|Publication number||US7590152 B1|
|Application number||US 11/188,357|
|Publication date||Sep 15, 2009|
|Filing date||Jul 25, 2005|
|Priority date||Jul 25, 2005|
|Publication number||11188357, 188357, US 7590152 B1, US 7590152B1, US-B1-7590152, US7590152 B1, US7590152B1|
|Original Assignee||Cisco Technology, Inc.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (15), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (1), Classifications (31), Legal Events (4)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the monitoring of jitter in a data stream passing through a network router or switch configured to provide expedited forwarding (EF) of the data stream. More particularly, it relates to the use of the depths of an output queue at enqueue times to ascertain the worst-case jitter characteristics of data streams passing through the queue.
2. Background Information
In data networks, nodes such as routers and switches may be equipped to provide differential services for different classes of traffic. Specifically, they may operate to apply per-hop behaviors (PHB's) for forwarding designated classes of data packets to downstream nodes. One of these PHB's, termed “Expedited Forwarding” (EF) is used, for example, to provide a virtual wired connection between the endpoints of traffic having this designation.
Expedited Forwarding is thus a premium service that commands relatively high revenues from those who have requested it. However it requires the ability of the network nodes between the endpoints to pass essentially interrupted data streams between the endpoints. Inevitably, there is, at least occasionally, some jitter in these transmissions. The jitter can be caused by a number of factors, one of which, “EF on EF” jitter, is the subject of the present invention. This jitter results from the use of a single output line for multiple EF packet streams: a packet burst in one stream can increase the latency in the other streams.
For example, consider a packet stream A serviced by a router, along with other streams, by the EF PHB. If, at enqueue time of packet A(n), the depth of the output queue through which the stream passes is Q(n) and at enqueue time of packet A(n+1), the EF queue depth is Q(n+1), then the per hop EF-on-EF jitter for these two consecutive packets of stream A is [Q(n+1)−Q(n)]/EF service rate. As the EF is serviced with priority to any other PHB, the EF service rate is equal to the link rate of the output line. Hence the jitter between any two consecutive packets of a stream A is equal to [Q(n+1)−Q(n)]/link rate. It is impossible to memorize these Q(.) values for all the streams mixed in an EF output queue (there could be 1000's of them at any time) and hence it is very difficult to measure the per hop EF-on-EF jitter.
The endpoints can accommodate some degree of jitter by buffering the arriving packets so as to provide a continuous output stream to a device, such as telephone processing circuitry, that processes the data in the incoming stream. However, the degree of buffering that can be applied at an end point is limited, largely by latency considerations. Thus the per-hop jitters encountered at the intermediate nodes between the endpoints must be kept below certain limits so as not to exceed the limits of endpoint buffering. This requires that the service provider monitor the jitter at each of the intermediate network nodes so that corrective action can be taken when the jitter imposed on the data stream by the node falls outside certain limits set by the service provider. There may be a number of locations in a router or switch that may manifest jitter and most of these can be is measured and dealt with by the service providers who operate these devices.
However, jitter, which may be defined as the difference in delay between consecutive data packets, is difficult to determine in practice in the Priority Queues which deliver EF packets to the lines that pass the packets to downstream devices. In such a queue jitter is the result of the fact that more than one EF data packet stream passes through the queue and changes in traffic flow in one packet stream can cause corresponding jitters in other packet streams flowing through the same queue.
The present invention makes use of the fact that the depth of a packet at enqueue time in an EF Queue directly indicates whether this packet could have a jitter compared to the previous packet of the same stream larger than a set bound. Conversely, it indicates whether for sure this packet cannot have an EF-on-EF jitter compared to its predecessor in its packet stream greater than a set value. The queue is “drained” at a constant, known rate, i.e., the link rate of the outgoing line. Thus the depth of a packet at enqueue time is a direct measure of the time interval before the packet will be transmitted. Moreover, the maximum jitter that can be ascribed to the packet is exactly that interval.
In accordance with the invention, I set a maximum bound on the EF-on-EF jitter and count any packet which could have an EF-on-EF jitter with respect to its previous packet in its own stream larger than this bound.
The word “could” is important. Indeed, the arrangement I propose is based on the following principle: the worst-case jitter between two consecutive packets of the same stream happens when the previous packet was enqueued in an empty queue and the following packet is enqueued in a full queue. If our desired worst-case EF-on-EF jitter is X μsec, we can thus translate this requirement into a queue depth, Qt, in bytes, by multiplying X by the link rate. We can then count the packets which are enqueued when the queue depth is greater Qt. These packets could have a jitter larger than or equal to X. We do not know whether in fact the jitter is equal to or greater than X. What matters is that all the other packets that were not counted are sure to have had an EF-on-EF jitter which is less than X . . . and this is what we want. Accordingly, if the service provider assigns a maximum jitter to the packets in a “virtual connection,” he/she can count the number of packets entering the queue when the queue at that time has a depth greater than an operator-determined threshold and compare that count with the total number of such packets entering the queue to provide, for example, the fraction of the packets that could be involved in a jitter greater than the maximum jitter. If C1 is the number of packets enqueued in an EF queue when the queue depth was greater than the thresholds and C2 is the total number of packets that have been entered into the queue, then C1/C2 is the fraction of packets that could have an EF-on-EF jitter greater than the threshold and (C2−C1)/C2 is the fraction of packets that are certain to have an Ef-on-EF jitter less than the threshold This provides an important part of the information that the provider needs in order to monitor the service offered to EF customers and take corrective action if such is required.
The foregoing discussion is, of course, applicable when multiple EF packet streams share an EF link. This is a natural outcome of the definition of the EF PHB: EF has priority over any other PHB and hence its drain rate is assured to be the line rate, whatever the number of alternate PHB's active on the link.
The invention description below refers to the accompanying drawing, of which:
The invention may be incorporated in any conventional intermediate network node such as the router 100 depicted in
The memory 120 includes software 150 that, in conjunction with the CPU 110, performs the various functions of the router. Among these functions are Per-Hop Behaviors including Expedited Forwarding. Also located in the memory 120 are a routing table 160, a packet buffer 162 and a set of circular output queues 164 1 . . . 164 n and input queues 166 1 . . . 166 n. The output and input queues contain pointers to packets in the packet buffer 162. Each of these queues 164 is associated with an interface 130 that has a like-numbered subscript. A keyboard 165 is included for supervisory control of the router 100.
In operation incoming data packets are passed by the interfaces 130 to the buffer 162. Pointers to these packets are entered into the input queues 166 that correspond to the respective interfaces. The router 100 processes the packets in order by examining the headers on the packets, and using the destination IP addresses to access the routing table 160 to determine the output lines to which they are to be forwarded. For each packet the router then moves the packet's pointer into the “bottom” of corresponding output queue 164. The interfaces 130, which keep track of the heads of their output queues 164, retrieve the packets from the buffer 162 by direct memory access and transmit them over the respective outgoing lines 142 1 . . . 142 n.
The invention relates to the use of the output queues 164 to monitor the jitter in EF packet streams in these queues.
As noted above, the presence of packets in an output queue 164 is an indication of possible jitter in the packet streams passing through the queue. Since the only transmissions on the line 142 1, for example, are from the queue 164 1, the drain rate of the queue is equal to the link rate of the line 142 1. Specifically, as soon as EF PHB is used, its packets have priority over any other queue and its service rate is thus the line rate by definition.
In one embodiment of the invention, to monitor the jitter in a packet stream passing through the queue 164 1, the operator selects a maximum jitter threshold (maxjit) in seconds.
If the system is capable of tracking the queue depths in bytes, the system trans-lates this maxjit quantity into the number of bytes drained at link rate. We may call this maxjitB, which is computed as maxjit*r where r is the link speed in bytes per second.
If the system is not capable of tracking the queue depths in bytes, then the system assumes that all the packets going through the EF queue have the same size (S) and the system computes maxjitP (the threshold in packet counts) as maxjitP=maxjitB/S.
In either case, the system can then keep count of the number of bytes (or packets) such that when they are enqueued, the EF queue depth is greater than maxjitB or maxjitP, depending on whether the system tracks bytes or packets. This will provide the number, C1, of bytes or packets that may have a jitter greater than maxjit. This number can be compared with the total number, C2, of bytes (or packets) that have been enqueued in the EF queue since the last counter reset to provide an indication of the degree of jitter to which that packet stream is subjected. If C1 is the first counter and C2 the latter, then what the SP is interested in is (C2−C1)/C2, which is the ratio of packets which for sure had an EF-on-EF jitter less that maxjit. If this ratio is not large enough, then corrective actions will be taken.
Preferably, the unit also includes a third counter, C3, which counts the packets having a latency greater than an alarm level set by the operator, e.g. 2*maxjit. This count informs the operator of an extreme jitter possibility. If desired, the software 150 can include provisions for an alarm to be registered when the content of the counter C3 exceeds a level set by the operator.
The operator can also assign counters and alarms for additional threshold jitter possibilities. All of the counters can be reset by the operator after intervals chosen by him/her.
It will thus be seen that I have provided a method of readily calculating the jitter possibilities packets in an EF output queue subject to EF-on-EF jitter. The method is easily implemented in intermediate network nodes by including software that performs simple calculations and is included with the software that provides the usual functions of an intermediate node.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US6631446 *||Oct 26, 2000||Oct 7, 2003||International Business Machines Corporation||Self-tuning buffer management|
|US6651101||Jul 9, 2002||Nov 18, 2003||Cisco Technology, Inc.||Method and apparatus for identifying network data traffic flows and for applying quality of service treatments to the flows|
|US6707821||Jul 11, 2000||Mar 16, 2004||Cisco Technology, Inc.||Time-sensitive-packet jitter and latency minimization on a shared data link|
|US6813243||Feb 14, 2000||Nov 2, 2004||Cisco Technology, Inc.||High-speed hardware implementation of red congestion control algorithm|
|US6822940||Sep 29, 2000||Nov 23, 2004||Cisco Technology, Inc.||Method and apparatus for adapting enforcement of network quality of service policies based on feedback about network conditions|
|US6839327||Dec 28, 2000||Jan 4, 2005||Cisco Technology, Inc.||Method and apparatus for maintaining consistent per-hop forwarding behavior in a network using network-wide per-hop behavior definitions|
|US6868068||Dec 21, 2000||Mar 15, 2005||Cisco Technology, Inc.||Method and apparatus for estimating delay and jitter between network routers|
|US6868094||Nov 4, 1999||Mar 15, 2005||Cisco Technology, Inc.||Method and apparatus for measuring network data packet delay, jitter and loss|
|US6885642||Jun 30, 2000||Apr 26, 2005||Cisco Technology, Inc.||Method and apparatus for estimating delay and jitter between network routers coupled to background network|
|US6904014||Apr 27, 2000||Jun 7, 2005||Cisco Technology, Inc.||Method and apparatus for performing high-speed traffic shaping|
|US6912203||Jul 31, 2000||Jun 28, 2005||Cisco Technology, Inc.||Method and apparatus for estimating delay and jitter between many network routers using measurements between a preferred set of routers|
|US7304942 *||Nov 15, 2002||Dec 4, 2007||Cisco Technology, Inc.||Methods and apparatus for maintaining statistic counters and updating a secondary counter storage via a queue for reducing or eliminating overflow of the counters|
|US20020167911 *||Jan 18, 2002||Nov 14, 2002||Kenetec, Inc.||Method and apparatus for determining jitter buffer size in a voice over packet communications system|
|US20040158646||Feb 12, 2003||Aug 12, 2004||Cisco Technology, Inc.||System and method for consistent forwarding of packets across wireless and wireline networks|
|US20050123003||Jan 21, 2005||Jun 9, 2005||Cisco Technology, Inc.||Method and apparatus for measuring network data packet delay, jitter and loss|
|1||Jacobson, V., et al., RFC 2598, entitled An Expedited Forwarding PHB, Jun. 1999, pp. 1-11.|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|EP3169027A1 *||Feb 12, 2016||May 17, 2017||Wipro Limited||System and method for modifying per hop behavior of one or more expedited forwarding packets|
|U.S. Classification||370/516, 370/412, 710/55, 375/226, 710/54, 370/498, 370/235, 370/517, 370/429, 710/53, 702/69, 702/57, 375/224, 710/52, 375/372, 370/503, 370/464, 702/66, 370/428, 710/56, 702/1|
|Cooperative Classification||H04L65/80, H04L47/30, H04L47/10, H04L47/2408, H04L43/087|
|European Classification||H04L43/08F3, H04L47/24A, H04L47/10, H04L47/30|
|Jul 25, 2005||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: CISCO TECHNOLOGY, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:FILSFILS, CLARENCE;REEL/FRAME:016812/0085
Effective date: 20050725
|Oct 12, 2010||CC||Certificate of correction|
|Mar 15, 2013||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Mar 15, 2017||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8


