text:
Patent application title: Pharmaceutical Composition for Treating Scars on the Skin, and Method for Treating Scars on the Skin Using Same
Sang Duck Kim (Seoul, KR)
IPC8 Class: AA61K866FI
Class name: Hydrolases (3. ) (e.g., urease, lipase, asparaginase, muramidase, etc.) acting on peptide bonds (3.4) (e.g., urokinease, etc.) metalloproteinases (3.4.24) (e.g., collagenase, snake venom zinc proteinase, etc.)
Publication date: 2016-04-21
Patent application number: 20160106653
The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for
treating scars on the skin, comprising a mixture of botulinum toxin and
air. The mixture of botulinum toxin and air according to the present
invention, when injected in the dermis, may temporarily removed the
elasticity of the dermis and flatten out the depressed part of the scar,
and thus enables elaborate intradermic resection and increases the
therapeutic effects of lasers for treating pulsed dye laser or of
fractional lasers. Thus, scars on the skin can be effectively improved
through a one-time operation without negatively affecting the daily lives
1. A pharmaceutical composition for treating atrophic skin scars,
comprising a mixture of botulinum toxin serotype A or B and air mixed in
a volume ratio of 1:1 to 1:10.
4. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is used for pretreatment of subcision.
5. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the composition removes the elasticity of the dermis.
6. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is formulated in the form of aerosol.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
 This application is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/114,443 filed Jan. 7, 2014; which application is a 371 application of PCT Patent Application No. PCT/KR2012/005029 filed Jun. 26, 2012; which application, pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 119 (e), claims priority to the filing date of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/501,624 filed Jun. 27, 2011. The disclosures of all of the applications listed in this paragraph are herein incorporated by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
 The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for treating skin scars, comprising a mixture of botulinum toxin and air, and a method for treating skin scars using the same.
 Skin protects the body's organs from external environmental threats and acts as a thermostat to maintain body temperature. The skin consists of several different layers, each with a specialized function. The major layers include the epidermis, the dermis and the hypodermis. The epidermis is a stratifying layer of epithelial cells that overlies the dermis, which consists of connective tissue. Both the epidermis and the dermis are further supported by the hypodermis, an internal layer of adipose tissue.
 The epidermis, the topmost layer of skin, is only 0.1 to 1.5 millimeters thick (Inlander, Skin, New York, N.Y.: People's Medical Society, 1-7 (1998)). It consists of keratinocytes and is divided into several layers based on their state of differentiation. The epidermis can be further classified into the stratum corneum and the viable epidermis, which consists of the granular melphigian and basal cells.
 The stratum corneum is hygroscopic and requires at least 10% moisture by weight to maintain its flexibility and softness. The hygroscopicity is attributable in part to the water-holding capacity of keratin. When the stratum corneum loses its softness and flexibility, it becomes rough and brittle, resulting in dry skin. The dermis, which lies just beneath the epidermis, is 1.5 to 4 millimeters thick. It is the thickest of the three layers of the skin. In addition, the dermis is also home to most of the skin's structures, including sweat and oil glands (which secrete substances through openings in the skin called pores, or comedos), hair follicles, nerve endings, and blood and lymph vessels (Inlander, Skin, New York, N.Y.: People's Medical Society, 1-7 (1998)). However, the main components of the dermis are collagen and elastin. The hypodermis is the deepest layer of the skin. It acts both as an insulator for body heat conservation and as a shock absorber for organ protection (Inlander, Skin, New York, N.Y.: People's Medical Society, 1-7 (1998)). In addition, the hypodermis also stores fat for energy reserves. The pH of skin is normally between 5 and 6. This acidity is due to the presence of amphoteric amino acids, lactic acid, and fatty acids from the secretions of the sebaceous glands. The term "acid mantle" refers to the presence of the water-soluble substances on most regions of the skin. The buffering capacity of the skin is due in part to these secretions stored in the skin's stratum corneum.
 Botulinum toxins (also known as botulin toxins or botulinum neurotoxins) are neurotoxins produced by the gram-positive bacteria Clostridium botulinum. They act to produce paralysis of muscles by preventing synaptic transmission or release of acetylcholine across the neuromuscular junction, and are thought to act in other ways as well. Their action essentially blocks signals that normally would cause muscle spasms or contractions, resulting in paralysis. Botulinum toxin is classified into eight neurotoxins that are serologically related, but distinct. Of these, seven can cause paralysis, namely botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A, B, C, D, E, F and G. Each of these is distinguished by neutralization with type-specific antibodies. Nonetheless, the molecular weight of the botulinum toxin protein molecule, for all seven of these active botulinum toxin serotypes, is about 150 kD. The botulinum toxins released by the bacterium are complexes comprising the 150 kD botulinum toxin protein molecule in question along with associated non-toxin proteins. The botulinum toxin type A complex can be produced by Clostridia bacterium as 900 kD, 500 kD and 300 kD forms. Botulinum toxin types B and C are apparently produced as only a 700 kD or 500 kD complex. Botulinum toxin type D is produced as both 300 kD and 500 kD complexes. Botulinum toxin types E and F are produced as only approximately 300 kD complexes. The complexes (i.e. molecular weight greater than about 150 kD) are believed to contain a non-toxin hemaglutinin protein and a non-toxin and non-toxic nonhemaglutinin protein.
 These two non-toxin proteins may act to provide stability against denaturation to the botulinum toxin molecule and protection against digestive acids when toxin is ingested. Additionally, it is possible that the larger (greater than about 150 kD molecular weight) botulinum toxin complexes may result in a slower rate of diffusion of the botulinum toxin away from a site of intramuscular injection of a botulinum toxin complex. The different serotypes of botulinum toxin vary in the animal species that they affect and in the severity and duration of the paralysis they evoke. For example, it has been determined that botulinum toxin type A is 500 times more potent, as measured by the rate of paralysis produced in the rat, than is botulinum toxin type B. Additionally, botulinum toxin type B has been determined to be non-toxic in primates at a dose of 480 U/kg, about 12 times the primate LD50 for type A. Due to the molecular size and molecular structure of botulinum toxin, it cannot cross the stratum corneum and the multiple layers of the underlying skin architecture.
