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Do you have back or neck pain? You’re in good company.
Every year, more than 30 million people visit a chiropractic clinic for chronic neck and back pain.
More than 95% of them report that the treatments were effective and that they would continue to go to the chiropractor for adjustments.
If you’ve never been to a chiropractor you might be wondering why you should go, and what you can expect from a chiropractic clinic.
There are many reasons that people go in for chiropractic care. We’ll take you through the top 10 reasons that you should consider meeting with a chiropractor.
1. Chronic Pain
Chiropractors can work with patients who have neck and back pain that just won’t go away. They look at patients’ spinal alignment and perform gentle exercises that help get the spine back into place.
You may have a job that requires you to sit for eight to 10 hours per day, or you could be sleeping on an older mattress.
A chiropractic clinic takes a series of x-rays before they start working on their patients, to see if their patients have scoliosis or other chronic back problems.
Sciatica is the most common problem and can produce numbness and tingling in the legs. Chiropractors are trained to deal with this type of widespread problem and can offer relief to their patients.
If you have migraines that last for more than 12 hours, you should consider going to a chiropractic clinic. Migraines often originate in the neck and leave sufferers with insomnia, shooting pain, and even hallucinations.
Chiropractic clinics can work with migraine sufferers to reduce their dependency on medication. They can gently align patients’ neck bones in order to help clear up chronic migraines.
When your spine and neck are not aligned properly, the body can send pain signals to other parts of the body. You may not realize it because you’re not in pain until a migraine starts.
Chiropractors are trained to deal with migraines, even the most severe cases.
Recent studies show that people who have insomnia have a drastically decreased quality of life. Not being able to get enough sleep can interfere with your work, your family life, and your hobbies.
Vertebral subluxations is a term that chiropractic clinics use to describe bones that are out of alignment. When your spine is not aligned, it can press on nerves and cause muscles to spasm out of control.
A chiropractic adjustment can help you get a good night’s sleep. Almost all of the patients in a recent study reported that, following a chiropractic adjustment, they were able to sleep through the night.
If you’re suffering from insomnia, you should know that you could have vertebral subluxations that you’re not even aware of. Sometimes, your spine could be out of alignment and you may not realize it until you go to the chiropractic clinic.
Do you constantly feel like you don’t have enough time to do everything? Are your kids driving you crazy?
Are little things just building up until you can’t take it anymore?
A chiropractic clinic will ask you questions about your daily stress levels. They are committed to helping their patients deal with stress through spinal adjustments.
You may be clenching your jaw and not even realize it for months. Then that pain spreads down into your shoulders and back, and before you know it, you’re at risk for a heart attack.
We offer a wide range of articles that are designed to help you deal with stress. Coupled with chiropractic treatment, you could be looking at a major shift in the way you deal with your stress.
5. Dependence on Pain Medication
If you’re worried that you’ll never be able to get off of pain medication, you’re not alone. More than 20% of all adults report that they have taken prescription pain medication for longer than they needed to.
There is a fine line between use and abuse of prescription pain medication, and a chiropractic clinic will help you wean yourself off of these strong drugs.
Too many people simply treat their symptoms and do not address the underlying problems. If your spinal cord is out of alignment, you will feel pain but it’s impossible to adjust your own spine.
Once the chiropractor adjusts your spine and neck, the chiropractic clinic doctors will come up with a treatment plan for you. Over the course of several weeks or months, you should notice that you have less pain – and less need to take addictive pain medications.
6. Brain Drain
Have you noticed that, as you get older, you think less clearly? Taking the time to go to a chiropractic clinic and get adjusted could improve your mental functioning.
Pain is distracting, and chronic pain can make you feel dull. Whether your vision is getting blurry or you just have trouble focusing on everyday tasks, a chiropractic adjustment can help you feel more alert and enthusiastic.
Studies show that patients who went to a chiropractic clinic and got an adjustment had better reaction times and clearer thinking.
These studies used scanning technology to see that certain areas of the brain were stimulated after a chiropractic adjustment.
If you’re worried that you’re losing your focus, try getting a chiropractic adjustment at Carolina Chirocare and Rehab. You could just be dealing with undiagnosed neck and back issues.
7. Trouble Sitting or Standing
You may have noticed that you’re not as productive at work as you used to be. People who use ergonomic chairs and desks, coupled with visits to chiropractic clinics, tend to be more creative and satisfied at work.
It’s not really a natural position to be in, stuck at a desk all day. Chiropractors can teach you stretches and exercises to do during the course of your day.
This way, you can extend the benefit of a chiropractic adjustment and keep working on your pain in between visits. Dancing at home can also help you stay flexible.
Your spine carries all of your weight and if you’re a bit overweight or have a sedentary lifestyle, you should get it examined on a regular basis.
Productivity at work is extremely important and many chiropractic patients report that they enjoy more flexibility and relief due to their adjustments.
8. Low Immunity
Are you one of those people who is constantly getting sick? It doesn’t have to be that way.
Taking the time to go to a chiropractic clinic could help you feel much better overall. Chiropractic adjustments increase the body’s production of monocytes, which are white blood cells that help you develop resistance to diseases.
If you’re always dealing with chronic pain, your body is spending its resources trying to combat that issue. Instead of working on its immunity, your body gets too caught up in taking care of the immediate problems.
Chiropractic clinics help people develop a program of nutrition and exercise that work together, along with the adjustments, to boost your immunity.
What to Expect at the Chiropractic Clinic
Make sure that you get to the chiropractic clinic a little bit early, in order to fill out any paperwork that they would need from you. Bring your ID and any insurance cards that you have.
Schedule an appointment at the chiropractic clinic for when you are able to lay down afterward for at least half an hour. Don’t do any strenuous activities right after you get an adjustment.
You will undergo a series of x-rays of your spine and neck, and your doctor will explain the results to you. If you need surgery, they will make the proper referrals.
People tend to think that chiropractic adjustment is painful, but you should experience little to no pain during the adjustment itself.
Doctors will use gentle pressure to coax your spine into alignment. They may also adjust your neck. You should feel minimal discomfort and a sense of relief when your neck and back move into better alignment.
After you get adjusted, you should feel much better for at least several days. Your chiropractor may want to see you more than once per week to make sure that your spine doesn’t fall out of alignment.
Long-Term Benefits of Chiropractic Care
Whether you are recovering from a car accident or dealing with chronic pain, going to a chiropractic clinic is a great way to get started with your healing process.
The Bone and Joint Decade Task Force reports that spinal adjustment is a valid, effective way to deal with pain. You may also find that you lose weight after getting chiropractic work done and that you feel better overall.
Nobody wants to be dependent upon pain medication, and surgery can be an expensive and ineffective option. Taking the time to go to a chiropractic clinic and invest a few weeks or months in a non-surgical option could be a better choice.
Millions of adults have gotten chiropractic adjustments and report that they feel better and are more productive at work. If you feel like you have lost your motivation and spark, try getting adjusted before you turn to medications.
If you want to experience a chiropractic adjustment, schedule a visit with your local chiropractor. Chiropractic care could be your first step toward a pain-free life!


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I hesitate in calling this dish a “sauce.” It’s chunky with creamy eggplant and can almost be eaten on its own. But the flavors are so strong in their deliciousness that it has to be paired with something more basic.
It was an adaptation from a Veggie cookbook I haven’t opened in years. It’s hard to find yummy eggplant recipes that aren’t coated in cheese! But I found one, this is a winner.
Chunky Eggplant Sauce
1 large eggplant
1 onion, chopped
3 Tbsp sun-dried tomatoes, chopped (I keep a jar in the fridge at all times)
1 Tbsp tahini (also keep a jar of this)
3 Tbsp olive oil
meat if you want- I used chicken breast leftovers from Indian takeout.
something for the base- I used quinoa
Trim the ends of the eggplant. Cut it further into 1/2″ slices. Cut those into quarters.
Steam the eggplant 6-8 minutes or until softened.
While it’s steaming, chop onion and tomato. Sauté them on medium heat together with the olive oil. Now add the meat if you want.
When the eggplant is done steaming, strain it in a colander. Press the juice out with a spoon.
Add the strained eggplant and tahini to the sauté and turn off the heat. Let sit for 5 minutes.
Add it to something basic like quinoa and Enjoy!
Let me know how it goes. Love and a giant smile. -Ash
Have you ever tried to make soup? The ingredient list can be long but the process is so easy! Soup is delicious (especially in the winter), freezable, and cuts way back on the dishes. I encourage anyone with a big pot and cutting board to try it. This specific recipe is from my Gran.
My Gran is incredibly healthy. She could kick my tail in the gym and sticks to eating mostly veggies and other deliciousness that keeps her immune system rock solid. She’s definitely an example for me and where I want my health to be over the next couple decades.
A few weeks ago she sent me this recipe. It’s for a low-heat Veggie Soup. It doesn’t look that yummy but I made a massive batch and Mike and I have been guzzling it down. So tasty!
Gran’s tips: If you can, buy organic pre-cut veggies or bring in some extra help (in the form of a boyfriend or husband?); the chopping can take a long time. Cook a double batch and freeze the extras for soup next week!
So without further ado, here it is:
Gran’s Veggie Soup (6 servings)
2 Tbsp water
1 large onion
1 small carrot
3 cloves garlic, minced
4 cups veggie or chicken stock
2 lbs broccoli
1 large tomato
1/8 cup flat leaf parsley
5 oz spinach, fresh
1/8 tsp cardamom (only buy what you need, it’s $79 a lb!)
1/8 tsp nutmeg
1/2 tsp salt
1/2 tsp black pepper
1/8 cup lemon juice
Chop up the onions, carrot, broccoli, and tomato into bite-sized pieces.
Cook water, onions, carrot, and garlic in a large pot over low heat for 10 minutes, until wilted.
Add the stock, broccoli, tomatoes, and parsley. Bring to a boil then reduce heat, cover, and simmer for 25 minutes.
Add the spinach and all spices. Cook for 1 minute then remove from heat.
Let cool for 5 minutes then blend/puree everything.
Return it to the pot. Add lemon and serve it warm.
Thanks for this one Gran! Everyone else, let me know how it goes 🙂