Nov 18. Paice has drummed on a track (Bargain) for a Who tribute album upcoming. Is he going for Glenn’s tribute album record?! Thanks to Vince Budd.
Sept 27. Someone is selling a genuine Ian Paice kit on the Pearl forum. It (reportedly) was played by Ian for a few years but was gifted to Steve Morse’s guitar roadie. It’s the roadie’s son who seems to be selling it. Not sure if it is legit. Photos would make you think it was as would the description. Wonder how much it would be worth……(looks in piggy bank)
Ian Paice was interviewed on Classic Rock Radio on Wednesday 12th September, talking about the forthcoming Sunflower Jam Charity Concert at the Royal Albert Hall London on the 16th of September. Ian also touches on the new Deep Purple studio album currently underway with Bob Ezrin producing. The whole piece lasts around 45 minutes with music, and you can hear it over the web on the station’s listen again feature. Took me ages to find this, so here’s the direct link – it’s at (or near) the top of the archive list.
Sept 10. 2012 – The folk doing these limited edition Ian Paice signature kits have announced a price reduction, so if you were dithering, now might be a good time. Two of the four silver glitter kits have gone already.
Ian Paice is on a forthcoming album of Nektar covers called ‘Spoonful of Time’. He’s on the track ‘For the Love of Money’ alongside John Whetton and Nik Turner. Thanks to Vince Budd. And no, they’re not strictly Kraut Rock – the band were English, but formed and lived and recorded in Germany. So honorary.
Signature Drum Kit launched – April 12.2012


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text:
The Raw Water Supply Project for RAPID or better known as PAMER is under the development of PETRONAS Refinery & Petrochemical Corporation Water (PRPC Water).
Due to the inadequate capacity of the existing nearby raw water resource and facilities, the State of Johore would have to construct new facilities that would bring raw water southward from Sungai Sedili Besar which is located some 80km north of PIPC area. This new raw water supply scheme would include construction of an intake station at Sg.Sedili Besar, a dam and a booster pumping station at Sg. Seluyut, a terminal reservoir at Bukit Panjang and a total of 88 km of raw water pipelines.
In March 2013, the state of Johore handed over the execution of PAMER to PETRONAS. The overall water supply scheme to PIPC area would be undertaken in 2 phases:
Phase 1: Known as "Projek Air Mentah RAPID" or PAMER, it involves the construction and installation of facilities to supply 230 MLD of raw water to RAPID and 30 MLD of raw water for State's use. Phase 1 also includes the construction of shared infrastructure and facilities and the acquisition of land required for Phase 2.
Phase 2: Involves the installation of additional facilities to supply 260 MLD of raw water for future PIPC users as well as other use under State's jurisdiction. Phase 2 will be undertaken by other party(ies).
Schematic Diagram of PAMER
PAMER is to supply approximately 230 MLD of raw water supply by May 2016 to PIC. The PAMER project comprises of the following facilities:
Copyright © 2014 Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) (20076-K) All rights reserved
Customer Service +603 2721 3333

domain: economics


text:
If you raise Minimum wage you also need to adjust every other wage level. Minimum wage is THE BASE of what the rest of the wages are based on. If you keep raising minimum but don’t bother adjusting other wage levels, we are actually screwing ourselves over more, as well as slowly widening the gap between rich and poor.
For example, say you have someone who started out working minimum wage and then go promoted and is now making 9$ an hour, if minimum wage gets raised to 9$ what happens to that person who got promoted? The go from making roughly 2$ more than minimum back to making minimum wage, and once inflation catches up, they are going to be back to struggling to pay bills and buy food ( meaning more and more people stuck in the welfare system-which is hard enough to get out of as it is) and so we are back to needing to raise minimum wage again.
Slowly but surely you are going to be eliminating the entire middle class-who many making minimum wage depend on to spend money at their places of employment. With more people now earning minimum wage instead of above minimum, you have less people spending money at retail shops and fast food places ( because they can’t) and you end up having to cut peoples hours or lay people off, which creates a bigger unemployment problem.
Going with this trend, you are left with only two groups of people, the very rich and the poor. Which is what we DON’T want.
So no John Stewert is actually wrong here
YES YES THANK GOD SOMEONE SAID IT.
I actually have this rant saved so I can copy and paste it whenever BS like his comes across by dash XD
It’s stupid how long it took me to realize this.
Most people don’t really comprehend the effects of what a minimum wage does. It establishes a “Base” income upon which all costs, everything, go up.
I won’t do my long rant, but long story short we should nuke minimum wage and institute a negative income tax.
Switzerland is going to be voting on a basic income for citizens (very similar to negative income tax) and I think it may very well catch on if it works for them. With zero minimum wage a huge number of jobs become commercially viable and the personal risk of starting a business, particularly if you have a family, is substantially reduced. It frees those who wish to pursue long term payoff projects and various creative endeavors. With that you can nuke every welfare program (including all the redundant ones) as well. The republicans would jump on it like mad if it didn’t sound like socialism. This is hilarious because republican economist sweet heart Milton Friedman (he was an economic advisor to Reagan) was one of the first strong supporters of negative income tax in America.Source: drunkonstephen

