In Friday’s season finale of Gordon Ramsay’s Kitchen Nightmares, the infamously irate celebrity chef may have met his match. Watch below as Scottsdale, Ariz., bakeshop owner Amy puts the fear of God into a baby-faced employee and spits out snarling platitudes like, “The customer is not always right!” READ FULL STORY
Tag: Kitchen Nightmares (1-3 of 3)
Gordon Ramsay is best known for screaming obscenities at participants on his restaurant rehab show Kitchen Nightmares, but the celeb chef breaks the mold in an exclusive clip from Friday’s episode. Serving up an impromptu French lesson, he whispers surprisingly sweetly into the ear of a misinformed restaurant owner. Who says reality TV isn’t educational? Watch below. READ FULL STORY
There are few moments more chilling (in every sense of the word) than when Gordon Ramsay heads into the freezer of his latest Kitchen Nightmares
victimproject. On tonight’s episode, when Ramsay ventures into the walk-in of Brooklyn eatery Mama Maria’s, he finds it brimming with frozen food — one of the bulldogish super-chef’s worst pet peeves. Despite the sub-zero temperatures, Ramsay gets hot under the collar in this exclusive clip you’ll have to see to believe. Check it out below. READ FULL STORY
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Junior Toots Pays Tribute To His Father - Sweet and Dandy
12/08/2020 by Press Release
Great music never gets old, especially when Junior Toots releases the newest remake of his father’s famous track, Sweet and Dandy. The Toots Hibbert legacy lives on through Junior Toots, born and raised in St Mary, Jamaica. The idea to record Sweet and Dandy came from Toots Sr. who produced the track for his son. Released on December 8, 2020, marks the day that would have been the 78th birthday for the recently transitioned Toots Hibbert (December 8, 1942 - September 11, 2020) or “Nyah” as he was called by his family.
The Artist, in his own right, is a seasoned performer and professional recording artist. His performances display high energy, creative lyrics and a massive passion for Roots Reggae music. He has graced the stages of festivals and venues across the USA giving his fans the opportunity to integrate his socially conscious messages with inspiration.
For musical nostalgia fans, Toots and the Maytals original Sweet and Dandy LP was released back in 1969 on Beverley’s Records. The title song Sweet and Dandy was the first track on the B side of the album. The other LP’s biggest hits were Monkey Man, Pressure Drop, and the iconic track 54-46 (That’s My Number).


The new Range Rover has been huge success and so has the Range Rover Sport. Both models have been thoroughly redesigned and are now based on a much lighter chassis. To top off the Sport range, Land Rover will soon launch the Sport SVR powered by a thunderous V8 producing substantially more power than the standard model. It produces 550 PS and the rigid aluminum chassis and superior drivetrain take care of the rest. The SUV is the product of Land Rover‘s Nurburgring Development Program and looks to target Porsche Cayenne Turbo S and the likes.
The Range Rover Sport SVR was at the recently concluded Goodwood Festival of Speed. Despite it being wrapped in prototype livery, it wowed the crowd with its brutal exhaust note. The supercharged V8 that hides underneath the expansive body makes the best V8 noise that will make your hair stand on end. Going up the Goodwood hill, the Range Rover Sport SVR burbles and crackles as it blitzes past the audience. Scroll past the jump to watch the official video.
Range Rover Sport SVR at Goodwood FOS:
Source: Land Rover via Youtube


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Adopt or Foster Mischief URGENT FOSTER CARER NEEDED!
Date of Birth: 14/11/2013
Breed: German Shepherd
Adoption fee: $500
This beautiful, dignified matron is somewhat misnamed! Though she is a lively and friendly, used to older kids, she is also loving and pretty good in learning to mind her manners. Mischief won’t stand on her dignity, though! Give her a chance and she is off for a romp! Her ideal new home will have a friendly, playful male dog big enough to take her in stride and a shepherd-savvy person willing to build on her blossoming social and leash skills!
Foster home needed!

domain: pet


It still feels like we don’t see half of the strings that Roberto Firmino pulls at the heart of Jürgen Klopp’s wonderfully efficient Liverpool machine.
All the better. Therein lies so much of his brilliance — and a healthy degree of the cheery mystique that seems to surround elements of his game.
Subtle movements in and out of possession open up channels, avenues of opportunity and angles alike for those around him. They also ask awkward questions to the midfielders and defenders whose lines he sneaks in between.
Against Crystal Palace, of course, Mohamed Salah — who arguably benefits from, and complements, the No. 9’s work to the greatest degree — was absent. It was perhaps one of the primary reasons behind the disjointed performance.
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It so often feels like they operate on their own little seesaw. If one goes to feet, the other is likely to attack the space — and vice-versa. Even if it isn’t displayed quite so regularly, that certainly doesn’t stop the rest of the team having such a relationship with him.
Firmino so often picks just the right moment to take himself away from goal in order to help his team towards it — something we saw in the build-up to Sadio Mané’s opener in south London. The Brazilian stationed himself between the lines, ready to pick up the second ball that Georginio Wijnaldum nodded down to him — and then he drove.
Mané and Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain were already racing ahead and Andrew Robertson was only a little behind them, advancing into the space that the Senegalese’s diagonal dart had opened up out wide.
All this meant that when the Scot delivered another superbly accurate delivery, even if Firmino’s late run couldn’t quite reach it, the No.10 was already optimally placed to take it down and finish.
It’s a pattern we’re all pretty familiar with, such is the frequency with which variations of it are rehearsed. It remains as excitingly flexible as it is tough to deal with, though.
Come the 85th minute, and the 28-year-old’s more classical No.9 attributes were on show when he hung back from the crowd before sweeping home the loose-ball when it eventually emerged from the mire. He’s still more than capable of sniffing out a goal, scrappy or otherwise.
Here, in a little over 35 minutes, was a nice little demonstration of how the 2019 Copa América-winner can do two jobs in one. A playmaker with a healthy dash of poacher. He even plays the piano, the maestro!
Napoli’s visit on Wednesday could be yet another occasion where he plays a prominent role. Especially given the Italians’ system often includes a narrow midfield-four.
José Callejón on the right and Lorenzo Insigne or Fabián Ruiz on the left will often tuck in from their wing to help overload the central areas. Hirving Lozano, often now stationed up-front alongside Dries Mertens, also has a tendency to drop in to help with the build-up.
Such possibilities make Firmino’s ability to intelligently drop in himself all the more valuable. Equality — or, even better, superiority — in the middle means there’s all the more chance of successfully utilising those potentially more spacious wide areas.
He may be a recently revealed pianist, but it still feels like Bobby’s best rhythm-setting continues to come on the pitch. Wednesday could well prove quite the showcase.


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I-81 shooting of Timothy Davison prompts call for better 911 cell service
Pennsylvania Sens. Bob Casey and Pat Toomey are pushing for greater call accuracy for 911 systems following the shooting death of a driver from Maine near the Pennsylvania-Maryland border on Interstate 81 early this year.
Timothy Davison, 28, was shot and killed on Jan. 4 after having his car forced into the median on I-81 by an aggressive driver. Davison called 911 twice while he was being pursued by the driver. Once in Maryland and then again in Pennsylvania after the first call was dropped.
Casey and Toomey sent a letter Wednesday to Thomas E. Wheeler, the chairman of the FCC. Last week, Casey and Maine Sens. Susan Collins and Angus King sent a similar letter to Lawrence Strickling, the assistant secretary of the National Telecommunications and Information Administration.
The latest push by Casey and Toomey is aimed at giving law enforcement agencies better tools to be able to locate callers who are using cell phones.
“It is critical that first responders are able to locate those in need of emergency services quickly and accurately,” Casey said. “I’m calling on the FCC to give law enforcement the tools they need to help those in distress receive timely help in urgent situations.”
Toomey agreed, saying, “Ensuring that our first responders have the latest tools they need to locate the scene of the emergency is essential.”
Toomey also believes that better equipment for first responders will translate into more lives saved.
In the letter to Wheeler, Toomey and Casey said a proposed FCC rule that is addressing 911 location accuracy requirement will give first responders the tools necessary to help them find people who call 911.
Location accuracy is a problem in Pennsylvania. For example two-thirds of 911 calls from cell phones made in Delaware County have inaccurate location information, according to the letter.
The letter also cited concerns from the Major Cities Chiefs Association. The chiefs of Pennsylvania’s two largest municipal police departments, Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, also urging the FCC to act to improve first responders’ ability to locate 911 callers who are using cell phones.
The letter from Casey and the Maine senators said that switching between cell towers could have caused Davison’s call to be dropped.
“This critical lapse in communication may have denied Mr. Davison life-saving instruction and prevented him from relaying information that could have led to the perpetrator’s identification, which to this day remains an unsolved mystery.”
In addition to the improved 911 location technology, Casey is pushing for a modernization of the 911 system from analog technology that struggles to integrate newer, digital technologies to what is called Next Generation 911. Next Generation 911 would enhance emergency communications by improving connections between 911 call centers, according to the letter.
Davison was traveling home from Florida after the Christmas holiday when the incident occurred. He called 911 in Maryland at 2 a.m. to report the aggressive driver. His call was dropped when he crossed into Pennsylvania. He called 911 again at 2:05 a.m. while in Pennsylvania.
Davison’s vehicle was forced into the median near Exit 3 in Antrim Township and he was shot several times, including once in the head. Davison was taken to York Hospital, where he died of his injuries.
The identity of the shooter is still unknown. Police and Davison’s family are offering a combined $20,000 reward for information leading to the arrest and conviction of the killer.
Police are asking anyone with information to call the PA Crime Stoppers Tip Line at 1-800-472-8477.

