Huxley & Kent Lulubells Ginger Snapped toy is a soft, squeaky toy to get your dog into the holiday spirit. Don't let the soft outer layer fool you as this toy has tightly stitched, reinforced seams and contains a dura mesh layer to withstand the toughest of bites. If your dog wants to take it outside, don't worry this toy is machine wash safe.
- Holiday Dog Toy
- Dura-mesh material on the inside
- Tightly stitched and reinforced seams
- Made with non-toxic materials
- Machine wash safe
Washing Instruction: Machine wash in cold water, dry on gentle cycle.
Available during the holiday season only.


text:
CTIA: Nokia and EA Team Up
Plans to advance the mobile content delivery model
(CTIA coverage sponsored by Abandon Mobile)
Nokia and Electronic Arts announced a mobile collaboration today, where EA will become a major supplier of mobile games to Nokia mobile devices through Nokia Content Discoverer. This new setup will allow mobile users easy access to downloadable content through a collection of shopping mall "stores" on their mobile device.
Once the Content Discoverer begins this holiday season, seven EA titles will be available to download, including Tetris, Tetris Mania, The Sims 2, Doom, FIFA 06, Tiger Woods PGA Tour 06, and FIFA Street 2. EA also intends to support Nokia's next generation mobile games platform launching mid-2007 with titles custom-designed for Nokia S60 devices.

domain: news


Safelite wiper blades are known for their robust construction and long-lasting performance. If you have a Safelite wiper blade that needs to be removed or replaced, it is important to know the proper way to do so in order to avoid damage to your car. Here are some steps on how to remove Safelite wiper blades.
Step 1: Check Your Wiper Blade Before removing your Safelite wiper blade, it is important to inspect it to see if there is any damage or wear and tear. If so, it is best to replace it with a new one rather than attempt to repair it. This will help ensure that your new wiper blade performs optimally and lasts as long as possible.
Step 2: Disconnect Wiper Arm The next step is to disconnect the wiper arm from the wiper blade. This can be done by using a pair of pliers to grip the arm and gently pull it away from the blade. Be sure to keep the arm level and not to pull too hard, as this could cause the arm to break.
Step 3: Unhook the Wiper Blade from the Arm Once the arm is disconnected from the blade, you can unhook the blade from the arm. This is done by pressing the tab on the bottom of the wiper blade and then sliding it off the arm. Be sure to press firmly but not too hard, as this could cause the tab to break.
Step 4: Remove the Wiper Blade Now that the wiper blade is disconnected from the arm, you can safely remove it from the car. To do so, first make sure the wiper blade is in the up position. Then, simply lift the wiper blade up and away from the car window. Be careful not to scratch the window, as this could cause damage.
Removing Safelite wiper blades is a simple process that can be done at home. Just be sure to follow the steps above, and you'll have your wiper blades removed in no time. Be sure to have a new wiper blade ready to install before removing the old one, as this will help ensure your new wiper blade performs optimally.
You might also like:
How to remove and install wiper blades with a J Hook connection.
How To Remove Safelite Wiper Blades. How to remove and install wiper blades with a J Hook connection. rainfreewiperblades.com/
Because most major driving decisions are based on having a clear, unobstructed view, experts recommend replacing your windshield wipers every six months or 6,000 miles.. HOW TO: Remove and Replace your Windshield Wiper Blades Queenston Chevrolet Buick GMC 304 subscribers Subscribe 32 Share 36K views 9 years ago.
How do you know when to change wiper blades?
How to replace your windshield wiper blades
A few tips for wiper blade replacement... Be sure to measure both of your wiper blades as some vehicles have different lengths for the driver's side and passenger's side. The replacement blades in the video are Bosch 18 inch wiper blades bought from amazon. Product page: amzn.to/2CnGCox. The vehicle in the video is a 1997 Chevy Silverado ...
How to Replace Car Windshield Wiper Blades (J Hook style)
Product link for the wiper blades I installed: amzn.to/3mFkLC9 Check out my other product unboxing and reviews: youtube.com/playlist?list=PLWITUa_LHZlJwbokzUNRkYCn4AS6migvt
Changing windshield wipers with an adaptor
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How To Remove Safelite Wiper Blades.


Fort Collins web design firm, Red Rocket Media Group was recently listed as one of the top 15 fastest growing companies in Northern Colorado. The Mercury 100 event, sponsored by the Northern Colorado Business Report, was held last week at Centerra to honor each of the top 100 companies.
Fort Collins web design has been growing steadily over the past decade. While even 5 years ago, web design comprised only about half of Red Rocket’s business, that share of business has been increasing each year. Initially, when the Internet first came around in the 1990s, most websites were little more than a very expensive brochure. But as with all technology, website development has evolved to include search engine optimization, social media, ecommerce, blogging, video, animation and more.
Web design in Fort Collins is no different than anywhere else except for the fact that Northern Colorado businesses are very tech savvy. While Fort Collins web design enthusiasts abound with classes graduating from CSU every semester, businesses in Fort Collins business owners have had to become more skilled at discerning the good from the bad. It’s a fact that 96% of all websites have never been read by anyone other than the website owner and the developer. That means millions and millions of wasted dollars each year on ineffective website design. For a great article on how to hire a web design company, check out the IBCC’s website.
According to the IBCC’s article, the 3 things to look for when hiring a web design company are:
- Do your homework
- Ask the right questions
- Know what to avoid
These points seem pretty straight forward but you’d be surprised how many businesses neglect to abide by these simple rules when choosing a web design company. I encourage you to read that article before you consider hiring a web design company to ensure that you don’t become one of the millions of companies who are disappointed with their website’s performance. Tomorrow, we’ll talk a little about why so many companies make the same mistakes again and again and I’ll reveal the #1 mistake that web designers make when creating websites.