domain: finance


text:
Classic Brass Inkwell
Early 20th century classically shaped brass inkwell. Perfect for the calligrapher or the collector, this little bottle would look stunning on a desk.
-Size: 2 in x 2 in x 1.5 in
-Provenance: Early 20th century
-Sourced from: the south
-Made in: n/a

domain: artistic


text:
1. Fever = Temperature ≥100.6° F (≥38.0° C). Fever itself does no harm; it’s the disease causing the fever that may / may not be dangerous.
Covid-19 During Pandemic: Every setting has its own way to address “fever” without letting patients mingle inside, & doing a Covid test. But we can’t send a patient off for this if they might die.
1a. We send patient to E.R. by ambulance if we have concern for:
- Septic Shock — low blood pressure, very rapid pulse, clammy skin
- Meningitis — fever + severe headache & stiff neck, or simply confused
- Cyanosis — fingers look bluish; worse if lips or face do
- Short of Breath — oxygen saturation ≤90%, breathing 28 times / min., respiratory retractions (skin sucks in with each breath: over collarbones, bottom of trachea, or between ribs)
1b. If none-of-above, but patient looks / feels very ill, we give high-dose acetaminophen (Tylenol®): 1300 mg for adults, 10 mg/lb. for children. If 45 min. later, maybe fever declines but patient looks / feels the same, we send to E.R. Most patients look & feel lots better, helping our diagnosis.
2. Fever for 3 Days or Less (and patient looks OK in general) —
2a. If localizing symptom (e.g. sore throat, ear pain, kidney pain, etc.), infection there is the likely cause. We examine it / do standard tests (e.g. urinalysis for kidney pain, etc.).
2b. If there are no specific symptoms except feeling lousy, generalized achiness, maybe a headache (especially when the fever goes up), we diagnose “Influenza” / “Virus“, unless there’s reason to wonder about uncommon, often life-threatening, illnesses:
- Malaria — foreign travel in rural tropics during the last 40 days
- Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever — fever + headache, April to Sept., in southeastern US
- Meningococcemia — new spotty rash, esp. if the spots don’t briefly lose color / turn white when pressed upon (petechiae)
- Endocarditis — injects drugs, artificial or abnormal heart valve, history of Endocarditis
- Measles, Mumps, Chickenpox — foreign travel; recent outbreak / exposure (not life-threatening; and are nowadays rare)
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis — very thirsty; drinking & urinating lots; deep rapid breathing beyond what’s expected with fever (diagnosed by simple urine test)
- AIDS — known HIV+ and not on medicine; OR risk factors without recent HIV test
- Stevens-Johnson / Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis / Toxic Shock — skin pain, muscle pain stronger than common viral aches; scattered blisters or “sunburn,” esp. if inside mouth / eyes / vagina
- Acute (Primary) HIV — if risk for having been infected in the past month (not life-threatening)
- Peritonitis — fever plus new abdominal pain that’s getting worse
- Persons with weak immune systems — elderly, alcoholics, serious chronic illnesses, etc.
For the above possibilities, we do the tests necessary (see links to the diseases)
Covid-19 — Everyone with a fever gets a Covid test. We can’t say “just a virus” otherwise
- If negative, but other symptoms like body aches → isolate and repeat test in 2 days
3. Fever ≥4 Days (without starting to feel any better at all) — we order tests
- Covid test — if not yet done, or if negative during first few days of fever
- Urinalysis — for Kidney Infection
- Chest X-ray — for Pneumonia
- Complete Blood Count — for clues to various infections (even Leukemia)
- Liver Function Tests — for Mononucleosis & Hepatitis
- HIV test — for HIV
- If risk for HIV in the last month: HIV Viral Load (not the usual test) — for Acute HIV
4. Fever >1-2 Weeks (very rare)
- All tests as above in #3
- Blood cultures for Endocarditis (heart infection)
- CT Scan of abdomen & pelvis (for deep abscesses, cancer)
- Think about non-infectious diseases that can cause fever (cancer, blood clots, certain inflammatory diseases like arthritis etc.)
- Consult an Infectious Disease specialist
See also Fever — Full Text for more in-depth explanations and discussions.

domain: medical


According to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), there have again been several strong explosions at the Ukrainian nuclear power plant Zaporizhia. IAEA experts on site reported dozens of impacts near and on the site of Europe’s largest nuclear facility, the authority said on Sunday. The incidents on Saturday and Sunday abruptly ended a period of relative calm at the Russian-held facility, Director General Rafael Grossi said.
Experts from the Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA/IAEA) saw some of the explosions from their windows. The management of the facility reported damage to some buildings, systems and equipment. So far, however, the damage has not affected nuclear safety. There were no injuries.
The Russian Defense Ministry has accused Ukrainian forces of massively shelling the nuclear power plant with artillery since Saturday. On Sunday morning alone, twelve large-caliber projectiles were aimed at the facility, said Defense Ministry spokesman Igor Konashenkov, according to Russian news agencies. Eight projectiles fell between the reactor blocks, one hit the roof of a special station. The radiation in the vicinity of the nuclear power plant is normal, said Konashenkov.


Since 9/11, Senator Lindsey Graham has said repeatedly that we must fight the terrorists “over there” so we don’t have to fight them “over here.” But this week, Graham threw that all out the window. Apparently, we are now at war everywhere. Forever.
Commenting on the controversial Section 1031 of the National Defense Authorization Act — which many contend gives the federal government new powers to arrest American citizens without charge — Graham made clear this week that “1031, the statement of authority to detain, does apply to American citizens and it designates the world as the battlefield, including the homeland.”
The entire world is now a “battlefield”? “Including the homeland”?
There have been serious constitutional questions raised recently concerning whether our federal government should be able to arrest or assassinate American citizens overseas without charge or trial. This new and largely uncharted legal territory has been troublesome. But arresting or assassinating American citizens here in the United States without trial? Rounding up and holding American citizens indefinitely without charge? What country is this?
This is a new and unprecedented government power that should scare the living hell out of every last American. Rep. Justin Amash (R-MI) rightly called it “one of the most anti-liberty pieces of legislation of our lifetime.” Jim Gilmore, former Virginia governor and chairman of the Congressional Panel on Terrorism, roundly denounced it: “The provisions of this bill undermine the basic safeguards that we enjoy as Americans. It is dangerous, and should not be supported by anyone: Republican or Democrat, liberal or conservative, citizen or non-citizen.”
Added Gilmore: “This ill-considered bill is one of those dangers to our liberties by an unwise extension of military power in the homeland contrary to all law, precedent and history.”
As Amash and Gilmore note — and Graham ignores — the basic constitutional principle of protecting individual liberties through due process is not some negotiable piece of historical trivia. It is the bedrock of the most rudimentary American and Western law dating all the way back to the Magna Carta. Accepting this legislation blindly — as the majority of both parties seem entirely comfortable with — is to surrender the most basic of American liberties. Said Sen. Rand Paul, who fought hard and mostly alone to strip the National Defense Authorization Act of this terrifying provision: “Should we err today and remove some of the most important checks on state power in the name of fighting terrorism, well, then the terrorists have won.”
And the terrorists have won. If a primary purpose of terrorism is to induce fear, and Americans are willing to give up their most precious freedoms in the name of fighting terrorism, how is this anything less than a monumental victory for our enemies?
Most who support this new power for the federal government — and especially Graham — also agree that what we call the “war on terror” is a war that will last forever. In this light, this new legislation poses a particular danger, or as Sen. Paul explains: “During war, there has always been a struggle to preserve constitutional liberties. During the Civil War, the right of habeas corpus was suspended … Fortunately, those actions were reversed after the war.”
Paul then notes:
The discussion now to suspend certain rights to due process is especially worrisome, given that we are engaged in a war that appears to have no end. Rights given up now cannot be expected to be returned. So we do well to contemplate the diminishment of due process, knowing that the rights we lose now may never be restored.


Speed Controller is available now from our US and UK warehouse Free shipping to US and UK in 3-6 business days ship to Other European countries in 7-10 days 6V - 90V 15A Pulse Width Control PWM DC Motor Speed Regulator Controller Switch Description: The DC Motor Speed Controller allows controlling direction of a DC motor using a Pulse-Width-Modulated (PWM) DC voltage with a Duty Cycle fully adjustable from 0% ~ 100%. The motor speed controller can provide a continuous current of 10A to your DC motor or other DC load. The circuit also includes a 20A fuse, with reverse connection of power supply and control voltage over-voltage protection function. Feature: Input supply voltage: DC 6V ~ 90V The maximum output power: 1000W The maximum continuous output current: 10A The overload and short circuit protecting current is 15A PWM frequency: 16KHz Duty Cycle adjustable: 0% ~ 100% The operation environment temperature: -20C ~ 40C The 20A fuse with reverse connection of power supply and control voltage over-voltage protection function Can adjust the speed by the external 0V ~ 5V signal Size: 64 x 59 x 28mm Note: This can NOT be used to the BRUSHLESS motor. The use of 0V ~ 5V external voltage control line description: The speed regulator supports the use of an external DC voltage control. Using the following steps: --First, remove potentiometer. (you may take it down from one side of the circuit board or potentiometer side down under your need); --Second, connecting 0V ~ 5V DC control signal to the middle pin marking 0V ~ 5V; --Third, connecting the earth wire of 0V ~ 5V DC control signal to the connecting piece on the pin marking GND; Package included: 1 x 6V ~ 90V 15A DC motor speed regulator
С нами вы сможете купить 1500w dc 96v brush motor control systems control assembly control module controller with contact circuit breaker and fuse kit по цене, которую выберете сами!