domain: food


By Brett Molina
It appears the next frontier for technology companies is the wristwatch.
Bloomberg reportsSamsung is the latest tech titan venturing into the wearable gadget space, developing a watch that could perform functions of a smartphone.
"We are working very hard to get ready for it," says Lee Young Hee, executive vice president of the company's mobile unit, in the Bloomberg piece. "We are preparing products for the future, and the watch is definitely one of them."
Hee did not provide specifics on the watch, or a potential release date and price.
Get ready to hear a lot about smartwatches in the near future. They've become this year's hot gadget after rolling out in big numbers at January's Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas.Most notable is the Pebble, which works on both Android and iOS phones. The watch lets users answer calls, check messages or receive status updates from their smartphone.
Sony hopped aboard the smartwatch bandwagon early,with a device that launched last year. Like the Pebble, Sony's watch answers calls, checks Facebook and Twitter updates and plays music from an Android smartphone.
Meanwhile,several reports have surfacedthat Apple is developing its own smartwatch, which would run on their iOS mobile operating system, the same that powers the iPhone and iPad.


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Boston, NYC food-truck 'throwdown' coming to Financial District
Start your engines and fire up those grills: Boston will host its first ever Food Truck Throwdown, “Boston vs. NYC,” on Saturday, Oct. 13th.
The day-long contest will pit seven Boston food trucks against seven from New York City in Boston's Dewey Square. The event is scheduled to run from 11 a.m. to 9 p.m.
Boston's seven truck vendors will be determined via an online vote that closes Sept. 16. A panel of local celebrity judges ultimately will choose the winning city.
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text:
Kerala Style Potato Curry Recipe
How to make Kerala style potato curry
This Kerala style potato curry is a mix of sweet and spicy flavours that you have never had before. This dish can be made in under 30 minutes and will be loved by people of all ages.
- Total Cook Time 30 mins
- Prep Time 15 mins
- Cook Time 15 mins
- Recipe Servings2
Ingredients of Kerala Style Potato Curry
- 1 Chopped onion
- 2 Chopped potato
- 2 Green Chillies
- 1 cup Hot water
- 1/4 cup Tamarind water
- 1/4 cup Coconut Milk
- 1/4 tbsp Red chilli powder
- 1/4 tbsp Turmeric powder
- 1/2 tbsp Coriander Powder
- 4-5 Curry Leaves
- Salt according to taste
How to Make Kerala Style Potato CurryHideShow Media
Add some jeera in hot oil, then add slit green chillies and onion. Let it cook for a while.
To this, add potatoes, salt, turmeric, red chilli powder, coriander powder, curry leaves and mix. Let this cook on medium to low flame for five minutes.
Now, add hot water, then tamarind water and garam masala, stir this well.
Throw in some coconut milk and cover the pan for about 10 minutes. Cook on low flame.


text:
Catalogue record detail
Book The world war and its consequences; being lectures in the course on patriotism delivered at the University of Pittsburgh during the summer session of 1918, by William Herbert Hobbs. With an introduction by Theodore Roosevelt.
Publication year: 1919.
Call Number D523 .H63
Media class: Book
Publisher: New York,London, G. P. Putnam's Sons
Extent: xiv p., 1 ℓ., 446 p. ; 21 cm.
Total number of loans: 0
Loans this year: 0
Number of reservations: 0
The historical background of the war.--The launching of the war, the record of twelve days.--The plot against democracy.--Our debt to France.--The military masters of Germany.--The discipline of the individual in Germany.--How Germany prepared for war by peaceful penetration.--The "Greater empire" of German expansion, "Deutschtum im ausland".--How Germany makes war, atrocities under system.--German conspiracies against the United States.--America's attitude toward the war, the preparedness movement.--Pacifist propaganda and its consequences.--"Peace without victory."--The "freedom of the seas".--German preparations for the next war.--The peace terms of democracy.--Internationalism versus a league of the democratic nations.--The teaching of patriotism.--Afterword.--Index.
The official record of the United States' part in the great war : the government account of the thirteen American battles and ... the army of four million men, prepared under the instructions of the Secretary of war ... Complete official stories by the Adjutant general's office describing the heroic exploits of the seventy-eight congressional medal of honor men. Complete official register of awards of the distinguished service cross ... and distinguished service medal.

domain: library


text:
Havre sweeps Miles City to begin conference play
Last updated 4/18/2023 at 7:55am
After just playing in Billings this past Saturday, the Havre High softball team was right back on the diamond on Monday. At home at Sixth Avenue Memorial Field, the Blue Ponies hosted a doubleheader against Miles City. In their first conference games of the season, the Ponies looked strong with a 15-0 win and a 17-2 win over the Cowgirls.
"I thought we played two pretty good games," HHS head coach Tony Vigliotti said. "Both pitchers threw strikes, which helped. Our defense made most plays, even though I think we had a few errors today. Our hitters struggled a little bit on Saturday but to...
For access to this article please sign in or subscribe.

domain: news


How IPG improves customer satisfaction
How IPG improves reporting runtimes in its SAP system by 90%
IPG runs custom SAP reports for critical business processes like invoicing. But with growing data volumes, the performance of the company's SAP reports was getting increasingly sluggish.
In this eBook, discover how IPG drastically accelerated its custom SAP reports with a simple software add-on solution, to give the business the insight it needs, on time.


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A lasermax internal unit or crimsontrace grip or even a rifle sight device with a laser and you don t put the sticker on the gun that comes with the laser unit it s a federal offense.
We use the three line label date received date opened.
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Blue label dealers can offer discounted blue label glock pistols to eligible military and law enforcement officials.


