|Publication number||US5534578 A|
|Application number||US 08/300,767|
|Publication date||Jul 9, 1996|
|Filing date||Sep 6, 1994|
|Priority date||Sep 6, 1994|
|Also published as||CA2134834A1, DE69517480D1, DE69517480T2, EP0700956A1, EP0700956B1|
|Publication number||08300767, 300767, US 5534578 A, US 5534578A, US-A-5534578, US5534578 A, US5534578A|
|Inventors||Lawson G. Wideman, Paul H. Sandstrom|
|Original Assignee||The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (21), Classifications (9), Legal Events (6)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This invention relates to rubber compositions which are quantitatively reinforced with silica. In one aspect, the rubber composition is comprised of rubber, particularly sulfur cured rubber, reinforced with a combination of silica and specified coupling agent and, optionally, carbon black. The silica reinforced rubber composition is particularly suited for use in a tread of a pneumatic tire.
For various applications utilizing rubber which requires high strength and abrasion resistance, particularly applications such as tires and various industrial products, sulfur cured rubber is utilized which contains substantial amounts of reinforcing fillers. Carbon black is commonly used for such purpose and normally provides or enhances good physical properties for the sulfur cured rubber. Particulate silica is also often used for such purpose, particularly when the silica is used in conjunction with a coupling agent. In some cases, a combination of silica and carbon black is utilized for reinforcing fillers for various rubber products, including treads for tires.
It is important to appreciate that, conventionally, carbon black is a considerably more effective reinforcing filler for rubber products, and particularly for rubber tire treads than silica if the silica is used without a coupling agent, or silica coupler as it may be sometimes referred to herein.
Indeed, at least as compared to carbon black, there tends to be a lack of, or at least an insufficient degree of, physical and/or chemical bonding between the silica particles and the rubber elastomers to enable the silica to become a sufficient reinforcing filler for the rubber for most purposes, including tire treads, if the silica is used without a coupler. While various treatments and procedures have been devised to overcome such deficiencies compounds capable of reacting with both the silica surface and the rubber elastomer molecule, generally known to those skilled in such art as coupling agents, are often used. Such coupling agents may, for example, be premixed, or pre-reacted, with the silica particles or added to the rubber mix during the rubber/silica processing, or mixing, stage. If the coupling agent and silica are added separately to the rubber mix during the rubber/silica mixing, or processing stage, it is considered that the coupling agent then combines in situ with the silica.
In particular, such coupling agents are generally composed of a silane which has a constituent component, or moiety, (the silane portion) capable of reacting with the silica surface and, also, a constituent component, or moiety, capable of reacting with the rubber, particularly a sulfur vulcanizable rubber which contains carbon-to-carbon double bonds, or unsaturation. In this manner, then the coupler may act as a connecting bridge between the silica and the rubber and thereby enhance the rubber reinforcement aspect of the silica.
In one aspect, the silane of the coupling agent apparently forms a bond to the silica surface, possibly through hydrolysis, and the rubber reactive component of the coupling agent combines with the rubber itself. Usually the rubber reactive component of the coupler is temperature sensitive and tends to combine with the rubber during the final and higher temperature sulfur vulcanization stage and, thus, subsequent to the rubber/silica/coupler mixing stage and, therefore, after the silane group of the coupler has combined with the silica. However, partly because of typical temperature sensitivity of the coupler, some degree of combination, or bonding, may occur between the rubber-reactive component of the coupler and the rubber during an initial rubber/silica/coupler mixing stages and, thus, prior to a subsequent vulcanization stage.
The rubber-reactive group component of the coupler may be, for example, one or more of groups such as mercapto, amino, vinyl, epoxy, and sulfur groups, preferably a sulfur or mercapto moiety and more preferably sulfur.
Numerous coupling agents are taught for use in combining silica and rubber, such as, for example, silane coupling agents containing a polysulfide component, or structure, such as bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide and/or polyisoprene rubber together with a mixture of silica and carbon black, with silica being required to be a major component of the silica/carbon black reinforcing filler.
Other U.S. patents relating to silicas and silica reinforced tire treads include U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,451,458; 3,664,403; 3,768,537; 3,884,285; 3,938,574; 4,482,663; 4,590,052; 5,089,554 and British 1,424,503.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,207,218 discloses friable rubber bales which are formed by coating particulate rubber with an anticaking agent and pressing the rubber to form the bales. Examples of anticaking compounds include metal salts of aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids such as salicylic acid.
The present invention relates to a rubber composition which comprises (A) 100 parts by weight of at least one diene-based elastomer, (B) about 10 to about 250 phr particulate silica and (C) 0.5 to 50 phr of a silica coupler selected from (i) the zinc salt of salicylic acid, the ammonium salt of salicylic acid, the sodium salt of salicylic acid and mixtures thereof.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is disclosed a pneumatic tire having a tread comprised of (A) 100 parts by weight of at least one diene-based elastomer, (B) about 10 to about 250 phr particulate silica and (C) from 0.5 to 50 phr of a silica coupler selected from (i) the zinc salt of salicylic acid, the ammonium salt of salicylic acid, the sodium salt of salicylic acid and mixtures thereof.
There is also disclosed a process for improving the reinforcing properties of a rubber polymer containing a siliceous filler comprising adding from 0.5 to 50 phr of a silica coupler selected from the zinc salt of salicylic acid, the ammonium salt of salicylic acid, the sodium salt of salicylic acid and mixtures thereof.
The zinc, ammonium and sodium salts of salicylic acid, also known as zinc salicylate, ammonium salicylate and sodium salicylate are derived from salicylate acid. These salts are commercially available from Pfaltz & Bauer, Inc.
The term "phr" as used herein, and according to conventional practice, refers to "parts by weight of a respective material per 100 parts by weight of rubber, or elastomer".
The amount of the zinc, ammonium or sodium salt of salicylic acid will vary depending on the level of silica that is used. Generally speaking, the amount of the salt of salicylic acid will range from 0.5 phr to 50 phr. Preferably, the amount will range from 1.5 to 8 phr. Depending on the desired properties, the weight ratio of the salt of salicylic acid to silica may vary. Generally speaking, the weight ratio will range from 1:100 to 1:5. Preferably, the weight ratio will range from 1:20 to 1:10.
In the description of this invention, the terms "rubber" and "elastomer" may be used interchangeably, unless otherwise prescribed. The terms "rubber composition", "compounded rubber" and "rubber compound" are used interchangeably to refer to rubber which has been blended or mixed with various ingredients and materials and such terms are well known to those having skill in the rubber mixing or rubber compounding art.
At least one rubber which is used as the silica reinforced rubber composition of the present invention is a diene-based elastomer, or rubber. Thus, it is considered that the elastomer is a sulfur curable elastomer. Such elastomer, or rubber, may be selected, for example, from at least one of cis 1,4-polyisoprene rubber (natural and/or synthetic, and preferably natural rubber), 3,4-polyisoprene rubber, styrene/butadiene copolymer rubbers, styrene/isoprene/butadiene terpolymer rubbers, and cis 1,4-polybutadiene rubber.
In one aspect the rubber is preferably of at least two of diene based rubbers. For example a combination of two or more rubbers is preferred such as cis 1,4-polyisoprene rubber (natural or synthetic, although natural is preferred), 3,4-polyisoprene rubber, styrene/isoprene/butadiene terpolymer rubber, emulsion and solution polymerization derived styrene/butadiene rubbers, cis 1,4-polybutadiene rubbers, emulsion polymerization prepared butadiene/acrylonitrile copolymers and butadiene/acrylonitrile copolymer rubber.
In one aspect of this invention, an emulsion polymerization derived styrene/butadiene (E-SBR) might be used having a relatively conventional styrene content of about 20 to about 28 percent bound styrene or, for some applications, an E-SBR having a medium to relatively high bound styrene content, namely a bound styrene content of about 30 to about 45 percent.
The relatively high styrene content of about 30 to about 45 for the E-SBR can be considered beneficial for a purpose of enhancing traction, or skid resistance, of the tire tread. The presence of the E-SBR itself is considered beneficial for a purpose of enhancing processability of the uncured elastomer composition mixture, especially in comparison to a utilization of a solution polymerization prepared SBR (S-SBR).
By emulsion polymerization prepared E-SBR, it is meant that styrene and 1,3-butadiene are copolymerized as an aqueous emulsion. Such are well known to those skilled in such art. The bound styrene content can vary, for example, from about 5 to 50%. In one aspect, the E-SBR may also contain acrylonitrile to form a terpolymer rubber, as E-SBAR, in amounts, for example, of about 2 to about 30 weight percent bound acrylonitrile in the terpolymer.
Emulsion polymerization prepared styrene/butadiene/acrylonitrile copolymer rubbers containing about 2 to about 40 weight percent bound acrylonitrile in the copolymer are also contemplated as diene based rubbers for use in this invention.
The solution polymerization prepared SBR (S-SBR) typically has a bound styrene content in a range of about 5 to about 50, preferably about 9 to about 36, percent. The S-SBR can be conveniently prepared, for example, by organo lithium catalyzation in the presence of an organic hydrocarbon solvent.
A purpose of using S-SBR is for improved tire rolling resistance as a result of lower hysteresis when it is used in a tire tread composition.
The 3,4-polyisoprene rubber (3,4-PI) is considered beneficial for a purpose of enhancing the tire's traction when it is used in a tire tread composition.
The 3,4-PI and use thereof is more fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,087,668 which is incorporated herein by reference. The Tg refers to the glass transition temperature which can conveniently be determined by a differential scanning calorimeter at a heating rate of 10° C. per minute.
The cis 1,4-polybutadiene rubber (BR) is considered to be beneficial for a purpose of enhancing the tire tread's wear, or treadwear. Such BR can be prepared, for example, by organic solution polymerization of 1,3-butadiene. The BR may be conveniently characterized, for example, by having at least a 90% cis 1,4-content.
The cis 1,4-polyisoprene and cis 1,4-polyisoprene natural rubber are well known to those having skill in the rubber art.
The vulcanized rubber composition should contain a sufficient amount of silica, and carbon black, if used, to contribute a reasonably high modulus and high resistance to tear. The silica filler may be added in amounts ranging from 10 to 250 phr. Preferably, the silica is present in an amount from 15 to 80 phr. If carbon black is also present, the combined weight of the silica and carbon black, as hereinbefore referenced, may range from 30 phr to 120 phr, but is preferably from 45 to 90 phr. The amount of carbon black, if used, may vary. Generally speaking, the amount of carbon black will vary 0 to 80 phr. Preferably, the amount of carbon black will range from 0 to 40 phr.
Where the rubber composition contains both silica and carbon black, the weight ratio of silica to carbon black may vary. For example, the weight ratio may be as low as 1:5 to a silica to carbon black weight ratio of 30:1. Preferably, the weight ratio of silica to carbon black ranges from 1:3 to 5:1. The combined weight of the silica and carbon black, as hereinbefore referenced, may be as low as 30 phr, but is preferably from about 45 to 90 phr.
The commonly employed particulate siliceous pigments used in rubber compounding applications can be used as the silica in this invention, including pyrogenic and precipitated siliceous pigments (silica), although precipitate silicas are preferred. The siliceous pigments preferably employed in this invention are precipitated silicas such as, for example, those obtained by the acidification of a soluble silicate, e.g., sodium silicate.
Such silicas might be characterized, for example, by having a BET surface area, as measured using nitrogen gas, preferably in the range of about 40 to about 600, and more usually in a range of about 50 to about 300 square meters per gram. The BET method of measuring surface area is described in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, Volume 60, page 304 (1930).
The silica may also be typically characterized by having a dibutylphthalate (DBP) absorption value in a range of about 100 to about 400, and more usually about 150 to about 300.
The silica might be expected to have an average ultimate particle size, for example, in the range of 0.01 to 0.05 micron as determined by the electron microscope, although the silica particles may be even smaller, or possibly larger, in size.
Various commercially available silicas may be considered for use in this invention such as, only for example herein, and without limitation, silicas commercially available from PPG Industries under the Hi-Sil trademark with designations 210, 243, etc; silicas available from Rhone-Poulenc, with, for example, designations of Z1165MP and Z165GR and silicas available from Degussa AG with, for example, designations VN2 and VN3, etc. The PPG Hi-Sil silicas are currently preferred.