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Tom Hanks Blames His Lack Ability to Trust Others on Dysfunctional Upbringing
Tom Hanks has opened up about his childhood, blaming his dysfunctional upbringing for his inability to form lasting bonds in adult life. The "Philadelphia" star's parents divorced when he was just five years old and he spent the rest of his early years moving from town to town with his siblings and dad Amos, who made a habit of uprooting the family to new locations.
And Hanks believes the lack of stability in his youth has affected his ability to trust others. He tells Britain's Daily Mirror, "When I was growing up, we moved around an awful lot so we didn't have a lot of friends around us that we really knew well."
"We were always taking off. Our father was a cook who moved often, uprooting us. We saw our mother on holidays. Altogether, I had three mothers, four fathers, five schools and 10 houses. My childhood wasn't a bed of roses, but it made me independent."
"Since I moved around so much as a kid, I didn't have an awful lot of friends. I don't think it's part of my make-up to completely open up. I can pretend to be very good friends with people then not have anything to do with them for 18 months."
- Chris Brown Accuser Told Her Friend Singer's 'About to Go Down' After Alleged Gun Incident
- 'Game of Thrones' Casts First New Addition for Season 7
- P. Diddy Teases Snippet of Cassie's New Single 'Make Up'
- 'Rogue One': Meet C2-B5, New Imperial Droid That Looks Like R2-D2
- Johnny Depp Reconnects With Kate Moss Following Amber Heard Divorce
- Kylie Jenner Surprises Tyga With $300,000 Bentley After His Ferrari Got 'Repossessed'
- Lady GaGa Teases 'Perfect Illusion' Music Video
- Rob Kardashian Reveals He Is Now Diabetes Free

domain: celebrity


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Vsitours.com - Virtual Reality Effects. Relevant to Virtual Reality Effects, Tourism can be a booming market. With numerous travellers flocking to distinct places about the world, tourism is starting to become one of quite possibly the most viable enterprise markets within the world. Even so, air travel, vehicle vacation along with other components of tourism are introducing to your planet's air pollution crisis which has become a problem. Vacation operators and hospitality corporates realised that some action necessary for being taken, and Eco-tourism was created as a alternative to this problem.
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Travel encounters of your Nomad prior to the online market place and how to help save and obtain better information, data right after the net by going directly to specialist agents and vacation operators. Introducing a journey club where you may get totally free vouchers for discounted journey in above 70 nations.
Responsible tourism implies all tourism specifically dependent on the usage of normal lifestyle e.g. wildlife and landscape. Nature based tourism include things like eco-tourism and mass tourism. This is certainly similar to Virtual Reality Effects.

domain: travel


My Treo sense is tingling, but it’s about to be disappointed with a new Palm device apparently in development – unfortunately it’s not really what any of us want.
My Palm Treo 650 was one of the best smartphones I ever owned, or at least that’s my nostalgia tinted memory. The new Palm phone, codenamed ‘Pepito’ will be made by TCL who purchased the brand back in 2014 after the companys well publicised collapse under the stewardship of Hewlett Packard.
The phone will be tiny, more in line with the diminutive HP Veer than a higher end Treo or Palm Pre.
The specs will include a 3.3″ 720p LCD display and will be powered by a Snapdragon 435 processor with 3GB of RAM and 32GB of on-board storage and it’s all powered by a ludicrously small 800mAh battery. The phone won’t have a headphone jack, and will come in a Gold colour option as well as the black we see here.
The phone will run Android 8.1 – hence our interest – and no mention has been made of any software customisations.
While a tiny little Palm won’t be on most people’s radar for purchase, I’m more interested to see if this is the first of a series of new Palm phones because a Palm Pre style phone running Android would have me reaching for my wallet.
There’s no word on the when, where or how much the phone will be announced, released or cost beyond that the phone will be available through US carrier Verizon. This is an interesting development, and TCL has made some great devices while owning the Blackberry brand, so I can’t wait to see what comes of the re-birth of Palm.


The mindset underlying classic rock was regarded by Christgau as politically regressive; he said the music eschewed ironic sensibilities in favor of unintellectual, conventional aesthetics rooted in Victorian era Romanticism, while downplaying the more radical aspects of 1960s counterculture, such as race, African-American music, politics, and pop in the art sense. “Though classic rock draws its inspiration and most of its heroes from the ’60s, it is, of course, a construction of the ’70s”, he wrote in 1991 for Details magazine. “It was invented by prepunk/predisco radio programmers who knew that before they could totally commodify ’60s culture they’d have to rework it—that is, selectively distort it till it threatened no one … In the official rock pantheon the Doors and Led Zeppelin are Great Artists while Chuck Berry and Little Richard are Primitive Forefathers and James Brown and Sly Stone are Something Else.” Regarding the development of classic rock, Christgau points to the compromised socioeconomic security and diminishing collective consciousness of a new generation of listeners in the 1970s and on, who succeeded rock’s early years during baby-boomer economic prosperity in the United States. “Not for nothing did classic rock crown the Doors’ mystagogic middlebrow escapism and Led Zep’s chest-thumping megalomaniac grandeur. Rhetorical self-aggrandizement that made no demands on everyday life was exactly what the times called for.” Shuker attributed the rise of classic-rock radio in part to “the consumer power of the aging post-war ‘baby boomers’ and the appeal of this group to radio advertisers”. In his opinion, classic rock also produced a rock music ideology and discussion of the music that was “heavily gendered”, celebrating “a male homosocial paradigm of musicianship” that “continued to dominate subsequent discourse, not just around rock music, but of popular music more generally.”
^ “Contemporary grindcore bands such as The Dillinger Escape Plan […] have developed avant-garde versions of the genre incorporating frequent time signature changes and complex sounds that at times recall free jazz.” Keith Kahn-Harris (2007) Extreme Metal, Berg Publishers, ISBN 1-84520-399-2, p. 4.
LA would be one of those fascinating markets. My recollection is that it was attempted in San Diego at one point, but probably too early to be effective. Again, KM, it’s a selective thing, but very likely not a national success.
In a review of Sir Lord Baltimore’s Kingdom Come in the May 1971 Creem, Saunders wrote, “Sir Lord Baltimore seems to have down pat most all the best heavy metal tricks in the book”. Creem critic Lester Bangs is credited with popularizing the term via his early 1970s essays on bands such as Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath. Through the decade, heavy metal was used by certain critics as a virtually automatic putdown. In 1979, lead New York Times popular music critic John Rockwell described what he called “heavy-metal rock” as “brutally aggressive music played mostly for minds clouded by drugs”, and, in a different article, as “a crude exaggeration of rock basics that appeals to white teenagers”.
In the wake of the new wave of British heavy metal and Judas Priest’s breakthrough British Steel (1980), heavy metal became increasingly popular in the early 1980s. Many metal artists benefited from the exposure they received on MTV, which began airing in 1981—sales often soared if a band’s videos screened on the channel. Def Leppard’s videos for Pyromania (1983) made them superstars in America and Quiet Riot became the first domestic heavy metal band to top the Billboard chart with Metal Health (1983). One of the seminal events in metal’s growing popularity was the 1983 US Festival in California, where the “heavy metal day” featuring Ozzy Osbourne, Van Halen, Scorpions, Mötley Crüe, Judas Priest, and others drew the largest audiences of the three-day event.
With an ominous mood set from the first notes, we know for certain that “the storm is threatening” on the Rolling Stones’ haunting and powerful ‘Gimme Shelter.’ It’s ‘Apocalypse Now,’ in just over four minutes.
Slash feat Myles Kennedy & The Conspirators will return later this year with a new album: http://teamrock.com/news/2018-03-23/slash-feat-myles-kennedy-the-conspirators-return-with-new-album …pic.twitter.com/56CGwIbsSX
But you don’t address another point. These 80’s bands (and OF COURSE I recognized Echo & The Bunneymen, and further know that Echo was the drum machine) had some hits. But they were never “album” bands.
You have some excellent choices, some from when I was little, to some when I was a tweener and then teenager and beyond….Continue with reviving the Good Stuff…..Old drunks and Potheads like it. Well, so do other people, who actually have taste in music. Thanks
14 Rush Rush is a Canadian progressive rock band that was formed in 1968. Even though the only founding member still in the band is Alex Lifeson (Guitar), the band is most well-known for their current members Neil Peart (Drums) and Geddy Lee (Bass, Vocals). …read more.
Most songs on this list were singles but, at least at first, this one wasn’t. Hey, the Zep didn’t do singles! Yet Atlantic Records released it as a promotional single in 1972. Appearing on Led Zeppelin’s fourth album, “Stairway to Heaven” is a song in three parts, each one increasing in tempo and volume, until the thunderous crescendo, punctuated by guitarist Jimmy Page’s orgasmic trills, and then the tune slowly fades away with an acoustic coda. This breathtaking tune was picked as #3 on VH1’s 100 Greatest Rock Songs compiled in 2000. Incidentally, the rock band Spirit claimed it had created the song’s signature riff, but Spirit lost the copyright infringement lawsuit in 2017.
Nice Not sure where people are getting the idea that this sampler is only free for 30 days unless they’re confusing the free trial for Google’s music service with it. The sampler is free indefinitely. Yes, it has limitations. You can only play tracks from Google within Google’s media player. Other than that, enjoy a few free tracks. I like it because I didn’t already have 3 of the tracks offered here.
This is another song with a true story behind it. The name Layla relates to a book entitled The Story of Layla and Majnun, which tells the tale of Majnun, who falls in love with a beautiful young woman; but her father rejects Majnun and he goes crazy with desire. In real life, guitarist Eric Clapton, the co-writer of “Layla,” fell in love with Patty Boyd, who had married George Harrison. Eventually, though, Boyd and Harrison got a divorce and Clapton then married Boyd. How sweet! Anyway, over the years “Layla” has garnered great popular and critical acclaim. Interestingly, Both Clapton and Duane Allman of the Allman Brothers wrote and played the famous guitar licks throughout the song.
Skrillex & Diplo & Justin Bieber, Calvin Harris feat. Pharrell Williams, Katy Perry & Big Sean, Shawn Mendes, Mark Ronson feat. Bruno Mars, Loote, AJR, The Chainsmokers feat. Halsey, Meghan Trainor, Dagny, Zara Larsson, Ed Sheeran, Ariana Grande, The Weeknd, Taylor Swift, Kelly Clarkson, Demi Lovato, Pitbull feat. Ke$ha, Alessia Cara, Fifth Harmony feat. Gucci Mane, Sia feat. Kendrick Lamar, WALK THE MOON, Dua Lipa, DJ Khaled feat. Rihanna & Bryson Tiller, Fitz & The Tantrums, Katy Perry
They’re sparky, spiky and disgustingly young, and just to rub it in they’ve got the chops to back it all up. We enjoyed 2017 singles Ants, Let Her Be and I Love LA – not to mention the band’s blood-spattered live shows in London, spearheaded by gurning beanpole singer Arrow De Wilde (described, aptly, by Classic Rock’s Dave Everley as “what would have happened if Ozzy Osbourne and Patti Smith had got together sometime in 1975 and had a kid”).
32 Slipknot Slipknot is an American Heavy Metal band formed in 1995 from Iowa. The band is best known as one of the pioneers of the New Wave of American Heavy Metal during the late 1990s – 2000s and are distinguishable by the band’s clothing choices, consisting of black/red jumpsuits and horror inspired masks. …read more.
“Where do we go? Where do we go now?” Released in 1988, this tune depicts a story of a man who falls for a woman. He is very captivated by her and despite their adversity, the love they have is strong.
36 Marilyn Manson Marilyn Manson is an American rock band from Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Formed in 1989 by frontman Marilyn Manson and Daisy Berkowitz, the group was originally named Marilyn Manson & the Spooky Kids with their theatrical performances gathering a local cult following in the early 1990s. …read more.
39 U2 U2 are an Irish rock band from Dublin. Formed in 1976, the group consists of Bono, the Edge, Adam Clayton, and Larry Mullen Jr. U2’s early sound was rooted in post-punk but eventually grew to incorporate influences from many genres of popular music. Throughout the group’s musical pursuits, they have …read more.
Pink Floyd’s David Gilmour and Roger Waters are almost as famous for their feuding as they are for their music — and although they were bandmates for nearly two decades, their personality conflicts precluded true collaboration for many of those years. One notable exception: the No. 9 song on o…
Roger Waters is one of the few true musical geniuses. Acompanied by a great guitarist in David Gilmour, along with Richard Wright and Nick Mason. Pink Floyd ruled the sound waves of the 70’s with top notch albums and unforgettable live performances. –
49 Blue Oyster Cult Blue Öyster Cult is an American rock band from Long Island, New York, whose most successful work includes the hard rock and heavy metal songs “(Don’t Fear) The Reaper”, “Godzilla” and “Burnin’ for You”.
The greatest classic rock bands of all time the spirit of a generation of people who just wanted to rock. These top classic rock bands include some of the best live acts of all time and man, did they rock hard. For those who got to see these amazing classic rock bands live, you’ll surely understand how they earned the title of best classic rock band; for those who missed out, they’ll simply remain the bands you wish you could have seen live.
Please note these Classic Rock Bands will also travel to Irving, North Branch, Addison, DFW Airport, Richardson, Garland, Mesquite, Grand Prairie, Hutchins, Duncanville, Carrollton, Sunnyvale, Balch Springs, Lancaster, Coppell, Desoto, Rowlett, Sachse, Wilmer, Euless, Plano, Murphy, Seagoville, Cedar Hill, Grapevine, Red Oak, Bedford, Parker, Arlington, The Colony
When we think of the classic rock genre, we think of the music persuasion from the late ’60s to the late ’80s and into the early ’90s. Although the genre is album oriented, classic rock has managed to produce some of the best songs the world has ever been introduced to, including some of the greatest love songs. A love song is magical, and the best ones contain epic story lines. When we hear a love song, we are reminded of what love actually is. What are your favorite classic rock love songs?
4 Guns N Roses Guns N’ Roses is an American hard rock band from Los Angeles formed in 1985. The classic lineup, as signed to Geffen Records in 1986, consisted of vocalist Axl Rose, lead guitarist Slash, rhythm guitarist Izzy Stradlin, bassist Duff McKagan, and drummer Steven Adler. Apart from hard rock they are also …read more.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Cardillo, Mike (22 Jul 2015). “30+ Classic Rock Songs I Never Want to Hear Again”. The Big Lead (USA Today). Retrieved 26 January 2016. “The ‘Classic Rock’ genre is the most tired in all of music. Often the only purpose it serves is to prove you’re getting older and that you no longer drive the cool car you used to drive when you were in high school, or something. Part of me dies inside when I hear a Nirvana tune — and I don’t even really like Nirvana’s music all that much — sandwiched between Foreigner and Steve Miller Band on the local classic rock station. … The following is but a sample of some of the songs that could be stricken from the airwaves and we’d all be better off for it.”


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Ben Franklin wanted the turkey to be our national symbol, not the bald eagle. Dr. Ben thought the bald eagle was timid and less noble than the turkey. Really, Ben? How noble is a turkey exactly? Franklin also said turkeys were "vain and silly."
The biological name for a wild turkey is "meleagris gallopavo," which means "vain and silly in the Galapagos." No, it doesn't. Made that up too. That weird fleshy thing under their chin is called a "wattle" and the other weird thing hanging off their snout is called a "snood," or a "dew bill," which is like a due bill but wetter.
An adult turkey has about 3,500 feathers. Turkeys eat twice a day, usually mid-morning and mid-afternoon. Wild turkeys are mostly vegetarian, with the exception of insects, which they like, and ants, which they love. North Carolina produces more turkeys than any other state. Arkansas, where the chicken is king, is third. Male turkeys make that classic "gobble-gobble" sound. Hens make more of a "click-click" sound. Eighty-five percent to 90% of American households eat turkey on Thanksgiving Day.

domain: food


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Treatment adherence among patients with schizophrenia treated with atypical and typical antipsychotics.
ABSTRACT This study evaluated treatment adherence among patients with schizophrenia receiving atypical and typical antipsychotics. Claims data for 7017 treatment episodes of commercially insured patients with schizophrenia (ICD-9-CM) receiving antipsychotics, covering the period from January 1999 through August 2003, were assessed. Overall adherence was evaluated by adherence intensity (medication possession ratio) and treatment duration (length of treatment episode). Pair-wise comparisons of the individual atypicals and a combined group of leading typical antipsychotics were undertaken using multiple regression, adjusting for differing patient characteristics. Each atypical antipsychotic demonstrated a significantly higher adherence intensity than the combined typicals, while quetiapine demonstrated a significantly greater adherence intensity than risperidone and olanzapine. None of the atypicals showed treatment durations significantly different from the typicals. While the small improvements in adherence intensity among atypical agents do not appear to be clinically important, they may reflect an underlying, stronger tendency to use filled prescriptions.
- SourceAvailable from: Michele Fornaro[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Treatment adherence (TA) is crucial during almost any phase of bipolar disorder (BD), including type-II (BD-II) acute depression. While a number of issues have been traditionally accounted on the matter, additional factors should be likewise involved, including affective temperaments and some clinically suggestive psychopathological traits whose systematic assessment represents the aim of this study. Two hundred and twenty BD-II acute depressed outpatients were consecutively evaluated using the Structured Clinical Interviews for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition Axis-I and II Disorders, Hamilton scales for Depression and Anxiety, Temperament Evaluation of the Memphis Pisa Paris San Diego-Auto-questionnaire-110-item, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Zuckerman's Sensation-Seeking Scale-Form-V (SSS-V), Barratt's Impulsivity Scale-11-item, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory modules, Severity module of the Clinical Global Impression Scale for BD, Morisky 8-Item Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) and the Clinician Rating Scale (CRS). Patients were divided into non-adherent vs. treatment-adherent cases depending on MMAS-8+CRS scores. In the TA(-) group, higher VAS and cyclothymic temperament scores were highly correlated (r=.699; p≤.001). Those latter scores, along with SSS-V scores and the occurrence of lifetime addiction to painkiller and/or homeopathic medications available over the counter defined a "therapeutic sensation seeking" pattern allowing to correctly classify as much as 93.9% [Exp(B)=3.490; p≤.001] of TA(-) cases (49/220). Lack of objective TA measures and systematic pharmacological record; recall bias on some diagnoses; and relatively small sample size. Stating the burden of TA in BD, additional studies on this regard are aimed, ideally contributing to enhance the management of BD itself.Journal of affective disorders 07/2013; · 3.76 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: In patients with schizophrenia, nonadherence to prescribed medications increases the risk of patient relapse and hospitalization, key contributors to the costs associated with treatment. The objectives of this review were to evaluate the impact of nonadherence to pharmacotherapy in patients with schizophrenia as it relates to health care professionals, particularly social workers, and to identify effective team approaches to supporting patients based on studies assessing implementation of assertive community treatment teams.Patient Preference and Adherence 01/2014; 8:701-714. · 1.33 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: It is generally accepted that a range of factors affect adherence to psychotropic medications. In the present study, we focused on the influence of affective temperaments (i.e., depressive, hyperthymic, cyclothymic, irritable, and anxious temperaments) on treatment adherence. Thirty-eight psychiatric consecutive inpatients were instructed to perform Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego-Autoquestionnaire version (TEMPS-A) for affective temperaments, Drug attitude inventory-10 (DAI-10) for concordance and persistence, and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for compliance. VAS scores for dose compliance were significantly and negatively associated with irritable temperament scores whereas DAI-10 scores were significantly and positively associated with male gender, depressive temperament scores and hyperthymic temperament scores. The main limitations of the study were the relatively small number of subjects and the lack of objective method of adherence. These findings suggest that patients with irritable temperament may be poor in their compliance with treatment, and that more education may be required for patients with irritable temperament in order to maintain good compliance. In contrast, men and patients with depressive or hyperthymic temperament have a relatively positive attitude towards medication.Journal of affective disorders 06/2013; · 3.76 Impact Factor

domain: psychology


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By Mary Sherman View Gallery As the cultural historian Mira Bartok notes, “The great modern architect Stanley Tigerman once said that to him, tiles are both democratic and accessible. The are the essence of what public art has the potential to be – an art form that can be found anywhere in the world by […]
Fuse Concert Review: An Opera Lost in Space
Handel and Haydn Society’s irreverent take on “Dido and Aeneas” is another example of an operatic trend in which production values push musical values to the sidelines
Rock Review: The Music Never Stopped
With the arrival of a new biography and DVD, guitarist Jimi Hendrix may have finally gotten his due, the pieces of his puzzle finally assembled, with just enough mystery left over for the ages. “Room Full of Mirrors: A Biography of Jimi Hendrix” by Charles R. Cross. (Hyperion); “Jimi Hendrix Live at Woodstock [The Deluxe […]
Sympathy for a Terrorist?
Salman Rushdie’s latest novel wants readers to fall in love with — or at least feel sympathy for — an Islamic militant.
Jazz Album Review: Playing the Music Eclectic
For fans of jazz, world music, Americana — in short, for fans of all the genres guitarist Bill Frisell has explored over the past decade — “East/West” is a must. By James Marcus Will the real Bill Frisell please stand up? It’s a question his admirers have been asking with increasing frequency over the past […]
Hot Night in Tanglewood
Don Quixote, Stalin, and a deadbeat 18th century nobleman trigger musical magic at a series of concerts in the Berkshires.
Arts Commentary: Classical Musical Chairs
The controversy over the appointment of a woman to become the conductor of the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra boils down to issues of power and gender. By Mark Kroll It’s been a tough year for conductors. In February, David Miller was in southern France conducting “Don Giovanni” with his Bulgarian orchestra when French police burst in […]
Music Review: The Folk Rock Boys
Frank Black of the Pixies and bad boy Ryan Adams have put out new albums that, at their mellow best, skillfully substitute pedal steel for screams. By Danielle Dreilinger The 2005 Newport Folk Festival made an unusual decision when it came time to pick their Saturday headliner: seminal indie-rock band the Pixies, famous for the […]
The Aunties of Uncle Earl
Despite the fame of Alison Krauss, women bluegrass performers have been rare. The arrival of the all-female quintet Uncle Earl suggests things are going to change.
Bound to be Beautiful
For some contemporary artists, the traditional idea of the book as paper and ink is up for grabs as was shown at a conference at Wellesley College

domain: entertainment


Newly minted presidential candidate Martin O'Malley is proud of his record on crime as mayor of Baltimore, which has come under scrutiny in recent weeks. But he also has one regret: he wishes the city had provided body cameras for police officers sooner.
"I wish in retrospect that we had been leaders and implemented body cameras as well," O'Malley said Wednesday during a question-and-answer session with the U.S. Hispanic Chamber of Commerce. "That will help."
The former Baltimore mayor said the city installed security cameras during his tenure, but he wishes the city had gone further and equipped police officers with body cameras. The use of wearable cameras has shown to decrease negative interactions between police and civilians, and has been held up as a potential method of bringing about more accountability for officers. A plan to equip police in Baltimore, after the death of Freddie Gray in April, is under debate in the city.
O'Malley's comments came after Javier Palomarez, the group's CEO, asked him about the fact that "some community leaders" have called his policies in Baltimore "the very cause for the mistrust" between police and minority citizens.
O'Malley defended his record as mayor, saying he took over a city where crime and violence had run rampant.


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Bilipala Furry Pet Cat Toys Mice, Cat Toy Mouse, Pet Toys for Cats, Cat Catcher for Feather Tails, 10 Counting
About this item Material: Faux Fur + Silver Sand + Feather Fill with some sand in the cat toys mice, and it can make sand sound to draw your cat’s attention easily and arouse its curiosity. (Note:occasionally there may be a little sand leak out.) Single product size: Body – Approx. 2″*1″ (5*2.5 cm), Tail length – Approx. 2″~3.5″ (5-9 cm) Package includes 10 furry mice,cat toy mouse with beautiful feather tails. There are 5 kinds of colors in the body of the 10 mouses: blue, black, orange, red and green. The quantity of each color random delivery. The mice cat toys will bring a lot of fun and energy for your pets and the pets will be more nimble and energetic.
The furry mouse is very cute, funny and lightweight. It will bring a lot of fun and energy for your pets and the pets will be more nimble and energetic. The furry mouse is with colorful feather tail, it is so cute and beautiful. When the feather tail is wagging, your cats must be more alertness or excited with the prey. Just imagine the cute appearance of your pets when playing with these furry mouse, you will also can’t help but laughing. The cute furry mouse must be a perfect gift for your pets. NOTE: Color may vary slightly due to the color setting of each individual monitor. Please double check the sizes before purchasing.


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FRANKFURT, March 21 (Reuters) - Employees at the Bochum, Germany car plant of General Motors’ Opel unit have rejected a restructuring deal agreed by union leaders and management, meaning production at the plant will now cease at the end of next year, the company said.
Management had offered to keep the plant open for another two years until the end of 2016 and then retain 1,200 of the more than 3,000 employees in other component and warehousing jobs. In exchange workers would have had to agree to wage increases being delayed.
GM’s second-largest brand behind only Chevrolet, Opel has lost billions in recent years as European car sales have plunged to near 20-year lows, despite repeated bouts of job cuts that included closing a car plant in Belgium at the end of 2010.
However, 76 percent of employees taking part in a vote at the site rejected the plan, said the IG Metall union, with union leaders saying the employees found the management’s promises too vague.
Opel said it will now cease production of Zafira Tourer vehicles at the end of 2014 and at that date a guarantee to not make any compulsory redundancies also expires.
“I see the result as a clear vote of no confidence in the Opel management,” IG Metall’s regional head Knut Giesler said on Thursday.
Opel said it regretted that the employees did not accept the offer.
“A big chance has been lost,” Manfred Gellrich, head of the Opel plant in Bochum said. He confirmed there would be no further talks.


Letter to Brazilian people reflects country largely supportive of NSA leaker Edward Snowden who revealed US spying on Brazil leaders | Democracy
Edward Snowden pens an open letter to the people of Brazil
GOVERNMENT SURVEILLANCE whistleblower Edward Snowden has published an open letter to the people of Brazil in which he says that he would like to assist in uncovering survellance there but is being held back. Snowden said that he has paid a price. ‘You better watch out, You better not Skype’. ACLU launches hilarious anti-NSA campaign
Still from YouTube video/acluvideos The American Civil Liberties Union is imploring people to stand up for their digital privacy this holiday season, and is doing so with a humorous YouTube video that has Santa Claus poking fun at the National Security none know to customize this remembered article preview.