text:
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Includes bibliographical references (pages 297-320) and index.
Out of order -- The tangled web of culture -- Russians in their own words -- Abstract notions of democracy versus current experiences -- Views of markets : Russians confront inequality -- Views on order, disorder, and democracy -- Views of change : the more things change, the more they stay the same -- What Russians want -- Conclusion.
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text:
The defense of mistake of law (Penal Law § 15.20  [a], [d]) is not available to a Federal corrections officer arrested in a Manhattan social club for possession of a loaded .38 caliber automatic pistol who claimed he mistakenly believed he was entitled, pursuant to the interplay of CPL 2.10, 1.20 and Penal Law § 265.20, to carry a handgun without a permit as a peace officer.
In a prior phase of this criminal proceeding, defendant's motion to dismiss the indictment upon which he now stands convicted was granted (94 Misc.2d 367); then it was reversed and the indictment reinstated by a divided Appellate Division (71 A.D.2d 346); next, defendant allowed an appeal from that order, certified to the Court of Appeals, to lapse and be dismissed (Oct. 22, 1980). Thus, review of that aspect of the case is precluded (People v Corley, 67 N.Y.2d 105).
On the trial of the case, the court rejected the defendant's argument that his personal misunderstanding of the statutory definition of a peace officer is enough to excuse him from
Defendant was a Federal corrections officer in Danbury, Connecticut, and asserted that status at the time of his arrest in 1977. He claimed at trial that there were various interpretations of fellow officers and teachers, as well as the peace officer statute itself, upon which he relied for his mistaken belief that he could carry a weapon with legal impunity.
The starting point for our analysis is the New York mistake statute as an outgrowth of the dogmatic common-law maxim that ignorance of the law is no excuse. The central issue is whether defendant's personal misreading or misunderstanding of a statute may excuse criminal conduct in the circumstances of this case.
The common-law rule on mistake of law was clearly articulated in Gardner v People (62 N.Y. 299). In Gardner, the defendants misread a statute and mistakenly believed that their conduct was legal. The court insisted, however, that the "mistake of law" did not relieve the defendants of criminal liability. The statute at issue, relating to the removal of election officers, required that prior to removal, written notice must be given to the officer sought to be removed. The statute provided one exception to the notice requirement: "removal * * * shall only be made after notice in writing * * * unless made while the inspector is actually on duty on a day of registration, revision of registration, or election, and for improper conduct" (L 1872, ch 675, § 13). The defendants construed the statute to mean that an election officer could be removed without notice for improper conduct at any time. The court ruled that removal without notice could only occur for improper conduct on a day of registration, revision of registration or election.
In ruling that the defendant's misinterpretation of the statute was no defense, the court said: "The defendants made a mistake of law. Such mistakes do not excuse the commission of prohibited acts. `The rule on the subject appears to be, that in acts mala in se, the intent governs, but in those mala prohibita, the only inquiry is, has the law been violated?' (3 Den., 403). The act prohibited must be intentionally done. A mistake as to the fact of doing the act will excuse the party,
The desirability of the Gardner-type outcome, which was to encourage the societal benefit of individuals' knowledge of and respect for the law, is underscored by Justice Holmes' statement: "It is no doubt true that there are many cases in which the criminal could not have known that he was breaking the law, but to admit the excuse at all would be to encourage ignorance where the law-maker has determined to make men know and obey, and justice to the individual is rightly outweighed by the larger interests on the other side of the scales" (Holmes, The Common Law, at 48 ).
The revisors of New York's Penal Law intended no fundamental departure from this common-law rule in Penal Law § 15.20, which provides in pertinent part:
This section was added to the Penal Law as part of the wholesale revision of the Penal Law in 1965 (L 1965, ch 1030). When this provision was first proposed, commentators viewed the new language as codifying "the established common law maxim on mistake of law, while at the same time recognizing a defense when the erroneous belief is founded upon an `official statement of the law'" (Note, Proposed Penal Law of New York, 64 Colum L Rev 1469, 1486 ).
The defendant claims as a first prong of his defense that he is entitled to raise the defense of mistake of law under section 15.20 (2) (a) because his mistaken belief that his conduct was legal was founded upon an official statement of the law contained in the statute itself. Defendant argues that his mistaken interpretation of the statute was reasonable in view of the alleged ambiguous wording of the peace officer exemption statute, and that his "reasonable" interpretation of an "official statement" is enough to satisfy the requirements of subdivision (2) (a). However, the whole thrust of this exceptional exculpatory concept, in derogation of the traditional and common-law principle, was intended to be a very narrow escape valve. Application in this case would invert that thrust and make mistake of law a generally applied or available defense instead of an unusual exception which the very opening words of the mistake statute make so clear, i.e., "A person is not relieved of criminal liability for conduct * * * unless" (Penal Law § 15.20). The momentarily enticing argument by defendant that his view of the statute would only allow a defendant to get the issue generally before a jury further supports the contrary view because that consequence is precisely what would give the defense the unintended broad practical application.
The prosecution further counters defendant's argument by asserting that one cannot claim the protection of mistake of law under section 15.20 (2) (a) simply by misconstruing the meaning of a statute but must instead establish that the statute relied on actually permitted the conduct in question and was only later found to be erroneous. To buttress that argument, the People analogize New York's official statement defense to the approach taken by the Model Penal Code (MPC). Section 2.04 of the MPC provides:
Although the drafters of the New York statute did not adopt the precise language of the Model Penal Code provision with the emphasized clause, it is evident and has long been believed that the Legislature intended the New York statute to be similarly construed. In fact, the legislative history of section 15.20 is replete with references to the influence of the Model Penal Code provision (see, Hechtman, Practice Commentaries, McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, Book 39, Penal Law § 15.20, at 36; LaFave and Scott, Substantive Criminal Law § 5.1, n 95; Drafting a New Penal Law of New York: An Interview with Richard Denzer, 18 Buffalo L Rev 251, 252 [1968-1969]). The proposition that New York adopted the MPC general approach finds additional support in the comments to section 2.04 (see, Model Penal Code § 2.04, comment 3, n 33, at 279 [Official Draft and Revised Comments 1985]). It is not without significance that no one for over 20 years of this statute's existence has made a point of arguing or noting or holding that the difference in wording has the broad and dramatically sweeping interpretation which is now proposed. Such a turnabout would surely not have been accidentally produced or allowed. New York's drafters may even have concluded that the extra clause in the MPC was mere surplusage in view of the clear exceptionability of the mistake authorization in the first instance. Moreover, adding specified conditions by judicial construction, as the dissenters would have to do to make the mistake exception applicable in circumstances such as these, would be the sheerest form of judicial legislation.
It was early recognized that the "official statement" mistake of law defense was a statutory protection against prosecution based on reliance of a statute that did in fact authorize certain conduct. "It seems obvious that society must rely on some statement of the law, and that conduct which is in fact `authorized' * * * should not be subsequently condemned. The threat of punishment under these circumstances can have no deterrent effect unless the actor doubts the validity of the
In the case before us, the underlying statute never in fact authorized the defendant's conduct; the defendant only thought that the statutory exemptions permitted his conduct when, in fact, the primary statute clearly forbade his conduct. Moreover, by adjudication of the final court to speak on the subject in this very case, it turned out that even the exemption statute did not permit this defendant to possess the weapon. It would be ironic at best and an odd perversion at worst for this court now to declare that the same defendant is nevertheless free of criminal responsibility.
The "official statement" component in the mistake of law defense in both paragraphs (a) and (d) adds yet another element of support for our interpretation and holding. Defendant tried to establish a defense under Penal Law § 15.20 (2) (d) as a second prong. But the interpretation of the statute relied upon must be "officially made or issued by a public servant, agency or body legally charged or empowered with the responsibility or privilege of administering, enforcing or interpreting such statute or law." We agree with the People that the trial court also properly rejected the defense under Penal Law § 15.20 (2) (d) since none of the interpretations which defendant proffered meets the requirements of the statute. The fact that there are various complementing exceptions to section 15.20, none of which defendant could bring himself under, further emphasizes the correctness of our view which decides this case under particular statutes with appropriate precedential awareness.
It must also be emphasized that, while our construction of Penal Law § 15.20 provides for narrow application of the mistake of law defense, it does not, as the dissenters contend, "rule out any defense based on mistake of law." (See, dissenting
The modern availability of this defense is based on the theory that where the government has affirmatively, albeit unintentionally, misled an individual as to what may or may not be legally permissible conduct, the individual should not be punished as a result. This is salutary and enlightened and should be firmly supported in appropriate cases. However, it also follows that where, as here, the government is not responsible for the error (for there is none except in the defendant's own mind), mistake of law should not be available as an excuse (see, Jeffries, Legality, Vagueness and the Construction of Penal Statutes, 71 Va L Rev 189, 208 ).
We recognize that some legal scholars urge that the mistake of law defense should be available more broadly where a defendant misinterprets a potentially ambiguous statute not previously clarified by judicial decision and reasonably believes in good faith that the acts were legal. Professor Perkins, a leading supporter of this view, has said: "[i]f the meaning of a statute is not clear, and has not been judicially determined, one who has acted `in good faith' should not be held guilty of crime if his conduct would have been proper had the statute meant what he `reasonably believed' it to mean, even if the court should decide later that the proper construction is otherwise." (Perkins, Ignorance and Mistake in Criminal Law, 88 U Pa L Rev 35, 45.) In support of this conclusion Professor Perkins cites two cases: State v Cutter (36 NJL 125) and Burns v State (123 Tex Crim 611, 61 S.W.2d 512). In both these cases mistake of law was viewed as a valid defense to offenses where a specific intent (i.e., willfully, knowingly, etc.) was an element of the crime charged. In Burns, the court recognized mistake of law as a defense to extortion. The statute defining "extortion" made the "willful" doing of the prohibited act an essential ingredient of the offense. The court, holding that mistake of law is a defense only where the mistake negates the specific intent required for conviction, borrowed language from the Cutter case: "In State v Cutter * * * the court said: `The argument goes upon the legal maxim ignorantia legis neminem excusat. But this rule, in its application to the law of crimes, is subject * * * to certain important exceptions. Where the act done is malum in se, or where the law which
We conclude that the better and correctly construed view is that the defense should not be recognized, except where specific intent is an element of the offense or where the misrelied-upon law has later been properly adjudicated as wrong. Any broader view fosters lawlessness. It has been said in support of our preferred view in relation to other available procedural protections: "A statute * * * which is so indefinite that it `either forbids or requires the doing of an act in terms so vague that men of common intelligence must necessarily guess at its meaning and differ as to its application, violates the first essential of due process of law' and is unconstitutional. If the court feels that a statute is sufficiently definite to meet this test, it is hard to see why a defense of mistake of law is needed. Such a statute could hardly mislead the defendant into believing that his acts were not criminal, if they do in fact come under its ban * * * [I]f the defense of mistake of law based on indefiniteness is raised, the court is * * * going to require proof * * * that the act was sufficiently definite to guide the conduct of reasonable men. Thus, the need for such a defense is largely supplied by the constitutional guarantee" (Hall and Seligman, Mistake of Law and Mens Rea, 8 U Chi L Rev 641, 667 ).
Strong public policy reasons underlie the legislative mandate and intent which we perceive in rejecting defendant's construction of New York's mistake of law defense statute. If defendant's argument were accepted, the exception would swallow the rule. Mistakes about the law would be encouraged, rather than respect for and adherence to law. There
Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed.
The rule adopted by the majority prohibiting the defense of mistake of law under Penal Law § 15.20 (2) (a) in the circumstances here is directly contrary to the plain dictates of the statute and a rejection of the jurisprudential reforms and legislative policies underlying its enactment. For these reasons, as more fully explained herein, we cannot agree with this decision.
The basic difference which divides the court may be simply put. Suppose the case of a man who has committed an act which is criminal not because it is inherently wrong or immoral but solely because it violates a criminal statute. He has committed the act in complete good faith under the mistaken but entirely reasonable assumption that the act does not constitute an offense because it is permitted by the wording of the statute. Does the law require that this man be punished? The majority says that it does and holds that (1) Penal Law § 15.20 (2) (a) must be construed so that the man is precluded from offering a defense based on his mistake of law and (2) such construction is compelled by prevailing considerations of public policy and criminal jurisprudence. We take issue with the majority on both propositions.
There can be no question that under the view that the purpose of the criminal justice system is to punish blameworthiness
The maxim "ignorantia legis neminem excusat"