 Botulinum toxin type A is said to be the most lethal natural biological agent known to man. Spores of C. botulinum are found in soil and can grow in improperly sterilized and sealed food containers. Ingestion of the bacteria can cause botulism, which can be fatal.
 Meanwhile, a scar is a mark left on the skin after it heals, and in particular, a depressed scar is a pathological response of the skin such as dermal damage or fibrosis after an injury of the epidermis. Treatment methods of depressed scars include dermabrasion for removing the skin layer of damaged area using laser irradiation or various compounds or using a dermabrator, subcision (elevating the bottom of the dermis) for increasing the height of the depressed scar. However, in the case of dermabrasion, it affects the daily life, and the effect of filling the scar is reduced, and in the case of subcision, the effect of precisely adjusting the height of the scar is reduced due to fibrosis on the boundary of the scar, leading to unsatisfactory cosmetic results after surgical procedure.
 The muscle-paralyzing effects of botulinum toxin have been used for therapeutic effects on various conditions such as hemifacial spasm, adult onset spasmodic torticollis, anal fissure, blepharospasm, cerebral palsy, cervical dystonia, migraine headaches, strabismus, temperomandibular joint disorder, and various types of muscle cramping and spasms. More recently, the muscle-paralyzing effects of botulinum toxin have been taken advantage of in therapeutic and cosmetic facial applications such as treatment of wrinkles, frown lines, and other results of spasms or contractions of facial muscles. However, no research on the treatment of scars using botulinum toxin has been reported, and in particular, no method for effectively treating skin scars by preparing botulinum toxin in the form of a mixture and injecting the mixture in a skin-specific manner has been reported.
 Therefore, if the problems of existing scar treatment methods can be solved using botulinum toxins which have been used in the treatment of various diseases, the botulinum toxin can be effectively used in the treatment of skin scars, and thus research on a new composition for treating skin scars using botulinum toxin and a method for treating skin scars is urgently required.
 The present inventors have studied methods for treating skin scars using botulinum toxin and found that when a mixture of botulinum toxin and air is injected into the dermis, it removes the elasticity of the dermis and elevates a depressed scar to effectively increase the effect of treating skin scars, thus completing the present invention.
 Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a pharmaceutical composition for treating skin scars, comprising a mixture of botulinum toxin and air, and a method for treating skin scars using the same.
 To achieve the above object, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for treating skin scars, comprising a mixture of botulinum toxin and air. Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for treating skin scars, comprising injecting the composition into the dermis.
 According to the mixture of botulinum toxin and air of the present invention, when it is injected into the dermis, the elasticity of the dermis is temporarily removed and the depressed scar is elevated, which allows subcision to be precisely performed and increases the therapeutic effect of pulsed dye laser or fractional laser, thus effectively treating skin scars with only one surgical procedure without affecting the daily life.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
 FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the comparison of the effects of treating skin scars before surgical procedure (A) and 6 months after injecting a composition of the present invention and performing subcision once (B).
 FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the comparison of the effects of treating skin scars before surgical procedure (A) and 6 months after injecting a composition of the present invention and performing subcision three times (B).
 FIG. 3 is a diagram showing depressed scars in five areas on the left and right faces of a patient.
 FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the comparison of the effects of treating skin scars depending on the mixture ratio of botulinum toxin and air (volume ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3).
 The present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for treating skin scars, comprising a mixture of botulinum toxin and air.
 When the mixture of botulinum toxin and air is injected into the dermis, the elasticity of the dermis is temporarily removed and the depressed scar is elevated, which allows subcision to be precisely performed and increases the therapeutic effect of pulsed dye laser or fractional laser, thus effectively treating skin scars with only one surgical procedure without affecting the daily life.
 In the present invention, the term "botulinum toxin" refers to a molecule that has the biological activity of botulinum toxin and may be a protein, polypeptide, peptide, fusion protein, truncated protein, chimeric protein, mutant protein, or recombinant protein.
 The biological activity of the toxin refers, within the context of the present invention, to muscular paralysis or inhibition of exocytosis, in particular, inhibition of exocytosis of acetylcholine or other neurotransmitters.
 Pure or substantially pure botulinum neurotoxin can be obtained from a protein complex containing botulinum toxin, for example according to the method described in the literature (Current topics in Microbiology and Immunology (1995), 195, p. 151-154). Pure or substantially pure botulinum neurotoxin can be obtained, for example, by purification of a fermentation medium or culture broth containing Clostridium botulinum strain and can be enriched, for example, with meat or protein-rich food.
 The botulinum toxin may comprise at least one selected from the group consisting of botulinum toxin serotypes A, B, C, D, E, F and G and may comprise both Dysport® and Botox®, botulinum neurotoxin Type A products without limitation. Moreover, Myoblock®, a botulinum toxin Type B product, may be included in the botulinum toxin.
 The botulinum toxin and air may be mixed in a volume ratio of 1:0.1 to 1:10 to prepare a pharmaceutical composition for treating skin scars and may preferably be mixed in a volume ratio of 1:2 to 1:4.
 The composition of the present invention may be used in various forms for the treatment of scars and may be used for pretreatment of subcision for the purpose of removing the elasticity of the dermis and elevating the depressed scar.
 The composition of the present invention may further comprise appropriate carrier, excipient, and diluent which are generally used in the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions.
 The composition of the present invention may preferably be formulated in the form of liquid, aerosol, and sterile injection, and most preferably, the mixture of botulinum toxin and air may be formulated in the form of aerosol. When the composition is formulated, diluents or excipients such as fillers, extenders, binders, wetting agents, disintegrants, surfactants, etc. may be used.
 The composition of the present invention may optionally comprise a dispersant. As used herein, the dispersant refers to any substance or additive capable of preventing or minimizing undesired or uncontrolled agglomeration between the botulinum toxin and the carrier of the present invention. The dispersant is useful when a concentrated botulinum toxin solution is to be employed due to capacity limit, for example. In these cases, the dispersant allows the botulinum toxin to be dispersed, thus preventing the agglomeration of toxins which may occur in the absence of the dispersant. In general, the dispersant (1) is non-irritating, (2) does not destroy the botulinum toxin, (3) does not cause an increase in permeability, (4) has a reliable and stable particle size, (5) does not have a charge, and (6) does not interfere with complexes of toxins and transdermal carriers.
 The injection of the present invention refers to the administration of a predetermined composition of the present invention to a subject by any suitable route.
