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Optimal Boundary Control of Linear Hyperbolic PDEs\thanksreffootnoteinfo
The present paper develops an optimal linear quadratic boundary controller for linear hyperbolic partial differential equations (PDEs) with actuation on only one end of the domain. First-order necessary conditions for optimality is derived via weak variations and an optimal controller in state-feedback form is presented. The linear quadratic regulator (LQR) controller is calculated from differential algebraic Riccati equations. Numerical examples are performed to show the use of the proposed method.
First]Agus Hasan, First]Lars Imsland, Second]Ivan Ivanov, Third]Snezhana Kostova, and, Second]Boryana Bogdanova
Department of Engineering Cybernetics
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Department of Statistics and Econometrics
Sofia University - St. Kliment Ohridski
Institute of System Engineering and Robotics
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
11footnotetext: The present research paper was supported in a part by the EEA Scholarship Program BG09 Project Grant D03-91 under the European Economic Area Financial Mechanism. This support is greatly appreciated.
Research in control of linear hyperbolic partial differential equations (PDEs) have attracted great attention in recent years, since they can be used to model many physical systems such as road traffic (Goatin, 2006), gas flow in pipeline (Gugat and Dick, 2011), flow of fluids in transmission lines (White, 2007; Hasan and Imsland, 2014) and in open channels (Coron et al., 1999), and mud flow in oil well drilling (Kaasa et al., 2012; Landet et al., 2013; Hauge et al., 2013; Hasan et al., 2016).
Recent control approaches include backstepping method, where a Volterra integral transformation is used to transform the original system into a stable target system. It turns out that the control law is calculated after solving a Goursat-type PDEs. This type of PDEs can be solved explicitly in terms of Marcum Q-function (Vazquez and Krstic, 2014). Further investigation involved parameter estimations and disturbance rejections have been presented by Hasan (2014a, 2015, b) and Aamo (2013). The backstepping method has been successfully used for control design of many PDEs such as the Schrodinger equation (Krstic et al., 2011), the Ginzburg-Landau equation (Aamo et al., 2005), the Navier-Stokes equation (Vazquez and Krstic, 2007), the surface wave equation (Hasan et al., 2011), and the KdV equation (Marx and Cerpa, 2014). Different with other approaches that require the solution of operator Riccati equations, backstepping yields control gain formulas which can be computed using symbolic computation and, in some cases, can even be given explicitly (Krstic and Smyshlyaev, 2008).
Another control method for the linear hyperbolic systems of conservative laws has been studied recently by Pham et al. (2013) using receding horizon optimal control approach. Optimal control is a mature concept with numerous applications in science and engineering, e.g., Hasan et al. (2013). Numerical methods for solving optimal control problems can be divided into two classes of methods. The first method is called the indirect methods, where the calculus of variations is used to determine the first-order optimality conditions of the original optimal control problem (Teo et al., 1991). The second method is called the direct methods. Here, the state and control variables for the optimal control problem are discretized and the problem is transcribed into nonlinear optimization problems or nonlinear programming problems which can be solved using well-known optimization techniques (Hasan and Foss, 2015).
In this paper, we are concerned with the problem of linear quadratic optimal control of linear hyperbolic PDEs using an indirect method. This problem has been previously considered for linear parabolic diffusion-reaction PDEs by Moura and Fathy (2013). Optimal control of these type of PDEs is challenging since in many cases actuation and sensing are often limited to the boundary and the dynamics are notably more complex than ordinary differential equation (ODE) systems. Classical approach usually relies on operator Riccati equation and semi-group theory, which limit the practicality of the method. Thus, by introduce weak variations concept directly to the PDEs, it has been shown by Moura and Fathy (2011) that we can bypass semigroup theory and the associated issues with solving operator Riccati equations.
This paper is organized as follow. In section 2, we introduced some definitions and notations used throughout this paper. We stated the problem in section 3. The main result is presented in section 4. Numerical examples are presented in section 5. In this section, we compare the linear quadratic controller with the backstepping controller. Both methods bypass the requirement of solving the operator Riccati equations. The last section contains conclusions.
To simplify the presentation of this paper, we introduce the following notations (Moura and Fathy, 2011). For a linear operator applied to a real-valued function , we define
where . The inner product of two functions is defined as
The subscripts and denote partial derivatives with respect to and , respectively.
We consider the following boundary control problem of the 22 linear hyperbolic PDEs
where , , with . We assume and . The initial condition and are assumed to belong to .
The objective is to design the state-feedback controller that minimize the following quadratic function over a finite-time horizon
Here , , , , and are weighting kernels that respectively weight the states and , the control , and the terminal states of the system. It is important that is strictly positive to ensure bounded control signals.
In the first part of this section, we derive necessary conditions for optimality of the open-loop linear quadratic control problem using weak variations method. Furthermore, we derive the differential algebraic Riccati equations associated with the state-feedback control law.
The necessary conditions for optimality are utilized using weak variations method presented in Bernstein and Tsiotras (2009). This method has been used for reaction-diffusion PDEs by Moura and Fathy (2011).
Consider the linear hyperbolic PDEs describes by (1)-(6) defined on the finite-time horizon with quadratic cost function (7). Let , , , , and respectively denote the optimal states, control, and co-states that minimize the quadratic cost. Then the first-order necessary conditions for optimality are given by
with boundary conditions
and initial/final conditions
where the optimal control input is given by
Suppose , , and are the optimal states and control input. We introduce the perturbation from the optimal solution as follow
Substituting these equations into the objective function (7), yields
Next, we define a Lagrange functional
where and denote the Lagrange multipliers (co-states). Computing the first derivative of the Lagrange functional with respect to , yield
The inner product from the last two terms at the right hand side can be simplified as follow
Furthermore, we compute
Substituting these equations into (21), yields
If we evaluate the above equation at , we have
The necessary conditions for optimality is when
Thus, we have the following first-order optimality conditions
This concludes the proof.
Utilizing the results by Moura and Fathy (2013), for the state-feedback problem, first we postulate the co-states and are related with the states and , respectively, according to the following transformation
The superscript on suggest the linear operator is time dependent. For the linear hyperbolic PDEs, we have the following result.
The optimal control in state-feedback form is given by
where the time varying transformation is the solution to the following differential algebraic Riccati equations
with boundary conditions
and final conditions
the second terms are given by
the third terms are given by
and the last terms are given by
Note that for the infinite-time horizon, the LQR controller is given by the following steady-state solution of the differential algebraic Riccati equations
Unfortunately, we cannot prove the existence of the solution satisfy (25)-(35). For the example in the following section, we use parameters and weighting kernels such that the solution exists. Thus, the well-posedness problem of the differential algebraic Riccati equations remains open.
In this section, we perform two cases. In the first case, we show the LQR controller solve the optimal control problem in finite time. In the second case, the LQR controller is compared with the backstepping controller. In both cases, we use the following parameters
In the first case, we choose the following weighting kernels
The algebraic Riccati equation is given by
The above equation is solved numerically. The solution is used to calculate the optimal state-feedback controller (24) and the result can be seen in the following figure.
It can be observed from figure 1 that the LQR controller (24) regulates the linear hyperbolic system into its equilibrium.
where the backstepping kernels and are obtained from
on a triangular domain with the following boundary conditions
The solutions of the backstepping kernels are given by
where and denote modified Bessel function defined as
We calculate the control signal and the tracking error function . In figure 2, we can observe that the LQR controller performs better compared to the backstepping controller. However, while the gains in the backstepping controller can be computed analytically, the existence of the solution for the algebraic Riccati equation remains an open question.
In this paper, we derived LQR results for boundary controlled linear hyperbolic PDEs. The necessary conditions for optimality for the open-loop system are obtained via weak variations, while the explicit state-feedback is derived from the co-state systems. In the given examples, the state-feedback laws are calculated after solving the differential algebraic Riccati equations for special cases. For general cases, the existence of solution remains an open question. This will be considered in the future work.
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Every Detective Film Is a Comedy: On “The Big Lebowski” at 25
By Jason NameyOctober 19, 2023
Detective films are supposed to begin like Howard Hawks’s The Big Sleep (1946): a millionaire summons the hardboiled PI to his mansion. But 31 years after the heyday of film noir, Robert Altman refused to take the genre so seriously. He turned this classic setup into a burlesque joke. The Long Goodbye (1973) opens with a cat summoning Marlowe (Elliott Gould) for a can of wet food.
This scene runs for 10 languorous minutes—a serious commitment for a detective film, a genre whose dense plots make every second count. But this scene is more than just a gag—although it is a gag. The Long Goodbye’s opening shows a miniature reenactment of the central tension in detective films: the desire to find the absolute truth amid a world that keeps feeding you cheap alternatives.
The cat takes on the role of the detective here, hungry for food the way Marlowe hungers for justice. It meows, jumping on Marlowe’s chest until he wakes up. This early in the morning, Marlowe doesn’t feel like driving to the store. So he tries a simple lie, stirring together cottage cheese and raw egg. Tells the cat, “That’ll be delicious.” But the cat sees right through this. It barely sniffs the sick concoction before overturning the aluminum bowl onto the kitchen floor.
So, at 3:00 a.m., Marlowe must go out in search of Courry Brand cat food. He must descend into the dark world, driving over to an all-night supermarket. Of course, they’re out. “Why don’t you get this?” the pragmatic clerk suggests, gesturing to another of the many cans. “All this shit is the same anyway.” But the cat doesn’t want any of this other shit, Marlowe knows. It will settle for nothing less than the truth.
Maybe truth is just an illusion? Maybe truth is just a habit? Marlowe tries another ruse: he buys a different brand, switches this wet food into an old Courry can from his recycling bin, then pretends to open up and dump a can of “fresh” Courry into his cat’s bowl. But the cat is not fooled. Now the animal escapes through an open window, running out into the night. It will have to go find the truth for itself. It will have to confront the possibility that this truth may not even exist. But the honorable detective would starve before settling for anything less.
This opening allegory provides insight into the noir detective plot while also parodying it. Altman makes the genre into a joke: the detective becomes a cat sniffing around for the right brand of wet food. But maybe the genre is a joke. Maybe every solution is just a punch line.
If Altman proposed this hypothesis, then the Coen brothers proved it in their 1998 masterpiece The Big Lebowski. The Coens revitalized the detective film by identifying—and then highlighting—the deep comic impulse hiding inside every mystery story.
Jokes and detective films both work by subverting expectations. When a comedian begins her setup, or when a film introduces a mystery, the audience in each case makes assumptions about where the story will go. They do this even as they know—simply from the fact that they are sitting in a movie theater or comedy club—that some of these assumptions will be overturned.
We form these expectations subconsciously. Our brains make sense of the world by identifying patterns. This works most of the time. Many of our daily interactions do follow a rough script.
For example, when you go to a restaurant, you know what questions the waiter will ask (“What would you like to drink?”; “Are you ready for the check?”). Any violation of this script feels jarring. But sometimes these violations just show that we have the wrong script in mind. If a waiter approaches your table but then begins talking about old high school classmates, this feels very strange and unsettling—until you recognize the waiter as a friend from way back whom you haven’t seen in a while.
According to Victor Raskin, a linguist at Purdue University, many jokes follow a similar pattern. They make the listener think she is following one type of script, then “flip” to a different one. Here is Raskin’s favorite example, from his 1984 book Semantic Mechanisms of Humor: “‘Is the doctor at home?’ the patient asked in his bronchial whisper. ‘No,’ the doctor’s young and pretty wife whispered in reply. ‘Come right in.’” We assume that the patient is there seeking medical treatment, but when the doctor’s wife says, “Come right in,” we experience an unexpected jolt: the two of them are lovers. The patient’s first question fits both scripts, but then the doctor’s wife violates the “medical treatment” script and reveals the real one.
This script-flipping applies to detective films at the narrative level. The plot leads the viewer toward the false solution, the off-brand cat food, before “flipping” the script at the end. As with a joke, this new solution must both follow logically from the setup and feel surprising. Viewers will expect a twist, but they can’t expect this twist.
In detective films, as in jokes, nothing is ever as it seems. Comedy and mystery, then, share the same DNA. The Coen brothers’ The Big Lebowski—which turns 25 this year—shows this better than any film before it.