Today there is widespread criticism of the common-law rule mandating categorical preclusion of the mistake of law defense (see, e.g., White, op. cit., 77 Colum L Rev 775, 784; Note, Proposed Penal Law of New York, 64 Colum L Rev 1469, 1486; Model Penal Code § 2.04, comment 3, at 274-276 [Official Draft and Revised Comments 1985]). The utilitarian arguments for retaining the rule have been drawn into serious question (see, LaFave and Scott, Substantive Criminal Law § 5.1; Jeffries, Legality, Vagueness, and the Construction of Penal Statutes, 71 U Va L Rev 189, 208, 209 ; White, op. cit., at 785-787; Perkins, op. cit., 88 U Pa L Rev 35, 51-53; United States v Barker, 514 F.2d 208, 228-231 [Bazelon, Ch. J., concurring], supra) but the fundamental objection is that it is simply wrong to punish someone who, in good-faith reliance on the wording of a statute, believed that what he was doing was lawful. It is contrary to "the notion that punishment should be conditioned on a showing of subjective moral blameworthiness" (White, op. cit., at 784). This basic objection to the maxim "ignorantia legis neminem excusat" may have had less force in ancient times when most crimes consisted of acts
With this background we proceed to a discussion of our disagreement with the majority's construction of Penal Law § 15.20 (2) (a) and the policy and jurisprudential arguments made in support of that construction. There are two grounds for our dissent:
Penal Law § 15.20 (effect of ignorance or mistake upon liability), in pertinent part, provides: "2. A person is not relieved of criminal liability for conduct because he engages in such conduct under a mistaken belief that it does not, as a matter of law, constitute an offense, unless such mistaken belief is founded upon an official statement of the law contained in (a) a statute or other enactment".
It is fundamental that in interpreting a statute, a court should look first to the particular words of the statute in question, being guided by the accepted rule that statutory language is generally given its natural and most obvious meaning (see, Price v Price, 69 N.Y.2d 8, 15, 16; McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, Book 1, Statutes §§ 94, 232). Here, there is but one natural and obvious meaning of the statute: that if a defendant can establish that his mistaken belief was "founded upon" his interpretation of "an official statement of the law contained in * * * statute" (Penal Law § 15.20  [a]), he should have a defense. No other natural and obvious meaning has been suggested.
It is difficult to imagine a case more squarely within the wording of Penal Law § 15.20 (2) (a) or one more fitted to what appears clearly to be the intended purpose of the statute than the one before us. For this reason it is helpful to discuss the statute and its apparent intended effect in the light of what defendant contends was his mistaken belief founded on an official statement of the law contained in a statute.
Defendant stands convicted after a jury trial of criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree for carrying a loaded firearm without a license (Penal Law § 265.02). He concedes that he possessed the unlicensed weapon but maintains that he did so under the mistaken assumption that his conduct was permitted by law. Although at the time of his arrest he protested that he was a Federal corrections officer and exempt from prosecution under the statute, defendant was charged with criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree. On defendant's motion before trial the court dismissed the indictment, holding that he was a peace officer as defined
Defendant's mistaken belief that, as a Federal corrections officer, he could legally carry a loaded weapon without a license was based on the express exemption from criminal liability under Penal Law § 265.02 accorded in Penal Law § 265.20 (a) (1) (a) to "peace officers" as defined in the Criminal Procedure Law and on his reading of the statutory definition for "peace officer" in CPL 2.10 (25) as meaning a correction officer "of any penal correctional institution" (emphasis added), including an institution not operated by New York State. Thus, he concluded erroneously that, as a corrections officer in a Federal prison, he was a "peace officer" and, as such, exempt by the express terms of Penal Law § 265.20 (a) (1) (a). This mistaken belief, based in good faith on the statute defining "peace officer" (CPL 2.10 ), is, defendant contends, the precise sort of "mistaken belief * * * founded upon an official statement of the law contained in * * * a statute or other enactment" which gives rise to a mistake of law defense under Penal Law § 15.20 (2) (a). He points out, of course, that when he acted in reliance on his belief he had no way of foreseeing that a court would eventually resolve the question of the statute's meaning against him and rule that his belief had been mistaken, as three of the five-member panel at the Appellate Division ultimately did in the first appeal (see, People v Marrero, 71 A.D.2d 346, supra).
Nothing in the statutory language suggests the interpretation urged by the People and adopted by the majority: that Penal Law § 15.20 (2) (a) is available to a defendant not when he has mistakenly read a statute but only when he has correctly read and relied on a statute which is later invalidated (respondent's brief, at 26). Such a construction contravenes the general rule that penal statutes should be construed against the State and in favor of the accused (see, McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, Book 1, Statutes § 271) and the Legislature's specific directive that the revised Penal Law should not be strictly construed but "must be construed according to the fair import of [its] terms to promote justice and effect the objects of the law" (Penal Law § 5.00).
More importantly, the construction leads to an anomaly: only a defendant who is not mistaken about the law when he acts has a mistake of law defense. In other words, a defendant can assert a defense under Penal Law § 15.20 (2) (a) only when his reading of the statute is correct — not mistaken. Such construction is obviously illogical; it strips the statute of the very effect intended by the Legislature in adopting the mistake
Finally, the majority's disregard of the natural and obvious meaning of Penal Law § 15.20 (2) (a) so that a defendant mistaken about the law is deprived of a defense under the statute amounts, we submit, to a rejection of the obvious legislative purposes and policies favoring jurisprudential reform underlying the statute's enactment. It is self-evident that in enacting Penal Law § 15.20 (2) as part of the revision and modernization of the Penal Law (L 1965, ch 1030) the Legislature intended to effect a needed reform by abolishing what had long been considered the unjust archaic common-law rule totally prohibiting mistake of law as a defense. Had it not so intended it would simply have left the common-law rule intact. In place of the abandoned "ignorantia legis" common-law maxim the Legislature enacted a rule which permits no defense for ignorance of law but allows a mistake of law defense in specific instances, including the one presented here: when the defendant's erroneous belief is founded on an "official statement of the law" (see, Note, Proposed Penal Law of New York, 64 Colum L Rev 1469, 1485, 1486).
This reform, like the changes adopted in Model Penal Code § 2.04 (3) and those proposed by various legal commentators, was prompted by the prevailing dissatisfaction with the common-law rule (see, Model Penal Code § 2.04, comment 3, at 274-276 [Official Draft and Revised Comments 1985]; Note, op. cit., 64 Colum L Rev 1469, 1485, 1486). Both the Model Penal Code and Penal Law § 15.20 (2) accept the general concept that the outright prohibition of the mistake of law defense under the common law should be replaced with a rule permitting "a limited defense based on a reasonable belief on the part of the defendant that the law is such that his conduct does not constitute an offense" (Model Penal Code § 2.04, comment 3, at 274 [Official Draft and Revised Comments 1985]; see, Hechtman, Practice Commentaries, McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, Book 39, Penal Law § 15.20, at 36-37).
The majority construes the statute, however, so as to rule
Although expressing its evident conviction that the statute should be treated as an "exceptional exculpatory concept * * * intended to be a very narrow escape valve" (majority opn, at 387), the majority cites no language in the statute or in the legislative history supporting its views or the construction of Penal Law § 15.20 (2) (a) which seems so contrary to the statute's plain language and evident purpose. Despite the assertion that such construction reflects "appropriate precedential awareness" (id., at 389), the majority cites no precedential authority.
Instead, the majority bases its decision on an analogous provision in the Model Penal Code and concludes that despite its totally different wording and meaning Penal Law § 15.20 (2) (a) should be read as if it were Model Penal Code § 2.04 (3) (b) (i). But New York in revising the Penal Law did not adopt the Model Penal Code. As in New Jersey, which generally adopted the Model Penal Code but added one section which is substantially more liberal,
While Penal Law § 15.20 (2) and Model Penal Code § 2.04 are alike in their rejection of the strict common-law rule, they are not alike in wording and differ significantly in substance. The Model Penal Code provides a limited defense for ignorance of the law (Model Penal Code § 2.04  [a]). Penal Law § 15.20 (2) omits any such defense. In respect to the defense based upon an actor's reliance on an official statement of law contained in a statute the Model Penal Code and the New York statute are totally dissimilar (compare, Model Penal Code § 2.04  [b] [i], to Penal Law § 15.20  [a]). The Model Penal Code does not permit a defense for someone who acts in good faith upon a mistaken belief that a specific statute authorizes his conduct.
Thus, the precise phrase in the Model Penal Code limiting the defense under section 2.04 (3) (b) (i) to reliance on a statute "afterward determined to be invalid or erroneous" which, if present, would support the majority's narrow construction of the New York statute, is omitted from Penal Law § 15.20 (2) (a). How the Legislature can be assumed to have enacted the very language which it has specifically rejected is not explained (see, People v Goetz, 68 N.Y.2d 96, 109, 110, supra; McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, Book 1, Statutes §§ 94, 240, at 413).
As an alternate interpretation of Penal Law § 15.20 (2) (a) the majority suggests that the Legislature intended that the statute should afford a defense only in cases involving acts
Nor does it seem possible that the Legislature could have intended to permit a mistake of law defense only in the limited circumstance where it had already been permitted prior to the enactment of the statute, i.e., to negate a specific element of the charge (see, People v Weiss, supra). Such a reading, contrary to the statute's plain meaning, makes Penal Law § 15.20 (2) (a) superfluous. While it is quite true that New York has followed the Model Penal Code in codifying the "ignorantia legis" maxim as the basic rule (see, majority opn, at 387; dissenting opn, at 395-396) we are concerned here not with the basic rule but with the modifications and exceptions to that rule enacted in Penal Law § 15.20 (2). It is only through these limited exceptions that the easing of the common-law rule is effected. Reading the statute merely as a codification of People v Weiss (supra) would amount to a total rejection of the legislative purpose of effecting this needed jurisprudential reform. The interpretation is contrary to accepted canons of statutory construction (McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, Book 1, Statutes §§ 94, 95, 96, 143, 145).
Any fair reading of the majority opinion, we submit, demonstrates that the decision to reject a mistake of law defense is based on considerations of public policy and on the conviction that such a defense would be bad, rather than on an analysis of CPL 15.20 (2) (a) under the usual principles of statutory construction (see, majority opn, at 390-391). The majority warns, for example, that if the defense were permitted "the exception would swallow the rule"; that "[m]istakes about the law would be encouraged"; that an "infinite number of mistake of law defenses * * * could be devised"; and that "wrongminded individuals [could] contrive in bad faith solely to get an exculpatory notion before the jury." (Majority opn, at 391, 392.)
These considerations, like the People's argument that the mistake of law defense "`would encourage ignorance where knowledge is socially desired'" (respondent's brief, at 28), are the very considerations which have been consistently offered as justifications for the maxim "ignorantia legis". That these justifications are unabashedly utilitarian cannot be questioned. It could not be put more candidly than by Justice Holmes in defending the common-law maxim more than 100 years ago: "Public policy sacrifices the individual to the general good * * * It is no doubt true that there are many cases in which the criminal could not have known that he was breaking the law, but to admit the excuse at all would be to encourage ignorance where the law-maker has determined to make men know and obey, and justice to the individual is rightly outweighed by the larger interests on the other side of the scales" (Holmes, The Common Law, at 48 ; emphasis added). Regardless of one's attitude toward the acceptability of these views in the 1980's, the fact remains that the Legislature in abandoning the strict "ignorantia legis" maxim must be deemed to have rejected them.
We believe that the concerns expressed by the majority are matters which properly should be and have been addressed by the Legislature. We note only our conviction that a statute which recognizes a defense based on a man's good-faith mistaken belief founded on a well-grounded interpretation of an official statement of the law contained in a statute is a just law. The law embodies the ideal of contemporary criminal jurisprudence "that punishment should be conditioned on a showing of subjective moral blameworthiness" (White, op. cit., 77 Colum L Rev 775, 784).
It is no answer to protest that the defense may become a
If defendant's offer of proof is true, his is not the case of a "free agent confronted with a choice between doing right and doing wrong and choosing freely to do wrong" (Pound, Introduction to Sayre, Cases on Criminal Law , quoted in Morissette v United States, 342 U.S. 246, 250, n 4). He carried the gun in the good-faith belief that, as a Federal corrections officer, it was lawful for him to do so under the words of the statute (Penal Law § 265.20 [a]  [former a]; CPL 2.10, 1.20 [see, dissenting opn, at 397, n 7). That his interpretation of the statute as exempting corrections officers (whether or not employed in a State facility) was a reasonable one can hardly be questioned. If the statute does not plainly say that corrections officers are exempt, as defendant contends, the statute at the very least is ambiguous and clearly susceptible to that interpretation. Indeed, Supreme Court in dismissing the indictment (94 Misc.2d 367) and two of the five-member panel in the first appeal to the Appellate Division (71 A.D.2d 346) read the statute as it was read by defendant and the police officials and others whose opinions he sought. We believe that under our present Penal Law and the policies underlying its revision (L 1965, ch 1030) this defendant should not be found guilty of violating Penal Law § 265.02 if he can establish that his conduct was based on a good-faith mistake of law founded on the wording of the statute.
We do not believe that permitting a defense in this case will produce the grievous consequences the majority predicts. The unusual facts of this case seem unlikely to be repeated.
But these questions are now beside the point, for the Legislature has given its answer by providing that someone in defendant's circumstances should have a mistake of law defense (Penal Law § 15.20  [a]). Because this decision deprives defendant of what, we submit, the Legislature intended that he should have, we dissent.
There should be a reversal and defendant should have a new trial in which he is permitted to assert a defense of mistake of law under Penal Law § 15.20 (2) (a).