domain: news


New album release – The Long War, Under a Heavy Sky
Vancouver indie rock quintet The Long War release their sophomore album today.
The album includes the band’s latest single, “Bad Love.”
“‘Bad Love’ is a song about holding on for too long and finding the strength to let go,” says vocalist Jarrett Lee in a media release. “It’s about the fighting, the fixing and the fear.” Originally from Ottawa, singer/songwriter Lee formed the band in 2016 in Vancouver. The lineup includes Chad Gilmour (guitar/vocals), Jess Lee (keyboards/vocals), Neil Williamson (drums), and Jonny Battistuzzi (bass).
Then, after its formation, The Long War won the 2017 CBC Searchlight Contest. Their song “Breathe In Breathe Out” was listed as one of CBC Music’s Top 100 songs that year. They released their first album, Landscapes, in 2018. The band has been featured on Q with Tom Power and in Canadian Musician Magazine. They’ve toured across Canada, performing at the CBC Music Festival in Toronto, Banff Performance In The Park, the reopening of Ottawa’s National Arts Centre as part of the Canada 150 Celebrations, and Folk Alliance International in Montreal.
Under a Heavy Sky is available now on Spotify, Apple Music/iTunes, and other digital retailers and streaming services worldwide. For more info, visit thelongwarband.com.
Shout-outs to Plaskett, Mangan
And, if you’re wondering about where Lee’s tastes lie, he revealed some of his current Canadian faves in June 2020 to canadianbeats.ca. “Joel Plaskett recently released 44 and it’s an incredibly, ambitious record that I love. I’m a fan of Dan Mangan who is sort of a Vancouver legend and someone who does so much for the music community. Alvvays is great, The Barr Brothers, Leif Vollebekk, Fast Romantics, Tim Baker, Timber Timbre, Matt Mays. Shout out to our pals Winter Youth and Zach Kleisinger, both of which are making some great music.”


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Date: 1898 after
Description: Four girls stand behind a small child in a stroller while posing around Lewis Fountain in Veteran's Park. Houses and the Civil War Veteran's Memorial are...
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Date: 1891 ca.
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Date: 1899 ca.
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Date: 1868 ca.
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Description: William Krueger sits between the twins, Edgar and Jennie Krueger. There is a fur rug on the floor.
Description: Portrait of William Krueger holding a book in his lap and holding a pair of eyeglasses. Behind him, a long pipe rests against a table on which sits a box,...
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domain: history


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Young Tiger NTR is Celebrating his Birthday Tomorrow. The actor who is back in the top league of Star Heroes with Janatha Garage is keen on extending the success streak with his next film, Jai Lava Kusa. The First look poster of the film has released on this occasion.
The movie is looking at this year-end release. He will be teaming up with top director Trivikram's movie later this year. The second movie in the combination of NTR and Koratala Siva is also in the pipeline. So, the actor and his fans are very excited about his lineup.
Like the last year, the actor is also throwing a birthday party to journalists a day before. NTR will be treating them with choicest of delicacies and Wine tonight. It will be all Masti till the early hours of tomorrow. This treat is aimed at pleasing the media for their support.
Trisha gets 'Wet' and shows her Hot Body over the Beach Sand - Tempting Photos Inside The sexy and talented actress Trisha, known for her subtle acts and limited glamour, went for a terrific image makeover last year, as she went on to don a stunning two-piece bikini and a one-piece swimsuit in the horror hit Aranmanai 2 by Sundar C.
- Kajal Aggarwal's Beach Bikini Song Photos will tease your temptations
- 15 Very High Clarity Photos of Trisha in RED Brassiere and Transparent outfit
- Whooaa... When Actresses went TOPLESS just for Calendar Photoshoot - Check all Topless clicks
- When Nayantara faced Oops! Moment several times and revealed more... Check everything!
- 'Behind-The-Scenes' Photos reveal more of this 'B' Babe
- Young Actor accepts Sayyeshaa baby is a lot better in Bangkok
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- Teasing our Mood by showing Waist Line in Choli... Desi Babe Vaibhavi Shandilya for you - 31 Photos

domain: entertainment


COUPLES looking to get married fast and cheap can do so this weekend for the price of a movie ticket. The hit play “Tony ‘n’ Tina’s Wedding” has been turned into a film, and lovebirds wanting to get hitched can do it at midnight tonight at the IFC Center, where it premieres, and tomorrow night. The Rev. Debra, who is licensed to perform the service, will officiate. If a bride shows up in a wedding dress, she’ll get a complimentary ticket to the screening. The movie stars Mila Kunis, Adrian Grenier and Joey McIntyre.
By PageSix.com Staff
November 30, 2007 | 10:00am


text: Thank you once again Saurabh for the opportunity to host this challenge. For this challenge I would like to see anything flying in the air , self propelled or otherwise. Birds ,Bees ,Frisbees, Rockets...up to you. When judging I will give weight to original subjects and/or edits as well as technical quality. One entry and as many NE's a you like.

domain: artistic


text:
Pricing aspect costs from terms and conditions No phrase constraints money proceed until paid-in total centered around picked part gallery process and they’re reliant on near future
Origination expenses that run to costs month-to-month or Monday that’s day-to-day saturday ACH get specifications Poor to big ratings accepted.cashing Your own time day that is same to several hours
Much like a cash advance payday loans business payday loans also come under the shelter of financial investment in upcoming purchases settlement But there are several variations which can be significant to how funding or boost runs in lieu of repaired responsibilities are flourished through the checking account the subtracted originating from a collection tiny fraction of future charge card earnings.
These advances do not have phrase constraints nicely and can make the income you will require because of the time that’s then funds These are typically great for operating resources or finances action holes inside the with attractive conditions and terms for a number of markets.
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Become an estimate by filling in our very own simple type nowadays.
Is actually a quick home loan difficult to get
The rapid response can be as of there are some other techniques than in the past acquiring cash through fast resource for ones due to faster to get minimal requirements

domain: economics


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Dereham Monitor Farm debate: Should farmers bale straw, or return it to the soil?
- Credit: Ian Burt
Straw prices remain sky-high after stocks ran low during the long, wet winter – but does this mean more Norfolk farmers will be baling and removing straw from their fields this year?
That was one of the questions discussed at the summer meeting and farm tour of Swanton Morley Farms, based at Hoe Hall, near Dereham – which is the Norfolk member of the knowledge-sharing Monitor Farm network run by the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (AHDB).
Farm manager Simon Brock hosted a debate on the pros and cons of baling and chopping straw, and led a tour of two of his fields, one in winter barley going into oilseed rape and one in winter wheat, going into sugar beet.
He said the field in winter barley will be baled to give a good lead in to oilseed rape establishment, with the baled straw traded as part of a muck-for-straw deal.
'The reason I bale in front of oilseed rape is to clear the fields,' he said. 'We establish the rape with a flat lift and I don't want trash because slugs can become a major issue. Also too much trash covers up the seeds too deeply and impedes germination.'
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Teresa Meadows, AHDB knowledge exchange manager, said: 'Muck for straw deals like Simon has with the on-site outdoor pig producer can be a good way of bringing mutual benefits to both arable and livestock farmers.'
The second field will have the winter wheat straw chopped to keep nutrients in the soil. Mr Brock confessed he is not a big fan of baling.
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'In a wet year, baling straw can really delay things because the soil gets wet and we cause more damage taking the straw off,' he said. 'It also removes valuable potash and organic matter, which I'd rather keep in the soil.'
For Mr Brock, straw prices would have to be well above £100 per tonne for him to even consider baling and selling.
'Although the cost is hard to quantify, I don't want to risk the delay and soil damage,' he said. 'I think the loss of potash and organic matter, together with yield losses from delayed drilling and soil damage, would cost us more than we'd get back in payment for the straw.'
The AHDB has published guidelines for calculating the nutrient content of straw, which includes a summary of the advantages and disadvantages of chopping and baling straw. For more details, see the AHDB website.

domain: agronomy


Companies globally are adopting digitalization to improve their operations and empower their workforces. One notable advancement in the process industries is the increase in preventive maintenance through a wealth of data provided by modern smart instruments, enabling the creation of powerful insights.
To make best use of this data, many plants are implementing measures for communicating instrument diagnostic data reliably to team members. This enables plant personnel to proactively address issues, reduce unscheduled outages and improve operational performance. However, transmitting, storing and securely accessing this data can be a challenge.
Barriers to analysis
Many plants already use smart instruments, which can measure or generate numerous diagnostic data points, in addition to multiple secondary process values. But it is less common for facilities to possess the infrastructure required to transmit this data to a central host system for processing. For this and other reasons, these advanced data capabilities frequently go untapped.
For real-time control applications, reliability requirements often necessitate the use of specialized distributed control system (DCS) hardware and upgrading this equipment for digital protocol literacy can be costly. But for monitoring applications—or in situations where timing is not critical—wireless communication methods often provide better options.
Facilitate data transmission and increase preventive maintenance
Leveraging wireless technologies—such as WirelessHART and Bluetooth—helps ease connectivity efforts, increases data availability, and provides flexibility for processing the data, providing plant personnel with information they need to quickly make informed operational and maintenance decisions.
For digital instruments without native wireless capabilities, devices like the Endress+Hauser FieldPort SWA50 , WirelessHART/Bluetooth communication adapter, create opportunities to liberate digital data and create operational value, with minimal installation costs and downtime requirements.
These adapters provide wireless functionality for any instrument that supports HART, without interfering with existing wired analog I/O loops. In addition to avoiding costly conduit runs and wiring efforts, this approach eliminates the need to involve a DCS in data collection when implementing preventive maintenance and operational optimization strategies. This makes it possible to provide operational and process data to the right people throughout the enterprise without providing access to the plant control system. By implementing the wireless HART data into a platform like Netilion, the same data can be provided to people and systems via API integration to improve productivity throughout the enterprise.
These interfaces also enable technicians to connect directly to devices through a wireless field communication tablet, or even with the SmartBlue App on an everyday smartphone. Once connected, a user can monitor instrument health, and with proper authorization, can change tags or other configuration parameters if desired.
While Bluetooth simplifies field maintenance, WirelessHART is typically preferred for integrating data from multiple instruments to a central location.
Aggregate the data
After ensuring instruments speak the right language, plant staff can install WirelessHART edge gateways throughout the facility to pass their data via a wired connection, typically Ethernet, to higher-level host systems, like those used for asset management or enterprise resource planning.
The combination of Bluetooth as a modern tool for field operations, with WirelessHART for conventional host system integration, empowers plant personnel to completely bypass a DCS, reducing efforts required to obtain smart instrumentation multivariable process value and diagnostic information.
Analyze the data in the cloud
Within the walls of a facility or the fence line of a plant, field device data is valuable, but by expanding to cloud-based systems, plant personnel unlock greater insight creation potential to further improve asset performance and utilization.
Secure worldwide access to instrument data helps increase operational efficiency, while links between operational and business processes in cloud-based analytic tools, like Netilion, help each inform and optimize the other. Facilities of the future will continue to leverage preventive maintenance capabilities through wireless devices, and analytic systems will use the data from smart instruments to generate insights, leading to operational improvements.