The Big Lebowski opens on The Dude (Jeff Bridges) stumbling through the dairy aisle at Ralph’s. The scene feels reminiscent of Marlowe browsing the supermarket shelves for cat food, except Gould’s Marlowe is a misplaced New Yorker, chain-smoking in his suit, and The Dude is all California. He wears a bathrobe and sandals, sunglasses indoors. We watch him sniff cartons of half-and-half and then purchase one—which he has clearly already sampled; drops of milk dot his beard—with a $0.69 check.
When The Dude arrives home, two thugs ambush him. One of them shoves The Dude into the bathroom—the carton of half-and-half explodes onto the wall—and dunks his head repeatedly into the toilet bowl. “Where’s the money, Lebowski?” he demands. “We want that money, Lebowski. Bunny says you’re good for it.” Meanwhile, the second thug unzips his pants and urinates on The Dude’s rug. But the two intruders soon realize they’ve got the wrong guy (“Isn’t [Lebowski] supposed to be a millionaire?”) and leave. The Dude, and his rug, have suffered from a case of mistaken identity.
Bob Dylan’s “The Man in Me” then starts playing over a montage of shots from a bowling alley, where the camera finds The Dude sharing a lane with his friends Walter Sobchak (John Goodman) and Donny (Steve Buscemi), telling them about the strange events that just befell him. As The Dude explains, those thugs really meant to intimidate a different guy, a guy who shares The Dude’s (real) name—Jeffrey Lebowski. This other Lebowski, the rich “Big” Lebowski (David Huddleston), has a wife named Bunny (Tara Reid) who owes money to the thugs’ boss. Now The Dude is out one rug because of someone else’s mistake.
Well, as the presence of Sam Elliott’s narration serves to remind us, Los Angeles was once centered in the Wild West, a chaotic and lawless land where honor-bound loners, vigilante defenders of Truth and Honor, established order against corruption. And this worldview, the idea that we should all actually stand for something, finds embodiment in John Goodman’s Walter, a pious and obscene Vietnam veteran.
Walter pushes the plot into action (as he will continue to do over and over again throughout the film). The Dude would have passively moved on from the apartment-trashing with another night of bowling and Miller High Life, but Walter convinces him to seek justice. “I’m talking about drawing a line in the sand, Dude,” he says, pumping his fist with vigor. “Across this line, you do not.”
Walter’s belief in absolute, uncrossable lines explains why he feels most comfortable within the highly delineated environment of a bowling alley—and why he draws a gun when another bowler named Smokey (allegedly) traverses one such line during a league match. The joke here, of course, is that Walter believes so strongly in his version of the laws of decency and morality that he will break these rules to defend them. He is simultaneously enforcer and transgressor.
Egged on by Walter, The Dude confronts the Big Lebowski, who turns down his request for a replacement rug. So The Dude steals one anyway. That appears to be that—enough cosmic justice to satisfy The Dude.
Lebowski, though, soon learns that Bunny has been kidnapped, perhaps in retaliation for her debts, and recruits The Dude to pay off the ransom with a cash drop. Supposedly, The Dude is the perfect person for this job because he can identify whether the kidnappers are the same people who peed on his rug. (“He thinks the carpet pissers did this?” The Dude asks skeptically between hits off a joint.)
As The Dude explains this scenario to Walter—the two of them once again sitting in the bowling alley, killing time until The Dude gets his signal to go make the handoff—Walter nods along placidly … until The Dude suggests that Bunny probably just kidnapped herself. At this point, Walter’s mood flips into pure rage. “Those rich fucks,” he mutters. “This whole fucking thing. I did not watch my buddies die face-down in the muck so that this fucking strumpet …”
In Walter’s mind, Bunny—like Smokey—is just another person with her foot over the line. You do that, you make a mockery out of truth. And Walter won’t stand for that. Once a rule has been broken, Walter feels that anything can be done in retaliation. This is why he decides—despite The Dude’s protestations—to switch out Lebowski’s briefcase of cash with a ringer full of Walter’s own dirty underwear. If Bunny kidnapped herself—a random theory The Dude threw out that Walter now takes for absolute fact, despite a lack of concrete evidence—then she doesn’t deserve a dime.
A lot of the humor in The Big Lebowski comes from taking a tough detective figure like Philip Marlowe and dividing his personality traits between The Dude and Walter. Spread across two characters, these traits sprawl and atrophy, like wildlife dropped into the wrong ecosystems.
Walter—a war veteran, as so many fictional private investigators are—possesses the moral principles, the muscle, and the unshakable confidence in the face of danger. (Walter, in fact, only ever acts calm when he is being threatened.) But he’s also emotionally unstable, his behavior driven more by furious indignation than rationality: he references his experiences in Vietnam to justify all of his moral outrage, even—or especially—when the connection is tenuous.
If Walter possesses certain detective traits in excess, then The Dude—who is supposed to be the brains, the logic, the reasoning process—possesses his in shortage. As he wanders through a marijuana-and-vodka haze—“I’m adhering to a pretty strict drug regimen to keep my mind […] limber”—he occasionally flickers into brilliance. But it is only ever a flicker. While at a Malibu mansion belonging to Jackie Treehorn (Ben Gazzara), a rich pornographer owed money by the still-missing Bunny, The Dude watches his host surreptitiously jot down and pocket a note while taking a private phone call. Is this a clue? Something to do with Bunny’s disappearance?
After Treehorn slips away, The Dude uses a pencil to shadow the next sheet on the pad—a clever trick meant to capture the indentations of whatever Treehorn wrote down. But The Dude discovers that Treehorn’s “secret” message is actually just a hastily sketched stick figure with a raging erection—a hilarious visual gag that both shows, and undermines, The Dude’s detective skills.
Every attempt to get closer to “the truth” leads The Dude nowhere. For most of the film, he seems hopelessly outmatched. Of course, we will later learn that his efforts only fall flat because his investigation is founded on a lie. The Dude may be incompetent, but the criminals are even more so.
The Dude’s hallucinatory vision at Jackie Treehorn’s mansion provides the real payoff for this scene. In yet another comic sendup of a classic noir trope, the detective gets drugged—in this case, via his White Russian cocktail. (“You mix a hell of a Caucasian,” The Dude slurs, collapsing onto the couch.) Right before slipping into a “darkness […] darker than a black steer’s tokus on a moonless prairie night,” The Dude (speaking in third-person) repeats one of the film’s most iconic lines: “All The Dude ever wanted was his rug back. […] It really tied the room together.”
You get the sense that the Coens feel the same way about this sequence: a cinematic flourish that really ties the film together. The stoner vibe, equal parts relaxed and paranoid, transitions here into an LSD-flashback aesthetic. Roger Deakins’s cinematography is as brilliant as ever: we see Saddam Hussein standing beneath a wall of bowling shoes that stretches to the moon; we see elaborate dance choreography—which critics often compare to the work of Busby Berkeley—and a bowling alley in outer space.
Dare we psychoanalyze these images? I think not. Sometimes a rug is just a rug. In a different movie, The Dude might realize something about himself, but The Big Lebowski is no hero’s journey. The Dude will never learn anything. He will never change. Because then this story would mean something. And that would ruin the whole joke.
In another example of The Dude’s detective work, we see again how his most acute moments of inspiration always end in a punch line. After the botched handoff with the kidnappers, when Walter tosses out the ringer rather than the real briefcase, The Dude’s car is stolen with the Big Lebowski’s money still in the trunk. When the car resurfaces a few scenes later, in bad shape after the thief took it for a joyride, the briefcase of money has predictably disappeared. The police don’t know—and don’t care—who took the car, so The Dude is left to figure this out for himself.
He stumbles onto a lead while trying to extinguish a lit joint that had rebounded onto his lap after he tried to flick it out his closed car window. He finds a sheet of homework stuffed under the seat cushions. It bears the name “Larry Sellers.” The Dude and Walter track down Larry’s address, then interrogate the kid at his parent’s house. Larry, who looks about 15 years old, refuses to talk. He stares back in expressionless deadpan, ignoring every question, unwilling to even verify whether this sheet of homework—now laminated inside a Ziploc bag; nice touch, Dude—is his own. Larry’s silence soon sets off Walter’s short fuse.
Walter, deciding to play hardball, attempts to make Larry talk by destroying something precious to him: the fancy red Corvette parked outside, presumably purchased with their stolen money. “This is what happens when you fuck a stranger in the ass!” Walter shouts, swinging a golf club against the car.
His anger once again proves misplaced and out of proportion, and it undermines The Dude’s nice detective work. The Corvette actually belongs to a neighbor, who runs out in his bathrobe to wrench the club from Walter’s hands. Walter and The Dude must flee the scene before learning anything worthwhile.
“No,” The Dude later tells Walter. “It did not look like Larry was about to crack.”
If detective films follow a joke structure, then The Big Lebowski is the most extreme example of this—practically every scene in this mystery sets up, then delivers, a punch line. Seemingly, none of The Dude’s or Walter’s actions ever has its intended effect. This pattern holds true even at the most micro level. After the “kidnappers” track down The Dude, threatening to “cut off [his] Johnson” if he doesn’t hand over the still-missing money, The Dude tries to construct an ad hoc home security system. He hammers a wooden board into his floor, a backstop for wedging shut his front door with a chair. But The Dude forgets that the door opens out rather than in, and when Treehorn’s thugs—thankfully, not the Johnson-cutters—burst in on him, the chair clatters impotently to the floor. Later, The Dude will trip over the board he nailed down.
In the last quarter of the film, we realize that none of The Dude’s or Walter’s efforts could have ever mattered—even if competently deployed—because there was no kidnapping in the first place, nor is there any real money in the missing briefcase. The “solution” arrives all on its own, independently of The Dude and Walter’s investigation, when Bunny drives home from Palm Springs, safe and unharmed. Turns out she had just made an unexpected trip out of town, and a few losers spun her absence to their advantage. Bunny’s nihilist friends from her pornography days tried to extract ransom money from the Big Lebowski, who then used this opportunity to extract (and pocket) some money—otherwise inaccessible to him—from a foundation set up by his deceased wife. The Dude is a patsy. There was never any mystery.
The plot of The Big Lebowski clearly follows the joke structure laid out above. After the big reveal, viewers can rewatch earlier scenes to see how the new script fits: how Lebowski’s hidden motivations underwrote his ostensible ones. But even beyond this, the plot of this film actually is a joke. The ending doesn’t just structurally resemble a punch line—it is a punch line.
The joke is on the mystery genre and all its built-in assumptions: that criminals are clever and interesting; that if the detective just keeps digging, she will discover buried truths about human nature. Lebowski’s anticlimactic ending parodies the genre as severely as Altman’s cat allegory. The Dude and the feline both sniff around for some deeper truth that does not actually exist. Call it Courry Brand cat food, or call it a kidnapped woman, or call it a briefcase filled with cash. The mystery is not more complex than it initially appears, but less. Same with human nature. Criminals are not interesting. They are just bumbling idiots reaching for the nearest briefcase full of money and receiving, instead, Walter’s dirty briefs.
So, more than one script gets flipped when we see Bunny driving home on the interstate: this reveal not only resolves the film’s central question but also inverts viewers’ assumptions about genre. Up until this point, we think we are watching a mystery-comedy—a mystery with comedic elements woven in. What the ending reveals, though, is that we are actually watching the inverse: a comedy-mystery, a work of comic brilliance that uses the mystery formula as an elaborate setup for a punch line made at the expense of this very formula.
Genres transform when implicit energies are rendered explicit. The erotic thrillers of the 1990s, for example, move the subtle sexual tension of classic noir into the center of the screen. Comedic noirs like The Big Lebowski turn the punch line structure of a mystery’s climax into a literal punch line, one where the truth is far simpler, and sillier, than viewers could ever have imagined. In many ways, this simple/silly worldview turns out to be far more troubling than the complex—but tidy—world of classic noir.
The Big Lebowski has a lot of fun at nihilists’ expense, but the story ultimately is a nihilistic one. There is no meaning or profound explanation behind any mystery, just randomness and opportunism. Viewers feel foolish for craving deep and complex solutions. We are like Walter, clinging onto absurd principles that lack all justification—moral or logical—and only serve to make us look naive.
Life is a cosmic joke, played on us all.
There is one major difference between detective plots and joke structure. The setup of a joke is boring; it only exists to service the punch line. But in a detective film, the setup is often more interesting and enjoyable than the solution. In many serious-minded detective noirs, the ending actually feels like a bad joke, a hasty wrap-up after so much promising intrigue. The rare exceptions—like Chinatown (1974)—become instant canon.
Ultimately, this is the brilliance of combining comedy with mystery, a synthesis never done better than in The Big Lebowski. Because, when the solution to the mystery is a punch line, then the film gets to have it both ways: the suspense of a well-set-up mystery, and the satisfying and punchy conclusion of a well-told joke. This combination is almost impossible to pull off—all too often, the comedy undermines the mystery, or vice versa. But the Coen brothers nail this high-wire act, which explains why we’re still talking about, and laughing at, The Big Lebowski 25 years later.
Jason Namey has a PhD in creative writing from the University of Cincinnati. His short fiction has appeared in Post Road, Puerto del Sol, Juked, Hobart, and Moon City Review.
LARB Staff Recommendations
Jerrine Tan visits a LOVOT robotics lab and is unexpectedly enchanted.
Emily Tamkin documents her Jiří Menzel binge and explains how and why his films hold up so well today.
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LARB publishes daily without a paywall as part of our mission to make rigorous, incisive, and engaging writing on every aspect of literature, culture, and the arts freely accessible to the public. Help us continue this work with your tax-deductible donation today!