domain: law


text:
The empire writes back : theory and practice in post-colonial literatures / Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths, Helen Tiffin.Material type: TextLanguage: English Publication details: London ; New York : Routledge, c2002. Edition: 2nd edDescription: x, 283 p. : 21 cmISBN: 0415280206 (pbk); 0415280192 (hbk); 9780415280204Subject(s): Commonwealth literature (English) -- History and criticism | English literature -- 20th century -- History and criticism | Postcolonialism -- English-speaking countries | Postcolonialism -- Commonwealth countries | Postcolonialism in literature | Colonies in literatureDDC classification: 801.95 LOC classification: PR9080 | .A85 2002Online resources: Table of contents only | Publisher description | WorldCat details | Ebook Fulltext
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|791.4301 BOF Film art :||801 RYL Literary theory :||801.95 076 HAN A handbook of critical approaches to literature /||801.95 ASE The empire writes back :||801.95 ASE The empire writes back :||801.95 BAB Beginning theory :||801.95 EAL Literary theory :|
Includes bibliographical references (p. -269) and index.
TOC Introduction --
1. Cutting the ground : critical models of post-colonial literatures --
2. Re-placing language : textual strategies in post-colonial writing --
3. Re-placing the text : the liberation of post-colonial writing --
4. Theory at the crossroads : indigenous theory and post-colonial reading --
5. Re-placing theory : post-colonial writing and literacy theory --
6. Re-thinking the post-colonial : post-colonialism in the twenty first century.
"The experience of colonization and the challenges of a post-colonial world have produced an explosion of new writing in English. This diverse and powerful body of literature has established a specific practice of post-colonial writing in cultures as various as India, Australia, the West Indies and Canada, and has challenged both the traditional canon and dominant ideas of literature and culture. The Empire Writes Back was the first major theoretical account of a wide range of post-colonial texts and their relation to the larger issues of post-colonial culture, and remains one of the most significant works published in this field. The authors, three leading figures in post-colonial studies, open up debates about the interrelationships of post-colonial literatures, investigate the powerful forces acting on language in the post-colonial text, and show how these texts constitute a radical critique of Eurocentric notions of literature and language." -- Publisher description.


text:
Yay internet! So yesterday a link on Matt Mullenweg's blog showed up in my WordPress admin. The post contained a link to this post on css-tricks.com. If you are a WordPress designer, that post is an excellent resource. It's a screencast of how to create your own WordPress theme from scratch. Which is nice.
Up until now, I've been building my themes on top of an excellent theme framework called Sandbox. Sandbox is excellent, but I haven't really building themes - I've just been styling over the top of a very well made theme.
Now, that's all well and good, but I'm a control freak. I was editing certain things in the Sandbox framework (the way meta was displayed; changing phrasings... etc.). And tweaking someone else's theme is great, but I always hated the prospect of releasing my styled version of it as my own. Obviously, because it wasn't.
In any case, that screencast offers up a link to a theme called Starkers, which is basically just a stripped out, reset, unstyled, foundational structure for a WordPress theme taken from the WP Default theme. No semantic classes really, no markup to speak of, just a really blank canvas.
The instructions in the screencast are great as well because he walks you step by step into creating a theme.
So at this point, I am going to start transitioning all of the themes I have built on top of Sandbox (which, if I'm counting right, is three and one in the works) to actually be custom themes built by me. Yay!
And on that note, this is a video that is one of my favourites that I have also failed to post to this blog. If you've seen it, you can't see it enough.

domain: design


- First locally-produced Jeep Cherokee rolls off manufacturing line at GAC FCA Changsha plant; officially begins taking dealer orders
- Changsha plant adopts World Class Manufacturing system using exacting standards to bring Chinese consumers world-class quality vehicles
- Jeep Cherokee first launches with a 2.4L engine, followed by a 2.0L model with a price range of RMB 200,000 – 300,000
- Plant celebration marks official introduction of the Jeep brand to the rapidly expanding Chinese market; by the end of 2016, plans include growing Jeep portfolio in China to three new models, including locally-produced Jeep Cherokee and Jeep Renegade
Senior government officials and company leaders attended today’s roll-off ceremony, including Xu Shousheng (Secretary of CPC Hunan Provincial Committee and Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Provincial People’s Congress), Du Jiahao (Deputy Secretary of CPC Hunan Provincial Committee and Governor of Hunan Province), Zhang Fangyou (Chairman of the GAC Group), Zeng Qinghong (General Manager of the GAC Group), Mike Manley (Head of Jeep Brand and Ram Brand, FCA – Global and Chief Operating Officer (COO) of the APAC region); and Feng Xingya (Executive Deputy General Manager of the GAC Group and Chairman of GAC FCA).
The General Manager of the GAC Group Mr. Zeng Qinghong said, “The roll out of the Chinese-produced Jeep Cherokee is a major step in the deepened cooperation between the GAC Group and the FCA Group. Along with the localization of the Jeep brand and the introduction of Chrysler models in the future, our brand combination and product portfolio will further raise our business, and lead to a balanced and diversified development with Western partners of the GAC Group to expand our industrial distribution, deepening the implementation of our “3+e” strategy. For GAC FCA, Jeep has achieved a rapid market share increase, meaning that the localization of Jeep Cherokee has shifted GAC FAC’s simple trade model towards production, manufacturing, sales and after-sales on the entire value chain, and will ultimately move the formation of research and development, manufacturing and sales to a complete and comprehensive automobile supply chain model. Following the SOP of Jeep Cherokee, GAC FCA will form an automobile industrial chain integrating R&D, manufacturing and sales. GAC FCA will step forward towards a new horizon.”
“Today marks a milestone in the history of our brand,” said Mike Manley, Head of Jeep Brand and Ram Brand, FCA – Global and COO of the APAC region. “The Jeep brand was the first western automaker to produce vehicles in China more than 30 years ago. Today, with the support of our GAC partners, our brand is back to its rightful place in this market. The Jeep Cherokee is our best-selling vehicle worldwide and now is being produced in China for China, to the world quality standards that Chinese consumers demand. Local production allows us to be closer to our customers and to improve our competitive position in the market place. We thank GAC for their true partnership, as we look forward to starting production of other Jeep models here in China.”
The locally produced Jeep Cherokee is expected to be in full production in November and expects to begin deliveries before the end of the year. The Jeep Cherokee 2.4L version will be made available first, followed by the 2.0L, offering customers more choices and a better value.
Positioned as the authentic SUV for city life, the Jeep Cherokee has a price range of RMB 200,000 to RMB 300,000. The Changsha-produced Jeep Cherokee not only retains the features and advantages of today’s import models, but delivers the on-road driving dynamics, features, fuel economy and 4×4 capability that mid-size SUV customers desire.
With the first locally produced Jeep Cherokee, GAC FCA has officially introduced the Jeep brand to the rapidly expanding Chinese market, marking its historic return to the mainstream SUV segment. By the end of 2016, the Jeep brand’s portfolio in China will consist of three new models including the locally produced Jeep Cherokee and Jeep Renegade, offering consumers the most comprehensive SUV lineup.
Today, the company also began accepting orders from dealers. As an added convenience for consumers, GAC FCA launched a pre-sale program called “Jump Start”, through which consumers can place an order online. For more information about how to place an order through this system as well as many more offers, please visit http://www.jeep.com.cn.
The GAC FCA Changsha plant, the birthplace of the locally produced Jeep Cherokee, is the first in China to adopt the exacting World Class Manufacturing (WCM) standards. WCM is a methodology that focuses on reducing waste, increasing productivity and improving quality and safety in a systematic and organized way. WCM engages the workforce to provide and implement suggestions on how to improve their jobs and their plants, promoting a sense of ownership. The GAC FCA Changsha facility is one of the most technologically advanced manufacturing plants for FCA globally. Total investment for the 750,000 square meter facility is approximately RMB 5 billion.