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All 558 seats in the House of Commons
280 seats needed for a majority
The 1713 British general election produced further gains for the governing Tory party. Since 1710 Robert Harley had led a government appointed after the downfall of the Whig Junto, attempting to pursue a moderate and non-controversial policy, but had increasingly struggled to deal with the extreme Tory backbenchers who were frustrated by the lack of support for anti-dissenter legislation. The government remained popular with the electorate, however, having helped to end the War of the Spanish Succession and agreeing on the Treaty of Utrecht. The Tories consequently made further gains against the Whigs, making Harley's job even more difficult. Contests were held in 94 constituencies in England and Wales, some 35 per cent of the total, reflecting a decline in partisan tension and the Whigs' belief that they were unlikely to win anyway.
See 1796 British general election for details. The constituencies used were the same throughout the existence of the Parliament of Great Britain.
The general election was held between 22 August 1713 and 12 November 1713. At this period elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or parliamentary borough fixed the precise date (see hustings for details of the conduct of the elections).
Dysart Burghs was a district of burghs constituency of the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1708 to 1801 and of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1832. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP).
The 1780 British general election returned members to serve in the House of Commons of the 15th Parliament of Great Britain to be summoned after the merger of the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland in 1707. The election was held during the American War of Independence and returned Lord North to form a new government with a small and rocky majority. The opposition consisted largely of the Rockingham Whigs, the Whig faction led by the Marquess of Rockingham. North's opponents referred to his supporters as Tories, but no Tory party existed at the time and his supporters rejected the label.
The 1768 British general election returned members to serve in the House of Commons of the 13th Parliament of Great Britain to be held, after the merger of the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland in 1707.
The 1761 British general election returned members to serve in the House of Commons of the 12th Parliament of Great Britain to be summoned, after the merger of the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland in 1707. This was the first Parliament chosen after the accession to the throne of King George III. It was also the first election after George III had lifted the conventional proscription on the employment of Tories in government. The King prevented the Prime Minister, the Duke of Newcastle, from using public money to fund the election of Whig candidates, but Newcastle instead simply used his private fortune to ensure that his ministry gained a comfortable majority.
The 1747 British general election returned members to serve in the House of Commons of the 10th Parliament of Great Britain to be summoned, after the merger of the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland in 1707. The election saw Henry Pelham's Whig government increase its majority and the Tories continue their decline. By 1747, thirty years of Whig oligarchy and systematic corruption had weakened party ties substantially; despite the fact that Walpole, the main reason for the split that led to the creation of the Patriot Whig faction, had resigned, there were still almost as many Whigs in opposition to the ministry as there were Tories, and the real struggle for power was between various feuding factions of Whig aristocrats rather than between the old parties. The Tories had effectively become an irrelevant group of country gentlemen who had resigned themselves to permanent opposition.
The 1734 British general election returned members to serve in the House of Commons of the 8th Parliament of Great Britain to be summoned, after the merger of the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland in 1707. Robert Walpole's increasingly unpopular Whig government lost ground to the Tories and the opposition Whigs, but still had a secure majority in the House of Commons. The Patriot Whigs were joined in opposition by a group of Whig members led by Lord Cobham known as the Cobhamites, or 'Cobham's Cubs'.
The 1727 British general election returned members to serve in the House of Commons of the 7th Parliament of Great Britain to be summoned, after the merger of the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland in 1707. The election was triggered by the death of King George I; at the time, it was the convention to hold new elections following the succession of a new monarch. The Tories, led in the House of Commons by William Wyndham, and under the direction of Bolingbroke, who had returned to the country in 1723 after being pardoned for his role in the Jacobite rising of 1715, lost further ground to the Whigs, rendering them ineffectual and largely irrelevant to practical politics. A group known as the Patriot Whigs, led by William Pulteney, who were disenchanted with Walpole's government and believed he was betraying Whig principles, had been formed prior to the election. Bolingbroke and Pulteney had not expected the next election to occur until 1729, and were consequently caught unprepared and failed to make any gains against the government party.
The 1722 British general election elected members to serve in the House of Commons of the 6th Parliament of Great Britain. This was the fifth such election since the merger of the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland in 1707. Thanks to the Septennial Act of 1715, which swept away the maximum three-year life of a parliament created by the Meeting of Parliament Act 1694, it followed some seven years after the previous election, that of 1715.
The 1715 British general election returned members to serve in the House of Commons of the 5th Parliament of Great Britain to be held, after the 1707 merger of the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. In October 1714, soon after George I had arrived in London after ascending to the throne, he dismissed the Tory cabinet and replaced it with one almost entirely composed of Whigs, as they were responsible for securing his succession. The election of 1715 saw the Whigs win an overwhelming majority in the House of Commons, and afterwards virtually all Tories in central or local government were purged, leading to a period of Whig ascendancy lasting almost fifty years during which Tories were almost entirely excluded from office. The Whigs then moved to impeach Robert Harley, the former Tory first minister. After he was imprisoned in the Tower of London for two years, the case ultimately ended with his acquittal in 1717.
The 1710 British general election produced a landslide victory for the Tories. The election came in the wake of the prosecution of Henry Sacheverell, which had led to the collapse of the previous government led by Godolphin and the Whig Junto.
The 1708 British general election was the first general election to be held after the Acts of Union had united the Parliaments of England and Scotland.
Elections in the Kingdom of Great Britain were principally general elections and by-elections to the House of Commons of Great Britain. General elections did not have fixed dates, as parliament was summoned and dissolved within the royal prerogative, although on the advice of the ministers of the Crown. The first such general election was that of 1708, and the last that of 1796.
The 1705 English general election saw contests in 110 constituencies in England and Wales, roughly 41% of the total. The election was fiercely fought, with mob violence and cries of "Church in Danger" occurring in several boroughs. During the previous session of Parliament the Tories had become increasingly unpopular, and their position was therefore somewhat weakened by the election, particularly by the Tackers controversy. Due to the uncertain loyalty of a group of 'moderate' Tories led by Robert Harley, the parties were roughly balanced in the House of Commons following the election, encouraging the Whigs to demand a greater share in the government led by Marlborough
The 1702 English general election was the first to be held during the reign of Queen Anne, and was necessitated by the demise of William III. The new government dominated by the Tories gained ground in the election, with the Tory party winning a substantial majority over the Whigs, owing to the popularity of the new monarch and a burst of patriotism following the coronation. Despite this, the government found the new Parliament difficult to manage, as its leading figures Godolphin and Marlborough were not sympathetic to the more extreme Tories. Contests occurred in 89 constituencies in England and Wales.
The English general election, which began in November 1701, produced substantial gains for the Whigs, who enthusiastically supported the war with France. The Tories had been criticised in the press for their ambivalence towards the war, and public opinion had turned against them; they consequently lost ground as a result of the election. Ninety-one constituencies, 34% of the total in England and Wales, were contested.
After the downfall of the Whig Junto during the previous Parliament, King William III had appointed a largely Tory government, which was able to gain ground at the election, exploiting the decline in Whig popularity follow the end of hostilities with France. During the election, the rival East India Companies attempted to secure the election of MPs sympathetic with their interests by interfering in the electoral process to some extent in at least 86 constituencies. Contests were held in 92 of the constituencies, just over a third of the total. The new Parliament lasted less than a year, and its proceedings were dominated by the attempt to confer the succession of the Crown on the House of Hanover.
After the conclusion of the 1698 English general election the government led by the Whig Junto believed it had held its ground against the opposition. Over the previous few years, divisions had emerged within the Whig party between the 'court' supporters of the junto and the 'country' faction, who disliked the royal prerogative, were concerned about governmental corruption, and opposed a standing army. Some contests were therefore between candidates representing 'court' and 'country', rather than Whig and Tory. The Whigs made gains in the counties and in small boroughs, but not in the larger urban constituencies.
The 1695 English general election was the first to be held under the terms of the Triennial Act of 1694, which required parliament to be dissolved and fresh elections called at least every three years. This measure helped to fuel partisan rivalry over the coming decades, with the electorate in a constant state of excitement and the Whigs and Tories continually trying to gain the upper hand. Despite the potential for manipulation of the electorate, as was seen under Robert Walpole and his successors, with general elections held an average of every other year, and local and central government positions frequently changing hands between parties, it was impossible for any party or government to be certain of electoral success in the period after 1694, and election results were consequently genuinely representative of the views of at least the section of the population able to vote.
The 1690 English general election occurred after the dissolution of the Convention Parliament summoned in the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution, and saw the partisan feuds in that parliament continue in the constituencies. The Tories made significant gains against their opponents, particularly in the contested counties and boroughs, as the electorate saw the Whigs increasingly as a source of instability and a threat to the Church of England.
The Irish general election, 1713 returned members to serve in the House of Commons. The election took place during a high-point for party politics in Ireland, and saw heavy losses for the Tories and the emergence of a Whiggish majority in the commons.

domain: history


text:
GOOD HARBOR BEACH
GOOD HARBOR BEACH — Canvas Giclée (16x20 print)
I feel blessed to live in such a freshwater paradise. Michigan has over 3,200 miles of shoreline to explore and enjoy. The children in this painting were at Good Harbor, just north of the village of Cedar.

domain: artistic


text:
Amritsari Masala Baigan
Baby brinjals cooked in tamarind and spice gravy
Servings: 4 people
- 350 grams Baby Brinjal / Baby Eggplant / Chhote Baingan (15)
- 1 Tomatoes / Tamatar
- 8 Curry Leaves
- 1 tsp Ginger / Adrak grated
- 2 tsp Tamarind / Imli paste
- 2 tsp Sugar / Chini
- 4 tbsp Cooking Oil
- 1 tsp Mustard Seeds / Rai
- a pinch Nigella Seeds / Kalonji
- 3/4 cup Water / Paani
Spice to mix
- 1 tsp Fennel Seeds / Saunf
- 2 tbsp Coconut, Dessicated
- 2 tbsp Coriander Powder / Dhaniya Powder
- a pinch Carom Seeds / Ajwain
- 1.5 tbsp Red Chilli powder / Laal mirch powder
- 1.5 tsp Mango Powder / Amchoor Powder
- 1 tsp Turmeric Powder / Haldi Powder
- 1 tsp Garam Masala Powder
- 1 tsp Salt / Namak
Wash and make 4 slits in the brinjals( +), keeping the steam and the brinjal intact .
In a bowl mix all the spices listed in - Spice to mix(A)
Heat oil in a pressure cooker and add mustard seeds ,when they start crackling add kalonji and grated ginger.
Saute and add chopped tomato,stir for a minute and add the spice mixture(A).
Stir for 30 seconds and then add brinjals and salt ,saute for a minute.
Add 1 cup water,mix well,and pressure cook on medium flame for 1 whistle.
Open the cooker as soon as it cool down.
Add tamarind pulp and sugar and cook for 1 minute on medium flame.
Add fresh coriander and serve.
If you don't want to use nigella seeds (kalonji)and ajwain, then use cumin seeds instead.
Serving suggestions-best ith chapati,daal and rice

domain: food


text:
BRUSSELS — The head of the European Union's executive arm has announced plans for a major contract extension for COVID-19 vaccines with Pfizer stretching to 2023.
European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen said Wednesday that the EU will start negotiating to buy 1.8 billion doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine through 2023.
The announcement came the same day that Denmark announced it will not resume the use of AstraZeneca's COVID-19 vaccine, after reports that a handful of people who received it suffered rare and severe blood clots.
Pfizer has been a mainstay of the EU’s vaccination drive so far.
Von der Leyen expressed full confidence in the technology used for the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine.

domain: politics


text:
In a large mixing bowl, combine the egg, bread crumbs, onion, salt and pepper.
Add the ground beef to the mixture and mix well. Press half of the beef mixture into the bottom of a greased loaf pan. Sprinkle 3/4 cup of the pepper jack cheese over meat to within 1/2 inch of sides. Press remaining beef mixture over cheese.
Bake uncovered for 50-55 minutes or until the meat is no longer pink. Sprinkle the remaining cheese over meatloaf and bake an additional 5 minutes until cheese is melted.
Let meatloaf stand for 10 minutes before slicing. Serve with salsa if desired.