 The preferred dosage of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention depends on the scar condition and weight of a patient, the severity of disease, the type of drug, the route and duration of administration, etc., but may be appropriately selected by those skilled in the art. For the desired effect, the composition of the present invention may be administered in an amount of 0.1 unit to 3000 units per injection, preferably 1 unit to 10 units, based on the content of botulinum toxin type A. The composition of the present invention may be administered once or several times a day.
 The composition of the present invention may be used alone or in conjunction with surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, chemical therapy, and methods using biological response modifiers for the treatment of skin scars and may preferably be used in conjunction with pulsed dye laser or fractional laser, and subcision.
 Moreover, the present invention provides an aerosol spray kit comprising the composition formulated in the form of aerosol.
 The present invention provides a kit comprising a device for injection the botulinum toxin into the skin as well as a liquid, gel, cream, etc. suitable for use in the skin or epithelium of a subject. The kit for administration of the composition of the present invention under the instructions of a medical practitioner or by a patient or subject may comprise a custom applicator suitable for its purpose.
 Moreover, the present invention provides a method for treating skin scars, comprising the steps of:
 (1) removing the elasticity of the dermis of wounded skin by injecting a mixture of botulinum toxin and air into the dermis through a syringe needle of 28 gauge to 31 gauge; and
 (2) performing at least one surgical procedure selected from the group consisting of subcision, pulsed dye laser, and fractional laser on the dermis whose elasticity is removed in step (1).
 The method of the present invention will be described in more detail step by step.
 Step (1) is to remove the elasticity of the dermis of wounded skin by injecting a mixture of botulinum toxin and air, in which the botulinum toxin and air are mixed in a volume ratio of 1:0.1 to 1:10, preferably 1:2 to 1:4 and injected into a depressed scar of a subject's skin.
 The injection may be performed by administering the mixture using a syringe needle of 28 gauge to 31 gauge, and the mixture may preferably be sprayed through a syringe needle of 31 gauge and may be sprayed and injected into the skin scar at a very high pressure by Bernoulli's fluid dynamics. Moreover, a BD insulin syringe with a syringe needle of 28 gauge to 31 gauge may be used.
 The injection may preferably be performed by spraying the composition in the form of aerosol.
 Step (2) is to additionally perform at least one surgical procedure selected from the group consisting of subcision, pulsed dye laser, and fractional laser after injecting the mixture of botulinum toxin and air.
 The subcision may be performed on the dermis whose elasticity is temporarily removed by injecting the mixture of step (1), thus precisely adjusting the height of the scar.
 The pulsed dye laser or fractional laser may have a synergistic effect on the treatment of skin scars together with the therapeutic effect of the mixture of botulinum toxin and air.
 Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to Examples. However, the following Examples are merely illustrative of the present invention and the present invention is not limited by the following Examples.
 Preparation of Composition Mixed with Botulinum Toxin and Air
 0.5 U/cc botulinum toxin solution was prepared by adding 10 cc saline solution to a bottle containing 50 U Botox, a botulinum toxin Type A1, and diluting the resulting mixture. The prepared botulinum toxin solution was loaded in a BD Ultra-Fine® II Short Needle Insulin Syringe 3/10 cc 31 G×8 mm ( 5/16 in), and the atmospheric air was filled in the corresponding syringe to prepare a mixture of botulinum toxin and air. At this time, the botulinum toxin and air were mixed in a volume ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4, respectively.
 In order to compare the effects of the prepared compositions on the treatment of scars, control groups treated with air only and treated with botulinum toxin only were established in the following Examples.
Determination of Treatment of Skin Scars
 The composition (mixed with 0.03 cc botulinum toxin and 0.12 cc air) prepared in Example 1 was administered to the dermis of five patients with actual scars, and the subcision was performed to determine the effects of treating skin scars. The subcision was performed once or three times, and the appearance of skin scars after 6 months from the subcision was compared to the appearance of skin scars before the subcision.
 The results are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
 As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, as a result of performing the method for treating skin scar according to the present invention, all patients with skin scars showed significant therapeutic effects, and the treatment satisfaction was more than 80% with only one surgical procedure, indicating that the patients' satisfaction was very high.
Comparison of Effects of Treating Skin Scars Depending on the Mixture Ratio of Botulinum Toxin and Air
 In order to numerically determine the effects of treating skin scar, which were determined with the naked eye in Example 2, atmospheric air containing no botulinum toxin, botulinum toxin containing no air, and compositions mixed with botulinum toxin and air in volume ratios of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 were injected into patient's atrophic scars, which were then treated with pulsed dye laser and fractional laser. More specifically, in order to eliminate analytical errors due to individual differences in the restoration of scars, five depressed scar areas were selected from the left and right faces of each patient (FIG. 3), the mixed compositions were injected into the corresponding areas, and the effects of treating scars were quantified. For the quantification of the degree of treating depressed scars, the 3D LifeViz II® (Quantificare, France) for numerically measuring the face by three-dimensional analysis was used.