TOOF and a resident elected Leadership Committee partner to serve as stewards for the Esperanza Community, a ~150 person sanctioned encampment in Austin, TX. TOOF offers work opportunities, case management/housing navigation, hygiene and laundry facilities, and a community center with mail and internet access. We also function as the camp’s service coordinators, working closely with the service provider community to bring in all the resources needed to properly support the residents here. Other service providers facilitate food access, mental and physical health resources, and more. We collaborate with camp residents to foster a solution-focused community that honors the vision of residents for the future of The Esperanza Community.
To that end, the residents have voted on “the Esperanza Community” as the official name of the site. They have also elected a five person Leadership Committee that sits at the table with TOOF and making decisions about the future of the site collaboratively.
TOOF is currently building a transformational shelter complex with 200 individual shelter units that will allow community members to get out of the elements and into a safe and dignified living space where they can work through TOOF programs and towards stable housing.
To get involved in this shelter complex buildout, head to our Welcome In page!


text:
Heal me, O Lord, and I shall be healed; save me, and I shall be saved, for Thou art my praise. Jeremiah 17:14
Words: Jesse P. Tompkins, 1896. Published in Fairer Than Day (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: George C. Hugg, 1903), number 155.
Music: Tompkins George C. Hugg (🔊 pdf nwc).
If you know where to get a good photo of Tompkins (head-and-shoulders, at least 200×300 pixels), would you ?
Savior, give, oh, give me rest
For this torn and troubled breast;
Sin has bound me with its chain,
Come Thou Lamb for sinners slain.
Savior, heal, oh, heal me now,
As before Thy throne I bow;
All my tears cannot redeem;
Plunge me in the crimson stream.
Come, oh, come, with me abide,
Let me feel Thy blood applied;
Humbly at Thy feet I bow,
In my weakness heal me now.
If I aught withhold from Thee,
Break the bond and set me free;
Come and bid all sin depart,
Stamp Thine image on my heart.
Now, just now, I feel the flood,
’Tis the ever precious blood;
I am Thine, and this is bliss,
’Tis Thy reconciling kiss.

domain: artistic


text:
“I think a lot of it is about making sense of strange times. A lot of musicians are trying to make sense of that, and there’s a lot of crazy stuff going on. You feel like, has this always been happening or have I just grown up and started noticing it happening?” Jules Jackson told us in August about The Big Moon’s upcoming second album. “Then there’s a lot of stuff about getting older, everyone having babies and feeling a bit ARGH! Everything feels different. The last album felt so innocent, and that time feels so innocent compared to now, so it’s really about trying to make sense of all that.”
Now revealing even more deets for the follow-up to 2017’s ‘Love in the 4th Dimension’ (woo!), second record ‘Walking Like We Do’ is set to come out on 10th January via Fiction Records and they’ve shared new song ‘Your Light’ to get us even more excited.
“I was thinking about how hard it is to tell if things are worse now or if they have always been this way and I just grew up and started paying attention,” Jules explains of the new song. “To me, it feels like we are at this tipping point that is unprecedented, but then it occurred to me that every generation before us probably had a moment when they thought they were going to be the last generation on earth. This song is about freeing yourself from all of it, just for a moment. It’s a thanks to the one person or thing in your life that knows how to come in and open your curtains and light up the darkness and restore your strength so that when you clatter back down into the real world you have the strength to fight your battles, whatever they are.”
Check it out below:
'Walking Like We Do' Track list:
1. It’s Easy Then
2. Your Light
3. Dog Eat Dog
5. Don’t Think
7. Holy Roller
8. Take A Piece
10. A Hundred Ways To Land
Records & Merch
The Big Moon - 'Here is Everything' Extended Edition Digital Album + 'HERE IS EVERYTHING' EXCLUSIVE WHITE VINYL
The Big Moon - 'Here is Everything' Extended Edition Digital Album + 'HERE IS EVERYTHING' BLACK VINYL
More like this
The Comet Is Coming, Public Service Broadcasting, Dream Wife and The Big Moon are among the names announced.
Taking third album ‘Here Is Everything’ out on the road, we join The Big Moon for a rollercoaster of new motherhood, missing gear and much more besides.
Lifted from their upcoming new album ‘Here Is Everything’.
For a band who’ve always been about big, fuzzy feelings, it makes sense that the biggest feelings of all should suit them so well.

domain: entertainment


text:
Information sur les billets
An excursion to the Stratford Festival to see Martha Henry and Company in The Tempest. May 18th at 2:00 PM
The $20 fee is to hold your ticket only. It will be refunded on the day of the show.
... Bus transportation to and from Stratford
... A box lunch
... A ticket to see The Tempest at 2:00 PM.
Please note: This is open to C-SARN Salon participants only. If you have not attended our Salons -- in other words, if you did not receive an invitation from C-SARN to join us on this trip -- your registration will be considered a donation to C-SARN, you will receive a tax receipt, but you will not be able to join us on the trip.

domain: hobby


text:
The recurrent debate of who is the fastest driver over the years has somehow been settled by a data study conducted by Formula1, which ranks legendary Brazilian Ayrton Senna at the top of the list.
Using an algorithm taking data from all qualifying sessions since 1983, in which performance between team-mates was compared with various rules factored in and car performance discounted, Senna came out as the ‘fastest’ ahead of seven-time champion Michael Schumacher and F1’s current dominant star, Lewis Hamilton.
The study, in which AWS’s machine learning software is used, put Senna 0.114s ahead of Schumacher on a theoretical qualifying ‘lap’, with six-time champion Hamilton 0.275s back in third.
The three (Senna, Schumacher and Hamilton) are the most successful F1 qualifiers of all time. Senna set a record of 65 pole positions before his death in 1994, having started at the front of the grid for an amazing 40 per cent of his grands prix appearances.
Schumacher another popular car racer went past that mark in 2006 and Hamilton then took the record over in 2017 and has cantered clear since, with the Englishman securing his 92nd pole at last weekend’s Spanish GP with a career ratio of 36 per cent.

domain: sports


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Shadow Minister for the Digital Economy, Ed Husic MP, joined more than 50 people to discuss the future of the digital economy and work at an ACS NSW event held in Parramatta on Thursday.
While not revealing any forthcoming Labor policies, Husic did say the key elements of any policies would address the challenges to business, the positioning of Government as a leader, and a strategy for regional engagement with Asia.
Speaking of his history as a union official, he recalled his first experience of seeing the impact of technology when he visited the Parramatta telephone exchange, and noting that what was once a three-storey facility would soon be dramatically scaled down due to miniaturisation.
Moving to the challenges facing business in Australia, Husic addressed the imminent arrival of US retailing giant Amazon in the Australian marketplace. Among a range of quoted statistics was the startling revelation that 2.7% of all time spent online in the US was spent on Amazon.
While many Australian retailers were in fear of the arrival, it was noted that 57% of retailers believe Amazon would force them to innovate.
As for the ICT sector, Husic lamented it was now seen as its responsibility alone to sell the benefits of the industry.
“For a Government that stopped talking about innovation because it couldn’t get its own backbenchers to explain why it was an important part of the economy, it is massively unfair to the sector to say ‘the job is yours to do.’
“It’s not. It’s all of ours to do. Not just in terms of one party or another, but in terms of Government, business, and community getting ready for the change ahead. If they’re not talking about it, they’re not thinking about it. If they’re not thinking about it, they’re not acting on it.”
Husic also highlighted the role of ACS in the development of leadership in the Government space.
“As much as it is about getting the public service to be digitally literate…we need Federal Cabinet to be across the key issues, and ACS engagement with both parties is a crucial part of that. ACS has a very vital role in getting politicians to think about this more.”
Staying true to his electorate of Chifley, he highlighted that the future of innovation would not just be restricted to the “laneways of inner Sydney” but would expand further to the economic and jobs heartland of Western Sydney.
Ed Husic is participating in a political panel at the Reimagination Thought Leaders’ Summit hosted by the ACS on 2 November in Sydney.