Tags: I Need Help With My Homework For FreeGood Ways To Start Off A Persuasive EssayIf I Had A Magic Pencil EssaySolving Mass Spectrometry ProblemsResearch Paper SearchEssay About A StudentCover Sheet For Essay ApaHow To Write An Amazing College Essay
The Selenia® Dimensions™ 2D full-field digital mammography system offers superior image quality with a simple software upgrade path to 3D breast tomosynthesis imaging.The Selenia Dimensions 2D system is the ideal choice for centers that want a flexible, upgradable digital breast imaging imaging platform with state-of-the-art image acquisition and display features. That's why Hologic invests millions of dollars each year in research and development to push the boundaries of imaging technology.
MBI’s Selenia® Dimensions® breast tomosynthesis system is made by Hologic, a world leader in digital mammography.
The Selenia Dimensions system offers exceptionally sharp breast images, an advanced ergonomic design providing more patient comfort, and the ground-breaking tomosynthesis platform designed to deliver superior screening and diagnostic performance.
The C-View 2D image is the world’s first and only synthesized 2D image that is FDA approved to replace FFDM within a combined tomosynthesis screening exam.
C–View software’s 2D image is designed to be different.
Breast cancer screening with tomosynthesis when combined with a conventional 2D mammography has a higher cancer detection rate than conventional 2D mammography alone.
Tomosynthesis technology gives radiologists increased confidence with a significant reduction in recall rates.The Selenia® Dimensions™ 3D tomosynthesis system is the first commercially-available tool to deliver on the extraordinary promise of breast tomosynthesis.Ground-breaking tomosynthesis (3D) technology optimizes diagnostic performance and workflow efficiencies.R2™ Image Checker® CAD (computer-aided detection) has transformed the practice of mammography by helping radiologists read analog and digital mammograms.Image Checker CAD identifies regions-of-interest on mammography images and brings them to the attention of the radiologist in order to decrease false negative readings.Miami Breast Institute is one of the first women’s centers in Florida to offer tomosynthesis for breast cancer screening.Breast tomosynthesis helps radiologists identify and characterize individual breast structures without the confusion of overlapping tissue.During a tomosynthesis exam, multiple, low-dose images of the breast are acquired at different angles.These images are then used to produce a series of one-millimeter thick slices that can be viewed as a 3D reconstruction of the breast.Secur View DX provides flexible, intuitive image review capabilities that are tailor made to the radiologist's specifications.Secur View workstations make it possible to work interactively and intelligently through information-sharing and offer fast access to patient images.


text:
Outlaw with a cause // oil rubbed bronze base, high textured matted black paint, with a gilded gold glaze. Rough outline in gold leaf. But the horns… these marbled beauties are a natural art on their own.
- Horn width - 32 inches from tip to tip
- Skull length - 19 inches
- Horn Height - 19 inches off the wall

domain: design


Sustainable processes and plants
We continuously look out for more energy-efficient and sustainable production process based on the use of modern technology. To this end, we scrutinize our production processes, seeking increased waste avoidance, recycling or conversion of waste streams into alternative uses and improved steam utilization. For instance, gas-phase-synthesis can reduce the energy consumption and CO2 emissions in oxidation processes significantly. Likewise, modern catalysts require less solvent and produce the desired products selectively.
One field of particular importance is the establishment of circular processes that reduce raw material consumption, energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and the creation of waste all at the same time. One such process is the production of Phenothiazine at our Allessa site which is powered by a “waste-to-energy” biomass power plant and does not consume fossil fuels. Our aromatic ring chlorination in Frankfurt Höchst turns by-products into value-added goods, including the recovery of large amounts hydrochloric acid from waste gas purification.
In procurement, we prefer regional supply partners and choose transportation via rail and barge wherever possible to reduce our supply chain’s carbon footprint.
These continued efforts are reflected in a number of recognitions such as the ECOVADIS Gold Status for almost all legal entities, and certification of our sites according to ISO 50001.


text:
You may be thinking how to meet Polish brides, and what you can expect. These girls are amazing, clever, and classic. They understand when to become feminine and once to be individual. They make exceptional wives and may work hard for everyone. The most important idea to remember when ever meeting a Polish female is usually to understand their very own culture. Then you will know what to do and not for you to do when future them. In the end, this is their country and they’re buying lifelong partner, not a alluring Hollywood celebrity.
You can even try to be honest and show that you are not perfect. Simply being modest and showing your flaws merely going to harm you. Women of all ages out of Poland are exceedingly loyal and won’t neglect your interest. A woman exactly who appreciates your time and efforts and interest will be obsessed. Be careful nevertheless, as you’ll want to be sure you’re an appropriate man on her. You should be genuine about your defects and disadvantages, but do not afraid showing them.
The first step in getting together with a Polish woman is to become to know her family and her culture. You have to remember that a Polish female’s parents will vary cultures than yours, so you’ll probably need to do a little home work. Then, get out and satisfy the female’s parents. As you meet these people for the first time, make sure to bring a gift. It doesn’t have to be a pricey gift, but it surely will definitely make an impression her.
Once you’ve reached know the bride’s parents and her home, you can go ahead and meet her parents. It’s a good idea to make an effort to find out about their tradition, as this will help establish a solid romantic relationship with these people. After all, you aren’t the only person who will be seeing them, thus it’s best not to slander them. Then again, you are want to make the first impression therefore you can’t make a mistake.
Also to making an impression, you’ll be wanting to be honest considering the women that you simply meeting. If you’re internet dating a Polish mail buy bride or a Polish new bride is an important https://themindfool.com/how-to-get-over-someone/ decision, and you may want to demonstrate your authentic self and make yourself appealing. Despite stereotypes and social differences, many ladies prefer a guy who has the same values as them. So , if you’re interested in finding a better half, make sure you aren’t a cynic.
If you are first meeting a Polish star of the wedding, be sure to end up being confident and honest. End up being yourself , nor lie. Really better to be honest than to be deceitful. After all, these kinds of women experience a standing for being open minded. If you have assurance and are all set to work hard, you might happy with your brand new Polish wife. If you aren’t confident in the skills, question a friend or relative polish women marriage to teach you how to talk to them.