It is readily understood by those having skill in the art that the rubber composition would be compounded by methods generally known in the rubber compounding art, such as mixing the various sulfur-vulcanizable constituent rubbers with various commonly used additive materials such as, for example, curing aids, such as sulfur, activators, retarders and accelerators, processing additives, such as oils, resins including tackifying resins, silicas, and plasticizers, fillers, pigments, fatty acid, zinc oxide, waxes, antioxidants and antiozonants, peptizing agents and reinforcing materials such as, for example, carbon black. As known to those skilled in the art, depending on the intended use of the sulfur vulcanizable and sulfur vulcanized material (rubbers), the additives mentioned above are selected and commonly used in conventional amounts.
Typical amounts of reinforcing type carbon blacks(s), for this invention, if used, are hereinbefore set forth. It is to be appreciated that the silica coupler may be used in conjunction with a carbon black, namely pre-mixed with a carbon black prior to addition to the rubber composition, and such carbon black is to be included in the aforesaid amount of carbon black for the rubber composition formulation. Typical amounts of tackifier resins, if used, comprise about 0.5 to about 10 phr, usually about 1 to about 5 phr. Typical amounts of processing aids comprise about 1 to about 50 phr. Such processing aids can include, for example, aromatic, napthenic, and/or paraffinic processing oils. Typical amounts of antioxidants comprise about 1 to about 5 phr. Representative antioxidants may be, for example, diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine and others, such as, for example, those disclosed in the Vanderbilt Rubber Handbook (1978), pages 344-346. Typical amounts of antiozonants comprise about 1 to 5 phr. Typical amounts of fatty acids, if used, which can include stearic acid comprise about 0.5 to about 3 phr. Typical amounts of zinc oxide comprise about 2 to about 5 phr. Typical amounts of waxes comprise about 1 to about 5 phr. Often microcrystalline waxes are used. Typical amounts of peptizers comprise about 0.1 to about 1 phr. Typical peptizers may be, for example, pentachlorothiophenol and dibenzamidodiphenyl disulfide.
In one aspect of the present invention, the silica reinforced rubber composition is sulfur cured or vulcanized.
The vulcanization is conducted in the presence of a sulfur vulcanizing agent. Examples of suitable sulfur vulcanizing agents include elemental sulfur (free sulfur) or sulfur donating vulcanizing agents, for example, an amine disulfide, polymeric polysulfide or sulfur olefin adducts. Preferably, the sulfur vulcanizing agent is elemental sulfur. As known to those skilled in the art, sulfur vulcanizing agents are used in an amount ranging from about 0.5 to about 4 phr, or even, in some circumstances, up to about 8 phr, with a range of from about 1.5 to about 2.5, sometimes from 2 to 2.5, being preferred.
Vulcanization of the rubber composition of the present invention is generally carried out at conventional temperatures ranging from about 100° C. to 200° C. Preferably, the vulcanization is conducted at temperatures ranging from about 110° C. to 180° C. Any of the usual vulcanization processes may be used such as heating in a press or mold, heating with superheated steam or hot air or in a salt bath.
Accelerators are used to control the time and/or temperature required for vulcanization and to improve the properties of the vulcanizate. In one embodiment, a single accelerator system may be used, i.e., primary accelerator. Conventionally and preferably, a primary accelerator(s) is used in total amounts ranging from about 0.5 to about 4, preferably about 0.8 to about 1.5, phr. In another embodiment, combinations of a primary and a secondary accelerator might be used with the secondary accelerator being used in smaller amounts (of about 0.05 to about 3 phr) in order to activate and to improve the properties of the vulcanizate. Combinations of these accelerators might be expected to produce a synergistic effect on the final properties and are somewhat better than those produced by use of either accelerator alone. In addition, delayed action accelerators may be used which are not affected by normal processing temperatures but produce a satisfactory cure at ordinary vulcanization temperatures. Vulcanization retarders might also be used. Suitable types of accelerators that may be used in the present invention are amines, disulfides, guanidines, thioureas, thiazoles, thiurams, sulfenamides, dithiocarbamates and xanthates. Preferably, the primary accelerator is a sulfenamide. If a second accelerator is used, the secondary accelerator is preferably a guanidine, dithiocarbamate or thiuram compound. The presence and relative amounts of sulfur vulcanizing agent and accelerator(s) are not considered to be an aspect of this invention which is more primarily directed to the use of silica as a reinforcing filler in combination with the ammonium, zinc or sodium salt of salicylic acid as a coupling agent.
The silica reinforced rubber compositions of the present invention may contain a methylene donor. The term "methylene donor" is intended to mean a compound capable of reacting with the respective salt of salicylic acid and generate the resin in-situ. Examples of methylene donors which are suitable for use in the present invention include hexamethylenetetramine, hexaemethoxymethylmelamine, hexamethoxymethylmelamine, lauryloxymethylpyridinium chloride, ethoxymethylpyridinium chloride, trioxan hexamethoxymethylmelamine, the hydroxy groups of which may be esterified or partly esterified, and polymers of formaldehyde such as paraformaldehyde. In addition, the methylene donors may be N-substituted oxymethylmelamines, of the general formula: ##STR1## wherein X is an alkyl having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 are individually selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an alkyl having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms and the group --CH2 OX. Specific methylene donors include hexakis(methoxymethyl)melamine, N,N',N"-trimethyl/N,N',N"-trimethylolmelamine, hexamethylolmelamine, N,N',N"-dimethylolmelamine, N-methylolmelamine, N,N'-dimethylolmelamine, N,N',N"-tris(methoxymethyl)melamine and N,N',N"-tributyl-N,N',N"-trimethylol-melamine. The N-methylol derivatives of melamine are prepared by known methods.
The amount of methylene donor that is present in the rubber stock may vary. Typically, the amount of methylene donor that is present will range from about 0.1 phr to 10.0 phr. Preferably, the amount of methylene donor ranges from about 2.0 phr to 5.0 phr.
The weight ratio of methylene donor to the sodium salt, ammonium salt or zinc salt of salicylic acid may vary. Generally speaking, the weight ratio will range from about 1:10 to about 10:1. Preferably, the weight ratio ranges from about 1:3 to 3:1.
The presence and relative amounts of the above additives are not considered to be an aspect of the present invention which is more primarily directed to the utilization of specified blends of rubbers in rubber compositions, in combination with silica and the zinc salt, ammonium salt or sodium salt of salicylic acid, and mixtures thereof, as well as, optionally, carbon black, for the reinforcement of the rubber.
The mixing of the rubber composition can be accomplished by methods known to those having skill in the rubber mixing art. For example the ingredients are typically mixed in at least two stages, namely at least one non-productive stage followed by a productive mix stage. The final curatives are typically mixed in the final stage which is conventionally called the "productive" mix stage in which the mixing typically occurs at a temperature, or ultimate temperature, lower than the mix temperature(s) than the preceding non-productive mix stage(s). The rubber, silica and silica coupler, and carbon black if used, are mixed in one or more non-productive mix stages. The terms "non-productive" and "productive" mix stages are well known to those having skill in the rubber mixing art.
The rubber composition of this invention can be used for various purposes. For example, it can be used for various tire compounds. Such tires can be built, shaped, molded and cured by various methods which are known and will be readily apparent to those having skill in such art. Preferably, the rubber composition is used in the tread of a tire. As can be appreciated, the tire may be a passenger tire, aircraft tire, truck tire and the like. Preferably, the tire is a passenger tire. The tire may also be a radial or bias, with a radial tire being preferred.
The invention may be better understood by reference to the following examples in which the parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated.
The following examples are presented in order to illustrate but not limit the present invention.
Cure properties were determined using a Monsanto oscillating disc rheometer which was operated at a temperature of 150° C. and at a frequency of 11 hertz. A description of oscillating disc rheometers can be found in the Vanderbilt Rubber Handbook edited by Robert O. Ohm (Norwalk, Conn., R. T. Vanderbilt Company, Inc., 1990), pages 554-557. The use of this cure meter and standardized values read from the curve are specified in ASTM D-2084. A typical cure curve obtained on an oscillating disc rheometer is shown on page 555 of the 1990 edition of the Vanderbilt Rubber Handbook.
In such an oscillating disc rheometer, compounded rubber samples are subjected to an oscillating shearing action of constant amplitude. The torque of the oscillating disc embedded in the stock that is being tested that is required to oscillate the rotor at the vulcanization temperature is measured. The values obtained using this cure test are very significant since changes in the rubber or the compounding recipe are very readily detected. It is obvious that it is normally advantageous to have a fast cure rate.
The following tables report cure properties that were determined from cure curves that were obtained from the rubber stocks that were prepared. These properties include a torque minimum (Min. Torque), a torque maximum (Max. Torque), minutes to 90% of the torque increase (t90) and difference between the maximum torque and minimum torque (delta torque).
Shore Hardness was determined in accordance with ASTM D-1415.
In this example, sodium salicylate (sodium salt of salicylic acid) was evaluated as an alternative for a commonly used silica coupling agent, bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide, in a silica reinforced rubber composition. Rubber compositions containing the materials set out in Tables 1 and 2 were prepared in a BR Banbury mixer using three separate stages of addition (mixing), namely, two non-productive mix stages and one productive mix stage to temperatures of 160° C., 160° C. and 120° C. and times of 4 minutes, 4 minutes and 2 minutes, respectively. The amount of coupler is listed as being "variable" in Table 1 and is more specifically set forth in Table 2.
The rubber compositions are identified herein as Samples 1, 2 and 3, with Samples: 2 and 3 utilizing the silica couplers, respectively, and Sample 1 considered herein as being a control without the use of a silica coupler.
The Samples were cured at about 150° C. for about 36 minutes.
Table 2 illustrates the behavior and physical properties of the cured Samples 1-3.
It is clearly evident from the results that a coupling agent is required (Samples 2 and 3) to obtain suitable cured properties in a silica containing rubber compound. Such properties include tensile strength at break, the 100 and 300% modulus values, rebound, hardness and Rheovibron E' and tan delta values.
The sodium salicylate used as a silica coupler (Sample 3) is observed to provide substantial equivalence in these properties as a conventional bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide silica coupling agent (Sample 2).
This is considered an advantage because it is shown that rubber properties equivalent to the silane coupler might be achieved with a potential lower cost. Thus, the sodium phenoxyacetate is considered herein to be a suitable alternative for bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide as a silica coupling agent in a silica reinforced rubber composition.
TABLE 1______________________________________1st Non-Productive______________________________________Natural Rubber.sup.1 100.00Carbon Black 35.00Processing Oil 5.00Zinc Oxide 5.00Fatty Acid 2.00Antioxidant.sup.2 2.00______________________________________2nd Non-Productive______________________________________Silica.sup.3 15.00Bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide.sup.4 variableSodium Salicylate variable______________________________________Productive______________________________________Sulfur 1.40Accelerator, sulfenamide type 1.00______________________________________ .sup.1) natural rubber (cis 1,4polyisoprene); .sup.2) of the polymerized 1,2dihydro-2,2,4-trimethyldihydroquinoline type; .sup.3) Silica obtained as HiSil-210 from PPG Industries, Inc.; .sup.4) obtained as bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide, commercially available as Si69 from Degussa GmbH which is provided in a 50/50 blend with carbon black and, thus, considered as being 50% active when the blen is considered.
TABLE 2______________________________________Sample # 1 2 3______________________________________Bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl) 0 3.0 0tetrasulfide (50% active)Sodium Salicylate 0 0 2.0Rheometer (150° C.)Delta Torque 20.0 25.6 25.0T.sub.90, minutes 21.0 17.5 17.3Stress-StrainTensile Strength, MPa 17.9 20.5 20.3Elongation at Break, % 689 625 629300% Mod/100% Mod 4.40 4.79 4.62Rebound100° C., % 44.3 53.0 52.5Room Temp, % 45.6 48.0 45.9Hardness100° C. 44.3 53.0 52.5Room Temp 47.8 55.4 56.5RheovibronE' at 60° C., MPa 7.5 10.9 12.8Tan Delta at 60° C. 0.110 0.107 0.080Reversion60' 3.0 1.2 0.6______________________________________
While certain representative embodiments and details have been shown for the purpose of illustrating the invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in this art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention.
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|WO2011013513A1 *||Jul 14, 2010||Feb 3, 2011||ダイソー株式会社||Filler for use in rubber and rubber composition|
|U.S. Classification||524/396, 524/394, 524/395, 524/494, 524/493, 524/398|
|Apr 26, 1996||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY, THE, OHIO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:WIDEMAN, LAWSON G.;SANDSTROM, PAUL H.;REEL/FRAME:007917/0663
Effective date: 19940902
|Oct 1, 1999||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Nov 14, 2003||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jan 14, 2008||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|Jul 9, 2008||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|
|Aug 26, 2008||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 20080709