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Walnut has always been considered a symbol of wisdom, including because the shape of its core is somewhat similar to the human brain. More scientists in ancient Persia said:" The fruit of the nut is the brain, and its oil is the mind. "Indeed, in the composition of walnut oil substance, strengthen the nervous system and promote intellectual activity.
Walnuts, in addition to the benefits they bring by themselves, are also a source of very healthy oil. It is obtained by cold pressing nut kernels, and for this select certain varieties. Only nuts that have been aged for several months after harvesting are suitable for oil extraction.
The result is a beautiful amber-colored oil, which has a pronounced taste and smell of walnuts. Hazelnut and peanut oils have a similar property. Like the nuts themselves, the oil has practically no contraindications for use, and is also extremely beneficial for the body. Its only significant drawback is the short shelf life, since no preservation is served, it can be stored no more than 12 months after you open the container.
• helps to strengthen the immune system;
• resistance to radiation is enhanced;
• helps the body fight infections;
• stimulates digestion;
• acts as an aphrodisiac;
• stimulates the cleansing of the liver and improves its function;
• accelerates metabolism;
• helps remove toxins from the body, including radionuclides;
• acts as prevention of atherosclerosis.
Walnut oil with regular use, like the walnuts themselves, has an extremely beneficial effect on the state of the nervous system, increases efficiency, relieves fatigue and contributes to greater intellectual activity. The substances contained in the oil improve the condition of the brain vessels, as well as saturate its cells with beneficial substances, which has a beneficial effect on mental activity in general.
For people with diabetes or suffering from obesity, walnut oil is also very useful, as it can reduce blood sugar levels in a soft and natural way. In case of a disease of the upper respiratory tract, walnut oil is also useful, as it stimulates sputum elimination, it is often recommended for bronchitis or even tuberculosis. In addition, it is - one of the best natural remedies for the treatment of disorders of the thyroid gland. It is believed that substances contained in walnut oil can significantly reduce the risk of developing cancer cells and can support the body in the fight against tumors that have already arisen. Pregnant women take it in order to reduce toxicosis and promote the normal development of the fetus.
Due to the wide range of beneficial properties, walnut oil is used in the prevention and treatment of a huge number of diseases. For example, its ability to relieve inflammation and fight bacteria greatly alleviates the condition of patients with arthritis. It is often used to treat skin lesions, including burns and ulcers, as it stimulates skin regeneration and helps wounds heal faster. Including this property allows him to help patients with psoriasis or furunculosis.
Walnut oil, some doctors prescribe to people with an ulcer, as it can stimulate the restoration of the gastrointestinal mucosa. In addition, it acts as a mild laxative and fights worms.
GREEK NUT OIL FOR MEDICAL PURPOSES
If you need to use this oil as a preventive measure, it is enough to take it by teaspoon per day, after which you can eat some honey.
In folk medicine, it was used to treat a number of diseases: for example, people suffering from arthritis are recommended to rub warm oil directly into the joints, while massaging them gently. Ideally, while the walnut oil is equally diluted with a neutral, for example, olive oil. This method is just perfect for strengthening the veins in the legs with varicose veins.
People with high blood pressure or high cholesterol are recommended to use half a teaspoon of oil every day, preferably in the morning on an empty stomach. At the same time, if you need help of the gastrointestinal tract, or need supportive treatment for tuberculosis or other diseases of the upper respiratory tract, the same amount of oil must be taken at night.
It helps the oil and the genitourinary system, helping to ensure that the kidneys are cleaned the most gentle and natural way. It is recommended to be used also for urolithiasis or painful urination.
Walnut oil is also used to treat skin lesions, including purulent wounds or burns. To do this, you just need to lubricate the affected areas with warm walnut oil 2 times a day. It helps a lot, including herpes, psoriasis or acne. If we are talking about the treatment of the child, then you can add it to various dishes, such as cereals or salads. A child under 5 years old needs 5 ml per day, if the baby is older than 5 years, the dosage can be increased to 10-15 ml.
Wrung out in an oak press, without filtering.

domain: biology


text:
A Week's Worth
• Blame Islamist violence and North Korea's refusal to return to nuclear negotiations, analysts say, for last week's 3.2 percent drop in the Dow Jones Industrial Average – its poorest performance in more than a year.
• For all the grousing by Americans about how stressful their jobs are, a majority would put up with still more stress if that resulted in additional pay. Or so says the staffing firm Randstad USA. Its 2006 employee review also turned up this finding: 81 percent of employees and 69 percent of employers say it's commonplace to stay in a job that one doesn't like ... just to keep the paychecks coming.
• Somewhere between beinghired and completing a training course taught by the personnel department, not enough new employees are grasping their companies' strategies, according to Accenture, the management consulting and tech-services giant. Of 251 business executives it polled, 40 percent said less than half their staffs understood what was needed to achieve success. A leading culprit: overly broad training programs.
• Let's say you're selling something on eBay for the first time: Should you expect more or less for it than an established vendor offering the same item? Answer: 8 percent less, a University of Michigan study found. Its researchers speculate that would-be buyers value feedback on previous sellers and are leery of newbies, no matter how honest they may be.


I think it was a genuine mistake. She went on the show with a mission - to sell the cover story she and Tom concocted. But because it’s so convoluted, as well as just plain untruthful, it’s hard to keep things straight.
As everyone knows, Erika has always been really guarded and private, and would only disclose things when asked/pushed. But this season, notice how she talks about her situation incessantly, even volunteers information, and is often steering conversations back to her. Again, her mission this season was to look for any opportunity to sell her story, and I’m sure she th


text:
Introducing cough lozenges
When you’re suffering with a cough, you’ll do just about anything to get it to stop! And DURO-TUSS® can help you, with a range of over-the-counter cough liquids to suit a range of coughs. But are there any alternatives to cough liquids when you’re looking for relief from your cough? Absolutely! DURO-TUSS also has cough lozenges that can help relieve your chesty cough.
So what is a cough lozenge? Lozenges are kind of like a hard lolly – in that they are intended to be sucked and dissolve slowly in your mouth. But these guys are medicated, which means they contain special active ingredients that work to relieve your cough symptoms.
And the added benefit of cough lozenges? They’re portable and super convenient to take – no need to measure out a liquid dose or carry around water to swallow tablets! So let’s find out more about DURO-TUSS cough lozenges and how they can help switch off your cough and get you back to normal.
Chesty Cough Lozenges
For relief of chesty coughs, you’ll need to look for over-the-counter cough medicines that contain a mucolytic – an ingredient that helps to break down and liquefy mucus, which makes it easier to clear out when you cough. DURO-TUSS has a range of Chesty Cough Liquids to help you out but when you need convenient relief, reach for DURO-TUSS Chesty Cough Lozenges, available in Berry or Lemon flavour, to switch off your cough.
What’s inside and how does it help your chesty cough?
Bromhexine hydrochloride: Bromhexine is a mucolytic that works to break down mucus and clear mucus from the chest.
Cetylpyridinium chloride: Cetylpyridinium is an antibacterial agent that helps to reduce bacteria that can cause sore throats.
What’s not inside?
DURO-TUSS Chesty Cough Lozenges are free from sugar, alcohol, lactose, and gluten.
What else do you need to know?
- Contains a full-strength dose of cough medicine
- Available in pleasant tasting lemon or berry flavours
- Dosage: for adults and children 12 years and over, 2 lozenges every 8 hours as required (maximum of 6 lozenges daily); for children 6 to 11 years*, 1 lozenge every 8 hours as required (maximum of 3 lozenges daily)
So when your chesty cough is getting in the way of your day, DURO-TUSS Chesty Cough Lozenges can help clear chest congestion and relieve an associated sore throat.
If you have cold and flu symptoms follow health advice. For the most up-to-date information, please visit https://www.health.gov.au/health-alerts/covid-19.
Always read the label and follow the directions for use.
*Use in children aged 6 to 11 years only on the advice of a doctor, pharmacist, or nurse practitioner. Do not use it in children under 6 years.View Range
Cough Lozenge FAQs
DURO-TUSS cough lozenges contains a full-strength dose of cough medicine to help relieve your cough, as well as an antibacterial to help reduce bacteria associated with sore throats.
Whilst unmedicated cough drops may help soothe your throat, medicated cough lozenges that contain active cough ingredients such as mucolytics can also help relieve a chesty cough.

domain: medical


text:
It goes without saying that Demi Lovato has some serious impressive pipes. Singing along with her power-ballads requires a pretty intense vocal workout, and we've definitely tried to hit those high notes – and failed – on more than one occasion.
For Lovatics who have been hungry for new music, we have some good news: it seems like Demi is back in the studio. And from an Instagram story she posted today, it definitely sounds like her new music will contain some of the most impressive notes we've heard from the singer so far.
Demi's story has no video, but the audio is really all you need. We see a total black screen with the word "Studio" written across it. When the story starts playing, we immediately hear her riffing – and it seems to go on forever. We're not sure that she ever takes a breath. How does she do it?!
Demi was joined in the studio by songwriter Diane Warren, who has written jams for A-list musicians like Beyoncé, Lady Gaga, and Christina Aguilera. Diane took to Twitter to document their day, writing, "First session in da new studio!! @ddlovato showing em how it's done!!! #Smashes."
One thing is for sure: we can't wait to see what new music Demi is working on next.
Check This Out:


RTC was formed in 1951 to provide low cost, quality telephone service to its rural member owners. RTC continues to build and upgrade our plant infrastructure to bring you the best possible services at …
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RTC-NETWORK. Consulting - Networking Our expertise in the photovoltaic industry has enabled us to establish ourselves through a global network and to support Real-Time Communications Operating System, Microsoft, Technology. RTC. Return To Custody Local Area Network LCD. Liquid Crystal Display Find threats fast. Automatically remove infected endpoints. And protect critical data. Cisco Rapid Threat Containment integrates Cisco security products with technologies from our security partners. You can organize relevant threat information on one platform. The Cisco Identity Services Engine (ISE) gives you network control. This includes both private and public transportation providers like the RTC’s Silver Star Routes and Veterans Medical Transportation Network, as well as the Southern Nevada Transit Coalition RTC is a local telecommunications company providing internet, television, home phone, and security services to the River Parishes in Southeast Louisiana.