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Happy Birthday Balakrishna
Nandamuri Balakrishna is celebrating his 50th birthday today. Having acted in around 90 films, his latest film “Simha” has been declared a hit. He is the son of the former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, Telugu film actor Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao. He started his film career as a child artist in his fathers movie tatammakala. Later on he turned out to be a trump card.He is more famous in the roles where he has acted as an angry young man, and leader of a clan.
Balakrishna was born in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. He has seven brothers Late Rama Krishna, Jaya Krishna, Hari Krishna, Mohana Krishna, Sai Krishna, Jr Rama Krishna, Jaya Shankar Krishna, and four sisters Smt Uma Maheswari, Smt Bhuvaneswari, Smt Lokeswari, Smt Purandheswari.
He is married to Vasundhara Devi and has one son Mokshagna Teja and two daughters Brahmani and Tejaswini.
Balakrishna won the Filmfare Best Actor Award Telugu for the movie Bhairava Dweepam.
In 2001, He received Nandi Award for the movie Narasimha Naidu ,presented by State government of Andhra Pradesh, India.
He won the ‘Cine Goers Association’s best actor award for 2001’ for his performance in Narasimha Naidu.
BalaKrishna was presented with ‘Akkineni Abhinaya Puraskaram’ for the year 2007.
Balakrishna also received Santosham Best Actor Award for the Film Pandurangadu in 2008.
He has been conferred with the title Vishwa Vikhyatha Nata Teja by the Washington Telugu Cultural Society.

domain: celebrity


text:
It’s never easy. Phaedra and I only ever do so when our backs are to the wall. Regular readers may have noticed that we haven’t asked for financial help recently. That’s because we’ve had a small rise in income lately due to my tarot readings and a couple of weddings performed, plus some income from Real Magic School. Even so, we’re glad we have an understanding landlady. We may be starting a Moving Money Fund to get us away from the expensive town we live in to a much cheaper one in Oregon, but that too will be a survival issue for us as Pagan elders.
I was a bit surprised to see Arthur’s post earlier today asking for help to get to Starwood. I’ll admit I didn’t see much wrong with it at first. To an eighteen-year-old, not getting to go to an event he’s attended every year of his life would seem an emergency. Eventually I decided that his appeal should have been sent to the Starwood emailing list, rather than the entire world via our family blog.
So I’ve removed his first post in which he asked for help and his second one in which he thanked and promised to pay back those who sent him money. I’ll make sure that he does.
Nonetheless, I’m glad that he will be able to go this year and next year he’ll know well enough to start saving for it in April.

domain: finance


text:
12 I beseech you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, to present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, [a]acceptable to God, which is your [b]spiritual [c]service. 2 And be not fashioned according to this [d]world: but be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind, that ye may prove what is [e]the good and [f]acceptable and perfect will of God.
3 For I say, through the grace that was given me, to every man that is among you, not to think of himself more highly than he ought to think; but so to think as to think soberly, according as God hath dealt to each man a measure of faith. 4 For even as we have many members in one body, and all the members have not the same office: 5 so we, who are many, are one body in Christ, and severally members one of another. 6 And having gifts differing according to the grace that was given to us, whether prophecy, let us prophesy according to the proportion of our faith; 7 or ministry, let us give ourselves to our ministry; or he that teacheth, to his teaching; 8 or he that exhorteth, to his exhorting: he that giveth, let him do it with [g]liberality; he that ruleth, with diligence; he that showeth mercy, with cheerfulness.
9 Let love be without hypocrisy. Abhor that which is evil; cleave to that which is good. 10 In love of the brethren be tenderly affectioned one to another; in honor preferring one another; 11 in diligence not slothful; fervent in spirit; serving [h]the Lord; 12 rejoicing in hope; patient in tribulation; continuing stedfastly in prayer; 13 communicating to the necessities of the saints; [i]given to hospitality. 14 Bless them that persecute you; bless, and curse not. 15 Rejoice with them that rejoice; weep with them that weep. 16 Be of the same mind one toward another. Set not your mind on high things, but [j]condescend to [k]things that are lowly. Be not wise in your own conceits. 17 Render to no man evil for evil. Take thought for things honorable in the sight of all men. 18 If it be possible, as much as in you lieth, be at peace with all men. 19 Avenge not yourselves, beloved, but give place unto [l]the wrath of God: for it is written, [m]Vengeance belongeth unto me; I will recompense, saith the Lord. 20 But [n]if thine enemy hunger, feed him; if he thirst, give him to drink: for in so doing thou shalt heap coals of fire upon his head. 21 Be not overcome of evil, but overcome evil with good.
- Romans 12:1 Greek well-pleasing.
- Romans 12:1 Greek belonging to the reason.
- Romans 12:1 Or, worship
- Romans 12:2 Or, age
- Romans 12:2 Or, the will of God, even the thing which is good and acceptable and perfect
- Romans 12:2 Greek well-pleasing.
- Romans 12:8 Greek singleness.
- Romans 12:11 Some ancient authorities read the opportunity.
- Romans 12:13 Greek pursuing.
- Romans 12:16 Greek be carried away with.
- Romans 12:16 Or, them
- Romans 12:19 Or, wrath
- Romans 12:19 Dt. 32:35.
- Romans 12:20 (Prov. 25:21f)