domain: sociology


text:
|a game by
|8.3/10, based on 4 reviews, 6 reviews are shown
|7.9/10 - 27 votes
|Rate this game:
|Best RTS Games, Games Like Northgard, Games Like Battle Brothers, Total Annihilation Series
As one of the all-time classic strategy games, Total Annihilation is always a game that I am very excited to talk about. Originally released in 1997, even 20 plus years later this is a fantastic strategy game to play, especially if you love your strategy games to have an awesome sci-fi setting to them.
Core vs Arm!
The story of Total Annihilation is pretty awesome and surprisingly deep for a game originally released back in 1997. The game is set in the far future and there are two warring factions, The Core and the Arm. The Core decided that everyone turning into robots was a good idea and the Arm did not…. Even though the Arm use robots.
The conflict between the two is pretty awesome and the story is better than I am describing here. The game actually has a really cool intro that gets you pretty pumped up for the conflict between the two. The fact that Total Annihilation looks amazing does also help drive home how awesome the story is. For a game from 1997, Total Annihilation has held up very, very well.
Simple, But Fun
What I really like about this game and what has kept me coming back to it all these years later is the gameplay. It is one of those games that is very, very easy to get into. It teaches you very quickly about what you can do, what units you need to use, how to gather resources and so on. It teaches you all of the basics very quickly and then from that you can start to develop your own strategies when it comes to the actual battles.
The number of units that you can build in Total Annihilation is just staggering. There are the basic cannon fodder robots, but you can build ships, planes, towers, tanks and more! Total Annihilation has an extra element of strategy in that the terrain can also affect the battle. There is a nice selection of maps and this can greatly alter the kind of battle you will have. For example, if a map has lots of slopes on it, unless your tank, for example, is all-terrain, it will not be able to go up it. Things like this really keep you on your toes and force you to keep gathering resources so you can improve your army.
The campaign is a great deal of fun. You also have a skirmish mode that lets you tinker with various things such as difficulty. This is a great way to learn how to get better at the game. there is also a multiplayer aspect of the game too, but I am not entirely sure how the servers are for this game these days so that is something to keep in mind.
The 90s was a real golden age for RTS games and I would actually put Total Annihilation close to the top of the list. It would certainly make my top 10 of all time! That is how much fun this game is. Even for a game from the 90s, the presentation has actually aged really well. Add to that the fact that the gameplay is easy to get to grips with, but very in-depth and you have a truly awesome RTS game.
- Tons of units to make use of
- The game eases you in very well
- Hours and hours of fun to be had
- The story is pretty awesome
- The graphics still look good
- Not sure what the online aspect of the game is like now
- It can get very addictive
Download Total Annihilation
Six years ago, at a time of high excitement for the real-time strategy genre, a good-looking click-and-drag number was released called Total Annihilation. Harking from an unknown US developer, the game was initially dismissed as a Command & Conquer clone, its chief selling point seeming to be the fairly inevitable move to full 3D units. Slowly, however, the game began to reveal its true depths. This wasn't just C&C-plus, this was war on a scale beyond compare, with dozens of uniquely useful units and a wealth of strategic options that remain extraordinary to this day.
Six years on, Total Annihilation has proved to be one of the most enduring and playable RTS games ever. Mods and total conversions are still in production, new units still appear on the Net on a regular basis, and the game is still played by hundreds of fans every day - which is more than can be said for contemporaries like Quake II and Age of Empires. Few would argue it's one of the best RTS games ever constructed.
GO FORTH AND CONQUER
Total Annihilation's basic strategy was to advance the existing RTS blueprint in every possible direction. Familiar elements were cribbed from the likes of Command & Conquer, but there was also a huge amount of innovation at a micro-level. TA's chief architect Chris Taylor is candid about his inspirations.
"I was walking around E3 in 1995, checking out what everyone else had been up to when I came across Command & Conquer. I'd already heard about it and I was a fan of Westwood's Dune 2, but when I played C&C I was blown away. Until then, I'd become something of a career sports game developer, having worked on Hardball 2 and 4-D Boxing, but after playing C&C I said to myself, that's it, I'm going to build a real-time strategy game; no more sports games, from here on in it's tanks and jet fighters!"
Let's Get Together
In order to fulfil his dream of "making things blow up", Chris called an old friend from his days working at Accolade, Shelley Day, who, along with industry legend Ron Gilbert (of Monkey Island fame), ran kiddie software developer Humongous Entertainment.
Ron Gilbert was keen for Humongous to branch out and set up a division geared towards a more mature market, and Chris's idea of "the ultimate war game" seemed to take root. Soon after, Chris was drafted in to lead the development on the studio's first game, Total Annihilation. All that was left (apart from development) was to come up with a suitable studio name. In the end it came down to a flip of the coin. Heads, it was Frozen Yak; tails, it was Cavedog. The sheltered canine won.
Earth, Wind And Fire
When work on Total Annihilation began in January 1996, Chris's objectives were clear; the game was to feature true 3D terrain (as opposed to the split level-style maps of C&C), polygon rather than spritebased units and a gameworld that obeyed basic physical laws. These included true line-of-sight, proper ballistics and even wind and water effects.
"We were happy with the results of our early code experiments," says Chris was exciting and we hac hopes for the way the various units would move. When a unit fired, we wanted its weapon barrel to recoil, a muzzle flash and smoke. The shell would then fly in a perfect arc and when hit, a unit would jolt. When we had all the physics and basic graphics done, it was then just a case of sitting down and writing the game."
With most rival games offering less than half the content, you'd assume TA was a nightmare project. The game featured 150 land, sea and air units. 50 single-player missions and many multiplayer options. Surely the more physical objects a game has, the harder it is to build, test and balance?
"Yes, but we were very efficient," grins Chris. "The game was finished around September 1997 - about 20 months development time in total. We had a bunch of different schedules, but in the end it was just a giant sprint to the finish line. There are always problems, but nothing we couldn't overcome. And there were a lot of things we wanted to include in the game that had to be scrapped.
"For example, bridges - we wanted to give the player the ability to build and destroy them, something that's still difficult to do today, six years later."
Despite the inclusion of Mech-style walker units, tanks, planes, ships, static gun emplacements and all the required buildings to create them. Chris felt early on in TA's development that the game lacked a certain something. "I wanted to close the gap between the player and the game." he says. "Rather than watch from above. I wanted to take you to the battlefield and involve you at a more personal level. That's when I thought of the Commander; the ultimate end-all unit-you."
One of TA's true strokes of genius, the Commander was central to the game. If he died, it was game over - but he wasn't a typical desk-bound general, hidden away and protected. He could build all the basic level units in the game faster than any of the Construction bots. He could reclaim resources from the battlefield, repair, cloak and detect enemy units and walk underwater. Best of all, he was well armed and fully armoured, with the game's most powerful weapon - the D-Gun.
Willing And Able
However, in spite of their awesome capabilities, it's not the Commanders that Chris remembers most fondly from the game, but the humble KBot - the lurching, stumbling metallic foot soldiers of TA.
"They had real personality." enthuses Chris. "We came up with KBots just to add more alternatives for players. Some people like conventional units: others prefer ones that are more unique. Units are like toys: no matter how many you have, you get bored with them. Ergo, the more fun units you have, the less chance of falling asleep at the keyboard."
Give The Dog A Bone
Soon after TA was released. Cavedog began releasing units for download from its website. The aim might have been to stave off player boredom, but the result was a rapidly ballooning and hugely loyal fanbase. Frequent forum visits from the Cavedog team also fed this phenomenon, as did the popularity of the 3D unit viewer released before the game.
"We felt really good about the game three-quarters of the way through development." says Chris. "But until the game was out there, we were never sure how people would react. In the end. the new toys including response we got was very, very positive, and it was followed up by the mods and cool strategies which were fantastic to see evolve over the years. "To be honest. I was blown away and never expected the game to take off the way it did. The multiplayer was very important for that, and after it shipped, it was even more important than we first thought. In fact, we added co-operative multiplayer because everyone was insisting that we supported team play."
With plans for four expansion packs and a full-blown sequel already in place. Cavedog began taking steps to capitalise on the success of its debut. It quickly did with 1998's TA: The Core Contingency, an add-on that complemented TA's already massive arsenal with nearly a hundred submarines and seaplanes. Soon after its completion. Chris Taylor decided it was time to move on.
Cooking With Gas
"I left for various reasons." says Chris. "The biggest was my personal dream of starting my own company, and the time was right to make that happen."
Cavedog continued regardless, but soon the free downloads began to dry up and the second expansion. TA: Battle Tactics was a disappointing addition, full of maps but lacking real substance.
Rather than begin a proper TA2, it was decided that TA's next follow-up would be a fantasy-themed RTS. The result was Total Annihilation: Kingdoms. While the game looked good and offered a range of unique units. TA: K lacked the frenetic pace of its predecessor and was plagued with performance issues. Just after its release at the end of 1999. Taylor's Gas Powered Games announced Dungeon Siege. Six months later, having cancelled the promising FPS Amen: The Awakening. Cavedog was put down by struggling publisher GT Interactive.
Despite its short life. Cavedog's legacy remains strong. Among its contemporaries and even against more modern games, TA remains highly playable and unique. Few games from that era. if any. can claim to have stood the test of time so well.
"It comes down to the team members who brought it all together.'' concludes Chris Taylor. "Aspects like the free flowing nature of the design, the flexible engine design which supports mods and the interface are all things I'm proud of. Also, much of the credit must go to the mod community, which kept the game fresh with all the new units, maps and Al improvements. They did an amazing job and still do. I still have a look over the TA community occasionally and it amazes me that after six years, people are still creating content for the game."
Luckily, from some extensive sessions both single player and across a four player network, it would appear that TA is in quite another league. The units behave in an incredibly intelligent manner (if that's the correct expression) and if the development hype is to be believed, the fact that "real life" military tactics were fed into the Al engine would explain this. Unlike the loony units in C&Cit's rare to see your chaps careering off in the wrong direction for no apparent reason. Occasionally you will find your fellas wandering astray, but if you leave them you soon learn that they are simply exploring a slight deviation to the obvious route. Real soldiers do that (we're told). Apparently it 'spreads the risk.' Regardless of how clever this may be, it stops you slamming your mouse against the desktop in frustration - and this is a 'good thing'.
It is actually better than...
There are lots of important points to cover here and they all lead to one fact... something that I should probably point out now rather than later. Total Annihilation is actually better than Command & Conquer- and Warcraft II, and all the others that I've played so far. There - said it. There are numerous technical reasons that make the game better... like the fact that it has proper 3D terrain so that you can hide units in valleys or set up artillery on hilltops to gain an advantage. Or that it operates a Tine of sight' model that prevents units from seeing round corners or over hills. Or that all of the units in the game are constructed from polygons rather than sprites so you can see the way the terrain affects them as they trundle around. But at the end of the day it's the way it feels that really counts, and TA has, ultimately, that special something that feels genuinely exciting.
You know in the later levels of C&C when you've built up absolutely quadrillions of tanks and troops and other junk with huge guns on top? You know how good it feels when you role this lot into the heart of the enemy base and just stomp all over everything? Well that's the feeling that the designers of this have clearly been focusing on. In C&C it was a fun but infrequent experience. In TA you find yourself with an awful lot of firepower at your disposal in a relatively short space of time and whether you like it or not this just prickles your adrenal gland enough to throw you into a destructive frenzy.