This Performance Polo is a terrific option for teams, organizations, or even a day out on the Golf course. The versatile 100% polyester, moisture-wicking fabric will keep you cool, dry, and ready to go as the weather changes. Whether at the gym or traveling to and from work, explore every option in comfort and style.
This item uses a print process called direct to film (DTFx) which transfers images from film onto fabric. This new printing technique ensures unmatched print quality and color consistency. DTFx will not crack, peel, or fade.
Machine wash cold with like colors. Do not bleach. Tumble dry low, do not iron.
- Raglan style sleeve
- 3.8 oz, 100% polyester moisture management/antimicrobial performance fabric
- Knit collar with three-button placket
- Back neck tape for extra comfort
- Sport shoulder for maximum movement
- Double-needle stitched bottom hem
- Tear away label
- Front imprint is a 4x4in maximum left chest placement
- Printed in the USA


text:
19 Egypt Lane is a $1,066,938 home on a 78.75 acre lot located in Washington, TX.
78.75 acres located in the historic area in Washington County known as Washington-On-The Brazos. The property has long views out of the Brazos River Valley and views of the Gates Ranch wildlife thicket. The property s grand pecans and sycamores work well with the suggested house site and the property s generous meadows are great for wildlife enthusiasts to view deer, a variety of birds and wildflowers. Easy access to Brenham-Chappell Hill- Bryan/College Station.
Road Surface - Asphalt
Acres Desciption - 50 or more Acres
Land Use - Cattle Ranch
Land Use - Horses Allowed
Land Use - Leisure Ranch
Land Use - Restricted
Road Frontage - County Maintained
Special Conditions - Survey Required
Topography - Rolling
Tree Description - Clusters
137 - brenham
brenham junior high school
brenham high school
© Copyright 2019 Houston Realtors Information Service, Inc. - Certain information contained herein is derived from information which is the property of, and copyrighted by, Houston Realtors Information Service, Inc. All information should be verified by the recipient and none is guaranteed as accurate. Data last updated 06/18/2019 at 01:26pm MDT. All properties are subject to prior sale, change or withdrawal. Neither Krueger Real Estate nor any listing broker shall be responsible for any typographical errors, misinformation, or misprints, and they shall be held totally harmless from any damages arising from reliance upon this data. This data is provided exclusively for consumers’ personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties they may be interested in purchasing.

domain: geography


text:
Do 'no-go' zones for non-Muslims exist in Britain, as the Bishop of Rochester claims? Olga Craig reports from some of Yorkshire's Asian-dominated areas
It has been more than 40 years since Tim Carbin walked the length of Oak Lane, the Bradford backstreet of his boyhood. Then, when he lived with his grandmother Florence Pawson, a matriarch within the community, his task after school was to run errands.
Down to Foster's, the baker's, for a loaf of bread and a pound of bacon from Donald Gilbank the butcher. "And mind it isn't too fatty," Florence would tell him.
Mr Carbin, then 13, knew all the local storekeepers by name, just as he knew the families in the surrounding terraces.
Yesterday, outside number 95A, his grandmother's former home, Mr Carbin gazed in bewilderment as he scanned his old haunt.
Not surprisingly, the stores of his youth had gone: such has been the change in our shopping habits over the decades that they have given way to supermarkets and fast-food outlets.
But that was not all that had changed irrevocably in Oak Lane. Among the new stores, the clothes shops sell Muslim dress, the butcher stocks halal meat and even the local takeaway advertises halal pizza.
"I feel like an alien, like I'm on a street in Karachi," Mr Carbin says, awkwardly.
"I don't feel I have anything in common with this area. It's like I've never been here before. I knew it would be different but I knew, too, that I would feel uncomfortably like I don't belong."
He now lives just 10 miles away, in the north of Bradford. He hasn't returned because Oak Lane, like so many similar areas of so many northern cities, is now an almost exclusive Asian Muslim community.
Mr Carbin is far from a racist, however. Well educated and widely travelled in Muslim countries, he has the utmost respect for the Islamic religion. What is worrying him is that Britain's increasing espousal of multiculturalism has led not to an integrated society but, instead, to ghettoisation, with white-only and Asian-only communities existing cheek by jowl but with little or no common ground. And that, he believes, could have an ominous outcome.
He is, clearly, one of those about whom Michael Nazir-Ali, the Bishop of Rochester (Britain's only Asian-born bishop), wrote in The Sunday Telegraph last week: the increasing number of native white Britons who believe many of their streets have now become "no-go" areas.
The Bishop believes that one of the results of the resurgence of Islamic extremism has been to alienate young Muslims from this country and to view adherence to this ideology as a mark of acceptance.
This, he says, means many Christians and those of other faiths find it difficult to live or work here because they feel there is hostility towards them.
Britain's "novel philosophy" of multiculturalism, he believes, has caused Muslims to lead separate lives, in separate areas, speaking their native languages.
His views have angered many in Muslim communities but, equally, they have struck a chord with many like Mr Corbin.
"This isn't, as the Government would like us to believe, a multicultural society," he says.
"This is pure racial segregation. And it's like this because the Muslim community simply refuses to integrate. So people like me feel like outcasts in our own country."
As Mr Corbin trudges farther along Oak Lane, he passes the tumble-down Anglican church where many of his former neighbours worshipped. Amid the mound of bricks, Sunday school hymn books are strewn.
Across town, in another Asian enclave, one local shopkeeper is preparing to sell up after 30 years running a family firm.
"I am retiring," he says. "But yes, it's true, a lot of people feel uncomfortable in Muslim areas. It's fine for me, I've stayed and I know everyone, but many are fearful of venturing into the area.
"It's not so much fear of violence, rather that they feel a sense of not being welcome, of having nothing in common with the community here, and a feeling that no one would appreciate the interest should they show it.
"I wish the Muslim community had integrated more, but they didn't. I haven't even been able to get them to join Neighbourhood Watch."
In the surrounding streets, the few white residents willing to talk speak of isolation rather than intimidation. One said he had had several members of the Asian community knocking on his door, asking if he wanted to sell his home.
"At face value, that seems innocuous," he says. "But others believe it was a message saying I should get out."
Another tells of how his father, an electrician, parked his van in the area only to have it rocked and thumped by a group of Asian youths telling him: "This is our area now. You are not welcome here."
It surprises no one, he says, knowingly, that a recently built massive police station, complete with a 30ft wall and a communications tower, now dominates upper Oak Lane.
In the nearby town of Dewsbury, which was once, like Bradford, a thriving mill area, similar enclaves exist. Local people were outraged recently to read that busy nurses at their local hospital had to allocate time to turning the beds of Muslim patients towards Mecca five times a day so that they could pray.
And last year, the discovery of an al-Qaeda propaganda DVD, which was handed out at the local mosque, increased tensions and further encouraged segregation among the communities. That, in turn, was capitalised on by the British National Party, which gained its highest numbers of voters in the city.
Aware that the majority of its schools are exclusively white or Muslim, community leaders held a public meeting last month mooting ideas for community events to encourage more unity among its inhabitants. But while initiatives were discussed, the notion of integrated societies was not.
"The Bishop of Rochester is right to say there is segregation and ghettoisation," concedes Bary Malik, a local imam. "But we all share the blame for that, not one individual community. The Bishop of Rochester supposedly understands both cultures, so he should be trying to foster better relations between these communities, not aggravating them."
But, as Dr Patrick Sookhdeo, of the Institute for the Study of Islam and Christianity, points out, the notion of space and territory is vital to Muslims.
During the 1979 European Islamic Conference, a policy of integrating as communities, not as individuals, was advocated.
"Once those communities become the majority," he says, "they can control education, the economy and so on. And that is what has happened."
Another problem, he believes, is that, in the name of multiculturalism, the Labour Government has allowed a dual system of law to exist.
"Sharia law now exists in almost all Islamic communities in the UK," he says. "Not at a penal level, but at a family level. It rules among the Muslim community in marriage and divorce, often at the expense of the vulnerable. To solve this, the Government must say no to Sharia law being practised. There should be no separate legal system in this country."
His concern over the results of multiculturalism is not shared by the Bishop of Bradford, the Rt Rev David James. He has worked hard to engender integration among the faiths in the city.
After the al-Qaeda bombing in Madrid, when Sir Ian Blair, the Metropolitan police commissioner, suggested that it was a matter of when the terrorist organisation would bomb London, not if, he - along with cross-community leaders - held a series of meetings about how they should react should that happen.
Their aim was to ensure that there was not a repeat of the 2001 race riots if al-Qaeda bombed Britain. It is to their credit that, after the 7/7 London bomb, Bradford remained peaceful.
He remains adamant that no-go areas do not exist in Bradford. "I have no experience or any knowledge of no-go areas here," he says. "I don't know where the Bishop of Rochester was talking about. No one does."
There has, however, been one positive outcome of the continuing debate about the extent of the Islamic community in Bradford, he believes.
"It has put faith on the map. Awoken Christians to be better Christians and to have public faith. Here we openly celebrate Christmas, not some bewildering Winterfest."