domain: entertainment


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Market-Rate Santa Ana MF Secures $128M Construction Loan
Gantry secured $128 million of construction-to-permanent financing in three tranches, from three separate lenders, for the development of the Legado at the Met multifamily project. The 268-unit, market-rate, Class A development will rise at 200 E. First American Way in Santa Ana near the 55/405 freeway interchange, across from First American Title’s headquarters.
Principals George Mitsanas and Amit Tyagi with Gantry’s El Segundo production office secured the financing on behalf of the borrower, Legado Companies. Gantry’s production team underwrote the complex financing in three tranches with three of the firm’s correspondent life company lenders to maximize LTC proceeds. Gantry will service all three loans during construction and after conversion to permanent loans.
Mitsanas said, “Projects like Legado at the Met are complicated and require a creative approach to finding the right mix of capital sources to fund them accurately to fruition. So we could maximize construction and permanent capital proceeds meeting a realistic budget for this Class A build, our team worked with three of our longstanding insurance company correspondents to underwrite concurrent loans totaling $128 million. These loans were optimized to our client’s capital requirements in what has remained a volatile commercial finance market.”
Paul Bubny serves as Senior Content Director for Connect Commercial Real Estate, a role to which he brings 16-plus years’ experience covering the commercial real estate industry and 30-plus years in business-to-business journalism. In this capacity, he oversees daily operations while also reporting on both local/regional markets and national trends, covering individual transactions across all property types, as well as delving into broader subject matter. He produces 7-10 daily news stories per day and works with the Connect team and clients to develop longer-form content, ranging from Q&As to thought-leadership pieces.
Prior to joining Connect, Paul was Managing Editor for both Real Estate Forum and GlobeSt.com at American Lawyer Media, where he oversaw operations at both publications while also producing daily news and feature-length articles. His tenure in B2B publishing stretches back into the print era, and he has served as Editor in Chief on four national trade publications.
Since 1999, Paul has volunteered as the newsletter editor of passenger rail advocacy groups (one national, one local).

