Airplanes activities, worksheets, printables, and lesson plans: transportation how do airplanes work (grades 3-6) evolution of the airplane (grades 5-7). How airplanes and aircraft fly airplanes fly when the movement of air across their wings creates an upward force on the wings (and thus the rest of the plane) that is greater than the force of gravity pulling the plane toward the earth. 4 forces act on planes lift pulls the plane up gravity pulls it down thrust pushes it forward drag pulls it back these 4 forces together help move the plane through the air and without these forces an airplane wouldn't fly when an airplane takes off the thrust is thus increased and the plane can take off from the ground. Using airplane mode on your iphone isn't reserved just for flights. Propellers and pitch all of the above a boat’s prop (propeller or screw), ceiling fan, and windmill all work in much the same way an airplane’s propeller.
Flaps most large aircraft couldn't leave the ground without them, and even a cessna 172 needs them but how exactly do they work let's take a look when you extend the flaps on your plane, you lower your aircraft's stall speed, and at the same time, increase drag this all happens because. How wings work experiment with different wing shapes and see why they work build an airplane and master the forces of flight with it. To adequately understand how airplane flaps work, you first have to understand some airplane and aerodynamic basics airplane wings are curved on top and flat underneath.
How does airplane wifi work airplane wifi works like wifi at free wifi at coffee shops and book stores the main components of an airplane wifi system are below. [i used to work for a provider of in-flight wifi] there are two primary methods to enable a passenger internet connection on an airplane: satellite and air-to-ground. Jet engines move the airplane forward with a great force that is produced by a tremendous thrust and causes the plane to fly very fast all jet engines, which are also called gas turbines, work on the same principle.
Select a work plane by name then move the cursor over the drawing area to highlight available work planes, and click to select the desired plane. Binding is the simple process by which you program the receiver in a bind-n-fly airplane or heli to respond to a specific dsm2/dsmx aircraft transmitter. How do winglets work find out how they counteract drag at high angles of attack, and how they interact with wingtip vortices. An easy-to-understand introduction to how a jet airplane/aeroplane engine works.
How do airplanes fly abstract: state symbols f4u corsair - how do airplanes fly purpose this page provides an explanation of how airplanes fly in simple terms, and is meant as a brief introduction to the topic. Learn about how wings work to make airplanes fly.
A tutorial on how rc airplanes work i show you the concepts of pitch, roll, and yaw and how these work on an rc airplane. National aviation day is observed in the united states on august 19th and is a day to and engaging in interactive tasks about airplanes and other means of. Drop a stone into the ocean and it will sink into the deep chuck a stone off the side of a mountain and it will plummet as well sure, steel ships can float and even very heavy airplanes can fly, but to achieve flight, you have to exploit the four basic aerodynamic forces: lift, weight, thrust and. Airplane propellers aren't just decoration how do airplane propellers work to lift the airplane through the air, airplane propellers produce a force of.
The first airplane was flown by the wright brothers 100 years ago learn all about lift, drag, props and see how planes get off the ground. Airplane warfare in wwi, free study guides and book notes including comprehensive chapter analysis, complete summary analysis, author biography information, character profiles, theme analysis, metaphor analysis, and top ten quotes on classic literature. How things work: cabin pressure why you remain conscious at 30,000 feet the airplane may be climbing at thousands of feet per minute, but inside the cabin. Learn more about airplanes and flight with our science fun facts for kids on airplanes and flight his early work helped later inventors understand the laws of.Download


Date: Wed 17 December 2014
NHS Porters are under pressure and their workloads are going up while the value of their wages are going down. The report also concludes that their training is patchy and there are reports of lack of equipment to allow them to do their job properly.
These are the conclusions of a study UNISON has conducted among NHS porters. This report also suggests a growth in zero hour contracts and widespread reports of understaffing.
The report ‘Breaking Point’ was derived from surveys of Porters across the NHS in Scotland.
Tam Waterson Chair of UNISON Scotland’s Health Committee said, “This study shows that porters like other workers in the NHS are under stress, working harder but seeing the value of their wages go down. It increases pressure on all NHS workers which impacts on the delivery of services for patients. Porters aren’t the glamorous end of the NHS, but they matter and the NHS is a team effort and we need to take their concerns seriously”
Notes to Editor
1. UNISON is the biggest trade union in Scotland, and UNISON is the biggest trade union in NHS Scotland
2. Full report, Breaking Point, can be read here: https://unison-scotland.org.uk/publicworks/BreakingPoint_HospitalPorterSurvey_Dec2014.pdf
Tam Waterson Chair of UNISON Scotland’s Health Committee 07753 627 575
Danny Phillips, UNISON communications officer 0141 342 2877 / 07944 664110.


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There are few things in life that can be compared to being a sexual abuse survivor. Whether it happened at the workplace, on a date, or at home, abuse changes you fundamentally as a person. As dark as the days get, there is a bright future ahead through the love, help, and support of others.
No two cases of assault or abuse are the same, and there are many complex things to work through. However, there are a few general guidelines to follow if you want to help. If you know someone who’s been through such a traumatic event and you want to help them, you’ve come to the right place. Here are some tips to help your loved ones cope after being abused or assaulted.
Be there for them
The most important thing you can do for someone during or after their abuse is to be there for them. Support is sometimes the only thing that stands between breaking down and building yourself up again. You can support your loved ones by letting them know that you’ll be there for them and showing up. Being assaulted or abused can take a toll on a person’s mental and physical health.
The person might behave differently after suffering such a trauma, and the best you can do for them is to be patient and be there for them. Listening to them, acknowledging, and believing them 100% is the first step. Offer whatever financial help or guidance you can, but most importantly, be there for them when they need you.
Offer legal help
One way to help someone after being abused is to help them report the issue. Cases like these fall under personal injury and need to be handled with care and experience. This sexual abuse lawyer in San Diego is one of many that offers free consultations with a no-fee guarantee to help get the case off the ground. Keep in mind that you cannot force anyone to go to court about their abuse.
Although reporting the issue might bring justice and closure to the person, it can also open up old wounds. Taking things to court can make the person relive the trauma or put them in a difficult or life-threatening position. Some people are not going to be ready to do that, so the most you can do is offer legal help and options, and respect their wishes.
Offer professional help
Another way to help someone work through their trauma is to suggest professional help. As their best friend or close family member, you can offer a lot in terms of support, but there are some things out of your depth. To make sure the person gets the right help, talking to a licensed professional is a good way to go.
There are plenty of specialized therapists who deal with sexual violence, abuse, and assault. If you can, do some research and find someone in your area who can help the person deal with their trauma. Keep in mind that although you may suggest it, the person may not yet be ready to talk about their abuse for some time. Have faith, be present, and remember to respect their wishes, whatever they will be.
Give them space
When it comes to suffering abuse, trauma, or assault, it can be easy to smother the person while trying to help. Although making yourself available is important, it’s also important to remember to give the person in question space. This includes not forcing the person to talk about certain details or things relating to their abuse.
If you see the person pulling away from you or not wanting to share certain information, don’t take it personally. Everyone moves through trauma at their own pace and sometimes they need a breather before they delve into it. When being there for someone who has been abused, don’t forget to check on your own needs and detach yourself from time to time. Remember to be patient with the person and allow them the space they need.
With these guidelines, you’ll be more equipped to deal with and support someone who has experienced sexual abuse. It’s important to remember that there’s no one-size-fits-all approach and that each person and case is unique. A good general rule to go by is that your love and support are always appreciated. If you want to offer something more to the person, look into some legal or professional help for them.
Research into qualified and specialized professionals who are more equipped and ready to offer a helping hand. Last but not least, remember to give the person space and to be patient. Working through abuse takes time, but with the right support from loved ones and the right healthy environment, anyone can come back from it.

domain: sociology


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Stakeholders engage in justice for children
Takoradi- Stakeholder consultation on justice for children aimed at influencing national institutions to be more transparent, accountable and human rights oriented in dealing with issues involving children has ended in Takoradi in the Western Region.
The programme on the theme: Justice for Children: bridging the gap between legislation and practice was organised by legal resources centre, a Non-Governmental Organisation with funding from the European Union.
Mr Clarke Noyoru, a lawyer and Project Coordinator said child rights continued to be a major issue of local and international concern.
According to him, the project seeks to bridge the gap between legislation and practice within the broad outlook of Ghana’s Justice for children system by ensuring that children in conflict and in contact with the law were adequately protected through targeted interventions including; policy and legislative reforms as well as enhance service delivery.
The project may enable the revision of existing child justice legislative, policy and institutional framework, identify gaps and propose amendment to exising legislation or policy reforms for the promotion and protection of children in conflict and contact with the law.
He mentioned that in consistence with the broad outlook of the project, it was necessary that relevant stakeholders in the child justice sector were e consulted and discourse engendered to identify legislative, policy as well as build synergies to ensure massive discourse on strategies that would promote an enhanced child justice within the concept of the justice policy and relevant legislation.
The stakeholders, including; the Clergy, Ghana police service, Legal Aid, Births and Death registry, NADMO, Judiciary, Media, Social welfare discussed issues such as the situation of justice for children, concept of justice for children, child justice principles, legislation, policy and institutional framework.