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Sequencing Larger Intact Proteins (30-70 kDa) with Activated Ion Electron Transfer Dissociation
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The analysis of intact proteins via mass spectrometry can offer several benefits to proteome characterization, although the majority of top-down experiments focus on proteoforms in a relatively low mass range (<30 kDa). Recent studies have focused on improving the analysis of larger intact proteins (up to ~75 kDa), but they have also highlighted several challenges to be addressed. One major hurdle is the efficient dissociation of larger protein ions, which often to do not yield extensive fragmentation via conventional tandem MS methods. Here we describe the first application of activated ion electron transfer dissociation (AI-ETD) to proteins in the 30–70 kDa range. AI-ETD leverages infrared photo-activation concurrent to ETD reactions to improve sequence-informative product ion generation. This method generates more product ions and greater sequence coverage than conventional ETD, higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD), and ETD combined with supplemental HCD activation (EThcD). Importantly, AI-ETD provides the most thorough protein characterization for every precursor ion charge state investigated in this study, making it suitable as a universal fragmentation method in top-down experiments. Additionally, we highlight several acquisition strategies that can benefit characterization of larger proteins with AI-ETD, including combination of spectra from multiple ETD reaction times for a given precursor ion, multiple spectral acquisitions of the same precursor ion, and combination of spectra from two different dissociation methods (e.g., AI-ETD and HCD). In all, AI-ETD shows great promise as a method for dissociating larger intact protein ions as top-down proteomics continues to advance into larger mass ranges.
KeywordsIntact proteins Top-down proteomics Electron transfer dissociation Photo-activation
Top-down proteomics characterizes intact proteins, aiming to provide information about splice variants, sequence truncations, and post-translational modifications that contribute to biologically significant proteoforms [1, 2, 3, 4]. The top-down approach continues to progress with advances in mass spectrometry (MS) and related technologies, but technical challenges have largely limited these experiments to proteins with molecular weights less than ~30 kDa [5, 6, 7, 8]. Recent studies have focused on accessing portions of the proteome that span a larger molecular weight range (up to ~75 kDa) with some success [9, 10, 11], emphasizing the need for further development of instrumentation for analysis of larger protein ions, including tandem MS/MS approaches that can effectively dissociate larger protein ions.
Improving fragmentation of intact protein ions has been an active research area for decades. In the first years after electrospray ionization enabled the interrogation of large multiply charged ions, collision activated dissociation (CAD) and infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) were used to dissociate protein cations ranging from ubiquitin (8.6 kDa) to bovine serum albumin (BSA, ~66 kDa) [12, 13, 14, 15]. Dissociation of proteins upwards of 200 kDa has also been explored [16, 17]. A limitation to slow-heating dissociation methods like CAD and IRMPD, however, is that they preferentially cleave at labile bonds, which often fails to produce suitable fragmentation for sequence elucidation. Electron capture dissociation (ECD) and electron transfer dissociation (ETD) were developed as alternatives to the so-called ergodic methods (i.e., CAD and IRMPD), offering more extensive backbone cleavage through electron-driven dissociation [18, 19, 20, 21].
Ideally suited for highly charged cations, ECD and ETD have become indispensable tools for top-down proteomics; that said, both approaches suffer from inefficient precursor-to-product ion conversion for precursors with low charge density [22, 23, 24, 25]. This is largely due to secondary gas-phase structure of low charge density precursors, where precursor ions adapt compact structures that increase intramolecular noncovalent interactions [26, 27, 28, 29]. In such cases, product ions often remain together, due to the noncovalent interactions, preventing generation of sequence-informative product ions. This process is called non-dissociative electron transfer dissociation (ETnoD) [30, 31, 32]. Several approaches have employed supplemental activation to mitigate this problem, for example, use of higher energy electrons and collisional- or photo-activation of precursor and/or product ions [32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44].
Supplemental activation methods have been extensively explored for ECD with larger proteins [44, 45, 46, 47]; fewer studies, however, have explored the effect of supplemental activation for fragmentation of larger proteins with ETD. We recently described activated-ion ETD (AI-ETD), which uses infrared photo-activation concurrent with ETD to increase product ion generation, and demonstrated that it can improve ETD efficiency for both peptide and protein precursor ions [48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54]. With implementation on a quadrupole-Orbitrap-linear ion trap (q-OT-LIT) hybrid MS system, we have recently shown that AI-ETD can provide near-complete sequence coverage of intact proteins in the range of molecular weights that are typically identified in top-down experiments (<25 kDa) . Here we investigate the potential of AI-ETD to dissociate larger protein ions, including carbonic anhydrase (~29 kDa), aldolase (~39.2 kDa), enolase (~46.7 kDa), and BSA (~66.8 kDa). Altogether we demonstrate that AI-ETD generates significantly more sequence-informative product ions and increases overall protein characterization over ETD. The method likewise outperforms higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) and ETD with supplemental HCD activation (EThcD). Finally, we illustrate how different acquisition strategies, e.g., utilization of multiple ETD reaction times, can benefit top-down characterization of larger intact proteins with AI-ETD and other dissociation methods.
Materials and Methods
Carbonic anhydrase from bovine erythrocytes (UniProt Accession P00921) and bovine serum album (BSA) (UniProt Accession P02769) were purchased from Protea Biosciences (Morgantown, WV, USA). Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A, referred to in this manuscript as aldolase, from rabbit muscle (UniProt Accession P00883), and enolase 1 from baker’s yeast (UniProt Accession P00924) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). BSA was resuspended in buffer (8 M urea, 50 mM Tris, pH 8), reduced with 5 mM dithiothreitol for 45 min at 58 °C, alkylated with 15 mM iodoacetamide for 45 min at room temperature in the dark, and desalted using a C2 SepPak (Waters, Milford, MA, USA). All samples were resuspended at ~10 pmol/μL in 50:49.8:0.2 acetonitrile/water/formic acid prior to infusions.
All experiments were performed on a quadrupole-Orbitrap-linear ion trap hybrid MS system (Orbitrap Fusion Lumos; Thermo Fischer Scientific, San Jose, CA, USA) that had been previously modified to perform AI-ETD . Proteins were infused at 5–10 μL/min using the instrument’s syringe pump, and precursors were ionized using electrospray ionization at 4–5 kV with respect to ground. The inlet capillary was held at 275 °C and the ion funnel rf was held at 30%. All MS/MS scans were conducted at 240,000 resolution with precursor ion targets of 800,000. For ETD, EThcD, and AI-ETD experiments, the reagent anion population was set to 300,000 ions and reaction times varied for each precursor, ranging from 5 to 40 ms. Normalized collision energies for EThcD ranged from 8 to 15, laser powers for AI-ETD ranged from 18 to 36 Watts, and normalized collision energies for HCD ranged from 15 to 25. For each precursor the optimum dissociation conditions were determined prior to data collection for HCD, ETD, EThcD, and AI-ETD. The number of microscans used was 300 for carbonic anhydrase and aldolase experiments, 400 for enolase experiments, and 500 for BSA experiments.
MS/MS spectra were deconvoluted with XTRACT (Thermo Fisher Scientific) using default parameters and a S/N threshold of three. Peak lists from XTRACT and protein sequences from UniProt were loaded into ProSight Lite  to determine the number of matched fragments generated for each precursor and dissociation method. For combination of spectra, peak lists from each spectrum were concatenated. The “EThcD” fragmentation type, which matched b/y- and c/z-type product ions, was used for ETD, EThcD, and AI-ETD spectra, whereas “HCD”, which matched b/y-type product ions, was used for HCD spectra. All matches were made within a 10 ppm tolerance. No modifications were used for aldolase or enolase sequences, whereas carbamidomethylation of cysteines (+57.021 Da) was used for BSA and N-terminal acetylation (+42.01 Da) was used for carbonic anhydrase.
Results and Discussion
AI-ETD employs infrared photo-activation, concurrent with electron transfer ion/ion reactions, to disrupt intramolecular noncovalent interactions in precursor ions and, thereby, improve ETD reaction efficiency. The approach consistently leads to an increased number of sequence-informative product ions and to greater backbone sequence coverage of precursor proteins. To test how AI-ETD can improve ETD fragmentation of large, highly charged protein ions, we dissociated several precursor ion charge states of four protein standards that span a molecular weight range of approximately 30–70 kDa.
Collisional-based and electron-driven dissociation methods offer complementary fragmentation information and are often combined (following separate MS/MS events) in top-down proteomic experiments for improved identification. Figure 1c illustrates how combining HCD MS/MS results with those from AI-ETD, EThcD, or ETD MS/MS improves characterization for each of the six carbonic anhydrase precursor ions. The combination of AI-ETD and HCD provides the greatest coverage for each precursor, with a boost of approximately 8%-10% coverage over AI-ETD alone (indicated by the dashed line). Note, AI-ETD alone also provides nearly as much, if not more, sequence coverage as the combination of HCD with ETD or EThcD. When combining the best result from AI-ETD (z = 30, 69% coverage) with the best result from HCD (z = 24, 40% coverage), the total sequence coverage achieved for carbonic anhydrase is 81% with 340 total matched fragments (b-, y-, c-, and z ● -type), underscoring the known benefits of complementary dissociation methods (Figure 1d). By comparison, a previous study looking at the combination of multiple MS/MS acquisitions for carbonic anhydrase characterization showed that combining five different fragmentation conditions (including ECD, plasma ECD, and collisional activation prior to ECD, and modulation of inlet capillary temperature) can provide 77% sequence coverage .
Recent success of ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) for characterization of intact proteins makes for a natural comparison with AI-ETD. UVPD generates extensive fragmentation of peptide and protein cations, including six main fragment ion types (a-, b-, c-, x-, y-, and z-type) in addition to Y-, w-, v-, and d-ions. Although we do not have the ability to generate UVPD data in-house, three recent studies have investigated the performance of UVPD for carbonic anhydrase [57, 59, 60]. Impressively, the first description of UVPD for intact protein analysis provided 87% sequence coverage of carbonic anhydrase, the greatest sequence coverage to be reported for a protein of that size from a single acquisition . More recent studies, however, have shown that UVPD can consistently provide 60%–70% sequence coverage [59, 60], making it comparable with the coverage AI-ETD can generate. Supplemental Figure 1 shows sequence coverage and product ion distributions from UVPD of carbonic anhydrase precursor ions compared with AI-ETD for the z = +30 charge state. Although no direct comparison can be made between AI-ETD and UVPD here, looking at UVPD performance across a range of precursor charge states from several studies helps provide a composite picture of the performance of the two methods. Note, differences in AGC targets, instrument platforms, and other experimental parameters make comparisons of product ion signal, etc. less than straight-forward, but differences in product ion types are still interesting to compare. Product ion signal is spread amongst six main product ion channels in UVPD, whereas the major types of AI-ETD product ions are c- and z ● -type. Both methods offer benefits; AI-ETD keeps product ion signal in relatively few channels, avoiding dilution of signal amongst many dissociation pathways as mentioned above, whereas the multiple fragment ion types in rich UVPD spectra can provide high confidence in sequence assignment (i.e., multiple product ions can confirm each residue). Note, UVPD data from these three studies include both automated and manual annotation of product ions, including a, a+1, b, c, x, x+1, y, y–1, Y, and z types. AI-ETD data is only from automated annotation of b-, c-, y-, and z-type ions by ProSight Lite, meaning AI-ETD results could slightly improve with further manual annotation to include off-by-one errors. To the best of our knowledge, no UVPD data is available for comparison with proteins larger than carbonic anhydrase, outside of protein complexes, which are clearly not a direct comparison. Regardless, AI-ETD and UVPD appear to provide similar amounts of protein sequence coverage for proteins as large as 30 kDa, which supports results from smaller intact proteins as well .
Several interesting trends arise from these data, perhaps most strikingly that AI-ETD at the longer reaction time (i.e., a single condition) generated more sequence coverage than the combination of two reaction conditions of HCD, ETD, and EThcD for all precursors except z = 52 (where it still provided the greatest combined coverage). The benefit of slightly longer reaction times have been previously reported for the high capacity ETD accumulation scheme, which may explain why longer reaction times generally provided better data . Also, the diminishing benefit of EThcD over ETD is juxtaposed with the consistent boost in performance with AI-ETD. Figure 5b provides the total number of matched fragments from the combined reaction conditions for each precursor. As expected, HCD performance increased from high to low charge states, ETD performance decreased from high to low charge states, and AI-ETD provided consistent performance for all four precursors. Figure 5c displays a sequence coverage map for enolase for the combination of AI-ETD and HCD data from the z = 40 precursor for 54% coverage of the 46.7 kDa protein.
This work describes the first application of AI-ETD to larger protein precursor ions (30–70 kDa), a molecular weight range where an analysis technology gap still exists. We show that AI-ETD provided the greatest sequence coverage over HCD, ETD, and EThcD for a variety of precursor ion charge states spanning the m/z range for carbonic anhydrase, aldolase, enolase, and bovine serum albumin (BSA). AI-ETD not only improved performance over ETD for low-charge density precursor ions, but it also maintained boosted performance for the higher charge states of each protein. This was not the trend for the other supplemental activation method explored in this work, EThcD, which proved useful for low charge states of the smaller proteins but did not greatly increase coverage for higher charge states. Beyond comparing dissociation methods, we also demonstrated how different data acquisition strategies to combine spectra can affect larger protein ion characterization with AI-ETD in concert with other fragmentation methods. Overall, AI-ETD produced the most robust and consistent fragmentation for all precursor ions investigated here, demonstrating its suitability as a universal fragmentation method for top-down proteomics, both less than and greater than 30 kDa. Furthermore, this work highlights the established value of ETD in general for the characterization of intact protein ions, as it outperforms HCD in nearly all instances.
Not surprisingly, the gains in sequence coverage and overall protein characterization diminished as protein size increased. Several factors contribute to this, including challenges in controlling ion–ion reactions for very highly charge precursor ions to preserve highly charged fragments and in successfully deconvoluting congested spectra that arise from dissociation of large biomolecules. Several groups have described the use of proton transfer reactions, ion parking, and combinations thereof to address these challenges and improve the characterization of intact protein ions [60, 61, 62, 63], and we foresee AI-ETD being a powerful addition to these approaches. This can be especially valuable for dissociation of intact antibodies (~150 kDa), where ETD has been critical for top-down characterization, but sequence coverages remain moderate and success requires extensive spectral averaging in addition to analyses of several charge states [47, 64, 65]. A recent study discussed the benefits of EThcD for improved intact antibody fragmentation , leading us to suppose that AI-ETD could provide even larger boosts. Finally, as the newest instrumentation extends the mass range at which tandem MS can be effectively performed , AI-ETD is well-suited to be a useful platform for dissociating larger proteins and potentially protein complexes , offering more extensive information than can be generated by other dissociation methods. In all, AI-ETD provides an exciting avenue forward as top-down proteomics continues to expand investigations to proteins with larger and larger molecular weights.
The authors gratefully acknowledge support from Thermo Fisher Scientific and NIH grants R35 GM118110 and R21 GM118341 (to J.J.C.). N.M.R. was funded through a NIH Predoctoral to Postdoctoral Transition Award (F99 CA212454). Thank you to John Syka, Chris Mullen, Will McGee, and Jim Stephenson for helpful discussions.
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domain: biology


