The unbeatable Ronda Rousey went down to defeat on Saturday night in UFC 193 at the hands of Holly Holm, a relative unknown who was a 14-1 underdog. There were immediate comparisons to Buster Douglas knocking out Mike Tyson in February of 1990, which is considered by most the biggest upset ever in boxing history.
Few fights have gotten the attention of Douglas – Tyson and now Rousey – Holm, but there have been many historic upsets in the fight game, both boxing, and MMA.
Leaving out the Rousey vs. Holm and Douglas vs. Tyson fights, here’s an AXS Six-pack of the six “other” epic upsets in fighting history:
6. Frankie Randall defeats Julio Cesar Chavez, January 29, 1994. Chavez what undefeated in 90 professional fights. He was an overwhelming 18-1 favorite against Randall, largely because the challenger was even older and seen as being past his prime. Randall came out strong and won the early rounds. Chavez made a comeback, and the fight was close when Randall knocked the champion down in the 11th round – marking the first time in his career Chavez had been floored. Randall won a controversial split decision.
5. Muhammad Ali defeats George Foreman, October 30, 1974. Still a controversial figure after his early career success, conversion to Islam and disputes involving the Vietnam War draft, Ali was a heavy underdog against the “knockout machine” Foreman. Ali’s rival Joe Frazier had been beaten severely by Foreman, the undisputed heavyweight champion. Most though the same fate – or worse – awaited Ali.
However, during the fight that gave us our first look at the “rope-a-dope” strategy, Ali let Foreman punch himself out in the early and middle rounds. As a crowd of 60,000 watched in Zaire, Ali ultimately went on the offensive and scored an 8th round knockout to regain the heavyweight championship belt.
4. T.J. Dillashaw defeats Renan Barao, May 24, 2014. Barao was considered unbeatable leading up to UFC 173. He had not lost a fight in nine years – 33 straight fights – with his lone defeat coming in his first professional fight when he was 18 years old. With number one ranked contender Raphael Assuncao injured and unable to make the scheduled bout with Barao, Dillashaw was chosen as a replacement. Barao was a conservative 9-1 favorite going in, and no one thought he had a chance. But Dillashaw came out on the offensive, rocking the champion early and completing the dominating performance with a sixth round TKO.
3. Rashad Evans defeats Chuck Liddell, September 6, 2008. We are used to seeing Liddell toss around Rhino’s and cars on TV, but back in his day he was a monumental figure in UFC and a great champion. Meanwhile, Evans was the winner of “The Ultimate Fighter 2” the reality TV series and followed the familiar path up the ladder on his way to a championship shot. After postponements and some rescheduling, Evans got his chance to face Liddell in UFC 88. While training for the fight, Evans overhauled his fighting style in secret, and when they got into the ring, he overwhelmed Liddell. Midway through the second round, Evans hit Liddell with a right hand and knocked him unconscious, causing the former champion to release his bowels in the process. It was awarded knockout of the year for 2008. Evans would go on to win the Light Heavyweight title later that year.
2. Cassius Clay defeats Sonny Liston, February 25, 1964. The fight that launched the career of Clay – who later changed his name to Muhammad Ali. The flashy Olympic gold medalist wasn’t given much of a chance to beat the powerful heavyweight champion, going in an 8-1 underdog. Liston was coming off a pair of first round knockouts over former champion Floyd Patterson. He was considered by some at that point in his career one of the greatest heavyweights ever.
Clay came out swinging and moving quickly, not allowing the champion to land solid blows. In the middle rounds, Clay began to score more and more with punches to the face and body. The champion tired. Liston stayed on his stool and failed to answer the bell for the seventh round. Clay was declared the winner by TKO. It was the first time since 1919 that a World Heavyweight Champion had quit sitting on his stool. After changing his name, Ali won the rematch in a controversial first-round knockout a year later.
1. Matt Serra defeats Georges St-Pierre April 7, 2007. Serra was an unknown – a nondescript fighter who had won the right to meet St-Pierre by winning Season 4 of “the Ultimate Fighter” reality TV show. His chances of defeating the legendary St-Pierre were considered so remote he was an 11-1 underdog. Instead, he pounded the champion into submission. This was a real life “Rocky.” Serra dominated the fight early and won the UFC Welterweight title by TKO via punches at 3:25 of the first round. The bout was dubbed “the Upset of the Decade.” Serra would later lose a rematch with the UFC legend.
After winning the first fight, Serra uttered the following epic quote: “Joe, I’m really hungry, man,” he said to UFC color commentator Joe Rogan in the Octagon. “I was wondering if you and [UFC President] Dana [White] had some humble pie in the back?”


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city of the Province by this name, and is also the second largest city in the Isaan (Northeast) region of Thailand. ) ist ein Land in Südostasien mit einer Fläche von 513.115 km und 64,46 Mio. Die Hauptstadt des Landes ist Bangkok. Best, thai, culture Stock Videos and Royalty-Free Footage The, thai, national Anthem (Thai: written by Luang Saranupraphan during the patriotic 1930s, refers to the Thai nation as prathet Thai (Thai: ). The first line of the national anthem is: prathet thai ruam lueat. Today, the city is known.
Erotiska tjänster massage växjö16 With a high level of human development, the second-largest economy in Southeast Asia, and the 20th-largest by PPP, Thailand is classified as a newly industrialized economy ; manufacturing, agriculture, and tourism are leading sectors of the economy. "Statistics of Administrative Divisions, Provincial Affairs Bureau". 58 :22006, Thailand had a two-party system. During Sukhothai Kingdom, the king was seen as a Dharmaraja or 'king who rules in accordance with Dharma '. Retrieved 17 February 2019. Bangkok has a reputation overseas as a major destination in the sex industry. 36 :4656 After the war ended in 1945, Thailand signed formal agreements to end the state of war with the Allies. In contrast to the administrative divisions of the Provinces of Thailand, Thailand is a Unitary state, the provincial Governors, district chiefs, and district clerks are appointed by the central government. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 137 Although this discrepancy has since largely abated, tens of thousands of students still compete for places in Bangkok's leading schools.
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domain: geography


As mass timber increases in popularity, a plethora of new products are emerging. Mass timber products are wood based products that can withstand and hold large loads for long durations of time. These products have allowed for larger buildings, made mainly of wood, to be erected with multiple stories, due to their enhanced mechanical properties. One such new product is Mass Plywood Panels (MPP). MPP is a veneer-based engineered wood product, which is a massive, large scale, structural composite lumber based panel designed to be used in building applications as both vertical and horizontal element. MPP is an alternative to Cross Laminated Timber (CLT). This product is produced by using different veneer layups assorted into the most efficient orientations. Since it is a veneer based product, its properties can be optimized for intended end use. For any new product to be used in the industry with confidence a thorough investigation of its physical and mechanical properties are needed. MPP has undergone qualification according ANSI/APA PRG 320. This research looked at the potential use of different fasteners on MPP by going from small scale testing of single fasteners to a full scale testing of a wall to floor system.
Wednesday, October 17, 2018 at 11:00am
Richardson Hall, 107
3180 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331


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Sing along with Nella as she explains to the Hydra sisters why taking turns can be fun!
Nella’s world is full of color – watch it all come together from start to finish in this 1,2,3 Color!
The kingdom is taken over by sleepy dragons who have been forced out of their home by a monster.
When Nella and her team are losing the Gobletball game, Queen mom tells her the secret to winning: teamwork!
Nella and Garrett have to work together and come up with an idea for the Royal Science Expo!
Witness Trinket perform the spectular skating trick - the Triple-flipple-tutti-fruiti-backwards-sow-cow-flip!
It's a cake-tastrophe! Trinket must stop the dragons from throwing cakes at each other!
Nella and her friends are on their way to Minatori's house when their map breaks in two!
It's Garrett's first overnight camping trip! Will he be able to earn his first Knight Trekker badge?
Nella and Trinket are excited to prepare their float for the parade together! They stick together just like glue!
Nella and Trinket are happy to prepare their float for the parade together, like best friends do, but Trink seems to be coming down with a cold. Can these two friends save their float when it starts to roll away?!
When Trinket needs to get past a canyon on Mount Move-a-Lot, Nella comes up with a briliant idea!
Check out this craft to make Nella's knight sword, and become the hero of your own story!
Adventure is calling this princess knight! Check out these great adventures with Nella!
Nella and Sir Garrett visit their friends in the forest in this watercolor masterpiece! Check it out!

domain: entertainment


text:
Jeff Bezos, chief executive officer of Amazon.com Inc., introduces the Kindle Fire HD tablets at a news conference in Santa Monica, California, U.S., on Thursday, Sept. 6, 2012. Amazon.com Inc. is updating its line of Kindle e-readers and tablets in a bid to stoke consumer demand as Google Inc. and Microsoft Corp. join the crowded market of machines challenging Apple Inc.?s iPad. Photographer: Patrick Fallon/Bloomberg via Getty Images
Amazon may be planning for a major expansion in Israel, with a big part of its resources going to Annapurna Labs, the secretive Israeli chip making startup it bought for $350 million in 2015, according to Haaretz’s Eliran Rubin.
The report says the expansion includes a new 32,000 square foot (3,000 square meter) R&D facility that would have about 800 employees within the next two years. Annapurna Labs, which employees about 200 people now, will be the “basis” for Amazon’s upgrade plan in Israel, it says.