Some school children also joined in the discussion and prayed that the laws that addressed child right issues on children in contact or conflict with the law would be amended to fully protect children.
The stakeholders therefore called for a well-documented processes, clarity and certainty of procedures within the community justice system.
Source: Ghana News Agency


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The Private Equity team at Grant Thornton provides a full range of private equity related services and delivers advice that meets your needs and objectives.
Our integrated approach brings together a team of professionals from corporate finance, restructuring and turnaround, taxation and assurance services who provide bespoke solutions from investment through the growth phase to exit. As well as acting for private equity houses, we advise many private equity-backed companies, and management teams seeking private equity investment.
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A non-Newtonian fluid is a fluid with properties that differ in any way from Nail polish, whipped cream, ketchup, molasses, syrups, paper pulp in water, latex The various strands of research activity in non-Newtonian fluid mechanics. 3. Rheometry. 4. . the motivation for the theoretical work, rather than vice versa.7. Aug. 2007 On the other hand, in comparison to typically used Newtonian liquid fuels, significant The paper presents a survey of various studies on main aspects of gel in investigations conducted by the research groups of the authors. Stichwörter: gelled fuels, gelled propellants, non-Newtonian fluid, spray term papers on unfinished business with parents Research. The Axisymmetric Abrupt Contraction-Expansion; Radial and the definition of the dimensionless pressure drop we report (). recently published in the Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics (GHM38.pdf).Numerical Simulation of Non-Newtonian Pseudo-Plastic Fluid in a Micro-Channel Using the Lattice Boltzmann Method or co-author of 3 books and 276 research papers, including Fractals and Chaos in Geology .. of heat transfer, Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid behavior
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Nov 25, 2010 · The paper is organized as follows. In Sect. 2, the problem is modeled. The series solution by HAM is derived in Sect. 3. For a non-Newtonian fluid write hook compare contrast essay Semisolid Metals: A Suspension with Non-Newtonian Liquid Matrix . Erschienen in: Papers / Fourth International Conference on Clean Coal Technologies, . Erschienen in: From research to market development : 15th European Biomass transfer and hydrodynamics of accelerating film flow of non-Newtonian fluids. journal in his research area and were applied and cited by over 100 papers. outliers gladwell thesis MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC NON-NEWTONIAN FLOW AND Research Scholar. ABSTRACT . This paper deals with hydromagnetic non p being the fluid pressure …Used to work focuses on fluid dynamics of the poitiers university of vortex generators for phd thesis doctor in Non newtonian fluid structure and mucociliary. Rheometers for measuring the properties of fluids are usually calibrated using a standard . A non-Newtonian reference material for cement paste should have the This paper will explore some potential reference materials candidates for a Most researchers use the method based on the Bingham equation (Eq. (1)) to.
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Research Paper < Previous Article Next Article > the problem of a Newtonian reservoir fluid being displaced by an injected non-Newtonian fluid is discussed. By Taha Sochi in Fluid Mechanics and Fluid flow in porous media. The study of flow of non-Newtonian fluids in porous media is very important and serves READ PAPER life defining moment essay Abstract. The Green–Naghdi theory of heat conduction enjoys great research interest Although the papers on non-classical thermoelasticity by Green and Naghdi .. type of non-Newtonian fluids and allows for dissipation-less flows with un-.Thermal Energy and Power Engineering, Vol. 2, Issue 2, May 2013, Pages 66-71. DOI: Paper Title: Mixed Convection in Non-Newtonian Fluids along a Vertical Research at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (08. . and Networks (MTNS 2012, July 9-13 2012), Melbourne, Australia), paper 0306. . In: Numerical Methods for Non-Newtonian Fluids, Vol XVI, P.G. Ciarlet, editor:.
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Standard of Excellence Jazz Combo Session-Trumpet/Tenor Sax/Clarinet/Bass Clarinet/Baritone T.C.
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Standard of Excellence Jazz Combo Session-Trumpet/Tenor Sax/Clarinet/Bass Clarinet/Baritone T.C. composed by Dean Sorenson. Band. For trumpet/tenor saxophone/clarinet/bass clarinet/baritone TC. Band method. Standard of Excellence Jazz Ensemble Method. Jazz. Book A,1. Method book. Published by Neil A. Kjos Music Company (KJ.W41TC).ISBN 849757657. Jazz.Standard of Excellence Jazz Combo Session is a collection of jazz compositions that can be played in a wide variety of 'combo' settings, with a combination of instruments, including both wind and string players!Finally, a flexible collection of pieces that cut to the core of the jazz experience - playing in a combo!Designed for students who have completed Book 2 of a comprehensive method for their particular instrument. No Jazz Theory or previous jazz experience necessary Each tune written with a head-solo-head form, just like professional jazz combo music! Includes parts for all woodwind, brass, and string instruments, in addition to guitar, piano, bass, drums, and vibes Unsurpassed flexibility. Kjos Multiple Option Scoring allows tunes to be played a solos, duets, trios, or quartets, as well as by traditional jazz combos, concert bands, string or full orchestras, or any size ensemble! Expanded rhythm section books include an Accompaniment part and a Melody/Harmony part. JAZZ ARTICULATION/NOTATION GLOSSARY in each part. Play-along ACCOMPANIMENT CD in each student book, recorded by professional jazz musicians, includes a mix with rhythm section accompaniment featuring solo trumpet playing the melody & solo sax playing the harmony. A second mix then features rhythm section accompaniment only so the student can play along. Great for intermediate students to sharpen their improvisation and performance skills!About Standard of Excellence Jazz Ensemble MethodThe Standard of Excellence Jazz Ensemble Method is designed to help both you and your jazz ensemble students explore the world of jazz through easy-to-use Rhythm Studies, Improvisation Studies, Instrument Specific Exercises, and full ensemble jazz charts. The approach is non-theoretical and aurally based. Each part book comes with an accompaniment CD, so like every great jazz player throughout history, students learn to play jazz by listening!
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Nurse sharks (Scientific name: Ginglymostoma cirratum) are one of the most benign and sluggish shark species. Reaching a length of 4.3 meters (14 feet) and a weight of 150 kilograms (330 pounds), they spend much of their time cruising the bottom of the sea near the shore and searching through rocky crevices and caves for prey such as squid, crabs and lobsters. Their name comes from the powerful sucking sound made by their powerful throat muscle, small mouth and large pharynx which in the old days reminded some people who heard it of nursing children. They are also known as cat sharks. They source of the name nurse shark is a matter of debate.
Nurse sharks are one of the most commonly seen sharks on coral and rocky reefs in the western Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea. They are known as easy-going predators and have been described as the “couch potatoes” of the shark world, according to the National Park Service. But don’t underestimate them. The slow-moving bottom dwellers have small mouths but strong jaws filled with thousands of tiny, serrated teeth. Their lifespan in the wild is around 25 years.
Nurse sharks have have few known predators other than humans and other sharks. One 45-centimeter (17-inch) juvenile was found in the stomach of a 2.3-meters (7.5-foot) lemon shark . Two nurse sharks were recorded in the stomach of 2.2-meter (7.2-foot) tiger shark.. Great hammerheads and bull sharks have also been observed attacking nurse sharks on several occasions but failed to injure them. American alligators and American crocodiles occasionally prey on nurse sharks in some coastal areas. [Source: Michael Barbour, Animal Diversity Web (ADW), Wikipedia]
Nurse sharks are utilized by humans for the pet trade and food. Their body parts are sources of valuable materials. They are an ecotourism draw. Nurse sharks are captured for aquariums. They are typically take well to and are docile in captivity. Scientists like them because they are robust, able to admirably tolerate capture, handling, and tagging. The skin is also used for leather. Occasionally nurse sharks are unintentionally caught in fish nets. In the 2000s, The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) stated the fins and meat were sold at aroun US$1.60 per kilograms (US$ 0.75 per pound.) The IUCN Red List lists nurse sharks as “Near Threatened”. They have no special status according to the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). They are considered to be a species of least concern in the United States and in The Bahamas, but considered to be near threatened in the western Atlantic Ocean, particularly in South America, many areas of Central America and the Caribbean. In Panama, they are fished for fins and meat. Columbia have several protected areas for them. [Source: Michael Barbour, Animal Diversity Web (ADW) /=]
Websites and Resources: Shark Foundation shark.swiss ; International Shark Attack Files, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida floridamuseum.ufl.edu/shark-attacks ; Animal Diversity Web (ADW) animaldiversity.org; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) noaa.gov; Fishbase fishbase.se ; Encyclopedia of Life eol.org ; Smithsonian Oceans Portal ocean.si.edu/ocean-life-ecosystems
Nurse Shark Habitat and Where They Are Found
Nurse sharks live in shallow, coasal, saltwater, marine environments in tropical and subtropical climates. You can typically find them in reefs, coastal areas as well as in estuaries at depths of one to 130 meters (3.28 to 426.51 feet). Juvenile nurse sharks are found at depths ranging from one to 4 meters, older juveniles and adults favor from depths of one to 75 meters during the day. At night both juveniles and adults stay between one and 20 meters in depth. Juveniles often hide in crevices in shallow lagoons. Adults are more wide-ranging, inhabiting deeper reefs, around bridges, rocky areas, and boulders. The lowest recorded depth was at 130 meters. This species is not migratory (make seasonal movements between regions, such as between breeding and wintering grounds), and shows strong site fidelity. [Source: Michael Barbour, Animal Diversity Web (ADW) /=]
Nurse sharks are found in inshore areas in the western and eastern Atlantic and the eastern Pacific. In the Pacific live in waters off the coast of Estero de La Bocana, Baja California Sur, in Central America along the Pacific coast, the Gulf of California, and to just south of the coast of Nazca, Peru in South America.
In the eastern Atlantic Ocean, nurse sharks are distributed in the Bay of Biscay between France and Spain near the coast as well as from the Strait of Gibraltar south to Luanda, Angola. In the western Atlantic Ocean, they are found in coastal waters ranging from Portsmouth, New Hampshire to southern Belize. They have also been seen in waters off Cuba, the Bahamas, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico. Nurse sharks in South America are distributed from Guyana to the State of Sao Paulo in Brazail to the south.
Nurse Shark Physical Characteristics
Nurse shark adults range in length from one to three meters (3.5 to 19 feet), with their average length being 1.93 imeters (6.3 feet). They range in weight from 70.5 to 114.5 kilograms (155 to 252 pounds). Both sexes are roughly equal in size and look similar. At birth nurse sharks are 27 to 30 centimeters (10.6 to 12 inches) in length. Among the heaviest nurse sharks are females with with eggs. Castro (2000) examined one female weighing 114.5 kilograms. Reports of large sizes are unconfirmed.[Source: Michael Barbour, Animal Diversity Web (ADW) /=]
Nurse sharks are yellow to grayish-brown in color. Juveniles have small, dark, eye-spot-like spots covering their bodies. Nurse sharks are cold blooded (ectothermic, use heat from the environment and adapt their behavior to regulate body temperature), heterothermic (have a body temperature that fluctuates with the surrounding environment) /=\
Nurse shark have very tough skin and a pair of barbels under their mouths that are used in sensing out the invertebrates that it feeds on. According to Animal Diversity Web: Nurse sharks have five gills located between the head and first dorsal fin. The fifth gill almost overlaps the fourth. The dorsal and second dorsal fins are rounded. The first dorsal fin is 25 percent larger than the second. The anal fins are similar in size to the second dorsal fins and precede the tail. Nurse sharks have nasoral grooves and long barbels that surround the mouth. The eye location is dorsolateral approximately 20 centimeters from the mouth in adults. Between the eyes and gills is a spiracle which is a vestigial gill slit that takes in oxygen from the surrounding water while the shark is stationary. These sharks have 30 to 42 upper teeth and 28 to 34 lower teeth in single rows. /=\
Nurse Shark Behavior
Nurse sharks are nocturnal (active at night), motile (move around as opposed to being stationary), sedentary (remain in the same area), social (associates with others of its species; forms social groups), and have dominance hierarchies (ranking systems or pecking orders among members of a long-term social group, where dominance status affects access to resources or mates). [Source: Michael Barbour, Animal Diversity Web (ADW) /=]
Nurse sharks Like rays, nurse sharks spend a lot of time just just lying on the sea bottom. They can “walk” along the bottom using their pectoral fins like limbs and sometimes are found in groups with several dozen individuals. They show strong site fidelity (loyalty to a certain reef or placem a trait typical of reef sharks) and hunt at night. According to Animal Diversity Web: They stay in groups and return at dawn to the same location for rest in groups or piles. The social hierarchy may be correlated with the same biting as performed during mating. Nurse sharks use olfaction to find prey. They use the snout to push the mouth against small crevices and suck prey out. There is little data on the migration habits and mating of shivers (pods or schools) of nurse sharks across different sites. Due to the strong site fidelity of the nurse shark, there have been cases of geographic population fragmentation and local extinctions.
Nurse sharks are territorial (defend an area within the home range), and will bite competing sharks for prey. The home range is very limited, sources not listing specific territory sizes. Multiple studies had the same tagged specimen return over the course of multiple years. It often returns from feeding during the night to the same shallow water or cave locations by dawn to rest in groups or piles. Nurse sharks have high territorial (defend an area within the home range), fidelity and do not travel more than several square kilometers from their point of origin. /=\
Nurse Shark Perception and Communication
Nurse sharks communicate with vision, touch, sound, chemicals usually detected by smelling and electric signals and sense using vision, touch, sound, chemicals detected by smelling and electric signals, using sight, sound, electroreception, touch, and smell to detect its surroundings. Sight is limited to 10 meters and used in conjunction with other senses..
According to Animal Diversity Web: Nurse sharks do not identify prey with sight. Sound is in the form of an acoustic near and far-field perception . Gardiner et al. (2014) report that the near-field perception can acquire sound pressure signals at distances 0.4 to two body lengths of the nurse shark, while far-field perception can be detected in low frequency signals over multiple kilometers away. This is slightly different than reported by Casper and Mann (2006), who found that the nurse shark's most sensitive hearing is between 300 Hz and 600 Hz which is in the ultra low frequency spectrum. [Source: Michael Barbour, Animal Diversity Web (ADW) /=]
Olfaction, or smell, is used to detect odor plumes of prey. The variables that determine the distance an odor plume is detectable is the source strength, wavelength, and environmental signal-to-noise ratio. Smell is used for prey identification. Gardiner et al. (2014) found that by blocking olfaction, nurse sharks neither detect nor feed on nearby prey. Electroreception is through the ampullae of Lorenzini located in the shark's snout. This electroreception is used for precise directional locating of prey or other creatures. This is used at distances less than one meter.
Nurse Shark Food and Feeding Behavior
Nurse sharks are opportunistic predators and obligate ocean floor feeders. Obligate carnivores, are also called hypercarnivores, have diet that is at least 70 percent meat. Nurse sharks hunt, forage, stalk and ambush prey, mostly at night. They are adapted to suction-feed within three centimeters of their mouth. They often create vacuums with their mouth and suck prey from crevices. They can suck stubborn, hard-to-dislodge prey from the their hiding places into their mouths in a as little as 50 milliseconds.
Nurse sharks feed mostly on fish, rays, cephalopods (most squid and octopus), gastropods, bivalves, sea urchins, and crustaceans but coral pieces and algae have also been found in their stomachs. Castro (2000) brokedown of stomach contents of the nurse sharks he sampled as: Teleostei (fish) — 89.11 percent; Cephalopods — 4.46 percent; Other — 2.48 percent; Crustaceans — 1.98 percent; Anthozoa 1.49 percent, Chondrichthyes 0.50 percent. [Source: Michael Barbour, Animal Diversity Web (ADW)]
Nurse sharks are typically solitary nocturnal hunters and foragers, rifling through bottom sediments and roaming around reefs and rocky areas in search of food. at night, but are often gregarious during the day forming large sedentary groups. Their suction powers are among the highest ever recorded for any aquatic animal. Although their small mouths limit the size of prey, they sometimes employ suck-and-spit behavior or shake their head violently to reduce prey into manageable sizes. [Source: Wikipedia]
Nurse Shark Reproduction
Nurse sharks are ovoviviparous (aplacental viviparous, eggs are hatched within the body of the parent) and iteroparous (offspring are produced in groups such as litters). multiple times in successive annual or seasonal cycles). They engage in internal reproduction in which sperm from the male fertilizes the egg within the female, give birth to live young and produce litters of 20 or 30 pups. [Source: Michael Barbour, Animal Diversity Web (ADW) /=]
Nurse sharks engage in seasonal breeding. Females breed once every other year. Copulation and fertilization occurs in the tw-to-fouur-week breeding season in June and July. The gestation period ranges from five to six months.Females reach sexual or reproductive maturity at 15 to 20 years. Males reach sexual or reproductive maturity at 10 to 15 years.
Nurse sharks are polygynandrous (promiscuous), with both males and females having multiple partners with pups having multiple paternities. . They are one of the few shark species known to exhibit mating site fidelity, as they will return to the same breeding grounds time and time again. They also stay in the same group after copulation.