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Game Version: latest, January 2020
- Build (####) intel i7 9700k, gtx 1070, 16 gig ram,
- Platform (Steam or Microsoft Store) steam
Issue: whenever I am playing the game after a short while the game will consistently freeze and lock up my computer and give me blue screen of death, which restarts computer. code is always the same its : machine check exception. that’s the only code it gives me on the blue screen.
(Replace with a detailed description of the problem; please limit one issue per thread)
- (List the steps we can take to reproduce the bug ourselves…)
(ATTACH A SCREENSHOT IF YOU ARE ABLE!)

domain: hobby


This is an insurance industry study, and it has its own agenda (see below) but it is making waves. Understandable. Four thousand dollars more per year by 2019. That’s $4000 dollars more than you are paying now. That’s $4000 more than if they did nothing. Kinda remind you of the stimulus, huh? (From Hot Air)
After months of collaboration on President Obama’s attempt to overhaul the nation’s health-care system, the insurance industry plans to strike out against the effort on Monday with a report warning that the typical family premium in 2019 could cost $4,000 more than projected.
The critique, coming one day before a critical Senate committee vote on the legislation, sparked a sharp response from the Obama administration. It also signaled an end to the fragile detente between two central players in this year’s health-care reform drama.
Detente? The report goes on to make clear you will see your health care costs rise. Period. End of story … unless … your healthy kids start footing the bill. I know, how selfish of me.
“The report makes clear that several major provisions in the current legislative proposal will cause health care costs to increase far faster and higher than they would under the current system,” Karen Ignagni, AHIP’s president and chief executive, wrote to board members Sunday. “Between 2010 and 2019 the cumulative increases in the cost of a typical family policy under this reform proposal will be approximately $20,700 more than it would be under the current system.”
At the heart of the argument is whether the Finance Committee bill does enough to draw young, healthy people into the insurance risk pool. By postponing and reducing penalties on people who do not sign up for health insurance, industry analysts predict it would attract less-healthy patients who would drive up costs.
Time to revisit the Robert Reich soundbite from 2007. and that’s why the last graph bothers me so much. The insurance industry is unhappy because Baucus watered down the penalty for not having insurance, exempting some and reducing the dollar amount for others. That means fewer people will buy insurance. Everyone in the pool, please.
So you see … they’re not unhappy with the government control of health care. They are all about it if it means more for them. The minute it looked like it would not mean more, they weaseled out. Make everyone jump into the pool, they’ll be back. In the meantime, we still get either very crummy, or very expensive care.
One last point, there is absolutely no evidence that requiring everyone to buy health insurance, costs will decline. It’s what Baucus tells us, Obama tells us, Murphy, Courtney, et al, tell us. Just take a quick look at Massachusetts. Nuff said.