Home Greenhouse Controller
Low Cost Greenhouse Automation
2012 I designed a simple system to manage greenhouse ventilation and thermal
storage. This paper describes the various features and the tradeoffs
implementing them. The brain of the
system is a low cost programmable logic controller (PLC) that includes a
web server allowing remote access to greenhouse status.
Table of Contents
We have an 8 x 16 foot lean-to greenhouse. The lean-to design reduced cost and minimizes heat loss through the north greenhouse wall. The house has a walkout basement facing almost due south. The greenhouse floor is at basement level with a concrete frost wall extending 4 feet below and rising about 4 feet above the floor. The frost wall is insulated with 2” of foam board and much of it is below ground level minimizing heat loss.
Greenhouse structure is comprised of 2x6 and 2x4 pressure treated lumber routed to accept 8mm dual wall polycarbonate panels. The inspiration for this construction technique came from a New Yankee Workshop episode where they featured a small standalone greenhouse. I struggled with the problem of using fixed size glazing panels. Because this is a lean-to greenhouse roof height is determined by the bottom of the first floor windows. Standard sized panels did not fit in the available space. The polycarbonate panels are ideal as they can be easily cut to size. Routing channels in the framing lumber eliminated the cost of aluminum extrusions normally used to mount the panels. Since the panels are retained in routed channels the structure is not completely watertight so there are a few drips during heavy rain. This would be a problem if we were using it as a sun room but not as a greenhouse. The leaks did however affect how the electrical system was installed.
Ventilation is provided by three windows, one each on the east and west wall and a central roof vent. They were custom built for the greenhouse. I built the frames out of pressure treated lumber and used polycarbonate panels for glazing. The windows are controlled by Bayliss Autoventpassive openers. A temperature sensitive cylinder forces the window open as it heats up. A knurled knob at the top adjusts opening temperature. The openers work great but unfortunately simply opening windows does not move enough air to maintain reasonable temperature during full summer sun. The solution was to add forced air movement to reduce inside temperature.
To keep the two wall windows tightly closed I used 3 lb. cable tensioners to augment the Autovent openers. These were government surplus devices made by John Evan’s Sons Inc. I removed the Velcro and hooks and mounted them at the bottom of each window. They do a great job keeping the window closed. The Autovent is able to lift 14 lbs. so works fine counteracting the tensioner. The roof window is heavy enough that gravity keeps it sealed.
There are two entrance doors one from the basement and one to the outside. The basement door has a dual pane fixed glass center section to let light into the basement. The exterior entrance door is a Larson storm door with a large movable screened opening to provide additional ventilation during the summer. During the winter we add an inside storm panel to minimize heat loss.
Due to the large amount of glazing greenhouse solar gain is high but so are loses. Without a large thermal mass temperature fluctuates rapidly, dropping at night and overheating during sunny days. This requires venting excess heat during the day and adding makeup heat at night. Adding thermal mass helps moderate temperature swing by absorbing heat during the day and releasing it at night. We opted for water barrel storage. Used 55 gallon drums are cheap and water to fill them even cheaper. We use 6 55 gallon plastic drums placed along the north wall. When I was searching for a local supplier was surprised to discover how many folks are selling them. Each barrel is painted black to maximize heat absorption. Ideally I should have used an additional 6 stacked on top but that would consume too much valuable space. Insufficient thermal storage means temperature fluctuation is higher than desired and we often needed to open the basement door to keep the greenhouse above freezing.
The floor of the greenhouse is filled with 4 feet of pea stone. Stone and masonry are great ways to store heat, the trick is to warm up the stone during the day and extract heat at night.
These limitations prompted me to embark on a project to automate greenhouse ventilation, energy storage and if needed to automatically steal heat from the basement to maintain adequate temperature. The resulting controller is described in this paper.
1. Control summertime overheating and prevent freezing in winter.
2. Manage humidity during the winter when greenhouse is buttoned up.
3. If a problem occurs want to be notified without having to go to the greenhouse.
4. Override automatic functions in case the controller fails or we encounter unusual conditions.
5. Manage multiple indoor and outdoor temperature sensors.
6. Flexible programming interface.
7. Built in web server so greenhouse functions can be monitored remotely.
8. Local display of greenhouse air temperature.
9. The controller is on 24/7/365 so low power consumption is important.
10. Low price and cost of ownership.
The design I ultimately came up with meets these requirements and I was able to add a few other features to boot.
The passive actuators work great to open and close the vents so I decided to augment them with a roof mounted fan. I used a dual fan assembly designed to cool server racks mounted under the roof vent. In the picture you can see the Autovent adjustment knob poking out behind the middle of the fan. The fan is designed to fit a standard 19”rack, so it was easy to install within the ceiling joists supporting the roof vent. The controller monitors internal greenhouse air temperate to control the fan. A couple of degrees of hysteresis minimize short cycling the fan.
The fan assembly is plugged into a ceiling mounted receptacle. Because it is upside down I used a Twist-Lock receptacle to make sure the plug does not fall out.
The floor of the greenhouse consists of several feet of pea stone. This represents a large underutilized thermal mass. A stone floor by itself is not a very effective storage medium because not much heat is transferred to and from the stone. To better utilize the rock mass I mounted a squirrel cage blower near the roof, connected to a pair of 3” PVC DWV pipes to conduct air to two flexible perforated pipes embedded in the stone. Centrifugal blowers are a good choice for this task because backpressure is high.
The controller monitors outside air temperate and turns the blower on when temperate falls below the set point. This way the blower does not run needlessly during warm times. During the day warm air is blown into the stone heating it up and reducing the need to vent excess heat. At night air blown through the stone extracts heat to help maintain temperature. As with the ceiling fan a couple of degrees of hysteresis is used to minimize short cycling the blower.
Six plastic barrels are lined up against the north wall of the greenhouse. They are under the boards on the left of the picture.
One of the temperature channels is used to monitor water barrel temperature. The water barrels are a passive thermal mass. The controller simply monitors water temperature to provide an idea of how much energy is being absorbed and released by the water.
If air temperature cannot be maintained the controller turns on a fan that blows air in from the basement. This fan assembly is identical to the one mounted in the roof vent. The basement is heated so this infuses the greenhouse with 70ish degree air. A filter keeps greenhouse insects from entering the house.
During the summer a door covers the fan to keep high temperate greenhouse air from infiltrating the basement. When greenhouse temperature drops below the set point and if the door is open the basement fan is turned on and the rock blower disabled. No reason to warm up the rock floor if we are trying to prevent inside air temperature from falling.
The PLC monitors door state by reading a magnetic sensor. If the fan door is closed the basement fan is not turned on, the PLC sends out a warning email, and the rock blower is left running. If the door is closed the controller is unable to move warm air from the basement to the greenhouse. Leaving the rock fan on is the best fallback strategy to reduce the possibility of greenhouse freezing as warm air cannot be brought in from the basement. In addition to sending a warning email the basement fan status LED flashes indicating the door is closed.
In the initial design I neglected to consider the problem of excessive humidity during winter. With the greenhouse closed humidity was 100% on some days causing mold to grow on colder surfaces. To address the problem I added a small DC fan on the East wall exhausting through a high quality metal dryer vent. The vent flapper seals well preventing cold air from blowing back into the greenhouse. The PLC includes a humidity sensor so I used that for primary control of the fan. The algorithm disables the fan if outside temperature is high, no sense running the fan if the vent windows are open. The fan is also disabled when inside temperature is low to reduce the rate of temperature fall and minimize how much air needs to be brought in by the basement fan.
The fan is powered from the same 9V 1A supply used by the controller. The fan draws about 500ma and the controller and external logic another 250ma safely within the limits of the supply. A FET switching transistor is used to control power to the fan. As with the other outputs an LED on the front panel indicates state and toggle switch can be used to override the controller.
The greenhouse provided a convenient location to install a passive batch water heater. Batch heaters are simply water tanks heated directly by the sun. Normally they are mounted in a sealed enclosure to maximize temperature gain. I did not have enough room for an enclosure so mounted a couple of 30 gallon tanks, painted black, as high as possible on the back wall of the greenhouse. This is less efficient than putting them in an insulated box but any increase in water temperature reduces summer hot water cost. Water from the well varies from 45-55F during the year. The electric water heater is set to 120 degrees. Just reaching normal summer daytime air temperature of 80-90 degrees reduces energy consumption by half. An advantage of this arrangement is during winter the tanks provide an extra 60 gallons of thermal mass.
Domestic hot water is produced by a 55 gallon electric water heater located in the basement. Many years ago I augmented it with heat from our wood stove. I plumbed an insulated tank into the cold water feed to the electric heater and installed a heat exchanger in the stove plumbed to the preheat tank using a thermo siphon loop. Whenever the stove is in use it heats the water in the preheat tank. As hot water is used the “cold” water being feed into the electric water heater is warmer than the water coming directly from the well thus saving electricity.
The solar batch heater acts as a second preheater. When hot water is used cold well water flows through the two greenhouse tanks. Temperature rise depends on sun intensity and water usage. The hot output is plumbed into the cold inlet of the wood stove heater storage tank. Water from the wood stove tank flows into the electric water heater to bring it up to the desired temperature. The wood stove tank can be bypassed but it is pretty well insulated so being lazy I typically just leave it in the system during the summer.
I was a little concerned all the extra plumbing and tanks would impact hot water flow rate but that has not been a problem.
A Pressure Temperature Relief Valve (PTRV) valve is plumbed into the “hot” tank. It dumps water if the tank overheats or experiences excessive pressure. If water is turned off to the greenhouse and the PTRV opens there is a possibility of creating a partial vacuum when it cools, potentially collapsing the tanks. A vacuum breaker is installed on the pipe connecting the two tanks. It opens letting in air if the tanks are depressurized.
Since I needed to supply cold water to the batch heater it was a simple matter to extend the cold water feed to a ¼ turn hose bib. I made up a short section of garden hose to water greenhouse plants. Any excess water runs down the stone floor. To keep dirt from clogging the stone we stretched filter fabric over the stone. This allows water to drain but prevents dirt from getting into the rock.
During heavy ice and snow storms we can experience extended power outage lasting several days. Without electricity we lose well water and obviously the controller no longer functions. The system is designed to be easy to drain. Pipes slope toward drain valves and the tanks can be emptied.
Three ball valves and two ¼ turn boiler drains, located in the basement, allow flexible control of the batch heater. Three additional valves, located in the greenhouse, are used to drain the tanks.
· Mode 1 during summer the bypass valve is closed and the feed and return valves open. This causes water to flow through the tanks as hot water is used.
· Mode 2 during winter the bypass valve is open as is the feed valve, the return valve is closed. This bypasses the batch tanks but leaves water to the greenhouse turned on to water plants and provide additional thermal mass.
· Mode 3 is used to drain the system. The bypass valve is open and feed and return valves closed. Two boiler drains allow air into the feed and return lies to the greenhouse so they can be purged. Three valves in the greenhouse let air into the system and drain the tanks. The tanks are higher than basement plumbing so they need to be emptied first before letting air into the basement feed pipes or water will back up into the basement.
Water heating is completely passive the controller is not involved except to monitor temperature. I dedicated four of the eight temperature channels to monitor the hot water system.
v Well pressure tank
v Solar batch heater hot outlet temperature
v Wood heat storage tank hot outlet
v Electric water heater hot outlet
With the exception of the solar batch heater the temperature sensors are attached to the outside of the respective pipe. With the batch heater I had an unused fitting so was able to locate the temperature sensor in direct contact with water. Temperature accuracy is affected by water usage. Temperature reading is more accurate if water is following through the pipe. If water has not been used for a while the reading is somewhere between tank internal temperature and ambient air temperate.
The controller is used to control lighting. This allowed me to run low voltage wiring to light switches located by each door. As a plus the web interface allows lights to be turned on/off by remote control. Pretty cool, how many greenhouse let you turn the lights on or off from a web page? The switches are SPDT momentary contact. The controller latches the last switch state to turn lights on or off. Being monetary contact allows an unlimited number of switches to be used in parallel.
Two Leviton CFL fixtures are mounted on the ridge beam between the two roof pitches. The fixtures are not waterproof so I was careful to mount them in the middle of the polycarbonate panels. For extra water protection cut circular section of automotive gasket material and placed it between the fixture and plastic electrical box. They are not intended as grow lights just used to provide general purpose lighting.
There are thee duplex receptacles on the south wall and two on the north. I split the outlet so the left side is constantly on and the right one is controlled by the PLC. I have not implemented PLC code for the outlets. At present the switched outlets are controlled by the manual override toggle switch on the controller panel.
The controller supports multiple temperature sensors and a Honeywell solid state humidity sensor. In addition two of the digital inputs are used to monitor the external entry door and the door covering the basement fan.
The controller implements the Maxim/Dallas 1-wire protocol and supports up to 8 DS18B20 temperature sensors. 1-wire is a single line wired OR bidirectional communication protocol. This supports multiple sensors over only three connections: 5 volts, ground and data. Most of the sensors are mounted in the metal tip of a flexible cable assembly. The exception is the two ambient air sensors (controller and display). They are located in a small ventilated chassis on the South wall protected from direct sunlight. The sensors output temperature in digital format and are all powered from the controller’s 5v supply.
Currently 7 of the 8 channels are used:
1. Outside air
2. Inside air (a 2nd dedicated sensor drives the controller’s digital temperature readout)
3. Water barrel storage
4. Not used
5. Well water
6. Solar batch preheater
7. Wood stove preheater
8. Electric water heater
The outside air sensor is located on the North wall of the house to provide outdoor temperature readings. This required running a cable from the greenhouse at the front of the house to the North wall at the back. Mounting was an issue as I needed the probe to measure outside air temperature but not be easily damaged. The ideal location for highest accuracy is several feet above the ground and away from the building. That was impractical so the sensor is mounted a couple of feet above grade. To protect the sensor I used a small plastic pet food dish. The sensor is mounted through a hole in the center of the base. This allows air flow around the sensor while keeping it behind the edge of the building.
The greenhouse air temperature sensor is located in a small ventilated box located on the South wall of the greenhouse. This location keeps it out of direct sunlight for more accurate air temperature readings. The humidity sensor is also located in this box as well as a terminal block if we need a cabled sensor at that location.
I wanted to display greenhouse air temperature on the controller but unfortunately the unit does not provide a way to drive a locally attached display. To work around this limitation I installed another 1-wire temperate sensor near the one used by the controller and mounted a standalone digital thermometer in the controller chassis. The close proximity insures both sensors accurately track temperature. The 1-wire protocol is an open collector master slave. This allows both controller and display sensors to be powered by the controller. Only the data line from each sensor needs to be kept separate and routed to the respective device.
To track the temperature of the water barrels I connected a 1-wire sensor and dropped it into the drum through a hole in the bung cap.
Four of the eight sensor channels are used to monitor the hot water system.
The controller uses a Honeywell HIH-4000 sensor to measure relative humidity. This is an analog device powered from the controller’s 5V supply. The humidity sensor is mounted in the same chassis used for the temperature sensors. Being analog I wanted to make sure accuracy was not affected by digital noise generated by the temperature sensors so I ran separate power, ground, and data to the humidity sensor.
Magnetic reed witches are used to monitor the status of the main entrance door and the basement fan door.
No automation system is complete without alarm notification of dangerous or improper operating conditions. WebControl allows up to 8 preconfigured emails to be dispatched by user code.
The point of having a greenhouse is to extend the growing season by keeping air temperature above freezing. If the water, rock storage and basement augmentation functions are not adequate to maintain air temperature the controller flashes a freeze warning LED on the front panel and sends a warning email. A pushbutton on the controller resets the alarm. If the freeze warning is reset but temperature is still below the warning set point the LED is turned off for a couple of seconds and another freeze warning sequence begun.
A freeze event is likely to occur in the wee dark hours of the morning when no one is logged into their computer so some other alert method is needed. The success of the greenhouse project encouraged me to design a second generation wood heat controller using the same PLC I used for the greenhouse. The wood heat controller has an audible alarm that is trigged during overtemp conditions so it was a natural to allow the Greenhouse controller to use it for freeze notification. The 1-wire temperature sensors use three wires (power, ground, data). I wired the in house temp sensors with 4-wire telephone cable I had laying around so used the 4th wire to communicate freeze warning to the wood heat controller. During a freeze even the controller pulls this line low activating an optocoupler in the wood heat controller.
When the controller needs to turn on the basement fan it reads the state of the fan door closed switch. If the door is closed it flashes the basement fan status LED and sends a warning email.
If one or more sensors fail a notification email is sent. There was a bug in the original firmware I used that interferes with sensor failure monitoring on the last two sensors. This has been fixed in current firmware. It takes several seconds at boot time for the controller to initialize the temperate sensors. Testing is delayed when system powers up to eliminate spurious fault notification. The 1-wire bus is a wired OR open collector scheme. It is sensitive to noise ingress causing temporary failure of one or more sensors. To guard against unnecessary alerts sensor fault notification is debounced. When the controller reports a failed sensor a counter is set to 100. If the sensor is still bad after 100 passes through user code (about 5 seconds) the alert email is generated, if not the counter is cleared.
Once an alert has been sent sensors must return to the OK state to reset the warning. That way only a single email is sent per failure event.
The controller’s web interface is pretty limited and does not include logging capability. I added code to send out a morning and evening email. The body of the email includes digital input and output status and current temperate sensor and humidity sensor readings. Currently this is set for 6AM and 6PM. The firmware does not compensate for daylight savings time but in this case that is actually a plus since the report occurs at the same “Sun” time throughout the year.
The daily email feature has turned out to be pretty handy. I added code to log the minimum and maximum temperature between each email and report is in VAR4, max and VAR5, min.