Part of the reason for this is that there are no ground troops per se - absolutely no cannon fodder whatsoever. Instead you start the game with just one unit... the commander, and unlike any other games of this type this guy is actually you, and therefore must be protected at all costs. Fortunately the commander is a big dude resembling one of the larger, lumbering Meehs from MechWarrior and as well as being the centre of the resource management, he is also armed to the teeth with laser turrets and a fantastic nuke-style 'D-Gun' that can wipe out any unit on the board in one shot... an obviously expensive (it sucks away power like a veritable bastard), if ultimately satisfying way of annihilating the competition. Along with this he can also repair units and salvage wreckage from the battlefield when your resources are running particularly low.
As stated, the commander absolutely has to be protected at all costs - you use him to establish your base, and he is also the hub of pretty much all the important activity. A typical level will start with him and a number of pre-built units such as tanks or basic artillery. Before attempting to go after your mission goal (set out in, it has to be said, one of the most boring-but-functional briefings ever), you must establish a base from which to operate. Unlike C&C, you can build anywhere you want - all you have to do is make sure that you produce a sufficient level of the games' two main resources; metal and energy. Once you have built solar power stations or wind generators or whatever and built a few mines you are free to build some of the more exciting stuff.
The units in Total Annihilation are broken down into four main types... KBOTS, which are Meeh style chaps, units such as tanks, missile launchers etc., airborne units and sea-faring units. Each of these is subdivided into scouts, light and heavy attack vehicles as well as either construction or transport craft. As you progress you can build more advanced factories, and with improved technology come more spectacular units. Alongside the mobile units you also find that as you progress through 'tech levels' you can also build defensive and offensive structures with which to pummel your opponent. Huge plasma guns called 'Big Berthas' can obliterate bases from miles away, laser turrets can defend your base from the enemy onslaught - whilst nukes can be used to take out whole areas of land. Cool.
The 'feel' thing
I must say that my early experiences with this were a bit up-and-down to say the least. We had a crack at a multi-player game first, and this really was fab. Four of us were locked in mortal combat using just about every unit that the game has to offer... and it was brilliant. The satisfaction gained from bombarding a base with your battleships whilst sending in fighters to knock out perimeter defences and then rolling in heavy bombers to flatten the place is unparalleled. Red Alert really can't match it. Don't even think about how much fun rumbling the tanks in before nuking the place is... because your head will explode. When I first played the single player campaign though, I was a bit disappointed. All this talk of using the elevation of the land to your advantage whilst hiding your units in little nooks and crannies seemed to take a back seat to the C&C style 'round up lots of tanks and things with big guns and then just rumble in and blow the crap out of everything' approach. Where was all the subtlety? Where were all the little features that made the multiplayer game such a joy?
They turn up later. Persevere with the campaign mode and it really is a rewarding your ultimate impression will be that this is a refined development of real-time strategy gaming. It nods its head towards the way this kind of thing is clearly going (3D... you can bet your bum-fluff that C&C2 will be in 3D spinny-round-o-vision) whilst clearly acknowledging peoples' loves and hates about the genre as a whole. It's not particularly original, and it may ultimately be 'one of the many', but as far as I'm concerned it's certainly the best of the bunch. Personally I prefer it to C&C, but the score is lower simply because Westwood's game set such a precedent. People will always remember C&C, and Red Alert's score of 94 was a reflection of this - but at the end of the day people won't say 'a Total Annihilation style game' in the future. Shame.
Before groaning "not another real-time strategy game," take a good look at Total Annihilation. Granted, it's another title in the C&C genre, but Total Annihilation has features and graphics that could push it to the head of the class.
Annihilation sports fantastic graphics, especially the incredibly detailed attack units. One unit, a walking mech, actually pulls out its rifle and obliterates targets. The explosions feature flying debris and colorful blasts. The various 3D battle environments are depicted with equal detail, from the green trees in forest areas to the plateaus and rocks in barren deserts.
Real physics also apply to Total Annihilation. For example, if you set a tree ablaze, the wind can create a forest fire, while vehicles will slow down when going up a hill or speed up when going down.
The action is point-and-click, and the objective is simple: Obliterate your opponent. Other tactics, however, include salvaging opponents' wrecked vehicles to collect valuable resources and combining land and sea forces. For example, you can drop a tank on a battle cruiser for added firepower.
Annihilate the Competition
Although it's far from finished, Total Annihilation looks like a hot title. This is one real-time strategy game that has the potential to total the rest of the field.
The latest in a long line of real-time strategy games, Total Annihilation may use the tried-and-true Command & Conquer game engine, but so far it doesn't come off as a run-of-the-mill clone. The controls in the pre-alpha version are very responsive. It's easy to move various units around, and the actions menu is easily accessible. Only 5 of the 50 terrains are available at this stage, but they're challenging, with hills to climb and trees to clear. The game still has several features to be implemented before it ships, but so far, so good. This title could annihilate the competition.
Since Command and Conquer rocked our hard drives with the benchmark for real-time strategy gaming, many others have followed with their "new and improved" stabs at this lucrative market. Wading through the sea of C&C clones for the past two years has been frustrating, to say the least, because none (in my opinion) have come close to the plot immersion and detail that C&C created. Until now -- Cavedog's Total Annihilation is the first real-time war game that captured my undivided attention since the original C&C hit the shelves.
The Total Annihilation storyline revolves around the ancient conflict between the Arm and the Core. Of course they hate each other and would do anything to eliminate the other from the galaxy. Your army will be made up of Kbots, tanks, planes, and ships, all mechanical (no human units here), adding to the futuristic feel of the game. The first thing you will notice are the incredible graphics and animations of the units; then you will be awe-stricken by the realistic terrain complete with hills, valleys, rivers, and realistic ground cover; finally you will feel overwhelmed at the number and diversity of unit types at your disposal. Needless to say, I rushed home the minute I got my hands on the CD and fired it up on my new Pentium II 266 ... I was not disappointed.
The controls and overhead view of Total Annihilation are standard for real-time games. You will have no problem figuring out how to move your units, group them, etc. There are a lot more things you can do in Total Annihilation than in other games of this type, so there is a slight learning curve you will have to go through to be the most effective. In Total Annihilation, the most important and powerful unit you have is the Commander; you don't want to lose him. Fortunately, he is not a building that is defenseless and stationary -- he is mobile, he can cloak (at a price) and he has one seriously bad weapon that can destroy most units with a single shot. Even if surrounded by enemy units, the commander won't fold and go down easily; he is also easy to hide and protect for those who are a little extra paranoid. Don't get me wrong -- you still have to watch your commander every now and then to be sure he's alive and kicking, but since he is no pushover you can think about that air raid you are conducting and not worry about a couple of engineers taking over your primary unit and thus ending your game.
The resource system is divided in two parts, metal and energy, both of which are critical to your success. It is much easier to get energy than metal, so I found that the game revolves around who can control the largest supply of metal. To get energy you simply need to construct a few solar generators or windmills in the center of your defenses, and presto, instant energy. For metal, you must plop a metal extractor on top of a metal mine which is usually not right in the middle of your base. Yes, you will have to venture out and plan your offense to include securing as many metal mines as possible. The player with the most metal mines will usually win because they can out-produce their opponents since every unit built requires metal. Another way of getting metal is to salvage it from battle wreckage, but I found that this is somewhat time-consuming for little result, so unless the reusable metal was close to or in my base it was not worth getting.
You will notice a multitude of units at your disposal, ranging from ground units to air and sea assault forces. I had plenty of fun optimizing my forces with the right mix of units to get the job done most effectively. With a mobile commander and construction units, it was easy to build outposts or expand my base to occupy more and more of the map. One of the best elements of the game is the ability to program your units. You can automate their actions and attitudes in relation to battle situations as well as set patrol routes, etc. The controls are quite intuitive and Cavedog deserves praise for the job they did in this area.
Finally, Cavedog promises the ability to download new units from their website on a weekly basis. This should keep the game fresh and interesting. Better check often unless you want your best friend to walk all over you with the new whup-ass tank that just came out.
In 100 words or less -- outstanding. This game truly rocks in the graphics department. The system requirements may be a little steep, but on my Pentium II I ran the game in 1024 X 768 and never experienced a slowdown! For those with lower-end systems, never fear; you can change the resolution to fit just about every situation. Every unit is rendered in 3D for a very realistic feel, and the terrain varies from flat to mountainous, with deserts, oceans, rivers, lakes, lava pits, and other planetary schemes as well. It is rare to get such high marks in graphics from me, but Total Annihilation deserves every bit of it. Plus the level of the terrain actually affects your units' ability to move and their line-of-sight to targets, adding a couple of new dimensions to the real-time strategy game.
Total Annihilation has excellent sound effects, very crisp and distinguished. In the middle of a large battle I could hear the different weapons firing and the individual explosions wreaking havoc on the battlefield. The soundtrack was good as well, just not my style. I like some serious rock and roll to go along with all the destruction, and sometimes the musical score was a little less punctuated, even classical. That is a personal gripe, though; overall the quality of the sound effects and music were again outstanding.
Multiplayer is supported in a variety of ways and through a number of different online services, including DWANGO, M-Player, HEAT, and KALI, and this is where the game really shines for me. The balance of the two sides is good and you can get into some extremely heated battles with exciting finishes. Last night a friend and I played for over two hours, each building up formidable defenses and then conducting raids and bombing runs on each other's outposts. This is certainly a game that favors defense, though -- once you are fortified, woe be to the guy who marches his mechs into the teeth of your laser and missile batteries. I say it favors defense, but there is one offensive weapon that can undo all that in a hurry -- the nuclear missiles. Unlike the "barely scratched me" effect of the nukes in the C&C universe, in Total Annihilation one nuclear bomb really does ruin your day. And your base. And your commander. Once my opponent got nukes, it was all over in a matter of minutes; the first strike completely wiped out my main base -- everything on the screen was vaporized, and from there I had no way of getting back the resources I needed to retaliate. Nonetheless, despite that one tactical oversight in terms of balance, I still highly recommend this game for multiplayer fans -- it adds many new twists to the genre and forces an entirely different type of thinking about your strategies.
Editor's Note: We have received several emails from readers who say "yes, but what about the anti-missile batteries? You can defend yourself against nukes with those." True, but should there ever be a single weapon in a game that can end a 2-hour battle with a single blow? Because resources are so easy to come by in Total Annihilation_, it seems that an epic game should not boil down to a race to build a nuke before your enemy builds an anti-missile defense. It's out of balance with the power of the rest of the units in the game; thus the note to that effect above._
Minimum: Win95 or DOS; 16 MB RAM (8 for DOS); SVGA 256 colors; 4X CD-ROM drive; SoundBlaster or compatible sound card.
Premium: Pentium 100 or higher; 16 MB RAM; Win 95, 28.8 modem, etc.
Warning: The box is more than a tad bit misleading about real-life system requirements. Here is the REAL optimum configuration: Win 95, 32 MB RAM, 6X CD-ROM drive, SVGA 256 colors, SoundBlaster, 28.8 modem. In DOS you can get by with 16MB RAM. In multiplayer you MUST have 32 MB RAM or it simply will not run.
Reviewed On: Pentium 133, 16 MB RAM, SVGA 256 colors, 6X CD-ROM drive, SoundBlaster compatible sound card, 28.8 modem, Trio 64 S3 video board with 1MB RAM
From reading the above you might expect me to give this game a very high score, and you are right; it won't be shabby. However, I don't believe Total Annihilation to be a classic like C&C, and to understand why you need to play the single-player game all the way through. Total Annihilation lacks one critical element that would have put it on my all-time list, and that involves immersion. In other words, the storyline and between-mission cinematics (which were somewhat lacking) did not suck me in as C&C did. I felt that Total Annihilation was incomplete in some sense, that if it could be placed within the shell of C&C it would truly shine, never to be dethroned. As it stands now, Total Annihilation is still a heck of a game which will keep any fan of this genre occupied for months to come. I give it a score of 88; now back to the battle!