domain: literature


text:
Following Rally, Bitcoin and Ethereum Face Resistance
- Bitcoin and Ethereum have surged by over 28% over the past two weeks.
- Both assets appear to be struggling to break through their 200-day moving averages.
- Meanwhile, sell signals are starting to appear.
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The top two cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin and Ethereum, are consolidating below a stiff resistance level. A steep correction could be on the horizon.
Bitcoin, Ethereum Struggle to Break Out
Bitcoin and Ethereum have remained stagnant over the past few days even as lower cap assets rally.
The top two crypto assets have shown a strong correlation coefficient over the past two weeks. They have largely surged in tandem, gaining more than 28% in market value. However, both Bitcoin and Ethereum appear to have reached a critical resistance while sell signals are beginning to surface.
Bitcoin has been trying to break the 200-day moving average since Mar. 28, but has been unsuccessful. Although resistance tends to weaken over time, the trading volume appears to be fading around the current price level. The lack of buying pressure could lead to a rejection for Bitcoin to collect liquidity before advancing further.
The Tom DeMark (TD) Sequential Indicator adds credence to the short-term pessimistic outlook as it is currently presenting a sell signal on Bitcoin’s daily chart. A spike in profit-taking could validate the bearish formation, resulting in a one to four daily candlesticks correction. Under such circumstances, Bitcoin could drop to the demand zone between $43,760 and $41,460.
Ethereum’s uptrend also appears to have been halted by the 200-day moving average at $3,500. As Ethereum continues to trade below this crucial resistance level, the chance of a brief correction increases. Moreover, the TD Sequential Indicator is anticipating a bearish scenario.
The popular indicator has flashed a combo 13 candlestick on Ethereum’s daily chart, which can be considered a sell signal. If sell orders increase around the current price levels, Ethereum could drop to $2,870 or $2,720 before attempting to reclaim the 200-day moving average.
While Bitcoin and Ethereum appear to have encountered stiff resistance, some analysts believe that consolidation is suitable for future price growth. It’s worth noting that a daily candlestick close above the 200-day moving average could invalidate the short-term pessimistic outlook. If Bitcoin breaches the 200-day moving average, it could surge to $5,200. Ethereum, meanwhile, has a shot at $3,900 if it can break through.
Disclosure: At the time of writing, the author of this piece owned BTC and ETH.
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I know some of you will look at this photo and think I've gone nuts, but this really is a very easy to make fall planter and very beginner-friendly.
Table Of Contents
Why Fall Planters Are Perfect For Beginners
As a matter of fact, if you are new to container gardening, fall porch pots are a great place to start!
You don't have to care as much about light requirements, heat requirements, watering requirements. Or just about any requirements at all, because it's fall and all the normal "rules" sort of go out the window when there are cooler temperatures and shorter days.
This planter is made for instant autumn curb appeal first and foremost!
Where To Buy Your Supplies
All the plants used in this porch pot can be found at your local nursery or big box hardware store. Some grocery stores even carry these plants (my local Krogers carries all these, although not in lots of color choices).
I purposefully used very common, readily available fall plants.
As for the "pumpkins" at the base of the planter, I bought those in the vegetable section of the grocery store for less than $2 per gourd/squash. They are turban squash and used in cooking. Of course, you could also buy them at the pumpkin patch.
Traditional orange or white real pumpkins or faux pumpkins would look good also.
Fall Porch Planter Directions
What You'll Need
- Large Urn, Pot or Container
- Potting Soil
- Gardening Gloves and Small Trowel (aka spade or hand shovel)
- 1 Garden Mum
- 1 Coral Bells (Heucherella)
- 1 Flowering Kale or Cabbage
- 1 Large Celosia
- 3-6 Pansies
- 1 Mini Pumpkin
- 3 Assorted Pumpkins, Gourds or Squash (optional)
My red Radio Flyer wagon came in handy for toting my supplies around.
Step By Step Instructions
Time needed: 20 minutes
- Gather Your Supplies
Going clockwise, I purchased a Garden Mum (Miranda Orange), Celosia (Ice Cream Yellow), a mini pumpkin, 3 Turban squash, Pansies (Matrix Orange), Flowering Kale (Glamour Red) and Coral Bells (Heucherella - Sweet Tea).
- Prepare The Pot
Fill your container with potting soil, leaving 2-3 inches at the top. We are going to be jamming quite a few plants in here, so you'll need the extra space to work with.
I purchased this plastic planter (yes, it is plastic) 5 YEARS ago and it has held up amazingly well. It's 19" wide and has a very classic design.
You can see other ways I've used it in my How To Make Outdoor Christmas Planters article (super easy holiday look) or Easy Holiday Front Porch Planters article (shows how to easily convert these to a holiday look).
- Spread Out Plant Roots
As you're planting each of these plants, spread their roots out a bit on the bottom.
99% of the time the plants have gotten a little root bound by this point in the season and could use a little loosening up so they grow into the surrounding soil better. Don't worry about breaking the roots when you're spreading them out, the plant will survive and will enjoy being able to stretch out.
- Plant The Mum
Use the trowel to scoop out some soil from the back of the urn to make a hole big enough for the root ball. Place your mum in the hole.
Push soil back over the root ball. Gently push the mum down into the soil, so it firmly supports the plant.
- Plant The Celosia
Do they same for your celosia, tucking it firmly up beside the mum.
Did I mention we're going to jam a lot into this pot?
- Plant The Kale Or Cabbage
Next comes your kale or cabbage on the other side of the mum.
Just remember each time you put a new plant in you are going to do 5 Quick and Easy Steps:
1. Spread out the plant roots
2. Dig a small hole by pushing the soil to one side
3. Place your plant in the hole
4. Push dirt back up over the root ball
5. Gently push the plant down into the soil
- Plant The Coral Bells
And just when you thought you could fit no more, plant your coral bells right beside the celosia. #stuffitinthere
- Plant The Pansies
The pansies come last. Tuck them into the very small space in the front, hanging them over the edge a little bit if they are tall enough.
Since the pansies come with such a small root ball, I normally just use my fingers to dig out a little hole for them instead of using a trowel.
- Place The Pumpkin As An Accent
Take your little pumpkin and wedge it in somewhere around the pansies wherever you can find room. Extra points if you have a pumpkin with a fun curly stem!
Once all your plants are in the soil, water the container. You want to give them a good soaking without drowning them. I used roughly ½ gallons of water for the planter. (I have additional watering tips in the FAQ section down below).
- (Optional) Pumpkins, Gourds or Squash
If you want to add additional fall goodness to your planter you can always add some pumpkin, gourds or squash at the base. I used three turban squash. The one on the right bottom of the photo looks exactly like a huge acorn!
Other Readily Available Fall Flowers For Containers
There are many other fall flowers you can find this time of year, some of which are:
- Purple Fountain Grass and other Tall Grasses
- Ornamental Peppers
- Black-eyed Susan
Frequently Asked Questions:
A fall planter will retain its moisture much longer than a summer one that is subjected to much higher air temperatures for longer periods of time. You can water them just whenever the top 2-3 inches of soil feels dry to the touch (just go ahead and stick your finger in the dirt), normally about once a week.
Since it is fall and these plants are not going to "grow" a whole lot in the next 2-3 months (at least not like they would if you planted up a spring planter in May), you can easily pack quite a few plants in here. You are going for instance impact, color and pizazz, so make it full and showy!
When you get ready to plant your urn up with greenery for the holidays, you can plant the mum and the coral bells in the ground. They are perennials and will come back year after year. As a matter of fact, I have quite a few patches of coral bells throughout my flower beds. They all started in fall planter planters, moved to the flower beds after Thanksgiving and then start reproducing themselves from there.
Celosia is a tender perennial and usually grown as an annual in my part of the country. Unless you live in Zones 10-11 (basically the southern tips of Florida and California) they won't be able to survive in the ground in the winter. You can try to dry the plumes if you wish for dried flower arrangements though.
Flowering Kale (aka Ornamental Cabbage) will actually last fairly long, possibly throughout the winter, although the stems tend to get very long and the plants lose their attractiveness after a while (they have their best show of color in full sun in the late summer and early fall). Most gardeners treat these as fall annuals and toss them after fall and start anew the next year.
Pansies can go either way. Most people plant pansies as annuals only in the spring or the fall. They really enjoy the cooler temperatures. Although pansies can survive a frost and even harsh winter weather and possibly still bloom again in the spring, it's not a sure bet. You might want to try to overwinter them in the ground and just see what happens.
Maybe. If you don't want to use the flower pot for a holiday arrangement for the porch you can try to just keep everything together in the pot and see what, if anything, survives the winter.
You would bring the pot into an unheated garage and let it live out the winter there for the best chance of survival, but honestly it's not super easy (or beginner-friendly) to overwinter mums in pots, let alone the other plants. Mums overwinter nicely in the ground, but a hard freeze can quickly kill their roots in a pot because they don't have as much soil to surround and insulate them.
So basically, I don't advise it, but it doesn't hurt to prove me wrong.
So in summary, YOU CAN DO THIS! Making a fall planter is definitely something a budding gardener can do! Grab a large pot, some potting soil and a few plants and let's pretty up that porch of yours!Check out the web story version of this article HERE.
Other Posts You May Enjoy:
Making A Fall Foliage Planter (No Mums In This One)

domain: hobby


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Robert Langford Modini Stack (January 13, 1919 – May 14, 2003) was an American actor. In addition to acting in more than 40 films, he also appeared on the television series The Untouchables and later served as the host of Unsolved Mysteries.
Stack was born in Los Angeles, California, but spent his early childhood growing up in Europe. He became fluent in French and Italian at an early age, but he did not learn English until returning to Los Angeles. Raised by his mother, Mary Elizabeth (née Wood), Stack's parents divorced when Stack was a year old, and his father, James Langford Stack, a wealthy advertising agency owner, died when Stack was nine. Stack always spoke of his mother with the greatest respect and love. When he wrote his autobiography, Straight Shooting, he included a picture of him and his mother. He captioned it, "Me and my best girl." Stack's grandfather was an opera singer from Illinois named Charles Wood, who went by the name "Modini."
By the time he was twenty, Stack had achieved minor fame as a sportsman. He was an avid polo player and shooter. He and his brother won the International Outboard Motor Championships, in Venice, Italy; and, at age 16, he became a member of the All-American Skeet Team. He set two world records in skeet shooting and became National Champion. In 1971, he was inducted into the National Skeet Shooting Hall of Fame.
Stack was a regular columnist for Gun World magazine.
Stack took drama courses at the Bridgewater State College. His deep voice and good looks attracted producers in Hollywood. When Stack visited the lot of Universal Studios at age 20, producer Joe Pasternak offered him an opportunity to enter the business. Recalled Stack, "He said, 'How'd you like to be in pictures? We'll make a test with Helen Parrish, a little love scene.' Helen Parrish was a beautiful girl. 'Gee, that sounds keen,' I told him. I got the part." Stack's first film, which teamed him with Deanna Durbin, was First Love, in 1939; this film was considered controversial at the time. He was the first actor to give Durbin an on-screen kiss.
Stack won acclaim for his next role, The Mortal Storm (1940). He played a young man who joins the Nazi party. This film was among the first to speak out against Adolf Hitler. As a youth, Stack admitted that he had a crush on Carole Lombard and in 1942 he appeared with her in To Be or Not To Be. He admitted he was terrified going into this role. He credits Lombard with giving him many tips on acting and with being his mentor. Lombard was killed in a plane crash shortly before the film was released.
During World War II, Stack served as gunnery instructor in the United States Navy. He continued his film career and appeared in such films as Fighter Squadron (1948), A Date with Judy (1948) and Bwana Devil (1952). In 1954, Stack was given his most important movie role. He appeared opposite John Wayne in The High and the Mighty. Stack played the pilot of an airliner which comes apart under stress after the airliner encounters engine trouble.
In 1957, Stack was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for Written on the Wind.
Stack depicted the crimefighting Eliot Ness in the television drama The Untouchables (1959–1963). The show portrayed the ongoing battle between gangsters and federal agents in a Prohibition-era Chicago. The show brought Stack a best actor Emmy Award in 1960.
Stack also starred in three other drama series, rotating the lead with Tony Franciosa and Gene Barry in the lavish The Name of the Game (1968–1971), Most Wanted, (1976) and Strike Force (1981). Interestingly, in The Name of the Game, he played a former federal agent turned true-crime journalist, evoking memories of his role as Ness. In both Most Wanted and Strike Force he played a tough, incorruptible police captain commanding an elite squad of special investigators, also evoking the Ness role. Eventually, he would reprise the role in a 1991 television movie, The Return of Eliot Ness.
Known for his steadfast, humorless demeanor, he made fun of his own persona in comedies such as 1941 (1979), Airplane! (1980), Caddyshack II (1988), Beavis and Butthead Do America (1996) and BASEketball (1998). He also provided the voice for the character Ultra Magnus in The Transformers: The Movie (1986).
Stack appeared in the television mini-series Hollywood Wives in 1985, and appeared in several episodes of the popular primetime soap opera Falcon Crest in 1986. Ironically, Stack's series Strike Force was scheduled opposite Falcon Crest, where it quickly folded.
He began hosting Unsolved Mysteries in 1987. He thought very highly of the interactive nature of the show, saying that it created a "symbiotic" relationship between viewer and program, and that the hotline was a great crime-solving tool. Unsolved Mysteries aired from 1987 to 2002, first as specials in 1987 (Stack did not host all the specials), then as a regular series on NBC (1988–1997), then on CBS (1997–1999) and finally on Lifetime (2001–2002). Stack served as the show's host during its entire original series run.
|To Be or Not To Be||Leutnant Stanislav Sobinski||1942|
|War Paint||Lt. Billings||1953|
|The Iron Glove||Captain Charles Wogan||1954|
|The High and the Mighty||John Sullivan||1954|
|House of Bamboo||Eddie Kenner||1955|
|The Tarnished Angels||Roger Shumann||1958|
|The Gift of Love||William Beck||1958|
|The Scarface Mob||Eliot Ness||1959|
|The Last Voyage||Cliff Henderson||1960|
|Murder on Flight 502||Captain Larkin||1975|
|1941||Maj. Gen. Joseph W. Stilwell||1979|
|Dangerous Curves||Louis Faciano||1989|
|Beavis and Butt-Head Do America||ATF Agent Flemming (voice)||1996|