 The results are shown in FIG. 4 and Table 1.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 BTX (Botulinum toxin) AT (Air) BTX:AT = 1:1 BTX:AT = 1:2 BTX:AT = 1:3 Perimeter 38.53 Perimeter 39.8 Perimeter 34.63 Perimeter 32.86 Perimeter 35.79 Surface 85.5 Surface 75.72 Surface 69.62 Surface 54.18 Surface 66.54 Volume 307.8 Volume 124.36 Volume 79.99 Volume 57.1 Volume 132.13 Volume > 307.8 Volume > 124.36 Volume > 79.99 Volume > 57.1 Volume > 132.13 0 0 0 0 0 Volume < 0 Volume < 0 Volume < 0 Volume < 0 Volume < 0 0 0 0 0 0 Av Deep 3.6 Av Deep 1.64 Av Deep 1.15 Av Deep 1.05 Av Deep 1.99 Minimum 0 Minimum 0 Minimum 0 Minimum 0 Minimum 0 Maximum 0 Maximum 0 Maximum 0 Maximum 0 Maximum 0 Rugosity 3.6 Rugosity 1.64 Rugosity 1.15 Rugosity 1.05 Rugosity 1.99 After treatment Perimeter 40.02 Perimeter 36.03 Perimeter 42.67 Perimeter 39.26 Perimeter 38.18 Surface 82.73 Surface 59.68 Surface 95.82 Surface 83.55 Surface 82.42 Volume 340.78 Volume 135.3 Volume 185.68 Volume 204.93 Volume 209.04 Volume > 340.78 Volume > 135.3 Volume > 185.68 Volume > 204.93 Volume > 209.04 0 0 0 0 0 Volume < 0 Volume < 0 Volume < 0 Volume < 0 Volume < 0 0 0 0 0 0 Av Deep 4.12 Av Deep 2.27 Av Deep 1.94 Av Deep 2.45 Av Deep 2.54 Minimum 0 Minimum 0 Minimum 0 Minimum 0 Minimum 0 Maximum 0 Maximum 0 Maximum 0 Maximum 0 Maximum 0 Rugosity 4.12 Rugosity 2.27 Rugosity 1.94 Rugosity 2.45 Rugosity 2.54 Volume 1.107147498 1.087970408 2.321290161 3.588966725 1.582078256 increase rate
 As shown in FIG. 4, the difference in the numerical values of the depressed scars treated with atmospheric air alone as the control and treated with the mixture of botulinum toxin and air could be determined using the 3D LifeViz II®. In particular, as shown in table 1, the comparison of the elevations of depressed scars treated with the compositions mixed with botulinum toxin and air in volume ratios of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 and those of the control groups showed that the increase in the volume ratio in the control group treated with botulinum toxin alone was 1.0, and that in the control group treated with air alone was 1.1, indicating that there was almost no effect of treating depressed scars. However, in the case of the compositions mixed with botulinum toxin and air, the increase in the volume ratio was 1.5 times to 3.5 times, which meant that the depressed scars were elevated within a short time, indicating that there were significant effects of treating skin scars.
 Hereinafter, formulation examples for the composition of the present invention will be illustrated.
Formulation Example 1
1.1 Preparation of Injection
 Mixture of botulinum toxin and air of the present 10 mg invention Mannitol 180 mg Sterile distilled water for injection 2974 mg Na2HPO4•2H2O 26 mg
 An injection is prepared with the above ingredients per ampoule (2 ml) according to a conventional method for preparing injections.
1.2 Preparation of Liquid Formulation
 Mixture of botulinum toxin and air of the present .sup. 10 mg invention Isomerized sugar 10 g Mannitol 5 g Purified water Proper quantity
 A liquid formulation is prepared according to a conventional method for preparing liquid formations by dissolving each ingredient in purified water, adding a proper quantity of lemon flavor, mixing the ingredients, adding purified water to the resulting mixture to regulate the total mixture to 100 ml, filling the mixture in a brown bottle, and sterilizing the mixture.
Patent applications by Sang Duck Kim, Seoul KR
Patent applications in class Metalloproteinases (3.4.24) (e.g., collagenase, snake venom zinc proteinase, etc.)
Patent applications in all subclasses Metalloproteinases (3.4.24) (e.g., collagenase, snake venom zinc proteinase, etc.)

domain: health


text:
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is historically caused by Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) almost exclusively Enterobacteriaceae. Recently, an increasing rate of infections with Gram-positive cocci (GPC) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms was demonstrated.
To assess possible recent changes of the bacteria causing SBP in cirrhotic patients.
We retrospectively recorded 47 cases (66% males) during a 4-year-period (2008–2011).
Twenty-eight (60%) patients had healthcare-associated infections while 15 (32%) received prophylactic quinolone treatment. GPC were found to be the most frequent cause (55%). The most prevalent organisms in a descending order were Streptococcus spp (n = 10), Enterococcus spp (n = 9), Escherichia coli (n = 8), Klebsiella pneumonia (n = 5), methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (n = 4) and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp (n = 3). Nine of the isolated bacteria (19%) were MDR, including carbapenemase-producing K. pneumonia (n = 4), followed by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E. coli (n = 3) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 2). MDR bacteria were more frequently isolated in healthcare-associated than in community-acquired infections (100% vs 50%, P = 0.006), in patients receiving long-term quinolone prophylaxis (67% vs 24%, P = 0.013) and in those with advanced liver disease as suggested by higher MELD score (28 vs 19, P = 0.012). More infections with GNB than GPC were healthcare-associated (81% vs 42%, P = 0.007). Third-generation cephalosporin resistance was observed in 49% and quinolone resistance in 47%.
GPC were the most frequent bacteria in culture-positive SBP and a variety of drug-resistant microorganisms have emerged. As a result of high rates of resistance in currently recommended therapy and prophylaxis, the choice of optimal antibiotic therapy is vital in the individual patient.

domain: biology


text:
Aluminum Flashing LED Collar Tag
$23.99 - $14.97 Aluminum Flashing LED Collar Tag
Easily spot your pet when out in woods or fields with this high quality LED collar tag. It can be seen up to 1/2 mile away. It's waterproof, but try not to submerge in water. This will help keep your pet safe at night! It's made with aluminum and clips to the collar...And you can get it NOW, but only for a limited time!
Powered by: 3 x AG3 batteries (included)
Color: blue, red, purple, pink, silver
Note: Please allow 3-4 weeks for delivery.
Dog Harness Type: None
Dog Leash Type: None
Collar Type: None
Season: All Seasons

domain: pet


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Juvenile jailer charged in sex for candy case with 15-year-old inmate
A jailer at a juvenile detention center in Houston, Texas has admitted he enticed a 15-year-old inmate to have sex with him by offering her candy.
Robert Emerson Robinson, 28, has admitted he 'made a mistake' on May 23, when he entered the girl's cell at the Harris County Juvenile Justice Center and had sex with her.
Robinson has been charged with felony sexual assault of a child. He was arrested this week and released on $30,000 bond.
Wrong: Robert Emerson Robinson has admitted that 'he made a mistake' by having sex with a 15-year-old girl at a juvenile detention center
Surveillance video shows Robinson
entering the girl's cell on May 23, when the light's were off in her
room. Only Robinson's arm is visible in the footage.
The girl told authorities that she allowed the guard to have sex with her 'because he had provided her with candy and treats while she was incarcerated,' the criminal complaint said, according to the ABC News.
The scandal comes just a week after six employees from another Houston area jail were found to have been engaged in inappropriate behavior with inmates.