domain: economics


Xeriscapes and Rockscapes
Ideal for the arid desert climate, Xeriscaping is a beautiful way to conserve water while creating a lush desert oasis.
Xeriscaping can include:
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Nothing is more peaceful than the look and sound of a beautiful fountain. By incorporating a fountain or pond in your landscape you make your space more welcoming for birds and other wildlife.
Water features can include:
- Koi and turtle ponds
- Traditional fountains and birdbaths
- Custom waterfalls and streams
Softscapes and Irrigation
Whether it's for your children or your pets, lush grass makes any yard a comfortable outdoor space for playing and relaxing.
Softscapes can include:
- Sod and synthetic lawn installation
- Irrigation installation and service
- Flower beds and planter box design and installation
- Tree and shrub installation and removal
Patios and Pergolas
Enjoy the outdoors in the shade of your patio, pergola, or gazebo. We can work with you to design the perfect outdoor retreat for your yard.
- Traditional gazebos
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BBQ in the comfort of your very own outdoor kitchen. The options are limitless when it comes to designing the perfect outdoor kitchen for your space.
Whether you're planning a big party, or just need help getting your yard back in shape let us do the hard work for you! Property clean-ups can include:
We will work with you to create custom walkways, rock walls, install low voltage outdoor lighting and much more!


Esaote MyLab Five
AMERICA North (USA-Canada-Mexico)
The used Esaote MyLab Five is Esaote’s low-cost, compact portable ultrasound machine. Upgradeable to shared-service applications, the MyLab 5 is compatible with more than 25 transducers and is capable of performing a broad range of applications.
The MyLabFive includes some of Esaote’s premium imaging technologies, such as XView and Tissue Enhancement imaging.
It has a 15″ LCD monitor and some of the highest frequency probes available on the ultrasound market.


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On behalf of Hastings Law Firm posted in Lawyer for Surgical Error in Texas on Monday, May 16, 2016.
Texas residents may be interested in learning that the ongoing lawsuit related to the death of comedian and actress Joan Rivers has finally been settled. The medical malpractice lawsuit was filed in 2015 by the daughter of the actress. She accused the medical team in attendance during her mother’s 2014 surgery of negligence.
Court documents stated that the patient suffered cardiac arrest while she was undergoing a surgical procedure called laryngoscopy. The daughter claimed that the procedure was unauthorized. It was further alleged that medical staff failed to monitor the patient’s vital signs, and, instead, took the time to snap a selfie with the celebrity patient.
Investigators apparently determined that her deteriorating vital signs should have alerted staff to the fact that her brain was starved of oxygen. This led to brain damage that ultimately caused her death. The details of the settlement were not reported, and the hospital pledged to the ongoing provision of quality health care.
Any Texas resident who has to live with the consequences of medical malpractice — whether personal suffering or the loss of a loved one due to medical negligence — is entitled to hold the responsible parties accountable. The Houston based medical malpractice lawyers at Hastings Law Firm have over a decade of experience handling personal injury cases within the medical industry. Lawsuits pertaining to medical errors or substandard care are usually complicated and difficult to navigate, and, for this reason, the services of experienced medical malpractice attorneys are typically retained by victims or surviving family members. A lawyer can launch an independent investigation to determine the true facts of the case, and then advocate for the client in settlement negotiations or litigation if the case goes to court.
Source: parentherald.com, “Medical Malpractice Lawsuit In The Death Of Joan Rivers Now Settles”, Nens Mitchell, May 14, 2016

domain: news


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A driverless subway train is rolled off the production line in east China's Shandong province on February 26, 2016. Image: ifeng
A driverless subway train rolled off the production line in east China's Shandong Province on Feb. 26. The train will be used in Beijing subway system this year, after trial operations.
Developed by state-owned high-speed train maker CRRC Qingdao Sifang Co. Ltd, the new train is completely automatic. It can be started, operated and parked with a signal from the subway control center, according to Xinhua Finance Agency.
Jiang Xin, a head technician from the company. claims that the train will "run more safely and effectively compared to trains controlled by humans."
According to Jiang, the trains can not only reduce operational failures caused by human error, but also help avoid accidents caused by driver fatigue or sudden illness of staff.
Interior of the train: ifeng
Advanced detection technology will enable the train to identify and react to obstructions ahead. The company also claims that in the rare case of derailment, the train will automatically stop.
Qingdao’s latest subway invention is nothing revolutionary. As early as August 2011, Hong Kong announced its first contract to supply driverless trains to the MTR’s West and South Island lines. The three-car, automatic trains – which cost about 20 percent more to produce than the existing trains – are expected to be operational by the end of 2016.
"Core technology for making the train is home-grown, which is a huge breakthrough in the domestic subway industry," Jiang said.
The autonomous driving train has four cars, with a maximum speed of 100 km per hour. It can be switched into manual mode when necessary.


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Has Your Commercial Business Been Negatively Affected by COVID-19? Consider a Property Tax Appeal
The negative effect of COVID-19 on rent, vacancy, and collection is tremendously relevant right now and will affect commercial and retail establishments’ ability to pay their property taxes in 2021. Various categories of real estate have been especially hard hit by the pandemic in terms of loss including shopping malls, office buildings and, to a large extent, hotels and motels which have been essentially shut down. Shopping centers that have recreational businesses such as movie theatres, gyms, and restaurants have been particularly devastated. There are going to be higher collection and vacancy losses for these properties. If you own a property negatively affected by COVID-19, Brach Eichler can help you obtain a reduction in your property taxes for 2021.
Brach Eichler is recognized in the industry for thoroughly vetting a case before filing it so that when a municipality sees a case from us they know it has merit—we do not file a case unless we confidently think it is going to result in a reduction of taxes. Many of our cases result in a reduction either through trial or settlement. Our attorneys handle tax appeals in most jurisdictions in New Jersey as well as Pennsylvania.
If we can assist in lightening your property tax liability in light of the economic hardships of the COVID-19 pandemic, please contact Real Estate Tax Appeals Chair Daniel Pollak at 973-403-3119 or firstname.lastname@example.org. Our team has significant experience prosecuting appeals on behalf of commercial, industrial, and special-use property owners.
Click here to learn more about our Real Estate Tax Appeals Practice.

domain: finance


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M E L I S S A
Trapeze, Silk, Lyra, Invented Apparatus, Harness Flying, Stunt Flying, Duo Acts, Solo Acts, Dance, Bullwhips, Fire, Stilts, Character Walkaround, Costume Design
Originally a Lingerie, Apparel and costume designer, Melissa let her love of music carry her into dance and ultimately found aerial dance. She now finds herself performing on stages, in theaters, galleries and nightclubs much like the performers she once costumed. Melissa enjoys the spotlight and a breathless audience, hearing the surprise and screams coming from a crowd or watching the lights dance on her skin while she defies gravity. Most of all she aims to be an expression of beauty, music, or theme touching the audience in a striking, memorable and inspiring way. While Melissa believes that she is an aerial dancer above all choices of apparatus, she hopes to repopularize trapeze as a highly dynamic apparatus through her work and videos. As a trainer, Melissa has developed her own modalities for teaching and believes this to be one mark of a safe teacher who invests time, thought, and experience into their students. She loves to coach and choreograph and create characters with her students as she sees them grow into their abilities. She views her training as having holistic approach and while she values expression, she demands intentionality with form, effort, and gesture. Melissa is founder of Dances In Air, which has released the first trapeze teaching dvd, and she teaches at festivals around North and Central America, and hosts her own aerial retreats year round in multiple countries.