text:
Watch Out Below For Coca-Cola
Coca-Cola (KO) has been under pressure for a few years.
KO is up roughly 33% since 2012. The S&P 500 is up roughly 88% over the same time frame.
They have sought to streamline their business and have divested a lot of assets. But the clouds are still dark for Coke.
KO has three major problems:
- Aggressive competitor: Pepsi (PEP) is very aggressive. And very diversified: in addition to drinks they offer snack foods (Frito-Lays), granola bars & cereals. KO does just beverages
- Soft drink tax: Cities have begun to tax soft drinks, with the inevitable result that sales are falling. By a lot. Two months after enacting the tax, Philadelphia saw soda sales drop 30%+. Canada Dry is laying off 20% of its workers. It’s a few million in losses, but it’s spreading to other cities.
- End of Food Stamps Benefits: At the height of the recession, US States waived the requirement that food stamp (SNAP) recipients had to (1) have a job, (2) be in training, or (3) provide some community work. Food stamp recipients shot up from 27M to 47M. 8 years into the recovery, there are still 41M individuals getting food subsidies.
Most don’t realize, but food stamps are big business: about $71 billion (B) in annual support.
Food stamp subsidies have more than doubled since 2007 (at $30B.)
If you really want to get pissed off at program wastage… administrative costs have also doubled – from $2.4B annually to $4.8B.)
In past economic cycles, Food Stamp participation drops back to pre-recession levels within 2-3 years of the recession.
That stopped with the 2001 recession. Why? Because big business stepped in.
A cool $50B per year of government money is being funneled to a handful of companies. These companies spend millions themselves in lobbying to keep the largess going.
Almost half of food stamp money is spent on candy and – wait for it – soft drinks.
Walmart is the biggest beneficiary. They get 18% of the total.
Amazon sees this big piece of the pie and wants in. Now, Prime members who use their SNAP card get a 45% discount on food and soft drinks.
But changes are coming.
States like Alabama and Georgia (among others) have reinstated the basic requirements to qualify for food stamps.
Remember, this isn’t hitting hardship cases. The rules are very gentle. If you are able-bodied, then you don’t get a free ride.
Work, show proof that you are trying to work, or provide the community with 20 hours of monthly public service (one afternoon per week). Participation has collapsed. Alabama alone saw 85% drop in participation. Georgia 62%
As a major recipient of the spending, KO is about to face billions in falling sales.
KEY TAKEAWAY: Coca-Cola is in for a rude awakening with the food stamp regulatory changes. Taxes on soft drinks. And competition from Pepsi. All are big negatives for the stock.
Meanwhile, it’s trailing price-to-earnings ratio is 31. Its price-to-sales is just under 5.
Want to pay that much for a company with falling revenue and earnings? Didn’t think so.
Avoid the stock ahead of earnings July 26th.
Editor of Moneyball Economics
P.S. Are you struggling to keep up with the huge stock market gains? Then look no further than The Moneyball Trader.
You won’t find it in most mainstream media outlets, but that’s a good thing… it’s why our readers are crushing it so far in 2017.
Find out how you can get The Moneyball Trader here.


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Actress Jacqueline Fernandez was detained by immigration officials at Mumbai Airport today due to a LOC (Look Out Circular).
An official said here on Friday that former Mumbai police commissioner Param Bir Singh has accepted his suspension order and that the Maharashtra home department has acknowledged it.
On the complaint of Ketan Tanna, a builder and bookie, Thane Nagar police filed an extortion case against Singh and a few serving cops in July.
The Supreme Court today granted protection from arrest to former Mumbai police chief Param Bir Singh, who has been missing since October
Former Mumbai Police Commissioner Param Bir Singh could be designated a "absconder" in connection with an extortion case.
A warrant against ex-Mumbai police chief Param Bir Singh cannot be executed by all of the home minister's troops.
A Non Bailable Warrant (NBW) has been issued against former Mumbai top officer Param Bir Singh by the eighth metropolitan magistrate court.
Sachin Waze extorted money from cricket bookies on Param Bir’s instructions, Mumbai Police tells court
Sachin Waze (former API) extorted money from cricket bookies on Param Bir’s instructions, Mumbai Police tells court.
In connection with an extortion case, Mumbai's Esplanade Court on Saturday extended the policy custody of dismissed assistant police inspector (API) Sachin Waze until November 13th.


For two months in a row, Ukrainians have been selling more currency than buying
In March 2015, Ukrainians sold foreign currency at USD 129.2 million more than bought from banks, and the trend of excess of foreign currency supply over demand in the cash market continues for the second month in a row.
It was reported by the UNIAN referring to the National Bank.
According to the NBU, banks bought from individuals 169,100,000 dollars, and sold 39,900,000 dollars. In January-March, net sales of currency by individuals amounted to 236.2 million dollars.
Bank deposits of individuals in freely convertible currency (in dollar terms) declined by 963 million dollars - to 11.424 billion dollars as of April 1.
As reported, in February 2015, Ukrainians for the first time since June 2014 sold more foreign currency than bought. Net sales of currency by individuals was 126.4 million dollars.
18 December 2012 17:22
20 May 2018 21:09
8 May 2018 13:46


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Local outlet WRAL reported yesterday (June 6) that Apple and Amazon are considering the construction of new corporate headquarters in Raleigh, North Carolina. The prospective developments coincide with reports that Republican lawmakers in the North Carolina General Assembly today (June 7) proposed another racist voter identification policy, like the one the Supreme Court of the United States struck down in 2016.
In response, civil rights organization Color of Change partnered with Raleigh-bred musician William Matthews for Reject Racism, a new campaign demanding both corporations protest the legislation and refuse to set up headquarters there.
There’s a robust conversation happening around tech + diversity these days and we’re guessing neither @Apple or @Amazon wants to be associated with a state, like NC, that’s pushing to enshrine racism in their constitution. #RejectRacism #NCGA @NCLeg https://t.co/qrNsMFbJDi pic.twitter.com/aM5GZeX6JS
rnt— ColorOfChange.org (@ColorOfChange) June 7, 2018
rntAccording to a June 6 statement from Color of Change, the campaign targets the companies in their current home regions with ads in the The San Jose Mercury News and The Seattle Times. The ads direct supporters to an online petition, in which Matthews cites the diversity rhetoric of both companies:
Apple says, “The best way the world works is everybody in. Nobody out.” And Amazon says, “It’s not only that diversity and inclusion are good for our business. It’s more fundamental than that—it’s simply right.”
But if they’re willing to move their headquarters to a state that makes a habit of discriminating against eligible Black voters, it’s clearly just a talking point.
One way Amazon and Apple can demonstrate a real commitment to espoused values of diversity is by making it clear that they won’t move their headquarters to a state that is rapidly sliding backward on racial oppression and voting rights. In 2018, we need to demand that major companies stay on the right side of the law—and the right side of history.
See the full petition at RejectRacism.org.