domain: hobby


text:
December 13, 2013
By Gareth Christopher, BSc, and Richard Roos, MASc
Great strides have been made in understanding the complex interactions between heat, vapour diffusion, and air movement in the design and operation of high-efficiency rainscreen wall systems.
Increasingly demanding building codes and voluntary programs have driven designers to focus on the deleterious effects of thermal bridging on the overall energy performance of structures. Moisture dynamics are equally important design concerns, and industry experience has shown a building envelope’s resilience is central to achieving ongoing performance levels.1 Resilience is established through ensuring long-term thermal stability and simultaneously maintaining the ability to manage wetting within the enclosure.
Changes in construction methods can be coupled with failures, as well as mould growth in glass fibre insulation. Advances in building science research have exposed the underlying causes such as the necessity for drainage planes, continuity of air barriers, and the risks association with the incorporation of low-permeance materials into building envelope designs. Responsible designs consider the enclosure’s vapour profiles and intentionally plan for optimum drying potential through the use of vapour-open insulation products such as stone wool or glass fibre.
Although not adequately addressed in regulations, moisture is a central design concern alongside thermal performance. Judicious use of continuous insulation (ci) provides synergistic benefits to both thermal performance and moisture management. This article outlines the principal thermal- and moisture-related design considerations regarding resilience and continuous insulation in rainscreen wall systems and high-performance architectural panels.
Keeping up with changing regulations
International sustainability objectives focused on curtailing the effects of global warming are being addressed by federal government initiatives that manifest in increased insulation levels in building codes. The operation of buildings accounts for approximately 40 per cent of North America’s energy use and, as a result, thermal requirements in building codes have become more demanding. The movement toward performance-based building codes—such as recent changes to National Building Code of Canada (NBC) and voluntary programs such as Passive House—recognize the effects of thermal bridging, and have been devised such that the overall energy performance of new buildings and major retrofits are within acceptable limits.
Energy modelling plays an important role in parametric analyses that guide designers toward building performance optimization. Proprietary modelling tools contain sophisticated algorithms accounting for thermal bridging losses in envelope designs. Continuous insulation has quickly become a necessity for designers required to meet building code requirements, voluntary programs, and overall thermal performance targets.
Recent editions of American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) 90.1, Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-rise Residential Buildings and National Energy Code of Canada for Buildings (NECB) have significantly increased the minimum requirements for exterior wall insulation levels. These requirements for increased thermal efficiency necessitate the use of continuous insulation in exterior wall assemblies.
ASHRAE 90.1, NECB, and NBC consider climatic conditions when specifying the minimum prescriptive thermal performance for the building envelope.
Building design is strongly influenced by Climate Zones as design considerations for building envelope components vary greatly for hot-humid, warm-temperate, or cold climates. Holistic assessments of the energy consumption due to building envelope thermal transfer and mechanical system efficiencies are central to overall design decisions.
International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) Climate Zones 5 through 8 exist in Canada. These zones require lower-permeance vapour control layers, and higher levels of thermal resistance in the assemblies; they would also benefit from the incorporation of heat recovery ventilators.
As building code thermal requirements increase, inefficiency due to thermal bridging losses becomes an increasingly important consideration. High-performance building envelopes are made possible by the adoption of exterior continuous insulation. The industry has responded by developing numerous options for continuous insulation products and fastening systems. Rigid and semi-rigid insulation board systems have been developed to permit relatively few localized penetrations that serve to support the cladding systems on the exterior of the insulation.
The term ‘effective thermal resistance’ accounts for the amount thermal bridging reduces the insulation’s function. Thermal bridging is of critical importance in the design of modern wall assemblies and is particularly significant within steel-framed wall assemblies. The material and design of the fastening systems used for attaching continuous insulation can have a wide range of impacts on effective thermal resistance depending on the fastening system design.
In cases where continuous metal channels penetrate the insulation boards, the thermal bridging losses can reduce the insulation’s effectiveness by as much as 50 percent. The ability of the cladding attachment system and the insulation fastening to minimize thermal bridging has been well-documented, and is a critical element in the wall’s thermal efficiency.2
ASHRAE 90.1 defines this continuous insulation layer as:
Insulation that is continuous across all structural members without thermal bridges other than fasteners and service openings. It is installed on the interior or exterior or is integral to any opaque surface of the building envelope.
Lightweight architectural metal and composite panel manufacturers have developed proprietary fastening and cladding support systems providing thermal breaks and separating the girt and metal furring channels from the backup wall to maximize the effective R-value, improving thermal efficiency.
ASHRAE 90.1, and some building codes such as NBC, provide guidelines and prescriptive tables for the determination of the effective R-values in typical wall constructions.
Further, voluntary programs such as EnergyStar for New Homes, employ Natural Resources Canada’s (NRCan’s) Table for Calculating Effective Thermal Resistance of Opaque Assemblies, to account for the thermal bridging losses in the residential applications.
Manufacturers have responded to the need for improved thermal efficiency by providing continuous insulation boards and prescriptive measures to meet the R-value requirements through a combination of insulation batts installed within wall cavities and exterior continuous insulation. The insulation batt market has traditionally been dominated by fibrous batt insulation materials consisting mainly of fibreglass and mineral wool. Continuous insulation requires a rigid board type product, manufactured from high-density fibrous board products such as glass fibre and mineral wool, as well as foam plastic materials like extruded polystyrene (XPS), expanded polystyrene (EPS), sprayed polyurethane foam (SPF), and polyisocyanurate (polyiso).
In cold climates, use of exterior continuous insulation provides the combined benefits of enhancing the enclosure’s thermal performance, as well as reducing the risk of condensation within the envelope component. Although moisture risks are reduced by its use, careful design of building envelope resilience is critical to long-term success.
Building science has evolved into a discipline enabling designers to predict building envelope performance. Understanding the interdependencies between heat, air, and moisture plays an increasingly important role in the construction and renovation of buildings to meet the energy efficiency requirements and ASHRAE-prescribed guidelines.
The responsible design of building enclosures accounts for realistic eventualities beyond idealized conditions. Envelope components experience punishing conditions from the elements, stresses due to the improper detailing and construction, as well as unintended mechanical and plumbing failures. The proper use of vapour-permeable building products allows for resilient building envelope performance, capable of managing design moisture loads as well as unplanned occurrences.
Optimal drying rates are obtained through the use of vapour-permeable insulation products—including stone wool or glass fibre boards—having permeances of 30 to 40 perms. Drying rates can be reduced to dangerously low levels when using low-permeance products such as foam board materials with permeance ratings as low as 0.03 perms.
In the event moisture makes its way into the building envelope, it is critical the enclosure components can dry, so as to maintain their physical integrity and performance properties. The risk of moisture-related damage or biological growth increases with longer drying periods.
In idealized conditions that only consider vapour diffusion as a moisture source, these materials may be shown to be suitable options. However, it is rare vapour diffusion will be the sole moisture source. When additional moisture loads are introduced, such as bulk-water entry and humidity contained in air, the inclusion of low-permeance products—such as XPS, EPS, and polyisocyanurate (polyiso)—may restrict the drying of envelope components resulting in mechanical damage or biological growth. The key to resilient building envelope design is the intentional planning for rapid drying of the building envelope components.
In cases where unplanned moisture sources—such as rain from leaky glazing units, damaged sealants, burst pipes, or air leakage—are introduced, low-permeance products may resist the assembly’s ability to dry to the exterior. A vapour control layer on the interior may also limit the drying potential to the interior as well. In these cases, resilience of the envelope may be insufficient for effective moisture management.
Vapour-permeable insulation works in a complementary fashion alongside vapour-permeable water-resistant barriers (WRBs) to regulate moisture levels. Effective moisture management requires vapour-permeable insulation be water-repellent, and allow moisture dispersion by gravity flow and evaporation; it should be non-porous, non-hygroscopic, and not support surface diffusion or capillary flow.
Designing for durability includes considerations for the permeances of the materials in the enclosure. Specifying vapour diffuse insulation materials such as mineral wool or glass fibre allows for effective moisture management and lead to durable building enclosures that provide long-term stable R-value, improved fire barriers, and moisture management.
Moving forward, continuous insulation will persist in playing a critical role in high-performance buildings. Although the overall thermal performance of building enclosures can be increased through the use of exterior insulation, important components such as fastening systems can significantly influence the effective thermal resistance of the assembly. Component materials and fastening system designs are important considerations for the minimization of thermal bridging losses.3
Risks of moisture-related damage and biological growth are inadequately addressed in building codes and require additional knowledge and design experience. Low-permeance materials such as foam boards, can introduce a problem for designers and building owners due to limited drying potential. Idealized design conditions may prove inadequate for the realities of long-term durability. Unplanned moisture loads not within the control of designers—such as those introduced by improper construction, worn sealants, air leakage, or system failures—are not uncommon, and may cause serious damage to building envelope components.
Resilient building envelope designs can be achieved through the use of vapour-permeable insulation products such as those made from mineral wool and glass fibres. Durability can best be achieved through responsible application of building science principles in specifying vapour-permeable insulation and building envelope materials.
1 For more, see the book High Performance Enclosures–Design Guide for Institutional Commercial and Industrial Buildings in Cold Climates by John Straube. (back to top)
2 Natural Resources Canada’s (NRCan’s) Construction Technology Update No. 9, Evolution of Wall Design for Controlling Rain Penetration, G.A. Chown, W.C. Brown and G.F. Poirier. (back to top)
3 Other resources include the book Building Science for a Cold Climate by Neil Hutcheon and G. Handegord, and NRCan Construction Technology Update No. 17, Pressure Equalization in Rainscreen Wall Systems, by M.Z. Rousseau, G.F. Poirier, and W.C. Brown. Finally, BSC Insight 005, Thermal Bridges—Steel Studs, Structural Frames, Relieving Angles, and Balconies by Joe Lstiburek can be referenced for more information. (back to top)
Richard Roos, MASc has 11 years of professional experience in building science as a professor, consultant, general contractor, and property manager. As at member of Roxul’s technical team, he provides building science expertise as well as leadership in product development and materials testing. Roos’ consulting expertise ranges from moisture safety and heat transfer analyses in high-performance building enclosures, to sustainability programming for such clients as the U.S. Department of State, Enbridge Gas Distribution’s Savings By Design program, architects, and builders. He can be reached by e-mail at email@example.com.
Gareth Christopher, BSc, has worked at Roxul as a technical product specialist for the building envelope segment, responsible for application development and technical management of the North American roofing and commercial businesses. He earned his bachelors of science degree as a chemistry specialist from the University of Toronto, and has also received professional designations from the University of Toronto in management and administration and building science. Christopher can be contacted by e-mail at firstname.lastname@example.org.
Source URL: https://www.constructioncanada.net/key-design-principles-for-high-efficiency-rainscreen-walls/
Copyright ©2021 Construction Canada unless otherwise noted.