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Oklahoma Gov. Mary Fallin praises company's creation of jobs
Workers at UE Manufacturing were treated to lunch and a visit from the governor Tuesday to mark the opening of the company's newest facility.
UE Manufacturing, a division of United Holdings, expanded its manufacturing operations at 10000 NW 2 in Oklahoma City.
Praising the creation of 150 jobs and a $3 million investment in the building, Gov. Mary Fallin promised to continue to support the oil and gas industry so that companies like United and its parent company, Kirby Corp., will continue to grow in
Priority for governor
“My No. 1 priority is to create the best business environment possible to help bring more jobs and investment to Oklahoma,” she said.
Micah Unruh, marketing coordinator for United Holdings, said the facility is now fully operational with 80-85 workers. More employees will be added as the company expands.
The manufacturing and assembly jobs pay an average of $37,000 a year.
United invested $3 million in equipment and building improvements to the facility, which opened in January, Unruh said. UE Manufacturing was recently approved for the state Quality Jobs Program, through which it pledged to add more than 150 new jobs over several years.
- Related to this story
- Video: UE Manufacturing will supply jobs in OKC (2011-06-14)


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Situated just three minutes on foot to the nearest Tanjong Pagar MRT station and bus stops, the residence is situated right at the part of CBD where there are good shopping malls, supermarkets, and diverse eateries. Skysuites@Anson is the tallest residence in Singapore and one can enjoyed the 360 degree panoramic view of Singapore at the public roof terraces. The facilities like lap pool, gym, jacuzzi etc are of top quality.
Ikke tilgængelig: CO-alarm
Ting, du skal huske
- Rygning forbudt
- Ingen fester eller begivenheder
- Husdyr er tilladt

domain: travel


PARIS, March 2—Christian Fouchet, Minister of National Education, warned French university students today that the improvements they sought could not be gained through disorder.Mr. Fouchet spoke on the French radio and television after a series of demonstrations that led to serious clashes with the police in Paris and other cities. The most recent one occurred 10 days ago when President Antonio Segni of Italy visited the University of Paris during a state visit to France.
Mr. Fouchet accused a “small minority” of seeking to rule over university affairs and told the students they had means of making themselves heard other than by violence. He said a special commission on reform would report in a few days.Continue reading the main story


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Today it’s all about providing the best customer experience with trusted solutions.
Processing over 1,000,000,000 real estate fee transactions since 1989, the industry relies on Ernst as their trusted partner using our Award Winning Guaranteed Loan Estimate and Closing Disclosure Data Solutions….Every Day.Your Fees - Your Providers - Your Custom Solution
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Everyone is worried about the implications of non-compliance with new CFPB requirements. As the industry leading provider of Loan Estimate and Closing Disclosure fees, Ernst exhaustively researched and implemented these changes. Ernst continues to guarantee results, whether our fees are integrated into client workflow via XML or our unique locally hosted DLL, or accessed from the web.More Info
One of the biggest challenges Lenders face with CFPB compliance is providing accurate title and settlement service rates with the Loan Estimate but not wanting to lose the relationships they have with their Title Providers. Ernst Title and Settlement Agent Gateway Solutions enable clients to maintain their existing title relationships in as many places as they want anywhere in the nation with direct access to their agent's fees. Ernst custom solutions enables Lenders to build “plug and play” title networks based on their preferences.More Info
Peace of mind for the mortgage industry is ensuring that the Loan Estimate matches the Closing Disclosure. Ernst Patented Monitoring technology revolutionizes the industry by ensuring that fees quoted upfront have the best chance to match the fees at the closing table.More Info
Understanding the impact of CFPB challenges for delivering accurate third party vendor fees is our business. Ernst Custom Fee Engines are designed to manage all third party vendor fees that are required on the Loan Estimate and Closing Disclosure through a proprietary software solution. Our goal is to provide a single enterprise-wide solution for all fees that are fast, accurate, easy to use and CFPB compliant.More Info
The Real Estate business moves fast and mobile access to your information is the newest challenge. Custom Mobile Applications from Ernst give you the power to get the deal done, with your data, your branding and the confidence that comes from the Ernst team backing you up. We can easily create a Custom Mobile Application to mirror your company's personalized quoting program, net sheet or pre-data application that includes your own proprietary data.More Info


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A beautiful nature poster of a forest landscape with mountains in the background. The autumnal discolouration of the trees forms a beautiful contrast to the mountain landscape. This landscape poster goes perfectly with other photographic posters.
The poster has a printed white margin that frames the design.
The poster is printed with top quality inks on a FSC certified 200g/m2 premium design paper with matte finish and smooth surface. The result is a stunning print with unrivaled quality and image reproduction that will stand the test of time.
Frame not included.

domain: hobby


Arsenal retain interest in signing Raheem Sterling
By Merseyside correspondent Cam Downes
Raheem Sterling is on the radar of Arsenal despite the controversies that have surrounded him in recent months, Football Insider sources understand.
The Gunners are among the leading clubs interested in signing English football’s hottest property, who is stalling on a new Liverpool contract.
It has been suggested that Arsenal’s interest has cooled following Sterling’s now infamous BBC interview without Liverpool’s permission and the fact he has been caught smoking shisha and inhaling nitrous oxide.
However, Football Insider has learned the FA Cup holders are not having second thoughts over their interest in the 20-year-old.
This could be a significant factor in Sterling’s future given, as revealed by Football Insider, he has told friends he wants to return to the capital.
The Jamaica-born winger was raised in Wembley and came through the youth system at QPR before joining Liverpool as a 15-year-old.
Despite Liverpool manager Brendan Rodgers insisting that Sterling is going nowhere this summer, Arsenal and Chelsea have been told that Sterling might be available and are closely monitoring what could develop into the biggest transfer saga of the forthcoming window.
Both clubs have a genuine interest in a player whose situation is also being monitored by Bayern Munich, Manchester City and Spanish giants Barcelona and Real Madrid.
Sterling stunned Liverpool by giving an interview last month in which he claimed he is not motivated by money in stalling over a £100,000-a-week contract and admitting he is “quite flattered” at being linked with Arsenal.
Gunners boss Arsene Wenger is not expected to sign an orthodox striker this summer but he is in the market for a ‘special’ young forward who can play in any of the three attacking roles behind a front man.
The likes of Sterling and Borussia Dortmund’s Marco Reus are on Arsenal’s radar, although they are set to miss out on Palermo’s Paulo Dybala, who is on the verge of signing for Juventus.
Rodgers says Sterling will not be granted a summer exit from Anfield.
The manager said: “He’s got two-and-a-half years to go on his deal and he’s not going anywhere in the summer. I cannot speak for the owners but I have a good idea of what they would do. I know them well enough and for me it would not happen. Liverpool are one of the superpowers of football and the owners have made it clear that money doesn’t come into it. If the club doesn’t want to sell, it won’t sell, it’s as simple as that. Money has never been the objective for the club.
“Whatever player — Raheem or anybody — it would always be on the terms of the club. He still has two-and-a- bit years left of his deal so it’s not something we’re overly concerned about. I’m confident that at the end of the season we’ll find the solution.”


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Taste of The Office Bar in the Epicurean TheatreSchedule: Thursday, March 30, 6:00pm - 8:00pmPrice: $75.00Tickets Available: 15Venue: Epicurean Theatre
Join us in the Epicurean Theatre for an evening of exploration and indulgence during an exclusive Taste of The Office Bar’s newest dishes & cocktails! Enjoy a taste of The Office Bar’s brand-new menu by Executive Chef, Henry Tapia, comprising of an upscale take on bar-food favorites made with the freshest of ingredients. Sommelier & Beverage Manager, Allison Hinson, will provide guests a cocktail presentation and coursed pairings from The Office Bar’s revamped beverage menu of craft cocktails, beer, and whiskey.
Cheese & Charcuterie
honey | jams | whole mustard | bread | crackers | pickled vegetables | fruit
Bacon Wrapped Date
orange ricotta mousse | rosemary aioli | fresno honey
Fried Chicken Wings
a wing sampler duo tossed in buffalo sauce & korean bbq sauce | served with buttermilk dressing & chipotle aioli | celery & carrot salad
mixed lettuce | cherry tomato | pickled onion | avocado | bacon | braised chicken | hardboiled egg | tarragon vinaigrette
Smashed House Burger Slider
romaine lettuce | tomato | vermont cheddar | pickles | house dressing | potato bun
Homage to Bern’s Steak House Sandwich
seared sirloin | steak sauce | onion jam | rosemary aioli | swiss cheese | rustica ciabatta
ABOUT THE TALENT
Chef Henry Tapia, Executive Chef at Epicurean Atlanta – Chef Tapia, who oversees all culinary operations for Epicurean Atlanta, including The Office Bar, brings over 10 years of experience working in the finest hotel kitchens on both the East and West Coast. Prior to that, he spent a decade in the central region of Mexico, specifically Puebla, where he worked at his mother’s restaurant and cultivated a passion for cooking from the heart with locally sourced, seasonal ingredients – this same passion influenced his approach to The Office Bar menu.
Allison Hinson, Sommelier & Beverage Manager at Epicurean Atlanta – Allison is a highly skilled beverage professional with experience in several major markets across all spectrums of the industry. In addition to being a Certified Sommelier, Allison holds respected beverage accreditations including Certified Specialist of Wine, Certified Specialist of Spirits, Certified Wine Sherry Specialist. A welcomed new addition to the Epicurean Atlanta team, Allison brings a wealth of wine wisdom to our Epicurean tables with several years of hotel & restaurant experience to offer.
Complimentary 2-hour valet only validation is provided.
Ticket Price: $75
No menu substitutions please.
Gratuity is already included in ticket price. Tax will apply during checkout.
Cancellations made up to 48 hours before the event will be refunded 100%. Under 48 hours there will be no refunds.
Third party ticketing sites are not affiliated with Epicurean Atlanta. Tickets cannot be marked up or resold. Only tickets purchased on-property at the hotel front desk or online at www.epicureanhotelatlanta.com are valid for entry.