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I wanted some mashed potatoes the other day and decided to make a “french” one, with mostly butter. Hell, all butter and no cream. This maybe one of the first things I made when I was still a newbie in the kitchen. I mean, how can you go wrong with mashed potatoes? But now, it’s more of a question of how can you go right with mashed potatoes?
My initial research yielded that french mashed potatoes are very fine, going through a food mill, then a sieve again before serving. And the typical potato to butter ratio is about 2:1 and spelled heart attack. Lighter recipes gave a 4:1 ratio, which I generally followed. Among other things. But this really came out yummier, simpler too. 🙂
French Mashed Potatoes Recipe
1 large potato, peeled and cubed into smaller pieces for faster cooking
butter in 1/4 the weight of the potato, or less
Boil the potatoes in water until tender, but not mushy. Strain, and put back in the hot pan to remove more of the water. Use a ricer or a food mill to mash. Then put back to the warm pan over low fire and slowly add the butter one cube at a time and whisk. Continue adding more butter until you finish all of it, or until you think it’s alright already. Season with salt and pepper.

domain: food


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Welcome to the thrilling world of Where Taken, a captivating game that will test your geographic skills and challenge your knowledge of locations. Are you ready to put your detective hat on? Let’s dive in!
Where Taken is an exciting game that presents you with a picture of a street scene. Your task is to examine the details, use your observation skills, and make an educated guess about the location shown in the picture. Can you name the state or area where the picture was taken? It’s a thrilling challenge that will keep you engaged and sharpen your geographic knowledge.
As you progress through the game, you’ll encounter various street pictures from different locations. From bustling cities to tranquil rural areas, Where Taken offers a diverse range of scenes to test your geographic expertise. Get ready to immerse yourself in the quest for knowledge and explore the vast and diverse landscapes of the United States.
Challenge yourself to beat your own high score or compete with friends to see who can guess the most locations correctly. Whether you’re an aspiring explorer or simply looking for a fun and educational way to test your geographic skills, Where Taken is the perfect game for you.


Bundle of Rust Red Stripe and Blue Stripe Tab Tees
A bundle of 2 new tab tees in same size with the convenience of one click!
Fabric content: 95% cotton, 5% spandex
Washing Instructions: We recommend machine washing on cold and hanging or laying flat to dry. (Many of our customers do machine wash and dry on low without significant shrinkage.)


The ZTE Axon 7 is more than a year old now, but that isn’t stopping it from enjoying the latest Android software. According to a company representative, the Axon 7 will receive the Android 8.0 Oreo update soon.
In a post on a ZTE forum, the representative told users that the Android Oreo update for the Axon 7 is currently under development. The final update would be released once all the bugs and issues are taken care of.
That is great news to all the Axon 7 owners around the world. The phone was released in May last year and packs a good punch. It has a 5.5-inch QuadHD AMOLED display, the Snapdragon 820 processor, 4GB RAM, 64GB of storage, a 20MP rear camera, and a 3250mAh battery.
The phone originally came with Android Marshmallow and then received an update to Nougat in July this year. And now, it will soon receive an update to Android Oreo as well. We will let you know as soon as there’s more information about the release date.