An investigation, launched in 2011, found a deputy, a supervisor, and four civilian detentions officers had sex with inmates and with other staff at the jail, primarily in the laundry rooms.
'Their actions are inexcusable because it was crystal clear to all of our employees that this kind of conduct is wrong,' Sheriff Adrian Garcia said in a statement.
'The laws of Texas, the rules of the Sheriff's Office, our training programs and common sense all say so.'
Sex: The victim was incarcerated at the Harris County Juvenile Justice Center in Houston, Texas when the incident occurred in May
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text:
A leading environmentalist has warned the growth of all-inclusive holidays could be a “great looming challenge” for sustainable tourism.
Speaking at the Travel Foundation annual meeting on Monday, Jonathon Porritt, founder of Forum for the Future, said: “Any western travel company that’s shifting more share of value out of destinations and back into its home base has a case to argue.”
He said he had not seen research behind Tui Travel’s decision to make First Choice an all-inclusive only brand, but added: “Any company needs to demonstrate that it is not undermining the destination and the economic concerns of the destination.”
Porritt, a former government advisor on sustainability, said there were “good and bad” all-inclusives and called for the industry to establish a best practice guide.
A key part of this would be procuring products locally, Porritt said.
Tui head of communications Christian Cull said: “We don’t have all the answers and are very happy to speak to people who have opinions. We are honest and transparent about what we’re doing.”
This is a community-moderated forum.
All post are the individual views of the respective commenter and are not the expressed views of Travel Weekly.
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domain: news


text:
KHLOE Kardashian is bracing herself for more women claiming her boyfriend Tristan Thompson cheated on her with them, claim friends.
The mum of one has “discovered a lot about what Tristan was up to” during their two year relationship and is now expecting other girls to go public with cheating accusations.
“Since the split, Khloe has found out a lot about what Tristan was up to when they were together,” says the insider.
“Initially, she blamed Jordyn [Woods, Kylie Jenner’s best friend who has admitted Tristan kissed her] for the end of the relationship and was furious with her.
“But now she knows there were more girls, she can’t blame Jordyn for breaking up the family.
“She’s had messages – who knows if they’re true – filling her in on some details about other women he’s been chasing or spending time with.
“The rest of the family are fully expecting more women to go public, and more heartache for poor Khloe.”
Jordyn denied she was the reason that Khloe and Tristan – who have baby True, one, together – broke up when she spoke out on Jada Pinkett Smith’s Red Table Talk.
Talking about a houseparty that Tristan threw without Khloe attending, she said: “On the way out he did kiss me. It was like a kiss to the lips.
"No tongue kiss. No making out. I walked out I got in the car and I was like, no that didn’t happen.
Most read in TV & Showbiz
"I was in shock. I was more like, did this really…let me just pretend that that didn’t happen.”
She added that she knew that Khloe and Tristan were on the rocks, saying: “I was honest about being there but I wasn’t honest about the actions that had taken place.
"I knew how much turmoil was going on [in their relationship], I was like, let me not just throw more fuel on the fire.”
“I’m no homewrecker,” she said, adding: “I would never try to hurt someone’s home, especially someone that I love and someone who has a beautiful daughter.”
Khloe and Tristan split last week, with the Kardashian sister revealing that the hardest part was Jordyn’s betrayal and not Tristan’s cheating.
The basketball player, who plays for the Cleveland Cavillers, was caught cosying up to women just days before Khloe gave birth to their first baby together – but then, Khloe forgave him.
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domain: sociology


text:
Percival Goodman (January 13, 1904 – October 11, 1989) was an American urban theorist and architect who designed more than 50 synagogues between 1948 and 1983. He has been called the "leading theorist" of modern synagogue design, and "the most prolific architect in Jewish history."
Percival Goodman was born in New York City to wealthy parents who were artists. His brother was the noted writer and sociologist Paul Goodman. In 1925, Percival Goodman received the Society of Beaux-Arts Architects Paris Prize which sent him to the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, France for architectural training.
In the earlier part of his career, Goodman designed department store interiors, apartments, and country houses. He also had an interest in urban planning: he submitted a 1930 proposal for the Palace of the Soviets in Moscow, and proposed a master plan for Long Island City. He was an early critic of Robert Moses' parkway plans for New York City, preferring to “improve the center and make livable neighborhoods”; he also criticized the garden city movement of Ebenezer Howard and the Ville Radieuse of Le Corbusier.
Goodman called himself "an agnostic who was converted by Hitler", and after World War II he became more interested in Jewish architecture. At a 1947 conference of the Reform Jewish movement, the Union of American Hebrew Congregations, Goodman advocated the use of modern architecture for new Jewish buildings, rather than following the models of older churches and synagogues. He quickly began to receive commissions. Many of these were for new buildings in suburban areas reachable only by car, and Goodman responded by using a variety of designs intended to attract motorists' attention. In 1949 his proposal was selected for a large Holocaust memorial in Manhattan's Riverside Park, but it was never built. His student Peter Eisenman much later completed a Holocaust memorial in Berlin, the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe.
His design for B'nai Israel in Millburn, New Jersey (1951) has been called "the first truly modern synagogue". Goodman's design for B'nai Israel included sculpture, painting, and ark curtain design by Herbert Ferber, Robert Motherwell, and Adolph Gottlieb, respectively. This integration of modern sculpture and artworks, along with the use of natural light, became hallmarks of Goodman's work. One critic wrote that Goodman "stressed the human scale in his prayer halls and collaboration with modern artists where expressive symbolism was warranted."
Percival Goodman was also considered a distinguished urban theorist. He was the co-author, with his brother Paul, of the landmark urban planning text Communitas, and he illustrated editions of a number of his brother's other works. Percival Goodman was a fellow of the American Institute of Architects. He was a professor at the Columbia University architecture school for more than 25 years, where notable students included Peter Eisenman. In 2001, Columbia exhibited a retrospective of his works at its Wallach Gallery.