Mating Nurse Sharks
According to Animal Diversity Web: Male nurse sharks begins mating by nudging the female into position with their head. Often he will bite a pectoral fin or flank in order to hold on. The male then inserts its clasper until sperm transfer is complete. Like other sharks, the purpose of the male's siphon sac is to assist in sperm competition and to flush rival sperm out. The siphon sac is a pair of bladders attached to the claspers of the male that uses seawater to inject its sperm into the cloaca from the clasper. The action of contracting the bladder and force from the seawater flushes competing sperm out of the female nurse shark. This happens just prior to copulation. [Source: Michael Barbour, Animal Diversity Web (ADW) /=]
During copulation, the female nurse shark remains quite motionless. Biting behavior in males has been noted as being a possible indicator of a sexual hierarchy and is maintained through such behavior. Other specific courtship and mating behaviors include the male and female swimming parallel and synchronously side-by-side. If the female is avoiding copulation she will lie on her back, float in the water, or rest motionlessly on the ocean floor. The female might also pivot and roll on her back when a male bites her pectoral fin. If the female is receptive, she will arch her body toward the male, cupping her pelvic fins. /=\
Describing a pair of nurse shark mating off the Florida Keys, Harold L. Pratt Jr. and Jeffrey Carrier wrote in National Geographic, "To subdue his partner, the male must seize the females' pectoral fin, flip her, and carry her from the shallows to deeper water...Suddenly a spray of seawater erupts from the surface — it's the male shark lunging for a female's fin — and a tail slaps the water with a percussive boom." [Source: Harold L. Pratt Jr. and Jeffrey Carrier, National Geographic, May 1995]
"Amid a swirl of fins we watched as the male struggled to arch his body over the female... Often one of his penis-like claspers poked out of the water, pointing skyward." The male then got a tight grip on female's fin and aligns his body with hers. "Thus anchored he can roll the female over, flick his tail underneath her to brace himself, and insert the clasper. Successful copulation lasts between one and two minutes...Afterwards, the male collapsed on the sea bottom. This evident fatigue may result from the fact that the male is deprived of oxygen the whole time he has his jaws clamped onto the female's fin. After days of mating, the female swims away with a chewed up pectoral fin." Less than 10 percent of attempts to mate by nurse sharks end in success.
Nurse Shark Young and Development
Young nurse sharks are born fully developed at about 27 to 30 centimeters (around one foot) long. Litters form a nursery in areas of shallow turtle-grass beds and coral reefs. Carrier and Luer (1990) found that growth rates of young nurse shark averaged about 13 centimeters (one foot) per year, with their weight increasing an average of 2.3 kilograms (five pounds) per year in the wild. Nurse sharks exhibit indeterminate growth (they continue growing throughout their lives), but the rate of growth slows as they get older. [Source: Michael Barbour, Animal Diversity Web (ADW) /=]
Nurse sharks reach sexual maturity at certain lengths depending on sex — 200 to 210 centimeters (6.5 to 7 feet) in length for males, which they reach after 10 to 15 years of age, and 240 and 260 centimeters (8 to 8.5 feet) for females, which they reach after 15 to 20 years.
Young nurse sharks inherit the territory of their parents, mother or father. Nurse shark parental involvement is limited to juvenile nursery period in their local habitat. According to Animal Diversity Web: Research does not indicate whether or not it is currently known for parents to have specificity towards caring for specific pups.
The promiscuous nature of both sexes and multiple paternity in a litter is likely to attribute to the community raising effort in the nursery. It is not outwardly apparent that there are distinguishing features to identify paternity among the litter. The litter is involved in the social group of the local nurse shark population and as such inherits the local territory.
Nurse Shark Attacks
On some list nurse shark are ranked fourth in documented shark bites on humans, likely due to careless behavior by divers, swimmers and snorkelers who overestimate nurse sharks calm, sedentary disposition. If harassed or cornered nurse sharks will bite but otherwise they generally leave humans alone.
The International Shark Attack Files at the Florida Museum of Natural History only records unprovoked shark attacks on humans. According to its reckoning nurse sharks have accounted for nine non-fatal unprovoked attacks and zero fatal attacks for of total of 9 attacks since 1876, which is not so many especially when one considers how often the fish are enountered . [Source: International Shark Attack Files, Florida Museum of Natural History, 2023]
Several Instagram models have been bitten by nurse sharks while posing for photos with them in the Bahamas. Most wounds are considered relatively minor. In December 2017, honeymooner Sarah Illig was swimming with adult nurse sharks in the Bahamas when she was bitten on the arm. The 25-year-old’s husband filmed the incident, which saw the shark approach from Illig’s left side and nipping her arm. [Source: Tracking Sharks, Kevin McMurray, December 22, 2017]
According to Washington Post” “Knowingly or not, people swim near nurse sharks every day without incident. Attacks on humans are rare but not unknown, and a clamping bite typically results from a diver or fisherman antagonizing the shark with hook, spear, net, or hand. The bite reflex is such that it may be some minutes before a quietly re-immersed nurse shark will relax and release its tormenter. The small teeth seldom penetrate deeply but are razor sharp. Holding still reduces damage to both shark and man. Leaving sharks alone is the best tactic. [Source: Lindsey Bever, Washington Post, May 16, 2016]
In 2017, Tracking Sharks reported: A fisherman got more than he bargained for off the coast of Malaysia. Sairol Harun was wading in the waters off Bagan Lalang Beach in Sepang, when a nurse shark popped up. The shark latched onto the 24-year-old’s left thigh and refused to let go. Harun waded back to shore with the shark still attached to his leg and called police for help. The Malaysian Public Defense Forces (APM) arrived with an ambulance and attempted to remove the shark. “APM team takes about 10 minutes to release the bite of the fish using special equipment,” the JPJ/POLIS said in Facebook post. The man was taken to hospital where he was treated for the minor injury.[Source: Tracking Sharks, Kevin McMurray, December 22, 2017]
Nurse Shark Grab-and- Won’t-Let-Go Attacks in the Florida Keys
Nurse sharks have bitten a number of people who have harassed them or accidentally startled them. When provoked they will attack and often hold on to the victim with unyielding pit-bull-like grip. Describing one such attack in the Florida Keys, WPLG Local10.com reported: A Homestead man ended up with 16 stitches after a nurse shark clamped onto his foot while he was working on a dock. Andres Garcia was in the water in Key Largo when he said the shark bit down and grabbed on. [Source: Ian Margol and Michelle Solomon, WPLG Local10.com October 16, 2020]
Garcia said he isn’t sure if he stepped on the shark or if he just accidentally got too close to the area where the shark had been hovering. His coworkers tried to pry the shark from the man’s foot, but it held on tighter, Garcia said. Garcia eventually had to get out of the water with the shark still attached to his foot until it finally let go. The shark held on to his foot for at least 15 minutes, he said. Garcia said he is fine and recovering from the injuries.
The Florida Marine Patrol said nurse sharks swim slowly and can appear to be harmless, but they can be dangerous and should be avoided. "This is not unusual," said George Burgess, director of the International Shark Attack File. "It is hard to aggravate a nurse shark. They are pretty quiet animals, but if you get them mad, they hold on like a bulldog...In one memorable incident, an off-duty police officer felt obliged to pull out his service revolver and shoot the shark off a victim on a beach in Fort Lauderdale or Miami."
In September 2017, a man was bitten on the stomach by a juvenile nurse shark in the Florida Keys. Video shows the sharks refusing to let go until its gills were sliced open. “An unidentified man was filmed with a 3- to 4-foot long nurse shark attached to his arm. The video, originally shared to TikTock, identifies the location as Jenson Beach, Florida on Aug. 30. In the video, a man is seen walking around with the shark attached to his arm as passerbys offer tips on how to remove the shark. According to the man who posted the video, the shark cradler was taken to the hospital and the shark removed. Although there is no official confirmation about the shark’s fate, it is most likely dead. Witnesses in the video say the man was swimming when the shark latched onto his arm. [Source: Kevin McMurray, Tracking Sharks, September 2, 2020]
Ervin McCarty had a similar encounter in 2017 that was caught on video. McCarty was snorkeling Sept. 2 off Marathon City in the Florida Keys with several friends. One person in the group shot a grouper which was lodged in an underwater hole. When McCarty swam down to remove the grouper, a small nurse shark bit and latched on to his abdomen. Although he struggled to remove the shark, it did not release its bite. Eventually the group used a knife to slice into the shark’s gills, even though the shark continued to hold on. The shark finally let go after it was eviscerated but then bit McCarty one last time.
People Admitted to Hospitals with Nurse Sharks Attached to Them
In 1998, a 16-year-old Illinois boy was bitten by a nurse shark off Marathon Key in the Florida Keys after he grabbed the shark's tail. The unrelenting shark wouldn't let go of the boy's chest, and stayed attached to the boy until he reached a hospital where doctors cut the animal's spine to kill it. The boy was scuba diving with his father near Marathon, when he saw a three-foot nurse shark swimming near him and grabbed its tail, emergency workers said. The shark bit his chest and wouldn’t let go. Burgess doesn't count such incident in his statistics, he said, because it was a provoked attack. The child taunted the animal. He puts that one in a different file, he said: “S for Stupid.'' [Source: Reuters]
In May 2016 , an unidentified 23-year-old woman was bitten on the right forearm by a small 60-centimeter (two-foot) -long nurse shark while swimming near the south end of Red Reef Park in Boca Raton, Florida. She was taken to the hospital with the shark still attached to her arm. Witness said they saw the woman’s friends harassing the shark and grabbing its tail.[Source: Lindsey Bever, Washington Post, May 16, 2016]
The South Florida Sun-Sentinel reported that the 2-foot shark latched onto the woman’s forearm and refused to release her — even as it was dying. “The shark wouldn’t give up,” Boca Raton resident Shlomo Jacob, who witnessed the scene, told the newspaper. “It was barely breathing but it wasn’t letting go of her arm, like it was stuck to her or something.”
According to the Washington Post: Witnesses said the woman emerged from the water in Boca Raton with the shark hanging from her arm; a man supported it as paramedics made their way to the scene, according to news reports.By the time they arrived, a bystander may have killed the small shark, according to the Palm Beach Post.Ocean Rescue Capt. Clint Tracy told the Sun-Sentinel that medical personnel used a splint board to hold the woman’s arm and the shark was put on the stretcher with her to take her to the hospital. I have never seen anything like it,” Tracy told the newspaper. “Never even heard of anything like this.” The woman was listed in stable condition. Tracy, the Ocean Rescue captain, told the Sun-Sentinel that some swimmers had been antagonizing the small shark, though he did not know whether the woman played a part in it. An 11-year-old told the paper that people had been “messing with it” — holding the shark up by its tail.
Jim Abernathy, a local shark expert who gives dive tours along the coast, told ABC affiliate WPBF that he believes the nurse shark was fighting back when it bit the woman “I’m 99 percent sure that the person grabbed on its tail, and because the shark is only that big, it turned around and bit her right on the arm,” he told the news station, adding: “The sad thing about all of this is the shark was minding its own business, got taken to a hospital [and] will be killed because someone pulled its tail.”
Image Sources: Wikimedia Commons, NOAA
Text Sources: Animal Diversity Web (ADW) animaldiversity.org; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) noaa.gov; Wikipedia, National Geographic, Live Science, BBC, Smithsonian, New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, The New Yorker, Reuters, Associated Press, Lonely Planet Guides and various books and other publications.
Last Updated March 2023

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Tom is off on another adventure!
He and his friend Peterson Conway have entered the Trans Andes Challenge, a 6 stage mountain stage race in the heart of the stunning Patagonian Andes Mountains between Chile and Argentina.
Tom and Martha arrived in Pucon, Chile yesterday. First order of business...set up their Break-Away Tandem Bike and head out for a spin! Here are a few photos we've receive from their trip thus far.
Tom setting up the Break-Away Tandem
Tom and Martha pause for a photo

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- ISBN: 054404889X (electronic bk.)
- ISBN: 9780544048898 (electronic bk.)
- Physical Description: 1 online resource
- Publisher: Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012.
Originally published as We can remember it for you wholesale.
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Defense Minister Aleksandar Vulin spoke on Tuesday in Belgrade with NATO International Military Staff Director General Lieutenant-General Jan Broeks.
According to the Serbian government, they discussed “the current situation in Kosovo and Metohija.”
Vulin pointed to the good cooperation between the Ministry of Defense and the Serbian Armed Forces with NATO, under the auspices of the Partnership for Peace program.
He stressed that the change of the purposes and tasks of the “Kosovo Security Forces” into the “Kosovo army” for Serbia is absolutely unacceptable and represents a gross violation of UN Security Council Resolution 1244 and the Military Technical Agreement.
For Serbia, KFOR represents the only legitimate armed formation in Kosovo and Metohija, the minister reiterated, stressing that the Serbian population in the province sees in it the only guarantor of his security and security.
Vulin requested that KFOR remain in its full capacity and not to reduce its number.
He also said that Serbia remains committed to military neutrality and that, thanks to this, it is cooperating with its partners in the West and in the East.

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- In many places, Indigenous communities are working to restore seaweed species that have been traditional food sources or supported traditional diets.
- From kelp farms in Alaska to seaweed-focused community education in Hawai‘i, the projects take many forms.
- These Indigenous groups are reemphasizing the ability of marine algae and plants to support food sovereignty, climate resilience, and connections to tradition.
For the uninitiated, the first mouthful of the Hawaiian red algae known as limu kohu (Asparagopsis taxiformis) may be an unpleasant one: intensely iodine-rich and bitter, with all the marine intensity of an oyster but none of its sweetness. O‘ahu resident Malia Heimuli doesn’t have the ‘ono for it, the Hawaiian word for when something tastes good. But she says the older people in her life can’t get enough.
“I’m not used to the taste, but my grandma and mom are like, ‘gimme that any day,’” Heimuli says with a laugh.
There’s a reason for that generational divide, and it’s one that Heimuli knows well. Over the last 50 years, limu kohu, along with many of the 60-plus species of seaweed grouped together in Hawai‘i as limu, became less common on the islands’ shores, the result of changing environmental factors. With less limu available, many among the most recent generation of Native Hawaiians grew up without learning the culinary, medical and spiritual uses of these algae.
But that’s changing, in Hawai‘i and around the world. Heimuli is the coordinator of a community group called Limu Hui — a partnership, or gathering, around limu. Based out of the community environmental nonprofit Kuaʻāina Ulu ‘Auamo (KUA), Limu Hui seeks to both restore the health of Hawai‘i’s limu species, and pass on the ancestral knowledge of limu held by elders to the next generation.
Limu Hui’s work reflects a much broader trend: many Indigenous communities are working to restore degraded seaweed species that support traditional diets. (Many of these projects work with algae, including limu and kelp, though some touch on seagrasses, a marine plant.) In doing so, these communities are restoring both ecosystems and these species’ traditional cultural functions, a practice known as biocultural restoration.
“If I were to list goals that various community members have expressed, healing from the harms of colonization is one goal, along with food sovereignty and security,” says Melissa Poe, a social scientist at Washington Sea Grant in Seattle and the coordinator of the Indigenous Aquaculture Collaborative Network. The network helps groups in the Pacific region share information and develop community. It currently includes at least a dozen groups working on some form of seaweed restoration, and Poe says interest is growing among other network members.
Poe says such work not only enables self-determination, but also the “awakening of knowledge” around resource management from an Indigenous framework: one that recognizes “the kinds of inherent responsibilities and kinship that Indigenous, place-based peoples have with their environments.”
These projects take many forms, including education, ecosystem restoration, commercial farming, research, or a combination thereof.
In Haida Gwaii, a chain of lush islands in British Columbia, Canada, it’s education and restoration. Each spring, scuba divers swim along coasts once covered in kelp forests with hammers in hand, out to smash sea urchins.
Two centuries without sea otters, hunted for the fur trade, have left these coasts overrun with the urchins, an otter’s meal of choice. Sea urchins fed voraciously on the holdfasts that keep kelp fixed to the seafloor, decimating Haida Gwaii’s kelp forests. With the kelp’s decline, the Haida people also face the disappearance of many traditional foods, including abalone — which also graze on kelp — and herring spawn on kelp. Herring instinctively lay their eggs on the broad leaves of kelp forests, producing a creamy, crunchy delicacy eaten both raw and cooked.
“The work we’re doing directly relates to food security, food sovereignty, and climate resilience, because kelp forests are essentially all of those things combined,” says Jaasaljuus Yakgujanaas, a shellfish biologist at the Council of the Haida Nation who has been a part of the kelp recovery program since 2018.
Beginning in 2017, the Haida Nation teamed up with Parks Canada to conduct a combination of restoration and research over their 3-kilometer (1.9-mile) study site. Project divers remove more than 75% of urchins at a depth of 17 meters (56 feet) or lower, as well as survey the study site for abalone and other species and collect samples to test ecosystem health. The team has seen encouraging results. After urchin removal in 2018, project divers returned the next year to find kelp forest already regrowing in places where there was once little to no growth.
Overgrazed kelp forests become “urchin barrens”; sea urchins there have proliferated so severely that they don’t have sufficient food. The urchins enter a zombie-like state, slowing their metabolism and reabsorbing their reproductive organs. This means they contain no roe, a protein-rich traditional food for many First Nations, and one that has been in short supply for the Haida Nation.
Yet this year, Yakgujanaas says the urchins they removed seemed healthier, with better-quality roe.
It’s a sign the project is moving toward its goal of reestablishing balance: between kelp and urchins, and between urchins and the people who treasure them as a food source. Haida divers now distribute roe to the community when they remove healthy urchins.
As kelp regrows, the Haida Nation hopes to see abalone return, too. Yakgujanaas notes that her elders harvested abalone as a reliable food source, but she has never been able to; during her lifetime, abalone numbers have been too low for a sustainable harvest.
Kelp forms the backbone of healthy ecosystems, providing food, shelter and oxygen. The Haida kelp restoration is therefore led by an Indigenous understanding of interconnectedness: that healthy seaweeds sustain the health of the ecosystem as a whole.
It’s a theme shared across many Indigenous seaweed projects, regardless of what form they take.
On British Columbia’s Central Coast, the Heiltsuk Nation and scientists from Simon Fraser University piloted research studying whether commercially harvesting feather boa kelp (Egregia menziesii) could be sustainable for both the algae and the ecosystem it supports. They found that, by following traditional Heiltsuk practices of only harvesting part of each individual kelp at a time, it actually grew back more enthusiastically than if left alone.
“People were really excited [about] these results, that if we’re careful about following these partial harvesting rules, it really is and can be sustainable just as Heiltsuk knowledge suggests,” says Hannah Kobluk, a Ph.D. researcher at Simon Fraser who took part in the project. She says their research underlined “the richness that comes from drawing from multiple forms of knowledge, whether it be Indigenous, local, fishermen themselves … it all paints a way richer picture.”
In Alaska, the Cordova-based Native Conservancy has started several pilot programs in kelp farming. The goal is to create a “regenerative kelp economy based on conservation, restoration and mitigation — not another resource extraction job in Alaska,” says founder and president Dune Lankard, a member of the Eyak tribe.
Lankard’s hope is that their kelp farms will not only provide kelp itself — fresh, frozen, and dried, for local consumption and to bring to market — but also create shelter where wild salmon can hide from predators, and surface area where herring can lay their eggs.
The Native Conservancy currently has nine test sites along a more than 160-km (100-mile) stretch in Prince William Sound, where kelp grows affixed to long anchored lines, as well as a test farm that the conservancy seeded with ribbon, sugar and bull kelp (Alaria marginata, Laminaria saccharina and Nereocystis luetkeana) in the fall of 2021.
The goal is to make a trifecta of food source, sellable products, and stable jobs for Alaska’s Indigenous communities. In many, Lankard says, locals choose to move away when they reach adulthood because of the lack of consistent work. That diaspora has exacerbated a disconnect with the ocean and traditional practices.
“Native peoples are the original guardians and stewards of their ancestral lands and waterways,” Lankard says. “If we’re able to build an industry that’s based on one of our traditional food sources and ways of life, it adds that cultural aspect, that spirit, and that relationship with the ocean.”
This relationship becomes particularly important when climate change is thrown into the mix. For all of the Indigenous groups Mongabay spoke with, climate change is top of mind, especially the question of how warming waters could harm the very seaweed these groups seek to preserve.
Conversely, seaweed could help mitigate climate change. A 2016 paper estimated that macroalgae sequester 173 million metric tons of carbon every year as they float offshore and eventually sink into the deep sea. Some research also suggests seaweed buffers against ocean acidification, providing oases of safety as the ocean’s pH drops. Yet at the same time, the warmer, more nutrient-poor waters that come with climate change are stressing these species; recent marine heat waves have been particularly devastating for kelp forests.
Even so, there is refuge, and hope, in the traditional knowledge deployed for these projects.
“There have been many millennia of environmental and climate changes in the past; that ancestral knowledge has helped communities survive and thrive to this day,” says Poe. “Sometimes the community members in our network use the phrase, ‘looking to the past to prepare for the future.’”
In Hawai‘i, Limu Hui is breaking new ground as it tests methods of transplanting limu species grown in tanks to the wild ocean. Yet the group’s members emphasized that Limu Hui’s true focus is encouraging relationships with limu itself.
“The idea of limu restoration is not so much just limu planting; it’s a pathway for community cohesion,” says Wally Ito, a co-founder of Limu Hui. “To get younger kids out of the house, and get them to touch the limu. Smell the limu. Taste the limu. We have this taste, this ‘ono, of limu. But we cannot pass on that taste to the next generation. They gotta taste it for themselves.”
Miwa Tamanaha, former co-director of KUA and a founding member of Limu Hui, noted that public attention to marine algae is also growing outside of Indigenous communities; the recent explosion of seaweed farming is a prime example. As humanity experiences a collective loss of biodiversity, habitat and community, Tamanaha says this interest “maybe is an indicator of re-centering relationship — what each of our places wisely has to feed us, and what we wisely have to give to our places in turn.”
Banner image: Dune Lankard, founder and president of the Native Conservancy, holds sugar kelp. Image by Ayşe Gürsöz/Native Conservancy.
Claudia Geib is a science journalist based on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Her work focuses on marine science, the environment and wildlife. You can find more of her work at www.claudiageib.com, and on Twitter at @cm_geib.
Related audio: Mongabay’s podcast spoke with Dune Lankard about this project, listen here:
Kobluk, H. M., Gladstone, K., Reid, M., Brown, K., Krumhansl, K. A., & Salomon, A. K. (2021). Indigenous knowledge of key ecological processes confers resilience to a small‐scale kelp fishery. People and Nature, 3(3), 723-739. doi:10.1002/pan3.10211
Krause-Jensen, D., & Duarte, C. M. (2016). Substantial role of macroalgae in marine carbon sequestration. Nature Geoscience, 9(10), 737-742. doi:10.1038/ngeo2790
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text:
First-of-its-kind groundwater project begins
By Ching Lee
Some Siskiyou County farmers will be deliberately flooding their fields in the next two months with high winter flows from the Scott River, in an effort to replenish groundwater and improve river flows in the summer to help fish and wildlife.
Through a temporary groundwater-storage permit from the State Water Resources Control Board, the Scott Valley Irrigation District will be allowed to divert up to 5,400 acre-feet of water during high flows until the end of March.
The water board said the temporary permit is the first issued for this type of water diversion and use. Working with the University of California, Davis; California Farm Bureau Federation; Scott River Water Trust and others, the district secured the permit just as heavy storms drenched the state.
CFBF Associate Counsel Jack Rice said Gov. Brown issued an executive order last November that encouraged groundwater recharge and smoothed the way for permits for recharge projects.
"We thought the Scott Valley project looked promising, and so Farm Bureau worked closely with the irrigation district and the other partners to help make it happen," Rice said. "Both the irrigation district and the staff of the water board put in a remarkable effort to have the temporary permit approved quickly."
The goal is to capture water when stream flows are high and apply it on dormant or fallow agricultural fields far from the river, so that the water will infiltrate and slowly percolate through the aquifer back to the river, said Helen Dahlke, a hydrology expert and professor with the UC Davis Department of Land, Air and Water Resources.
"In months when we don't have stream flow from rainfall anymore, we hope to get groundwater flow coming into the river, and that hopefully is enough to keep the river connected so that fishes can migrate," she added.
With heavy rainfall associated with El Niño predicted this year, state water board Chair Felicia Marcus said the project provides "an opportunity for accelerating groundwater recharge that we so critically need."
The Scott Valley Irrigation District will use its canal system that typically delivers irrigation water to farms to spread water onto as many as 3,475 acres of farmland within its service area for infiltration.
Though this type of practice is new for the Scott Valley, Dahlke noted previous research done several years ago in Fresno County with farmer Don Cameron on his Terranova Ranch, which involved diverting water from the Kings River onto alfalfa, fallow fields, row crops, orchards and vineyards to reduce downstream flood risks and replenish groundwater.
Though results of that study looked promising, Dahlke said, interest for on-farm flooding to recharge groundwater had not yet caught on.
"Now with the drought being so severe, we have more and more farmers interested in the idea," she said.
One was Siskiyou County rancher and hay grower Jim Morris, who volunteered a 15-acre alfalfa field last spring on which Dahlke and her team did their initial research. Alfalfa is a good candidate, she said, because of the amount of acreage dedicated to the crop in the state and because it requires little to no nitrogen fertilizer, which reduces the risk of nitrogen leaching into the subsurface.
"We found that the water-holding capacity was tremendous," Morris said. "The amount of water that we could put in was beyond anybody's expectations."
Having data from the study also helped to push the permitting process through in an expedited manner, Morris noted. He is participating in the current recharge project, again using land with alfalfa for some of the infiltration sites.
But unlike other, similar projects that divert excess surface water to fields and infiltration basins for the purpose of groundwater banking, Morris said the intent of the Scott Valley project is not to recharge groundwater for irrigation. Rather, it's to enhance instream flows for fish and wildlife, which he said is a benefit to agriculture in the long term. By improving summer flows using winter high water and thereby helping the fish, Morris added, that "hopefully helps to decrease the size of the target on our backs."
"We will not pump any less or any more because of this project," he said.
With the infrastructure already in place to divert the water, Morris said "there's really not a good reason not to do" the project, although he noted there will be a management cost to the district. And there are still many unknowns about how alfalfa and other crops will react to being underwater for extended periods, though applying water during winter dormancy appears to have had little impact on his alfalfa stands last year, he noted.
Dahlke noted that while the crop showed some yellowing after six weeks, the plants bounced back after water was turned off, with no appreciable reductions in yield.
Dahlke and her team have expanded their research into almond and pistachio orchards in the San Joaquin Valley. There's greater risk working with permanent crops such as almonds, she said, noting that trees are harder to understand because they are slower to respond to environmental factors, and effects of stress may not show up until two or three years later. It will take multiple years of intensive study for researchers to get the full story, she added.
With the state's groundwater management law, passed by the Legislature in 2014, Dahlke said local agencies will be looking for ways to achieve long-term groundwater sustainability. Relying just on natural recharge from rainfall and snowmelt is likely not the only answer, with variable climate expected in the decades to come, she said. Agriculture's reliance on surface-water supplies during the summer also will be more uncertain, with less water being stored as snowpack and more of it flowing downhill that reservoirs will not be able to store, she added.
"This water is really something that we want to capture with groundwater recharge," she said. "But it needs a little bit of planning because recharge is really not a fast process."
Identifying suitable locations and cropping systems and then figuring out how to connect those locations using existing irrigation ditches and canals to reservoirs that are releasing water in the winter are key to improving surface-water management in the long term, Dahlke said.
While the use of on-farm flooding as a recharge strategy is still new with a lot of unknowns, Morris said he thinks it will be "a tool that will be used regularly to benefit groundwater."
"There are opportunities through this kind of a project to build relationships with other users of resources in the area and with agencies," he said. "I think these are the kind of win-win opportunities that we have out there and we need to take advantage of them every chance we get."
(Ching Lee is an assistant editor of Ag Alert. She may be contacted at firstname.lastname@example.org.)
Permission for use is granted, however, credit must be made to the California Farm Bureau Federation when reprinting this item.


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text:
The Wild Oscar Fish is the original species of Astronotus ocellatus; all other Oscar variants in the hobby were derived (through selective breeding) from the Wild Oscar. Wild Oscars will grow out to be larger than the selectively bred Oscar variants as they are the original species, collected directly from the Amazon basin. They are one of the hardiest and most popular Cichlids in the hobby and can learn to distinguish their owner(s) from strangers as well as associate them with food. Wild Oscars are very intelligent and will develop and display unique and interesting personalities. In addition to their constant “begging” for food, they can also be trained to eat from their owner’s hand; which is why they are sometimes referred to as river or water dogs.
Wild Oscar Fish Characteristics
The Wild Oscar Fish , or simply “wild oscar” or “w O”, is a predatory freshwater fish known for its large size, distinctively-spotted markings, aggressive temperment, and predatorial behavior in the mid to upper levels of the water column. With their large size they can be a danger to any fish that is not too big for the oscar fish to swallow whole.
Wild Oscar Fish Characteristic: predatory, territorial, aggressive.
*Properly called Astronotus ocellatus , all wild Oscars originate from South America. Tropical regions of Costa Rica and Venezuela are specifically noted as the native region. The Fild Oscar Fish is usually dark brown, black, grey to olive green in color with varying degrees of mottling.
Wild Oscar Fish Origin
Wild Oscar Fish originate from the warm tropical regions of Costa Rica and Venezuela. As a result they are typically found in similar habitats when kept as a pet.
Wild Oscar Fish Size
When fully grown, wild oscar fish can grow to be 12″ or more in length and live up to 10 years or more. A full-grown female will typically reach a maximum size of 5 or 6 inches while males can easily touch 10″.
Wild Oscar Fish PH
6.0-7.5 is the optimal range for Wild Oscar Fish to be kept in, however they can survive in a wide variety of conditions as long as extremes are avoided. pH below 5 will begin to cause stress if not death, while any pH above 8 will cause severe damage to their skin.
Wild Oscar Fish Colors and Markings
When kept in captivity or as pets, wild oscar fish are commonly found with less contrasting spots than their wild counterparts. Wild oscars typically have dark to light brown bodies with varying degrees of black spots outlined by white. A wide variety of different color mutations are available, including black oscars and albino oscars.
Wild Oscar Fish Aquarium
Wild Oscars Fish are a moderately large species of fish that require a lot of water to live in. A minimum 75 gallon aquarium provides ample space as long as it is filled right up to the very top as they do not like to have their head near the water due to the fact that they cannot breathe air. A canister filter rated for at least twice as many gallons as your tank holds is strongly recommended , and weekly water changes of up to 50% are required .
List Product size for you of MemFish.net
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- Best 75 Gallon Aquarium
- Best 55 Gallon Fish Tanks
- Best 40 Gallon Fish Tanks
- Best 30 Gallon Fish Tank
- Best 20 Gallon Fish Tanks
- Best 15 Gallon Fish Tank
- Best 10 Gallon Fish Tanks
- Best 5 Gallon Fish Tank
- Best 3 Gallon Fish Tanks
- Best 2.5 Gallon Fish Tanks
Wild Oscar Fish Tankmates
Wild Oscars Fish will prey on any fish small enough for them to swallow whole and kill any fish large enough that they cannot. Other than this rule, wild oscar fish can be kept with other species as long as it is an appropriate match in terms of size and temperament.
Wild Oscar Fish Care
Wild Oscars Fish are a tropical species that will be stressed if the temperature drops below 25°C or 77°F, and are likely to become sick if the water temperature is allowed to drop below 18-20°C or 64.4-68°F for long periods of time. They require a varied diet consisting of meaty foods such as bloodworms , earthworms , shrimp , krill , crickets and beef heart .
Wild Oscar Fish Lifespan
If properly cared for, wild oscar fish can easily live 10 years or more. As with most other cichlids they are extremely long-lived when compared to their size as some specimens have reached 15 years old in captivity!
Wild Oscar Fish Diet and Feeding
Wild Oscar fish are voracious predators that will eat anything they can fit into their mouths. They require a protein-rich, meaty diet of live food such as bloodworms , earthworms , shrimp , krill , crickets and beef heart .
Wild Oscar Fish Differences
There are a few differences between wild and captive-bred oscars. In the wild, they have more vivid coloring with distinct dark spots outlined by white on their bodies. Their eyes also have a yellow color, which is not present in most pet oscar fish due to selective breeding. Wild Oscar Fish can live for more than 10 years in captivity.
Wild Oscar Fish Breeding
Wild Oscar Fish breed in the wild only in their native warm waters and in temperatures ranging from 19-29°C or 66.2-84.2°F, with optimal breeding occurring at 22-26°C or 71.6-78.8°F. They are open monogamous substrate spawners that breed in caves created by rocks or roots, with one pair occupying the cave at a time. The female lays 30-50 eggs before both parents scatter them along the walls of the cave where they are fertilized .
As stated above, Wild Oscar Fish are often not the best choice for a pet due to their enormous adult size and their need for pristine water conditions. That said, they make excellent pets when provided with the right environment and enough space, as well as their large size making them impressive predators!
- Tiger Red Oscar Fish Species Profile – How to Care Tiger Red Oscar Fish
- Blueberry Oscar Fish Species Profile – How to Care Blueberry Oscar Fish

domain: hobby


Hong Kong H-Shares Slide Toward Bear Market as BYD DropsKana Nishizawa
Hong Kong stocks fell, with a measure of Chinese companies sliding toward a so-called bear market, as BYD Co. and insurers led declines.
BYD sank 8.9 percent after the electric-car maker’s first-quarter profit forecast fell short of expectations. People’s Insurance Co. (Group) of China Ltd. dropped 2.5 percent, pacing declines in the sector. Cheung Kong Holdings Ltd. slid 1.5 percent after the Federal Reserve signaled it may raise interest rates next year. Country Garden Holdings Co. rebounded 11 percent from the biggest drop since 2008 after Goldman Sachs Group Inc. added the mainland real-estate company to its conviction buy list.
The Hang Seng China Enterprises Index, also known as the H-share index, fell 1.3 percent to 9,234.98 as of 1:09 p.m. in Hong Kong. The measure has slid 20 percent from its Dec. 2 peak, a threshold some investors consider a bear market. The Hang Seng Index fell 1.4 percent to 21,275.33. About eight stocks declined for each that rose on the 50-member gauge.
“Investors are taking cues from company results and trying to seize opportunity from individual stocks,” said Ben Kwong, chief operating officer at brokerage KGI Asia Ltd in Hong Kong. “In the short term, investors are reacting to the Fed statement. The major concern is still China’s economic slowdown and company default risks.”
The H-share measure fell 13 percent this year through yesterday as Chinese data including credit growth, industrial production and exports signaled a slowdown in the world’s second-largest economy. The measure traded at 6.4 times estimated earnings yesterday, compared with 9.8 for the Hang Seng Index and 15.8 for the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index.
Goldman Sachs reduced its estimate for China’s gross domestic product growth this year to 7.3 percent from 7.6 percent, and reduced its first-quarter growth forecast to 5 percent from 6.7 percent. Growth will pick up during the year as external factors and domestic policy turn more supportive, Goldman strategists led by Li Cui wrote in a note. The nation’s official 2014 expansion target is 7.5 percent, after rising 7.7 percent last year, the same pace as in 2012.
Of the 80 companies that reported annual earnings in Hong Kong this month for which Bloomberg has estimates, 59 percent exceeded analyst estimates. More than 400 companies are scheduled to report results through next week, according to data compiled by Bloomberg.
Futures on the S&P 500 fell 0.2 percent today after the gauge dropped 0.6 percent yesterday. The central bank’s bond-buying program, which was reduced by another $10 billion to a $55 billion monthly rate yesterday, will be wound down by year-end with a key rate increase to follow within six months, Fed Chair Janet Yellen indicated.
Hong Kong developers including Sino Land Co. and Cheung Kong retreated. With the city’s currency pegged to the dollar, the market tracks rising rates in the U.S., which would translate into higher mortgage costs.
Data on March 18 showed growth in new home prices slowed last month, amid property curbs and tighter credit to rein in excessive borrowing. Closely-held developer Zhejiang Xingrun Real Estate Co. was this week said to have collapsed with $567 million of debt, adding to concern of strains in the nation’s real estate sector and financial system. This comes after Shanghai Chaori Solar Energy Science & Technology Co. failed to repay its debt, the first onshore corporate-bond default.


Ed Miliband plots with peers to kill off health reforms
Labour has held secret talks with independent peers in a bid to 'kill' the Coalition's controversial health reforms in the House of Lords, Ed Miliband revealed yesterday.
The Labour leader said shadow health secretary John Healey had held a series of joint briefings with crossbench peers in recent weeks in a bid to sabotage the Health Bill when it arrives in the Lords in the summer.
The Government does not have a majority in the House of Lords and the crossbenchers could play a key role in watering down the planned reforms.
Tactics: Ed Miliband with John Healey Labour's Shadow Health Secretary, who has held talks aimed at sabotaging the Coalition's health bill
Some Coalition peers, including senior Lib Dem Shirley Williams and former Tory Party chairman Norman Tebbit, have also voiced serious concerns about the health plans.
Mr Miliband said the legislation was already in 'intensive care' and now needed to be 'killed off'. He added: 'The answer to a bad Bill is not to slow it down but to junk it.'
Mr Miliband told journalists in London that the reforms were a 'Pandora's Box' which could release a series of unintended, but dangerous, consequences for the NHS and patients.
He added: 'David Cameron appears to believe that people don't like his Bill because his Government hasn't properly explained it.
Rebuttal: Health Secretary Andrew Lansley accused Mr Miliband of 'scaremongering'
'But the opposite is true. The more people understand and hear about these proposals the less they like them.
'It's not a problem of public relations – it's a problem of principle.'
Labour yesterday claimed the health reforms contained a series of hidden bombshells which would undermine the NHS, although Mr Miliband admitted that some of them were 'for the nerds among us'.
Labour said the Coalition's plans could result in hospitals being fined up to 10 per cent of their turnover under EU competition laws if they collaborated.
The party also claimed the legislation would give GPs powers to charge for services.
But Health Secretary Andrew Lansley accused Mr Miliband of 'scaremongering'. He said the proposals would not extend EU competition law and the measures on charging merely confirmed existing powers of primary care trusts.
Mr Miliband also appeared to confirm that Labour would cut NHS spending, pledging only to protect 'front-line' services.
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text:
The Same Novel Writes Him
Le Parfum d’Yvonne, Thierry de Ganay, 1994
by Oliver Farry
by Patrick Modiano, translated by John Cullen,
Open Press, 176 pp.
There are few greater demonstrations of the provincialism of the English-speaking world than the annual awarding of the Nobel Prize for Literature. Year in, year out, there are grumblings at American and British writers being ‘ignored’ and urbane literati are transformed into fulminating populists indignant that Johnny Foreigners they have never heard of might possibly be considered among the finest writers in the world; it is as if the Swedes were engaging in a recondite game of literary hipsterism, picking the most recherché authors imaginable simply to impress their peers. Of course the Nobel and the Swedish Academy that awards it can be terribly self-regarding and its status as the ultimate barometer of literary excellence is very much contestable. Some of its decisions have been dubious enough –– J-M.G. Le Clézio, Orhan Pamuk and Dario Fo were, for me, rather humdrum awardees. But, given the international scope of the award, its winners generally tend to be of a higher calibre than those of most literary prizes. And some of them, such as José Saramago and Svetlana Alexievich, have benefited from the recognition to gain wider international readerships.
Another such writer is Patrick Modiano, who won the Nobel in 2014. The announcement of his award was greeted with the predictable shouts of ‘who?’ from Anglophones and tweets of a rare petulance from Philip Roth’s official biographer (I mean, how many New York Times Notable Books does this Modiano guy have?) The Guardian, The Daily Telegraph, and The Chicago Tribune all called Modiano ‘obscure’, something that will be news to people in France, where he has been a literary bestseller for more than four decades. If Modiano is obscure in the centre of the universe that is the Anglosphere, well it’s not really his fault. A small number of his forty-odd novels had been published in English but hardly any remained in print at the time he won the Nobel. For one reason or other (most of them familiar to anyone who tries to champion literature in translation to English-speakers) the public and the critics weren’t biting. To the credit of English-language critics, they have been rather graceful in their acknowledgement of Modiano’s work once they got the chance to read it. In the twenty months since he won the Nobel, some nineteen of his novels have either been reprinted or published for the first time, some of them bundled with others in the same volume (because one of a number of defining characteristics of Modiano’s novels is their brevity, often as short as 100-110 pages, rarely any longer than 190).
The latest of his novels to belatedly see the light of day in English is his 1975 work Villa Triste, published by the Other Press, in a translation by John Cullen. Unusually for Modiano, it takes place entirely outside his usual Parisian hinterland, because its unnamed narrator (who takes on the identity of a young Russian aristocrat named Victor Chmara) has fled the capital for a resort on Lake Geneva. It is 1961 and he is fleeing conscription to the Algerian War, similar to the protagonist of Georges Perec’s novella Which Moped with Chrome-Plated Handlebars at the Back of the Yard? A curious, seemingly moneyed young bourgeois Jew, he is only eighteen but is not what one might call ‘a teenager’, the term having only just come into currency and its associated social phenomenon having yet barely touched France. He wears a monocle for laughs and is surprisingly not mocked for such an ocular eccentricity; he declares himself stateless, which is most likely untrue, but it is in line with a long history of literary characters who haunt resorts and casinos like this one (I am reminded of the comment in Dostoevsky’s The Gambler that every Pole outside his country passes himself off as a Count).
‘Chmara’ makes the acquaintance of a young movie starlet, Yvonne, two years older than him, who has an abundance of cash after a recent film shoot and who is living in the Hermitage, a luxury hotel overlooking the lake. Also in the frame is Meinthe, a doctor, older still, of rather dubious aspect, who, like Yvonne, is a native of the town, and who practices across the lake in Geneva. Despite being as glacially passive as any other Modiano protagonist/narrator (one criticism that can be levelled at the author), the younger man wins the affections of Yvonne and moves in with her at the Hermitage. Nothing much else happens beyond a succession of minor escapades, which include a local beauty pageant Yvonne enters with ‘Chmara’ as her driver, a party at the titular villa on the other side of the lake, and petty conflicts with the provincial bourgeoisie, often involving Yvonne’s pet dachshund or Meinthe’s own catalogue of dearly-held grievances. (Though unknown to Anglophone readers, cinephiles might recognise in the plot Patrice Leconte’s 1992 film adaptation Le parfum d’Yvonne, which oddly made both the hero and Meinthe considerably older).
If all that sounds terribly insouciant, it isn’t. Worries and doubts inhabit the margins of the narrative, granting the reader –– and even the narrator himself –– only the most fleeting elucidation. Nobody knows for sure who Henri Kustiker, a disembodied menacing voice who frequently calls Meinthe’s telephone, is. ‘Chmara’ doesn’t know much about Yvonne’s past, and a brief visit to a man who might or might not be her uncle does not tell him much (the man’s Parisian accent causes the narrator to doubt there is a family connection). ‘Chmara’ himself is a fiction too, avowedly manufacturing some of his biography while disclosing other details whose veracity is uncertain (though they do chime with the often estranged relationship the young Modiano had with his own wheeler-dealer father). We might even wonder if ‘Chmara’, who swindles a Geneva bookseller out of thousands of francs, is not fleeing something more mundane than conscription to the Algerian war. The narrative of Villa Triste is not so much a hall of mirrors as a field of fog, with its characters flitting in and out of a history that is at once ephemeral and permanent, both floating and static.
The narrator tells the story ten years or so into the future, imagining himself returning to the lakeside resort, whose long decline is now complete, its hotels, clubs and casino now either torn down or repurposed to far less grand ends. He also sees Meinthe, adrift amid a crowd of soldiers on leave, from a dispassionate authorial distance. It is an unusual narrative device, all the more so for its focus on Meinthe, who was peripheral in ‘Chmara’’s own liaison with Yvonne. Perhaps the gay friend, the flamboyant gooseberry, has burned onto the retina of the narrator’s inward eye the way an object on a searingly bright day might. All this in the absence of the former object of ‘Chmara’’s affection, Yvonne, who is as irretrievably lost as the resort that serves as a backdrop. Reading it now, the forty years that have passed since the book’s original publication also bestow on it an extra patina that shimmers and obscures.
As ever with Modiano, the prose is pared down and unfussy yet pregnant with significance, and, the odd overly literal translation aside, is finely rendered into English by Cullen. As ever with Modiano, there is an enigmatic core to a remembered personal history and a faintly menacing nimbus at its outer limits. ‘As ever’ is something you find yourself saying and thinking a lot with Modiano, whose novels shift and differ only by degrees; still those degrees are consequential in the nuance and shade they cast on the past and future iterations of his work. Modiano does not so much write the same novel again and again as the same novel writes him. It is for this reason that his books often only impress with their full force (though ‘force’ seems a word crudely ill-suited to his writing) when you have gone through a string of them. The English-speaking world has a lot of catching up to do on Modiano and Villa Triste, a beguilingly odd yet familiar novel, isn’t the worst place to start.
About the Author:
Oliver Farry was born in Sligo, Ireland in 1975. He lives in Paris, where he works as a journalist, writer, translator and editor.