Method and apparatus for automatic gain control using a linear limiter circuit with voltage controlled resistors as a variable element
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for adjusting the gain of an amplifier circuit. A gain control circuit compares the output of the amplifier with a reference voltage and adjusts a variable resistor, thereby altering the gain of the amplifier.
Latest Information Storage Devices, Inc. Patents:
- Adaptive programming method and apparatus for flash memory analog storage
- Method and apparatus for reducing power supply current surges in a charge pump using a delayed clock line
- AC coupling and signal amplification using switched capacitors
- Intelligent refreshing method and apparatus for increasing multi-level non-volatile memory charge retention reliability
- High output swing operational amplifier using low voltage devices
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of signal processing. More specifically this invention relates to gain control in an amplifier circuit.
2. Description of Related Art
Gain control is an important part of preventing distortion in systems in which an amplifier must handle a wide range of inputs. Improper gain control can result in clipping or distortion of the amplifier output signal. One application in which amplifiers process a wide range of inputs is in the processing of sound signals. For example, an electrical signal generated from a human voice may vary in signal strength depending on the person being recorded, the language used and, the position of the speaker with respect to a microphone. Typically, these voice signals are received by commercially available microphones which output signals varying from hundreds of microvolts to hundreds of millivolts. A pre-amplifier may be used to amplify the signals before input into a second stage amplifier. An automatic gain control circuit adjusts the pre-amplifier increasing gain when voice signals are weak and decreasing gain when voice signals are strong to prevent overdriving the second stage amplifier.
One arrangement for implementing a gain control circuit in an amplifier system is shown in FIG. 1. In FIG. 1, a sound signal is received by a microphone 104 which converts the sound signal into an electrical signal. A preamplifier 108 amplifies the electrical signal into a range appropriate for a more powerful amplifier 112 typically a second stage amplifier. Processing circuitry 116, 120, such as analog anti-aliasing filters 116 process the output of amplifier 112. A peak detector 124 also receives the amplifier output signal. The peak detector detects a local peak of the amplifier output signal 112 and generates a peak indicator signal. An automatic gain control circuit (AGC) 128 receives the peak indicator signal and outputs a control signal used to adjust the gain in an amplifier. The amplifier may be a preamplifier 108 or the second stage amplifier 112.
In a prior art circuit implementation of a peak detector, an AGC control circuit and a pre-amplifier, the peak detector circuit inputs the output from amplifier 112 into an operational amplifier within the peak detector 124. The peak detector 124 uses a combination of operational amplifiers and transistors to generate an output voltage corresponding to the peak of the signal received by the peak detector.
The output voltage, V.sub.AGC, of the peak detector 124 is input into AGC control circuit 128. Typically the AGC control circuit uses a plurality of transistors to compare the voltage V.sub.AGC with a reference voltage VDet to generate an AGC control signal. The AGC control signal is related to the difference between V.sub.AGC and the reference voltage V.sub.Det.
A pre-amplifier 108 uses the AGC control signal to adjust the gain of pre-amplifier 108. The gain of pre-amplifier 108 typically can be computed from the transconductance of transistors within the preamplifier. The transconductance of these preamplifier transistors multiplied by the resistance of a load resistor typically determines the gain of the pre-amplifier. The transconductance of the transistors in the preamplifier is a function of the current flowing through the transistors. The current flowing through the preamplifier is a function of the output of the peak detector 124. Thus the gain of the pre-amplifier depends on the output of the peak detector 124. As the output from the peak detector increases, the gain of the pre-amplifier 108 decreases. Typical prior art gain control devices are described in detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 5,241,494 issued to Blyth, et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 4,890,259 issued to Simko.
One problem with the previously described prior art technique for implementing an AGC control is that the allowable dynamic range of the microphones 104 into the preamplifier 108 is very limited. When large over drive signals are applied to the input of the pre-amplifier, (large over drive signals being defined as on the order of tens of millivolts) severe distortion is created and signal integrity is significantly degraded.
A second problem with standard pre-amplifier gain control designs is that the maximum signal gain is not very well controlled. This is because the transconductance (G.sub.M) of preamplifier transistors and the output load resistor which together determine the gain of the pre-amplifier do not track each other. The resistance of the load resistor and the G.sub.M of pre-amplifier transistors depend on independent process parameters, thus substantial variations in production occurs. Either of these components may have as much as a 30% variation due to variations in process parameters.
Thus it is desirable to have a method and apparatus for controlling the gain of the preamp stage which is able to handle wide dynamic ranges while offering improved control of the gain.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A method and apparatus for adjusting the gain in an amplifier or pre-amplifier is described. Variable resistors within the pre-amplifier are electrically adjusted by a gain control circuit to prevent over-driving of an amplifier receiving the output of the pre-amplifier. In one embodiment of the invention, variable resistors in the gain control circuit are adjusted after comparing an input signal with a reference signal. Corresponding variable resistors in the pre-amplifier track the variable resistors in the control circuit preventing overloading of the amplifier.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The advantages of the present invention will become more readily apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art after reviewing the following detailed description and accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system utilizing an AGC control circuit to control a preamplifier.
FIG. 2 is one embodiment of a preamp of the current invention.
FIG. 3 is one embodiment of an AGC control circuit used to control a pre-amp of FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is one embodiment of a circuit to generate a reference voltage used by the AGC control circuit of FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is one embodiment of a circuit for performing full-wave peak detection.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In the following description and illustration, a number of conventions will be used for convenience. For example, metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistors are used in the circuit embodiments described. A number of voltages will also be given for illustrative purposes. It is to be understood that the particular circuit layouts, the voltages used, and the use of MOS transistors is done for illustrative purposes to facilitate understanding only and that one of ordinary skill in the art may vary the design parameters and still remain within the scope of the invention.
FIG. 2 illustrates one example of a preamplifier 300 used in the present invention. The preamp circuit 300 receives the positive output 304 and the negative output 308 signals from the microphone 104 as illustrated in FIG. 1. Each microphone output signal is applied to a corresponding terminal of MOS variable resistors 312 and 316 as illustrated in FIG. 2. The opposite terminal of the variable resistors 312, 316 are coupled to the inputs of a pre-amplifier operation amplifier (Pre-Amp Op-Amp) 320.
Variable resistor 312 and variable resistor 316 are electrically adjustable. In one embodiment variable resistor 312 and variable resistor 316 are MOS resistors. Each gate of each variable resistors 312, 316 is coupled to a voltage source. The voltage applied to the gate determines the resistance of the variable resistors. In one embodiment of the present invention, the control circuit 128, of FIG. 1 generates a control signal which is applied to the gates of variable resistors 312, 316 in the pre-amplifier.
In the embodiment shown, resistors 324, 328 couple each output of pre-amp op-amp 320 to a corresponding input of pre-amp op-amp 320. The resistances of resistors 324, 328 are typically kept constant. To facilitate fabrication of the pre-amp 300, the constant resistors are typically MOS resistors with gates connected to a constant voltage source VC1. Two other constant resistors 332, 336 couple each input of pre-amp op-amp 320 to a corresponding microphone input. In the embodiment shown, microphone positive input 304 is coupled to a negative input of pre-amp op-amp 320 via constant resistor 336 and negative microphone input 308 is coupled to a positive input of pre-amp op-amp 320 via constant resistor 332. In the illustrated implementation constant resistors 332, 336 are also fabricated by coupling the gates of MOS resistors to the same constant voltage source, VC1.
The preamp circuit 300 produces a gain equal to: (the resistance of resistor 324 divided by the resistance of resistor 332) times the positive microphone input plus (the resistance of 324 divided by the resistance of variable resistor 312) times the negative microphone input. This may be expressed as:
V.sub.out-=(R.sub.a /R.sub.c).times.V.sub.micp +(R.sub.a /R.sub.b).times.V.sub.micm.
If the Vmicp and Vmicm are symmetrical around a reference voltage, the gain of the preamp may be expressed as the absolute value of (Ra/Rc)-(Ra/Rb). The gain of the preamp is thus the difference of two ratios. The gain of this amplifier can be controlled over a very wide range with the maximum gain well defined.
The second term of the gain equation, Ra/Rb is a constant because the gates of both resistors Ra 324 and Rb 332 are tied to a constant voltage VC1. The value of the constant resistance is a function of the MOS dimensions including channel length and width. In one embodiment, the dimensions of the MOS resistors Ra and Rb differ such that the second term of the gain equation (Ra/Rb) is 24.
The first term of the gain equation adds the ratio of the resistance of constant resistor Ra 324 divided by variable resistor Rc 312. Thus when variable resistor Rc 312 is a large value, the overall gain is maximized. In the above mentioned embodiment, the maximum gain occurs when Rc is set to a resistance double Rb. This condition gives a ratio Ra/Rc of 12 and the gain is 12-24 which is a gain of 12, for an absolute value of 12. When variable resistor Rc 312 is set to a resistance equal to Rb, the overall gain is minimized. When the two ratios are almost equal, the gain is near zero.
In one embodiment, the dimensions (the length and the width of the channel in the MOS resistor) of constant resistor Rb 332 is the same as the dimensions of variable resistor Rc 312. Thus when control signal voltage, VC2, is equal to the constant reference voltage, VC1, the gain of the Amplifier 320 is zero because the second term of the equation, Ra/Rb is equal to the first term Ra/Rc. Thus reducing variable resistance Rc increases the term Ra/Rc of the gain equation, decreasing the overall gain of the preamplifier. By varying a control signal VC2 which controls variable resistors 312 and 316, the gain of the preamp circuit 330 can be adjusted.
FIG. 3 illustrates an appropriate automatic gain control circuit 400 (AGC control circuit) for generating the control signal VC2. A comparator section 404 of the illustrated AGC control circuit 400 compares the output from the peak detector 406 V.sub.AGC with a reference voltage 408 V.sub.DET. The comparison is done by applying V.sub.AGC to a gate of a first comparison transistor 410 and applying V.sub.DET 408 to a gate of a second comparison transistor 412. The ratio of current driven by a current source 414 between the two comparison transistors 410, 412 is determined by the relative voltage of V.sub.AGC 406 with respect to V.sub.DET 408. When V.sub.AGC is less than V.sub.DET most of the current flows through transistor 410 and variable resistor R9 416 resulting in minimal current through resistor 420. Minimal current through resistor 420 results in a low voltage VS1 at node 418 and switch S1 being open. As V.sub.AGC begins to rise with respect to comparison V.sub.DET, comparison transistor 410 begins to turn off and more current flows through comparison transistor 412 resulting in increased current flow through resistor 420 and a rise in the voltage VS1 418. A rising voltage VS1 causes switches (S1, S2) 426, 428 to change states.
The AGC control circuit 400 generates a control signal VC2 on output 424 based on the comparator circuit 404 output VS1 418.
Comparator output VS1 418 is coupled to switches 426, 428. Each switch 426, 428 is coupled to four resistors including two variable resistors and two constant resistors. In particular, switch 426 is coupled to variable resistors 430, 432 and constant resistors 434, 436 while switch 428 is coupled to variable resistors 438, 440 and constant resistors 442, 444.
In the illustrated embodiment, all resistors in the AGC control circuit including the constant resistors 434, 436, 442, 444 and the variable resistors 430, 432, 438, 440 are MOS resistors having the same dimensions (channel width and length). Thus constant resistors 434, 436, 442, 444 have the same constant resistance because the voltage VC1 446 input to each gate of each constant transistor 434, 436, 442, 444 is a constant. Variable resistors 430, 432, 438, 440 vary together because the gates of the MOS variable resistors 430, 432, 438, 440 are together connected to a changing control signal VC2 voltage. Variable resistors 430, 432 are coupled to a negative voltage reference 448 while variable resistors 438, 440 are coupled to a positive voltage reference 450. Constant resistors 434, 436 are coupled to a positive reference voltage 450 while constant resistors 442, 444 are coupled to negative voltage reference 448.
In the following description, voltage values will be used as examples to facilitate the description and understanding of the AGC control circuit 400 operation. However it is understood that these values are exemplary values and other values may be used.
In an initial state of the AGC control circuit 400, the input voltage from the peak detector V.sub.AGC is less than approximately 1.5 volts, while the reference voltage V.sub.DET may be approximately 1.8 volts. Analog ground is chosen to be around 1.5 volts. Negative voltage reference 448 and positive voltage reference 450 are equidistant around the analog ground, thus if the analog ground is 1.5 volts, a typical negative voltage reference is 1 volt and a suitable positive voltage reference 450 may be around 2 volts. A typical V.sub.C1 is around 2.5 volts. The initial control signal output, VC2 initially may be around 2 volts.
During operation, control circuit Op amp 452 adjusts output VC2 to eliminate voltage differences between input to control circuit Op-Amp positive terminal input 453 and negative terminal input 454. In an initial turn-off stage, the input from the peak detector 124 of FIG. 1 is below the reference voltage V.sub.DET. Thus the voltage VS1 at node 418 is at a low value and switches 426, 428 (S1, S2) are open preventing current flow through resistors 436, 444. In order to equalize the voltages of the positive input terminal 453 and the negative input terminal 454 of control circuit op amp 452, the voltages at node 454 and 453 must be kept equivalent. Keeping voltage at nodes 454, 453 equivalent requires that the voltage at nodes 454 and 453 be maintained midway between the negative voltage reference 448 and the positive voltage reference 450 or that the resistances of the parallel combination of variable resistors 430, 432 be kept equal to the parallel combination of constant resistance 442, 444. Likewise, the resistance of the parallel combination of variable resistors 438, 440 must be kept equal to the parallel combination of constant resistors 434, 436. When switches 426 and 428 are open, the resistance of resistor 434 (R3) must equal resistance of the parallel combination of variable resistors 438, 440 (R5, R6). The resistance of resistor 442 (R7) must also equal the resistance of the parallel combination of resistors 430, 432 (R1, R2). A feed back loop feeds the output of the AGC control circuit to variable resistors 430, 432, 438, 440. Thus the AGC control circuit adjusts the output to satisfy the required resistor equivalence of the AGC control circuit.
The control signal VC2 also controls the resistances of variable resistors 312, 316 in preamp 300 and the variable resistors 430, 432, 438, 440 in AGC control circuit 400. Thus all variable resistors in the pre-amp 300 and the AGC control circuit 400 "track" each other by having the same resistance.
When V.sub.DET is greater than the voltage from the peak detector V.sub.AGC, the switches S1 and S2 are open. To satisfy the requirement that the parallel combination of variable resistor 430, 432 has the same resistance as one constant resistor 442, each variable resistor must have half the resistance of constant resistor 442. When the variable resistance is equal to half the constant resistance, the second term of the gain equation is 12. Subtracting the second term (12) from the first constant term (24) of the gain equation results in an overall gain of 12.
As an output of the amplifier slowly rises, the voltage from the peak detector (V.sub.AGC) also rises and changes the relative current flowing through transistor 410 and 412 in comparator 404. The increasing current through transistor 412 raises voltage VS1 418 gradually closing the switches 426, 428. Closing switches 426, 428 reduces the effective resistance of resistor pairs 434, 436 and resistor pairs 442, 444. In order to maintain equivalent voltages at nodes 454, 453, the resistance of resistors pairs 430, 432, and 438, 440 must also be reduced. Increasing the voltage VC2 in the feedback loop reduces the resistance of variable resistors 430, 432, 438, 440 maintaining equivalent voltages at nodes 454, 458.
When V.sub.AGC is significantly above the reference voltage V.sub.DET, the switches 426, 428 are completely closed. The similar dimensions of variable resistors 430, 432, 438, 440, and of constant resistors 434, 436, 442, 444 result in a VC2 equal to VC1.
In the pre-amp circuit of FIG. 2, the dimensions of variable resistors 312, 316 are equal to the dimensions of constant resistors 332, 336. Setting VC1 equal to VC2 changes the resistances of the variable resistors 312, 316 (R.sub.C, R.sub.F) to equal the resistance of constant resistors 332, 336 (R.sub.B, R.sub.E). Under these conditions, the second term of the gain equation becomes the same as the first term of the gain equation resulting in an overall gain of 0. Thus as the input voltage increases, the gain of the amplifier is reduced.
FIG. 4 illustrates a circuit for generating a positive reference voltages Vcl using V.sub.REF +504 and a negative voltage V.sub.REF -508. The potential at V.sub.REF +504 and V.sub.REF -508 are an equal distance from a common analog ground. The circuit of FIG. 4 generates the constant voltage VC1 512 used in the circuits of FIG. 2 and FIG. 3. In FIG. 4, the output of a reference op-amp 516 is coupled to a gate of a MOS resistor 520. An input of the reference Op-Amp 516 and a terminal for the MOS resistor 520 are coupled to a constant current source 524. A second input of the Op-Amp 516 is maintained at a reference voltage, V.sub.ref. As constant current source 524 pulls current through resistor 520, Op-amp 516 maintains its output VC1 to adjust the resistance of MOS resistor 520 such that V.sub.ref -is approximately equal to the first input 508 of the Op-Amp 526.
FIG. 5 illustrates a full wave peak detector 600 used as the peak detector 124 of FIG. 1. The full wave peak detector 600 includes two Op-Amps 604, 608. Op amp 604 receives a positive signal from the second stage amplifier and a second op amp receives the negative portion of the signal from the second stage amplifier. Each op amp 604, 608 output is coupled to the gate of a corresponding transistor 612, 616. The output voltage 624 is common to each of the peak detector circuits with only one of them active at any time. Since the peak of both the positive and negative extremes are used, the resulting voltage 620 is smoother and causes less signal distortion then a single peak detector.
The peak output of the peak detector at node 620 can be determined by performing voltage division on the peak voltages generated at the outputs of each op amp 604, 608 (at nodes 624) between resistor 628 and resistor 632. The voltage divider steps down the voltage to an appropriate value to produce voltage V.sub.AGC. V.sub.AGC slowly decreases from the peak value by an RC time constant determined by resistor 632 in parallel with capacitor 636.
While certain exemplary embodiments have been described and shown in the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that such embodiments are merely illustrative of and not restrictive on the broad invention, and that this invention not be limited to the specific constructions and arrangements shown and described, since various other modifications may occur to those ordinarily skilled in the art.
1. A gain control apparatus comprising:
- an amplifier system including a first operational amplifier coupled to a first variable resistor, a gain of the amplifier system electrically adjusted using said first variable resistor; and
- a gain control circuit including a second electrically variable resistor and a second operational amplifier, said second operational amplifier outputs a gain control signal to adjust a resistance of the first variable resistor and the second electrically variable resistor.
2. The gain control apparatus of claim 1 wherein said first variable resistor is a voltage controlled metal oxide semiconductor resistor.
3. The gain control apparatus of claim 1 further comprising:
- a feedback loop coupling an output of said amplifier system to an input of said amplifier system, said feedback loop including said gain control circuit.
4. The gain control apparatus of claim 3 wherein the feedback loop further includes a peak detector, the output of said peak detector coupled to an input of said gain control circuit.
5. The gain control apparatus of claim 1, wherein said first variable resistor and said second variable resistor are MOS resistors having the same dimensions and coupled such that the resistance of said first variable resistor tracks said second variable resistor.
6. The gain control apparatus of claim 1 further comprising:
- a switch and a third variable resistor connected in parallel with said second variable resistor, said switch closing when the first operational amplifier output exceeds a predetermined value.
7. A method of sound processing comprising:
- converting a sound signal to an electrical signal;
- amplifying the electrical signal with an amplifier circuit;
- detecting a peak amplitude of the electrical signal;
- adjusting a first variable resistor in the amplifier circuit based on the detected peak amplitude, said adjusting of said first variable resistor altering a gain of said amplifier circuit;
- receiving the peak amplitude of the electrical signal in a gain control circuit;
- changing a second variable resistor within the gain control circuit based on an output of the gain control circuit; and
- transmitting the output of the gain control circuit to the amplifier circuit.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein said adjusting of said first variable resistor is performed by altering an electrical voltage to a gate of a metal oxide semiconductor resistor.
9. The method of claim 7 further comprising analog antialiasing filtering the output of the amplifier.
10. A system for processing sound waves comprising:
- a detecting device that converts audio waves into electrical signals;
- an amplifier unit that amplifies the electrical signal to produce an amplified signal;
- a peak detector that determines a peak amplitude of the amplified signal and outputs a voltage corresponding to the peak amplitude; and
- a gain control device that receives the voltage corresponding to the peak amplitude and adjusts a variable resistor in the amplifier to adjust the gain of the amplifier.
11. The system of claim 10 wherein the amplifier is a pre-amplifier, an output of said pre-amplifier is input into a main amplifier before transmission to the peak detector.
12. The system of claim 10 wherein a gain control signal output by the gain control device is used in a feedback loop to adjust a variable resistor in the gain control device, the gain control signal also used to adjust the variable resistor in the amplifier to limit gain.
13. The system of claim 10 wherein the adjustable variable resistor is a metal oxide semiconductor resistor.
14. An amplification system comprising:
- an operational amplifier including a first input, a second input, a first output and a second output;
- a first resistor maintained at a constant resistance coupling the first input to the first output;
- a second resistor maintained at a constant resistance coupling the second input to the second output;
- a first variable resistor coupling the first input to a first terminal of a microphone;
- a second variable resistor coupling the second input to a second terminal of a microphone
- a third resistor maintained at a constant resistance coupling the first input to the second terminal; and
- a fourth resistor maintained at a constant resistance coupling the second input to the first terminal;
- wherein said first, second, third, and fourth resistors variable resistors are maintained at a constant value by application of a constant controlling voltage.
15. The amplification system of claim 14 wherein the first input of the operational amplifier is a non-inverting input and the second input of the operational amplifier is an inverting input.
16. The amplification system of claim 14 wherein the first variable resistor and the second variable resistor are metal oxide semiconductor resistors which change resistance based on an applied voltage.
17. A gain control circuit comprising:
- a comparator circuit, which compares voltage levels from a reference voltage and an input signal;
- at least one switch coupled to the output of the comparator circuit, the at least one switch switches according to whether the input signal is above or below the reference voltage;
- an operational amplifier coupled to the at least one switch, said operational amplifier outputting a control signal; and
- a first variable resistor changing resistance according to the control signal, the first variable resistor coupling an input to the operational amplifier to a second reference voltage.
18. The gain control circuit of claim 17 further comprising:
- a second variable resistor coupled in parallel with said first variable resistor, said second variable resistor and said first variable resistor being metal oxide semiconductor resistors with a predetermined channel length and a predetermined channel width, a gate of said first variable resistor and a gate of said second variable resistor coupled to the control signal.
19. The gain control circuit of claim 17 further comprising:
- a second variable resistor coupled in parallel with said first variable resistor and changing resistance according to the control signal;
- a third resistor coupling the input to the operation amplifier to a third reference voltage;
- a fourth resistor coupling the input to the operation amplifier to the reference voltage through a first of the at least one switch;
- wherein said third and fourth resistors are variable resistors that are maintained at a constant value by application of a constant controlling voltage.
20. The gain control circuit of claim 19 further comprising:
- a second switch coupled to the output of the comparator circuit, the second switch switches according to whether the input signal is above or below the reference voltage;
- a fifth variable resistor changing resistance according to the control signal, the fifth variable resistor coupling a second input to the operational amplifier to the third reference voltage;
- a sixth variable resistor coupled in parallel with said fifth variable resistor and changing resistance according to the control signal;
- a seventh resistor coupling the second input to the operation amplifier to the second reference voltage; and
- an eighth resistor coupling the second input to the operation amplifier to the second reference voltage through the second switch;
- wherein said seventh and eighth resistors are variable resistors that are maintained at a constant value by application of the constant controlling voltage.
21. The gain control circuit of claim 19 wherein the input and the second input to the operation amplifier are inverting and non-inverting inputs, respectively.
Filed: Sep 8, 1997
Date of Patent: Jun 27, 2000
Assignee: Information Storage Devices, Inc. (San Jose, CA)
Inventors: Lawrence D. Engh (Redwood City, CA), Jung Sheng Hoei (Newark, CA), Vishal Sarin (Santa Clara, CA)
Primary Examiner: Forester W. Isen
Assistant Examiner: Debra A. Lemm
Law Firm: Blakely, Sokoloff, Taylor & Zafman LLP
Application Number: 8/925,022
International Classification: H03F 2100;