domain: literature


text:
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The Crown and the Courts : Separation of Powers in the Early Jewish Imagination
David C. Flatto
A scholar of law and religion uncovers a surprising origin story behind the idea of the separation of powers.The separation of powers is a bedrock of modern constitutionalism, but striking antecedents were developed centuries earlier, by Jewish scholars and rabbis of antiquity. Attending carefully to their seminal works and the historical milieu, David Flatto shows how a foundation of democratic rule was contemplated and justified long before liberal democracy was born.During the formative Second Temple and early rabbinic eras (the fourth century BCE to the third century CE), Jewish thinkers had to confront the nature of legal authority from the standpoint of the disempowered. Jews struggled against the idea that a legal authority stemming from God could reside in the hands of an imperious ruler (even a hypothetical Judaic monarch). Instead scholars and rabbis argued that such authority lay with independent courts and the law itself. Over time, they proposed various permutations of this ideal. Many of these envisioned distinct juridical and political powers, with a supreme law demarcating the respective jurisdictions of each sphere. Flatto explores key Second Temple and rabbinic writings—the Qumran scrolls; the philosophy and history of Philo and Josephus; the Mishnah, Tosefta, Midrash, and Talmud—to uncover these transformative notions of governance.The Crown and the Courts argues that by proclaiming the supremacy of law in the absence of power, postbiblical thinkers emphasized the centrality of law in the people's covenant with God, helping to revitalize Jewish life and establish allegiance to legal order. These scholars proved not only creative but also prescient. Their profound ideas about the autonomy of law reverberate to this day.
- Harvard University Press
- Год издания:
Полный текст книги доступен студентам и сотрудникам МФТИ через Личный кабинет https://profile.mipt.ru/services/.
После авторизации пройдите по ссылке «Books.mipt.ru Электронная библиотека МФТИ»


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Hit the open road for a true sense of two-wheeled freedom at Mansfield Mt Buller.
With stunning views and little traffic the area offers fantastic road riding. Oh, and we’ve even got the post-ride coffee covered at one of our many local cafes!
Local Road Rides
Howes Creek Road – 30km
The ride leaves from Mansfield township and offers an easy gradient with great views of Lake Eildon (when the water’s up!). Suitable for beginners, although the road can be busy on weekends or holiday periods.
Mt Buller and back – 94km
Experience the challenge and reward of road cycling at altitude. Test your strength and endurance on the 16km ascent from Mirimbah to the Mt Buller village. With an average gradient of 6% the climb is an achievable challenge for most. But be warned, just when you think you’ve made it, you’ll be hit by the 13% gradient at Hells Corner. Keep the pedals spinning and you’ll be in the village in no time. Don’t forget to get your 7 Peaks Passport stamped on Mt Buller before heading back down the mountain.
If you’re after a longer road ride, the 90km round trip between Mt Buller and Mansfield offers stunning views and the chance for some high-paced bunch riding.
Mansfield, Mt Buller and Jamieson
A classic one day road riding challenge – definitely more suited to those with a few kilometres under their belts. From Mansfield ascend Mt Buller, return down the hill, turning off for Jamieson before you get to Mansfield. From their negotiate the undulating hills out and back to Jamo.
Simon Gerrans and Phil Anderson – both Tour de France stage winners – cut their teeth on this ride. Be sure to get your 7 Peaks Passport stamped at the Mt Buller Village.
The Barwite Loop
An easily achievable return loop from Mansfield township. Locals love this as a quick, after-work ride option. This road ride is suitable for beginners, but is somewhat more challenging when ridden in an anti-clockwise direction.
To add an extra uphill grind to this ride, continue up the ‘Old Tolmie Road’ then turn around and descend the hill before completing the loop in to Mansfield.
Tolmie and the loop
Booroolite and Goughs Bay
With a flat gradient and stunning mountain vistas, this road ride is an enjoyable outing for beginners through to advanced riders. For a shorter version simply leave out either the Chapel Hill Rd arm or the Goughs Bay arm of the ride.
Victoria’s 7 peaks Alpine Ascent Challenge is an at-your-own pace cycling challenge which takes you up winding mountain roads, around steep turns and past spectacular views right to the top of Victoria’s Alpine Resorts. You can tackle the 7 Peaks (Mt Baw Baw, Mount Buffalo, Mt Buller, Dinner Plain, Falls Creek, Hotham, Lake Mountain) anytime from October 16 2015 to March 31 2016.
The 7 Peaks passport will be the proof of your cycling toughness, stamping it along the way for every summit you successfully ride. Once you have completed your peaks and submitted your stamped passport, you will go into the draw to win some amazing prizes. READ MORE