text:
They sailed on the ship Sophia Hedewig on November 29, 1705, arriving on July 9, 1706 -- their journey taking approximately six months.
Upon arrival, Bartholomaus made the decision to live among the locals rather than in the much more familiar and comfortable surroundings of the Dutch colonists. This was the first act of his that made him different from many of his peers at the time.
Batholomaus was keen to learn the local language, Tamil. However, to learn Tamil he first had to learn Portuguese. It only took him a few months to obtain enough mastery of Porttguese to proceed with his study of Tamil. Here is the second instance where we see how different Batholomaus was from your typical missionary: he arranged to attend Tamil classes with the local schoolchildren. The school teacher soon moved the classes to Batholomaus ' residence, where he sat on the ground alongside the children, practicing his letters in the sand as the Indian people had done for centuries.
He spent hours reading and studying the language, and when his eyes were too tired to read, he had someone read to him. Within three months, he was able to converse in Tamil. His initial attempts at speaking Tamil were not always as successful as he would like, with some of the locals dubbing him a crazy man. Within a short time, though, he was able to freely converse in the language.
Another facet of Bartholomaus' approach that stands out his how he truly wanted to know about the culture of the people he was trying to reach. He lived among them, attended their school, read all of their writings that he could lay his hands on, appreciated their culture, and even tried to understand their religion.
In this, Bartholomaus was far ahead of his time, becoming what may be the very first missionary to discard the idea of trying to Europeanize his converts. Their culture, as much as it did not come in conflict with the Bible, could remain, in his understanding as part of their life after salvation.
Because of this respect for them, he convinced those in the Tamil Christian community to use their gifts of music and poetry to write their own hymns, thus introducing the singing of Tamil lyrics to Indian melodies in church. He also translated many of his own beloved German hymns into Tamil, retaining the original meters and tunes.
This appreciation of the people and their culture could well be why he has been referred to as "The Missionary that India Never Forgot."
Sara McCaslin is an engineer, a computer scientist, and a freelance writer.