Initially I had a problem getting the email to report history property. I triggered the email and then reset min/max temperature to current temp for the next 12-hour cycle. The email always reported the reset value never the previous 12-hour history. In debugging discovered there is a lengthy delay between requesting email and it being sent. I assume system code logs into the SMTP mail server first then it builds the email record and sends it. When sending an email a loop counter is set to 1,000. When count expires code assumes email has been sent and resets the temperate logger to current values for the next cycle.
User code is executed approximately every 50ms. I assume that varies with system code and user code workload. Setting the loop counter to 1000 gives the system approximately 50 seconds to send the email. During that period min/max extremes are not being captured, since we are measuring slowly changing temperature is of no importance. In my case it typically takes about 1.5 seconds to send the email.
The General Setup screen is a convenient way to change set points without the need to reload code. Unfortunately variable title and units of measurement cannot be configured. To make setting user defined values more user friendly firmware checks for changes to UROM and sends an inbound or out of bound informational email. If the unit is power cycled and any UROM value is out of bounds an email is also sent.
The controller is mounted on the east wall near the rear of the greenhouse. The temperate and humidity sensors are mounted on the south wall in a small salvaged ventilated box. The Humidity control exhaust fan is mounted to the immediate right of the controller.
The controller is built into an 11” square electrical box. I installed an aluminum separator between line and low voltage compartment. The bottom section contains solid state relays to control AC loads. Initially I used SSRs to control all loads but ran into a problem with the CFL ceiling lights. The CFLs draw so little current the snubber circuit used to protect the SSR output passed enough current to cause the lights to occasionally flash. The solution was to replace the ceiling light SSR with an EMR. I mounted a small relay on perf board cut to the same size as the SSR and wired a diode across the coil. The 7407 driver is able to control the relay directly so it made for a simple replacement. A flexible plastic shield protects low voltage relay control wiring from accidental contact with mains voltage.
The top portion has an 18-position terminal strip to connect low voltage field wiring; an Ethernet jack links the controller to our home network. A 9V 1A DC “wall wart” style switching power supply powers the system.
The controller, interface PCB, override switches, status LEDs and temperature display are mounted on the hinged front panel. The humidity fan DC switching circuitry is mounted on small board attached to the fan toggle switch and LED. This minimizes interconnect between front panel and logic board and kept high current fan load off the interface board.
The heart of the system is a low cost web server and programmable logic controller manufactured by CAI networks and available, like many of the other items used in this project, from eBay vendors.
The controller was primarily designed to monitor and control temperature in a data center environment, but its low cost and PLC capability made it ideal for my purpose.
1. 8 1-wire temperature sensors inputs
2. Humidity sensor input.
3. 8 digital outputs
4. 8 digital inputs
5. 3 analog inputs (expandable to 7) (not used in our implementation)
6. UTP 10/100 Ethernet port
7. Web server
8. Programmable logic controller
9. Real Time Clock (RTC) synced via Network Time Protocol (NTP)
10. Low power
I designed a simple interface board to provide external logic functions and ESD protection. The control panel has toggle switches to select how the various outputs are controlled. Each output except lighting can be set to Off, On, or Auto. Normally switch overrides like this would be read by the controller and processed in software. However since there are only 8 inputs and 8 outputs I needed to implement these functions in hardwired logic.
I wanted the Freeze warning LED and Basement fan LED to flash when there is a problem. To eliminate the need to create time dependent PLC code I implemented the flash function in hardware. The controller has a status LED that flashes’ indicating the controller is alive. That signal is brought into the interface board to flash the appropriate LEDs.
The other function of the interface board is to protect the controller from ESD damage. I would much rather replace a SSI DIP TTL chip on the interface board then the entire controller. The protection scheme is pretty basic. Digital inputs are feed through a series resistor then to a pull-up. The output of the pull-up is clamped to Vcc and Ground by a pair of diodes. The 1-wire interface to the controller and display are bidirectional so I used the clamp diodes but not the series or pull-up resistor. The humidity sensor is run barefoot. Being an analog signal did not want to risk affecting accuracy. I did not add protection to outputs as they do not leave the chassis.
I wanted to display air temperature locally, but the controller does not have the ability to drive a display. I purchased a self-contained LED thermometer module. I chose a unit that uses the same 1-wire temperature sensor as the WebControl and located it in the same box as the controller’s temperature and humidity sensors. Using two sensors for the same reading is not ideal since tolerances may cause measurement to may vary slightly but they will be close enough for our purposes. As a plus the LED provides a nice night light and confirmation the controller is powered up.
The greenhouse is powered by a dedicated 20 Amp 120 volt circuit protected by a GFCI. This is an important safety consideration given the close proximity of electricity and water. I choose to use a GFCI circuit breaker rather than GFCI outlet because I wanted to split each receptacle into a switched and unswitched side.
Since the unit is powered 24/7 power consumption is important. I chose a “wall wart” style 9 volt 1 amp DC switching supply. The supply is mounted on the divider panel between low voltage and line voltage compartments. It powers the WebControl, digital display, and interface board.
The National Electrical Code (NEC) requires water protection both when receptacle is both in use and not in use. With the exception of the twist-lock receptacle used to power the ceiling vent fan outlets have a plastic protective cover.
PVC conduit protects exposed wiring on the east, south, and west walls. Plastic conduit is inexpensive, does not rust, provides mechanical and water protection of exposed wiring. The north wall separating the basement from greenhouse is an insulated stud wall. Wiring in that wall is NMC cable.
The 9V 1A switching power supply output is connected to the low voltage field wiring terminal strip. It plugs into a receptacle located on the LV mains separator bracket. 9 volts is feed directly to SSR control inputs, front panel LEDs, humidity fan, and the front panel temperature display. To minimize power dissipation of the controller’s 5 volt linear voltage regulator added a series diode to reduce the supply voltage a little.
The PLC, interface PCB, SSRs, and LEDs draw 220 -250ma from the 9 volt supply. The humidity fan draws 500ms. The switching supply is very efficient minimizing waste heat dumped into the enclosure.
I used two Cat5e cables to interconnect the various sensors. The preferred topology for 1-wire devices is a daisy chain. A daisy chain minimizes the negative effects of reflections due to the unterminated nature of the bus. Temperature sensors are located both in the greenhouse and the house. Within the greenhouse I looped the sensor cable to all the locations that require temperature sensors, or other inputs, and then back to the controller. This allowed me to terminate both ends of the cable within the controller. This provides several benefits. One end of the 1-wire temperature data lead is terminated at the PLC the other end is extended into the house along with power and ground to power those sensors, maintaining the optimum daisy chain configuration through both wire segments. I terminated both ends of greenhouse cable’s power and ground conductors effectively doubling the wire gauge, reducing voltage drop. Currently I’m only using 7 of the 8 wires in the loop cable, having access to both ends of the cable means if I need to add more than one new input or output I can cut the loop to allow switches and sensor to feed one end or the other. The loop also provides some measure of fault tolerance.
A single 8 wire cable does not have enough conductors to connect everything so I ran a second Cat5e cable from the controller to the sensor box. This cable provides point to point wiring for the display temperature sensor and the humidity senor.
Two Cat5e cables provide dual Ethernet LAN drops, only one of which is being used. These cables connect to an Ethernet patch panel within the house. Lastly another cable is used to connect temperature sensors located within the house. This is an 18-gauge 4-wire cable I had laying around. The outside air temp, well water temp, the wood stove and electric water heater temp sensors as wells as freeze warning are connected to this cable.
Maxim/Dallas 1-wire application notes provide recommendations to deal with signaling problems over long networks. Even though total cable length is about 35 meters the system operates flawlessly without needing any of those tweaks. By 1-wire standards this is a medium sized network.
The web interface is primitive at best but gets the job done.
System Status page displays inputs and outputs as well as 8-varables used by the code. Being able to display values facilitates troubling shooting. VARs 1 & 7 are loop counters to add time delay to email and temp sensor monitoring respectively. VAR 4 is high air temperate since last email, VAR 5 same for low. VAR 6 is used to track the next hour to send daily email update. The controller has another 8 variables (RAM) accessible to user code but they are not displayable.
The screenshot (old FW) is a winter day when the wood stove is operating. Sensor 1 measures outside air temperature. Sensor 2 is air temperature within the greenhouse and sensor 3 is the temperature of one of the water barrels. Temperature sensor 5 is the well pressure tank; ground water temperature varies little throughout the year. Sensor 6 is the hot outlet of the batch solar water heater. Temperature sensor 7 is the thermo siphon storage tank plumbed to the wood stove. Sensor 8 is the electric water heater. The water heater thermostat is set to 120 F. Because the sensor is attached to the hot water outlet pipe, rather than being immersed in water, the reading varies significantly depending if hot water has been used recently. The screenshot shows higher then set point reading indicating hot water has been used recently and water from preheat tank was greater than 120 degrees.
The controller’s General Setup page allows 4 values to be set from the web interface. These are used as inputs by the PLC code to change temperature set points without the need to modify and reload code. The PLC operates on temperature in .1 degree increments; therefor to set 82.0 degrees need to enter 820. Humidity is set in 1% increments.
Ø UROM1 – Ceiling fan on inside temperature
Ø UROM2 – Rock fan on outside temperature
Ø UROM3 – Basement fan on inside temperature
Ø UROM4 – Humidity fan on relative humidity
I’m very pleased with the results but as typical with projects have no shortage of ideas for future modifications.
1) I plan to add another temperature sensor embedded into the stone floor to monitor its temperature.
2) Better status communication with wood heat controller. Currently the wood heat controller reports greenhouse controller health status based on the presence of 5V on the temp sensor lead. The firmware I’m now using on both systems enables IP based communication between the controllers. Taking advantage of this will improve heath reporting.
This has been a fun project and has greatly improved the performance of our greenhouse.
For anyone considering this type of project it is important to think about life cycle issues. The greenhouse structure and wiring have an extremely long life expectancy compared to the individual electronic modules. Think about how to handle a module failure 5 or 10 years down the road. Perhaps it is the packrat in me but given the inexpensive nature of the major components I’ve purchases spares that can be placed in service without mechanical, electrical, or software modification in the event of failure.
A 16-position DIP plug connects the interface board to sensor inputs and SSR DC control. Power and ground use 22 AWG wire to minimize voltage drop. Temp 5V is obtained from the PLC and used to power the PLC and display temperature sensors. Power and ground for the humidity sensor is connected directly to the PLC to minimize digital noise pickup.
A .5 amp fuse limits fault current to the 9 volt power supply.
Front panel wiring picks up all the switches and LEDs in addition to the 1-wire temperature display module. The power switching circuitry for the humidity fan is located on a small perf board mounted to the rear of the fan toggle switch and status LED. FET low side switch is used to minimize fan voltage drop. Fan is rated for 12 volts but operates fine at 9, with obviously lower air flow.
Two ribbon cables connect the PLC to the Interface board. A 16-pin header to header cable connects analog and digital inputs. Note: the PLC number’s the header sequentially. Conventional practice is to alternate pin numbers on ribbon cable headers so numbers are sequential across the cable. The other cable terminates at small barrier strips. The flash lead is soldered to the flashing health LED on the PLC.
5V for temp sensors is picked up directly from the controller and routed to the terminal strip to minimize noise pickup.
The Interface board is the central interconnect between the various portions of the controller and provides simple hardware logic and ESD protection. The PLC interface consists of a 16 and 20 pin header. Front panel wiring terminates to a 20-pin header providing lots of spares. And lastly a 16-pin DIP plug connects to the LV terminal board and SSR control.
This page shows switch conditioning and termination of unused spare gates.
The loop cable originates at the controller and travels along all four greenhouse walls then returns to the controller. Loop wiring is routed through the light switches by each entrance door and connected to the magnetic door sensors. A four conductor cable connects the 1-wire temperature sensors in the house and provides freeze notification to the wood heat controller.
At various locations I installed 4-postion terminal bocks (old style telephone 42A junction blocks) to facilitate adding additional temperature sensors.
A small ventilated chassis is located on the western end of the south wall. It houses two temperature sensors, the humidity sensor and a 4-position terminal block to allow attachment of an additional cabled temperature sensor.
The point to point cable originates at the controller, runs across the south wall of the greenhouse and terminates at the ventilated chassis. The display temperature sensor and the controller humidity sensor use this cable.
*********** Change Log *********************
7/7/2013 Added range check to UROM values, email sent after each value
change indicating in range or out of range.
indicating out of range or in range.
7/5/2013 1) Added powerup init delay for temp sensor
2) Fixed bug if temp sensor bad at powerup no email sent.
3) Fixed logger bug does not report min temp first cycle
4) Cleaned up humidity code
5) Replaced failed water drum temp sensor - T3
7/2/2013 Reinstalled controller
1) Using OP7 for humidity fan
2) Temp status fixed now testing all temp sensors
3) Changed logic state of freeze reset push button
7/1/2013 Modified hardware
1) Replaced freeze warning PB LS04 with 7407 to reuse inverter.
2) Added OP7 DC humidity fan control circuitry
3) Added freeze warning output to wood stove controller
4) Added TVS to 9v input
6/29/2013 WebControl PCB returned with updated firmware, 3.2.17d.
6/17/2013 Replaced light SSR with EMR to resolve problem with SSR
snubber causing CFLs to occasionally flash. Added gasket
to both ceiling CFLs to prevent water ingress.
3/21/2013 CAI Networks confirmed temp status bug. I submitted another
bug report developing wood heat controller. Same bug they
thought they fixed before. Confirmed temp status bits working
in FW version 3.2.17b.
1/5/2013 email does not report min/max temperature correctly, always
report current value. Unclear when email is sent relative to
user code request. Modified routine so temp reset to current
value is delayed Approx. 5 seconds after requesting email.
Looks like it takes about 1.5 seconds to send email. Assume
system code logs into SMTP server before creating email text
Added Hi temp logging in addition to low temp.
Changed bad sensor debounce to minimize spurious email.
1/4/2013 Added low temperature logging to morning and evening email.
Lowest temp since last email reported in VAR5. Moved
12/5/2012 Added humidity control exhaust fan. Small DC 100 cfm muffin
fan exhausting through high quality dryer vent. Temporarily
used switched AC outlet channel. Need to update hardware in
summer with FET controlled DC Fan power to free up outlets
for other use.
9/26/2012 Temp status does not report Temp sensors 7/8 correctly.
Submitted bug report to CAI Networks, stated 3.2.11 FW is a
year old and that bug is fixed in ver 3.2.12, current FW is
3.2.15. Cost $15 to upgrade. Choose not to upgrade at this
6/25/2012 Code start
2/7/12 Project start
*************** PCB Hardware/Firmware version ****************
Customer loop executed every ~50ms
Email takes about 1.5 sec to send.
Per CAI Support Temp sensors take up to 2 sec to stablize at power up
9V power consumption:
WebControl + interface 220-250ma
Humidity fan: 500ma
***************** I/O Defs **********************
AIP1 - not used
AIP2 - not used
AIP3 - not used
IP1 - Light_on
IP2 - Light_off
IP3 - Ent_Dr_closed
IP4 - Bsmt_fan_dr_closed
IP5 - Spare_input
IP6 - /Freeze_pushbutton
IP7 - not used
IP8 - not used
OP1 - Rock_fan
OP2 - Ceiling_fan
OP3 - Outlets
OP4 - Basement_fan
OP5 - Light
OP6 - Freeze_warning
OP7 - Humidity_fan
OP8 - not used
T1 - Outside_air (house Northeast corner)
T2 - Inside_air (GH southwest corner)
T3 - Water_drum (north wall east of door)
T4 - not used
T5 - Incoming_well_water
T6 - Solar_water_storage (east tank)
T7 - Wood_water_storage
T8 - Electric_water_heater
Temp Sensor status (1 = OK)
Humidity Sensor (GH southwest corner)
Email message Identifiers
EM1 - Freeze Warning
EM2 - Bsmt fan door closed
EM3 - Sensor failure
EM4 - UROM out of normal range
EM5 - UROM in normal range
EM7 - Morning daily status email (6AM)
EM8 - Evening daily status email (6PM)
VAR1 - Email delay state: 0=set min/max temp to current, 1-1000=temp reset delay, 1001 email sent
VAR2 - Sum previous UROM values. If match no email sent.
VAR4 - High Temp since last status email
VAR5 - Low Temp since last status email
VAR6 - Status email next time flag 6AM and 6PM
VAR7 - Bad Sensor state: 0=send email, 1-100 debounce, 101=email sent
RAM1 - Scratch: Temp status, fan hysteresis
RAM2 - Basement fan door email once per occurrence
RAM8 - Powerup init flag
UROM1 - Ceiling fan on inside temp (.1 degree F increments 750-950) (85F/83F)
UROM2 - Rock fan on outside temp (.1 degree F increments 350-600) (43F/45F)
UROM3 - Basement fan on inside temp (.1 degree F increments 350-600) (45F/47F)
UROM4 - Humidity exhaust fan in inside RH (1% RH increments 60-90) (75%/73%)
Tracks UROM values. Whenever value changes upper and lower bound for each is
tested and "in bound" or "out of bound" email sent. Runs before GHINIT, to
suppress in bound email on powerup. At power up only out of bound email sent.
Values are checked but FW does not override user entered value.
NOTE: if one value is decreased by same amount another increased, sum does not
change so email is not sent.
Runs once at power up. Delay for temp sensors to stablise and sets RAM8 flag
Ceiling light control, latches last state of door pushbuttons
Ceiling exhaust fan, controlled by inside air temp
Rock storage blower, controlled by outside air temp. Overridden if basement
fan on. No reason to attempt to store heat in rock floor if we are blowing
air in from the basement.
Basement fan blows air in from basement if inside air too low. If fan
door is closed, LED blinks and email warning sent.
If inside temp drops dangerously low, email sent and wood stove controller
activated to sound audible alert. Push button used to reset alarm. When reset
attempted delay causes LED to flash off momentarily if reset while inside temp
still too low.
If outside temp low enough and inside temp within min/max and humidity high
small exhaust fan on.
Monitors health status of 1-wire temp sensors, email sent on bad sensor
Min/max temperature logged. Status email sent 6AM and 6PM every day.
******************* Code *************************
TSTEQ RAM8 0
TSTEQ OP4 0
SET RAM1 UROM1
ADD UROM2 RAM1 RAM1
ADD UROM3 RAM1 RAM1
ADD UROM4 RAM1 RAM1
TSTEQ VAR2 RAM1
SET VAR2 RAM1
TSTLT UROM1 750
TSTGT UROM1 950
TSTLT UROM2 350
TSTGT UROM2 600
TSTLT UROM3 350
TSTGT UROM3 600
TSTLT UROM4 60
TSTGT UROM4 90
TSTEQ RAM8 0
SET RAM8 1
SET VAR7 100
TSTEQ IP1 1
SET OP5 1
TSTEQ IP2 1
SET OP5 0
TSTGE T2 UROM1
SET OP2 1
SUB UROM1 20 RAM1
TSTLE T2 RAM1
SET OP2 0
TSTLE T1 UROM2
SET OP1 1
ADD UROM2 20 RAM1
TSTGE T1 RAM1
SET OP1 0
TSTLE T2 UROM3
ADD UROM3 20 RAM1
TSTLE T2 RAM1
SET OP4 0
SET RAM2 0
SET OP4 1
TSTEQ IP4 0
SET OP1 0
TSTEQ IP4 0
TSTEQ RAM2 0
SET RAM2 1
SET OP1 1
TSTLE T2 360
TSTEQ IP6 0
SET OP6 0
TSTEQ OP6 1
SET OP6 1
TSTGE T1 700
TSTEQ OP2 1
ADD UROM3 50 RAM1
TSTLE T2 RAM1
SUB UROM4 2 RAM1
TSTLE H1 RAM1
TSTGE H1 UROM4
SET OP7 1
SET OP7 0
AND TS1 TS2 RAM1
AND TS3 RAM1 RAM1
AND TS5 RAM1 RAM1
AND TS6 RAM1 RAM1
AND TS7 RAM1 RAM1
AND TS8 RAM1 RAM1
SET VAR7 100
TSTEQ VAR7 101
TSTNE VAR7 0
SET VAR7 101
TSTEQ VAR1 0
TSTEQ VAR1 1001
SET VAR1 1001
SET VAR4 T2
SET VAR5 T2
TSTGT T2 VAR4
SET VAR4 T2
TSTLT T2 VAR5
SET VAR5 T2
TSTEQ CH 6
TSTEQ CH 18
TSTEQ VAR6 18
SET VAR6 18
SET VAR1 1000
TSTEQ VAR6 6
SET VAR6 6
SET VAR1 1000
Screenshots of various WebControl configuration pages.
I/O setup page globally enables/disables PLC and individually enables output control on a bit by bit basis. This page is also used to define functionality of multipurpose I/O bits.
Notification page is used to set up email. Note current firmware is unable to use SSL to send mail.
Latest firmware allows email to be sent to multiple addresses and the body of the message customized.
At power up WebControl detects attached 1-wire temp sensors. Sensors cannot be hot swapped. This page maps sensors and sets units.
WebControl defaults to static IP setting. During configuration DHCP can be left off and addresses manually configured or DHCP turned on for automatic configuration. If a different NTP time server is desired it can be specified on this page. Lastly for security access to WebControl can be limited to specific addresses.