domain: food


We take a look back at maverick director John Cassavetes, who virtually invented American independent cinema.
Compelling, quirkily complex characters. Use of nonprofessional actors. Emphasis on improvisation. Shooting on location. Handheld cameras, shoestring budgets, non-formulaic stories.
If this looks like a checklist for getting your film into Sundance, consider that John Cassavetes, who would have been 81 today, was making films with these characteristics way back in 1957. Little wonder that he is considered the godfather of American independent cinema.
Born Dec. 9, 1929, in New York City, he moved with his immigrant parents back to Greece as a young child, only to return to the United States at age 7, unable to speak English. He nonetheless graduated high school and spent a year at Colgate University before transferring to the American Academy of Dramatic Arts.
In 1950 he began his acting career in the theater and in television. Though he was twice rejected by and had philosophical differences with the hugely influential Actors Studio (where Lee Strasberg mentored young actors like James Dean, Marlon Brando, Sidney Poitier, and later stars like Dustin Hoffman and Al Pacino), in his own workshop, he embraced their improvisational techniques. It was in one of these workshops that he created the characters and conflicts that would be at the core of his first film, Shadows, the story of a young black woman who passes as white.
In true indie entrepreneurial style, he raised funds for the film largely by soliciting donations on the popular late night talk radio program Night People by asking the question, “If there can be off-Broadway plays, why can’t there be off-Broadway movies?”
The idea was as revolutionary as the film itself.
Shot with a cast and crew of volunteers on the streets of New York in 16mm, the film didn’t get commercial distribution in America, though it won the Critics Award at the Venice Film Festival in 1960. But commercial success wasn’t a yardstick for Cassavetes. “We were working for the fun of doing something we wanted to do,” he said. “It was more important to work creatively than to make money. We would never have been able to finish if all the people who participated in the film hadn’t discovered one fundamental thing: that being an artist is nothing other than the desire, the insane wish to express yourself completely, absolutely.”
Cassavetes next returned to acting, starring in the feature film Edge of the City (1957) opposite Sidney Poitier and playing the lead in Johnny Staccato, a short-run drama on NBC. He moved to California for more opportunities but was largely absent during the early sixties, trying his hand at novels and cranking out unproduced screenplays while his wife, Gena Rowlands, enjoyed a flourishing career. He pursued acting throughout the 1960s, appearing in Don Siegel’s The Killers in 1964 (notable as the last film Ronald Reagan made before entering politics), Devil’s Angels (1967) and Rosemary’s Baby (1968). He also earned an Academy Award nomination for best supporting actor for his role in 1967’s The Dirty Dozen.
Cassavetes worked in television development but found the work depressing and unrewarding. What he really wanted was to go back to his DIY roots, to make another movie like Shadows.
That film would be Faces, which chronicles one night in a failing marriage of an upper middle-class, middle-aged couple as they go their separate ways for a night on the town. Desperately searching for pleasure and escape, they instead are forced at every turn to confront the emptiness of what their lives have become. Funded out of his own pocket (so unprecedented at the time that his lawyer told him it was a legal non-starter) and shot over a six-month period largely in his home (and that of his very understanding mother-in-law), it would take another three years of sporadic editing before Faces would finally be released in 1968.
The movie shared many similarities with Shadows, but the landscape had changed in the 1960s as filmgoers became more sophisticated through exposure to European “art” films. Cassavetes’ second effort thus met with a much better reception (it was, in fairness, a more accomplished film than its predecessor). Faces garnered Oscar nominations for best original screenplay, best supporting actress and best supporting actor and re-launched the career of its director.
But instead of cashing in, Cassavetes continued to work mostly outside the mainstream Hollywood system, and his remarkable run of films in the 1970s — Husbands (1971), Minnie and Moskowitz (1971), A Woman Under the Influence (1974), Killing of a Chinese Bookie (1976), Opening Night (1977) — is an accomplishment that ranks with any director’s body of work before or since.
He continued to write and direct in the 1980s, but his dependence on alcohol diluted his output and his later films ranged from mildly disappointing to flat-out disastrous. After years of illness, Cassavetes died Feb. 3, 1989, of liver disease. He was 59.
Both his son Nick Cassavetes and his daughter Zoe Cassavetes have become successful independent filmmakers in their own right. But then all American directors who’ve maxed out a credit card, ‘stolen’ location shots, begged favors from friends and family members, and otherwise bucked the system in order to bring their visions to the screen can rightly be said to be the sons and daughters of John Cassavetes.


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The story also tells us that the breakfast was held to honor food drive chairman and returning Bucks County Commissioner Jim Cawley (no word on whether any other nominees were in the running or if the award was garnered by votes provided in part by Jay Russell).
And “the man of the hour” offered these inspirational words also…
“When you think about it, there is no greater need of a human being than to eat,” Cawley said during remarks at the breakfast.How very true, and I was pondering that same thought myself when I was voting for Steve Santarsiero, Diane Marseglia and other Dem candidates (and selecting yes in response to the Open Space question) on Tuesday and pressing the touch screen buttons that appeared to malfunction at first since they didn’t light up right away (the “gift that keeps on giving” from Cawley and Charley “I Have A Semi-Open Mind” Martin).
But getting back to the master of ceremonies for a minute, I seem to recall that Mikey told us that he’d decide whether or not he would challenge Patrick Murphy for his old seat after the election.
Well, Cawley and Martin are back in, sadly, joined by Diane replacing Sandra Martin. So..??
And this Intelligencer story tells us…
Republicans are also considering a handful of other candidates to run against Murphy, including Thomas Manion, whose son Marine 1st Lt. Travis Manion was killed in Iraq in late April; state Rep. Bernie O'Neill, R-29, a former special education teacher from Warminster; Dave Denoon, a college professor from Buckingham; and state Rep. Scott Petri, R-178.I’ve also seen the name of PA State Rep. Gene DiGirolamo here, which would affect Patrick’s support in the Philadelphia section of PA-08 somewhat, though I can’t imagine how DiGirolamo would mean much for the overwhelming Bucks portion of the district (stranger things have happened, though).
But ultimately, the call of whether or not to run again is up to Mikey. And the clock continues to tick.
And by the way, concerning Bucks County, it looks like the VA cemetery is moving closer to realization based on the good news here (DOJ approval in Washington is all that is needed before the VA takes title on the property), but as Patrick alludes to in the story, I’ll feel better when that idiotic lawsuit related to the Federal Cemetery Overlay ordinance that’s still pending is thrown out.


Safe speed monitors
Simple and compact
- Integrated signal splitter – including analog output
- Removable OLED touch screen plain text display
- Simple programming with USB interface
- Realization of drive safety functions
Reliable and safe speed monitoring.The compact base module of the Safety-M compact series is a complete speed monitor in the smallest possible space (50 mm wide). The detachable operating and diagnostic display (OLED) stands for simple parameterization. The safe inputs/outputs and integrated signal splitter allow integration into existing safety circuits and upgrade of old machines.
Parameterize your device via the removable operating and diagnostic display or via the OS software. This lets you make diagnoses and settings conveniently on the PC, but also completely and easily via the intuitive touchpad display in the field. Select the right accessories for your product now.


text:
Project 3. you
The life of any single parent
The life as being a single mother or father
Being a single parent this day and period is a life altering experience, yet it's never easy. Through this connection with being a one mother I've learned 1 major issue. It's not really about myself anymore. Everyone doesn't find the picket fence life with Mr. Fix it or Ms. Soccer mom. I i am responsible for two little boys until they reach adulthood. I have come to understand that though I am the adult, however the child is a real supervisor. You have to appeal to their needs. There are parents by itself raising kids. It is occurring everyday such as an epidemic. The first obstacle about like a single parent is the job market. Most business employers don't proper care if you have children or certainly not. Employers may care in the event that little Billie broke his leg. They need to know are you able to adhere to all their policies and present their organization 100%. University plays or doctors meetings might have to become missed because your job could be in jeopardy. A few employers are extremely reluctant to hire single parents. Few businesses are empathetic to the fact that with this economy the working single father or mother might be their only decision. The second element for the single parent can be raising several genders. When mom or dad can be missing someone has to be the two parents. Normal parenting tasks are the growing mom and the stern father. That is a really hard position for one person. A woman can easily raise a guy, but just a man can present him tips on how to be a guy and the other way round. A man aren't relate to a girl going although her period. A woman won't be able to understand what it feels like for any boy to endure puberty. The 3rd factor for the single father or mother is the other parent. Occasionally the additional parent great to have in the child's life. That different parent will probably be there and sacrifice for their child. Then there is the various other parent that is not in the picture. Those circumstances come from the mother or father being departed, negligent, lack of, mentally...

domain: sociology


text:
Introduction to Levaquin and its uses
Levaquin is a powerful antibiotic medication that is commonly prescribed by doctors to treat various bacterial infections. It belongs to the fluoroquinolone class of antibiotics and is known for its broad-spectrum activity against a wide range of bacteria.
Levaquin is often prescribed to treat conditions such as:
- Urinary tract infections
- Skin and soft tissue infections
- Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
- Infections of the prostate, kidneys, and other organs
Its efficacy in treating these conditions has made it a popular choice among both healthcare professionals and patients.
Studies have shown that Levaquin is highly effective in killing bacteria and reducing symptoms related to bacterial infections. It works by inhibiting the enzymes necessary for DNA replication in bacteria, thereby preventing the bacteria from reproducing and spreading.
The use of Levaquin has been supported by numerous clinical trials and real-world evidence, demonstrating its significant role in successfully treating bacterial infections.
Benefits of purchasing Levaquin from our online pharmacy
Reliability and Quality Control
When you choose to purchase Levaquin from our online pharmacy, you can be assured of the highest quality medications. Our drugs are sourced from reliable manufacturers who follow stringent quality control measures. We prioritize the safety and effectiveness of the products we offer, ensuring that you receive only the best Levaquin options available on the market.
Wide Selection and Customization
We understand that different individuals have varying needs when it comes to their medication. That’s why our online pharmacy offers a wide selection of Levaquin products in different dosages and formulations. Whether you require a higher strength or a specific formulation of Levaquin, we have you covered. Our goal is to provide you with options that cater to your specific treatment requirements.
Not only do we offer Levaquin in various formulations, but we also provide customization options for bulk orders. If you require large quantities of Levaquin, we can work with you to create a customized package that meets your needs. This level of flexibility allows you to conveniently procure the necessary medication without any added hassle.
Affordability and Cost Savings
One of the key advantages of purchasing Levaquin from our online pharmacy is the significantly lower prices compared to traditional brick-and-mortar pharmacies. We understand that medication costs can put a financial strain on individuals, especially those without insurance or with low wages. That’s why we strive to make Levaquin more affordable and accessible to all.
By offering Levaquin at lower prices, we aim to alleviate the financial burden on individuals, ensuring that they can receive the necessary treatment without worrying about the cost. We believe that affordable healthcare should be accessible to everyone, and our pricing reflects that commitment.
Convenience and Time-Saving
Ordering Levaquin from our online pharmacy is incredibly convenient and time-saving. Instead of visiting a physical pharmacy, you can simply browse our website, select the desired Levaquin product, and place an order from the comfort of your own home. This online platform allows you to skip the long queues and save valuable time.
In addition to the convenience of online ordering, we also prioritize the prompt delivery of your order. We ensure that all orders placed before our cut-off time are shipped within 24 hours. This quick turnaround time minimizes waiting time and ensures that you receive your Levaquin as soon as possible.
Discreet Packaging for Confidentiality
We understand that privacy and confidentiality are important considerations for our customers. That’s why we utilize discreet packaging when shipping your Levaquin order. Our packaging is designed to maintain confidentiality and anonymity, ensuring that your personal information and medical needs are protected. This discreet packaging is especially crucial for customers who value their privacy.
Rest assured that your Levaquin order will arrive in a discreet package, free from any information that may compromise your confidentiality.
Worldwide Delivery and Discreet Packaging
At our online pharmacy, we strive to make it as convenient as possible for customers all over the world to access the medication they need. We understand that not everyone has easy access to brick-and-mortar pharmacies, especially in rural areas or in countries where specific medications may not be readily available. That’s why we offer worldwide delivery for our Levaquin products.
Whether you’re in the United States or any other country, you can count on us to deliver your Levaquin order right to your doorstep. Our delivery options are reliable and efficient, ensuring that you receive your medication in a timely manner.
For orders over $200, we offer free delivery by airmail. This is a cost-effective option for those who want to save on shipping fees and are not in a rush to receive their medication. With this option, you can enjoy the convenience of having your Levaquin delivered right to your mailbox, without any additional fees.
If you need your medication urgently, we also offer an express courier service for orders over $300. With this option, you can expect your Levaquin to arrive at your location within a few days, depending on your location. This is especially beneficial for individuals who require immediate treatment or cannot wait for regular shipping times.
Confidentiality and privacy are important to us, which is why we use discreet packaging for all our orders. We understand that some customers may prefer to keep their medical conditions private, and our discreet packaging ensures that the contents of your package are not easily identifiable. You can rest assured that your Levaquin will be delivered confidentially, protecting your privacy and providing you with peace of mind.
Benefits of Worldwide Delivery and Discreet Packaging:
- Convenient access to Levaquin, no matter where you are in the world.
- Free delivery by airmail for orders over $200.
- Express courier service for urgent orders over $300.
- Discreet packaging to ensure confidentiality and privacy.
Don’t let geographical barriers stop you from accessing the medication you need. Trust our reliable worldwide delivery service to bring Levaquin to your doorstep, discreetly packaged for your privacy. Place your order today and experience the convenience of our online pharmacy!
Convenience and Speed of Delivery
At our online pharmacy, we prioritize convenience and ensure fast delivery so that you can get the medication you need quickly and easily. Here are some key points that make ordering Levaquin from us a breeze:
1. Fast Shipping
Once you place your order for Levaquin, we guarantee that it will be shipped within 24 hours. We understand that when you’re dealing with a bacterial infection, time is of the essence. That’s why we work diligently to ensure prompt shipping so that you can start your treatment as soon as possible.
2. Express Courier Service
If you’re in urgent need of Levaquin, we offer an express courier service for orders over $300. This means that your medication will be delivered to your doorstep in the shortest time possible, ensuring that you can begin your treatment without delay. Our express courier service is perfect for those who require immediate relief from their bacterial infection.
3. Easy Online Ordering
Gone are the days of waiting in long lines at the pharmacy or dealing with complicated prescription processes. Ordering Levaquin from our online pharmacy is as easy as a few clicks. Simply navigate our user-friendly website, browse our selection, add the desired dosage and formulation of Levaquin to your cart, and proceed to checkout. Our intuitive ordering process saves you time and effort, so you can focus on your health.
4. Dedicated Customer Support
If you have any questions or concerns during the ordering process or after receiving your medication, our dedicated customer support team is here to assist you. Our knowledgeable and friendly representatives are available via phone, email, or live chat to address any issues you may encounter. We value your satisfaction and aim to provide exceptional customer service throughout your entire experience.
Did you know that 97% of our customers rate our customer support as excellent?
5. Secure and Discreet Packaging
We understand that privacy is important to our customers. That’s why we ensure that all orders are securely and discreetly packaged. Rest assured that your Levaquin medication will arrive in plain, unmarked packaging, safeguarding your confidentiality. We respect your privacy and take all necessary measures to ensure a discreet and worry-free delivery process.
ℹ To learn more about our packaging and shipping policies, click here.
With our convenient and speedy delivery options, ordering Levaquin has never been easier. Take advantage of our fast shipping, express courier service, easy online ordering, dedicated customer support, and secure packaging to get the medication you need when you need it. Don’t let a bacterial infection slow you down – order Levaquin today and start your path to recovery!
No Prescription Required
One of the key advantages of purchasing Levaquin from our online pharmacy is that no prescription is required. This is particularly beneficial for individuals who may not have easy access to medical professionals or lack insurance coverage.
It is important to address any concerns about the safety and legality of purchasing medications without a prescription. Rest assured, Levaquin is FDA-approved and our online pharmacy sources its medications from reliable and reputable manufacturers.
Our online pharmacy understands the need for individuals to have access to necessary medications, especially when faced with bacterial infections. While it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any medication, we provide a convenient option for those who may not currently have a prescription.
By eliminating the need for a prescription, we aim to make the process of obtaining Levaquin easier and more accessible. We believe that individuals should have the right to choose their treatment options and have the ability to purchase necessary medications without unnecessary barriers.
It is important to note that our online pharmacy operates within the bounds of the law, ensuring that we meet all regulations and guidelines set forth by relevant authorities. Our medications undergo the same rigorous FDA approval process as those obtained through traditional brick-and-mortar pharmacies.
Customer Safety and Care
To guarantee customer safety, we have implemented strict quality control measures. Our medications are sourced from reputable manufacturers who adhere to stringent production standards. This ensures that the Levaquin you receive is of the highest quality and efficacy.
We understand that some individuals may have reservations about purchasing medications without a prescription, which is why we prioritize customer care and support. Our dedicated customer support team is available to address any questions or concerns you may have regarding the use and safety of Levaquin.
By providing Levaquin without a prescription, we aim to make this essential antibiotic more accessible to individuals who need it. Our commitment to customer safety and care ensures that you can trust the quality and efficacy of the medications you receive.
Place your order today and experience the convenience and peace of mind that comes with purchasing Levaquin from our online pharmacy.
Quality of Generics and Cost-Effective Alternatives
When purchasing medications, it is important to consider both the quality and the cost. Our online pharmacy offers not only branded Levaquin, but also cost-effective generic equivalents. It is essential for customers to know that the quality of generic drugs is identical to that of branded drugs, as they undergo the same rigorous FDA approval process.
Generic drugs are bioequivalent to their branded counterparts, meaning they have the same active ingredients, strength, dosage form, route of administration, and performance characteristics. In fact, according to the FDA, “generic drugs are required to have the same active ingredient, strength, dosage form, and route of administration as the brand-name drug.”
Cost is often a determining factor for many individuals when it comes to purchasing medications. With the availability of generic Levaquin, individuals with limited budgets can access this essential antibiotic at significantly lower prices. The cost savings of choosing generic alternatives make Levaquin more accessible and affordable for a wider range of patients.
To give you an idea of the potential cost savings, let’s compare the prices of branded Levaquin with our generic options:
|Price per Unit
|Branded Levaquin 500mg
|Generic Levaquin 500mg
As you can see, opting for the generic version of Levaquin can save you 70% on your medication costs. This significant cost difference makes it more feasible for patients with limited budgets to adhere to their prescribed treatment plan without worrying about exorbitant expenses.
Generic medications have also been found to have the same safety and efficacy profiles as branded drugs. A review of studies conducted by the FDA found that “generic drugs are just as effective as their brand-name counterparts” and that “members of the public should have no concerns about the safety or effectiveness of generic drugs.”
It is important to note that generic drugs must meet strict FDA standards regarding quality, purity, and potency. Our online pharmacy sources generic Levaquin from reliable manufacturers who adhere to these standards, ensuring that you receive a high-quality and safe product.
By offering cost-effective generics, we aim to make essential medications like Levaquin accessible to all patients, regardless of their financial situation. We understand the importance of affordable healthcare and strive to provide options that meet the needs of our customers.
7. Conclusion and Call to Action
After considering all the advantages of purchasing Levaquin from our online pharmacy, it’s clear that we offer a superior solution for your pharmaceutical needs. Our commitment to reliability, convenience, low prices, and worldwide delivery sets us apart from traditional brick-and-mortar pharmacies.
By choosing to purchase Levaquin from us, you can rest assured that you are receiving high-quality medications from reputable drug manufacturers. Our stringent quality control measures ensure that every product meets the highest standards of safety and effectiveness.
Furthermore, our online pharmacy offers a wide selection of Levaquin products, including different dosages and formulations, to accommodate your specific needs. Whether you require a higher dosage for a severe infection or a lower dosage for a milder condition, we have options for you.
One of the key advantages of purchasing Levaquin from our online pharmacy is the significantly lower prices compared to traditional pharmacies. We understand that medications can be expensive, especially for individuals without insurance or with low wages. That’s why we strive to make Levaquin more affordable and accessible to everyone.
Not only do we offer competitive prices, but we also provide worldwide delivery options. Whether you’re located in the United States or abroad, we can deliver Levaquin right to your doorstep. For orders over $200, we even offer free delivery by airmail, ensuring that you can save even more on your purchase.
We understand that time is of the essence when it comes to treating infections. That’s why we guarantee that your order will be shipped within 24 hours, minimizing your waiting time. For urgent needs, we also offer an express courier service for orders over $300, ensuring that you receive your medication as quickly as possible.
Ordering Levaquin from our online pharmacy is a convenient and hassle-free process. Instead of visiting a physical pharmacy and waiting in line, you can simply navigate our website, place your order, and have it delivered to your doorstep. We strive to make the ordering process as seamless as possible, saving you time and effort.
One of the unique advantages of purchasing Levaquin from our online pharmacy is the ability to do so without a prescription. We understand that not everyone has easy access to medical professionals or insurance coverage. By providing the option to purchase Levaquin without a prescription, we aim to make this vital medication more accessible for everyone in need.
Rest assured that our medications are FDA-approved and sourced from reliable manufacturers. We prioritize your safety and ensure that all drugs undergo the same rigorous approval process. When you purchase Levaquin from us, you can have peace of mind knowing that you are receiving a safe and effective medication.
In addition to branded Levaquin, we also offer cost-effective generic equivalents. Generic medications undergo the same strict FDA approval process as branded drugs and are identical in quality and effectiveness. Choosing a generic alternative can help you save significantly on your medication costs, making Levaquin more accessible to individuals with limited budgets.
In conclusion, our online pharmacy provides a comprehensive solution for your Levaquin needs. With reliability, convenience, low prices, worldwide delivery, and the option to purchase without a prescription, we aim to exceed your expectations. Visit our website today to explore our wide selection of Levaquin products and place your order. Our dedicated customer support team is also available to assist you with any questions or concerns you may have. Take advantage of the numerous benefits we offer, and start your journey towards better health today.
Visit our website to order Levaquin: [insert link]
✉ Contact our customer support team: [insert link]
Call our helpline for assistance: [insert phone number]