domain: library


1970 MUSTANG ALTERNATOR WIRING DIAGRAM
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AMD has released more info on the graphics architecture that will be powering the PS5 and Xbox Series X (plus its future PC gaphics cards), and has scotched rumors that it will be switching to the 5nm process for its upcoming Zen 3 processors.
Moving from 7nm to 5nm would result in smaller, faster and more efficient chips, and with Intel still on 14nm, going to 5nm could cement AMD’s performance lead over its competitor.
However, that now seems it won’t happen until the end of 2021/early 2022. By that time, Intel has committed to closing the gap and will be using the 7nm process for its future processors.
RDNA 2 details
According to the slides, RDNA 2 will bring improvements to performance-per-clock (IPC), clock speeds and better logic, which will bring a claimed 50% increase in performance per watts compared to RDNA.
This is exciting news for the two new consoles, as their compact designs (compared to gaming PCs) means they will be relying on the hardware AMD is building to offer better performance while being less power-hungry.
AMD also teases a follow-up, RDNA 3, that will come before 2022. While both RDNA and RDNA 2 stick with the 7nm process, RDNA 3 will apparently use an ‘Advanced Node’. Make of that what you will.
While Zen 3 sticking with 7nm may disappoint some who were expecting a more radical change with upcoming AMD processors, there’s no doubt that the next few years are looking pretty exciting for Team Red. We’re also looking forward to seeing how Intel responds.
- These are the best processors of 2020


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To be honest, I know very little about Star Wars (go ahead, shun me) but what I do know is when someone looks good. Though I didn't grow up watching the film series, I recognize that it holds a special place in many people's hearts and for that reason, I'll respectfully listen to someone go on and on about a 'Baby Yoda' character or whatever. But before I instigate a debate on whether 'Baby Yoda' is actually a baby, let's discuss the phenomenal looks the cast wore to the European premiere of "Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker" which I, thanks to Google, know is Episode 9 in the Star Wars series.
Actress Daisy Ridley looked regal in a royal blue, velvet Vivienne Westwood gown that had a fitted corset with lattice detail and an elaborate train. She worked with stylist Samantha McMillen to accompany the look with sapphire and diamond rings by Beladora Jewelry and silver ear crawlers by Tatiana Verstraeten. Her shoes were custom vegan Jimmy Choo satin crystal-embellished pumps. Makeup artist Kelly Cornwell kept Ridley's look simple with a black winged eye and red lip. Her hair, styled by Daya Ruci was sleek and slicked back.
Of course, Ridley wasn't the only star that looked stunning. To see John Boyega, Kelly Marie Train, Keri Russell and the rest of the cast's looks, click through the gallery below.

domain: artistic


Stainless steel Gate
To add more style in the commercial as well as residential building, we have in store an impressive range of Designer SS Gates, which is offered by us in numerous appealing designs. Fabricated in strict compliance with the prevailing industry standards, these are appreciated in the market for their anti corrosive and anti abrasion properties. Further, these are also capable of withstanding extreme climatic conditions. These are available with us in a variety of dimensions and sizes and can also be provided in customized finish, shape and other specifications to fulfill the specific needs of the clients.


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The Faculty, Research associates, Teaching Assistants and Staff of LIBA gathered to mark the 73rd Republic Day.
Addressing the gathering on, ‘Celebrating the Dignity of Differences’, Rev. Fr. Dr. C. Joe Arun SJ, Director, highlighted, ‘LIBA is not united by the religion we belong to or the language we speak, but by the mission’. Father, mentioned during the previous three years, the honourable act of unfurling the flag at LIBA has been given to the unsung heroes who have served for LIBA.
This year, Mr. Alagu Sundaram, Assistant Co-Ordinator- Learning, who served LIBA for 24 years was given the privilege to unfurl the Indian flag. Prof. Chitraa Venkatachalam, shared her overwhelming feeling of patriotism and pride in our identity as a nation and a rich history that has passed through several vicissitudes.
Followed by which, Rev. Fr. Ilanko Xavier M blessed and inaugurated LIBA-GYM for the well-being of the students, faculty, and staff of LIBA. The celebration came to an end with a sumptuous breakfast, served at Maggis Cafe.

domain: sociology


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So... book two in the Seasons of Change Standalone series is going to be called:
The book is going to follow Amy's story (Jenna's best friend from Summer Demons) but that is all I'm revealing now. Everything to do with the book is finished but I like being secretive--I feel special that only I've seen the cover and blurb lol! :-)
Anyway, the book is up on Goodreads so please add it to your shelves everyone!
I've also added Deadly to Lie (Elemental Killers #3).
Keep checking back as I'll have a cover/blurb reveal for you all soon.

domain: entertainment


text:
Dragon Ball Super Vs. Dragon Ball SP04 (Gachapon)
Product Code: 4549660501770
Here are new Dragon Ball figurines to add to your collection!
This is the latest edition of the “Dragon Ball Super” Vs. “Dragon Ball” collection, with five emblematic characters from these artworks!
Find all your favorite Gachapon on YattaJapan!
Beware not to mix reservations and in-stock products in your cart, for your order will be shipped once all the products are available!
See our shipping section for more information.