There’s a saying: “If you’re taking flak, you know you’re over the target”. So Ivan Throne found he was successfully getting to the SJWs. He “boasted” of his inclusion on a list of Twitter accounts some band of losers wants someone to ban. That’s their M.O.: find something you don’t like and demand it (or he) be banned. Ignoring is not an option. Neither is minding one’s own business.
I congratulated Ivan on his successes. Then I looked around change.com at some other stupid petitions. Some must be worthy of something. Others look like this:
Petitioning President Obama to meddle in the Trump administration.
On January 20, the military officer carrying the codes for America’s nuclear arsenal will follow President Barack Obama to the inaugural platform. When he leaves, the officer will follow President Donald Trump.
We will then have a president who reportedly said, “If we have nuclear weapons, why can’t we use them.” Will he really order a nuclear attack in the next four years? No one knows. But if he does, no one can stop him.
President Trump will be able to launch, within minutes, one or one thousand nuclear warheads without any vote, any check, or even any serious deliberation. Just one missile could kill millions. Once launched, the missiles could not be recalled.
But President Obama has one last chance to reduce this danger. With the stroke of a pen, he can take US nuclear missiles off hair-trigger alert, so that any attempt to use these weapons would take hours or days.
Taking nuclear weapons off high alert would not impede our country’s ability to defend itself. We could still respond to an attack. But it would buy time for the president to consult with Congress and other leaders and for cooler heads to prevail. We should not rush into a decision to start nuclear war.
As Obama said in 2008: “Keeping nuclear weapons ready to launch on a moment’s notice is a dangerous relic of the Cold War. Such policies increase the risk of catastrophic accidents or miscalculation. I believe that we must address this dangerous situation.”
Now, President Trump could launch 140 warheads in the time it takes to write 140 characters. The grave difference is: a tweet can be deleted, but the devastation of a nuclear warhead can never be undone.
Sign this petition to call on President Obama to use his authority to take nuclear missiles off hair-trigger alert status.
Then, share this petition with your friends, family, and co-workers. Together, we can make sure these weapons are never used again. http://www.ploughshares.org
As usual, the SJWs are lying. At the inauguration platform, Trump will already technically be President, the “football” following him. More importantly, those missiles can be disarmed or destroyed in flight. Most important, they’re appealing to the wrong man.
Obama has spent the past eight years continuing and expanding the Bush wars. And he’s go right along with the neocon globalist drive for war with Russia. It’s Trump who has offered the olive branch to Putin.
The petition has 75,000 of the sought 100,000 signatures. I hope these folks are well meaning. And I hope they’re not disappointed when it fails. Then again I hope they’re happy when it proves to have been in vain. That, I hope, is the ultimate case. No-one wants a war, especially a nuclear one.
Then again, no-one should want a departing administration meddling with the incoming one.