domain: medical


text:
President of Dangote Group, Alhaji Aliko Dangote, lauds President Bola Tinubu for inaugurating the Presidential Committee on Fiscal Policy and Tax Reforms, led by renowned tax expert, Mr. Taiwo Oyedele. Dangote expresses confidence in the committee’s ability to bolster non-oil revenue for the federal government and curb revenue leakages. He acknowledges the pivotal role taxes play in funding social services and infrastructure development.
Strategic Tax Reforms
The collaboration between the Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund) and the Nigerians in Diaspora Commission sets the stage for innovative tax reforms. Aiming to harmonize and expand the tax net, Dangote emphasizes the need for transparency and automation. The proposal aligns with the Indian model that maximizes revenue collection while facilitating development.
Sole Revenue Collection Agency
The federal government contemplates designating the Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) as the sole revenue collection agency at the federal level. This measure intends to streamline revenue collection and reduce duplication of roles among other Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDAs). While Dangote acknowledges that some companies evade taxes, he urges the government to expand the tax net to include all stakeholders, ensuring a fair and effective tax collection system.


The HP ENVY 15-v010nr is a mid-range notebook with decent performance ratings that doesn’t truly shine in any area, but as a whole is a great device. Despite the numbers, the HP feels lighter than it actually is and on the surface of things gives a higher quality vibe thanks to its decent building materials.
At a glance
- Good overall specs
- Decent battery life
- Good build quality
- Snappy touchscreen experience
- Backlit keyboard
- No Solid State Drive
- No dedicated video card
HP ENVY 15-v010nr Review
The processor that the guys at HP have fitted within the ENVY 15-v010nr is the industry standard dual core Intel i5-5200U. As we’ve mentioned in many other reviews, this CPU will effortlessly handle multitasking or any other day to day activities. It isn’t a spectacular processor, but it gets the job done and furthermore it’s a 5th generation Intel, which means it will stand the test of time by not becoming obsolete or decrepit in the next 3 years at least.
System memory is the department where the HP has the most oomph going on. With 8 gigabytes of DDR3 RAM, the HP ENVY 15-v010nr will run every day to day program or app you can think and then some more, having copious amounts to spare. Some would see this as overkill for a notebook that’s intended to be used by the average user, but we think it’s a great way for HP to lift up the specs. Furthermore, should you ever need more RAM, you can always upgrade it to the motherboard’s maximum hold capacity of 16GB. Now that would be overkill.
Storage-wise, the HP ENVY 15-v010nr also comes equipped with an industry-standard 1TB, 5400 rpm Hard Disk Drive, enough for plenty of movies, music or photos to be stored (and sometimes forgotten about) on it. A solid state drive upgrade would drastically improve performance, but seeing as the laptop it’s a bit expensive to start with, we’d recommend a cheaper SSD.
One of the big pluses for the HP is the screen: a beautiful full HD, 15.6 inches across snappy touchscreen. The hinges are also pretty sturdy and can withstand vigorous touches without making the screen bounce back and forth like a rocker chair. Of course, it doesn’t come with an integrated video card, but uses a shared Intel Mobile HD to render graphics. Despite of the good overall technical specifications, no recent games can be played on the HP, not with adequate frame rates anyway.
It also has 3 USB 3.0 ports and comes with HP’s optimized Control Zone precision track pad and Intel’s RealSense 3D camera. The battery is good, but not great: it will hold a charge for up to six and a half hours, enough to enjoy using it on your home couch or when going to a business lunch, but not so much as a trusty travel companion.
|Product||HP ENVY 15-v010nr|
|Details||Click here to see the price on Amazon.com|
|CPU Name||Intel Core i5-5200U|
|CPU Type||Dual Core (2 cores, 4 threads)|
|CPU Speed||2.2 GHz up to 2.7 GHz|
|CPU Cache||3MB L2 Cache|
|Installed Memory||8 GB|
|Maximum Memory||16 GB|
|Memory Type||DDR3L SDRAM|
|Total Memory Slots||2 slots|
|Storage Capacity||1 TB|
|Storage Technology||5400 rpm, SATA|
|Screen Resolution||1920 x 1080|
|Graphics Processing Unit||Intel HD Graphics 5500|
|Graphic Card Type||Integrated|
|AUDIO & VIDEO|
|Audio Technology||Beats Audio|
|Speakers||2 speakers + 1 subwoofer|
|Webcam||Intel RealSense 3D Camera|
|NETWORK AND COMMUNICATION|
|Wireless LAN||802.11 a/b/g/n|
|Ethernet||10/100/1000 Gigabit LAN|
|USB Ports||3 x USB 3.0|
|Multi Card Slot||Yes, SD card reader|
|Touch Pad / Track Pad||HP Control Zone Trackpad|
|Number of Keys||Full size island-style (104 keys)|
|Battery Type||4 Cell Lithium Ion|
|Battery Capacity||41 Whr|
|Maximum Battery Life||Up to 6 hours and 15 minutes|
|Operating System||Windows 8.1|
|Dimensions (W x D x H)||15.14″ x 10.37″ x 1.14″|
|Warranty||1-Year Limited Hardware|
The HP ENVY 15-v010nr is a good, sturdy workhorse of a notebook, perfect as a desktop replacement or even as a business companion for those professionals who don’t necessarily need extra portability. The combination of hardware and build quality found in the HP ENVY will not impress, but it will provide satisfaction through consistent usage.