domain: news


text:
Diary for Tuesday, September 17, 1940:
Large formations of Me 109Es carry out sweeps over Kent. Germans lose 8 aircraft; RAF, 5 fighters. Night raiders (total 268) destroy 3 large dept.stores in Oxford Street, London. One Ju 88 shot down. Glasgow bombed – factories hit and cruiser Sussex badly damaged on the Clyde.
RAF night raids on Channel ports: 26 invasion barges and 500-t ammunition dump destroyed at Dunkirk.
HITLER ORDERS INDEFINITE POSTPONEMENT OF OPERATION SEA LION – the proposed invasion of England.
German disguised raider Atlantis sinks Free French liner Commissaire Ramel (10,000 t) in Indian Ocean.
City of Benares Affair: U-boat U-48 sinks liner carrying 102 children to Canada under the CORB scheme (Children’s Overseas Reception Board). 77 children and 248 crew dead. Activities of CORB suspended October 2.

domain: history


Where are absorption columns used?
An Absorption Tower is a long vertical column used in oil refineries and natural gas processing stations to absorb impurities from gas streams. The primary purpose of the equipment is to scrub the gas stream and remove impurities by trapping the components of the rising gas with a falling liquid.
What is use of gas absorption column?
The objective of a gas absorption column is to control the effluent partial pressure of contaminant. A liquid solvent flows counter-current to the gas stream to remove the contaminant through convective mass transfer.
What are the application of absorption?
Nowadays, membrane gas absorption is used in industrial wastewater treatment, CO2 absorption from greenhouse gases, treatment of flue-gas and off-gas streams, which contain SO2, H2S, NH3 or HCl, upgrading and desulphurization of biogas from anaerobic digesters and landfills and acid gas removal of natural gas and …
Why is gas absorption used?
Gas-liquid absorption is a unit process to separate a specific gas from the gas mixture by using an appropriate solvent. Absorption is usually used to reduce impurities to enhance process efficiency, eliminating toxic gaseous from a gas mixture, etc. .
How does a stripping column work?
Air stripping columns are most widely used for the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from water. By forcing air through contaminated water, the VOCs are evaporated from the water and the air passing through the column absorbs the contaminated vapor.
What is gas adsorption?
The gas adsorption method is a common method to measure the specific surface area and pore size distribution of materials. The principle is based on the absorption characteristic of gas on solid surfaces. This is the basis of measuring specific surface area by nitrogen adsorption method.
What is gas absorption column?
The gas absorption column is a scale unit designed to study hydrodynamic and absorption processes in packed columns. This system absorbs ammonia or CO2 from a mixture with air in a watery solution that flowing down the column.
What are the important applications of adsorption?
Applications of Adsorption
- 1) Air pollution masks:
- 2) Separation of noble gases by Dewar’s flask process:
- 3) Purification of water:
- 4) Removal of moisture and humidity:
- 5) Adsorption chromatography:
- 6) Ion exchange method:
- 7) In metallurgy:
How is adsorption used in industry?
Adsorption is present in many natural, physical, biological and chemical systems and is widely used in industrial applications such as heterogeneous catalysts, activated charcoal, capturing and using waste heat to provide cold water for air conditioning and other process requirements (adsorption chillers), synthetic …
What is absorption example?
Absorption is defined as the process when one thing becomes part of another thing, or the process of something soaking, either literally or figuratively. An example of absorption is soaking up spilled milk with a paper towel. A paper towel takes up water, and water takes up carbon dioxide, by absorption.
Why is stripping column used?
Stripping columns are used to remove volatiles from water such as volatile hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, toluene and xylene), volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons (e.g., per and tri) from water. The volatile components move from the water phase to the air phase.
When would a stripping column be used?
Steam stripping columns are most widely used in the recovery of solvents and solutes, and also in the removal of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from water. Steam stripping for wastewater purification is a distillation process where over 99% of VOCs are removed from water.
How tall does a column need to be for gas absorption?
•It requires an infinitely tall column to produce liquid and gas streams at equilibrium Separationprocesses.com. 2021. Co-Current Gas Absorption.
How are gas and liquid passed through an absorption column?
Absorption columns. Gas and liquid are passed through the tube in countercurrent flow. Before the gas leaves at the top of the column, entrained scrubbing liquid drops are retained by adequate droplet separators. The column is usually placed on a container, which contains the scrubbing liquor. All waste water is let out through an overflow
How are liquid drops retained in absorption columns?
Vertically standing tube with gas inlet from below and radially washing liquid feed from the top over the entire cross-section of the pipe. Gas and liquid are passed through the tube in countercurrent flow. Before the gas leaves at the top of the column, entrained scrubbing liquid drops are retained by adequate droplet separators.
Why are counter flow columns important for absorption?
The counter-flow arrangement results in a maximum exploitation of the concentration difference between exhaust gas and scrubbing fluid which is an important motive factor for absorption. The maximum cleaning effect is achieved as a factor of the column height. The naming of the column type depends on the kind of column internals.


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Scientific Lectures //
Incorporating Spatial Frequency Patterns in fMRI Analysis: Multidimensional Spectral Approach…....
Robyn Miller, Ph.D.- Research Scientist at the Mind Research Network
Presented: August 25, 2015
ABSTRACT: A great deal of clinical fMRI research focuses on the temporal behavior of gray matter regions (ROIs) or distributed networks whose roles in brain function are somewhat well understood. The work I will report here addresses a deep question about activated brain space in resting fMRI that is rarely investigate directly: Are the broad spatiotemporal organizing principles of brains in certain populations distinguishable from those of others? To date, very little work in the fMRI community has been explicitly aimed at capturing features of whole brain spatiotemporal activation that might characterize complex psychiatric conditions, aging processes or gender—among other variables of potential interest to researchers. In this talk I will discuss a canonical, transparent technique for investigating the role in overall brain activation of spatially scaled periodic patterns with given temporal recurrence rates. Recent analyses employing this technique have revealed striking differences in the spatiotemporal organization of brain activity associated with diagnosed schizophrenia, as well as with gender, age and even cerebral hemisphere. To the best of our knowledge, these results constitute the first demonstrations that a 4D frequency domain analysis of full volume fMRI data can expose clinically or demographically relevant differences in resting-state brain function.

domain: psychology


text:
No specific order. They're all just gorgeous!
Jensen Ross Ackles, better known as simply Jensen Ackles, was born on March 1, 1978, in Dallas, Texas, to Donna Joan (Shaffer) and actor Alan Ackles
. He has English, German, and Scottish ancestry. Jensen grew up in Richardson, Texas, together with his older brother, Joshua, and a younger sister...
Jared Padalecki was born in San Antonio, Texas, to Sherri (Kammer), a teacher of English, and Gerald Padalecki, a tax accountant. He is of Polish (father) and German, English, Scottish, and French (mother) descent. Jared started to take acting lessons when he was 12. Then, he won the "Claim to Fame" Contest in 1999 and got to appear on the Teen Choice awards...
David Anders Holt, known professionally as David Anders, is an American television and stage actor. He is best known for his roles as Julian Sark on Alias, as Adam Monroe on Heroes, as John Gilbert in the TV series The Vampire Diaries, Dr. Whale on ABC's Once Upon a Time, and as Blaine "DeBeers" McDonough on iZombie...
It took a summer of acting in a children's theater group to convince Matthew Morrison that he wanted to become an actor. He auditioned and attended Orange County High School of the Arts, and followed that with NYU's Tisch School of the Arts, although he didn't enjoy his college foray. Despite a regulation that students couldn't audition in the first two years at NYU...
Samuel Henry John Worthington was born August 2, 1976 in Surrey, England. His parents, Jeanne (Martyn) and Ronald Worthington, a power planet employee, moved the family to Australia when he was six months old, and raised him and his sister Lucinda in Warnbro, a suburb of Perth, Western Australia. Worthington...
Eric Bana was born Eric Banadinovic on August 9, 1968, in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. He is the younger of two brothers. His father, named Ivan Banadinovic, came from Zagreb, Croatia, and worked as a manager for Caterpillar Inc. His mother, named Eleanor Banadinovic, came from a German family and was a hairdresser...
Mark Ruffalo was born in Kenosha, Wisconsin, to Marie Rose (Hebert), a stylist and hairdresser, and Frank Lawrence Ruffalo, a construction painter. His father's ancestry is Italian, and his mother is of half French-Canadian and half Italian descent. Mark moved with his family to Virginia Beach, Virginia...
Actor and musician Bruce Willis is well known for playing wisecracking or hard-edged characters, often in spectacular action films. Collectively, he has appeared in films that have grossed in excess of $2.5 billion USD, placing him in the top ten stars in terms of box office receipts. Walter Bruce Willis was born on March 19...
Few actors in the world have had a career quite as diverse as Leonardo DiCaprio's. DiCaprio has gone from relatively humble beginnings, as a supporting cast member of the sitcom Growing Pains
and low budget horror movies, such as Critters 3
, to a major teenage heartthrob in the 1990s, as the hunky lead actor in movies such as Romeo + Juliet
Shane West was born Shannon Bruce Snaith in 1978 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, the son of Leah (Launey), a lawyer, and Don Snaith, a drugstore owner. Shane began to pursue an acting career at the age of fifteen, gaining bit parts on various television shows, but it was not until 1999 when West appeared in ABC's Once and Again
that he got his major breakthrough...
Shia Saide LaBeouf was born in Los Angeles, California, to Shayna (Saide) and Jeffrey Craig LaBeouf, and is an only child. His mother is from an Ashkenazi Jewish family, while his father has Cajun (French) ancestry. His parents are divorced. He started his career by doing stand-up comedy around places in his neighborhood...
Ryan Rodney Reynolds was born on October 23, 1976 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, the youngest of four children. His father, James Chester Reynolds, was a food wholesaler, and his mother, Tammy, worked as a retail-store saleswoman. Between 1991-93, Ryan appeared in Fifteen
, a Nickleodeon series taped in Florida with many other Canadian actors...
Michael Vartan was born on 27th November 1968 in France, an only child. Michael's father, Eddie Vartan
, was a French musician, whose ancestry was Armenian and Bulgarian on one side, and Hungarian Jewish on the other. Michael's mother, Doris Vartan
(née Pucher), is a Polish Jewish immigrant to the United States...
Known for his breakthrough starring role on Freaks and Geeks
, James Franco was born in Palo Alto, California on April 19, 1978. His mother, Betsy Franco
, is Jewish, and his father, Douglas Eugene "Doug" Franco, was of Portuguese and Swedish descent, and ran a Silicon Valley business. James's mother, a writer, has occasionally acted...
Joshua David Duhamel was born in Minot, North Dakota. His mother, Bonny L., is a retired high school teacher and the current Executive Director of Minot's Downtown Business & Profession Association, and his father, Larry Duhamel, is an advertisement salesman. Josh has three younger sisters: Ashlee, McKenzee and Kassidy...
Bradley Charles Cooper was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His mother, Gloria (Campano), is of Italian descent, and worked for a local NBC station. His father, Charles John "Charlie" Cooper, who was of Irish descent, was a stockbroker. He has a sister, Holly. Immediately after Bradley graduated from the Honors English program at Georgetown University in 1997...
Dwayne Douglas Johnson, also known as The Rock, was born on May 2, 1972 in Hayward, California, to Ata Johnson
(born Feagaimaleata Fitisemanu Maivia) and Canadian-born professional wrestler Rocky Johnson
(born Wayde Douglas Bowles). His father is black (of Black Nova Scotian descent), and his mother is of Samoan background (her own father was Peter Fanene Maivia
Jeffrey Dean Morgan
Jeffrey Dean Morgan endeared himself to audiences with his recurring role on ABC's smash hit series, Grey's Anatomy
. His dramatic arc as heart patient "Denny Duquette", who wins the heart of intern "Izzie Stevens" (Katherine Heigl
) in a star-crossed romance, made him a universal fan favorite. He also had recurring roles on The CW and Warner Bros...
Johnny Depp is perhaps one of the most versatile actors of his day and age in Hollywood. He was born John Christopher Depp II in Owensboro, Kentucky, on June 9, 1963, to Betty Sue (Wells), who worked as a waitress, and John Christopher Depp, a civil engineer. Depp was raised in Florida. He dropped out of school when he was 15...
Gerard James Butler was born in Paisley, Scotland, to Margaret and Edward Butler, a bookmaker. His family is of Irish origin. Gerard spent some of his very early childhood in Montreal, Quebec, but was mostly raised, along with his older brother and sister, in his hometown of Paisley. His parents divorced when he was a child...
Misha Collins is an American actor best known for his role as the angel Castiel on the TV series Supernatural (2005). He has had recurring roles on ER and 24, and has guest-starred on NCIS, Nip/Tuck, NYPD Blue, CSI, CSI:NY, Monk and Charmed. On the big screen, Misha is most known for his role in a film called "Karla" about a real life serial killer named Paul Bernardo...
Cam graduated from Auburn High School in Auburn, Washington in 2001. His family lives in Lake Tapps, WA. His father's name is Jay, mother's name is Kim and he has one older sister, Kelsie. His father is one of the founders of a popular restaurant chain called The Rock, Wood Fired Pizza & Spirits. Cam resides in West Hollywood, California.
Jim was born in London, the son of Jane O. (Martin) and Peter J. S. Sturgess. He was raised in Surrey. First and foremost his interest was music. However, he began to develop a secret passion for acting, at age 8, when he auditioned for local theatre to get out of class. Whilst music appeared cool, he felt being in school plays wasn't...
Monroe Jackson Rathbone V was born December 14, 1984 on a beautiful island in Singapore, to American parents Randee Lynn (Brauner) and Monroe Jackson Rathbone IV, who worked for Mobil Oil. His great-grandfather was a chairman of Standard Oil of New Jersey, and his ancestry includes English, German, and French...
Milo Ventimiglia is an American actor. He was born in Anaheim, California, to Carol (Wilson) and Peter Ventimiglia. His father is of Italian/Sicilian descent, and his mother has English and Scottish ancestry. First coming of notice playing the reckless and too smart for his own good 'Jess' on WB's "Gilmore Girls"...
Ben McKenzie was born Benjamin McKenzie Schenkkan in Austin, Texas on September 12, 1978, to Mary Frances (Victory), a poet, and Pieter Meade Schenkkan, an attorney. His uncle is playwright Robert Schenkkan
. Ben is of Dutch Jewish (from his paternal grandfather), English, and Scottish descent. He attended Austin High School...
Adam Jared Brody was born and raised in San Diego, California, the son of Valerie (Siefman), a graphic artist, and Mark Brody, a lawyer. His parents, both originally from Michigan, are both from Jewish families (from Russia and Poland). Adam spent a lot of his teen years hanging out with his friends...
Born in Roseau, Minnesota, Garrett John Hedlund is the son of Kristi Anne (Yanish) and Robert Martin Hedlund. He has two older siblings, Nathaniel and Amanda. His father is of Swedish descent and his mother is of German and Norwegian ancestry. Garrett spent his early years growing up on a farm in a small town...
David was born in Buffalo, New York and grew up in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He is the son of Patti, a travel agent, and weatherman Dave Roberts (Boreanaz). His father is of Italian descent and his mother is of half Slovak ancestry. At the age of seven he decide to be an actor, which eventually led him to study cinema and photography at Ithaca College in New York...
Heath Ledger work comprised nineteen films, including 10 Things I Hate About You
, The Patriot
, A Knight's Tale
, Monster's Ball
, Ned Kelly
, The Brothers Grimm
, Lords of Dogtown
, Brokeback Mountain
, I'm Not There.
, The Dark Knight
and The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus
. He also produced and directed music videos and aspired to be a film director...
Jeremy Lee Renner was born in Modesto, California, the son of Valerie (Tague) and Lee Renner, who managed a bowling alley. After a tumultuous yet happy childhood with his four younger siblings, Renner graduated from Beyer High School and attended Modesto Junior College. He explored several areas of study...
Joseph Leonard Gordon-Levitt was born February 17, 1981 in Los Angeles, California, to Jane Gordon and Dennis Levitt. Joseph was raised in a Jewish family with his late older brother, Dan Gordon-Levitt
, who passed away in October 2010. His parents worked for the Pacifica Radio station KPFK-FM and his maternal grandfather...
Willard Carroll "Will" Smith, Jr. (born September 25, 1968) is an American actor, comedian, producer, rapper, and songwriter. He has enjoyed success in television, film, and music. In April 2007, Newsweek called him "the most powerful actor in Hollywood". Smith has been nominated for five Golden Globe Awards, two Academy Awards, and has won four Grammy Awards...
Taye Diggs was born in Newark, New Jersey, and was raised in Rochester, New York. He is the son of Marcia (Berry), a teacher and actress, and Andre Young, a visual artist. When he was a child, his mother married Jeffries Diggs, whose surname Taye took. He received a BFA degree in musical theater from Syracuse University...
Christopher Ashton Kutcher was born on February 7, 1978 in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, to Diane (Finnegan), who was employed at Procter & Gamble, and Larry Kutcher, a factory worker. He has a fraternal twin brother, Michael, and a sister, Tausha. He is of Czech (father) and Irish, German, and Czech (mother) descent...
American actor Mark Wahlberg is one of a handful of respected entertainers who successfully made the transition from teen pop idol to respected actor. A Best Supporting Actor Oscar nominee for The Departed
who went on to receive positive critical reviews for his performance in The Fighter
, Wahlberg also is a solid comedy actor, proven by his starring role in Ted
Tyrese Darnell Gibson was born December 30, 1978 in Watts, Los Angeles, California, where he was raised. He is an R&B singer, songwriter, actor, author, television producer and model. He is well known for his actor role as Roman Pearce in the The Fast and Furious movie franchise. Other popular movies Tyrese has acted in are Death Race...
A likable, boyish-looking actor with thick eyebrows and a friendly smile, Justin Long is a native of Connecticut. He was born and raised in Fairfield, the second of three sons. His father, R. James Long, is a Professor of Philosophy at Fairfield University, and his mother, Wendy Lesniak
, is a former Broadway actress...
Topher Grace was born Christopher John Grace in New York City, New York, to Pat, a schoolmaster's assistant, and John Grace, an executive. He was raised in Darien, Connecticut. He attended boarding school in New Hampshire for two years, where he began his acting career in such musicals as "Joseph and...
Joshua Daniel Hartnett was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota, to Wendy Anne (Kronstedt) and Daniel Thomas Hartnett, a building manager. His father is of Irish and German descent, and his mother is of Swedish and Norwegian ancestry. Hartnett graduated from South High School in Minneapolis in June of 1996...
Alexander Richard Pettyfer was born in Hertfordshire and raised in Windsor. His mother, Lee (Robinson), is an interior designer. His father, Richard Pettyfer
, is a fellow actor. His parents divorced and Alex now has a younger half-brother, James, from his mother's re-marriage to a property developer, Michael Ireland. James is a junior tennis player...
Chad Michael Murray
Chad Michael Murray has showcased his brooding good looks and acting talent on television sets and silver screens for two decades. The 6-foot tall star, who resides in Wilmington, North Carolina, is known to audiences of One Tree Hill
, where he played the good son, Lucas Scott. The model-turned-actor has also serenaded Jamie Lee Curtis
with Britney Spears
' "Baby One More Time" in Freaky Friday
Orlando Jonathan Blanchard Bloom was born in Canterbury, Kent, England on January 13, 1977. His mother, Sonia Constance Josephine (Copeland), was born in Kolkata, India, to an English family then-resident there. The man he briefly knew as his father, Harry Bloom, was a legendary political activist who fought for civil rights in South Africa...
Daniel Craig, one of British theatre's most famous faces, who waited tables as a struggling teenage actor with the National Youth Theatre, went on to star as "James Bond" in Casino Royale
, Quantum of Solace
. He was born Daniel Wroughton Craig on March 2, 1968, at 41 Liverpool Road...
James Paul Marsden, or better known as just James Marsden, was born on September 18, 1973, in Stillwater, Oklahoma, to Kathleen (Scholz) and James Luther Marsden. His father, a distinguished Professor of Animal Sciences & Industry at Kansas State University, and his mother, a nutritionist, divorced when he was nine years old...
Robert Downey Jr.
Robert Downey Jr. has evolved into one of the most respected actors in Hollywood. With an amazing list of credits to his name, he has managed to stay new and fresh even after over four decades in the business. Downey was born April 4, 1965 in Manhattan, New York, the son of writer, director and filmographer Robert Downey Sr.
and actress Elsie Downey
(née Elsie Ann Ford)...
Steven Strait was born on March 23, 1986 in New York City, New York, the son of Jean (Viscione) and Richard Dyer Strait. He is of half English and half Italian descent. As a child, Steven grew up in Grenwich Village with his family. He attended Xavier High School and enrolled himself at the Stella Adler
Studio of Acting to pursue his dream as an actor...
Best known for his portrayal of troubled high school football star "Tim Riggins" on NBC's acclaimed television series, Friday Night Lights
, actor Taylor Kitsch has scored big with audiences and critics on both the big and small screens. Taylor Kitsch was born on April 8, 1981 in Kelowna, British Columbia...
Matthew Paige Damon was born on October 8, 1970, in Boston, Massachusetts, to Kent Damon
, a stockbroker, realtor and tax preparer, and Nancy Carlsson-Paige
, an early childhood education professor at Lesley University. Matt has an older brother named Kyle who is now a sculptor. His father is of English and Scottish descent...
Hugh was born in Oxford, England on June 11, 1959, to Patricia (Laidlaw) and William George Ranald Mundell "Ran" Laurie, a doctor, both of Scottish descent. He was educated at Eton and Cambridge. Son of an Olympic gold medalist in the sport, he rowed for the England youth team (1977) and for Cambridge (1980)...
Brian Austin Green
Brian Green was born on July 15th 1973 in Van Nuys, California to parents Joyce and George L. Green
. He has a brother Keith and sister Lorelei. Brian's father was a Country & Western artist and used to frequently take him along to gigs and soon got him interested in the world of music. His first full-time...
Joshua Carter Jackson was born in Vancouver, British Columbia. His Irish mother, Fiona Jackson
, is a casting director originally from Dublin. His American father, John Carter Jackson, is from Texas. Josh spent the first eight years of his life in California before returning to Canada. At the age of 11...
McAvoy was born on 21 April 1979 in Glasgow, Scotland, to Elizabeth (née Johnstone), a nurse, and James McAvoy senior, a bus driver. He was raised on a housing estate in Drumchapel, Glasgow by his maternal grandparents (James, a butcher, and Mary), after his parents divorced when James was 7. He went to St Thomas Aquinas Secondary in Jordanhill...
Originally from Wellington, New Zealand, Karl Urban now lives in Auckland. Born on June 7, 1972, he is the son of a leather-goods manufacturer (who had hoped that Karl would follow in his footsteps). His first acting role was when he was 8 -- he had a line on a television series. However, he did not act again until after high school...
John Felix Anthony Cena, better known as WWE superstar John Cena, was born on April 23, 1977 in West Newbury, Massachusetts, to Carol (Lupien) and John Cena. He is of Italian (father) and French-Canadian and English (mother) descent, and is the grandson of baseball player Tony Lupien. When he was in college...
Hayden Christensen was born April 19, 1981 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. His parents, Alie and David Christensen, are in the communications business. He is of Danish (father) and Swedish and Italian (mother) descent. Hayden grew up in Markham, Ontario, with siblings Kaylen, Hejsa, and Tove...
Hugh Michael Jackman is an Australian actor, singer, multi-instrumentalist, dancer and producer. Jackman has won international recognition for his roles in major films, notably as superhero, period, and romance characters. He is best known for his long-running role as Wolverine in the X-Men film series...
An actor and producer known as much for his versatility as he is for his handsome face, Golden Globe-winner Brad Pitt's most widely recognized role may be Tyler Durden in Fight Club
. However, his portrayals of Billy Beane in Moneyball
, and Rusty Ryan in the remake of Ocean's Eleven
and its sequels, also loom large in his filmography...
American actor and filmmaker Benjamin Géza Affleck-Boldt was born on August 15, 1972 in Berkeley, California, and was raised in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His mother, Chris Anne (née Boldt), is a school teacher, and his father, Timothy Byers Affleck, is a social worker; the two are divorced. Ben has a younger brother...
Patrick Dempsey has lived two charming but separate lives on film and television. From an exuberant, somewhat awkward charmer in college comedy films of the late 1980s and early 1990s, he has morphed spectacularly into a dreamy, wavy-haired television hunk of the new-age millennium and this seductive...
Christian Charles Philip Bale was born in Pembrokeshire, Wales, UK on January 30, 1974, to English parents Jennifer "Jenny" (James) and David Charles Howard Bale. His mother was a circus performer and his father, who was born in South Africa, was a commercial pilot. The family lived in different countries throughout Bale's childhood...

domain: celebrity


text:
- 17. September 2020 - Client News Olive Adds $106MM to Transform Healthcare Payments with AI Workforce More
- 3. September 2020 - Client News Purple Innovation, Inc. Announces New Five-Year, $100 Million Senior Secured Credit Facility More
- 1. September 2020 - Client News FireMon Secures $40 Million Debt Financing with Silicon Valley Bank More
- 1. September 2020 - Client News Selecta Biosciences Secures Up To $35 Million Debt Financing with Oxford Finance LLC and Silicon Valley Bank More
- 26. August 2020 - Client News Silicon Valley Bank and Investec Close $265M in Credit Facilities for Sunrun Inc. More
Now Let's Get Started
See how SVB makes next happen now for entrepreneurs like you.

domain: finance


text:
Arsene Wenger is eager to strengthen his options at the back ahead of the 2016-17 season and has identified the former Roma man as an ideal addition to his defensive line
Sunday, May 1, 2016
The Bavarians missed the opportunity to seal their domestic title at the weekend and now must rally from a losing position against the hardy Spaniards
Goals from Klose and Candreva ended Roberto Mancini's hopes of steering his team into the competition, and they will have to settle for the Europa league next season
The German forward opened the scoring in the opening stages and Antonio Candreva sealed three points for the Romans, while Murillo saw red on a nightmare day for the away team
Jeremy Menez's last-minute equaliser saved Rossoneri blushes in front of their own fans, but the trainer was pleased with the fightback against the strugglers
Reports suggest that all is not well inside the doctor's office at Santiago Bernabeu, but the club trust their healers while the coach believes the two stars could return
The Nerazzurri need a strong finish to the season to keep alive their dream of Champions League football, and a win in Rome is vital. Follow LIVE with Goal!
The player has missed Madrid's last three games through injury and hopes to make it back for City, but he believes the trainer has revitalised life at the club
Pep Guardiola's men are almost certain to lift a fourth straight title, and not even the Catalan's exit should slow down their control of the league, according to their rival
The Italian giants were assured of the Scudetto on Monday thanks to a defeat for closest rivals Napoli, but there was no sign of a hangover as they eased to victory
The struggling outfit seemed on course for three points but conceded twice in the closing 15 minutes to throw away two valuable points in their battle for survival
The teenage striker, who was recently given a new contract, tragically lost his life in the early hours of Sunday morning after a car accident, the club have announced
The attacker has said that "the cream rises to the top" and is absolutely sure he can lead the line for the Three Lions in France this summer
The 33-year-old was replaced by Marc-Andre ter Stegen during the win over Real Betis on Saturday but the club have refused to speculate on how long he might be out for
The attacker says that the "careless" nature of defending in La Liga makes it easy for the two forwards to dominate, while he targets the Ballon d'Or
Massimiliano Allegri's produce a solid display to extend their winning run in Serie A to ten matches thanks to goals from Hernanes and Simone Zaza.
Milan are fighting for the final European spot in Serie A, and are aiming to defeat opponents fighting against relegation - all the action is LIVE!
Midfielder Hernanes and attacker Simone Zaza were both on target as the Italian champions brushed their relegation-threatened visitors aside on Sunday afternoon
Winning the Scudetto came as no surprise to the Argentine star despite his side's poor form at the start of the campaign which saw them fell far behind
The Portuguese star has given Zinedine Zidane's side a boost ahead of the game at the Bernabeu on Wednesday as he steps up his recovery from a hamstring problem

domain: sports


Determining the shape of the universe using discrete sources
MetadataShow full item record
Suppose we have identified three clusters of galaxies as being topological copies of the same object. How does this information constrain the possible models for the shape of our universe? It is shown here that, if our universe has flat spatial sections, these multiple images can be accommodated within any of the six classes of compact orientable three-dimensional flat space forms. Moreover, the discovery of two more triples of multiple images in the neighbourhood of the first one would allow the determination of the topology of the universe, and in most cases the determination of its size.


Tag: AMD Ryzen 7 5800 series
Best Gaming Custom PC Build Setup on a budget
rehan rehan Blog December 28, 2022
Every gamer wants the best PC for gaming as lagging is a big worry for them while playing so Rehan Computers brings to you a high-performance Custom PC Build with some high-quality components. Here are some additional thoughts on the components that we have compiled for the best gaming PC. They are:- MSI Z69A DDR4: …
AMD Ryzen 7 5800 Series vs Intel Core I9-12900K – Which Is Better?
rehan rehan Blog April 15, 2022
AMD labeled the AMD Ryzen 7 5800 series the “world’s fastest gaming CPU” when it was first announced. The Intel Core i9-12900K CPU, on the other hand, is the current champion. Laptop shop in Ranchi, According to multiple reviews from various media publications, the Core i9-12900K has proven to be the fastest gaming CPU currently …
AMD Ryzen 7 5800 Series vs Intel Core I9-12900K – Which Is Better?Read More


text:
7000 - 5500 BCE
Mehrgarh I (aceramic Neolithic)
Early Food Producing Era 5500-3300
Mehrgarh II-VI (ceramic Neolithic)
Regionalisation Era 5500-2600
Harappan 1 (Ravi Phase)
Harappan 2 (Kot Diji Phase, Nausharo I, Mehrgarh VII) 2600-1900
Mature Harappan (Indus Valley Civilization)
Integration Era 2600-2450
Harappan 3A (Nausharo II)
Late Harappan (Cemetery H); Ochre Coloured Pottery
Localisation Era 1900-1700
Painted Gray Ware, Northern Black Polished Ware (Iron Age)
Indo-Gangetic TraditionThe Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilization (3300–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–1900 BCE) that was located in the western region of the Indian Subcontinent. Flourishing around the Indus River basin, the civilization[n 1] primarily centered along the Indus and the Punjab region, extending into the Ghaggar-Hakra River valley and the Ganges-Yamuna Doab, encompassing most of what is now Pakistan, the western states of modern-day India, as well as extending into southeastern Afghanistan, and the easternmost part of Balochistan, Iran.
The mature phase of this civilization is known as the Harappan Civilization, as the first of its cities to be unearthed was the one at Harappa, excavated in the 1920s in what was at the time the Punjab province of British India (now in Pakistan). Excavation of IVC sites have been ongoing since 1920, with important breakthroughs occurring as recently as 1999. Mohenjo-Daro, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is another well-known IVC archeological site.
The Harappan language is not directly attested and its affiliation is unknown, though Proto-Dravidian, Elamo-Dravidian, or (Para-)Munda relations have been posited by scholars such as Iravatham Mahadevan, Asko Parpola, F.B.J. Kuiper, and Michael Witzel. Contents
* 1 Discovery and excavation
* 2 Chronology
* 3 Geography
* 4 Early Harappan
* 5 Mature Harappan
o 5.1 Cities
o 5.2 Science
o 5.3 Arts and crafts
o 5.4 Trade and transportation
o 5.5 Subsistance
o 5.6 Writing or symbol system
o 5.7 Religion
* 6 Late Harappan
* 7 Legacy
* 8 Historical context and linguistic affiliation
* 9 Developments in July 2010
* 10 See also
* 11 Notes and references
* 12 Bibliography
* 13 External links
Discovery and excavation
The ruins of Harrappa were first described in 1842 by Charles Masson in his Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan, and the Punjab, where locals talked of an ancient city extending "thirteen cosses" (about 25 miles), but no archaeological interest would attach to this for nearly a century.
In 1856, British engineers John and William Brunton were laying the East Indian Railway Company line connecting the cities of Karachi and Lahore. John wrote: "I was much exercised in my mind how we were to get ballast for the line of the railway." They were told of an ancient ruined city near the lines, called Brahminabad. Visiting the city, he found it full of hard well-burnt bricks, and "convinced that there was a grand quarry for the ballast I wanted," the city of Brahminabad was reduced to ballast. A few months later, further north, John's brother William Brunton's "section of the line ran near another ruined city, bricks from which had already been used by villagers in the nearby village of Harappa at the same site. These bricks now provided ballast along 93 miles (150 km) of the railroad track running from Karachi to Lahore." Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro, with the Great Bath in the front.
In 1872–75 Alexander Cunningham published the first Harappan seal (with an erroneous identification as Brahmi letters). It was half a century later, in 1912,...
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text:
Simple ideas to inspire you to embrace your space with intention and endless possibility
By Anna Bailey
Tucked away above the Bailey Builds and Friends store is a quaint little getaway, known as The Makers Loft.
When we first bought the old Spanish revival inspired Texaco gas station on the corner of 58th and Grand, we were delighted in all the possibilities the small apartment above it held. The added space was an opportunity to expand our business by opening a cozy Airbnb, but we knew we had our work cut out for us. I am here to share 5 simple tips and tricks we learned along the way.
The original apartment had a wall that divided the dining and living room space from a small bedroom. While this might have made sense for longterm, apartment living, it left the place feeling boxed in. Our first design decision was to open up the space by taking down that wall, creating a more airy and inviting loft.
Breaking down walls is great when it’s an option, but sometimes small spaces are an inevitable part of our homes. Sometimes that small space might be an abrupt wall or an awkward corner. Whatever the case may be, these can often feel like challenging areas to decorate.
I love the adventure of creating the design elements of my work.
Throughout my process, whether working with my classic collections or my modern collections, I make a point of creating my art in an array of shapes and sizes. I also love to see how my designs are transformed depending on their size.
There is a place for the big, statement pieces filling up a focal wall. And there is equally a place for the grandeur of a statement piece in a small, thoughtful size or grouping, that acts as the beautiful harmony, adding depth and intrigue.
Many of my designs, inspired by the 1920’s art deco movement, are purposefully smaller in stature to help you cultivate an intentional atmosphere, with a splash of decadence. I think they’re the “bees knees” as a single accent, or absolutely striking grouped together.
When staring at that solitary wall, awkward corner, or small room, it can be hard to know where to begin. I get it! That’s why I thought I’d share with you 5 simple ideas to inspire you to embrace your space with intention and endless possibility.
5 Tips To Decorate A Small Space
1. Play Favorites
When starting with a bare space, it can often feel daunting to start the decor process. I find that I usually have a general look I’m going for. I might sketch the space out, or create a dream board of sorts, with elements or items I know I want to include.
Maybe there are items you are already working with that you know you want to have in that space. This is when you get to play favorites! If you’re starting from scratch, find one thing that you love. That item should make you feel happy when you look at it. If you can center your space around something that you love, you can use that item as the foundation to build on.
2. Create Contrast With Texture
One of the key components that draw the eye in visually is contrast.
Contrast can come in many forms and there is perfect representation of this in both nature and industrial form. One of the ways that contrast captures our attention is through texture.
One of the things I love about spending time on a trail is the contrast of my surroundings. The beautiful, rough texture of the trunk of an Oak tree in contrast to the smooth, delicate leaves that stretch out from its branches; Or the rocky banks of Lake Superior’s North Shore in contrast to the little wild flower springing up, both sharing space with the velvet-like water.
The contrast of material was an integral component of the Art Deco era and continues to be a key design element today. I love using the contrast of texture in my designs.
My modern designs utilize texture and movement through the dimensional use of layers and juxtaposition of the lines and arches I create.
3. Splash Some Color
One of the quickest and easiest ways to transform your space is through color.
The simple switch of pillows and a cozy throw can create an instant refresh to a living room or bedroom space. I find that I can gravitate towards different colors depending on the time of year or even through life stages and changes.
If a color speaks to you, embrace it! We can get caught up in color trends, but don’t fill your space with someone else’s favorite color. Let your personal response to colors guide you. Have you ever walked into a store and made a beeline to something because the color drew you in? That’s a good clue!
Disclosure: Some of the links below are affiliate links. This means that, at zero cost to you, I will earn an affiliate commission if you click through the link and finalize a purchase. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.
4. Better Together – Dynamic Grouping
Another way to create interest is through the dynamic use of grouping.
You can completely change the look of that awkward corner or lackluster wall through pairing items together.
There is no solid rule to how you go about pairing, but the general goal is to add interest, using it as a tool to create focal points. Think about your current spaces. Are you more apt to notice that small single item all alone, or do you find more visual interest when you have a group of items of different sizes arranged together?
I love the visual interest created by combining shapes, sizes, color, and texture. Diversity is beautiful. Rearrange the items until it feels right to you. If you are hanging items on the wall, there are several ways to get a feel for what you might like without committing to the nail holes.
Sometimes I’ll take my pieces and sketch their shapes out on paper to find the arrangement I like. Sometimes I’ll spread them out on the floor and get a feel that way. You can even use tape to tape out the general idea on your wall. This allows you to decide the spacing that you prefer.
5. Break The Rules
The things of the heart can get messy… and it can be beautiful!
Always remember that it’s your space! Sometimes you need to close the home decor magazines and websites and let you be you! Make a space that you feel at home in! After all, you are the one that will be living and thriving in it!
The convenient sizes of some of my smaller designs add flexibility to your small space. They are perfectly at home hung traditionally or grouped on a shelf, desk, or mantle. They are a great solution to that “something’s missing” situation.
You can also look at adding functional art in your small space – you can see what I am talking about here.
And, like a change of a throw or pillow, they can reinvent even the smallest of spaces. You can check out all of our pieces online and in our Bailey Builds and Friends store on Grand Avenue in Duluth, Minnesota.

domain: artistic


|Publication number||US5896088 A|
|Application number||US 08/840,745|
|Publication date||Apr 20, 1999|
|Filing date||Apr 16, 1997|
|Priority date||Apr 16, 1997|
|Publication number||08840745, 840745, US 5896088 A, US 5896088A, US-A-5896088, US5896088 A, US5896088A|
|Inventors||William K. Brooks, Jr.|
|Original Assignee||Southeastern Univ. Research Assn.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (19), Classifications (8), Legal Events (8)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention pertains to fire detection systems and more particularly to fire detection systems that are capable of detecting conditions that are indicative of imminent combustion.
2. Related Prior Art
Fire protection regulations in the United States focus on two basic issues, protection of people and protection of buildings. The fire protection industry, who helps form the regulations, also focuses on these two issues with the primary focus on protection of people. In the secondary issue of protecting buildings, the protection of the contents of the building has been traditionally secondary and not as high a priority as the building. It is assumed that the contents of the building are protected by conventional fire systems. Since the value of the contents of a building is usually much less than that of the building, fire insurance coverage is relied upon as the most cost effective way to deal with this problem.
In most situations the focus on building safety is appropriate. However, in some instances, building protection is not where emphasis should be placed. Exceptions to the building first type of focus include high tech facilities where a high concentration of extremely expensive equipment is located or where service interruption is highly undesirable, such as a key defense facility. In general, these facilities are unmanned and personnel protection is not a consideration. Although personnel protection is always the highest priority, in the listed exceptional situations the integrity and operation of the building contents become more important than the building. In addition, this type of equipment is often significantly more vulnerable to fire damage from even small sized fires.
A variety of approaches have been used to solve this problem, Incipient fire detection systems of varying levels of sophistication have been built by a number of facilities. The commercial VESDA (Very Early Smoke Detection Apparatus) system is an example of a smoke/aerosol based early warning system which is widely used. In a different approach, Fermi National Laboratory has designed and currently operates an early warning system based on an evolved gas signature in order to protect the CDF detector.
Incipient detection systems of this type are completely site specific. An analysis of the likely ignition scenarios and of the combustible fuels in a given location is performed first. When the most likely fuel is identified, a literature search is performed to try to determine what gasses are given off by this material when it is heated. Typically there are several gasses that are given off and detectors for these specific gases are obtained. The detectors are then either mounted in the area of interest or mounted at the output end of a gas sampling system which samples the areas of interest. Detection of these gases in coincidence triggers a fire alarm.
Prior art systems have several weaknesses, some of which are listed as follows.
Initially, the prior art systems are completely specific to one fuel. If a second source of fuel is present and heated or ignited, the system could be potentially blind to this fuel if the gases given off are different than the ones for which the system is designed. Upgrading the system to detect a new set of gases will increase the number of gas detectors required. In a sequential gas sampling system, this may affect the sampling time at each point depending on the time response of the new detectors. The overall cost of the revised system increases a new gas detectors are added and maintained.
Another weakness is that the transport efficiency of some gases through sampling systems, for example, HCl gas, is known to depend strongly on the sampling tube type and length. For a system with two different tube lengths the gas mixture from a given combustible may be quite different coming from one monitored area than from another.
The precise species and relative concentrations of gases given off and transported through the sampling system depends on the rate of heating and other environmental effects such as humidity.
An additional weakness is that for a given combustible, the available literature may not include all the gases evolved when the material is heated, particularly when it is heated at different rates. Little or no information on unusual combustibles may be available. Therefore, a crucial signature of a fire precursor may be designed out of a system from the start.
Another weakness exists in the entire method. The entire method is predicated on the early apprehension of gases above their ambient concentrations. The time constants for existing electrochemical gas detectors and detectors employing optical filters are typically greater than the gas transit time through long sampling tubes in practical systems. The detector response time is therefore the main delay in any system employing sequential sampling of mote than a few locations, and the overall system delay grows with the number of sampling points.
In prior art systems the overall fire protection system cannot easily be packaged into a commercial product. The system built at one site is not likely to be optimal or adaptable to a different site, unless the combustible inventory and the spatial layout of the two systems are nearly identical. Each individual system is basically a large scale research project.
Examples of prior art systems are illustrated in the following U.S. Patents, all of which have one or more the foregoing deficiencies.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,519,382, titled "Mobile Fire Detector System", issued to Tim E. Pope et al., relates to a mobile fire detecting system that detects fire conditions st their incipient stage prior to the presence of visible smoke. This system contains an air sampling fire detector mounted to a cart supported by wheels. A tubular network in communication with the air sampling detector has a manifold enclosed by a box with four sensing hoses releaseably connected to the lateral outlets of the manifold and a telescoping mast supporting the manifold to position it at selectable heights. Four sampling heads are connected to the other ends of the sensing hoses and are peripherally spaced equally so that the maximum area is sampled for air to detect fire conditions.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,475,222, titled "Ruggedized Gas Detector", issued to John D. King, relates to a gas detector having two or more perforated concentric cylinders and having a concentric screen inside the innermost cylinder. A pair of perforated tubes are positioned inside the perforated screen, and an infrared light source is placed adjacent one end of one of the tubes and an infrared sensor is placed adjacent the other tube. A pair of inclined mirrors are positioned adjacent the respective other ends of the two tubes, and an optical light path is created from the IR source through a first tube, reflected by the mirrors to a return optical path through the second tube and ultimately to the IR sensor.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,264,209, titled "Gas Detector", issued to Arthur E. Brewster, relates to an apparatus for illuminating a gas or gas mixture and filtering the output thereof alternately with two filters. One filter has a passband at an absorption band of a gas to be detected. The other filter has a passband outside the absorption band.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,341,214, titled "NDIR Gas Analysis Using Spectral Ratioing Technique", issued to Jacob Y. Wong, relates to an instrument for determining the concentration of a particular gas that might be present in a sample using a waveguiding structure to serve both as an optical element and as a sample chamber. As an optical element, the waveguiding structure collects radiation from a black body source located at the entrance end of the waveguiding structure and conducts the radiation through the waveguiding structure, concentrating it on two infrared detectors mounted at the opposite end of the waveguiding structure. As a sample chamber, the waveguiding structure causes the radiation to undergo multiple reflections that result in the average path length being substantially greater than the physical length of the waveguiding structure. Each of the detectors has its own optical filter, and baffling assures that each detector responds only to radiation which has passed through its filter. One filter defines a spectral passband that coincides with the infrared absorption band of the gas to be measured. The other filter defines a non-absorbing or neutral passband. The electrical signals produced by the detectors are processed to provide a ratio, the value of which is related to the concentration of the particular gas to be detected.
The present invention is intended to obviate several weaknesses in the prior art systems. The light absorption spectrum is measured as a function of wavelength for the gases given off by heated materials. Gas samples are taken from the areas of interest. The light absorption spectrum of the gas samples is also measured as a function of wavelength. The two measurements are compared to determine whether the wavelength fingerprint of the gases given off by heated materials is present in the light absorption spectrum of the gas samples. A Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscope is preferred as the device for measuring absorption spectrums. The technique used by the FTIR spectroscope measures infrared absorption of gases over a fairly wide range of wavelengths. The output can then be analyzed to determine what gases are present based on known absorption characteristics. The time constant of measurement is of the order of a few seconds or less. In a clean environment, the results of the measurement can be sensitive at the few hundred ppb level or better.
The operation of the present invention consists of interfacing a commercial FTIR spectroscope unit to a sequential sampling system connected to a variety of locations to be monitored. The system of the present invention is calibrated for each of the monitored areas. The calibration consists of heating samples of combustible materials located in each area and observing the wavelength spectrum measured by the FTIR unit. The heating may be performed at different rates and under different environmental conditions, such as varying humidity, and the results analyzed to determine the range of responses the system has to each combustible present under all conditions of interest. After calibration, the analysis of the gases drawn from each area monitored can look for the precise signature of the appropriate combustible. Measurable environmental variables can also be factored into the gas analysis, such as the humidity of the sample gas, which may affect transport rate of some gases.
FIG. 1 is an illustration depicting an incipient fire detection system using light absorption.
FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of an absorption spectrum for a group of gases.
FIG. 3 is an enlarged graphical representation of a portion of FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is a partial block diagram of an incipient fire detection system using an infrared gas detector during an initial sample gathering stage.
FIG. 5 is a partial block diagram of an incipient fire detection system using an infrared gas detector during a sample isolating stage.
FIG. 6 is a partial block diagram of an incipient fire detection system using an infrared gas detector during a sample analysis stage.
As indicated previously, present day incipient fire detection systems have several deficiencies. These known systems are completely specific to one fuel. Transport efficiency of some gases through sampling systems, for example, HCl gas, is known to depend strongly on the sampling tube type and length. The precise species and relative concentrations of gases given off and transported through the sampling system depends on the rate of heating and other environmental effects such as humidity. For a given combustible, the available literature may not include all the gases evolved when the material is heated, particularly when it is heated at different rates. The entire method of known systems is predicated on the early apprehension of gases above their ambient concentrations. The overall fire protection system cannot easily be packaged into a commercial product. The system built at one site is not likely to be optimal or adaptable to a different site, unless the combustible inventory and the spatial layout of the two systems are nearly identical. Each individual system is basically a large scale research project.
In its simplest form, the method and apparatus of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 1. An infrared light source 12 is used to generate an infrared light beam through an infrared transmitting chamber 14. In a preferred embodiment, chamber 14 is to have quartz windows for improved accuracy and avoidance of spurious readings due to other types of windows. Once the beam travels through chamber 14, it is passes through band pass filter 16 and is received by infrared light detector 18. In operation, chamber 14 contains an air sample of the room which is being monitored. This air sample is constantly being recycled to constantly monitor the air within the monitored area. The element of this system which provides specificity is band pass filter 16. In the following example, filter 16 is an optical device used in the isolation of carbon monoxide. Filter 16 filters out all the light except the light having a wavelength absorbed by carbon monoxide, which is a narrow wavelength range. If the filter is chosen so that only light which is absorbed by carbon monoxide is transmitted through the filter, then the output of infrared light detector 18 indicates the amount of carbon monoxide present. This embodiment makes use of wavelength specific light absorption to detect a pre-fire or fire condition.
For example, the gas for which the detector could be set is carbon monoxide. In an installation which contains items such as plastic cables, carbon monoxide is an appropriate choice. It is known that when most plastic cable jacketing gets hot, it emits carbon monoxide. When the jacket catches fire, it will continue to emit carbon monoxide. The normal atmospheric concentration of carbon monoxide is about one ppm. As the cable jacket becomes overheated in a somewhat enclosed area, the concentration of carbon monoxide in the air would rise above the normal atmospheric concentration. The detector can be set to sound an alarm when it detects a carbon monoxide concentration significantly greater than one part per million.
The present invention obviates all the foregoing problems by using a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscope as detector 18 to measure the light absorption spectrum of the samples and comparing the measured light absorption spectrum with known light absorption spectrum of gases given off by heated materials.
Basing an incipient fire detection system on the presence of carbon monoxide may prove unreliable and initiate false alarms under certain conditions. For example, in an area where gas operated vehicles operate routinely, carbon monoxide may be present in high enough quantities to trigger the alarm. A simple system based on the detection of carbon monoxide would continually produce false alarms. However, usually more than one kind of gas is given off by a specific heated combustible. Several systems similar to the one previously described could be used , where each separate system has a different type of band pass filter which selects wavenumbers corresponding to other gases. The presence of several gases in combination can be taken as a fingerprint foe a pre-fire or fire condition. The alarm can be sounded only if the specific combination of gases is seen in sufficient concentrations. The benefit of this approach is that the system can be calibrated to a given fuel, that is the incipient fire detection system can be made to be fuel specific.
FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating the wavenumbers of various wavelengths of light and the absorbance of several gases and water vapor at identified wavelengths. As can be seen, water vapor has a significant absorbance values from wavenumbers of about 1900 to about 1350. Essentially, no meaningful information can be obtained in the wavenumber range in an area where the humidity is very high. Fortunately, the most common indicators of incipient fires fall within the wavenumber range from about 2230 to about 2070 as illustrated in FIG. 3. It is in this range that absorption for carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide occur. These two gases are two of the most common gases emitted by present day man made materials when they burn.
Referring now to FIG. 4, an apparatus for incipient fire detection is illustrated in partial block form. Channel system 30 is illustrated as having channels 31-38 with their endpoints at various locations throughout an area to be monitored. Each channel 31-38 is connected to air pump 40 through valves 41-48, respectively. At a predetermined point, each valve 31-38 bifurcates and includes a passage 31D-38D, respectively, connected to manifold 50 through valves 51-58, respectively. Manifold 50 is connected to gas detector sample chamber 52 and to vacuum pump 54 through valve 56. Gas detector sample chamber 52 is connected to vacuum pump 54 through valve 58. In FIG. 4, the area connected to channel 33 is to be tested. Valves 43, 44, 45 and 46 are opened and gas samples are being drawn. At this time, valves 41, 42, 47 and 48 along with valves 51-58 are closed. Valve 56 is closed and valve 58 is open, allowing pump 54 to evacuate chamber 52.
In FIG. 5 a sample is being taken from channel 33. Valve 43 is closed and valve 53 is opened. Valve 58 is closed and valve 56 is opened. This allows the vacuum that has been drawn in sample chamber 52 to draw the gas sample from channel 33 to sample chamber 52 for analysis.
FIG. 6 illustrates the operation of the system while the gas sample from channel 33 is being analyzed. At this time, valve 53 is closed, valve 56 is closed and valve 47 is opened. This allows a gas sample to be drawn into channel 37 for further sampling. In this manner, as soon as the sample from channel 33 has been analyzed, a new ample from the next channel can be drawn into chamber 52 without a delay necessitated by the time required to draw the sample from the remote location of the next channel end.
There are several gas detector technologies which use a wavelength based approach to identifying the gas of interest. Non dispersive infrared gas detectors, for example, typically use a sample of the gas of interest itself as an optical filter. Noise rejection and stabilization against signal drift are important considerations in designing a practical device to look for low concentrations. Low concentrations can be defined as in the few parts per million range (ppm). The time required to sample the gas can be thirty to ninety seconds for off the shelf detectors with a one ppm minimum sensitivity. A more flexible approach is taken in the preferred embodiment which uses a gas detector based on Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy. The FTIR gas detectors can find a combination of gases in a single measurement. Reconfiguring a given detector to look for a different set of gases is a trivial software change, in contrast to the simple system described in conjunction with FIG. 1, where changing band pass filters is the only way to reconfigure for a different gas mixture. For more than a few gases the FTIR approach is also more cost effective. The FTIR approach also can offer very high sensitivity and rapid measurements, depending on its configuration. In broad terms, FTIR detectors produce a plot of the amount of light absorbed as a function of wavelength from a given air sample. The pattern of light absorption as a function of wavelength of a given gas is caused directly by the molecular structure of the gas. Therefore, different gases have different patterns, and these patterns can be searched for in the sample of room air using well known sophisticated mathematical procedures.
The hardware used by the FTIR gas detector to produce the absorption spectrum is well known in the art and is called a Michaelson interferometer. This device produces an intensity pattern as a function of mirror position. The intensity as a function of position can be transformed into the intensity as a function of wavelength by the mathematical procedure known as the Fourier transform, an infinite mathematical series.
There are several advantages of the FTIR gas detector. Multiple gases can be detected and the selection of detected gases can easily be changed. This feature permits calibration in place in the sense that whatever conditions affect the gas evolution from the fuel can be studied and incorporated into the system. Meaningful measurements can be made in just a few seconds, which is important in an early warning system. This makes it feasible to connect this detector to a gas sampling system without much of a time penalty. The stability characteristics of these instruments are very good and can operate continuously for days or weeks without maintenance.
While the method and apparatus of the present invention is fuel specific, the protection from a new type of fuel only requires that a different wavelength profile be calibrated rather than increasing the number of types of gas detectors. As long as the gases absorb in the wavelength range to which the detector is sensitive, they can be accommodated by the system.
The transport efficiency of the system for a given gas will be directly calibrated into the response of the instrument for a given area. Thus, if the tubing length for one area permits transport of one gas species, but the tubing length for a different area does not, the calibrated wavelength profile for each of the two areas will reflect this fact.
If the mixture of gases evolved from a combustible depends on factors such as rate of heating or other environmental variables, these variations can be studied in the calibration procedure and taken into account in the analysis.
The current information available in the world's database on a given combustible does not limit the sensitivity of the system nor affect its design. This is because all gases absorbing, for example, in the infrared spectrum, will be seen in the calibration procedure, even if they have never been identified in the literature as evolving from a particular combustible.
The time constant for this type of measurement can be short enough that the system delay is likely to be due to the transport delay of the gases from the monitored area to the FTIR unit, and not due to the measurement time. This means that expanding the number of monitored points does not increase the time delay of the system for a reasonable number of points.
The system embodying the method and apparatus of the present invention could be sold commercially. Adaptation of a system from one site to another is far easier, since the variations in gas species evolves and environmental conditions can be taken into account in the calibration procedure.
Although the gases given off by heated materials tend to absorb mainly in the infrared, the same principle could be applied with absorption in the TV or other wavelength range, In the preferred embodiment an FTIR unit is used for clarity, however, the principle applies to any instrument measuring a wavelength spectrum.
A range of possibilities have been described which make use of the principle of detection of fire or pre-fire conditions by wavelength specific light absorption. A simple, low cost system can be constructed which has limited sensitivity, but is competitive with commercial smoke detectors. In a alternate embodiment, a high sensitivity, flexible system has been described which provides an effective and reliable first alert alarm system. While there has been illustrated and described a particular embodiment of the present invention, it will be appreciated that numerous changes and modifications will occur to those skilled in the art, and it is intended in the appended claims to cover all those changes and modifications which fall within the true spirit and scope of the present invention.
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|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
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|US6225910||Dec 8, 1999||May 1, 2001||Gentex Corporation||Smoke detector|
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|US6645772||Oct 18, 2000||Nov 11, 2003||Hrl Laboratories, Llc||Method for improved detection of carbon monoxide by infrared absorption spectroscopy|
|US6653942||Dec 3, 2001||Nov 25, 2003||Gentex Corporation||Smoke detector|
|US6876305||Apr 27, 2001||Apr 5, 2005||Gentex Corporation||Compact particle sensor|
|US7167099||Oct 5, 2004||Jan 23, 2007||Gentex Corporation||Compact particle sensor|
|US7179422||Mar 11, 2003||Feb 20, 2007||Hrl Laboratories, Llc||Apparatus for improved detection of carbon monoxide by infrared absorption spectroscopy|
|US7233253 *||Apr 30, 2004||Jun 19, 2007||Simplexgrinnell Lp||Multiwavelength smoke detector using white light LED|
|US7474227||Apr 26, 2007||Jan 6, 2009||Simplexgrinnell Lp||Multiwavelength smoke detector using white light LED|
|US7616126||Jul 18, 2006||Nov 10, 2009||Gentex Corporation||Optical particle detectors|
|US20040085213 *||Sep 16, 2003||May 6, 2004||Weng Yuan Sung||Wrist time device with function of environmental status delecting/informing|
|US20050018538 *||May 27, 2004||Jan 27, 2005||Robert Soubaras||Method of seismic processing for the decomposition of a wavefield into harmonic components and applications to the determination of angular gathers of reflectivity|
|US20050057365 *||Apr 30, 2004||Mar 17, 2005||Qualey James R.||Multiwavelength smoke detector using white light LED|
|US20050057366 *||Oct 5, 2004||Mar 17, 2005||Kadwell Brian J.||Compact particle sensor|
|US20070285263 *||Apr 26, 2007||Dec 13, 2007||Simplexgrinnell Lp||Multiwavelength smoke detector using white light LED|
|EP1959047A1 *||Feb 16, 2007||Aug 20, 2008||Electrolux Home Products Corporation N.V.||Dry-cleaning washing machine with infrared gas detector|
|WO2002033382A2 *||Sep 13, 2001||Apr 25, 2002||Hrl Laboratories, Llc||Method for improved detection of carbon monoxide by infrared absorption spectroscopy|
|WO2002033382A3 *||Sep 13, 2001||Aug 15, 2002||Hrl Lab Llc||Method for improved detection of carbon monoxide by infrared absorption spectroscopy|
|U.S. Classification||340/632, 250/343, 340/522, 250/338.5, 340/578|
|Apr 16, 1997||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: SOUTHEASTERN UNIVERSITIES RESEARCH ASSOCIATION, IN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BROOKS, WILLIAM K., JR.;REEL/FRAME:008507/0996
Effective date: 19970408
|Jul 29, 2002||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jul 1, 2003||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: ENERGY, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
Free format text: CONFIRMATORY LICENSE;ASSIGNOR:SOUTHEASTERN UNIV. RESEARCH ASSN.;REEL/FRAME:014220/0928
Effective date: 20030421
|Jun 14, 2006||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: JEFFERSON SCIENCE ASSOCIATES, LLC, VIRGINIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:SOUTHEASTERN UNIVERSITIES RESEARCH ASSOCIATION, INC.;REEL/FRAME:017783/0905
Effective date: 20060601
Owner name: JEFFERSON SCIENCE ASSOCIATES, LLC,VIRGINIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:SOUTHEASTERN UNIVERSITIES RESEARCH ASSOCIATION, INC.;REEL/FRAME:017783/0905
Effective date: 20060601
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Year of fee payment: 8
|Nov 22, 2010||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|Apr 20, 2011||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|
|Jun 7, 2011||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 20110420


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The following comes from the Alumni Association, School of Medicine of Loma Linda University website (no longer available. Click here for a pdf copy) and shows a few of the speakers and/or performers for the 2012 Annual Postgraduate Convention announced by the Alumni Association for the School of Medicine of Loma Linda University:
[Note: Phipps is mentioned in the apostasy chapter of the For My People Ministry book, the TRUTH, the whole TRUTH, and nothing but the TRUTH.]
Then spake Jesus again unto them, saying, I am the light of the world: he that followeth me shall not walk in darkness, but shall have the light of life.
Ye adulterers and adulteresses, know ye not that the friendship of the world is enmity with God? whosoever therefore will be a friend of the world is the enemy of God.
The tongue of the wise useth knowledge aright: but the mouth of fools poureth out foolishness.
The Great Controversy (1911), p. 235
Throughout Christendom, Protestantism was menaced by formidable foes. The first triumphs of the Reformation past, Rome summoned new forces, hoping to accomplish its destruction. At this time the order of the Jesuits was created, the most cruel, unscrupulous, and powerful of all the champions of popery. Cut off from earthly ties and human interests, dead to the claims of natural affection, reason and conscience wholly silenced, they knew no rule, no tie, but that of their order, and no duty but to extend its power. (See Appendix.) The gospel of Christ had enabled its adherents to meet danger and endure suffering, undismayed by cold, hunger, toil, and poverty, to uphold the banner of truth in face of the rack, the dungeon, and the stake. To combat these forces, Jesuitism inspired its followers with a fanaticism that enabled them to endure like dangers, and to oppose to the power of truth all the weapons of deception. There was no crime too great for them to commit, no deception too base for them to practice, no disguise too difficult for them to assume. Vowed to perpetual poverty and humility, it was their studied aim to secure wealth and power, to be devoted to the overthrow of Protestantism, and the re-establishment of the papal supremacy.
When appearing as members of their order, they wore a garb of sanctity, visiting prisons and hospitals, ministering to the sick and the poor, professing to have renounced the world, and bearing the sacred name of Jesus, who went about doing good. But under this blameless exterior the most criminal and deadly purposes were often concealed. It was a fundamental principle of the order that the end justifies the means. By this code, lying, theft, perjury, assassination, were not only pardonable but commendable, when they served the interests of the church. Under various disguises the Jesuits worked their way into offices of state, climbing up to be the counselors of kings, and shaping the policy of nations. They became servants to act as spies upon their masters. They established colleges for the sons of princes and nobles, and schools for the common people; and the children of Protestant parents were drawn into an observance of popish rites. All the outward pomp and display of the Romish worship was brought to bear to confuse the mind and dazzle and captivate the imagination, and thus the liberty for which the fathers had toiled and bled was betrayed by the sons. The Jesuits rapidly spread themselves over Europe, and wherever they went, there followed a revival of popery.
It is bad enough to invite Phipps, who is a friend to the famous of the world, as well as Caperton, who is a comedian. However, to blatantly invite a Jesuit priest to speak for a Friday night vespers is appalling and far from common sense. It is certainly Protestantism going in reverse. Certainly, God’s patience with His last day church is almost exhausted and His wrath will surely be poured out!

domain: library


Applies to – Anyone who’s interested in tweaking their photos
There’s so much you can do nowadays with your photos – turn them into canvasses, postcards, jigsaws and even coasters to put your cup of tea on. As well as just printing them out to go in an album, of course. And you can do that on various different websites and apps such as Photobox, Moonpig and Vistaprint.
Before you upload your photo to print it, though, you might want to edit it slightly. After all, if it’s going on your wall in your living room, you want it to look perfect. You might want to slightly change things like a wonky horizon or get rid of the grey cloud in your beach snaps from your recent holiday.
That’s where editing software can come in handy. Now most people won’t want to fork out and pay for Photoshop which ranges from £9.98 a month to £78.52 a month for the full, all singing all dancing version. Thankfully you can use some free alternatives that could just cover exactly what you need them for.
Photo editing on a computer or laptop
I’ll start with GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program) which is packed with so many features already and they keep adding new ones every day. You can download it here: https://www.gimp.org/downloads/
Now it may look quite cluttered when you first start using it, but depending on what you need it for, you might only use a few of the features.
Thankfully, it does come loaded with tutorials so if you fancy trying something a bit fancier than simply adding a filter (a filter can brighten, darken or change the colour of your image), then you can learn how to. It looks very similar to Photoshop so if you’ve ever used Photoshop before, you’ll be able to find your way around quite easily.
There are other options, though, if you looking for something a bit less… intense.
Paint.net – this is a simpler photo editing app that still has some great features. You can download it here:
Paint.net was originally meant to replace Microsoft’s Paint program but don’t be put off as it’s actually a really good photo editing program. It’s got plenty of features to keep you occupied and they’re all clearly laid out.
PhotoScape – this one might look quite simple but the program has hidden all its features away in its menu. The layout is rather strange but once you’ve found what you need, it’s pretty straightforward. You can download it here:
It’s perfect if you just want to quickly sharpen your image or add a filter to it.
Tablets and Smartphones
Most Android and Apple devices come with editing tools to crop, add filters and change the brightness of your photos. They’re good for simple edits, but they’re quite limited in what you can actually do to your photo. There are plenty of free apps you can download that let you do more, though. Here are some that I’ve found really useful:
Google Snapseed – a great app that packs in more features than many desktop photo editors. You can download it from the Google Play Store or the Apple App Store. If it all looks a bit complicated don’t worry, there are video tutorials to help you get to grips with all the features in the app.
Adobe Photoshop Express – Adobe have picked out the best features of their desktop editing program and compacted them into a free app for your tablet or smartphone – again, it’s available for both Apple and Android devices. What makes this app stand out is the great choice of “smart filters”. These automatically correct problems with your photo, including lighting issues.
Adobe Photoshop Fix – This app is great for fixing small blemishes and imperfections on photos. One of the features is the “Face-Aware Liquify” which can actually change facial features on photos (quite creepy but could be quite fun to experiment with). There’s also a handy feature called Defocus which can blur the background of your photo for you.
Prisma – Prisma uses filters to turn your photos into artist’s drawings or paintings and some of them look pretty convincing to me. It’s free but you do have to pay if you want some of the fancier filters. The app comes with plenty of interesting ones installed anyway so you might not need any more.
Airbrush – As the name suggests, this app is great for airbrushing your selfies. You can whiten your teeth, brighten your eyes and get rid of any blemishes. It also comes with some filters too.
VSCO – This app has been around for years, though it has been updated plenty during that time to keep it up to speed with the competition. Its layout is quite basic which makes it easy to find the effect you’re looking for. It’s easy to adjust the colour of the photo and you can also access the advanced settings of your camera to change the focal points before you take a photo. It’s kind of a more advanced version of Instagram (which is an image sharing social media site where you apply filters to your photos and share them with friends).
So there are plenty of apps and programs to choose from. I wouldn’t suggest downloading them all but you could always download a few and decide which one suits you best. You can always uninstall the app or program if you find it doesn’t have the feature you’re after. Once you’ve edited your photos, you can then get them printed onto canvasses etc. and they’ll look better than ever.