text:
Britain is struggling under capitalism. Recent reports indicate that the Tory party does not even comprehend the struggles of its core voters. The health service is falling apart. The Tory strategy of living with covid has seen many deaths. Even now, the hospitalisation rate is over two times higher than other European countries, with the inevitable increase in fatalities.
Peter Windeler – ISL/Britain
The crisis over petrol supplies and the collapse of energy companies reflects an inability to think problems out in advance. The right-wing Tory agenda supports crony capitalism, irrespective of the lives that may be lost or the stress of heating bills increasing to unaffordable levels.
In the meantime, the Labour Party seems hopeless and ineffectual. Its weak leader, Kier Starmer, has failed to distance the party from its members by allowing MPs and the big unions to control important policy and leadership issues. At the same time, Starmer wished to hamstring local parties and ensure that MPs were non-accountable to local control.
The signs that all is not right in Britain are there for all to see. The birth rate is declining, British children are the unhappiest in Europe. Poverty is endemic, with over a third of all children living in poverty.
Deep in the hearts of all capitalists is the desire to extract profits from the working class. Capitalism can only survive by extracting surplus value and withholding the full value that a worker creates. In the past, Britain has been able to cosset layers of the working class by exploiting workers abroad, in its colonies and ex-colonies.
Now it is less able to do this so has to start at home. Wages and conditions of life must be constantly lowered. State education is in crisis. The attempt to academise schools (remove them local authority control) has resulted in more working-class pupils being expelled alongside the creation of academy chief executives receiving huge salaries.
The drive to change all schools to academies, disingenuously started by Labour, was a blatant attempt to destroy local education departments and allow big business to profit from schools. The blinkered attitude of the Tory party to destroy state education can be understood if you take into account 65% of the Tory cabinet were privately educated.
The attacks on the working class can be seen in the fact that even before cutting the £20 Universal Credit covid supplement, the same families were £750 worse off over the last 10 years due to social security changes.
In addition, local services are at a breaking point. Total local council spending has shrunk by 20% over the last ten years. A cut of 40% has hit spending on cultural and leisure facilities. Now many local swimming pools and libraries are under imminent threat of closure. As reported in the media, the loss of these places removes a core part of the economic and social fabric of the country.
Things are coming to a head in Britain. With covid cases still high and an increase of school children with the virus increasing by 80% in one week and then passing it on to their parents, the country is sliding into a crisis. As John Edmunds, a member of SAGE (government scientific advisory committee), said, “We’re in trouble…”
It cannot be denied that the country is drifting from one calamity to another. The health service is overwhelmed. Strategic gases such as CO2 are not readily available. But the irony is that the ruling class are comfortable with their state. Their share dividends and property rentals afford them a private education and private hospitals. They do not need public schools, libraries, swimming pools and the NHS. They have their private health, sports clubs and grouse moors. Their children enjoy sports facilities working-class kids can only dream about.
Capitalism can no longer live without a constant social war against all workers. Capitalism is aided and abetted in this war by the cowardly Labour politicians and trade union leaders who peddle the lie that capitalism can be reformed. Capitalism cannot be reformed.
So, in capitalist countries such as Britain, the ruling class must now attack their workers, Brexit or no Brexit. Every day we see the return to the unbridled capitalism of the 19th century. While even recently male life expectancy has declined, the capitalist class will not be satisfied until workers die at 40, just like in Dicken’s time.

domain: politics


text:
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The 53rd Annual CMA Awards airs live Wednesday, November 13 on ABC Television Network. Top Country is proud to announce two Canadian country artists joining the lineup on Country Music’s Biggest Night™.
Top Country is thrilled that Canadian country music legend Terri Clark is set for a “History-Making” opening performance at the 2019 CMA Awards. The all-star opening ensemble includes CMA Awards hosts Carrie Underwood, Reba McEntire, Dolly Parton, and additional icons Tanya Tucker, Gretchen Wilson, Martina McBride, Crystal Gayle, Jennifer Nettles, Sara Evans, and supergroup the Highwomen. This highly anticipated opening act spans two generations of legendary women in country music.
Watch Terri Clark perform with Meghan Patrick, Suzy Bogguss, Jessica Mitchell at the CCMA Awards
Lindsay Ell is another Canadian country icon that we are pumped to see take the stage at the CMA Awards. Lindsay is set to join Kelsea Ballerini, Maddie & Tae, Ashley McBryde, Carly Pearce, Runaway June and special appearance by Little Big Town, for a united performance of an “iconic CMA Song of the Year and CMA Single of the Year”. This epic collaboration is going to “be one of the night’s most talked-about performances.”
Watch Lindsay Ell and Brantley Gilbert at CMA Fest
For more information on the CMA Awards click here.
Check out the Top Country Charts this week here or on Spotify.