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Welcome back, Dreamer! In this post, we’ll show you how to make a DIY stenciled pillowcase step-by-step. So please try this lovely and easy DIY project! We hope you will enjoy it!
We will do this project with a decoration technique achieved with a template or stencil and textile paint.
Let’s learn a little more about this technique.
It’s an ancient technique, which is performed by cutting the image to be printed on a plastic or cardboard stencil that is placed on the surface to be printed.
The paint is applied on the stencil with small taps so that the paint only goes through the cut parts of the stencil.
There are different methods for applying the paint:
- With a stencil brush by removing excess paint and applying it with small taps.
- With a foam roller or aerosol to create fine and delicate drawings.
Now let’s start with this step-by-step DIY stenciled pillowcase!
First, the list of things you will need:
- A cutting mat
- Two 16 1/2” x 18” rectangles
- 1 Pillow
- A cardboard or newspaper
- Wax paper
- The design of the stencil and an acetate sheet
- Big and small scissors
- Microstitch (optional)
- Decorative buttons
- Invisible zipper
- Measuring tape
- Textile paint
- Paint pallet
- Hard paint brush
- A piece of fabric
- The standard foot for your sewing machine
- Leather needles
- An iron
1. Trace and cut the stencil design on the acetate.
2. Lay a cardboard on the table to protect it.
3. Put one of the fabric rectangles
- Put the stencil in the middle or where you prefer
- Use the microstitch to hold the stencil
4. Take some paint with the brush.
5. Remove the excess and start painting by tapping.
- It’s a slow process but with great results
6. Continue until you’ve covered the whole stencil.
7. Cut the plastic stitches and remove the stencil.
To set the paint we need to apply heat.
- So place the wax paper with the waxed surface to the fabric
- Iron applying pressure
9. Remove the wax paper.
10. Place the buttons as you wish and sew them.
11. Put the rectangles facing right sides together.
- Sew 5cm on each side to sew the zipper
- Mark and pin it
12. Sew both sides with straight stitch.
13. Pin one side of the zipper and sew it.
14. Pin the sides of the pillow case to close.
- Sew it with a straight stitch
15. When you finish turn the pillow case inside out
- Push out the corners
16. Put the pillow inside the case.
- Now close the pillowcase
And your DIY stenciled pillowcase it's ready!
This design we present to you is an idea that can inspire you to create unique, charming and fun designs with the same technique.
See you in the next post! Bye fow now!


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Barbara Park's New York Times bestselling chapter book series, Junie B. Jones, is a classroom favorite and has been keeping kids laughing and reading for more than twenty years. Over 60 million copies in print and now with a bright new look for a new generation
Meet the World's Funniest Kindergartner Junie B. Jones Lucille is having a sleepover party at her richie nanna's big giant house Grace and Junie B. can t wait to see all the rich stuff in that place. Sleeping over at the nanna's is sure to be a dream come true Cause what could possibly go wrong?
Junie B. is the darling of the young-reader set.
Park convinces beginning readers that Junie B. and reading are lots of fun.
Junie's swarms of young fans will continue to delight in her unique take on the world. . . . A hilarious, first-rate read-aloud.
Junie B. Jones is a feisty six-year-old with an endearing penchant for honesty.
About the Author
BARBARA PARK (1947 2013) is beloved by millions as the author of the wildly popular Junie B. Jones series. She is also the author of award-winning middle-grade novels and picture books, including Skinnybones and Mick Harte Was Here. We are thankful for the laughter she s given us and to millions of children. "
From USA TODAY:
"Junie B. is the darling of the young-reader set."
From Publisher' Weekly:
"Park convinces beginning readers that Junie B.—and reading—are lots of fun."
From Kirkus Reviews:
"Junie's swarms of young fans will continue to delight in her unique take on the world....A hilarious, first-rate read- aloud."
"Park, one of the funniest writers around . . . brings her refreshing humor to the beginning chapter-book set."
From Time magazine:
"Junie B. Jones is a feisty six-year-old with an endearing penchant for honesty."
From School Library Journal:
"Park is truly a funny writer. Although Junie B. is a kindergartner, she's sure to make middle graders laugh out loud."


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Spirulina+ (Now with Garlic added) Spirulina is an excellent source of plant nutrition for your fish. But a fish flake with too much will repel many fish with its strong taste. Very few fish species are pure vegetarians and most need a mix of proteins and fats to do well. Our premium Spirulina Fish Flake has just the right amount of spirulina in it to give the average tropical fish all the benefits while still being very palatable. We have the perfect fish flake formula for your plant-loving fish!If you do not see a box with Tabs below it means your display is too small for this feature to work. For this additional information you should view this on a device with a larger display.
Analysis: Min. Protein - 45%, Min. Fat - 14%, Max. Fiber - 3%, Max Moisture - 4.5% Spray Dried Salmon, Dried Yeast, Soy Flour, Dried Spirulina Algae, Wheat, Oat and Gluten Flours, Shrimp Meal, Plankton Meal, Dried Kelp, Fish Oil, Lecithin, Dried Krill, Vitamin and minerals, No Preservatives.
Learn more about feeding fish in these articles.
Please enter your full name when making a comment.

domain: food


text:
China is on course to install more than 60GW of new capacity in 2019 and 2020 combined, while the US also faces a record year in 2020, as their onshore industries race to complete projects before federal subsidies are cut off in 2021. But can the supply chains cope with the influx of demand?
China ups the ante
New regulation introduced in China earlier this year will end subsidies for onshore-wind projects approved from 2021.
Projects approved this year or next must be online by the end of 2021 as auction ceiling prices also fall, ahead of being phased-out completely.
As a result, the Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) expects a rush of installations as operators maximise support payments.
According to GWEC’s latest figures, China added 9GW of onshore capacity in the first half of 2019 and is set to reach 25GW for the whole year.
A further 28GW could be added in 2020, with another 7GW installed offshore over the next two years.
Given that China previously installed more than 30GW in a single year (2015), GWEC is unconcerned about the supply chain being able to handle this rapid growth.
Feng Zhao, strategy director at GWEC, said the Chinese supply chain was set up to install similar levels of turbines as expected over the next two years, and pointed out that most machines are still in the 1.5-3.0MW range.
But the timing of the rush is unfortunate for the offshore industry, he warned.
The phase-out of the onshore subsidy coincides with the auction ceiling price for offshore wind falling to CNY 750/MWh ($119.5/MWh) for projects approved in 2020, although bids are expected to come in far below this.
Currently, projects approved before the end of 2018 will receive a feed-in tariff of CNY 850/MWh, provided they are fully commissioned by the end of 2021. This means some of the 40GW of already-approved capacity will miss out on the higher tariff.
GWEC thinks China’s current offshore supply chain can support around 3GW of new capacity a year.
Zhao said there are concerns over how the supply chain in China could cope with the offshore wind rush to 2021 before it is established on a larger scale.
This significant ramp-up could squeeze the manufacturing supply chain, particularly for the supply of blades, bearings and cables, he added.
Vessels could be another critical issue, with not enough available to cope with the larger turbines.
There are far fewer offshore-sector suppliers, and onshore firms are reluctant to invest in upgrading their facilities while their onshore order books are full.
However, in a sign that China is getting ready to go big on offshore wind, Zhao said the vessel fleet had increased from just five in 2015 to more than 30 today.
From 2021, GWEC predicts an annual offshore wind market of around 5GW. By then, the supply chain will have built up to accommodate the larger offshore wind turbines and balance-of-plant assets.
It is also being whispered within the industry that by 2025, offshore wind in China could reach grid parity, just two years behind Europe.
Boom and bottlenecks in the US
The US, meanwhile, is facing its own installation boom.
With the production tax credit finally set to expire, the US could see up to 14.6GW of new onshore wind capacity added in 2020 alone, according to the latest research from Wood Mackenzie Power and Renewables (WMPR).
However, this is likely to lead to bottlenecks and interconnection queues.
"The lack of available logistical resources will begin to cause schedule rearrangements and delays that will grow more apparent during the first and second quarters of 2020," WMPR senior analyst Anthony Logan said.
As a result, some 6.6GW of new capacity planned for completion in 2020 might not begin operating until 2021, while a further 1.5GW might be cancelled altogether due to the expected delays in construction.
WMPR forecast the US to add 12.3GW in 2021 but then fall to 5.9GW in 2024 — at which point different questions will be asked of the supply chain.

domain: news


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By Tom Chapman
For The Catholic Messenger
A bill to prohibit the trafficking and use of fetal tissue following an abortion has stalled in the Iowa Legislature. House File 2329 was set to be debated last week on the floor of the House; however, on March 3 the state Board of Regents came out publicly against the bill. The Iowa Catholic Conference (ICC) infers from this opposition that the University of Iowa wants to protect its ability to continue using fetal tissue from abortions in research.
The ICC supports HF 2329. The church teaches that the use of this fetal tissue is unethical because it is obtained as a result of an abortion. The church does not support the abuse of one group (the unborn) for the benefit of others.
Iowans are encouraged to send a message to their legislators in support of HF 2329. The bill needs to be passed by the House and out of a Senate committee by Friday, March 11, to meet the second legislative deadline. In other news:
Nonpublic school celebration
About 800 people attended the Education Celebration of nonpublic schools at the State Capitol on March 1. It was a great showing, with legislators surrounded by a sea of students in “School Choice Now” T-shirts. The event marked a decade of Iowa’s School Tuition Organization (STO) tax credit program. Speakers at the rally included Senate Majority Leader Mike Gronstal, House Majority Leader Chris Hagenow and a few parents of students enrolled in nonpublic schools.
“Over the past 10 years, the STO tax credit has empowered thousands of Iowa families with the ability to play a role in their child’s education,” said Trish Wilger, executive director of Iowa Alliance for Choice in Education.
Donors to School Tuition Organizations (STOs) receive a 65 percent state tax credit. STOs in turn give out those funds as scholarship grants to lower-income students to attend one of Iowa’s accredited, nonpublic schools. Nearly $100 million in scholarships have been given as a result of the program.
On the same day, the Iowa House passed a bill (HF 2321) that would get rid of the July 2020 repeal date of provisions that require the state to accept the accreditation of a nonpublic school by one of six private accrediting organizations. While Catholic schools remain accredited by the state, rather than the private groups, the ICC has supported HF 2321 as an option for schools.
Even though the assisted suicide bills are dead for the session, there was another subcommittee meeting on the subject March 3. Dr. Bruce Van Houweling of Solon, the state head of the American Academy of Medical Ethics, pointed out how the safeguards and oversight contained in the bill are inadequate. Proponents vowed to try again next year with another bill.
The RefugeeRISE bill (SF 2298) passed out of the Senate Appropriations Committee with only two “no” votes. The bill implements the proposed expansion of the RefugeeRISE program but makes it contingent on an appropriation from the legislature.
Studying the causes of violence
The ICC supports SF 2269, which passed the Senate 49-0 earlier this month and went to the House. It is currently in the Public Safety Committee. The bill would require the state’s public safety advisory board to provide research and make recommendations about violence causation and prevention in local communities throughout the state.
Governor to sign juvenile confidentiality bill
The ICC is pleased that the House passed SF 2288 last week and sent it to the governor for his signature. The bill generally makes court records of juveniles confidential in delinquency cases unless the act committed would have been a forcible felony if done by an adult. The ICC has supported the bill as a way to help young people not carry along the effects of a relatively minor mistake made while a juvenile.
Children typically have better prospects for reform.
Anti-hunger day coming up
The Iowa Food Bank Association is coordinating the 2016 Iowa Anti-Hunger Day on the Hill at the Iowa State Capitol on Wednesday, March 30. This is a day to bring awareness of the thousands of Iowans struggling with hunger. To register go to www.eventbrite.com and search on “Iowa anti-hunger day.”


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Relative Maturity - North
Relative Maturity - South
Devil (Not Treated)View more information →
Very dark green glossy fruit is nearly cylindrical and at 3″, a little larger than a typical Serrano. Devil is quite early for a Serrano and should be kept picked to ensure contiguous production. Serranos contribute a very hot, complex, earthy flavor to Mexican sauces. The plant has a distinctive white fuzz to the small leaf.
El Dorado (Not Treated)View more information →
Treat your customers to one of the most delicious hot peppers. El Dorado has thick crisp flesh that makes a great pickle and it is also good for stuffing and salsa. Depending on how well it is cleaned of membrane, heat can very between mild and 3,000 Scovilles.
El Dorado (Treated Seed)View more information →
One of the most delicious hot peppers, this extra large and extra early Santa Fe/ Caribe type. El Dorado has thick crisp flesh that makes a great pickle. It is also good for stuffing and salsa. Depending how well it is cleaned of membrane, heat can vary between mild and 3000 scovilles.


Which students should be considered bullies? That's what at least one Connecticut lawmaker is asking.
Sen. Gary LeBeau, East Hartford, is proposing new legislation that would require a hearing before a school labels a student as a bully.
If passed, the bill would allow students and their parents to tell their side of the story before the students are labeled as bullies or a letter is included in the student's file indicating that the student is guilty of bullying.
It's a label that can stick with the student for the rest of the time in the school system.


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Health district faces delay in handling COVID-19 cases, implements changes
WICHITA COUNTY (KFDX / KJTL) – There are two more COVID-19-related deaths in Wichita County on Wednesday, bringing the total this year to seven.
The Wichita Falls-Wichita County Public Health District reported 247 new cases of COVID-19 on Wednesday, January 5.
“Over the past two or three weeks we’ve seen a substantial increase in the number of cases per day and, of course, in total weekly,” said Amy Fagan, deputy director of public health for Wichita Falls-Wichita County. .
COVID-19 cases in Wichita County continue to rise as health officials await state testing to determine whether or not the Omicron variant is present in our area.
“Just today alone, ending Sunday until today [Wednesday], we are 725 cases for the week, so this is very concerning, ”said Fagan.
Fagan said that although a positive case of the Omicron variant has not been confirmed in the county, based on information provided by the state, they believe the variant is here.
“What I see in which cases individuals are reporting to us is consistent with what we are seeing in other places where the variant has been confirmed and so it means that there is a higher rate of re-infections and we So we’ve seen that number increase dramatically here too, we’re also seeing a higher number of vaccine discovery cases, ”Fagan said.
As a result of these growing numbers, case managers in the Wichita Falls-Wichita County Public Health District have been in a backlog.
Fagan said they knew they would have to make certain changes themselves from a 10-day to five-day quarantine break guidelines, according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
“We have worked closely with our medical providers to make sure they are aware of the updated guidelines, and they issue these exclusion and return notes to their patients as they would with other illnesses,” he said. declared Fagan.
Additionally, Fagan said they’ve changed their information-gathering process to spend less time on the phone with individuals, so everyone in the home monitoring their symptoms can hear from their case managers in a timely manner.
They also added more investigators to the cases.
What if residents do not hear from the health service at the end of their five days of isolation?
“If they understand the rules, and everything is on our website, it’s okay for someone to follow those rules and come back if they have a doctor’s note and are no longer showing symptoms,” said Fagan.
Fagan said that although the CDC has said you can come out of isolation with improvement in symptoms, the health department said individuals are expected to have no symptoms after the five days of isolation.
Fagan said they are working to meet the needs of residents of Wichita County.
Even after these five days, people should continue to wear masks for an additional five days as an added precaution.
Fagan also wished to add that the health district does not accept home tests for a definitive positive or negative result.


AOL has just completed its acquisition of the Huffington Post, and along with the merger, Arianna Huffington will now oversee all content for AOL Latino and AOL Black Voices. This has prompted Richard Prince at Poynter to ask, “On the Internet, does anyone know whether you’re black or Latino?”
Various current and former executives at black media outlets, such as TheRoot and Black Planet, comment that they are uneasy at the thought of major ethnic media outlets being run by people with little connection to the community they serve. They also ponder the idea of digital segregation.
Read the entire article at ReachHispanic.


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Make-Ahead Chicken Shawerma & Tahini Sandwich Fillers
By shahdan • September 22, 2016
The children will be super excited about this yummy Shawerma & Tahini sandwich at school. Just cook the shawerma and prepare the tahini sauce in advance, then store in the fridge. In the morning, you can decide wether to serve this chicken shawerma in small buns or in tortilla wraps!
This quantity will make about 6 sandwiches (depending on the bread you will use). If you want to make a larger quantity for the whole family, double the quantity and use 1.5 kg chicken!
For best results, marinate chicken for a couple of hours or overnight!
- 750 gram chicken breast fillet - صدور فيليه الدجاج
- 1/4 cup vinegar - خل
- 1 teaspoon all spice - بهارات
- 2 tablespoon yoghurt - زبادي
- 2 medium garlic cloves (minced) - فصوص ثوم
- 1/2 medium pickled lemon (finely chopped OR juice of 2 limes) - ليمون معصفر
- 1 large onion (thinly sliced) - بصلة
- 1 teaspoon salt - ملح
- 1/4 teaspoon black pepper - فلفل أسود
- 2 tablespoon olive oil - زيت زيتون
- 3 medium tomatoes (deseeded and cubed) - طماطم
- 1 bunch parsley (finely chopped) - بقدونس
- For the tahini sauce:
- 2 tablespoon tahini - طحينة
- 1 tablespoon yoghurt - زبادي
- 2 tablespoon vinegar - خل
- 2-3 tablespoon water - ماء
- pinch ground cumin - كمون
- salt and pepper (to taste) - ملح و فلفل
Step by step
- Using a good sharp knife, slice the chicken into thin shawerma slices. You can also buy the chicken sliced from your butcher.
- Marinate chicken slices with vinegar, all spice, yoghurt, minced garlic, pickled lemon (or lime juice), sliced onion, salt and pepper. Cover and place it in the fridge for a couple of hours or for best results, overnight.
- To cook the shawerma, heat 2 tablespoons olive oil in a large pan or wok. (Make sure not to overcrowd a small pan so the chicken cooks properly.) Add chicken slices and cook uncovered on medium heat. The chicken will release its water. Let it cook, stirring frequently, until water is absorbed and chicken is cooked through. Take Shawerma off the heat, then add cubed tomatoes and chopped parsley.
- Let it cool, then place it in a sealed box in the fridge to use when needed as a sandwich filler.
- For the tahini sauce, mix tahini with yoghurt, and vinegar. Gradually add water and stir until you achieve the needed consistency. Season with cumin, salt and pepper. Store in another small sealed box in the fridge. Use the sauce to spread over the bread before filling the Shawarma sandwich. The Tahini might slightly thicken when stored in the fridge. You can add a few drops of water and stir, to make it thinner.
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Some recipes are good to know by heart, like this Classic Crepe. It comes in handy in the weekends and school holidays when you want to prepare a fun breakfast for the family. Fillings are a personal choice and the options are endless. For sweet crepe, these can be served with sugar, jam, Nutella, or […]
Beef Shawerma in 30 Minutes
Yes wherever you are, you can have delicious Egyptian-style Beef Shawarma in 30 minutes only and the secret ingredient is minced beef. It cooks super quickly and it is seasoned in the same pan while cooking. The result is mouthwatering tender beef shawarma ready for juicy Egyptian street-style sandwiches. In gatherings, we like to serve […]
Oven-Baked Breaded Kofta (Kofta Panee)
This is a new “improved” recipe for everyone’s favourite kofta panee! It is oven-baked to perfection, and most importantly, it stays nice and moist even when eaten cold. Breaded Kofta is great for play dates (with rice & molokheyya, or with pasta). It is ideal for lunchbox sandwiches, and makes a great crowd-pleaser when served nicely with […]


I feel like Smartthings, and the presence sensors in particular, are an abandoned product now…
I’ve migrated everything over to the new app on iOS. I’m the only user, but my gf and I both have presence sensors on our keys.
I have 2 automations, 1 turns a bunch of stuff off when both aren’t present, and another that does the reverse if either are present.
The first one works fine, everything turns off when we both leave the house. However when either of us comes home, nothing happens.
In addition, when setting up new routines, I don’t have the same options as before; my old routines were using “Member location” and the presence sensor, but when I try and set up a new one, the only option in “Member Location” is to use my phone (so I use “Device Status” instead). If I try and edit one of this older routines that is triggered by my gf presence sensor they are blank in the “Who?” section and the only option is my own phone.
I’m not a technical person, so I’m really confused what I’m not doing right.


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Hot Online: Father puts child in washing machine
LOL of the day: 'Anchorman 2' movie poster
Paramount Pictures has released the first movie poster for "Anchorman 2," which is the sequel to "Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy." Now.msn.com says the movie isn't even due to start filming until 2013, which may explain why this teaser displays no faces –– just feet.
Check this out: Oldest woman to climb Mount Everest
Japanese alpinist Tamae Watanabe, 73, broke her own record Saturday to become the oldest woman to ever climb Mount Everest, according to WorldRecordAcademy.org. Watanabe broke the record the first time at the age of 63 in 2002.
Video: Father puts child in washing machine
A father's prank with his young child turned into an emergency situation.


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Mundelein girl with rare disease raises funds
An old guitar with just three strings brought in 25 cents at Rebecca Ackerman's garage sale. But that quarter, along with change and bills collected from the sale of stuffed animals, doll house furniture and books from Rebecca's room as well as items donated by friends and family helped the 12-year-old Mundelein girl raise $500 for Children's Memorial Hospital.
The Chicago pediatric hospital holds as dear a place in Rebecca's heart as her cuddly toys. Since being diagnosed in 2004 with basal encephalocele, a rare neural tube defect, Rebecca has undergone several surgeries at the hospital where doctors have attempted to put brain tissue that during fetal development seeped out of her skull into the sinuses and palate area of her mouth back in its place and prevent spinal fluid from leaking from her nose.
"We spend a ton of time at Children's," Rebecca's mother, Michele, said of the hospital.
Michele Ackerman said Rebecca came up with the idea of a fundraising garage sale to fulfill the community service preparation for her bat mitzvah.
"I'm just happy with anything I raise that will help the hospital," Rebecca said, who is also on the hospital's children's advisory board.
As the sale continued Saturday despite flooded roadways and damaging rains, Rebecca, fighting strep throat, said she was exhausted but enjoyed sharing her story with bargain hunters and hearing their stories in return.
"She takes everything like a champion," Michele Ackerman said.
Michele said Rebecca's relationship with Children's Memorial Hospital is not over.
"She will probably have another brain surgery," Ackerman said, explaining that the tissue will never go back but additional surgeries will prevent further seepage and infection. She said 10 to 12 children are born with this type of defect each year.
"There is no prognosis," she said. "There is no one else for us to use as a guide."


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Rai/Mustard Small BlackAugust 12, 2020
Rai/Mustard Small Black
- It can treat the common cold, joint, and muscle pain (rheumatism) and arthritis.
- Organic black mustard seeds can relieve water retention (puffiness) by increasing urine production.
- Organic Black mustard small seeds are a rich source of dietary fiber, essential for cardiovascular health.
- It contains significant levels of certain minerals such as zinc, iron, and magnesium essential for health.
- Black mustard seeds are carotenes that help to protect your body from free radical damage.
- It has glucosinolates, one of which is called sinigrin and far-reaching health benefits.
- The fibers you get from organic black mustard seeds help prevent constipation.
- It is good for your cholesterol level and can effectively prevent heart disease and stroke.
- Organic black mustard seeds are nutritious, pleasant, and contain no pesticides and other chemicals.
Vedic India Organics, Small Black Mustard seed is 100% certified & produced from sustainable farming.

domain: agronomy


|About this Abstract
||2016 TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition
||Bulk Metallic Glasses XIII
||Mechanical, Thermal and Kinetic Characterization of a Series of Zr-based Bulk Metallic Glasses as a Function of Co-concentration
||Rainer K Wunderlich, Yue Dong, Hans-Jörg Fecht
|On-Site Speaker (Planned)
Bulk metallic glass forming alloys often exhibit a dependence of thermal, mechanical and kinetic properties on minor concentration variations. In the Zr64-xNi10Al7Cu19Cox BMG forming alloy with x=0 to 8.3at% the effect of Co-concentration on the properties of the glassy phase were investigated. An increase of the glass transition temperature as a function of the Co concentration indicated an increase of the bonding strength of the glass corresponding to an increase in Young’s modulus and hardness. The Poisson ratio, =0.380.0, indicated a ductile glass but showed little variation. Nanoindentation creep tests showed a pronounced variation of the characteristic creep constants with the x=2.7 at% Co alloy exhibiting the most ductile properties. The elastic limit exhibited a linear increase from εel=0.19 to εel=0.27 with x=0 to 8.3at%. With the increase in Young’s modulus the 8.3 at% Co glass exhibited the highest reversible storage capability of elastic energy in this alloy series.
||Planned: A print-only volume