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text:
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a common birth defect that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, especially when associated with additional congenital anomalies. Both environmental and genetic factors are thought to contribute to CDH. The genetic contributions to CDH are highly heterogeneous and incompletely defined. No one genetic cause accounts for more than 1-2% of CDH cases. In this review, we summarize the known genetic causes of CDH from chromosomal anomalies to individual genes. Both de novo and inherited variants contribute to CDH. Genes causing CDH are increasingly identified from animal models and from genomic strategies including exome and genome sequencing in humans. CDH genes are often transcription factors, genes involved in cell migration or the components of extracellular matrix. We provide clinical genetic testing strategies in the clinical evaluation that can identify a genetic cause in up to ∼30% of patients with non-isolated CDH and can be useful to refine prognosis, identify associated medical and neurodevelopmental issues to address, and inform family planning options.
Keywords: CDH; Chromosomal anomalies; Congenital diaphragmatic hernia; Gene.
Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

domain: medical


text:
New York, NY —
This week the leadership from almost every nation on the planet will converge at UN Headquarters for the General Assembly. WNYC's Bob Hennelly reports on the challenges the NYPD will face.
REPORTER: It's not just the 140 heads of state and a four-day visit from President Obama. The NYPD also has to coordinate with 31 separate protest groups who hope to attract thousands to the UN's neighborhood. Commissioner Kelly says their causes will be literally all over the world map.
KELLY: And it means we have to do research, and finding out exactly what’s happening in some of these other countries. So it's not easy.
REPORTER: Kelly expects Wednesday to be the busiest day with demonstrations planned to protest the presence of Libya's Muammar Gaddafi and Iran's President Mahmoud Ahmadinajad. For WNYC I am Bob Hennelly.

domain: politics