domain: sports


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Emmanuelle is recently reunited with her husband, but at the next party, she gets drunk and strips nude for his friends. He returns to his lover. Later, a sober Emmanuelle tries to redeem ... See full summary »
An ex-priest escapes from an asylum and kills people in God's name. This is a re-edited Spanish-language version of L'éventreur de Notre-Dame (1975) and XXX version Sexorcismes (1975) with newly shot scenes.
Once more, Jess Franco makes an incredible film out of nothing. With some Chinese-looking people, two elephants, a tiger, a snake, a monkey and a turtle he succeeds in adapting Poe's classic "The golden beetle". The story is about a little girl (Flavia Hervas, in a pretty good performance) who becomes involved in the search of an ancient treasure, hidden by oriental natives in order not to allow strangers to take it. So the immortal original tale is crazily moved into a kids-oriented martial arts movie, which mixes the Tarzan classic spirit with the gruesome humor from its Spanish director.
No joking. This is one of the funniest, craziest, most revolutionary films ever made in Spain. Its mixture of genres and influences shows Franco's master hand. A cult classic. 10 out of 10!
2 of 2 people found this review helpful.
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John & Edward (born John Paul Henry Daniel Richard Grimes and Edward Peter Anthony Kevin Patrick Grimes on 16 October 1991 in Dublin), artistically known as Jedward are an irish pop singing duo. Known for their distinctive blond quiffs and unique performances, the identical twins have risen to fame since appearing in the sixth series of The X Factor in 2009, in a phenomenon described as the "Jedward paradox".
They released their debut song "Under Pressure (Ice Ice Baby), a collaboration with 90s hip hop star Vanilla Ice on 31st January 2010. It hit #1 in the Irish singles charts and #2 in the UK singles charts, on downloads alone - the CD single was released on the 15th of February 2010.
They then released their second single, a cover of Blink-182's "All the Small Things", on 16 July 2010, and their debut album Planet Jedward on 26 July. Planet Jedward reached number one on the Irish Albums Chart and number 17 on the UK Albums Chart. It was also certified platinum in Northern Ireland.
Since then, Jedward have been on 3 tours in the UK and Ireland. The first, the 'Planet Jedward tour' hit both countries, with some cities being played more than once, in April and August 2010. The second, was the 'Bad Behaviour Tour' which was just in Ireland, in April 2011. They are due to hold another tour, in August 2011, named 'The Carnival Tour' which is just in Ireland, both the republic and north, with the concert held at night and 2 signings in each place at the day time. After they secured first place in the national selection on The 'Late Late Show' on rt? in 11 February 2011, with their entry single "Lipstick", they then performed in Dusselhorf, Germany in The Eurovision Song Contest, coming 8th place, getting to the 1st place spot then going down during the voting process, beating both the UK's entry 'Blue' and Germany's entry 'Lena.'
In January 2012, they embarked on the European leg of their Victory Tour, playing in Austria, Germany, Sweden, Finland and Estonia.
They have now three albums: Planet Jedward, 2010 (Which was only covers), Victory, 2011 (All their own songs: Lipstick, Bad behaviour, Everyday superstar, Miss america, Biggest fan, Distortion, Pop rocket, Saturday night, Techno girl, Wow oh wow, Celebrity and Hold the world.) and the latest album is Young Love, 2012 Track list: Waterline, Young love, What's your number, Girl like you, Luminous, Give it up, Happens in the dark, All i want is you, What it feels like, How did you know, Can't forget you, P.O.V and three iTunes bonus tracks Cool heroes, Never better and School's out.
They also compete at the Eurovision Song Contest second time in row with hit "Waterline" and performed in Baku, Azerbaijan. After qualifying from their semi-final, they came in 19th place in the grand final. But it's rumoured that Ireland's lines were stuck and so they didin't get all votes that had been called.


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Christmas Tree with Sequins Tinker Bell Christmas Tree Ornament
Christmas time is a magical time where the whole house looks insane and cosy. Everyone in their home wants to create a cosy corner to spend time with the family. Every element is important at that time, and ideally it should relate to the Christmas festivities that reign then.
Introducing a star that can also act as packaging for the gift inside. The ornament has a string with a bell at the end. The string mounted in it also gives the possibility to hang it on the Christmas tree.
The bauble depicts a beautiful Christmas tree with colourful sequins.
Let's make this time special in every way!
Dimensions of the pendant:
16 cm x 11 cm x 3 cm
15 cm x 12 cm x 4 cm
For children over 3 years old. EN71 and CE certified toy.


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Monday, June 17, 2019
High Court Affirms Separate Sovereigns Doctrine
The Supreme Court today upheld the "separate sovereigns" doctrine that permits, consistent with double jeopardy, the prosecution of the same person for the same criminal act under state and federal law.
The ruling means that both a state government and the federal government can prosecute the same person for the same crime without running afoul of the Fifth Amendment's prohibition on double jeopardy.
It also means that those subject to federal prosecution in the Mueller investigation can be prosecuted under state law. That's significant, because President Trump can't pardon someone for a violation of state law.
The ruling, Gamble v. United States, grew out of a federal felony-in-possession charge against Terance Gamble after he had been convicted of felony in possession under Alabama law. Gamble argued that the federal charge violated double jeopardy. The Court disagreed.
Justice Alito wrote for the Court, including Chief Justice Roberts and Justices Thomas, Breyer, Sotomayor, Kagan, and Kavanaugh. Justice Alito made it simple:
We start with the text of the Fifth Amendment. Although the dual-sovereignty rule is often dubbed an "exception" to the double jeopardy right, it is not an exception at all. On the contrary, it follows from the text that defines that right in the first place. "[T]he language of the Clause . . . protects individuals from being twice put in jeopardy 'for the same offence,' not the same conduct or actions," as Justice Scalia wrote in a soon-vindicated dissent. And the term "'[o]ffense was commonly understood in 1791 to mean 'transgression,' that is, 'the Violation or Breaking of a Law.'" As originally understood, then, an "offence" is defined by a law, and each law is defined by a sovereign. So where there are two sovereigns, there are two laws, and two "offences."
The Court rejected Gamble's claim that the dual sovereignty doctrine contradicts the common-law rights that the Double Jeopardy Clause was originally understood to protect:
The English cases are a muddle. Treatises offer spotty support. And early state and federal cases are by turns equivocal and downright harmful to Gamble's position. All told, this evidence does not establish that those who ratified the Fifth Amendment took it to bar successive prosecutions under different sovereigns' laws--much less do so with enough force to break a chain of precedent linking dozens of cases over 170 years.
The Court also rejected his claim that "the Double Jeopardy Clause's incorporation against the states washed away any theoretical foundation for the dual-sovereignty rule," because "the premises of the dual-sovereignty doctrine have survived incorporation intact." "Incorporation meant that the States were now required to abide by this Court's interpretation of the Double Jeopardy Clause. But that interpretation has long included the dual-sovereignty doctrine, and there is no logical reason why incorporation should change it."
Justice Thomas wrote a concurring opinion and argued that "the Court's typical formulation of the stare decisis standard does not comport with our judicial duty under Article III because it elevates demonstrably erroneous decisions--meaning decisions outside the realm of permissible interpretation--over the text of the Constitution and other duly enacted federal law." Justice Thomas argued that the Court's strong application of stare decisis to "demonstrably erroneous precedent" means that the Court is making the law, and impermissibly encroaching on the role of Congress in violation of the separation of powers. If there were any doubt, he singled out precedents under substantive due process as examples of "demonstrably erroneous precedent."
Justice Ginsburg dissented, arguing that "[t]he United States and its constituent States, unlike foreign nations, are 'kindred systems,' 'parts of ONE WHOLE'" and that "[w]ithin that 'WHOLE,' the Federal and State Governments should be disabled from accomplishing together 'what neither government [could] do alone--prosecute an ordinary citizen twice for the same offense.'"
Justice Gorsuch also dissented, arguing that "this 'separate sovereigns exception' to the bar against double jeopardy finds no meaningful support in the text of the Constitution, its original public meaning, structure, or history."

domain: law


Kennen is a Toronto-based producer, songwriter and singer.
City Lights is his fourth single to come out in 2020.
A wonderful and sometimes summer-like indie chill-out dance pop tune.
About the song:
I wrote “City Lights” when I was 16, a song about my dreams of a picture-perfect relationship. It’s something I wish I had—both back then, and to this day.
Even though I’ve never experienced it, I wanted to create this story where it does play out. In this song, I paint this dreamy picture of being with a loved one under the city lights and the night sky.
Revisiting the song now gave me a chance to make it something closer to the music I listen to nowadays, using production that I feel more closely fits the lyrics.
City Lights gets: