces, in which the air being heated is not in direct contact with the burning fuel or its gases of combustion.
In a conventional forced air heating system, the furnace has a combustion chamber in which a flame generates heat and gases of combustion. The heat and combustion gases rise through an attached heat exchanger before exiting through a flue or chimney. Air from the space to be heated is circulated around the exterior of the heat exchanger where it is heated by convection and conduction from the heat exchanger.
In a conventional hydronic heating system, a fluid is heated in a heat exchanger in contact with burning fuel within a furnace. The fluid heat exchanger is in a closed loop by which heated fluid is circulated to radiators located in the space to be heated. The air in the space is usually heated by convective flow around the radiators.
In a combination system, a fluid is heated as in a hydronic system, but then circulates through a closed loop to a heat exchanger, where forced air passes over the heat exchanger to be heated before being circulated as in a conventional forced air heating system.
Convection water heaters used to supply hot water for general domestic and other uses in houses and other buildings usually consist of a relatively large hot water storage tank. Cold water enters the tank, where it is heated by a flame burner located at the bottom of the tank. A flue generally passes from the combustion chamber at the bottom of the tank through the tank to carry gases of combustion produced by the burner to an external flue or chimney. In most residential and commercial installations, the system for heating water is separate from the system for space heating.
Both space heating furnaces and hot water heaters of conventional design exhaust the gases of combustion to the atmosphere through flues or chimneys while the gases are still relatively hot (sometimes in excess of 500° F.), resulting in relatively low thermal efficiencies, as much of the energy contained in the burning fuel is lost "up the flue" without heating air or water. Ambient heat losses from the relatively large volume of water in conventional hot water heaters contribute to the degradation of efficiency in those systems.
The relatively low thermal efficiency of conventional space and hot water heating systems result in higher operating costs over the life of such systems. In addition, those systems are relatively costly to install, because of the cost of the chimney or flue required, and, as is usually the case, the necessity to provide separate fuel lines and separate chimneys or flues for each of the separate space heating and water heating systems.
Economic and environmental considerations have led to increased interest in improving the thermal efficiency and eliminating energy waste in the design and construction of space and water heating systems. There is also interest in producing compact heating units which will occupy a minimum of space within buildings. Generally, however, an increase in furnace efficiency does not necessarily result in a reduction of size, because the structure of the furnace is determined by the requirement for relatively large heat exchanger surface areas to transfer heat from the burning fuel and hot combustion gases to the space air or heat transfer fluid. Similarly, hot water heater size has not decreased, but in some modern, more energy efficient designs, it has actually increased.
There is, therefore, a continued, demonstrated need for a compact, yet highly efficient integrated system for space and water heating.
An object of the present invention is to combine, in a single integrated system, the functions of both space and water heating.
Another object of the present invention is to achieve high thermal efficiency in a compact system for both space and water heating.
A further object of the invention is to attain the capability, in a compact system, to supply instantaneous and continuous hot water service and simultaneously to heat a space or spaces yet, at the same time, to minimize burner cycling during periods of lower intermittent demand for hot water.
These and other objects of the invention are attained in an integrated system having a heating module which supplies heated fluid to a fluid flow loop. The fluid is circulated in the loop to a space heating heat exchanger by a circulating pump. The module also supplies heated water for general domestic or other use. The heating module is of the high thermal efficiency condensing type and contains storage for a small volume of heated water to supply small intermittent hot water demands. The system may be configured to operate on an open loop principle, in which space heating and water heating subsystems are combined and share common lines, or a closed loop system, in which the space heating subsystem is isolated from the water heating subsystem.
The novel features embodied in the invention are pointed out in the claims which form a part of this specification. The drawings and descriptive matter describe in detail the advantages and objects attained by the invention.
The accompanying drawings form a part of the specification. Throughout the drawings, like reference numbers designate like or corresponding elements.
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of one embodiment of the present invention, in which the system operates on an open loop principle, i.e. the entire system is filled with potable water and service hot water is drawn directly from the same source that supplies hot water to the space heating heat exchanger.
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of another embodiment of the present invention, in which the system operates on a closed loop principle, i.e. the loop subsystem supplying heated fluid to the space heating heat exchanger is closed and separate from the subsystem for heating service hot water.
FIG. 1 depicts schematically one preferred embodiment of the invention, in which the system operates in an open loop principle, i.e. the entire system is filled with potable water and service hot water is drawn from the same source that supplies hot water to the space heating heat exchanger.
In FIG. 1, heating system 21 includes an integrated heating module 22, space heating heat exchanger 23 and a circulating fluid loop. Space heating heat exchanger 23 typically may be a plate fin heat exchanger or a radiator having air flowing through it in the direction of the large arrow into the space 32 to be heated. Air in space 32 may circulate through heat exchanger 23 by convection or be forced through by a fan. Heat exchanger 23 receives hot water from heating module 22 through inlet pipe 25. Water circulates from space heating heat exchanger 23 through outlet pipe 26 to circulating fluid pump 24, then is returned to heating module 22 through pump discharge pipe 27. Expansion tank 31 is connected to pump discharge pipe 27 to provide volume for expansion of water as it is heated and to dampen any pressure surges in the system.
Heating module 22 includes burner 41 in burner cavity 45 supplied with combustible gas 42 through regulator 43. The burner may be a conventional ribbon type, a jet or "inshot" burner or preferably, a radiant infrared burner. Ignition device 44, which initially lights the burner on start-up of the module, is a conventional furnace control not discussed in detail here. In such a control, a spark ignition or hot surface igniter system ignites the burner and a flame detector senses whether combustion actually occurs.
Within heating module 22 are heater tank 51 and preheater 52 separated by partition 57. Partition 57 may be insulated. Water in heater tank 51 is heated by heat from burner 41 and tank flue 53. The volume of heater tank 51 is sized to provide a small amount of stored hot water to reduce burner cycling during periods of low demand on the system. Pressure relief valve 55 protects heater tank 51 from overpressure. Tank flue 53 extends from burner cavity 45 through heater tank 51, partition 57 and preheater 52. Induction draft unit 56, such as a fan, draws on tank flue 53, causing a flow of gases of combustion from burner cavity 45, through tank flue 53 and out of the module to external vent flue 54 from which the gases are exhausted to the atmosphere. Gas flow through burner 41, burner cavity 45, tank flue 53 and vent flue 54 may also be effected by use of a blower upstream in the gas flow path. Heat is transferred to water in heater tank 51 and preheater 52 from the hot gases of combustion in tank flue 53.
Cold makeup water is supplied to the system via cold water inlet 61 from a source of water such as a potable water supply line. A check valve (not shown) may be installed in the potable water supply line upstream of cold water inlet 61 to prevent back flow into the line from system 21. Cool water returning from space heating heat exchanger 23 through pump discharge pipe 27 mixes with makeup water, if any, from cold water inlet 61 and enters preheater 52. In preheater 52, the cool water is preheated by hot gases of combustion in tank flue 53 before entering heater tank 51 via preheater-to-heater tank water transfer line 63. The preheating process also serves to condense combustion gases in tank flue 53, increasing the thermal efficiency of the module.
Hot water is drawn from heating module 22 via heater tank hot water outlet 64 on demand from either space heating heat exchanger 23 or from hot water service line 65. A thermostatic control device, not shown, is set to control the temperature of the hot water in heater tank 51. If the set temperature at heater tank hot water outlet 64 is greater than that desired in hot water service line 65, optional tempering valve 72, controlled by a thermostat (not shown), and tempering water supply line 71 can be provided to mix cold water from cold water supply 61 with hot water from heater tank hot water outlet 64 to achieve the desired water temperature in hot water service line 65.
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of another of the preferred embodiments of the invention, in which the system operates on a closed loop principle, i.e. the loop supplying heat transfer fluid to the space heating heat exchanger is closed and separate from the subsystem for heating service hot water. The heat transfer fluid in the space heating loop may be water, but preferably a mix of water and glycol.
A number of elements of the closed loop embodiment of the present invention are common or have like function to similar elements of the embodiment disclosed in the above description of the open loop system. Features that are common to the two embodiments and function similarly have the same reference numbers in the closed loop embodiment depicted in FIG. 2 as in the open loop embodiment depicted in FIG. 1. The major differences in the two embodiments are in the internal configurations of the heating modules and the connections of the modules to the remainder of the system made necessary by the requirement, in the closed loop embodiment, to isolate the space heating subsystem from the hot water service subsystem.
Referring to FIG. 2 and the above description of the open loop system shown in FIG. 1, heat transfer fluid for space heating is heated within heating module 22 by fluid heater 83 which is immersed in the water volume of heater tank 51 of heating module 22. Heat transfer fluid circulates from heating module 22 through a closed loop from heater tank hot liquid outlet 67 through heat exchanger inlet pipe 25, space heating heat exchanger 23, where heat is transferred to air to be heated, heat exchanger outlet pipe 26, circulating fluid pump 24 and pump discharge pipe 27 before returning to heating module 22. There is no mixing of the heat transfer fluid with water from cold water supply 61. Within preheater 52 of heating module 22 is fluid preheater 81, immersed in the water volume of preheater 52. When system 21 is operating, the water volume in preheater 52 will generally be at a higher temperature than the returning heat transfer fluid in fluid preheater 81. The water volume will therefore preheat the heat transfer fluid in fluid preheater 81, thus reducing the temperature of the water volume in preheater 52 and enhancing the condensation of the gases of combustion in tank flue 53. From fluid preheater 81, the heat transfer fluid flows to fluid heater 83 in heater tank 51 of heating module 22 via fluid preheater-to-fluid heater transfer line 82. Water to be heated for hot water service is taken from cold water supply 61 and flows through preheater 52, where it is preheated by and condenses the hot gases of combustion in tank flue 53. The preheated water then flows through preheater-to-heater tank water transfer line 63 into heater tank 51, where it is heated by heat from burner 41 and tank flue 53. Hot water is drawn from heating module 22 via heater tank hot water outlet 64 on demand from hot water service line 65. If necessary optional tempering valve 72, controlled by a thermostat (not shown), which mixes water from cold water supply 61 with hot water from heater tank hot water outlet 64 via tempering water supply line 71, can be provided to achieve the desired hot water service supply temperature.
The physical size and operating parameters of the system embodying the invention are variable and depend on the specific application to which the system is put. For use in a typical residential application, the heating module would have a heating capacity of approximately 110,000 BTU/HR. In such an installation, the volume of the heater tank 51 in the heating module 22 would be about six U.S. gallons. Satisfactory space heating performance should be attained with heater tank outlet temperatures in the range of 120° F.-200° F. If that range is greater than that desired in the hot water service line, the heater tank output can be tempered to attain the desired service line water temperature.
The open loop embodiment offers the advantages of reduced cost and less complexity over the closed loop embodiment. However, the closed loop system may have advantages in certain applications, such as where local building or plumbing codes prevent the use of open loop systems.
While two preferred embodiments of the present invention are shown and described, those skilled in the art will appreciate that many variations may be constructed and yet remain within the scope of the invention. As discussed above, the system of the invention may be made in a wide range of sizes and heating capacity for use in a variety of applications. The drawings show a single space heating heat exchanger while the system may be configured with more than one such heat exchanger. The system could be used as solely a hydronic space heating system or solely as a water heating system. It is intended, therefore, that the scope of the present invention be limited only by the scope of the below claims.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US3999709 *||May 5, 1975||Dec 28, 1976||Estabrook Paul S||Water heater|
|US4178907 *||Jul 27, 1978||Dec 18, 1979||Sweat James R Jr||Unified hot water and forced air heating system|
|US4403572 *||May 16, 1980||Sep 13, 1983||Advanced Mechanical Technology, Inc.||Combustion product condensing water heater|
|US4406136 *||Jun 3, 1981||Sep 27, 1983||Picchiottino Andre A||Heating installation notably for space heating and for sanitary hot water production|
|US4429830 *||Apr 14, 1981||Feb 7, 1984||Kernforschungsanlage Julich Gmbh||Space and utility water heating system|
|US4572111 *||Jun 14, 1982||Feb 25, 1986||Condensing Boilers Limited||Heating apparatus|
|US4640458 *||Jul 18, 1985||Feb 3, 1987||Gaz De France||Method of producing hot air and hot water for sanitary purposes and apparatus for carrying out the said method|
|US4641631 *||Sep 9, 1985||Feb 10, 1987||Columbia Gas System Service Corporation||Apparatus and method for burning a combustible gas, and a heat exchanger for use in this apparatus|
|US4798240 *||Mar 18, 1985||Jan 17, 1989||Gas Research Institute||Integrated space heating, air conditioning and potable water heating appliance|
|US4823770 *||Aug 3, 1987||Apr 25, 1989||Logical Heating Systems, Inc.||Combination hydronic space heater and tankless hot water heater|
|FR2355251A1 *||Title not available|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US5165596 *||Jul 5, 1991||Nov 24, 1992||Chaffoteaux Et Maury||Dual-purpose central heating boilers|
|US5361749 *||Nov 20, 1992||Nov 8, 1994||Southbend||Gas fired convection oven|
|US5460157 *||Oct 29, 1993||Oct 24, 1995||Southbend, A Middleby Company||Gas fired convection oven|
|US6032868 *||Mar 24, 1997||Mar 7, 2000||Dimarco; Giovanni||Combined hot water and space heater|
|US6109339 *||Nov 8, 1996||Aug 29, 2000||First Company, Inc.||Heating system|
|US6168086 *||Mar 22, 1999||Jan 2, 2001||Aaron Tanenbaum||Dehumidifier|
|US6170440||May 13, 1999||Jan 9, 2001||Premark Feg L.L.C.||Gas fired booster|
|US6275655 *||May 28, 1999||Aug 14, 2001||James M. Rixen||Heating system for potable water and relatively small areas|
|US6557774 *||Oct 12, 1999||May 6, 2003||Gregory A. Krueger||Non-pressurized space heating system and apparatus|
|US6594447||Jan 22, 2002||Jul 15, 2003||James M. Rixen||Heating system for potable water and relatively small areas|
|US7019411 *||Mar 7, 2003||Mar 28, 2006||Hitachi, Ltd.||Energy recovery apparatus and method of operating energy recovering apparatus|
|US7284710||Apr 22, 2003||Oct 23, 2007||Nw Research & Development, Inc.||Heating system|
|US7644686 *||Jul 19, 2006||Jan 12, 2010||Aos Holding Company||Water heating distribution system|
|US7878006||Apr 4, 2005||Feb 1, 2011||Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc.||Compressor diagnostic and protection system and method|
|US7905098||Apr 4, 2005||Mar 15, 2011||Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc.||Compressor diagnostic and protection system and method|
|US8160827||Oct 30, 2008||Apr 17, 2012||Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc.||Compressor sensor module|
|US8335657||Jul 5, 2011||Dec 18, 2012||Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc.||Compressor sensor module|
|US8353463 *||Apr 24, 2007||Jan 15, 2013||Rinnai America Corporation||Methods and apparatus for heating air with hot water|
|US8366014||Jan 16, 2008||Feb 5, 2013||A. O. Smith Enterprises Ltd.||Tank-tankless water heater|
|US8393169||Mar 24, 2008||Mar 12, 2013||Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc.||Refrigeration monitoring system and method|
|US8422870 *||Feb 13, 2009||Apr 16, 2013||General Electric Company||Residential heat pump water heater|
|US8474278||Feb 18, 2011||Jul 2, 2013||Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc.||Compressor diagnostic and protection system and method|
|US8475136||Jan 11, 2010||Jul 2, 2013||Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc.||Compressor protection and diagnostic system|
|US8590325||Jul 12, 2007||Nov 26, 2013||Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc.||Protection and diagnostic module for a refrigeration system|
|US8662404||Jan 3, 2013||Mar 4, 2014||Rinnai America Corporation||Methods and apparatus for heating air with hot water|
|US8879897 *||Jan 18, 2012||Nov 4, 2014||Joseph Ciliento||Method and apparatus to deliver heated water for mixing masonry materials|
|US8910880 *||Oct 9, 2006||Dec 16, 2014||Zenex Technologies Limited||Heating system|
|US8964338||Jan 9, 2013||Feb 24, 2015||Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc.||System and method for compressor motor protection|
|US8974573||Mar 15, 2013||Mar 10, 2015||Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc.||Method and apparatus for monitoring a refrigeration-cycle system|
|US8998605||Sep 26, 2011||Apr 7, 2015||Carrier Corporation||Inshot burner flame retainer|
|US9017461||Mar 15, 2013||Apr 28, 2015||Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc.||Method and apparatus for monitoring a refrigeration-cycle system|
|US9021819||Mar 15, 2013||May 5, 2015||Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc.||Method and apparatus for monitoring a refrigeration-cycle system|
|US9023136||Mar 15, 2013||May 5, 2015||Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc.||Method and apparatus for monitoring a refrigeration-cycle system|
|US9046900||Feb 14, 2013||Jun 2, 2015||Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc.||Method and apparatus for monitoring refrigeration-cycle systems|
|US9081394||Mar 15, 2013||Jul 14, 2015||Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc.||Method and apparatus for monitoring a refrigeration-cycle system|
|US9086704||Mar 15, 2013||Jul 21, 2015||Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc.||Method and apparatus for monitoring a refrigeration-cycle system|
|US9121407||Jul 1, 2013||Sep 1, 2015||Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc.||Compressor diagnostic and protection system and method|
|US9140728||Oct 30, 2008||Sep 22, 2015||Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc.||Compressor sensor module|
|US9194894||Feb 19, 2013||Nov 24, 2015||Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc.||Compressor sensor module|
|US9206996||Jan 6, 2014||Dec 8, 2015||General Electric Company||Water heater appliance|
|US9285802||Feb 28, 2012||Mar 15, 2016||Emerson Electric Co.||Residential solutions HVAC monitoring and diagnosis|
|US9304521||Oct 7, 2011||Apr 5, 2016||Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc.||Air filter monitoring system|
|US9310094||Feb 8, 2012||Apr 12, 2016||Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc.||Portable method and apparatus for monitoring refrigerant-cycle systems|
|US9310439||Sep 23, 2013||Apr 12, 2016||Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc.||Compressor having a control and diagnostic module|
|US9322571 *||Nov 7, 2012||Apr 26, 2016||Lv Dynamics Llc||Heating system having plasma heat exchanger|
|US9480177||Jun 28, 2013||Oct 25, 2016||Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc.||Compressor protection module|
|US9551504||Mar 13, 2014||Jan 24, 2017||Emerson Electric Co.||HVAC system remote monitoring and diagnosis|
|US9590413||Feb 9, 2015||Mar 7, 2017||Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc.||System and method for compressor motor protection|
|US9638436||Mar 14, 2014||May 2, 2017||Emerson Electric Co.||HVAC system remote monitoring and diagnosis|
|US9651286||Mar 5, 2013||May 16, 2017||Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc.||Refrigeration monitoring system and method|
|US9669498||Aug 31, 2015||Jun 6, 2017||Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc.||Compressor diagnostic and protection system and method|
|US9690307||Jun 1, 2015||Jun 27, 2017||Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc.||Method and apparatus for monitoring refrigeration-cycle systems|
|US9703287||Jun 10, 2014||Jul 11, 2017||Emerson Electric Co.||Remote HVAC monitoring and diagnosis|
|US9762168||Apr 11, 2016||Sep 12, 2017||Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc.||Compressor having a control and diagnostic module|
|US9765979||Apr 4, 2014||Sep 19, 2017||Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc.||Heat-pump system with refrigerant charge diagnostics|
|US9810449||Mar 2, 2014||Nov 7, 2017||Rinnai America Corporation||Methods and apparatus for heating air with hot water|
|US9810450 *||Jul 10, 2015||Nov 7, 2017||Noritz Corporation||Water heater|
|US20030222457 *||Mar 7, 2003||Dec 4, 2003||Hitachi, Ltd.||Energy recovery apparatus and method of operating energy recovering apparatus|
|US20030230633 *||Apr 22, 2003||Dec 18, 2003||Rixen James M.||Heating system|
|US20030234296 *||May 14, 2003||Dec 25, 2003||Rixen James M.||Heating system|
|US20070034702 *||Jun 28, 2006||Feb 15, 2007||Rixen James M||Heating system|
|US20070147809 *||Dec 22, 2006||Jun 28, 2007||Rixen James M||Heating system for potable water and relatively small areas|
|US20070237501 *||Apr 4, 2006||Oct 11, 2007||Kloster John M||Water heater for recreational vehicles having forced air/direct vent combustion|
|US20080017724 *||Jul 19, 2006||Jan 24, 2008||Aos Holding Company||Water heating distribution system|
|US20080163832 *||Mar 29, 2006||Jul 10, 2008||Takanari Kume||Boiler Apparatus|
|US20080197205 *||Jan 16, 2008||Aug 21, 2008||Alexandru Sorin Ene||Tank-tankless water heater|
|US20080264490 *||Apr 24, 2007||Oct 30, 2008||Rinnai America Corporation, A Corporation Of Georgia||Methods and apparatus for heating air with hot water|
|US20090090310 *||Oct 9, 2006||Apr 9, 2009||Zenex Technologies Limited||Heating System|
|US20100077969 *||Dec 8, 2009||Apr 1, 2010||Aos Holding Company||Method of water heating and distribution|
|US20100209084 *||Feb 13, 2009||Aug 19, 2010||General Electric Company||Residential heat pump water heater|
|US20100263606 *||Apr 30, 2008||Oct 21, 2010||Hothouse Technologies Limited||Thermal store|
|US20130121671 *||Nov 7, 2012||May 16, 2013||Titan Armor LLC||Heating system having plasma heat exchanger|
|US20130319348 *||May 31, 2012||Dec 5, 2013||Dennis R. Hughes||Water heater having condensing recuperator and dual purpose pump|
|US20160025376 *||Jul 10, 2015||Jan 28, 2016||Noritz Corporation||Water heater|
|CN100526748C||Oct 15, 2003||Aug 12, 2009||格伦德福斯联合股份公司||Compact heating device contg. dual heating loops|
|CN101688686B||Jan 16, 2008||Jun 19, 2013||艾欧史密斯有限公司||Tank-tankless water heater|
|EP0609854A1 *||Feb 2, 1994||Aug 10, 1994||VIESSMANN WERKE GmbH & CO.||Heat generator for hot-water production and heating|
|EP1489366A1 *||Jun 9, 2004||Dec 22, 2004||ACV Manufacturing SA.||Installation for hot water production|
|WO1999061844A2 *||May 29, 1999||Dec 2, 1999||Rixen James M||Heating system for potable water and relatively small areas|
|WO1999061844A3 *||May 29, 1999||Apr 13, 2000||James M Rixen||Heating system for potable water and relatively small areas|
|WO2006076909A1 *||Jan 24, 2006||Jul 27, 2006||Webasto Ag||Combined heating/user water system for mobile applications|
|WO2008102263A2 *||Jan 16, 2008||Aug 28, 2008||A.O. Smith Enterprises Ltd.||Tank-tankless water heater|
|WO2008102263A3 *||Jan 16, 2008||Dec 10, 2009||A.O. Smith Enterprises Ltd.||Tank-tankless water heater|
|U.S. Classification||237/19, 126/101|
|International Classification||F24H1/48, F24H8/00|
|Cooperative Classification||F24H1/48, F24H8/00, Y02B30/102|
|European Classification||F24H8/00, F24H1/48|
|Jan 27, 1995||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Mar 8, 1999||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jul 16, 2003||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|Dec 31, 2003||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|
|Feb 24, 2004||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 20031231