text:
I first started following Jamie Beck on Instagram after discovering her through a mutual flower friend and have been completely obsessed with her work ever since.
For those of you not familiar, Jamie Beck is a photographer and visual artist who lives and works in Provence. In 2016, Jamie left her busy life in New York City for a one-year sabbatical in the south of France and never turned back.
Jamie’s work has the ability to transport you into another world. It’s like falling down the most beautiful rabbit hole, getting lost in an entirely different time. In addition to sharing her beautiful work with the world, she also generously shares her creative process, which I absolutely love.
Jamie just published her first book, An American in Provence, which is described as a “beautiful collection of exquisite portrait, scenic, and still-life photography.” Jamie sent me an early copy a couple of months ago and I finished it in one sitting, clutching it as I moved from room to room. As soon as I set it down, my mom picked it up and devoured it with equal intensity and it sparked a series of really meaningful conversations about how we spend our days and what truly matters.
This book has quickly become one of my all-time favorites and I highly encourage you to order multiple copies, one for yourself and for gifting.
I was lucky enough to get the chance to interview Jamie for the blog about the book and her creative approach. Get ready to be inspired!
An American in Provence is absolutely overflowing with inspiration, from breathtaking photography to candid storytelling, seasonal French recipes, and expert photo tips. There is so much to take away that it’s hard to know where to start! How did this book come about?
It all happened unintentionally if you can believe it! When I came to Provence I did not have goals in mind other than to just experience the culture and a different way of life that had captured my imagination. As I set out on my first year in Provence, I took notes in my journal of the observations I was experiencing, from the changing natural landscape to the provencal experiences of markets and how it felt struggling through a foreign language, what it was like living in a village 2,000 years old and without air conditioning, to the changes that begin to take place within me I had not expected to come from my year in Provence. I made these notes all the while photographing everything I was discovering. Eventually, the photographs became little visual stories of these lessons. This book, An American in Provence, is the culmination of these written lessons and visual art stories of what is now, the past six years living in Provence!
The book is organized by season, and reflects “a rhythmic cycle of life” you seem to have rediscovered in Provence. Can you talk more about the significance of reconnecting with nature?
Nature in Provence is EVERYTHING. It is what gives us the unbelievably incredible food ingredients sold at local farmer’s markets, the flowers, the wine, the bees, and butterflies. It’s all completely connected here and surrounds you in a way that folds you in. When I moved to Provence I became bewitched by nature and the closer I looked, the more magical the discovery. But it’s not just the pleasure of witnessing life unfolding before you, but, the way it feels when you live harmoniously, seasonally, with it too. I found it, for me, to be a healthier way of life allowing each thing to have its moment; an ebb and flow. That way you appreciate what is good in the present and it leaves you with something always to miss, and in turn, always to look forward to.
You thoughtfully share about listening to your gut and your decision to move from New York City to the French countryside and note that “by removing everything I knew, I allowed myself to live in each moment.” What about leaving a city in the U.S. and living in a small village in France has allowed you to embrace that?
First and foremost, you have no choice but to be stripped of your routine. On my first Sunday in Provence I remember walking outside, hungry, ready to get some food … and there was literally NOTHING open. Thankfully I still had some leftover cheese and baguette from the previous day that I could eat and picked figs off the tree in my garden. France is not about being accommodating and certainly does not live to make money like the USA, which forces you (thankfully, and rightfully so) into their culture. I came because I wanted to experience their culture but I didn’t know I would also have to participate in it! It’s funny now to say that, but I think as Americans we just assume access to everything all the time because that’s what we know. France is always and only just being France, which forces you into a way of life foreign to you and you have no choice but to embrace it—which is a wonderful thing! When you “give in” to another culture, it really feels like being a little kid again, having to learn all over how to act, what to do, and how to survive. You have no choice but to be present in each moment and each moment feels so monumental because it’s laced with discovery and survival!
You were able to discover so much about yourself and how to feed your passion after moving, but you share that “Your own artist’s journey can happen anywhere, at any time—you just have to show up and have courage.” What are some ways to encourage finding a bit of that Provençal magic and creating a life you love?
It’s really simple, find what you love—whatever it is! Whatever you are into and just do that! Have the courage to focus solely on your passion. I feel as if we are taught that the things we are passionate about are our “hobbies” and not our “work,” which is why you need to have the courage to say, “no, this is what I am into and THIS is what I want to focus my life on.” That can be anything! It’s really up to you to define. Define your life by your passions, not by what is expected of you, which you can do anywhere in the world, at any stage of life.
Your work so skillfully highlights the beauty in nature that is all around, from the “Terre de Lumière” of Provence to the seasonal food, flowers in every stage of life, and even bugs! You draw so much from the area you live in but I know you also have your own garden. What things do you enjoy growing yourself?
My garden is my second baby! The garden, which is a small interior garden (about 35 ft by 35 ft), is located in the center of the village and surrounded by old buildings. It has one stunning, large, fig tree that shades our old Provençal farm table. There is a bed of ancient lavender that grows in wild swirls like curly hair rather than the traditional manicured rows of stick-straight lavender. I have a lemon tree, a pergola of white wisteria vines, more than 17 different roses (a mix of climbing and shrub), a stunning section of hydrangeas that do surprisingly well, and a handful of mixed garden bed shrubs and flowers that I just planted. I can’t tell you the names because they are all in French and are wildly complicated to try to remember! I also have a collection of beautiful mixed herbs in terracotta pots: basil, rosemary, thyme, mint, etc. I’m not that interested in growing things to eat because the local farmers here have been doing that, organically, for so many generations. I would much rather eat what they produce!
In An American in Provence, you talk about visual storytelling and “writing your photograph first.” You dive deep into some of the unique techniques you use, including combining multiple photographic plates and painting in detail. Can you give a general overview of the process to compose one of your photographs? I know one photo can sometimes take an entire day!
Some of my more ambitious projects have taken weeks to edit! However, for most posts, I create one photograph a day. Typically, I start with a concept. This can be wanting to capture what was at the market that morning or growing in the garden. Sometimes, as with my self-portraits, they are autobiographical based on a particular season of my life. I then forage for my subject matter and props, looking for what speaks to me and stirs emotion or excitement to create! I bring all these elements together, whether it’s in the studio or at a predetermined location outside, and begin to compose my photograph. There are many layers to my photographic process where I take multiple images I call “plates” and then composite them in post-production Photoshop. This allows me to build out compositions or create scenes that might not otherwise exist in real life, but hopefully, feels natural in the final result. There are also days when I don’t have a subject or concept in mind but rather let the day unfold around me until that moment of inspiration presents itself. The easiest way to find myself in that state is to simply take a walk through my village or in nature.
Your creations are so abundant and romantic—from the self-portraits to the Impressionist-style landscapes to those that look like 17th-century Dutch still-life paintings. It’s often hard to believe they are photos at all! Do you have a background in art? How did you find your way to this type of stylized photography?
I have always been artistic and drawn to art. I’m also someone who sees art in everything—from a music video to the way someone dresses to the packaging of a product. Art is everywhere and art is always an option. I am always creating. Every detail of a day, like getting dressed, is a way for my mind to create a story. What is the character, what is she doing, what is her message today about life? When you look at Dutch still-life paintings, every object is placed with intention and carries a story, a meaning. I think we have become blind to the world around us, the mundane things we touch and interact with on a daily basis. In my work, I try to reexamine those objects and their place in our lives. That sort of approach is very connected to past art movements when people had less in general and objects carried great significance. As far as my photographic style, I really do feel as if I paint with the light, and it is that painting that I believe makes my photographs of another time yet completely relatable to every single person’s human experience.
You generously share so many helpful photography and styling tips in your book. What would you say is most important to keep in mind when taking a photo of a natural landscape or capturing floral arrangements?
To have fun! I think we get caught up in the rules of photography and one must remember to always play. It’s when we are playing that we are enjoying and then, no matter the outcome, it was time well spent.
I loved the #IsolationCreation series you dreamed up and shared on Instagram during the lockdown where you created one piece of art a day, made prints from that work, and donated a portion of the proceeds to the Foundation for Contemporary Art’s Covid-19 Emergency Grants Fund. Can people still purchase your prints now?
When we entered our lockdown in France it was not only a scary time because of what was happening in the world, but also because I couldn’t travel to do my commercial photographic work for the foreseeable future; which is how I made my living for the majority of my life. I couldn’t control what was happening outside but what I could do was create something positive every day—to share this experience we were all navigating through while also raising money to support other artists impacted by the pandemic. We retired the series earlier this year to make space on the website for new photographic works where I have available posters, prints, fine art, floral paperweights, nightgowns, and a beautiful stationery series handmade in Provence.
Will you talk about the impact you’ve felt since Instagram began to prioritize videos and Reels over images? Do you see artists and creators shifting to another platform to share their work?
This has been really a tough transition as a photographer. My love is for the still image and Instagram has been a champion of the artful up until recently. It is a sentiment a lot of photographers, painters, and writers have had in conversation with me—that our work is what we want to share, and having to shift focus to animating that in order for people to see our posts not only adds another layer to the job but is not the job we want! I think the community of Instagram did a great job having our voices be heard about what we want, and for the moment they have listened. It’s not a surprise that social media is moving to video content, I think analysts have been saying this for a decade. The problem is in the algorithm that made us feel forced instead of inspired. With that said, being creative is also about adaptation and sometimes great things are born out of forced or constrained circumstances. Photography by its very nature based on technology and from its birth has been in constant evolution, so we must be too.
Between your photography projects, a new book, an online shop, and your beautiful Luxe Provence clothing collaboration, it seems like you’ve been busy! Are you working on anything new right now or enjoying a period of rest?
Kevin, my husband, and I always laugh when I say, “Next year I’ll rest,” and then next year never comes because there are just too many wonderful things to try to do in life and such little time! I absolutely love challenging myself, but even more than that, I love learning.
Thank you so much, Jamie, for taking the time to share about your incredible book with Floret readers. It’s such a gift to the world!
To celebrate the release of Jamie’s new book, An American in Provence, we’re giving away five copies.
For a chance to win, please post a comment below telling us if you were untethered from all responsibilities, where you would go, and what curiosity would you follow? Winners will be announced on Tuesday, November 15.
Update: A big congratulations to our winners Kate Riley, Cam Roberts, Charina Cabanayan, Kristina and Susan!
Learn more and connect with Jamie:
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Floret only lists companies and products that we love, use, and recommend. All opinions expressed here are our own and Floret does not offer sponsored content or accept money for editorial reviews. If you buy something using the retail links in this post, Floret may receive a small commission. Thank you for your support!
Mary Genevieve Schlotter on
I have just finished Jamie’s book.
I’m 68. It has transformed me. I could write a book on how I found peace during a stressful time in my life through escaping to a world I have always wanted to see in her stunning photos, words and recipes .

domain: artistic


text:
||Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Dept. of Biostatistics. ;Dana-Farber Cancer Inst., Boston, MA.;Health Effects Research Lab., Research Triangle Park, NC.;National Science Foundation, Washington, DC.
The preparation of radioepidemiologic tables requires extensive mathematical modeling because matters such as sex, size of dose, age at exposure, type of cancer, and age at diagnosis must be taken into account. The limited data require many assumptions about the quantitative relationship between radiation dose and the age-specific incidence rate of cancer. After partitioning a population into reference sets based on age at exposure, size of dose, type of cancer, etc., an assigned share is computed for each reference set and then assigned to all of its members. The assigned share represents the fraction of the cancer cases in the reference set that are attributed to the radiation dose. Because the population can be partitioned in many ways, each individual's assigned share depends on the partition used and will change with different partitions. Options for modeling and limitations in epidemiologic data lead to considerable uncertainties in estimates of assigned charges that have been scientifically evaluated. In contrast, the uncertainties associated with the current approach for determining the likelihood a cancer was caused by radiation have not been appraised but are likely to be even greater than those associated with the tables. (Copyright (c) 1986 Society for Risk Analysis.)

