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A rifle is an oul' long-barrelled firearm designed for accurate shootin', with a barrel that has a holy helical pattern of grooves ("riflin'") cut into the feckin' bore wall, game ball! In keepin' with their focus on accuracy, rifles are typically designed to be held with both hands and braced firmly against the feckin' shooter's shoulder via a holy buttstock for stability durin' shootin'. Jesus, Mary and holy Saint Joseph. Rifles are used extensively in warfare, law enforcement, huntin' and shootin' sports.
The term was originally rifled gun, with the bleedin' verb "rifle" referrin' to the feckin' early modern machinin' process of creatin' groovings with cuttin' tools. By the feckin' 20th century, the feckin' weapon had become so common that the feckin' modern noun "rifle" is now often used for any long-shaped handheld ranged weapon designed for well-aimed discharge activated by a holy trigger (e.g., personnel haltin' and stimulation response rifle, which is actually a laser dazzler).
Like all typical firearms, a holy rifle's projectile (bullet) is propelled by the feckin' contained deflagration of a holy combustible propellant compound (originally black powder, later cordite, and now nitrocellulose), although other propulsive means such as compressed air are used in air rifles, which are popular for vermin control, small game huntin', competitive target shootin' and casual sport shootin' ("plinkin'").
The distinct feature that separates an oul' rifle from the bleedin' earlier smoothbore long guns (e.g., arquebuses, muskets) is the feckin' riflin' within its gun barrel, would ye believe it? The raised areas of a barrel's riflin' are called "lands", which make contact with and exert torque on the bleedin' projectile as it moves down the feckin' bore, impartin' a spin around its longitudinal axis, that's fierce now what? When the feckin' projectile leaves the oul' barrel, this spin persists and lends gyroscopic stability to the feckin' projectile due to conservation of angular momentum, preventin' yawin' and tumblin' in flight, you know yourself like. This allows the oul' use of more elongated and aerodynamically-efficient bullets (as opposed to the spherical balls used in smoothbore muskets) and thus improves range and accuracy.
Historically, rifles only fired a bleedin' single projectile with each squeeze of the bleedin' trigger. Holy blatherin' Joseph, listen to this. Modern rifles are commonly classified as single shot, bolt action, semi-automatic, or automatic, the shitehawk. Single shot, bolt action, and semi-automatic rifles are limited by their designs to fire a single shot for each trigger pull. Stop the lights! Only automatic rifles are capable of firin' more than one round per trigger squeeze; however, some automatic rifles are limited to fixed bursts of two, three, or more rounds per squeeze.
Modern automatic rifles overlap to some extent in design and function with machine guns. Would ye swally this in a minute now?In fact, many light machine guns (such as the feckin' Russian RPK) are adaptations of existin' automatic rifle designs. Stop the lights! A military's light machine guns are typically chambered for the oul' same caliber ammunition as its service rifles. Generally, the oul' difference between an automatic rifle and a machine gun comes down to weight, coolin' system, and ammunition feed system. Soft oul' day. Rifles, with their relatively lighter components (which overheat quickly) and smaller capacity magazines, are incapable of sustained automatic fire in the way that machine guns are; they trade this capability in favor of increased mobility, Lord bless us and save us. Modern military rifles are fed by magazines, while machine guns are generally belt-fed. Here's another quare one for ye. Many machine guns allow the bleedin' operator to quickly exchange barrels in order to prevent overheatin', whereas rifles generally do not, be the hokey! Most machine guns fire from an open bolt in order to reduce the bleedin' danger of "cook-off", while almost all rifles fire from a bleedin' closed bolt for accuracy. Machine guns are often crewed by more than one soldier; the oul' rifle is an individual weapon.
In many works of fiction a bleedin' rifle refers to any weapon that has a holy stock and is shouldered before firin', even if the weapon is not rifled or does not fire solid projectiles (e.g., a "laser rifle").
The origins of riflin' are difficult to trace, but some of the bleedin' earliest practical experiments seem to have been carried out in Europe durin' the feckin' 15th century, for the craic. Archers had long realized that a bleedin' twist added to the tail feathers of their arrows gave them greater accuracy. Early muskets produced large quantities of smoke and soot, which had to be cleaned from the oul' action and bore of the musket frequently, either through the feckin' action of repeated bore scrubbin', or a holy deliberate attempt to create "soot grooves" that would allow for more shots to be fired from the feckin' firearm. This might also have led to a perceived increase in accuracy, although no one knows for sure. The grooved gun barrel is considered by many to have been invented as early as 1440 and further developed by Gaspard Kollner of Vienna, Austria, circa 1498, the hoor. The spirally grooved gun barrel is considered German in origin, invented by Augustus Kotter of Nuremberg circa 1520. Military commanders preferred smooth bore weapons for infantry use because rifles were much more prone to problems due to powder foulin' the feckin' barrel and because they took longer to reload and fire than muskets.
Rifles were created as an improvement in the bleedin' accuracy of smooth bore muskets. In fairness now. In the oul' early 18th century, Benjamin Robins, an English mathematician, realized that an elongated bullet would retain the momentum and kinetic energy of a musket ball, but would shlice through the bleedin' air with greater ease. The black powder used in early muzzle-loadin' rifles quickly fouled the bleedin' barrel, makin' loadin' shlower and more difficult, be the hokey! The greater range of the oul' rifle was considered to be of little practical use, since the oul' smoke from black powder quickly obscured the battlefield and made it almost impossible to aim the feckin' weapon from a holy distance, would ye believe it? Since musketeers could not afford to take the time to stop and clean their barrels in the feckin' middle of a battle, rifles were limited to use by sharpshooters and non-military uses like huntin'.
Muskets were smoothbore, large caliber weapons usin' spherical ammunition fired at relatively low velocity. Jesus Mother of Chrisht almighty. Due to the high cost and great difficulty of precision manufacturin', and the feckin' need to load readily from the oul' muzzle, the feckin' musket ball was a feckin' loose fit in the oul' barrel. Consequently, on firin' the feckin' ball bounced off the sides of the barrel when fired and the oul' final direction on leavin' the feckin' muzzle was unpredictable.
The performance of early muskets defined the bleedin' style of warfare at the feckin' time, the shitehawk. Due to the oul' lack of accuracy, soldiers were deployed in long lines (thus line infantry) to fire at the oul' opposin' forces, be the hokey! Precise aim was thus not necessary to hit an opponent. Jesus Mother of Chrisht almighty. Muskets were used for comparatively rapid, imprecisely aimed volley fire, and the feckin' average soldier could be easily trained to use them.
In the bleedin' territory of Kentucky, one of the bleedin' most successful early rifles, the long rifle, was developed over the bleedin' course of the 18th century. Compared to the bleedin' more common Brown Bess, they had a feckin' tighter bore with no space between bullet and barrel, and still used balls instead of conical bullets, so it is. The balls the bleedin' long rifle used were smaller, allowin' the bleedin' production of more rounds for a given amount of lead. C'mere til I tell ya now. These rifles also had longer barrels, allowin' more accuracy, which were rifled with a feckin' helical groove. These first started appearin' sometime before 1740, one early example bein' made by Jacob Dickert, a holy German immigrant, game ball! By 1850 there were a bleedin' number of such manufacturers in the bleedin' area. Bejaysus here's a quare one right here now. The longer barrel was a departure by local gunsmiths from their German roots, allowin' bullets to achieve a higher speed (as the bleedin' burnin' gunpowder was contained longer) before emergin' from the feckin' barrel.
The rifle was used for precise shootin', aimin' and firin' at individual targets, instead of the feckin' musket's use for imprecise fire.
By the time of the oul' American Revolutionary War, these rifles were commonly used by frontiersmen, and Congress authorized the feckin' establishment of ten companies of riflemen, bejaysus. One of the most important units was Morgan's Riflemen, led by Daniel Morgan. C'mere til I tell ya. This sharpshootin' unit eventually proved themselves integral to the feckin' Battle of Saratoga, and in the bleedin' southern states where General Morgan commanded as well. Takin' advantage of the bleedin' rifle's improved accuracy, Morgan's sharpshooters picked off cannoneers and officers, reducin' the impact of enemy artillery. This kind of advantage was considered pivotal in many battles, such as the battles of Cowpens, Saratoga, and Kin''s Mountain.
Later durin' the Napoleonic Wars, the British 95th Regiment (Green Jackets) and 60th Regiment, (Royal American), as well as sharpshooters and riflemen durin' the bleedin' War of 1812, used the bleedin' rifle to great effect durin' skirmishin', for the craic. Because of a shlower loadin' time than a bleedin' musket, they were not adopted by the bleedin' whole army. C'mere til I tell ya. Since rifles were used by sharpshooters who did not routinely fire over other men's shoulders, long length was not required to avoid the forward line. G'wan now and listen to this wan. A shorter length made a holy handier weapon in which tight-fittin' balls did not have to be rammed so far down the oul' barrel.
The invention of the feckin' minie balls in the feckin' 1840s solved the shlow loadin' problem, and in the 1850s and 1860s rifles quickly replaced muskets on the battlefield, like. Many rifles, often referred to as rifled muskets, were very similar to the feckin' muskets they replaced, but the bleedin' military also experimented with other designs, to be sure. Breech-loadin' weapons proved to have a much faster rate of fire than muzzleloaders, causin' military forces to abandon muzzle loaders in favor of breech-loadin' designs in the bleedin' late 1860s. Here's another quare one for ye. In the bleedin' later part of the feckin' 19th century, rifles were generally single-shot, breech-loadin' guns, designed for aimed, discretionary fire by individual soldiers. Me head is hurtin' with all this raidin'. Then, as now, rifles had a stock, either fixed or foldin', to be braced against the oul' shoulder when firin'.
The adoption of cartridges and breech-loadin' in the 19th century was concurrent with the bleedin' general adoption of rifles. Soft oul' day. In the bleedin' early part of the bleedin' 20th century, soldiers were trained to shoot accurately over long ranges with high-powered cartridges. Arra' would ye listen to this. World War I Lee–Enfield rifles (among others) were equipped with long-range 'volley sights' for massed firin' at ranges of up to 1.6 km (1 mi), be the hokey! Individual shots were unlikely to hit, but a bleedin' platoon firin' repeatedly could produce a bleedin' 'beaten ground' effect similar to light artillery or machine guns.
Currently, rifles are the bleedin' most common firearm in general use for huntin' (with the bleedin' exception of bird huntin', where shotguns are favored), enda story. Rifles derived from military designs have long been popular with civilian shooters.
Durin' the feckin' Napoleonic Wars the bleedin' British army created several experimental units known as "Rifles", armed with the Baker rifle, would ye swally that? These Rifle Regiments were deployed as skirmishers durin' the oul' Peninsular war in Spain and Portugal, and were more effective than skirmishers armed with muskets due to their accuracy and long range.
Gradually, rifles appeared with cylindrical barrels cut with helical grooves, the oul' surfaces between the bleedin' grooves bein' "lands". The innovation was shortly followed by the bleedin' mass adoption of breech-loadin' weapons, as it was not practical to push an overbore bullet down through an oul' rifled barrel. Right so. The dirt and grime from prior shots was pushed down ahead of a tight bullet or ball (which may have been a looser fit in the bleedin' clean barrel before the bleedin' first shot), and loadin' was far more difficult, as the bleedin' lead had to be deformed to go down in the oul' first place, reducin' the bleedin' accuracy due to deformation, for the craic. Several systems were tried to deal with the oul' problem, usually by resortin' to an under-bore bullet that expanded upon firin'.
The original muzzle-loadin' rifle, with a bleedin' closely fittin' ball to take the riflin' grooves, was loaded with difficulty, particularly when foul, and for this reason was not generally used for military purposes. Jesus Mother of Chrisht almighty. With the oul' advent of riflin' the bullet itself did not initially change, but was wrapped in a feckin' greased, cloth patch to grip the riflin' grooves.
The first half of the bleedin' 19th century saw a distinct change in the feckin' shape and function of the bleedin' bullet. In 1826 Delvigne, a holy French infantry officer, invented a breech with abrupt shoulders on which an oul' spherical bullet was rammed down until it caught the feckin' riflin' grooves. Delvigne's method, however, deformed the bullet and was inaccurate.
Soon after, the feckin' Carabine à tige was invented by Louis-Etienne de Thouvenin, which had a bleedin' stem at the bleedin' bottom of the feckin' barrel that would deform and expand the feckin' base of the bleedin' bullet when rammed, therefore enablin' accurate contact with the bleedin' riflin'. I hope yiz are all ears now. However, the oul' area around the oul' stem clogged and got dirty easily.
Minié system – the bleedin' "rifled musket"
One of the bleedin' most famous was the Minié system, invented by French Army Captain Claude-Étienne Minié, which relied on an oul' conical bullet (known as a Minié ball) with a bleedin' hollow skirt at the bleedin' base of the bleedin' bullet. Jesus Mother of Chrisht almighty. When fired, the bleedin' skirt would expand from the bleedin' pressure of the explodin' charge and grip the oul' riflin' as the round was fired. The better seal gave more power, as less gas escaped past the oul' bullet. Also, for the same bore (caliber) diameter a long bullet was heavier than an oul' round ball. Whisht now. The extra grip also spun the oul' bullet more consistently, which increased the feckin' range from about 50 yards for a smooth bore musket to about 300 yards for a feckin' rifle usin' the feckin' Minié system, game ball! The expandin' skirt of the Minié ball also solved the oul' problem that earlier tight-fittin' bullets were difficult to load as black powder residue fouled the oul' inside of the feckin' barrel. Stop the lights! The Minié system allowed conical bullets to be loaded into rifles just as quickly as round balls in smooth bores, which allowed rifle muskets to replace muskets on the feckin' battlefield, enda story. Minié system rifles, notably the feckin' U.S. C'mere til I tell ya now. Springfield and the British Enfield of the bleedin' early 1860s, featured prominently in the feckin' U.S, be the hokey! Civil War, due to their enhanced power and accuracy.
Over the 19th century, bullet design also evolved, the feckin' bullets becomin' gradually smaller and lighter. Soft oul' day. By 1910 the oul' standard blunt-nosed bullet had been replaced with the oul' pointed, 'spitzer' bullet, an innovation that increased range and penetration. Cartridge design evolved from simple paper tubes containin' black powder and shot, to sealed brass cases with integral primers for ignition, and black powder was replaced by cordite, and then other nitro-cellulose-based smokeless powder mixtures, propellin' bullets to higher velocities than before.
The increased velocity meant that new problems arrived, and so bullets went from bein' soft lead to harder lead, then to copper-jacketed, in order to better engage the bleedin' spiral grooves without "strippin'" them in the oul' same way that a screw or bolt thread would be stripped if subjected to extreme forces.
From 1836, breech-loadin' rifles were introduced with the German Dreyse Needle gun, and followed by the French Tabatière in 1857 the oul' British Calisher and Terry carbine made in Birmingham and later in 1864 and the bleedin' more well known British Snider–Enfield. Me head is hurtin' with all this raidin'. Primitive chamber-lockin' mechanisms were soon replaced by bolt-action mechanisms, exemplified by the Chassepot in 1866. Chrisht Almighty. Breech loadin' was to have a major impact on warfare, as breech-loadin' rifles can be fired at a bleedin' rate many times higher than muzzle loaded rifles and significantly can be loaded from a prone rather than standin' position. Firin' prone (i.e., lyin' down) is more accurate than firin' from a standin' position, and an oul' prone rifleman presents a feckin' much smaller target than a standin' soldier. Arra' would ye listen to this. The higher accuracy and range, combined with reduced vulnerability generally benefited the defense while makin' the bleedin' traditional battle between lines of standin' and volleyin' infantry men obsolete.
Revolvin' rifles were an attempt to increase the rate of fire of rifles by combinin' them with the feckin' revolvin' firin' mechanism that had been developed earlier for revolvin' pistols. Here's a quare one for ye. Colt began experimentin' with revolvin' rifles in the early 19th century, and other manufacturers like Remington later experimented with them as well. C'mere til I tell ya now. The Colt Revolvin' Rifle Model 1855 was an early repeatin' rifle and the first one to be used by the feckin' U.S. Here's a quare one for ye. Government, and saw some limited action durin' the feckin' American Civil War. Story? Revolvers, both rifles and pistols, tend to spray fragments of metal from the oul' front of the cylinder.
An important area of development was the way that cartridges were stored and used in the oul' weapon. The Spencer repeatin' rifle was a bleedin' breech-loadin' manually operated lever action rifle that was adopted by the feckin' United States. Over 20,000 were used durin' the feckin' American Civil War, the cute hoor. It was the bleedin' first adoption of a feckin' removable magazine-fed infantry rifle. Jesus, Mary and Joseph. The design was completed by Christopher Spencer in 1860. It used copper rimfire cartridges stored in a removable seven-round tube magazine, enablin' the rounds to be fired one after another. Jesus Mother of Chrisht almighty. When the oul' magazine was empty, it could be exchanged for another.
In the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, military observers from Europe and the oul' United States witnessed a major conflict fought with high velocity bolt-action rifles firin' smokeless powder.:179,229,230:104,105 The Battle of Mukden fought in 1905 consisted of nearly 343,000 Russian troops against over 281,000 Japanese troops, the hoor. The Russian Mosin–Nagant Model 1891 in 7.62mm was pitted against the oul' Japanese Arisaka Type 30 bolt-action rifle in 6.5mm;:104,105,155 both had velocities well over the oul' 19th-century black powder velocities of under 2,000 feet per second (610 m/s).:187:28,29
Until the oul' late 19th century rifles tended to be very long, some long rifles reachin' approximately 2 m (6 ft) in length to maximize accuracy, makin' early rifles impractical for use by cavalry. Here's another quare one for ye. However, followin' the feckin' advent of more powerful smokeless powder, a bleedin' shorter barrel did not impair accuracy as much. Listen up now to this fierce wan. As a result, cavalry saw limited, but noteworthy, usage in 20th century conflicts.
The advent of the oul' massed, rapid firepower of the oul' machine gun, submachine gun and rifled artillery was so quick as to outstrip the feckin' development of any way to attack a trench defended by riflemen and machine gunners, would ye swally that? The carnage of World War I was perhaps the bleedin' greatest vindication and vilification of the bleedin' rifle as a military weapon.
Durin' and after World War II it became accepted that most infantry engagements occurred at ranges of less than 300 m; the feckin' range and power of the oul' large full-powered rifle cartridges were "overkill", requirin' weapons heavier than otherwise necessary. Jaysis. This led to Germany's development of the feckin' 7.92×33mm Kurz (short) round, the MKb-42, and ultimately, the bleedin' assault rifle. Today, an infantryman's rifle is optimized for ranges of 300 m or less, and soldiers are trained to deliver individual rounds or bursts of fire within these distances. Here's a quare one for ye. Typically, the feckin' application of accurate, long-range fire is the feckin' domain of the bleedin' marksman and the oul' sniper in warfare, and of enthusiastic target shooters in peacetime. Story? The modern marksman rifle and sniper rifle are usually capable of accuracy better than 0.3 mrad at 100 yards (1 arcminute).
3D printed rifle
The Grizzly is a feckin' 3D printed .22-caliber rifle created around August 2013. Jasus. It was created usin' an oul' Stratasys Dimension 1200es printer. It was created by a Canadian only known by the bleedin' pseudonym "Matthew" who told The Verge that he was in his late 20s, and his main job was makin' tools for the construction industry.
A youth rifle is an oul' rifle designed or modified for fittin' children, or small-framed shooters. A youth rifle is often a single shot .22 caliber rifle, or a bolt action rifle, although some youth rifles are semi-automatic, that's fierce now what? They are usually very light, with a holy greatly shortened length of pull, which is necessary to accommodate children. Arra' would ye listen to this. Youth stocks are available for many popular rifles, such as the feckin' Ruger 10/22, a feckin' semi-automatic .22 LR rifle, allowin' a youth rifle to be made from an oul' standard rifle by simply changin' the stock, so it is. The typical ages of shooters for such rifles vary from about age 5 to 11 years old.
The usual form of riflin' was helical grooves in a round bore.
Some early rifled firearms had barrels with a twisted polygonal bore. The Whitworth rifle was the first such type designed to spin the feckin' round for accuracy. Jesus, Mary and Joseph. Bullets for these guns were made to match the bleedin' shape of the feckin' bore so the feckin' bullet would grip the oul' rifle bore and take a bleedin' spin that way. Here's another quare one. These were generally large caliber weapons, and the feckin' ammunition still did not fit tightly in the bleedin' barrel, grand so. Many different shapes and degrees of spiralin' were used in experimental designs. One widely produced example was the feckin' Metford riflin' in the oul' Pattern 1888 Lee–Metford service rifle. Bejaysus here's a quare one right here now. Although uncommon, polygonal riflin' is still used in some weapons today, one example bein' the bleedin' Glock line of pistols (which fire standard bullets), like. Many of the oul' early designs were prone to dangerous backfirin', which could lead to destruction of the bleedin' weapon and serious injury to the person firin' it.
As the oul' bullet enters the barrel, it inserts itself into the riflin', a holy process that gradually wears down the barrel, and also causes the oul' barrel to heat up more rapidly. Therefore, some machine guns are equipped with quick-change barrels that can be swapped every few thousand rounds, or in earlier designs, were water-cooled. Unlike older carbon steel barrels, which were limited to around 1,000 shots before the feckin' extreme heat caused accuracy to fade, modern stainless steel barrels for target rifles are much more resistant to wear, allowin' many thousands of rounds to be fired before accuracy drops. (Many shotguns and small arms have chrome-lined barrels to reduce wear and enhance corrosion resistance. This is rare on rifles designed for extreme accuracy, as the oul' platin' process is difficult and liable to reduce the bleedin' effect of the bleedin' riflin'.) Modern ammunition has a bleedin' hardened lead core with a holy softer outer claddin' or jacket, typically of an alloy of copper and nickel – cupro-nickel. Here's a quare one. Some ammunition is coated with molybdenum disulfide to further reduce internal friction – the oul' so-called 'moly-coated' bullet.
Rate of fire
Rifles were initially single-shot, muzzle-loadin' weapons. Durin' the bleedin' 18th century, breech-loadin' weapons were designed, which allowed the bleedin' rifleman to reload while under cover, but defects in manufacturin' and the oul' difficulty in formin' a holy reliable gas-tight seal prevented widespread adoption, to be sure. Durin' the feckin' 19th century, multi-shot repeatin' rifles usin' lever, pump or linear bolt actions became standard, further increasin' the bleedin' rate of fire and minimizin' the bleedin' fuss involved in loadin' a bleedin' firearm, bejaysus. The problem of proper seal creation had been solved with the use of brass cartridge cases, which expanded in an elastic fashion at the point of firin' and effectively sealed the bleedin' breech while the pressure remained high, then relaxed back enough to allow for easy removal. Story? By the end of the 19th century, the oul' leadin' bolt-action design was that of Paul Mauser, whose action—wedded to a feckin' reliable design possessin' a five-shot magazine—became a holy world standard through two world wars and beyond. The Mauser rifle was paralleled by Britain's ten-shot Lee–Enfield and America's 1903 Springfield Rifle models. Sufferin' Jaysus. The American M1903 closely copied Mauser's original design.
Barrel riflin' dramatically increased the range and accuracy of the feckin' musket. Indeed, throughout its development, the feckin' rifle's history has been marked by increases in range and accuracy. Story? From the feckin' Minié rifle and beyond, the oul' rifle has become ever more potent at long range strikes.
In recent decades, large-caliber anti-materiel rifles, typically firin' between 12.7 mm and 20 mm caliber cartridges, have been developed, bejaysus. The US Barrett M82A1 is probably the best-known such rifle. Be the hokey here's a quare wan. These weapons are typically used to strike critical, vulnerable targets such as computerized command and control vehicles, radio trucks, radar antennae, vehicle engine blocks and the feckin' jet engines of enemy aircraft. Whisht now and eist liom. Anti-materiel rifles can be used against human targets, but the much higher weight of rifle and ammunition, and the oul' massive recoil and muzzle blast, usually make them less than practical for such use. G'wan now. The Barrett M82 is designed with a feckin' maximum effective range of 1,800 m (1.1 mi), although it has a holy confirmed kill distance of 2,430 m (1.51 mi) in Afghanistan durin' Operation Anaconda in 2002. The record for the longest confirmed kill shot stands at 3,540 m (11,610 ft), set by an unnamed soldier with Canada's elite special operations unit Joint Task Force 2 usin' an oul' McMillan TAC-50 sniper rifle.
Bullet rotational speed (RPM)
Bullets leavin' a rifled barrel can spin at a feckin' rotational speed of over 100,000 revolutions per minute (rpm) (or over about 1.67 kilohertz, since 1 RPM = 1/60 Hz). Bejaysus this is a quare tale altogether. The rotational speed depends both on the feckin' muzzle velocity of the bullet and the bleedin' pitch of the bleedin' riflin'. Excessive rotational speed can exceed the bleedin' bullet's designed limits and the feckin' inadequate centripetal force will fail to keep the feckin' bullet from disintegratin' in a radial fashion. The rotational speed of the feckin' bullet can be calculated by usin' the feckin' formula below.
- MV / twist rate = rotational speed
Usin' metric units, the oul' formula divides the bleedin' number of millimeters in a feckin' meter (1000) by the bleedin' barrel twist in millimeters (the length of travel along the oul' barrel per full rotation), bejaysus. This number is then multiplied by the muzzle velocity in meters per second (m/s) and the number of seconds in a minute (60).
- MV (in m/s) × (1000 mm /twist) × 60 s/min = Bullet RPM
For example, usin' a holy barrel that has a twist rate of 190 mm with a holy muzzle velocity of 900 m/s:
- 900 m/s × (1000 mm /(190 mm)) × 60 s/min = 284 210 RPM
Usin' imperial units, the bleedin' formula divides the feckin' number of inches in a holy foot (12) by the oul' rate of twist that the oul' barrel has. Bejaysus this is a quare tale altogether. This number is multiplied by the oul' muzzle velocity (MV) and the oul' number of seconds in a holy minute (60). Would ye believe this shite?For example, a bleedin' bullet with a holy muzzle velocity of 3,000 feet per second (910 m/s) leavin' a holy barrel that twists once per foot (1/12") would rotate at 180,000rpm.
- MV (in fps) × (12 in. /twist rate) × 60 s/min. = Bullet RPM
For example, usin' a holy barrel that has an oul' twist rate of 1 turn in 8" with an oul' muzzle velocity of 3000 ft/s:
- 3000 fps × (12"/(8"/rotation)) × 60 s/min, fair play. = 270,000 RPM
Rifles may be chambered in a feckin' variety of calibers (bullet or barrel diameters), from as low as 4.4 mm (.17 inch) varmint calibers to as high as 20 mm (.80 caliber) in the feckin' case of the oul' largest anti tank rifles, game ball! The term caliber essentially refers to the oul' width of the bleedin' bullet fired through a bleedin' rifle's barrel. Arra' would ye listen to this shite? Armies have consistently attempted to find and procure the oul' most lethal and accurate caliber for their firearms.
The standard calibers used by the world's militaries tend to follow worldwide trends. Sufferin' Jaysus. These trends have significantly changed durin' the oul' centuries of firearm design and re-design. Arra' would ye listen to this. Muskets were normally chambered for large calibers, such as .50 or .59 (12.7 mm or 15 mm), with the feckin' theory that these large bullets caused the feckin' most damage.
Durin' World War I and II, most rifles were chambered in .30 caliber (7.62 mm), a feckin' combination of power and speed, bejaysus. Examples would be the feckin' .303 British Lee–Enfield, the feckin' American M1903 .30-06, and the feckin' German 8mm Mauser K98.
Detailed study of infantry combat durin' and after WWII revealed that most small-arms engagements occurred within 100 meters, meanin' that the feckin' power and range of the traditional .30-caliber weapons (designed for engagements at 500 meters and beyond) was essentially wasted. The single greatest predictor of an individual soldier's combat effectiveness was the number of rounds he fired. Weapons designers and strategists realized that service rifles firin' smaller-caliber projectiles would allow troops to carry far more ammunition for the bleedin' same weight. The lower recoil and more generous magazine capacities of small-caliber weapons also allows troops a much greater volume of fire, compared to historical battle rifles, that's fierce now what? Smaller, faster travelin', less stable projectiles have also demonstrated greater terminal ballistics and therein, an oul' greater lethality than traditional .30-caliber rounds. Most modern service rifles fire a holy projectile of approximately 5.56 mm. Examples of firearms in this range are the oul' American 5.56 mm M16 and the Russian 5.45×39mm AK-74.
Types of rifle
- Advanced Combat Rifle/Project Abakan
- Antique firearms
- British military rifles
- Gun safety
- List of assault rifles
- List of battle rifles
- List of multiple barrel rifles
- List of rifle cartridges
- List of sniper rifles
- Objective Individual Combat Weapon
- Rifle grenade
- Rifled musket
- Service rifle
- Shootin' at the bleedin' Summer Olympics
- Shootin' range
- Shootin' sport
- Telescopic sight
- The Gun and Its Development: With Notes on Shootin' by William Wellington Greener, Cassell Books, 1885, Page 50
- "The How and Why of Long Shots and Straight Shots", bejaysus. Cornhill Magazine. April 1860. Archived from the original on 4 November 2010. Cite journal requires
- "Book Explores History of the oul' American Rifle". NPR.org. Here's a quare one. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
- Those Tall American Patriots and Their Long Rifles
- A Short History Of The Kentucky Long Rifle
- Robert A, the cute hoor. Sadowski (2015). Jesus Mother of Chrisht almighty. Shooter's Bible Guide to Tactical Firearms: A Comprehensive Guide to Precision Rifles and Long-Range Shootin' Gear. Jesus Mother of Chrisht almighty. Skyhorse Publishin', Inc. ISBN 9781632209351.
- "Rifled Breech Loader". Jesus Mother of Chrisht almighty. globalsecurity.org.
- Spencer Tucker (2013), would ye believe it? Almanac of American Military History. I hope yiz are all ears now. ABC-CLIO. p. 1028. Jesus Mother of Chrisht almighty. ISBN 978-1598845303.
- Keegan, John (1999). Bejaysus this is a quare tale altogether. The First World War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. G'wan now. ISBN 0-375-40052-4.
- Mennin', Bruce W, bejaysus. (1992), so it is. Bayonets Before Bullets; The Imperial Russian Army, 1861–1914. Jesus Mother of Chrisht almighty. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University. Stop the lights! ISBN 0-253-33745-3.
- Honeycutt, Fred L.; Anthony, F, the cute hoor. Patt (2006). Arra' would ye listen to this shite? Military Rifles of Japan (Fifth ed.). Monticello, Iowa: Julin. ISBN 0-9623208-7-0.
- First 3-D printed rifle fires bullet, then breaks, NBC News, 26 July 2013. Jaysis. (Archived 10 September 2014 at the bleedin' Wayback Machine)
- World's first 3D-printed rifle gets update, fires 14 shots, The Verge, 4 August 2013.(Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine)
- "GUIDE to Bullet Coatin'". www.6mmbr.com. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
- Friscolanti, Michael (15 May 2006). Whisht now. "We were abandoned", game ball! Maclean's. Rogers Publishin': 18–25.
- Fife, Robert (21 June 2017). Sufferin' Jaysus. "Canadian elite special forces sniper makes record-breakin' kill shot in Iraq". The Globe and Mail. Sufferin' Jaysus. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
- "Topic of the feckin' Month: July 2001 – Twist Rate". Load From A Disk, bedad. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
- "Calculatin' Bullet RPM – Spin Rates and Stability". AccurateShooter.com. Be the hokey here's a quare wan. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rifles.|
- Friedrich Engels, "On Rifled Cannon", articles from the bleedin' New York Tribune, April, May and June, 1860, reprinted in Military Affairs 21, no. 4 (Winter 1957) ed, you know yerself. Morton Borden, 193–198.


text:
The Conservatives are one point off reaching the highest lead they have ever experienced since records began in 1992, a Guardian/ICM poll shows. The support for the Tories is 44 per cent – the best result since they were in opposition. The Labour Party’s support, on the other hand, remains 28 per cent. The experts polled 2009 people and took in account people’s social class and age.
The Conservatives supersede the Labour party within every social group. The results reveal strong lead for Theresa May’s party even among working class. Only among people aged 18-24 the Labour Party’s popularity remains higher.
- Conservatives (+2) – 44%
- Labour (no change) – 28%
- Ukip (+1) – 12%
- Lib Dems (-2) – 7%
- Greens (+1) – 4%
Conservative lead: 16 points (+ 2)
Source: Guardian/ICM, 29 Nov 2016
The professor of Political economy at King’s College London, Shaun Hargreaves Heap, draws parallels between the results with the way Labour administration has run economy in the past. “Labour Party is not very well-trusted in the opinion polls to handle the economy since 2008 financial crisis and are generally considered to be the risky party. On the other hand, Conservatives have been regarded as the safe pair of hands with the economy,” says Heap.
According to the study, the overall poll rating of the other parties, such as Liberal Democrats, UKIP, Green Party shows their performance remains poor on a national level – none of them has received more than 12%. The same poll also shows that 53 per cent of British people said their confidence in the way politicians run the economy is very or fairly strong.
The Guardian also published another recent research, conducted by the Opinium/Observer poll experts. It is only with regard to the economy and shows that more than twice as many people trust Theresa May and Philip Hammond in terms economy than Jeremy Corbyn and John McDonnell. It also shows that the PM remains popular among the voters – 43 per cent support May.
From a historical perspective, reflecting on the increasing popularity of the Tories on economy, Heap believes it is correct to mention that the two times when British economy had fixed exchange rates and there were high profile devaluations occurred while the Labour Party was in office – during Attlee’s government and Wilson’s administration.
Heap, however, believes that these are not the only events that public should take into account:
“I do not think that the reputation is often bound up with the real facts, but we see that the events that stick out of an unfortunate kind occurred primarily during Labour administration. However, there is no good evidence to suggest that the economy is behaving on any dimension markedly worse under Labour or Conservative government, especially if we look at output growth, unemployment, inflation or the state of public finances.”
Heap adds that the debt-to-GDP ratio, or also the ratio of a country’s public debt to its gross domestic product, when Labour government left office in 2010 was actually smaller in comparison to the time they inherited office in 1997.
“Maybe the Labour Party’s reputation has been affected by some of the high profile events that got stuck in people’s minds and coloured public’s general impression of economic competence. It is true that the landmark events when economy was in crisis tended to happen on the Labour government’s patch more often than during the Conservative administration. The fact that 2008 financial crisis occurred at the end of the Labour government with Gordon Brown formed some expectations, but those moments are not necessarily the whole picture,” says Heap.
He believes that the Labour Party should try to take a more leading role in British politics if they want to become people’s top political choice.
Heap remains sceptical about the post-Brexit environment. He expects rising unemployment and economy slowing down, “largely because of the considerable uncertainty that’s been generated by the Brexit vote“.
He believes that the positioning of the parties is not definitive until Brexit takes place. He also considers that if politicians want the general public to be involved in the process of empowering again the economy, people should have a say in a new general election or in a new referendum.

domain: finance


text:
Hard Knocks 2016: Night 2
Mermaids, dinosaurs, and robotic dummies.
Three terms I really didn’t envision saying when recapping Night 2 of HBO‘s 2016 version of Hard Knocks. But then again, it is Hollywood.
The first half of the episode was spent getting to know the team on a personal level. We found out defensive end Will Hayes believes mermaids are real, and hopes to meet one while in Los Angeles. He also contends that dinosaurs never existed. We found out Tavon Austin doesn’t appreciate robotic dummies sneaking up on him. We found out that Kenny Britt doesn’t need to be anyone’s chauffeur…ever! Lastly, we saw too many American flag tank tops gathering in one place, and a pool party.
We also saw the Dallas Cowboys come to town, and they didn’t care about any of that.
Los Angeles would host an NFL game for the first time in 7,903 days. So how would the Rams perform in their long awaited return?
They would give the home crowd a show, and a win. After giving up a opening kickoff touchdown to Dallas receiver Lucky Whitehead, and 24 first half points, the Rams defense would shutout the Cowboys in the second half.
Case Keenum looked like the starter in limited action, and second year quarterback Sean Mannion looked really sharp. Unfortunately, for the second straight episode, the number one pick in this year’s draft, Jared Goff, did not.
Nelson Spruce was the star in this week’s episode going off against Dallas. Spruce had six big catches for 51 yards and a touchdown.
Heartbreak would strike in the Night 2 episode, and it was not in the form of a cut, but injury. The Rams rookie safety Brian “Rhino” Randolph would go down with a torn ACL. His rookie season is done.
However, the darkest moment of Night 2 may have been when the show ended with Jared Goff walking down a dark alley, alone, and without fanfare. Something that is becoming a theme in Hard Knocks 2016.
Stay tuned next week for Night 3.
Brandon Reid covers the NFL for MyFantasySportsTalk.com | Follow him on Twitter @New_Breidhttps://www.myfantasysportstalk.com/hard-knocks-2016-night-2/https://i2.wp.com/www.myfantasysportstalk.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/hard-knocks-training-camp-with-the-los-angeles-rams.jpg?fit=360%2C270&ssl=1https://i2.wp.com/www.myfantasysportstalk.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/hard-knocks-training-camp-with-the-los-angeles-rams.jpg?resize=150%2C150&ssl=1AnalysisEntertainmentFantasyFantasy Studs/DudsFF AnalysisFF Mock DraftsFF RankingsFF SleepersFootballLos Angeles RamsNews and UpdatesNFC WestNFLNFL DraftNFL PicksRecent PostsTV ShowsBrian Randolph,Case Keenum,Dallas Cowboys,Hard Knocks,hard knocks 2016,HBO,Jared Goff,Kenny Britt,Los Angeles Rams,Nelson Spruce,Sean Mannion,Tavon Austin,Will HayesMermaids, dinosaurs, and robotic dummies. Three terms I really didn't envision saying when recapping Night 2 of HBO's 2016 version of Hard Knocks. But then again, it is Hollywood. The first half of the episode was spent getting to know the team on a personal level. We found out defensive end...Brandon ReidBrandon Reidbrandon.email@example.comEditorBrandon Reid is a TV producer and broadcaster for a community channel based in Jonesboro Arkansas. He is from Memphis and graduated from Arkansas State University with a degree in broadcast journalism. He loves the Memphis Tigers, Grizzlies, Titans and Arkansas State Red Wolves. “I promise to bring information, insight and strong opinion...let the debate begin.” You can follow Brandon on Twitter @New_BreidMyFantasySportsTalk

domain: sports


Some consolidation in the world of open source database startups: SkySQL, a provider of open source database solutions, is merging with Monty Program Ab, the creators of MariaDB, an open source database technology that is used by Facebook, Twitter, Wikipedia and other services. The merger is also a reunion of sorts: both companies employ key people from MySQL, the database company that was bought by Sun in 2008, and in turn became a part of Oracle. Monty Program was founded and led by Michael “Monty” Widenius, the founder of MySQL.
Financial terms of the deal were not disclosed; the merger is expected to complete in four months.
As part of the deal, SkySQL says it will dedicate more resources to MariaDB to make it more interoperable with both NoSQL and SQL database systems, and it will also see SkySQL develop new solutions that allow users of MySQL and MariaDB databases “to manage their data effectively in the enterprise and cloud.” SkySQL says that MariaDB currently sees some 500,000 user downloads per year, not counting community Linux distributions.
Along with the merger, SkySQL announced its membership of the newly-formed, independent MariaDB Foundation, with money and other resources being dedicated to its development. “It is a pleasure to have a company representing the reunited core team of our code base joining the Foundation at its inception,” said Simon Phipps, CEO of the MariaDB Foundation, in a statement.
SkySQL says that its CEO, Patrik Sallner, will lead the merged company as CEO. Widenius, meanwhile, will be CTO of the MariaDB Foundation.
The deal could be a sign of how smaller open source database companies are looking to address challenges against competition from bigger players like Oracle and IBM, and how they can better ensure their longevity.
As described in a quirky comment from Widenius, “The MySQL database is named after my first daughter, My. The MariaDB database is named after my second daughter, Maria. With this merger and my own role in the MariaDB Foundation, I’m ensuring that the MariaDB project will remain ‘open source forever,’ while knowing that enterprise and community users of both the MySQL & MariaDB databases will benefit from best-in-breed products, services and support provided by SkySQL. And who doesn’t want the best for their kids?”
It is also a talent grab. “By bringing on board the talented MariaDB developer team, SkySQL proposes a comprehensive partnership to leading open source database users,” Sallner said in a statement. “We are committed to develop MariaDB into the most versatile open source database. We look forward to working with the MariaDB Foundation as they engage with developers and users of MariaDB as well as with their important mission of ensuring the independence of the MariaDB project itself.” Distilled down to actual challenges, SkySQL notes that issues it will need to address to make sure people stick with it are support for all MySQL database releases; interoperability; competitive costs and database security.


The Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) on Tuesday said its commitment to partner with the global Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) will deepen its commitment to transparency and accountability.
The corporation, it would be noted, has become an EITI partner company, joining a group of over 65 extractives companies, state-owned enterprises (SOEs), commodity traders, financial institutions and industry partners who commit to observing the EITI’s supporting company expectations.
The new status, NNPC explained in a statement, would require the corporation to publicly declare support for the EITI Principles and, by promoting transparency throughout the extractive industries, help public debate and provide opportunities for sustainable development.
The status further requires the corporation to publicly disclose taxes and payments and ensure comprehensive disclosure of taxes and payments made to all EITI implementing countries.
It would also ensure the corporation publicly discloses beneficial owners and take steps to identify the beneficial owners of direct business partners, including Joint Ventures and contractors.
The corporation also affirmed that the status would enable it engage in rigorous procurement processes, including due diligence in respect to partners and vendors, and deliver natural resources in a manner that benefits societies and communities, while ensuring that company processes are appropriate to deliver the data required for high standards of accountability.
Helen Clark, EITI Board chair, who lauded the corporation’s commitment to the EITI, said NNPC plays a vital role in Nigeria’s economy.
“Joining the EITI as a supporting company is a welcome step in the NNPC’s journey towards achieving greater transparency and to help ensure that Nigeria’s citizens benefit from their natural resource wealth,” Clark said.
Zainab Ahmed, Nigeria’s Minister of Finance, Budget and National Planning and former EITI Board member, also stressed the importance of ensuring that natural resource wealth contributes to sustainable development.
“Increased transparency of Nigeria’s national oil company revenues is contributing to improvements in our country’s domestic resource mobilisation efforts,” Ahmed said.
Mele Kyari, Group Managing Director of NNPC, while expressing the corporation’s commitment to the EITI, said becoming an EITI supporting company aligns with NNPC’s corporate vision and principles of transparency, accountability and performance excellence.
“Our partnership with NEITI and EITI strengthens our commitment towards commodity trading transparency, contract transparency and systematic disclosure of revenues and payments. We are on a journey towards greater transparency and look forward to deepening our collaboration with the EITI to further this work,” Kyari said.
Waziri Adio, NEITI Executive Secretary, commended NNPC’s move to support the EITI.
“NNPC joining the EITI as a supporting company is a major inflection point in the quest for transparency – for the company, for Nigeria’s oil and gas sector, and for the country as a whole,” Adio said.
EITI’s mission is to promote understanding of natural resource management, strengthen public and corporate governance and provide the data to inform greater transparency and accountability in the extractives sector.
By becoming a member of the EITI, 54 countries have committed to disclose information along the extractive industry value chain – from how extraction rights are awarded, to how revenues make their way through the government and how they benefit the public. Through participation in the EITI, countries agree to a common set of rules governing what has to be disclosed and when – the EITI Standard.


text:
“The Corner” is a weekly round-up of football news and every week we’ll select some of the key matches from across Europe. We’ll take a look at the results, standings and hear reactions from coaches and players alike.
This edition kicks off with Cristiano Ronaldo, who on Monday night in Zurich, was awarded the Ballon D’Or.
The Real Madrid star beat Lionel Messi and Franck Ribery in winning the accolade for the second time in his career.
The first was in 2008, when he was wearing the Manchester United jersey.
The 28-year-old from Madeira becomes the first Portuguese in history winning to win the award twice.
The goal scoring machine has been instrumental for Real Madrid and for his country, especially his 4 goals over the two-legged World Cup playoff against Sweden in November that sent Portugal to the finals in Brazil.
From off-pitch celebrations to on-field battles – The Spanish Liga saw a the top of the table clash between Atletico Madrid and Barcelona.
It was all to play for at the Vicente Calderon stadium, with the winning team assured top spot in the league.
It was an action-packed game, good chances from both sides, but no goals.
Barcelona coach Gerardo Martino chose to leave his star players Neymar and Messi on the bench for the first half. A risky choice? Well, looking at the result, maybe – it ended in a goalless draw and a share of the spoils.
After the match Barca coach Martino said: “Earning a point is a positive thing if we consider that we played against the other leader of the league and at their home. They are a team that had garnered maximum points at home and we had chances to win the game. We are not satisfied because obviously we wanted to win but we can’t be dissatisfied with our performance.”
Atletico Madrid coach Diego Simeone said: “I think Barcelona usually score four or five goals a match because they are a team who if you give them a chance they will punish you on every occasion. We certainly didn’t want that. So with this in mind we wanted to play our game and we had some real decent chances but at the end of the day I’m completely happy with the work of the team.”
After 19 matches Barca and Atletico are top with the same number of points but the Catalans edge in front with a better goal difference.
The biggest winners of the weekend in Spain were Real Madrid. With their victory against Espanyol they move to within three points of the two pace setters, much to the delight of coach Carlo Ancelotti.
In Portugal all eyes were on the “classic” between Benfica and Porto.
It was an electric atmosphere at the Estadio da Luz in Lisbon where just before the match ‘The Eagles’ paid a final tribute to club hero Eusebio, who died a week ago.
A minute’s silence by the teams and the 60 000 supporters was observed before kickoff.
With Eusebio’s name written on the back of their shirts Jorge Jesus’ players dominated the game with Rodrigo and Ezequiel Garay scoring the two goals for the home team, who celebrated their 11th victory of the season.
With Sporting and Estoril playing out a draw, Benfica go top of the Primeira Liga, with 36 points two points clear of Sporting.
It’s the first time in 20 years that the two Lisbon clubs hit the halfway mark of the season in the top two positions.
Reigning champions Porto are tucked up in third place a further point adrift.
Chilly conditions in the North east as Newcastle took on title hopefuls Manchester City.
Manuel Pellegrini’s City side went on to secure their ninth victory in ten Premier League’s games thanks to an early Edin Dzeko goal and a stoppage time effort from Alvaro Negredo.
The match was tainted by controversy when Newcastle were left incensed with a decision to disallow Chiek Tiote’s delightful 34th minute 20-metre volley.
After conferring with his linesman referee Mike Jones ruled the goal out after deciding Yoan Gouffran was interfering with play in an offside position.
It wasn’t all celebrations for the Citizens’ as their victory came at a price.
Samir Nasri hobbled off the pitch with a left knee injury with the club later saying the France international is set to miss eight weeks of the campaign.
Man City were top of the table only for 24 hours though as late on monday night Arsenal regained their place at the summit courtesy of a 2-1 win at Aston Villa.
The Gunners lead the title race on 48 points, one clear of City with Jose Mourinho’s Chelsea a further point back in third.
In Italy Massimiliano Allegri was fired as coach of AC Milan after four years at the helm.
His dismissal follows a poor string of results that culminated in a 4-3 defeat against newly promoted Sassuolo, on Sunday night.
Domenico Berardi stole the limelight and piled misery on Milan with all four goals for the topflight newcomers.
The defeat left the seven-time European champions languishing in 11th place with 22 points from 19 games.
Assistant coach Mauro Tassotti will take charge on an interim basis until a full-time replacement has been found.

domain: news


For traditionalis tough guys and gals, the Grizzly 700 FI is also available without EPS. It’s got all the other big-Grizzly features along with every bit of its durability and comfort... all at a price that makes this the most affordable bear in the wild.
Yamaha Grizzly History
The Grizzly 600 4x4 ATV with Ultramatic transmission was introduced in 1998.
The Grizzly 600 brought a new standard of performance, comfort and ease of use to the Utility ATV market with its high torque 595cc engine(the largest engine ever placed in a utility ATV, at the time) and revolutionary Ultramatic transmission. Among the "firsts" on the Grizzly 600 were automatic engine compression braking and push button On Command 2WD/4Wd selection.
1998 Yamaha Grizzly 600 4x4 SPECS:
Engine Type: 4-Stroke, SOHC, Single
Bore X Stroke: 95 x 84mm
Carburetion: Mikuni 40mm
Transmission: HI/Lo/Rev. Ultramatic
- Front: MacPherson Strut; 6.3" travel
- Rear: Swingarm with Monoshock; 7.5" travel
- Front: AT25 x 8 - 12
- Rear: AT25 x 10 - 10
Wheelbase: 49.4" (1,255mm)
Ground Clearance: 10.6" (269mm)
In 2002, Grizzly 660 raised the bar for Utility 4x4 ATV performance and conveninece by outdooring the first Push Button Front Differential Lock feature. The Grizzly also features liquid-cooling and the first Yamaha Independent Rear Suspension system.
2002 Yamaha Grizzly 660 SPECS:
Engine Type: 4-Stroke, SOHC, 5-Valved, Liquid-cooled
Bore X Stroke: 95 x 84mm
Carburetion: Mikuni BSR 42mm CV
Transmission: Hi/Lo/Rev./Park, Ultramatic™ w/engine braking
- Front: Double Wishbone; 7.1" travel
- Rear: Swingarm with Monoshock; 9.5" travel
- Front: AT25 x 8 - 12
- Rear: AT25 x 10 - 10
Wheelbase: 50.2" (1,275mm)
Ground Clearance: 11.8" (300mm)
After testing this beast, I’m able to say just one thing: This Baby Rocks!!! This is an awesome machine, it is everything that it was said to be and then some. It starts easy, runs great, and will surprise you on the throttle. This machine is unstoppable. I can’t say enough, not a perfect rating yet, only because it’s new. It’s good for endless wheelies and regarding the top speed, the maximum I got is about 62mph on the speedo (haven’t held it to the bar for long).
The power is unbelievable, it’s like riding a snowmobile when taking off. WHAT A THRILL. I thought for sure it wouldn’t compare to the Brute Force’s power but it actually comes close. It doesn’t have the bottom end but is comparable everywhere else along the power band. The suspension is ultra comfortable and the seat is heaven. A mere test drive at the dealer is not enough to showcase what this ATV can do. I did experience the so called gas boiling but after the pressure was released from the tank, I stuck my finger in the tank and the gas was cool. IT’S NOT BOILING; it’s just a venting issue. The one I had tested also purred along all weekend and never once stalled. I know others have expressed concern over both issues. I was not a huge Yamaha fan prior to owning this ATV, now I would do anything to own a Grizzly 700FI. I only have one question for the engineers at Yamaha..... What took you so long?
- I’ve heard the complaints about stalling at low speeds, again, I’ve never seen it happen.
- There are very few aftermarket parts available but that’s obviously going to happen since it’s all new for 2008.
There! You see, there isn’t anything to complain about. So, I guess this is by far the best ATV on the market today, I don’t care if competitors have twin engines or not, there is no comparison. I’d highly recommend it to anyone, what a blast!
- Most powerful Grizzly ever: 686cc liquid-cooled, four-stroke engine and light weight add up to the best power-to-weight ratio of any utility model in the industry.
- Electronic fuel injection means instantaneous cold starts and optimal performance in all conditions and at all altitudes.
- Industry-exclusive, fully automatic Ultramatic® transmission is the most advanced drive system in ATVing. An automatic centrifugal clutch maintains constant belt tension for reduced belt wear and industry-exclusive all-wheel downhill engine braking.
- Industry-exclusive, three-position On-Command® In/Out 4WD feature lets you switch between 2WD, limited-slip 4WD and fully locked differential 4WD—all with the simple push of a button.
- Fully independent long-travel four-wheel suspension with WideArc A-arms up front and five-way preload-adjustable shocks provides maximum ground clearance for unparalleled comfort over rough terrain.
- Trick digital instrument panel boasts a multifunction LCD display with speedometer, odometer, dual tripmeters, hourmeter, 4WD status, transmission position, clock and fuel gauge.
- Raptor-based four-valve combustion chamber design produces a potent combination of low-rev torque, right-now throttle response and high horsepower.
- Compact engine design features a 35-degree cylinder angle for ground clearance and lower seat height for quick steering and maneuverability.
- Electronic fuel injection provides a perfect fuel/air mixture regardless of temperature or altitude, and makes cold starts a snap.
- Gear-driven crankshaft balancer shaft and new-design rubber-damper engine mounts reduce vibration.
- Ceramic-composite cylinder liners provide outstanding durability and heat dissipation; forged piston is light and strong and rides a carburized, chrome-moly connecting rod.
- Two-lobe overhead cam and a pair of needle-roller rocker arms reduce friction by 50 percent for increased fuel efficiency and torque.
- Mikuni fuel injection with 44mm bore and throttle position sensor means easy cold starts and flawless fuel delivery in nearly any condition.
- Pushbutton electric starting with seven-disk torque-limiting damper assembly to protect the starter motor.
- Straight driveshaft layout to the front differential eliminates U-joints for reduced friction, vibration and maintenance.
- Stainless steel exhaust system features aluminum heat shields and a screen-type spark arrestor for great power with minimum noise output.
- High-capacity aluminum radiator with fan-assist delivers maximum cooling efficiency and is positioned high in the frame for optimal protection.
- Automatic cam chain tensioner reduces engine maintenance and helps extend engine life.
- Five-position shift lever with H, L, N, R and P gates for positive Ultramatic transmission operation.
- Override button allows engine to make maximum rpm in full Diff Lock mode.
- Electronic servo-activated 2WD/4WD/Diff Lock via the On-Command system.
- Sealed drive case keeps out water and debris to help prevent belt from slipping.
- Comfortable chassis provides outstanding handling and maneuverability.
- WideArc front suspension A-arms provide outstanding ground clearance.
- Five-way preload adjustable shocks provide a controlled, comfortable ride whatever the load or trail conditions.
- Four-wheel hydraulic disc brakes serve up consistent, long-lasting braking power under all sorts of nasty conditions.
- 5.3-gallon fuel tank is located under the seat for excellent mass centralization and handling; there’s a 4.8-liter waterproof storage compartment under there, too.
- 11.8 inches of ground clearance and full-length composite skid plate deliver maximum underbelly protection while enhancing terrainability.
- 25x8-12 front and 25x10-12 rear Dunlop tires provide responsive steering and handling and excellent comfort.
- Rugged injection-molded front bumper and CV joint guards protect against rock and debris damage.
- LCD instrument display contains fuel injection information as well as bar-type fuel gauge, odometer, tripmeter, clock and Diff Lock indicator.
- An analog speedometer shows your velocity at a glance.
- Rugged steel cargo racks with special, extra-durable wrinkle paint finish can pack a total of 286 pounds combined (99 front, 187 rear).
- Center-mounted, heavy-duty trailer hitch comes standard and can tow over 1,200 pounds.
- Large, specially designed seat is extra plush and widely contoured for all-day rider comfort.
- Dual 35-watt multi-reflector Halogen bulb headlights with high/low beams light up the night.
Type: 686cc, 4-stroke, liquid-cooled single; SOHC, 4 valves
Bore x Stroke: 102.0mm x 84.0mm
Compression Ratio: 9.2:1
Carburetion: Yamaha Fuel Injection (YFI), 44mm
Ignition: 32-Bit ECU
Starting System: Electric
Transmission: Yamaha Ultramatic® V-belt with all-wheel engine braking/H, L, N, R, P
Engine Braking: All wheel
Drive Train: Yamaha On-Command® pushbutton; 3-way locking differential; 2WD, 4WD, locked 4WD; shaft drive
Suspension/Front: Independent double wishbone; 5-way preload adjustment, 7.1-in travel
Suspension/Rear: Independent double wishbone; 5-way preload adjustment, 9.5-in travel
Brakes/Front: Dual hydraulic disc
Brakes/Rear: Dual hydraulic disc
Tires/Front: AT25 x 8-12
Tires/Rear: AT25 x 10-12
L x W x H: 81.3 x 46.5 x 48.8 in
Seat Height: 35.6 in
Wheelbase: 49.2 in
Turning Radius: 126 in
Ground Clearance: 11.8 in
Fuel Capacity: 5.3 gal
Dry Weight: 600 lb
Rack Capacity: 99 lb Fr./187 lb Rr.
Towing Capacity: 1,212 lb
Instrumentation: Digital LCD multifunction display: speedometer, odometer, dual tripmeter, hourmeter, clock, fuel gauge, gear position, and EFI function
Lighting: Dual 35W Halogen multi-reflector headlights & 21W/5W brakelight
- $7,599 (Steel Blue)
- $7,599 (Hunter Green)
- $7,599 (Red)
- $7,949 (Realtree® AP HD™ Camouflage)


ESPNsoccernet Press Pass: 3 August 2012
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What's wrong with Balotelli?
ESPN FC on TV: ESPN FC's Steve Nicol gives his take on Brendan Rodger's comments on a stuggling Mario Balotelli.
(01:39) | Oct 20, 2014
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Premier LeagueManchester City goalkeeper Joe Hart has hailed the brilliance of Sergio Aguero, although he claims the striker is "useless" in training
Premier LeagueBrendan Rodgers defended star recruit Mario Balotelli after the striker once again failed to find the net in Liverpool's 3-2 win over QPR on Sunday
Premier LeagueManchester United manager Louis van Gaal says he was "stupid" to invite people to analyse his reign after three months as he admitted his side are still playing catch-up with the Premier League's elite clubs
Champions LeagueChelsea manager Jose Mourinho has revealed that he keeps his half-time team talks short during Champions League matches to avoid getting into trouble with UEFA
Champions LeagueArsenal manager Arsene Wenger faces more selection problems for Wednesday's Champions League clash with Anderlecht after reports claimed he would have to rely on his third choice goalkeeper


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A team of archaeologists affiliated with several institutions in Denmark and Italy has found buried medical waste in a Renaissance-era landfill that was once the site of Caesar’s Forum in Rome. In their paper published in the journal Antiquity, the group describes the origin of the landfill and its contents.
The Forum in Rome, dedicated to Julius Caesar, was completed in 46 B.C. as a site for conducting public business generally related to the Roman Senate. Much later, during the 16th century, the site was still usable—Renaissance-era people used it as a hospital. Doctors of the time knew that diseases could be infectious, so they set up protocols for dealing with them and the clothes and tools used to treat ill patients.
Prior research has shown that doctors and medical researchers in Italy played a major role in establishing protocols, such disposal of instruments after a single use, and disposing of potentially contaminated belongings by burning or burying them. In this new effort, the research team found evidence of such protocols in practice—a landfill next to what was once a hospital where people of the time buried or discarded materials associated with caring for sick people.
The landfill was discovered just two years ago, and since that time, teams of archaeologists have been slowly digging out the material discarded there to learn more about Renaissance-era medical practices. The team in this new effort focused their efforts on a cistern that was found in the landfill.
The researchers note that the cistern had been intentionally sealed with a clay cap after it was filled with medical waste. Removal of the cap showed that the cistern had been filled with a large array of beads, jars, figurines and even coins, but most notably, with matula—glass urine flasks. Prior research has shown that doctors used such flasks to examine urine samples to spot symptoms of diseases such as diabetes or jaundice.
The researchers also found lead clamps in the cistern, remnants from furniture that had been burned due to the suspicion of a patient infected with the plague.
Cristina Boschetti et al, Disease control and the disposal of infectious materials in Renaissance Rome: excavations in the area of Caesar’s Forum, Antiquity (2023). DOI: 10.15184/aqy.2023.34
© 2023 Science X Network
Buried medical waste found in Renaissance-era landfill on site of ancient Roman forum (2023, May 2)
retrieved 2 May 2023
This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no
part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.

domain: history


There’s been a big shift in the lingerie world in recent years. Now, some of the best lingerie sets on the market hail from women-owned brands, where the male gaze is no longer the main drive behind the designs. Many lingerie brands for women, by women, like Rihanna’s Savage x Fenty, Vogue favorite Araks, or Kim Kardashian West’s Skims prioritize a flattering fit and comfort. Even better, they offer a wide range of sizes and shades of nude.
This Valentine’s Day, treat yourself to a new lingerie set that just feels good, whether you’re wearing it out or under your WFH wardrobe. Here, Vogue breaks down some of the best women-owned lingerie brands—some new, some tried-and-true. Shop the beautiful, confidence-boosting lingerie sets for women, by women that can help put some pep into your step this Valentine’s Day and beyond.
Mary Young’s eponymous brand was founded in 2014 in an


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Mexico: Cold weather to lower future papaya volumes from Colima
Although the unusually cold, wet and windy weather that has been affecting Mexico over recent weeks has been most harshly felt in the northeast and around the Gulf, impacts on fruit production will also be seen in areas that have experienced more moderate weather.
According to a representative of Coliman, a grower-exporter based in the state of Colima, while there has only been a slight drop in temperatures in the western state it is likely the papaya crop will be affected as a result.
Sales manager Alberto Peña told Fresh Fruit Portal the fruit that had already developed on the trees should see no negative impact from the cold, but the same cannot be said for the crop that will be harvested later in the year.
"The weather is not very severe, but with regards to papaya it is affecting the flowering stage a bit," he said.
"Due to the cold we are experiencing at the moment it will probably reduce production in about four months’ time compared to what we had expected."
Peña estimated that volumes at that point in time could be approximately 20% lower than what they would have been under normal weather conditions, emphasizing however the drop would not be too significant and nor would it create problems for the company.
He added the lower production coming from one of Mexico's key papaya-growing states could help create stronger market conditions in the U.S. later this year.
"Prices should improve slightly due to the lower production, and they will be more stable compared to last year when there was more fluctuation," he said.
Limes, another fruit that Coliman grows and exports, are not affected by the colder weather, Peña said. However, he pointed out that there had been some impacts on banana production in the country.
Last week the U.S. National Mango Board (NMB) said the Mexico mango export crop would be largely unaffected by the adverse weather as it was based mainly on the Pacific Coast.
More than half of Mexico’s 31 states started 2018 with frosts or rain as a cold front sweeps its way across a wide territory ranging from the Yucatan Peninsula in the east to the northern state of Chihuahua, which borders both Texas and New Mexico.


Manitowoc 31000 scale model debuts at CONEXPO
3/22/2011 Manitowoc, Wisconsin, United States
Orders are currently being taken for the 1:50 scale model of the Manitowoc 31000, shown above.
Manitowoc’s 1:50 scale replica of the 31000 crawler crane was unveiled today at Manitowoc’s CONEXPO 2011 booth.
The model was available for order at the show in the merchandise shop. The finished models, which are also available through Manitowoc’s online store, will arrive in the fall.
“We’re excited that the 31000 model is here at the show. Since we started developing this model last summer, there’s been tremendous interest, and many of the models are already reserved,” Amanda Barbarossa, promotional program manager, said.
The model features moving crawler tracks, full-rotation slewing, a detailed hook block, key-operated drums, a detailed cab interior and a fully functioning Variable Position Counterweight system with individual counterweights.
The Manitowoc 31000 model will be painted Manitowoc red and will be rigged with a 262 ft boom and 131 ft luffing jib at a 1:50 scale. Production is limited to 500 units and will retail for $1,800 each.
The 31000 model can be purchased online at the Manitowoc Model Shop website at www.manitowocmodelshop.com.
Founded in 1902, The Manitowoc Company, Inc. is a leading global manufacturer of cranes and lift solutions with manufacturing, distribution, and service facilities in 20 countries. Manitowoc is recognized as one of the premier innovators and providers of crawler cranes, tower cranes, and mobile cranes for the heavy construction industry, which are complemented by a slate of industry-leading aftermarket product support services. In 2016, Manitowoc’s revenues totaled $1.6 billion, with over half of these revenues generated outside the United States.


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Want to get wasted on heavy rock, desert nights, and “Shout At The Devil?” Motley Crue has just announced their Las Vegas residency show this fall that takes a cue from their 1983 hit, “Hotter Than Hell.”
The evening, entitled the Evening In Hell, will take place from September 18 through October 6 at The Joint at Hard Rock Hotel & Casino. The Hades-themed show will have a custom set specifically for the Joint which means fans will only get 12 chances to see that exact show.
“We are proud to have pioneered the Las Vegas rock residency last year,” said Nikki Sixx in a statement, “and can’t wait to come back this year to take it over the top with a brand new show that will be unlike anything you’ve ever seen Motley Crue do before.”
–Nadia Noir, CBS Radio Los Angeles

domain: entertainment


Russia intends to create online dispute resolution for e-commerce
Aug 4, 2016 11:01 am
The Ministry of the Economic Development sent a letter to the stakeholders of the business community to give an opinion on the feasibility of the proposal
The Ministry of Economic Development of Russia proposes to establish in the country an online dispute resolution platform similar to the one developed in the EU. It will aim to help consumers and traders resolve their contractual disputes about online purchases of goods and services out-of-court, reports Russian news paper Kommersant with reference to the letter prepared by the Director of the Department of Small and Medium Enterprises and Competition of the Ministry of Economic Development Maxim Parshin.
The representative of the Ministry of Economic Development Elena Lashkina confirms that “the letter was sent to the stakeholders of the business community.” In particular, the letter was sent to the Chamber of Commerce, Opora Rossii, Delovaya Rossia, the National Distance Selling Association, the Association of e-commerce companies (Akit), the Institute of Internet (IRI), Association of European business, Consumers Union of Russia, and the International Confederation of Consumer Societies.
The ODR platform ec.europa.eu/odr is a web-based platform developed in the EU to settle dispute out-of-court. “The platform resolves the EU consumers contractual disputes about online purchases of goods and services (health and education are excluded) whether the trader is established in the consumer’s MS or in other one,” quotes Kommersant the letter.
The Ministry believes that the introduction of such an online platform in Russia might contribute to the protection of the consumers rights, as well as to reduce the burden of appeals and court time.
Source URL: http://eurasiatx.com/%d0%bc%d0%b8%d0%bd%d1%8d%d0%ba-%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%b4%d0%bb%d0%be%d0%b6%d0%b8%d0%bb-%d1%80%d0%b5%d1%88%d0%b0%d1%82%d1%8c-%d1%81%d0%bf%d0%be%d1%80%d1%8b-%d0%b2-e-commerce-%d0%b2%d0%bd%d0%b5-%d1%81/
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Five Adapter attachments included. We had these designed to fit most standard vacuum hoses up to 1 3/4 inches and then we added a Generic Shop Vac Attachment and another common size adapter. We designed these to fit most vacuum hoses.
The 4 adapters will fit into each other to make a variety of connectors. Just try one till it fits. The smallest size they will fit is 1 1/16 inches up to 1 3/4 inches. Generic Shop Vac adapter is 1 1/4 to 2 1/2 inches. Small adapter is 35mm to 32mm.
Connect two together to make one adapter or connect all three together to make one adapter. One by itself might be all you need. Use these as a converter for your attachments to connect to your vacuum hose.
These vacuum connectors are made out of flexible plastic and have either a tapered fit or a step fit. The generic shop vac and small adapter is hard plastic. The 3 larger ones have some give in the plastic.
Use these to connect your power tools vacuum port to your hose in your work shop or with your shop vacuums. A common use for these adapters is connecting your vacuum hose to fit cleaning accessories and attachments.


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Florence, originally drafted by the Chargers in 2003, was cut by the Bills on Friday after three seasons with the team. Reports out of San Diego that day indicated the Chargers were interested in bringing the 31-year-old corner back to his original team, although there have been no reports since of a visit.
In nine seasons, Florence has started 96 of the 135 games he's appeared in, with 17 interceptions, including two pick-sixes, plus 441 tackles. He started all sixteen games for the Bills in 2011, grading out at minus-10.9 overall according to PFF (-3.5 run, -0.2 pass rush, -4.2 pass coverage, -3.0 penalty) on 1,022 snaps.
The Broncos have previously added Tracy Porter via free agency, Omar Bolden in the draft, and Coryell Judie as an undrafted free agent. Porter, who signed a one-year deal, is expected to start opposite Champ Bailey, with Chris Harris the current starting nickel corner.
Florence had been due to make $4M in 2012 and $5M in 2013 with Buffalo; the minimum salary for a player of his experience level is $825K.
Veteran corner Andre' Goodman, whom Denver cut on April 13, was also due to visit Tennessee today.
Updated 5:11 pm ET


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FK Massimo High-Spec Pulse
High Spec Pulse is a delightful blend of chemical synthesis oil and hydrocracking oil, giving a similar degree of performance as 100% chemical synthesis oil.
The excellent low-temperature fluidity reduces damage caused by starting engines.
High performance cars
Fuel saving engine cars
Sports cars NA

domain: chemistry


text:
|Rating||Date Added||Downloads|| |
|This is the end of the line for the Iron Ore mined at Mt Whaleback, Newman Iron ore mine. You can see five ships in port ready to be loaded||07/16/2006||650|
|An overlay from february 12, 2005, with The Gates art exhibit by Christo and Jeanne-Claude.||09/05/2005||857|
|The iron Age Village is a collection of reconstructed houses built on the basis of archaeological discoveries from Jutland and Fyn dating from around 200 B.C. to 400 A.D.|
The village is a historical workshop giving an opportunity to link theory and practice together to see how the people of the Iron Age probably lived. The Iron Age houses are set up as active workshops for old ha...
|The Kembs Dam. This was another No 617 Squadron special operation. The Kembs Dam on the Rhine, just north of Basle, held back a vast quantity of water and it was feared that the Germans would release this to flood the Rhine valley near Mulhouse, a few miles north, should the American and French troops in that area attempt an advance. The Squadron was asked to destroy the lock gates of the dam. ...||10/20/2005||687|
|The Braaid is an Iron Age roundhouse and two Norse long houses on this site represent its occupation until the 11th or 12th century AD in the parish of Marown in the Isle of Man.|
The site uniquely brings together buildings of Iron Age and Viking styles that were used together and survive down to the present.
The site lies between Braaid hamlet and Mount Murray at w...
|Originally built in that 12th Century by the Hindu Kakatiyas, the fort was reinforced by masonry by the Bahamanis who occupied in 1363. The existing structure was later expanded by Qutub Shahi Kings into a massive fort. In 1687, the fortress was besieged by the mighty moguls emperor Aurangazeb, after it was treacherously betrayed. The main citadel is built on a granite hill 120 m high and is...||10/01/2005||504|
|A white iron cross at the landing strip.||08/31/2006||461|
|This fort south of Aars was build during Bronze-age around 1700 BC and was in use until 125 BC at the older iron age, the so called preroman ironage. |
During the iron age it was a regular settlement.
|Huge Iron Mine in Peru.
*edited by admin*||01/28/2009||972|
|Der Erzberg in der Obersteiermark liefert die meisten Rohstoffe für die Stahlerzeugung in Österreich.|
The Erzberg in styria offers the most iron in autria for iron production.
|Iron cross helipad.||08/21/2006||377|
|An iron cross helipad at a parking lot.||08/29/2006||586|


This is what a White House Press Corps is supposed to do: aggressively hold every White House and president — regardless of party — accountable for their words and actions:
Partial transcript via Fox News:
ED HENRY: Can you give us an update on the sequester because yesterday, the Customs and Border Protection (INAUDIBLE) said that they’re actually postponing furloughs and overtime cuts for border patrol agents. I thought in February, when Secretary Napolitano came out here with you, she told us it was dire, these border patrol agents were going to be furloughed and that we were going to be less safe because of that.
JAY CARNEY: Well, I think both are true. What is — what is a fact is that when you’re dealing with these kinds of across-the-board forced budget cuts in the middle of the fiscal year and you’re having to make all sorts of adjustments to account for them and to reduce your expenditures accordingly, you know, it’s a moving picture. And you know, what — and that can be on the plus side where furloughs may take place a little later or on the minus side, where things may be more immediate.
Watch the video to see how heated it got. More proof Henry is a great reporter.
Though they are more than capable of going overboard at times, the media-at-large does a very good job of vetting and holding Republicans accountable. What Ed Henry just did used to happen practically every day to the White House press secretary between the years of 2001 and 2009. Moreover, there were frequent gang tackles where members of the White House press corps would coordinate to ensure a question got answered.
I didn’t hear anyone jumping in to help Henry, did you?
And these lapdogs wonder why Obama treats them like one-night stands.
Follow John Nolte on Twitter @NolteNC


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Project Scorpio Reveal Set for April 6, 2017
Microsoft will finally unveil Project Scorpio this Thursday, April 6th at 9:00 a.m. EST/ 2:00 p.m. UK.
After a few sources last week claimed such a reveal was coming, today, Eurogamer’s Digital Foundry confirmed the speculation and revealed it will have exclusivity of the reveal. The news came via the following tweet:
— Digital Foundry (@digitalfoundry) April 4, 2017
As you may know, Project Scorpio was officially announced during E3 2016. Since its announcement, Microsoft have often referred to the new piece of hardware as the “most powerful console ever built,” and have promised the machine will deliver true 4K gaming and high-fidelity virtual reality. It is poised to launch something during Holiday 2017.
So buckle up folks, and grab a few snacks for Thursday — it’s going to be an exciting and busy day.


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No doubt, you’ve heard that stress affects your heart, mind, diet, gut health, cognitive health, and even your daily behaviors. But there’s one aspect that many people fail to discuss, and that is how stress affects oral health.
Whether you’re conscious of them or not, stress leads to many biological reactions or habits that are harmful to your teeth, gums, lips, and throat.
Stress and Oral Health: 8 Actions that May be Harmful
1. Tooth grinding or clenching
Perhaps the most significant effect of stress on oral health, tooth grinding or clenching can cause a variety of issues. It’s unclear why it happens, but anxiety and stress are the main cause of tooth grinding, especially while you sleep. The action can lead to:
- TMJ, a jaw disorder characterized by pain and discomfort
- Damaged, chipped, or broken teeth
- Wearing away of the tooth surface
2. Nail biting
In addition to damaging your nails and nail bed, biting your nails can damage your teeth as well. It also may lead to the transfer of germs from your hands into your mouth, leading to infections or ulcers.
3. Chewing, squeezing, or picking on your lips
Especially common among children and young adults, a nervous habit many people have when they are stressed or anxious is biting on their lower or upper lips. You may also find some people squeezing a lip with the thumb and forefinger or picking on the skin with their fingers.
Such actions may lead the lips to become chapped, swollen, or even bleed.
4. Constantly clearing your throat
Usually when people clear their throat, it’s because it’s dry or they are under-the-weather. However, in some people, constant throat clearing or clicking may be a nervous reaction to a stressful situation or anxiety.
5. Poor Oral Hygiene
Depending on the extent and cause of the stress, some people may start to skip toothbrushing or flossing. If the stress is due to a time-consuming, exhausting project, for example, some people may find themselves skipping their hygiene routine and heading straight for bed at the end of the day.
6. Overeating or choosing unhealthy foods
Stress eating is a real thing, and it’s serious. Choosing especially acidic or sugary foods can damage your tooth enamel. Eating greasy foods can lead to acid reflux, which over time may irritate the back of your throat. Additionally, when you’re stress eating, you may be reaching for whatever’s easily accessible and not necessarily nutritious foods that keep your teeth and bones strong.
7. Missing dental appointments
Individuals with clinical anxiety, social anxiety, stress, or depression may find it difficult to leave home. Others may be challenged by daily demands. Either way, stress can lead some people to cancel or miss those dental appointments, which can snowball into significant oral health concerns.
8. Smoking, drinking, or drug use
Smoking, drinking, and drug use can be bad for your lips, teeth, tongue, gums, and throat, but stress may lead some people to reach for a cigarette, an alcoholic drink, or illicit drugs. Many of these substances lead to acidic reactions in your mouth, dehydrate your body, dry out your mouth, and wear away tooth enamel.
Gum Disease, Canker Sores, and Other Harmful Effects
These nervous habits or natural reactions to stress may lead to several additional issues, including gum disease, burning mouth syndrome, and canker sores or cold sores.
Eliminating or reducing stressors is critical to maintaining your oral health and improving your mental and physical health. Relaxation strategies such as meditation, increased physical activity, and reducing unnecessary stressors can help. You also may wish to speak with a mental health therapist.
Finally, if you believe that stress is affecting your oral health as described here, make an appointment to see Dr. Holtzman.

domain: medical


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Small Dog Breeds A-Z (over 69 dog breeds listed!)
The Australian Terrier
(This breed has been viewed 17929 times)
As the name suggests, this breed of dog originates from Australia. This small dog breed has a shoulder height of around 25 cm. The Australian Terrier's coat consists of straight, hard, medium length hairs. The Australian terrier coat can come in a variety of colors, popular colors are black and brown.
This dog is intelligent, alert and active. It will generally interact well with small children, but often does not interact with strangers. This dog breed is intelligent and loyal and may only rarely bark. Consistent training is required, however, this dog is a quick learner, so commands will be understood within a short time. The Australian Terrier will require its coat brushing weekly and plucking every three months. This dog requires plenty of regular activity and will adapt best to an environment where it can easily play.

domain: pet


Philippines logs 7,757 new COVID-19 cases, 663,794 in total
Manila : The Philippines' Department of Health (DOH) Sunday reported 7,757 new COVID-19 cases, bringing the total number of confirmed cases in the Southeast Asian country to 663,794.
The Philippines has registered over 7,000 daily infections in the past three days. On Saturday, the country logged 7,999 new cases, the highest ever daily tally since the outbreak began in January last year.
The death toll climbed to 12,968 after 39 more patients died from the viral disease, the DOH added.The DOH urged people living with other persons, including the vulnerable, to wear a mask even inside their homes to avoid household transmission. "Mask at home when not alone," a DOH advisory said, stressing the need to practice preventive measures "at all times and in all settings."
"All households must ensure adequate fresh air circulation by opening windows and using fans to allow increased airflow," the advisory read.
The DOH also urged the public to stay at home and suspend all non-essential travel "to reduce contact rate with people." (ANI/Xinhua)


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You've probably heard the buzz, but Bumblebee is kind of a big deal. And now the bodacious bot is making his mark with a line of some of the most buzzworthy Bumblebee products for fans of all ages. See what all the buzz is about, only at Target.
This Deluxe Class Evil Predacon Terrorsaur figure is inspired by the original 1996 Beast Wars: Transformers toy release updated with a Generations-style design. The Evil Predacon Terrorsaur figure converts from robot to pteranodon mode in 22 steps and comes with blaster and arm blade accessories that attach in both modes.
Buzzworthy Bumblebee figures feature special Buzzworthy Bumblebee collectible packaging. Collect more Buzzworthy Bumblebee figures, only at Target (each sold separately, subject to availability).
Includes: Figure, 4 accessories, and instructions.


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Somewhere to review books I'm reading without giving away any spoilers!
Author: Ally Broadfield
Publisher: Entangled Scandalous, Entangled Publishing
Release Date: November 30th, 2015
This is a regency/Victorian romance with a mystery to uncover a family heirloom, too.
Edward Adair is heir to the Duke of Boulstridge but his parents have had enough of his gallivanting and issue dire warnings about the consequences should he not change his ways. His father believes the best way for Edward to do this is to marry. With that in mind they have, without consulting him, organised a house party in a fortnight to which they have invited several eligible young ladies (with their mothers as chaperones). Edward is told he can invite some of his friends, too. He’s not really impressed by the idea as he hopes to make a love match like his parents and can’t see any such relationship developing from the party.
Miss Isabella Winthrop is staying in the family home of the Duke as the companion to one of his mother’s friends. He is irate when he discovers her in the library reading the personal journal of his ancestor which contains clues to help uncover the location of a priceless family heirloom – a gold and pink diamond tiara. After this uncomfortable introduction the two end up working together to help discover the heirloom and mutual attraction grows. Isabella, however, has a secret and its discovery could change everything for them all.
As a novella, this is a quick read and there isn’t really time for lots of character or plot development. However, this didn’t detract from making this an enjoyable story to escape into and the mystery of the missing heirloom added intrigue to the experience.
Thanks to the author, publisher and NetGalley, too, for letting me read an ARC of this book in exchange for this, an honest review.
This book is available from a variety of sources including

domain: library


Enfield's profilation of this bike Please note all parts and more are available separately. Kits start with a stock Royal Enfield and are add-on components.
General information Model: Enfield GT500 Cafe Racer Year: 2007 Category: Classic Rating: 61 out of 100. Show full rating and compare with other bikes Engine and transmission Displacement: 499.00 ccm (30.45 cubic inches) Engine type: Single cylinder, four-stroke Power: 22.00 HP (16.1 kW)) @ 5400 RPM Top speed: 125.0 km/h (77.7 mph) Bore x stroke: 84.0 x 90.0 mm (3.3 x 3.5 inches) Fuel system: Carburettor Fuel control: OHV Lubrication system: Dry sump Cooling system: Air Gearbox: 5-speed Transmission type, final drive: Chain Clutch: Mulitiplate immersed in oil Chassis, suspension, brakes and wheels Front tyre dimensions: 3.25-19 Rear tyre dimensions: 3.50-19 Front brakes: Expanding brake (drum brake) Front brakes diameter: 178 mm (7.0 inches) Rear brakes: Expanding brake (drum brake) Rear brakes diameter: 152 mm (6.0 inches) Physical measures and capacities Fuel capacity: 14.50 litres (3.83 gallons) Other specifications Starter: Electric & kick Comments: Brand also called Royal Enfield. Further information
Parts and accessories Check out parts and accessories from our other partners.
Ask questions Join the 07 Enfield GT500 Cafe Racer discussion group.
Insurance, loans, tests
Check out insurance here. Search the web for dealers, loan costs, tests, customizing, etc.
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Rating sample for this Enfield bike
Touring capabilities for the 2007 Enfield GT500 Cafe Racer: (57.5 out of 100) You can also compare bikes.
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developed by low-cost software development company .


text:
A little more than a year ago, Jay Boyle decided that 20 years as an accountant was enough.
"I got tired of sitting behind a desk," he said. "I needed a change and wanted to get into small businesses."
His first small business was the East End Cafe in Point Breeze, a deli and catering service that continues to thrive.
In December, he opened North Hills Grill, located at 96 Rochester Road, less than a half mile from the entrance to North Hills High School.
It's menu includes specialty sandwiches, salads, home-made sides and soups, wraps, burgers, sandwiches and signature smoothies.
"My goal was to try and offer healthier items but I know to survive you need fries and burgers," he said. "I'm trying to offer something that's a little bit healthier while recognizing that people aren't going to eat salads everyday."
So why the food business for a former accountant? Boyle admits he knows little about food preparation.
"I'm learning. I learned a lot in the last 10 months," he said. "I've hired three experienced chefs for the two businesses, so I'm surrounding myself with the food people and I'm trying to do the business end, the accounting, the advertising, all that kind of stuff."
After living in the North Hills area for the last nine years, Boyle thinks he's found a location attractive to people who aren't fond of the hustle and bustle of McKnight Road.
"I figured people don't always want to deal with the McKnight Road traffic, so they can come here for a for an affordable, healthy, casual meal," he said.
Check out some of today's other top stories here .

domain: food


** NOTE: These refurbished units were used to show clients at trade shows, for group demonstrations and loaned out for trials. Infaco offers a 1-year warranty on all refurbished models.
With the PW2 line, you can use one base with a variety of tools including our olive harvester attachments that make it possible to harvest olives 3 times faster than manual harvesting.
The head features Infaco’s patented elliptical movement and carbon fingers that reduce damage to the plant and reduces the alternate bearing phenomenon. The elliptical movement ensures that olives fall directly down into nets instead of being flung far away making harvest easier, faster, and decreasing waste.
Lightweight, easy to handle, minimal vibration
Minimizes bruising to olives, tree damage, and leaf litter
Base compatible with reciprocating saw, chain saw, and more
Your Existing Battery: If you own an F3010 or F3015 pruning shear, you already have the battery you need but you may want 1 more!
Dual-battery set:Each battery in the set will run this harvester for 2-4 hours. To harvest for an entire day, plan on charging these batteries on-site and cycling back and forth between them.Learn more >
All-day Option:For customers in California who don't have on-site power for charging, we offer an 800Wh battery that will run any of our harvesters for an entire work day. Please call to inquire: 1-800-425-8809
10 levels available (850-1250 revolutions/minute)
Box 1: Long, harvester extension
Box 2: Rake head, 2 extra fingers, 2 key tools for mounting head/fingers