Domino Amjet (Gurnee, IL) offers data matrix software that eliminates the need for an external controller or PC. Available for Domino's A200 and A300 ink-jet printers, the software enables stand-alone operation with direct translation to data matrix printout on products in pharmaceutical, electronics and automotive industries.
E-BOOK SPECIAL REPORT
42 Best Package Designs
Sign up to receive timely updates from our editors and download this e-book consisting of our editors' picks of most notable package designs. Updated for 2014!
The Multiple Product Laning system from APS (New Freedom, PA) gently orders unstable, top-heavy or non-round containers into single-file rows. Rollers of the low-pressure conveyor can be sized to meet the requirements of the product and containers.
The LD-7 case sealer from Loveshaw (South Canaan, PA) combines easy operation with washdown capability, according to the manufacturer. Stainless-steel construction and a washdown-duty-rated GE motor are coupled with NEMA 4 or 12 electrical components and tape cartridges designed for easy threading, including a cartridge that tips back for tape adjustments.
Warner Electric's (South Beloit, IL) CBC-1000 positioning control system is designed to reduce auger filling inaccuracies. Includes a position-loop control, clutch/brake (and clutch/brake control) and an encoder.
The Ergopack from Combi America (Canton, OH) combines a case erector, pack station and sealer in a compact work cell. Originally designed for the meat industry, the Ergopack is adaptable to many different products and frees the operator from erecting and sealing cases by hand.
The Flow Wrap DDC3 digital laser coder creates indelible, crisp dot-matrix codes without burning or puncturing flexible packaging materials. From Domino Amjet (Gurnee, IL), the laser coder operates without moving parts or fluids at speeds to 3ꯠ characters/sec.


text:
Ground Meats: This change does not apply to ground meats, including beef, veal, lamb, and pork, which should be cooked to 160 ºF and do not require a rest time. Poultry: The safe cooking temperature for all poultry products, including ground chicken and turkey, stays the same at 165 ºF.
How do I know when ground turkey is fully cooked?
Follow this tip: Keep on eye on the time as you cook, and keep an instant-read thermometer handy. To prevent dry meat, cook ground turkey until it reaches an internal temperature of 165°F.
Why does ground turkey have to be cooked at 165?
When cooking turkey in any form, it is important to cook it to the proper internal temperature of 165 degrees Fahrenheit. Cooking ground turkey to the proper internal temperature is especially important due to the bacteria that are introduced into the meat mixture.
What temperature should turkey be cooked to?
You’ll need a meat thermometer to make sure you cook your turkey to the right temperature. Insert it close to, but not touching, the thigh bone. If it reads 180 degrees F in the thigh and 170 degrees F in the breast, it’s done and ready to serve.
Is turkey done at 165?
According to the Department of Agriculture, a turkey must reach 165 degrees F to be safe, but you can take it out of the oven as low as 160 degrees F because the temperature will rise at it rests. 1. Use a digital, instant read thermometer for the most-accurate results.
Can you undercook ground turkey?
Consuming undercooked poultry could lead to salmonella, a type of food poisoning. Symptoms include diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramping. The illness could be evident as soon as 12 hours later, or it could take up to 3 days to manifest itself.
How long should you cook ground turkey?
Avoid any that has fillers and it will make your ground turkey recipes taste so much better. Make sure it’s cooked through. Cooking ground turkey should take about 15 minutes and have a nice even brown hue with no pink. Feel free to add more spice.
Is turkey done at 165 or 180?
While some recipes state that turkey should be cooked to 180 degrees Fahrenheit, the meat is safe to consume once it reaches the 165-degree mark. Cooking the breasts past 165 can result in dry meat, but the dark meat can be cooked to 180.
Is turkey safe at 145?
According to the USDA’s own data, as long as your turkey spends at least 3.7 minutes at or above,150°F (66°C), it is safe to eat.
Pasteurization Time for Poultry With 5% Fat Content (7-log10 lethality)
|140°F (60°C)||29 minutes|
|145°F (63°C)||10.8 minutes|
|150°F (66°C)||3.7 minutes|
What is the lowest safe temperature to cook a turkey?
Make it safe – The United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) recommends temperatures no lower than 325 degrees Fahrenheit for cooking meat and poultry. Cook turkey to an internal temperature of 165 degrees Fahrenheit.
Is it safe to eat pink turkey?
The best way to be sure a turkey — or any meat — is cooked safely and done is to use a meat thermometer. If the temperature of the turkey, as measured in the thigh, has reached 180°F. and is done to family preference, all the meat — including any that remains pink — is safe to eat.
What temp kills salmonella in turkey?
Heating foods thoroughly to 165 F can kill salmonella bacteria.
How can you tell if ground turkey is done without a thermometer?
If your ground turkey was light pink when you started cooking it, then if there are any signs of the same pale pink color in the meat, it needs to be cooked longer. The meat should have a consistent color, which may appear like light brownish color.
Can you eat ground turkey a little pink?
The color of cooked poultry is not always a sure sign of its safety. Only by using a food thermometer can one accurately determine that poultry has reached a safe minimum internal temperature of 165 °F throughout the product. Turkey can remain pink even after cooking to a safe minimum internal temperature of 165 °F.
Can you eat ground turkey medium-rare?
While it’s usually permissible to cook ground beef to a lower temperature, poultry needs to reach an internal temperature of 165 degrees in order to kill off any potential bacteria. Never consume a turkey burger that’s been cooked to a medium or medium-rare temperature.
Is slightly undercooked turkey OK?
Undercooking turkey leaves the door wide open for Salmonella and other pathogens like Campylobacter and Clostridium perfringens. This can lead to the following food poisoning symptoms in you and your guests: stomach upset and cramps.
Why does my ground turkey look GREY?
Another sign that your ground turkey is spoiled is a color change. Meat left out on a counter for too long will lose its pink color, and it will become grey, green, or yellow and smell like a rotten egg. The color is also indicative of bacteria and tissue breakdown. When the meat is too yellow, it’s time to discard it.
Is turkey OK at 155?
Cook your turkey until your thermometer reads 155 -160 degrees. (Yes, we know that new safe cooking guidelines say to cook your bird to 165 degrees (they used to say 180!), but remember that your turkey will continue to cook after removed from the oven and it’s temperature will increase by 10 degrees while resting.
Is turkey done at 130?
One hour before you estimate that the turkey should be done, insert a digital instant thermometer straight down to where the leg meets the breast. Don’t let it touch the bone. If it reads 130 or above, check again in 20 minutes.
What is the danger zone for turkey?
When a turkey stays out at room temperature for more than 2 hours, its temperature becomes unsafe even if the center is still frozen. Germs can grow rapidly in the “danger zone” between 40°F and 140°F.
Can you cook a turkey at 180 degrees?
Turkey is safe to eat when it reaches an internal temperature of 165 F; however, slow-roasted birds may reach internal temperatures as high as 180 F. When cooking turkey past the official safe-to-eat temperature of 165 F, keep in mind the meat may seize and then become tender.
Is ground turkey red meat?
When it comes to helping prevent cancer, swapping ground turkey (white meat) for ground beef (red meat) is always a good choice. When it comes to heart disease, higher saturated fat intake is associated with increased risk.
Why is my turkey still pink after cooking?
You smoked or grilled your turkey.
So, what causes this? Myoglobin, a protein found in muscle, is the source of the pink color. Heat usually denatures the myoglobin, turning it brown, but with the lower, slower heat of smoking, the pink color often remains.
Can you get sick from ground turkey?
People can get a Salmonella infection from eating undercooked turkey or touching raw turkey, including packaged raw pet food. Always cook turkey thoroughly. Get CDC’s tips to prevent foodborne illness from turkey. CDC continues to monitor the PulseNet database for illnesses and work with states to interview ill people.
How long after eating raw turkey would you be sick?
The time it takes food poisoning symptoms to start can vary. Illness often starts in about 1 to 3 days. But symptoms can start any time from 30 minutes to 3 weeks after eating contaminated food.
Does ground turkey have salmonella?
Testing results showed that the ground turkey contained the outbreak strain of Salmonella.
Is ground turkey supposed to be white?
Freshly ground turkey or chicken will have a light pink hue and virtually no smell. Like raw beef, raw poultry may get slightly gray or brown as it ages but the contrast may not be as obvious, so it’s important to sniff it and thoroughly look for any slick or slimy residue before you use it any recipe.
Does ground turkey turn white or brown?
The turkey should turn a white gray color and then begin to brown a little as it caramelizes. Check the temperature of the browned ground turkey. Insert a thermometer and check the temperature of the meat. It should be 165 degrees F (70 degrees C) before it’s safe to use in a recipe.
What color should ground turkey be cooked?
As mentioned above, cooked ground turkey will change color from pink to primarily white with a brown tinge. If you don’t see any pink spots left while cooking your meat, it’s a good indication your turkey is fully cooked. You could also judge your turkey’s doneness by the time you’ve been cooking it.
What should I do if I ate raw turkey?
Raw meat can carry bacteria which cause food poisoning and, accordingly, eating undercooked pork or chicken may result in food poisoning. If you experience symptoms such as stomach pain, diarrhea, and fever after eating undercooked meat, seek a diagnosis from a medical institution immediately.
Why does my ground turkey smell like rotten eggs?
If it has a sour smell or an off smell at all then it is best to give it a toss. We are talking about poultry and it can carry bacteria like E. coli, salmonella, and more… just like chicken.
How long is ground turkey good for in the fridge after thawing?
A thawed turkey can remain in the refrigerator for 1 to 2 days. If necessary, a turkey that has been properly thawed in the refrigerator may be refrozen.
How do you know if frozen ground turkey is bad?
The best way to tell if turkey is still good is smell and texture. As StillTasty.com points out, if the turkey has a sour odor and/or a slimy texture, it’s probably not good anymore — no matter what the date on the package says.
How long does turkey need to be at 165?
First, the safety side of the issue. The USDA chose 165°F for turkey because, held at that temperature, salmonella is killed in less than ten seconds. If the turkey gets to 165, there is no chance that salmonella will survive; ten seconds of carry over heat will take care of it.
What temperature do you pull a turkey out Reddit?
You mention temperatures of 150f for the breast and 165f for the dark meat, cooked in a 300f oven. However, Alton Brown mentions 161f for the breast and 180f for the dark meat cooked in a 350f oven.
Which food must be cooked to a minimum internal temperature of 155?
Minimum internal temperature of 155℉ (68℃) for 17 seconds applies to: Ground meat—including beef, pork, and other meat. Injected meat—including brined ham and flavor-injected roasts.
How long should you let turkey rest?
Thanksgiving Help Line
Pull it out as soon as the temperature hits 165, or even a little lower. The amount of resting time depends on the size of the bird, but at least 20 minutes is needed. A large bird can wait up to 40 minutes or longer, depending on the temperature of the room.
What is the 40 to 140 rule?
Bacteria grow most rapidly in the range of temperatures between 40 °F and 140 °F, doubling in number in as little as 20 minutes. This range of temperatures is often called the “Danger Zone.” Never leave food out of refrigeration over 2 hours.
Can salmonella be killed by cooking?
Thorough cooking can kill salmonella. But when health officials warn people not to eat potentially contaminated food, or when a food is recalled because of salmonella risk, that means don’t eat that food, cooked or not, rinsed or not.
Does turkey poison its meat?
“Turkeys may contain Salmonella and Campylobacter, harmful pathogens that are only destroyed by properly preparing and cooking the turkey. Similarly, leaving leftovers out for too long, or not taking care to properly clean cooking and serving surfaces, can lead to other types of illness.
Is it better to cook a turkey at 325 or 350?
Do I Cook a Turkey at 325 or 350 Degrees? Though “low and slow” is a good rule for cooking a bird all the way through without burning it, there’s no hard-and-fast rule. All of our temperature guides assume you’re cooking at 325, but you can cook it a little warmer for roughly the same, or just a little less time.
Can you cook a turkey at 200 degrees?
As you slowly roast your turkey overnight at 200 degrees F for approximately 10 hours, the low temperature and moisture is basting your turkey while you sleep. No need to baste your turkey.
Where do you check temp on turkey?
The tip of the thermometer should be placed into the thick part of thigh without touching the bone. Remove the turkey when it reaches 180°F. The breast must reach 170°F and if the turkey is stuffed, check the temperature of the center of the stuffing to make sure it’s cooked to 165°F.
What is the healthiest meat to eat?
5 of the Healthiest Meats
- Sirloin Steak. Sirloin steak is both lean and flavorful – just 3 ounces packs about 25 grams of filling protein!
- Rotisserie Chicken & Turkey. The rotisserie cooking method helps maximize flavor without relying on unhealthy additives.
- Chicken Thigh.
- Pork Chop.
- Canned Fish.
Which is healthier ground turkey or ground beef?
Ounce for ounce, ground turkey has slightly more calories, fat, cholesterol, and sodium compared to ground beef. However, ground beef has more protein, iron, zinc, and B vitamins. Saturated fat is where they differ (though not by a ton), and that’s usually why turkey generally gets more “healthy” points than beef.
What’s healthier turkey burger or hamburger?
“Ground turkey contains less saturated fat than ground beef, giving it a more beneficial fat profile,” says Beaver. “In its place, ground turkey instead contains more polyunsaturated fat, which is a protective, healthier type of fat.”

domain: food


text:
Trouble in Paradise
It appears nobody works for Something Awful anymore except me, so here's a picture of Carl Weathers.
I wrote a poem about the cast of "Cheers" as well!
The cast of Cheers written in dark alleyways
Like screams on somber stationary
A letter never delivered
Kelsey Grammer leering with gargoyle eyes
Tormented, dark, alone
His mind is a gutter and the rain never stops
Shelly Long is dead inside
Woody Harrelson is a mannequin
Forged of glass shards reflecting a terrible childhood
And Ted Danson is past his prime
They are all rotting meat now
And soon they will be eaten
Thanks and please remember to vote kindly this election.
P.S.: Thanks actionattackgoose, Sensurround, and Ava for pictures.
Cons: causes bad nightmares. I used to have to eat beef until I passed out to have these kind of terrors, but this machine does it for me every time I fall asleep inside it.
Sorry about the blurry photo. I was lunging at my phone, yelling at it to take a clear picture. It's the only image of me that exists. I'd take another picture for you, but I'm in the middle of a rigorous trampoline session.
The Something Awful front page news tackles anything both off and on the Internet. Mostly "on" though, as we're all incredible nerds.

domain: artistic


text:
This essay was not required. 12 - The Book Thief - Kirk' s English Weebly IT IS 1939. Analysis, related the book thief essay quotes quotes, theme tracking. A Study Guide for Markus Zusak' s The Book Thief - Результати пошуку у службі Книги Google john locke essays notes for an essay concerning human understanding by john locke revolution of the mind creating the united states exhibitions an essay concerning human understanding paperback john locke companion to military paper writing political philosophy publish your master thesis chapter knowledge innate.
Get homework help from novelguide literature notes and study guides, covering. How is family defined at the beginning of the novel vs. SparkNotes is brought to you by B& N. You may bring in your copy of The Book Thief; You must hand in your planning work and notes at the end of the planning time. Home → SparkNotes → Literature Study Guides → The Book Thief. This goes into depth into multiple scenes of the novel and analyses a range of literary techniques and language devices.
100 of the best colleges, summed up in a single sentence · The Harry Potter movies, ranked from best to worst · Classic lit, mansplained · Are guys threatened by smart girls? Writing, you should always pick a topic: Neighbors seemed to lose their thief essay book nerve in the face.
Get free homework help on Markus Zusak' s The Book Thief: book summary, chapter summary and analysis, quotes, and character analysis courtesy of CliffsNotes. London macmillan; and newyork st thief book the essay titles.
A Close Reading of an excerpt from The Book Thief - CPalms. Book summaries for book reports - Quick and reliable writings from industry top agency.
Program notes for the approaching music. Traumatic reading of The Book Thief by Marcus Zusak.
This is an essay on the Book Thief. The Book Thief Lessons, Ideas, and Resources. “ I wanted to tell the book thief many things, about beauty and brutality. For example: This episode becomes.
Get the summaries, analysis, and quotes you need. Posted December 25, by MPPL. What is an Essay? Level 4 - - The Book Thief - Blackbird & Company v.
The assignment is over " The Book Thief" by Markus Zusak, discussing the importance of literacy today and comparing and contrasting their past society with the present time. Power of Language One option: In The Book Thief, words have the power to both destroy and save lives.
In The Book Thief, by Markus Zusak, the narrator uses. The Book Thief Summary | GradeSaver The Book Thief study guide contains a biography of Markus Zusak, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis.The Book Thief Markus Zusak. Author Information.
Often, book report plus a book notes. - Skase THE BOOK THIEF. It is The Gravedigger' s Handbook, left there by accident, and. The 7 most savage moments.
Short writing lab. Reflective notes on the book thief Essay - 1097 Words - StudyMode.
Note: These citations are software generated and may contain errors. The book thief essay questions - Writing an Academic Research. View Notes - Book Thief Essay from ENGLISH American L at Don Bosco Prep High School. Com When revising your paper follows mla library mla format essay please note, presenting quotations, and literature.In his free time, he enjoys surfing and playing soccer. But you can order similar papers from our writers for a reasonable price.
In the last eight years I have mostly lost the habit of writing in the margins of books, instead keeping shorthand notes. The following essay examines Marcus Zusak´ s novel The Book Thief ( ) from the perspective of trauma studies focusing mainly on the perpetrator´ s trauma, however the major emphasis is on the question of objectivity of.
Immediately download the The Book Thief summary, chapter- by- chapter analysis, book notes, essays, quotes. New York : Alfred A. We offer an educational on classic literature. Analyze Markus Zusak’ s The Book Thief, using a chapter- by- chapter summary guide that details the story of Liesel Meminger, her foster parents, and death in Germany.
Org, Create Lesson Plans from 425 Movies and Film Clips, The Book Thief, Markus Zusak. Hunt 1 James Hunt Mr. Free AOS essay Marking! Book thief essay | Radio Gong Stadtfestbühne Message the 250. DEATH HAS NEVER BEEN BUSIER, AND WILL BECOME BUSIER STILL. Essay writing contests philippines updates definition of true love essay vocabulary.
Works- Cited page contains. Has the use of Nazis in movies reached the point of being pornographic?
Use this resource, it has been widely adopted for apa, updated its citation styles. Often, or othello the late 1930s a book thief.
The book thief essay - Ritzufim Papers we offer to our clients related to essay writing can be investigated as a hate crime, police are thief obliged. Please arrive promptly to class, ready to begin on time.
The teachers notes include twelve other activities that include: colour and poetry, visual presentation, vocabulary list, debate or essay, a journey, relationships in the. In spite of the narrators unusual nature the book is effortlessly narrated in first person. Essays and criticism on Markus Zusak' s The Book Thief - Critical Essays. School/ dark_ ages/ sophomore/ english/ notes/ _ book_ thief_ essay_ info.Monday, and i will taste the book thief by thequeensthief. Saved essays Save your essays here so you can locate them quickly!
Digication e- Portfolio : : Andres : : The Book Thief Essay Read The Book Thief Comparison Essay from the story A Collection of Essays From My Freshman Year by princesspruny ( ∞ Sara∞ ) with 558 reads. The last line of the introductory paragraph is my thesis.
I have until around 12: 30 to hand it in. The book thief critical lens essay.
A heart- wrenching and captivating story that takes place in Nazi Germany. The Use of Foreshadowing, Irony, and Symbolism in The Book Thief. Book thief essay notes. Essay on Book Thief Day One: Write notes about TWO possible topics for your essay from those suggested below.How This Guide is Organized viii. Strong essays will examine the author' s use of language and rhetoric as a vehicle for theme.
Use your notes and the Blueprint of an Essay on page 53 to create a rough draft. Book Thief Analysis Essay | Year 11 SACE - English | Thinkswap This is a band 6 speech, composed on the prescribed text, " The book thief".
The Book Thief essays are academic essays for citation. Character Death In The Novel English Literature Essay Markus Zusak' s The Book Thief is the first book I have read which is narrated by the omniscient entity – Death.
Analyse how an important event at the beginning shaped outcomes in an extended written text. This I Believe II - Audiobook | Audible.
He speaks of his so called “ job” of collecting souls from corpses, and how he. When Marcus was growing up, he wanted to be a house painter like his father.
The book thief essay questions - Get an A+ grade even for the hardest assignments. Book thief essay notes.
Plot points of william shakespeare' s othello: how to complete book report worksheets beginner and study guides. To verify accuracy, check the.
The Book Thief Response “ Death and Chocolate” 1. Book summaries for book reports - Custom Essays & Academic. In The Book Thief by Markus Zusak, the setting of Nazi- era Germany helped to develop my understanding of the theme of the power of words. The first time Death saw the book thief was in 1939, on her way to her nbsp; Book Thief Novelguide by Markus Zusak we provide a free source for literary analysis.
On the non- fiction front, notable is a collection of essays by Australia' s leading female voices on Julia. 7 Pages 1871 Words November.The first person narration gives the reader a clear insight on Death' s astonishingly human yet immortal personality. Digication e- Portfolio : : Andres by Andres Osegueda at Norwalk Community College. Instructor Materials - The Book Thief WebQuest - Google Sites This WebQuest provides a way for young adults to learn more about The Book Thief and also learn to decipher the difference between fact and fiction in a. While some observers might say that line was crossed long ago, others may find that conclusive proof arrives in Brian Percival' s " The Book Thief, " based on an international bestseller that The New York Times jibed as " Harry Potter.
A Review + Reflection on ' The Book Thief' - SlideShare. Wylie' s english class started went to.
Our 30, 000+ summaries will help you comprehend your required reading to ace every test, quiz, and essay. We' ve broken down the chapters, themes, and characters so.The Book Thief | Section 5. 16 best The Book Thief Resources images on Pinterest | School.
The Book Thief by Markus Zusak - Mount Prospect Public Library As students consider Zusak' s style, they will build their comprehension of the text and write an analytical essay to demonstrate final interpretations and. By her brother' s graveside, Liesel' s life is changed when she picks up a single object, partially hidden in the snow.
The book thief essay questions - Georgia Olive Growers Association. - Can Someone Please Proofread my Essay.
“ In the basement, when she wrote about her life, Liesel vowed that she would never drink champagne again, for it would never taste as good as it did on that warm afternoon in July” ( 357). Com - 460 free online book notes online book report templates: a priori, and book notes online. Special Note for Classes That Watch the Movie But Don' t Read the Book: Teachers: The movie could have done a better job of introducing the narrator. Book thief essay notes - Dissertation Topce Book thief essay notes. One of the central themes presented in The Book Thief. The Book Thief Discussion Questions - Nebraska Library Commission. Not initial situational questions note that the book experiments not from the conventions of thief, in decks, editors, science and bios. It is also interesting to note that Hans himself is not a very fast reader, and that this is actually a good thing because it means that he reads at a level. Discuss the meaning of the book Max. The Book Thief Essay Introduction - Puma Floors Ltd Book Thief Essay - 1721 Words -.
Genre: WWII fiction. Published in, The Book Thief became an international.
Suggested Essay Topics. Book thief essay notes. It' s 4: 33 AM here and I just spent the night making my essay the best it could be. How to Use This Guide ix. Markus Zusak, age 32, currently lives in Sydney, Australia. The novel' s point of view switched back and forth between First Person Limited to Third Person Limited.
Use this company to order your profound essay handled on time Get started with essay writing and write greatest dissertation ever. The Book Thief is a historical novel by Australian author Markus Zusak and is his most popular work.
He soon realized he had a talent for knocking things over, painting himself. The Book Thief Short Essay: The Use of Foreshadowing, Irony, and Symbolism in The Book Thief 4/ 17/ 14.
In the book ‘ The Book Thief’, Markus Zusak the author has used the. Paideia problems and well worth summarizing because they are vital work and expectations. Click on imdb: how to complete book report. Citation - The book thief - UW- Madison Libraries MLA. One should note that the current ills of studio projects and those with an equitable. Title: The Book Thief Author: Markus Zusak Page Count: 552.
How to Write Literary Analysis · Suggested Essay Topics · How to Cite This SparkNote. Back, she thinks that australian book makes with it a thief that can deny questions of framing and gold in studies. OConnor American Literature Honors 20 February Reading Deeper Into The Book Thief Right. Home → SparkNotes → Literature Study Guides → The Book Thief → Suggested Essay Topics.Essay Rough Draft. " Note the importance of signs in the works of Homer, such as the sign of the burning ship in the Iliad.
“ A small but noteworthy note. The Book Thief - Farmingdale School Book Discussion Questions: The Book Thief by Markus Zusak.
Readings, in partnership with Classic Cinema and Cinema. Dissertation proposal knowledge management questions really good college essays my best friend essay in english pdf not working.
The Book Thief Book Review | Plugged In. Rick riordan' s percy jackson book thief? The Book Thief Themes - eNotes. Com ( choose 2 essay topics, and for each topic, find at least 2 quotes to support.
Then there is a long flashback telling how Odysseus got the. Witness the merits of professional writing help available here confide your dissertation to qualified writers employed in the service.
Novel and Book Thief - 649 words | Study Guides and Book. The Book Thief Study Guide from LitCharts | The creators of.
A review + reflection on Markus Zusak' s ' The Book Thief'. The Prologue of the story is in First Person Limited narrated by Death.
You, the user, is that you are going to affect all of us, regardless of the place and the time to make notes. Haunted by Humans Traumatic reading of The Book Thief.
International journal of learning environments. Writing Body Paragraphs The Book Thief.
The Book Thief Summary & Study Guide includes detailed chapter summaries and analysis, quotes, character descriptions, themes, and more. Book Thief Essay - Hunt 1 James Hunt Mr OConnor American. John locke essays notes for an essay concerning human. Just specify what style is most commonly used in many research papers in the study and literature.
In the novel the book thief the author Markus Zusak showed us that beauty can come out of even the harshest things like. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of The Book Thief by Markus Zusak. Respect, school, sel. Generally, you want to provide the last name of the author and the specific page numbers of the source.Big vocabulary words to use in an essay note. Хв - Автор відео Book SummariesAnimated video summary of the book: The Book Thief by Markus Zusak The book is a story of.
Markus Zusak' s The Book Thief: The 10th Anniversary | HuffPost. The best study guide to The Book Thief on the planet, from the creators of SparkNotes.5 paragraph book report - Academic & Essay Services From Top. Zuzana Buráková. Essay format apa apa essay apa writing essay herbert smith hills. Nova, present two special and exclusive lm events with.
Please Note: Due to the fact that this excerpt from The Book Thief comes from near the end of the novel, the lesson is written with only brief Guided Practice on the. Book thief essay notes.
The book thief essay on power of words / english essay - plan- j GmbH In the people and tips for a book report writing a nursing home, 000 worksheets. Take a Study Break!
It would suffice as an appropriate source to model an essay or create further study notes. Friendship avoids book thief, while it does everyone by sharing its questions.
Examine how characters in the novel ( for example, Liesel, Max, Ilsa. September * HW: review, print Ambiguous/ Vague Pronouns PPT * The Book Thief quiz * Read & discuss The Book Thief + notes * HW: review, read The Book Thief, print.
The Book Thief by Markus Zusak. But what could I tell her about those things that she didn' t already know?
The Book Thief review sample can' t be used in your own purposes. How does the novel explore the idea of family?
On a happier note, when Liesel was retelling the encounter of Rudy running downstream to save he book the music was very fast paced. In The Book Thief, Mark Zusak, through the extensive use of foreshadowing, details the one thing that binds all humans together - death.
I' m in 9th grade and want this essay to be a masterpiece. The Book Thief Quotes by Markus Zusak - Goodreads 1102 quotes from The Book Thief: ' The only thing worse than a boy who hates you: a boy that loves you.
To correct for this, simply tell students that. 000 free essay topics and giveaway for anyone read the the three acts of essays. THE COUNTRY IS HOLDING ITS BREATH. Com Understand the deeper ideas in Markus Zusak' s The Book Thief using a list of themes from the novel, such as death, war, and words. Essay] 9th Grade Essay! I' ve seen so many young men over the.
The Book Thief – Book Summary and Notes - YouTube 19 січ. Get Started xiii. * HW: review, typed The Book Thief essay brainstorm printed & uploaded to turnitin. Notes, characters,.Questions for The Book Thief by Markus Zusak - lazar11english You will be given the essay questions in the week before the SAC, and you will be allowed to bring in a one page, handwritten sheet of notes. SPOILER WARNING: These book discussion questions are highly detailed and will ruin plot points, if you have not read the book. Victims of the Time. Express Essay: The Book Thief Essay Titles and great quality products!

domain: literature


This week on the World Digital Song Sales chart, there’s a new No. 1 hit, one of the most successful female singers in South Korea lands just her second career solo win in America and a handful of BTS smashes return to the purchase-only ranking.
Here are five tracks whose moves are worth noting on this week’s World Digital Song Sales chart.
No. 1 - Wizkid - “Essence (ft. Tems)”
Wizkid is back at No. 1 on the World Digital Song Sales chart this week with what has turned out to be his third leader on the sales-only list. The Nigerian musician’s latest single “Essence” rises to the summit in its thirteenth frame on the tally, and it gives fellow artist Tems her first champion. The track replaces BTS’s “Euphoria” at No. 1, and that cut drops to No. 10 this time around.
No. 4 - Blackpink - “Lovesick Girls”
While they may not be promoting anything at the moment, Blackpink enjoys one of the largest leaps up the World Digital Song Sales chart this frame with their most recent single. “Lovesick Girls” jumps from No. 11 to No. 4 in one step, returning to the top 10 once again. The track became the band’s seventh No. 1 last year when they dropped their first full-length The Album, and it is still selling well months later.
No. 6 - Minzy - “Teamo”
After finding incredible worldwide success as one of the four members of the K-pop girl group 2NE1, Minzy has dabbled in a solo career, though she took a lengthy break in between releases. After returning in 2020 with the track “Lovely,” the singer reappears once again with her new smash “Teamo,” which debuts at No. 6 on the World Digital Song Sales chart. The tune is her first top 10 on the tally on her own and just her second placement overall. She first appeared on the roster in 2017 with “Ninano.”
No. 16 - Ateez - “Dreamers”
South Korean boy group Ateez is back yet again on the World Digital Song Sales chart, scoring one more win this year. The band’s newly-released single “Dreamers” opens at No. 16, and it’s possible it could improve its standing in the coming frames. So far, the track appears to be a standalone tune, but that might change in the coming months, as it may soon be time for the act to release another Korean collection.
No. 22 - BTS - “Spring Day”
As their new single “Permission to Dance” debuts at No. 1 on the Hot 100, several BTS tracks return to the World Digital Song Sales chart. Three beloved tunes reappear on the list as their sales counts rise, with former champions “Spring Day,” “On” and “Life Goes On” landing at Nos. 22, 23 and 25, respectively. The band also claims five other spaces on the 25-rung tally for themselves, bringing their total to eight placements this frame.


text:
Cat needs help for return to family
Agency maintains the state's only shelter for pets in domestic abuse cases
LACASA wants to reunite a family with its beloved pet cat.
But it needs the public’s help to make it happen.
“We want to transport it to the family, and we want to transport it safely, but that’s really beyond our budget,” LACASA President and CEO Bobette Schrandt said.
LACASA provides shelter and services to families affected by domestic violence, sexual assault and child abuse.
The cat, which LACASA staff has named Tabitha, is a vivacious tabby left behind when a Michigan mother and her children left the state due to domestic abuse.
“They had arranged transportation and, unfortunately, they couldn’t take the cat,” Schrandt said.
The cat might have been left on its own for good if not for the intervention of the Humane Society of the United States and a previous encounter between a society official and Schrandt.
“We had appeared together at during an event that focused on domestic abuse and its effect on pets,” Schrandt said.
The official also remembered that LACASA offers Michigan’s only pet sanctuary of its kind, sheltering pets of families affected by domestic violence.
The family has relocated to a new home elsewhere in the United States.
“They’re doing well in their new home, but it is a distance away,” Schrandt said.
That is why LACASA is taking up a donation to support the cat’s trip back to its family.
“Anything people can give would be appreciated,” Schrandt said.
The family, she said, looks forward to having their pet back.
“You can tell that this cat spent a lot of time with people,” Schrandt said. “It’s very friendly, very loving despite what its circumstances were.”
To donate, individuals can call LACASA at 517-548-1350 and mention they are making a donation on Tabitha’s behalf.
Donations can also be sent to LACASA, c/o Tabitha, 2895 W. Grand River Ave., Howell, 48843.
At this point, Schrandt isn’t sure just how much will be needed to transport the cat.
“We’re still putting those costs together,” she said.
But any money received above he cat’s transportation expenses will go toward LACASA’s pet shelter.
“We are well stocked with food and the animals are well cared for,” Schrandt said.
That’s especially true, she added, because local veterinarians donate their time and services.
“But we do need an additional beds and things like kitty litter," she added.
More information on LACASA and its services is available at www.lacasacenter.org/.
Contact Livingston Daily reporter Wayne Peal at 517-548-7081 or email@example.com. Follow him on Twitter @wpeal.

domain: pet


text:
Vibrantly colored polymer, intricate stamps, metal powders, and one very special tool come together in these fun, kicky, and unique beads. Use a single bead as a focal or a cabochon for bead embroidery, or combine them back-to-back and string them together for a universe of color!
Students will Learn:
Polymer color-mixing, stamping/patterning, highlighting with metallic powders, bead shaping, and finishing. Students will focus on manipulating the clay to add dimension and adding fun elements (feathers, coiled wire) as accents.
Project will be completed in class
Minimum Age Requirement:
At least 12 years old.
Supplies to Bring:
Pasta machine, tile or other smooth work surface, acrylic roller/brayer, small sandwich-sized plastic tub for sanding.
Materials in Kit:
Tissue blade, wet/dry sandpaper, metal powders, patterning tool.
One seat per person per class.

domain: hobby


text:
This Maple Balsamic Pork Tenderloin recipe is great for family dinners or something new to try for Thanksgiving! The glaze for these juicy tenderloins is naturally sweetened with pure maple to make the meal yummy and healthy.
This Sheet Pan Sesame Chicken and Veggies makes the perfect weeknight dinner that’s healthy, delicious and easily made all on one pan in under 30 minutes! Perfect recipe for your Sunday meal prep too!
Keto Pancakes Might Be Better Than Regular PancakesDelish
Keto Bread Recipe -quick and simple way to make low carb, gluten free, individual keto bread rolls, in ramekins and just a few healthy ingredients. You can either bake it in the microwave for 90 seconds or in the oven for 10-15 minutes. The the-easiest, the-best kept bread recipe I've ever tried. #ketorecipes #ketobread #ketodiet #lowcarb #lowcarbrecipes via @cookinglsl
lb sirloin tip roast 2 tsp kosher salt or 1 tsp table salt tbsp vegetable or olive oil 1 tsp pepper 2 tsp dried oregano 2 tsp dried basil tsp crushed red pepper flakes (for extra spice use chili pepper flakes) 3 cloves of garlic (minced)
Healthy Food Inspiration: Superfood spinach is the star of the show in this healthy crustless quiche with tomatoes, onions and feta. Delicious warm, room temp, or chilled - this is a versatile and nutritious dish!
Baked Spaghetti Squash with Tomato Meat Sauce. Use boxed tomatoes instead of canned
CINNAMON THINS - 2 carbs for 8 thins! They are much sturdier than you would expect. Wonderful with cheese, strong enough for a cream cheese dip, and yet, they taste incredible all by themselves. Just like the Lay's potato chips of old--bet you can't eat just one!


Chicago sees Citizen Patrol grow in tough times
Although the citizen police academy and patrol have been around since the 1990s, officials said the volunteer groups are becoming increasingly important
By Melissa Silverberg
Chicago Daily Herald
CHICAGO — A year ago Ricky and Ann Lewandowski spent evenings watching crime shows on TV.
Now the couple is out on patrol themselves.
Copyright © 2013 LexisNexis, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Full story: Chicago sees Citizen Patrol grow in tough times
- Police Community
Recommended for you
Join the discussion
PoliceOne top 5
- After HOA demands pro-cop flag taken down, family shows support for LE in a different way
- 50 to 60 teens swarm Calif. train, rob weekend riders
- Video: SC motorcycle pursuit ends in fatal wreck
- Sheriff: Suspect opened fire on Texas deputy’s children, home in 'attack'
- 10 ways law enforcement ruined me as a woman


text:
When it comes to cooking you have three different categories of people; those who love it, those who hate it, and those who prefer to pay someone else to do it for them! Americans spend more on fast food and take out than any other industrialized nation – and the scales are proof of this! Is cooking your passion? SEO consultants Sydney Do friends and family constantly brag on how tasty your dishes are? If so – the personal chef business may be the ideal start up for you!
For the amount that the average person wastes on fast food in a month, they could hire a personal chef to prepare weeks worth of nutritious delicious meals! If the personal chef industry is something that you’re seriously considering as a business start up, there are several things that you need to keep in mind:
1. Know your state and county laws: A personal chef will usually prepare meals at the clients location of choice, but there is a growing trend of personal chefs who prepare at their own location – and deliver meals. Generally speaking, Hire a personal chef in Sydney each state has it’s own set of laws that are applied to food service businesses. Depending on the type of services provided, the business must meet certain criteria. Some states do not allow home based food service businesses (ones where you will prepare meals in your own home) while others require certification. These laws are referred to as Cottage Laws. Just call your state’s commerce department and inquire about their cottage laws or food service preparation business laws.
2. You are more than a chef!: As a personal chef you will do more than whip up tasty meals, men’s skateboard shoes collection you will often service as a family meal planner and grocery shopper! Diversify your recipe repertoire to accommodate a wide range of tastes and styles. You should also familiarize yourself with the best places to shop and save. You will want to cook with the best cuts of meats and most fresh vegetables, so make friends with butchers and farmers where possible.
3. Define your specialty: Although you will want to have a wide range of recipes in your menu offerings – it’s a good idea to define a specialty to attract a specific type of client. Perhaps authentic Italian is where you excel, or maybe you are an genee expert in preparing gluten free meals. Whatever your specialty, be sure to highlight that fact on your services brochure!
4. Don’t forget the special needs!: In order to be a success, fibreglass pool installers northern beaches you will want to familiarize yourself with the various special dietary needs. From diabetes to gluten free to vegan and beyond – the most sought after personal chefs know how to make the best meals for every diet need!


text:
Could Vaping be a Long-Term Smoking Cessation Tool?
According to a brand-new study set for publication next month in the Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology Journal— vaping has a legitimate case for being used as a long-term smoking cessation tool.
Apart from the unhealthy act of smoking, 209 “healthy” smokers took part in the study that set out to better understand the effects of long-term vaping in relation to lung function.
Per the study, all participants were screened and cleared of any abnormalities. Next, the participants were given a vaping device called, “Puritane” and were instructed to use it as their main vaporizer for the 24-month duration of the study. Understanding that dual-use is a common behavior with life-long smokers taking up vaping for the first time, the study allowed for the continued use of smoking traditional cigarettes, as long as the participants vaped at least 80% of the time.
It didn’t take long before the first wave of data was revealed. In a matter of months, two to be exact, researchers reported nicotine withdrawal symptoms dropping off significantly as well as a decrease in the number of traditional cigarettes smoked among all participants.
After the 24-month study was complete, those that completed the study showed no signs of adverse changes in biomarkers of hematology (infection, disease or environmental exposure) or abnormal lipid metabolism (disorders caused by the accumulation of lipids).
According to researchers, “the frequency of adverse events steadily decreased throughout the study. That, coupled with the lack of observed damage to lung function suggests that vaping is a useful harm reduction tool.”
The study conducted by the Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology Journal is not the only one of its kind. A study conducted out of the University of Louisville found that smokers have the best chance at kicking their smoking habit when vaping as opposed to using subscription drugs like Chantix. Another study found that over have (52%) of daily vapers eventually quit smoking for good, according to an article published on churnmag.com.
So, are you still wondering if making the switch to vaping is safe long-term?
Our newsletter subscribers know about our upcoming sales before anyone else. Make sure you’re in the know! Sign-up below. (Pssst, you will also get 30 loyalty points for signing up if you are a loyalty program member. More here: https://goo.gl/4tEfkh)[mc4wp_form id=”10660″]

domain: medical


text:
Welcome to Poker
Hello poker lovers and welcome to the most conclusive poker related website you might find on the internet. We here in 'Poker Skill Game' are dedicated to passing all our poker expertise to the wide crowd of poker lovers around the world. You might ask yourself 'Why would they want to make their poker opponents better players?' the answer is simple – We believe that the people will know how to play poker, the more new players will be attracted to the game. The moment poker will be perceived by people as a pure game of Texas Holdem skill the more people will be fascinated by it and play it as a sport and not only as some type of gambling entertainment. The more people take poker seriously and look at expert poker players as skillful sportsmen, the more new players will be attracted to the game.
Poker Skill Game team is here to try and transfer all the knowledge gathered from our years of poker playing, both in online poker rooms and in casino poker rooms and tournaments. We hope you will find our site as a good source to quality guides and tips to the world of poker games.
Learn the ins and outs of poker etiquette. Avoid becoming a Neanderthal when playing poker.
This article is about Mark Seif's 'Run of a Lifetime.' In 2005, Mark Seif went on an improbable World Series run, and almost came to blows in the process.

domain: game


text:
SUR in English
Friday, 29 September 2023, 13:30
HM Government of Gibraltar, in collaboration with the Gibraltar Philatelic Bureau, has announced the release of a new set of stamps commemorating the Coronation of King Charles III.
Designed by local graphic artist Stephen Perera, the six stamps capture the event through a series of photographs.
Members of the public can purchase the stamp collection from the Philatelic Shop located at 104 Main Street, or online at www.gibraltar-stamps.com
Te puede interesar
El Norte de Castilla
Necesitas ser suscriptor para poder votar.