domain: literature


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Trader Joe’s is known for stocking good quality health supplements and products that buyers frequently buy. One such item that has recently gained popularity is their collagen supplement.
Does Trader Joe’s collagen supplement work? Trader Joe’s collagen supplement does claim to provide numerous health benefits such as improved joint and bone health and healthier skin. Many people who’ve bought and used it swear by it and are satisfied with the results it has brought about.
Read on to find out more about Trader Joe’s collagen supplement. Happy reading!
What is Trader Joe’s Collagen and What Does it Claim to Do?
In case you didn’t know, Trader Joe’s collagen powder is an item available at the grocery chain. Called “collagen hydrolysate,” it is manufactured by Great Lakes Gelatin Co. and is a dietary supplement that claims to provide several different health benefits.
The supplement is sold in a 7 oz. (198 g) jar and retails for around $ 9.99 at the time of writing.
Trader Joe’s collagen claims to improve joint and digestive health, nourish and hydrate the skin, make hair and nails stronger, and provide more restful sleep.
It has gained popularity among buyers recently and an increasing number of people swear by it.
Collagen is a naturally-occurring protein in our bodies that is responsible for keeping the skin, joints, and bones healthy.
While there is a lack of authentic scientific studies proving collagen supplements are beneficial to the human body, some trials have shown promising results.
To check the current price and availability of Trader Joe’s Quick Dissolve Collagen, click here to view the listing on Amazon.
Ingredients in Trader Joe’s Collagen
Now that we’ve looked at what Trader Joe’s collagen is and what it claims to do, let’s look at the ingredients this supplement is made from.
The primary ingredient in Trader Joe’s collagen is hydrolyzed collagen. Additionally, the supplement is gluten-free and contains no MSG or GMO.
A container of Trader Joe’s collagen has a net weight of about 7 oz. (198 g) and contains 16 servings. One serving size is about 2 scoops (12 g). Here are some nutritional facts for one serving of the supplement:
- Calories: 45
- Protein: 11 g
- Sodium: 35 mg
- Collagen Hydrolysate: 12 g
How Trader Joe’s Collagen is Supposed to Work
Trader Joe’s collagen is a collagen supplement and is supposed to work like other such dietary supplements do. It claims to offer a number of health benefits, such as improved joint and bone health and healthier skin.
Since it is a dietary supplement, it should be taken alongside a normal healthy diet and isn’t a substitute for any meal or other dietary component.
This collagen supplement can be taken daily and can be dissolved in your everyday coffee or any other drink you consume.
The recommended dosage mentioned on the back of the container is two scoops (12 g) two times a day. The instructions also state it can be taken daily for best results.
Possible Benefits and Risks of Using Trader Joe’s Collagen
Like every other dietary supplement, there are both benefits as well as risks associated with using Trader Joe’s collagen powder.
We’ve already explored the potential benefits of the supplement before. These include:
- Improved joint and bone health
- Improved digestive processes and health
- Better recovery after workouts
- Healthier skin
- Healthier hair and nails
- Better sleep quality
Here are some potential risks and side effects of using Trader Joe’s collagen supplement:
- May cause heartburn
- May cause bloating
- Might lead to food allergies in certain people
Since Trader Joe’s collagen supplement only contains hydrolyzed collagen as the primary ingredient, the probability of other adverse effects or complications is relatively low due to the absence of other ingredients.
Tips for Choosing a Collagen Supplement and Incorporating it into a Healthy Lifestyle
Here are a few tips for choosing a collagen supplement and incorporating it into a healthy lifestyle.
- Before taking any collagen supplement, consult your doctor or a dietician to determine if consuming it is suitable based on your health and lifestyle. A professional consultation will factor in any medical conditions, allergies, medications, dietary restrictions, etc.
- Always go for collagen that comes from a reputable source. Collagen extracted from grass-fed and pasture-raised animals is best.
- The ingredients of a collagen supplement are important. Choose collagen supplements that are free from any additives or fillers that are not important.
- Choosing the right type of collagen is also important. You can choose between a general collagen supplement or a targeted one that provides a certain benefit.
Frequently Asked Questions
Here, find answers to other related questions about collagen supplements in general.
What Is the Most Effective Form of Collagen to Take?
Among the different forms of collagen that can be taken, collagen peptides or hydrolyzed collagen is generally considered the most effective.
How Long Does It Take for Collagen to Start Working In Your Body?
There is no definite answer to this question since the time taken for collagen to start working can vary a lot. Once you’ve taken collagen supplements, your body starts using them within a few hours.
However, it takes a minimum of 6 to 10 weeks for noticeable results and changes to start appearing if supplements are taken regularly.
Which Collagen Makes You Look Younger?
A: Hydrolyzed collagen is known to be good at making skin healthier and reducing its aging. Since it effectively hydrates the skin and improves elasticity, it reduces wrinkles and makes you look more youthful.
The extent to which collagen reduces the aging of skin depends on a number of factors and can vary from individual to individual.
To sum it up, Trader Joe’s collagen supplement has grown quite popular among buyers and claims to provide a variety of health benefits. These include improved digestion, better bone and joint health, and healthier skin.
The primary ingredient used in Trader Joe’s collagen supplement is hydrolyzed collagen. In addition, it is gluten-free and contains no MSG or GMO.
The risks and side effects associated with consuming Trader Joe’s collagen supplement are low, due to the absence of other additives and ingredients. So overall, it is worth trying out, in our opinion.

domain: medical


Interest in artificial intelligence has surged to new heights. Technologies like machine learning, computer vision, computer speech, text and sentiment analysis, and autonomous vehicles have captured the imagination of business leaders. However, surveys continue to find that CIOs and IT managers still seem unsure about how exactly they can use AI to generate revenue in their industry.
A 2019 O'Reilly report titled AI Adoption in the Enterprise found that 81% of the 1,300 respondents worked for a company that was using AI. However, only 27% said that they had revenue-bearing AI projects in production. A majority (54%) were still in the evaluation phase and working on figuring out what to do with the technology.
What was holding them back from deployment?
The biggest bottleneck, cited by 23% respondents, was a company culture that "does not yet recognize needs for AI." In addition, 17% of those surveyed said that their firms had "difficulties in identifying appropriate business cases." This was an even bigger problem among enterprises with more mature AI projects in the works — nearly a quarter (24%) of these more advanced organizations were still struggling with use cases.
A November 2018 McKinsey survey had slightly different numbers but identified similar trends in AI adoption. In that report, 77% of respondents' employers had deployed AI, but that included 30% who had only pilot projects. Significantly, only 17% of respondents said that their organizations had mapped out where they could use AI within their business.
The report concluded, "The business world is just beginning to harness these technologies and their benefits." It added, "Indeed, many organizations still lack the foundational practices to create value from AI at scale — for example, mapping where their AI opportunities lie and having clear strategies for sourcing the data that AI requires."
So where are those AI opportunities?
The following slides highlight 10 industries with use cases where AI could offer a substantial benefit that impacts the bottom line.
Cynthia Harvey is a freelance writer and editor based in the Detroit area. She has been covering the technology industry for more than fifteen years. View Full Bio


‘Goliyon Ki Raasleela: Ram Leela’ fame Bollywood actor Ranveer Singh is on the cover page of Femina India Magazine, for January 2015 edition. He is looking super hot, sexy and charming on the Femina cover. The top Bollywood celebs list is incomplete without the name of Ranveer singh.
Ranveer Singh Arrears Performance in his MovieThe year 2014 was good for Ranveer Singh, his movies did outstanding performance at the Box-Office. The actor played as emotional lover with Deepika Padukone in the movie Ramleela while as intense lover with Sonakshi Sinha in ‘Lootera’.
You may also like: Famous Producer Karan Johar Wants Ranveer in Remake of ‘Ram Lakhan’
Ranveer Singh on Femina Magazine Cover
Ranveer Singh’s recent release 'Kill Dil' got good reviews, now he is currently busy with Sanjay Leela Bhansali’s ‘Bajirao Mastani’. Watch Ranveer Singh on large screens with his impressive performance in his next movie of Zoya Akhtar’s ‘Dil Dhadakne Do’.
Get more updates about Ranveer Singh from Bollywood news.


Nos Audietis returns to discuss the three Sounders matches since our last show. Despite struggles in MLS, the Sounders managed a big victory over the Chicago Fire to return to the US Open Cup final. We try to decide if fan concern about another possible end of season collapse is warranted, and talk about Clint Dempsey's fatigue issues.
We're joined by the always enjoyable Michael Orr from Soccer Made in Portland to look ahead to this weekend's Cascadia Cup match against the Portland Timbers. In this week's MLS Wrap we discuss the DeAndre Yedlin transfer, Jermaine Jones and more.
First Segment: RSL, San Jose and Open Cup discussion (0:00 - 28:10)
Second Segment: Interview with Michael Orr (30:46 - 55:55)
Third Segment: MLS Wrap (58:44 - 1:25:37)
This week's music: Perry Como - "Seattle", Pearl Jam - "Dissident", "Weird" Al Yankovic - "Word Crimes", Woody Guthrie - "Roll on Columbia".
Want to hear the music from the show in their glorious, full versions? Check out the Nos Audietis playlist on Spotify!


text: Featured Hardwick News Photos: Granite Bench Dedicated to the Memory of Dr. Mark Lichtenstein September 29, 2021September 28, 2021 Vanessa Fournier 189 Views Bookmark(0) Please login to bookmark Username or Email Address Password Remember Me photos by Vanessa Fournier A granite bench was dedicated in memory of Dr. Mark Lichtenstein at the Hardwick Area Health Center on September 25. At left is his wife Cynthia West of Greensboro and at right are their sons Spencer Lichtenstein (center) of South Carolina and Isaac Lichtenstein (right) M.D. R.N. of Portland, Oregon. Engraved on the bench is “In Honor of Dr. Mark Lichtenstein who served this area for 35 years. He lived what he loved.”Over 75 people attended the dedication of the Mark Lichtenstein Memorial Bench Saturday at the Hardwick Area Health Center. Guests attended from as far as California, Wisconsin, South Carolina, North Carolina, Oregon, Tennessee, Maryland, Pennsylvania and New JerseyMichael Costa (left) current chief executive officer of Northern Counties Health Care opens the dedication ceremony for Dr. Mark Lichtenstein held at the Hardwick Area Health Center (HAHC) Saturday. Brendan Buckley M.D., retired, (center) and Diane Dernavich HAHC practice manager (right) listen.