domain: history


text:
BY KATIE VANDALE
There is no substitute for sleep. Like food, oxygen, and water, sleep is essential to maintain mental and physical well-being. In today’s society, emergency medical services (EMS) workers respond to emergencies 24 hours a day, seven days a week, and 365 days a year. EMS personnel are not immune to the physical, mental, and emotional consequences of sleep deprivation. Extended periods without sleep, disrupted sleep, and working against the body’s natural circadian rhythm can compromise the effectiveness of the EMS worker and impair performance, resulting not only in placing patient safety at risk but also in detrimental consequences to the EMS worker. Although we cannot avoid 24-hour operations, employers and employees can take measures to minimize the effects of sleep deprivation on EMS responders.
We must sleep to maintain normal levels of cognitive skills such as speech, memory, critical thinking, and sense of time. To understand the effects of sleep deprivation and differing work hours on an individual’s health, you need to know what sleep is, what causes it, what its effects are, and why it is so important.
Sleep is a natural state of rest that fosters a restorative function in the physiological, neurological, and psychological states. It is characterized by reduced or absent consciousness, relatively suspended sensory activity, and inactivity of all voluntary muscles. Body systems are restored by sleep, which has positive effects on growth, healing, immune functions, and metabolic activities.
Contrary to common belief, sleep is actually an active, organized process. How and when we sleep is governed by several factors. Some factors we can control, such as whether or not we are sleep deprived, and some we cannot control, such as our internal biological clock. Our internal clock regulates our biological rhythm, also known as circadian rhythm. Located in the hypothalamus of the brain, this genetically programmed mechanism controls rhythms of alertness, body temperature, and hormone production over a 24-hour period.
STAGES OF SLEEP
Sleep occurs in stages, which take place at different times during the night and are divided into two categories: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. NREM sleep occurs as sleep begins and is then further divided into four stages that indicate progressively deeper sleep.
Stage 1 is the transition between alertness and drowsiness. The brain and body become more relaxed. Body temperature drops, and breathing becomes more regular. Stage 1 is a very light sleep; the sleeper may be awakened easily or report that he was not sleeping. This stage is very brief, lasting only five to 10 minutes.
Stage 2 lasts approximately 20 minutes. Breathing pattern and heart rate begin to slow down. During this stage, a person loses consciousness. Senses such as hearing are reserved. Sleepers can still be aroused but not as easily as during the first stage of sleep.
Stages 3 and 4 are phases of deep sleep. During stage 3, the brain begins to produce deep, slow brain waves known as delta waves. Breathing and heart rate are at their lowest level; metabolic activity slows; and hormones responsible for growth, development, and tissue repair are secreted.
Stage 4 is the deepest phase of sleep, lasting approximately 30 minutes. During deep sleep, a person becomes very difficult to awaken. If aroused, he may still feel groggy and react slowly to physical and verbal stimuli. This period of sleep is the most restorative. The body is given the opportunity to cleanse, repair, and rejuvenate itself.
Finally, sleep moves into the REM phase. During this final phase, one becomes temporarily paralyzed with the exception of the eyes. Breathing and heart rate increase and become more irregular. Blood pressure fluctuates. The eyes dart back and forth, hence the name “rapid eye movement.” During REM sleep, memories and thoughts from the day are processed, and most dreaming occurs.
Each sleep cycle lasts approximately 90 minutes and may repeat four or five times a night, but the normal sleep cycle sequence will not be followed if REM sleep is interrupted. A person’s level of alertness depends on which stage of sleep he was in when awakened. In stages 1 and 2, the person may feel more awake and refreshed than if aroused during stage 3 or 4, when the person experiences a state of confusion and reacts more slowly to physical or verbal stimuli.
SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND LONG WORK HOURS
Sleep deprivation occurs when a person fails to get sufficient quality sleep or experiences a circadian rhythm disturbance. If a person gets less sleep than the brain requires, that person is, by definition, sleep deprived. There is, in fact, a wide range of sleep time that is considered “normal.” The average person gets approximately 7.5 hours of sleep each night, but some people do very well with as little as five hours of sleep. At least four to five hours of uninterrupted sleep are necessary to maintain minimum performance levels.
In today’s society, sleep is frequently regarded as a luxury instead of a necessity. Demanding work schedules and shift work are the new normals in our 24-hour society. Shift work involves working outside the typical “9 to 5” business day. Our 24-hour society requires important services be provided at all times. Critical services include public safety such as police, fire, and EMS providers; military defense; transportation; and public utilities such as electrical power, water, and telephone.1 EMS providers work a variety of shifts to provide continuous 24-hour services to their community. The nature of EMS shift work includes overnight duty, rotating schedules, early awakening, and interrupted nocturnal sleep.
EMS workers are constantly faced with difficult clinical cases and workloads that are taxing physically, mentally, and emotionally. For example, EMS workers are regularly required to problem solve delicate and sometimes complex issues in an independent self-governing and timely fashion. They are required to perform clinical skills; administer drugs; and drive with professionalism, skill, and care. Their management is crucial during treatment of critical patients, where skills are paramount and errors in judgment or lapses in concentration can lead to fatal consequences.
Violent patients pose another challenge to EMS workers. These patients can be under the influence of drugs or alcohol or are living with mental health issues and must be approached with caution. Furthermore, EMS workers are faced with the palliative and terminally ill as well as the emotions of the patient, family, and friends as these individuals face their mortality. In addition to dealing with violent and delicate situations, EMS workers are also exposed to illness and disease, which can affect their health and the well-being of their families.
THE EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION
In general, long work hours and chronic sleep loss have been associated with adverse health consequences. It is recommended that healthy adults who do not have demands limiting their sleep receive eight hours of sleep per night. Mortality increases in men and women when they deviate from that amount.
Some of the most serious problems shift workers face are frequent disturbances in sleep and sleepiness. Sleep deprivation produces impairments in the central nervous system (CNS) that can result in drowsiness, fatigue, decreased alertness, slowed reaction time, and impaired thinking and judgment; these effects can lead to accidents, errors, injuries, and fatalities. In fact, studies have shown that being awake for 18 hours produces impairment equal to a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.05 percent and reaches a BAC equivalent of 0.10 percent after 24 hours of wakefulness. Thus, a drowsy driver may be just as dangerous as a drunk driver.2
Motor vehicle crashes have a clear relationship to fatigue and other types of driver impairments; the greatest number of studies relate long work hours to an adverse impact on safety. In the United States, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) estimated that in 2000, drowsy driving was responsible for 100,000 police-reported crashes and 40,000 injuries annually. (2)
Ambulance crashes are among many hazards faced by EMS personnel. Although no complete national count of ground ambulance crashes exists, the total number of fatal crashes involving ambulances can be determined by using the NHTSA Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and NHTSA investigated three case reports of ambulance crashes.3 With already fatigued EMS personnel, these hazards can only increase with sleep-deprived personnel.