“No one has ever seen an active asteroid up close like this,” says Carl Hergenrother, an astronomer at the University of Arizona and the scientist who proposed Bennu as the target for OSIRIS-REx.
The photo was taken with NASA’s Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer—a telescope with a very wide lens that looks at the universe in infrared light.
The powerful Hubble Space Telescope in orbit around Earth takes an astoundingly detailed look at the same planet: You can see its telltale bands, the iconic Great Red Spot, and smaller individual storms.
Known as the Long-Lived In-situ Solar System Explorer, or LLISSE, each of the probe’s components is specially engineered to withstand the high temperature, high pressure, and reactive atmosphere that define that infernal planet.“We don't have any data on how the conditions change from day to night on Venus,” says Kremic.
Milano, who helps run the Space Sciences Laboratory at UC Berkeley, had been gearing up for a satellite launch.Normally, NASA wouldn’t let mission control run on anything less than a stable grid connection, says Steven Beckwith, the lab’s director.
Not only were they the first spacecraft to visit the asteroid belt, Jupiter, and Saturn; they even carried with them a plaque that carried a message on behalf of all humankind.
And while this image is incredibly detailed, Cassini was a whopping 870,000 miles above the plane of the rings when it took this photo in 2014.Photograph: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science InstituteThis maelstrom on Saturn is one of the biggest storms ever observed on the planet.
Launched in 2018, NASA’s Parker Solar Probe will take years to swoop into orbit around the Sun, but once it’s there, its main goal is to figure out exactly what drives the solar wind, the constant stream of highly charged particles that are spit out from the openings in the surface.
Zellner says the best way to settle the lunar cataclysm debate will be to visit craters where samples aren’t likely to have been contaminated by the Imbrium impact, such as the south pole or the far side of the moon.
Space Photos of the Week: A Tribute to Voyager’s Twin Trippers. In late August and early September of 1977, NASA launched twin spacecraft, Voyager 1 and 2. However, after their revolutionary discoveries, NASA extended the missions and sent Voyager 2 onward to Uranus and Neptune.
But it’s never dreamed up ion propulsion, a fantastical new way to power robots by accelerating ions instead of burning fuel or spinning rotors. But that’s a ways off, because at the moment the four-thruster machine can produce a bit more thrust than it needs to get its weight off the ground.
The Dragonfly mission will spend two years flying around the surface of Titan, studying the moon’s composition and searching for signs of life. On Wednesday, NASA announced it will send a spacecraft to the surface of Titan , Saturn’s largest moon and one of the leading candidates for finding extraterrestrial microbial life in our solar system.
The Planetary Society pressed on and a decade later launched the LightSail 1 into low Earth orbit. In 2010, the Japanese space agency launched IKAROS , which used solar sailing as its only form of propulsion on a mission to Venus and demonstrated that the technology actually worked for the first time.
At one point there was talk of a rocket called Nova that would have had eight of the beasts on its first stage and might have launched a spacecraft heavy enough to land on the moon and then come back.
During a series of engine tests of SpaceX's Dragon spacecraft this past Saturday, the vehicle experienced what the company has characterized as an "anomaly."
For Rey jumping over (I assume she makes it) a TIE fighter, I'm just going to look at her vertical motion. There is some type of TIE fighter zooming toward Rey. You would think her goal is to jump over the spacecraft, but who really knows.
A Space Act Agreement signed in 2018 shows that the aerospace company wants to include a handful of the Shuttle’s smaller orbital maneuvering engines in a secret Department of Defense project.
The Beresheet lander is a joint venture between Israeli nonprofit SpaceIL —one of the participants in the Google Lunar X Prize, which challenged private companies to land spacecraft on the moon without government funds—and Israel Aerospace Industries, the country's largest aerospace and defense company.
NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and its HiRISE camera capture the surface of the planet in unprecedented detail, and that includes dunes like the ones seen here. Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, stars, and galaxies aren’t even the half of it.
Is it possible that ‘Oumuamua, the nominally cigar-shaped, somewhat mysterious visitor that a Hawaiian telescope spotted leaving our solar system in 2017, might be neither comet nor asteroid but an alien spacecraft?
The first question is easy—a gravity assist (also called a gravity slingshot) is a space maneuver in which a spacecraft gets a speed boost by moving past a planet.
Although Dawn is done, it will remain in a stable orbit around Ceres for the next 50 years or so to protect the surface from any potential contaminants left on the spacecraft from Earth.InSight landed on the dusty, rocky surface of Mars on November 26, and moments after touching down, it took this photo of the ground.


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Tuesday Knight has devoted a large portion of her film and television career to Wes Craven’s Nightmare on Elm Street series. She was a supporting character in A Nightmare on Elm Street 4: The Dream Master (1988), and was featured in New Nightmare (1994) and all encompassing documentary Never Sleep Again: The Elm Street Legacy (2010). Hell, she even appeared in the rap video ‘Fat Boys: Are You Ready for Freddy’ in 1988. When she’s not popping up in film and media of all kinds, Knight can be found making a living as a rock singer… and she’s actually quite good at it!
I just listened to samples of her latest album, Uncovered, and I have to say it’s full of rebellious anthems, powerful vocals, and grungy fun. There’s even a little bit of country in there, too. Uncovered is Tuesday Knight’s sixth studio album and it saw release on Friday, September 29th 2017, through 616347 Records and Knight and Day Records. You can listen to the same samples at the links below, right before you download her new album and help blaze it up the rock charts! Purchase Uncovered on Amazon (here) or on iTunes (here), and check for it on all other streaming services.


Morakniv Wood Splitting 220 Knife with Carbon Steel Blade, 4.5-Inch
Mega Sale! Save 26% on the Morakniv Wood Splitting 220 Knife with Carbon Steel Blade, 4.5-Inch by Morakniv at Smart Survival Supply. MPN: 11729. Hurry! Limited time offer. Offer valid only while supplies last. Morakniv knives, manufactured in Mora, Sweden for over a century, have been proven reliable by generations of carpenters and wood carvers. The
Morakniv knives, manufactured in Mora, Sweden for over a century, have been proven reliable by generations of carpenters and wood carvers. The Morakniv 220 is a classic wood-splitting knife with a 4.5-inch carbon steel blade and oiled birch wood handles.
Features & Highlights
- Wood splitting knife with carbon steel blade
- Oiled birch wood handles
- Limited lifetime manufacturer's warranty.
- Blade Thickness: 0.10" (2.5 mm), Blade Length: 4.5" (114 mm), Total Length: 14.5" (368 mm), Weight: 5.4 oz. (154g)
|Item Weight:||0.003 pounds|
|Item Size:||1.25 x 1.25 x 1.25 inches|
|Package Weight:||0.22 pounds|
|Package Size:||1.5 x 0.39 x 0.39 inches|
Have questions about this item, or would like to inquire about a custom or bulk order?
If you have any questions about this product by Morakniv, contact us by completing and submitting the form below. If you are looking for a specif part number, please include it with your message.
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eCapital increased its syndicated bank facility supporting its eCapital Asset-Based Lending division, including eCapital Healthcare. Wells Fargo acted as the administrative agent for the facility while serving as joint lead arranger and joint book runner with Regions Bank. The facility increase brings eCapital’s total bank facility commitments to more than $1.2 billion.
“We are well capitalized and committed to providing flexible and personalized financing solutions to our rapidly growing client base,” Marius Silvasan, CEO of eCapital, said. “With this increase in facility size, we are well positioned to help even more companies via our breakthrough technology solutions that equip SMB’s the ability to access better, faster access to the capital they require to grow and thrive in any market condition.”


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The simultaneous expression of costly immune effectors such as multiple antimicrobial peptides is a hallmark of innate immunity of multicellular organisms, yet the adaptive advantage remains unresolved. Here, we test current hypotheses on the evolution of such defence cocktails. We use RNAi gene knock-down to explore, the effects of three highly expressed antimicrobial peptides, displaying different degrees of activity in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus, during an infection in the beetle Tenebrio molitor. We find that a defensin confers no survival benefit but reduces bacterial loads. A coleoptericin contributes to host survival without affecting bacterial loads. An attacin has no individual effect. Simultaneous knock-down of the defensin with the other AMPs results in increased mortality and elevated bacterial loads. Contrary to common expectations, the effects on host survival and bacterial load can be independent. The expression of multiple AMPs increases host survival and contributes to the control of persisting infections and tolerance. This is an emerging property that explains the adaptive benefit of defence cocktails.
|Date made available
|25 Jul 2017

domain: biology


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"A one-handed wonder that's perfectly proportioned and easier to eat than a regular cheeseburger." – Chef John
These top-rated recipes are sure to be a hit with your team. Even on those Casey-at-the-Bat days.
"Very easy for my first attempt at making or even using fondant! I cut out shapes to decorate cupcakes." – emi768
"Great great great. From now on this is gonna be my summer chiller!" – mr_meg

domain: hobby