domain: news


text:
What is the use of mectizan drug
In countries where river blindness coexists with LF, an annual single dose of MECTIZAN, administered together with a second drug, albendazole (donated by GlaxoSmithKline), is the recommended treatment for the diseases Ivermectin (Mectizan): What is this drug's therapeutic use?This material is provided for educational purposes only and is not intended for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment.Take this medication by mouth with a full glass of water (8 ounces or 240 milliliters) on an empty stomach at least 1 hour before a meal.Margie's Installation - Oct.Ivermectin lotion is a prescription medication used to what is the use of mectizan drug treat head lice infestations in adults and children 6 months of age and older.Oral Stromectol is a broad-spectrum medicine and it is used for the treatment what is the use of mectizan drug of many parasitic infections, including intestinal strongyloidiasis and onchocerciasis, ascariasis.While there are approved uses for ivermectin in people and animals, it is not approved for the prevention or treatment of COVID-19.This material is provided for educational purposes only and is not intended what is the work of mectizan drug for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment.Margie's Installation - Oct.The drug has several other benefits, however, and these have recently been investigated in five states in south-eastern Nigeria, where there have been mass ….In November 2017, in support of new WHO guidelines, Merck announced an expansion of the MDP to reach up to an additional 100 million people per year through 2025 what is the use of mectizan drug
as part of the global effort to eliminate LF.Mectizan (ivermectin) POUR-ON for Cattle.Mectizan ® (ivermectin)—donated by Merck & Co.The health regulatory authority has not approved the antiparasitic drug to treat Covid-19, despite calls on the government to approve its use, as there is no data to support its effectiveness.2012; Ivermectin human dosage cancer; Equality and Justice Day - Albany - May 2011; Service for Standing on the Side of Love - 2011; Goods and Services Auction - 2010; Can humans use ivermectin.Mectizan is viewed by some as one of the.Find everything you need to know about Ivermectin (Stromectol), including what it is used for, warnings, reviews, side effects, and interactions.With the expansion of MDP by providing Mectizan for triple therapy to eliminate LF, another 36 countries may be.Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), the solvent of the drug was bought from BDH chemicals Ltd.Learn more about Ivermectin (Stromectol) at.If you use other drugs or over the counter products at the same time, the effects of Mectizan Tablet may change.It is recommended that mass distribution of Mectizan to communities in the study areas be carried out at 6-monthly intervals for maximum efficacy What is mectizan drugs used for; Medicine ivermectin 12 mg in hindi; Rev.
Of mectizan what use drug is the
Mectizan treatment is therefore beneficial for the control of troublesome itching and for reducing the prevalence and severity of skin disease causes by Onchocerca.Ivermectin lotion is a prescription medication used to treat head lice infestations in adults and children 6 months of age and older.April 25, 2020 (Mainichi Japan) Japanese version.The mathematical definition of a discrete probability function, p (x), is a function that satisfies the following.Ivermectin (Stromectol, Mectizan, Sklice, Heartgard) is a medication used in the treatment of several parasitic infections in humans, pets, and livestock.The distribution coverage of ivermectin (mectizan) dating from 2010 to 2014 was ascertained with drug distribution charts ob-.In 1987, big pharma represented by Merck and Co.In humans, this includes head lice, scabies, river blindness (onchocerciasis), strongyloidiasis, trichuriasis, ascariasis, and lymphatic filariasis.The treatment for onchocerciasis is ivermectin (brand name Mectizan®).Margie's Wedding to Linda - Feb.File picture: Benoit Tessier/Reuters WHO to probe use of Ivermectin for Covid-19.Margie's Installation - Oct.The generous donation of Mectizan by Merck & Co.The World Health Organization recommend not to use ivermectin in patients with COVID-19, except in the context of a clinical trial How to use Ivermectin.Mectizan Donation Program Most patients who would benefit from Mectizan® live in developing nations.The Task Force also worked to increase access to Mectizan, a preventive medicine for onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness.2012; Ivermectin human dosage cancer; Equality and Justice Day - Albany - May 2011; Service for Standing on the Side of Love - 2011; Goods and Services Auction - 2010; Can humans use ivermectin." For the time being, they are recommending that the drug be used only within.While there are approved uses for ivermectin in people and animals, it is not approved for the prevention or treatment of COVID-19.Ivermectin (Mectizan, Stromectol) This is the drug of choice for treating.Ivermectin treatment in humans for reducing malaria transmission.Rosacea is a skin disease that causes redness and pimples on your nose, cheeks, chin, and forehead.This material is provided for educational purposes only and is not intended what is the work of mectizan drug for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment.In humans, this includes head lice, scabies, river blindness (onchocerciasis), strongyloidiasis, trichuriasis, ascariasis, and lymphatic filariasis.The what is the use of mectizan drug study recommended further studies on ivermectin's drug interaction.Drug: Ivermectin evaluation of the anti-parasitic medication efficacy "Ivermectin" (Ivermectin 400 mcg/kg body weight maximum 4 tablets (6mg / tablet) once daily dose before breakfast) plus standard care in the treatment of mild/moderate cases with COVID 19 infection.In the Mectizan case, these tens of millions of dollars would bring to market a drug what is the use of mectizan drug whose only use would be on people who couldn’t even afford to buy the relatively inexpensive pills.On March 31, the World Health Organization released a statement on the advised use of ivermectin, saying "the current evidence on the use what is the use of mectizan drug of ivermectin to treat COVID-19 patients is inconclusive.Ivermectin is usually taken as a.An in vivo evaluation of induction of abnormal sperm morphology by ivermectin MSD ( Mectizan ).For LF, Mectizan is administered with albendazole, a drug donated by GSK.The development of the drug Mectizan (ivermectin) and.In the Mectizan case, these tens of millions of dollars would bring to market a drug whose only use would be on people who couldn’t even afford to buy the relatively inexpensive pills.Article Coronavirus exposes the weak links in the pharma supply chain.


According to research, participating in regular physical activity including walking, cycling, cleaning, gardening and playing sports could reduce the risk of Parkinson’s disease. The study revealed that people who exercised more had a 25% reduced risk of Parkinson’s compared to people who exercised less.
Exercise is a low-cost way to improve overall health, so the researchers wanted to determine whether it might be associated with a reduced risk of Parkinson’s, a debilitating disease with no cure. The findings present evidence for planning treatments to help prevent Parkinson’s disease.
The study involved 95,354 women with an average age of 49 who did not have Parkinson’s at the start of the study. They were followed up for 30 years during which 1,074 of them developed Parkinson’s disease.
Individuals completed up to 6 questionnaires about the amount and type of physical activity they performed during the study. They reported the amount of flights of stairs climbed and the distance traveled each day, how many hours were allocated to household activities, and also the amount of time spent engaging in moderate recreational activities that included gardening and more vigorous activities that included sports.
Each activity was assigned a score based on the metabolic equivalent of an activity, or MET, a method for quantifying energy expenditure. The METs were multiplied by the duration and frequency of each activity to obtain a weekly physical activity score for METs.
For example, a more intense type of exercise such as cycling was 6 METs, and less intense types of exercise that included cleaning and walking were 3 METs. At the start of the study, the average level of physical activity for the individuals was 45 MET hours each week.
The individuals were divided into 4 even groups of approximately 24,000 individuals each. At the start of the study, the group with the highest activity levels had a weekly physical activity score of 71 METs-hours on average. The group with the lowest activity levels averaged a weekly score of 27 METs-hours.
There were 246 Parkinson’s cases or 0.55 cases per 1,000 person-years in the group with the highest levels of exercise compared with 286 cases or 0.73 per 1,000 person-years in the group with the lowest levels of exercise. Person-years represent the amount of time each individual participates in the study and the number of study participants.
After adjusting for factors including place of residence, menopausal status and age at first period, and smoking status, the group with the highest levels of exercise was observed to have a 25% reduction in the Parkinson’s rate compared to the group with the lowest levels of exercise when physical activity was assessed up to 10 years before diagnosis; the association remained the same when physical activity was assessed up to 15 or 20 years before diagnosis. Similar results were seen after adjustment for diet or conditions including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and hypertension.
Normal physical activity was also observed to decline more rapidly in individuals with Parkinson’s 10 years prior to diagnosis than in individuals without Parkinson’s, possibly due to early Parkinson’s symptoms.
Not only did this study find that women who exercised more had a reduced rate of Parkinson’s, but it also determined that early Parkinson’s symptoms are unlikely to explain these findings, and rather that exercise is beneficial and could help to prevent or delay this condition. The findings support the development of exercise programs to help reduce the risk of Parkinson’s.
One limitation of the study was that they were mostly health-conscious participants, so the results may not be the same for the general population. The study doesn’t prove that exercise reduces the risk of Parkinson’s, it just shows a connection.
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text:
Ukraine to solve the issues on the land state registration
The problematic issues on the land state registration in Ukraine will be solved, declared the Deputy Minister of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine, Andrey Dikun on April 15, 2014.
The representatives of the non-governmental organizations and law companies stated the mostly experienced difficulties were faced by the sphere of agricultural land-use, and the sharp worsening of the state registration of the leasehold interest for agricultural lands in particular.
A.Dikun encharged to prepare the Draft Law on the subjects network extension, entitled to realize the rights state registration.
You should be authorized to post comment
Ukraine planted spring grains throughout over 7.1 mln ha – Ministry of Agrarian Policy
First International Grain Ukraine Conference 2016 is going to be held in Odessa on the initiative of Terminals TIS Group
Ukraine: impact of the grain market on freight policy of shipowners on the Danube river – expert
May 26, 17:05
Ukraine: beginning of the golden age for agricultural development - Ukrainian Grain Association
May 26, 16:40
In the current MY, key countries-importers of Ukrainian grains reduced purchases - APK-Inform
May 26, 14:15
“Grain Forum & Maritime Days-2016” started working in Odessa
May 26, 10:45

domain: agronomy