One tragic fatigue-related death of an EMS worker was highly publicized. Brian Gould, a 42-year-old paramedic, died while driving home from an overnight shift. Drugs, alcohol, and weather were determined not to be factors. Because of the incident, the ambulance service implemented a policy that if a crew member got less than four hours of uninterrupted sleep during a 24-hour shift, colleagues are to take the member and his vehicle home after work.4
THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION
Sleep deprivation also has serious short- and long-term health impacts. Chronic sleep loss can also lead to mental health issues including depression. Mood is also often affected with increases in headaches, irritability, anxiety, and depression. These symptoms can have devastating effects on domestic and social relationships. Shift workers often miss out on social and sporting events and family gatherings when they need to work or sleep instead. These demands can lead to feelings of frustration, isolation, and depression, as valuable family and personal time is lost.
Sleep is essential to the cognitive function of the brain; without it, our ability to consolidate memories, learn daily tasks, and make decisions is largely impaired. REM sleep helps solidify memories the brain creates throughout the day so that they can be easily organized and stored in the mind’s long-term reserve.
According to the CDC, about 65 percent of Americans are overweight or obese. The number of obese adults jumped from 15 percent in 1980 to 27 percent in 1999. Evidence is linking sleep loss with obesity. During sleep, our body releases specific hormones and chemicals that control appetite and manage weight gain. Research has show that people who sleep less than seven hours per night were more likely to gain weight and become obese than those with longer sleep durations.5
Prolonged sleep deprivation has been associated with diminished immune functions. The blood levels of specialized immune cells and important proteins called “cytokines” are altered when the body gets less than six hours of sleep a night, reducing immune response. A sleep-deprived person may catch the common cold more frequently than a well-rested person.
Most adults require six to eight hours of sleep each day, but if an individual’s circadian rhythm is disrupted, it can have lasting effects. Long work hours and chronic sleep loss result in the decreased ability to think clearly and handle complex tasks and can cause depression. Long work hours and chronic sleep deprivation have also been linked to a general increase in health risks that can include diabetes, sleep apnea, and a heightened risk for cardiovascular disease. Adequate daily sleep is essential to perform optimally and remain healthy.
EMS RESPONDERS AND SLEEP DEPRIVATION
In today’s society, prehospital providers work a variety of shifts to provide continuous 24-hour services to their communities. EMS workers are constantly and increasingly faced with heavy workloads that are physically, mentally, and emotionally tiring.
Unlike the fire service, which has produced several large studies and numerous other smaller studies linking fatigue and sleep deprivation to shift scheduling and structure, EMS has not been adequately researched. EMS workers’ shift schedules and structures vary widely, based on the size of the agency and call volume. Shift lengths include 8s, 10s, 12s, 14s, 16s, and 24s, all of which are in use somewhere across the nation and even internationally. In general, the total hours worked per week in an EMS agency averages approximately 54 hours but often reaches higher totals. (2)
There have been articles published recently in fire service magazines on the controversial issue of 24-hour shifts in the fire and EMS industries. It’s not the 24-hour shift, per se, that is the problem so long as employees can get five consecutive hours of uninterrupted sleep within that 24-hour period. In lower-call volume areas, they may get only one or two calls in a 24-hour period, making 24-hour shifts reasonable. However, the 24-hour shift may not work so well for agencies with a higher call volume.
DEVELOPING AN EFFECTIVE SHIFT SCHEDULE
Review key issues and questions to determine what will work best for your agency when developing a shift schedule. Consider schedule pattern and the impact of the circadian rhythms, employees’ ages, and how rested employees are at the beginning of their shifts. As previously mentioned, the circadian rhythm is part of the biological function within the brain that varies over a 24-hour period. To maintain a consistent sleep/wake pattern, dramatic changes in schedule patterns on a routine basis are not advised.6
As we age, changes to our sleep patterns are a part of the normal aging process. As we grow older, it becomes more difficult to fall asleep and stay asleep. The normal circadian pattern of sleep gradually weakens, and sleep tends to be spread across the 24-hour day rather than being consolidated in the night-time sleep period. All of these changes result in a common complaint of the aging population: Sleep becomes shorter and less restorative. As EMS workers become older, their bodies do not respond as quickly to schedule and circadian rhythm changes.
In today’s economy, most EMS workers report having one full-time job and other part-time jobs just to make ends meet. Ensuring that the EMS worker is well-rested before a shift should also be a fundamental requirement of the agency. (6)
EMS work alone is stressful; poorly developed scheduling practices can add to this stress. There are four types of anxiety typically associated with employment.
- Time stress is the anxiety associated with completing a task before a deadline. It is also a feeling of not having enough time in the day to finish everything.
- Anticipatory stress is the stress of an impending event-state inspections, recertification exams, and interviews, for example.
- Situational stress is associated with being near or around a particular person, place, or thing. Mass-casualty incidents are a prime example-you need to complete many different tasks in a short time. Situational stress can also be caused by entering an unsafe scene or dealing with a violent patient. In EMS, we are faced with this stressor more than any other.
- Encounter stress relates to dealing with a person or people you find unpleasant. Sometimes, too much interaction with a particular person, such as a co-worker, without adequate time off can cause this type of stress.
There are a few ways to reduce the impact of stress in an EMS system. Make sure the workload is reasonable. Monitor and adjust the workload as needed to spread the workload evenly among crew members within the agency so as to not burn out the workers. Also consider an individual’s physical comfort during a long shift-for example, cloth seats, tinted windows, air-conditioners, and CD players within the ambulance should be considered to ensure the crew’s comfort. These are just a few examples of job-loading factors that can reduce the stress level of EMS workers. (6)
One of the largest costs to a business is labor. You want to cover the company’s needs while avoiding unnecessary payroll obligations and not burning out your employees. In developing a work schedule, it is important to consider your needs as well as employee flexibility. When creating an effective work schedule, consider the following: shift length, daily rotation, and total hours per week.
The question may arise whether the schedule will meet the expectations of the patients. Patients deserve fresh, rested, competent, and polite EMTs and paramedics in their time of need. Does the work schedule complement or antagonize an individual’s biological clock? Would your patients be surprised to find out how many calls and hours their caregiver has worked without adequate rest? Recently, more and more attention is being drawn to the 24-hour shift and the need to shorten it to ensure caregiver alertness and safety.7
The next step in developing a shift schedule is getting the people to want to work these particular shifts. Not all employees have the same needs or desires for shift work. Some prefer longer shifts so they can have more days off for personal use; others may prefer short shifts.
A recent JEMS article included a case study out of the District of Columbia Fire and EMS (DC FEMS). Fire Chief Kenneth Ellerbe, appointed in 2011, planned to replace the existing 24-hour shifts with a series of 12-hour shifts. His efforts in changing the shift schedule are being met with strong opposition. It was reported that more than 100 DC FEMS employees walked out on Ellerbe at the end of his “state of the department” speech. The demonstration was an unmistakable criticism of the chief’s attempt to make changes to the schedule. Ellerbe states that his reasoning behind the change is to meet safety concerns being raised during the second half of the 24-hour shift. He also stated that it would be more cost effective.
Employees of the DC FEMS feel that, although it may be cost effective, it is a disruption to the employees’ lifestyle. Another issue is that a certain number of the members have significant commutes. The employees say that their current schedule of 24 hours on, 72 hours off allows them to work fewer days, making the longer commute more tolerable and affordable. News sources report that the morale of the department is seriously suffering.8
Finally, as in any business, budget realities are a major factor. Work schedules need to provide high-quality emergency care while simultaneously making the schedules cost effective.
Review these questions and issues while considering the patient and organizational goals. EMS agencies need to blend work schedules, caregiver needs, payroll budgets, and other related expenses while developing an effective and efficient work schedule.
No matter what sort of schedule the department comes up with to minimize sleep deprivation, sleep loss will always be present. There is no perfect shift schedule. Different organizations require different work systems, and there are advantages and drawbacks to each type of schedule.
MANAGING WORK HOURS
One in five U.S. workers work evenings, nights, rotating shifts, or other irregular shifts. It is estimated that fatigue costs U.S. employers close to $137 billion annually in health-related costs and lost worker productivity. (2)
Chronic sleep deprivation may not be recognized, and it is important for firefighters and EMS personnel to acknowledge their need for and to maximize their ability to achieve adequate sleep. Despite warnings from health and legal experts, more than likely the 24-hour shift will be around long after we are gone. Those who work long-duration shifts can improve their well-being by leading a healthy lifestyle. Firefighters, EMS personnel, their families, and management need to work together to meet the needs of professional excellence and the well-being of the employee.
For shift workers, sleep health habits are a primary issue. How do you control them? Take responsibility for getting enough sleep to feel rested and restored. Adverse effects of sleep deprivation and long work hours are minimized when people establish some regularity in their sleep/wake cycle. A regular sleep time and wake time will strengthen the circadian function.
Create a sleep-conducive environment. Design your sleep environment to establish good sleep conditions. Remove the TV, the radio, or anything else that can distract you from sleeping. People sleep better in cooler, darker rooms. Make sure your mattress is comfortable, and change the sheets often; cleanliness always promotes a pleasant environment.
Avoid heavy foods and alcohol before bed. Eating or drinking too much may make you less comfortable when trying to sleep. Avoid caffeine, as it is a stimulant and can produce an alerting effect.
In general, keeping physically fit helps resist stress and illness. Regular exercise keeps a person from becoming tired too quickly. For shift workers, the timing of exercise is important in that it should not make a person too tired to work. Try to avoid exercising at least three hours before sleep so that you give your body enough time to cool down. On the other hand, moderate physical activity will increase alertness, and exercise during a night or long shift can reduce feelings of fatigue. Providing exercise equipment such as bicycles or ping-pong tables may make exercise more enjoyable and realistic for employees.
Diet, along with exercise, helps you to stay physically fit. This means avoid fatty and sugary foods, which will cause you to gain too much weight. Avoid heavy or fatty foods, especially in the middle of the night because they are difficult to digest at the time.
Although naps do not make up for inadequate or poor quality nighttime sleep, a short nap of 20 to 30 minutes can improve mood, alertness, and performance. (2) Naps longer than 45 minutes can result in awakening during the deeper stages of sleep and create greater feelings of grogginess and disorientation.
Shift work is difficult and isn’t for everyone. These workers frequently suffer from several health problems but can improve their well-being by leading a more healthful lifestyle.
The 24-hour work shifts have remained in effect for many years because of their historical value. Many employees find these shifts desirable, and few are willing to sacrifice the benefits they provide. But the time has come to reevaluate the 24-hour schedule. More and more studies and articles are surfacing with information that this schedule is taking a toll on the human body, which is not designed to operate around the clock. Fatigue and sleep disturbances can compromise the effectiveness of emergency workers and their performance, putting at risk not only the patient but also the emergency worker’s health and well-being. It is crucial that these workers obtain restful breaks and restorative sleep so they can maintain a professional, reliable, and consistent approach to their jobs and preserve their well-being. Whether or not alternative schedules are implemented, employees and employers need to be educated on the effects of sleep deprivation and shift work and ways to cope with their effects.
KATIE VANDALE has been a paramedic/field supervisor for the Bennington (VT) Rescue Squad since 2007. She began her career as a volunteer EMT in 2002. She is also a volunteer firefighter with the Pownal Fire Protective Association. She has a bachelor of science degree in emergency medical services management from Springfield (MA) College and received her paramedic training at Hudson Valley Community College. She is the coordinator for Bennington Rescue Squad’s annual townwide Health and Safety Fair and also teaches CPR for the HeartSAFE community program.
1. Rosa RR, Colligan MJ. Plain Language About Shift Work. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-145.
2. Elliot DL, Kuehl KS. Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Firefighters and EMS Responders. Final Report, 2007. Retrieved February 1, 2012. www.iafc.org/sleep.
3. CDC. Ambulance Crash-Related Injuries Among Emergency Medical Services Workers–United States, 1991-2002. February 28, 2003/52(08);154-156. Retrieved March 26, 2012. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5208a3.htm.
4. “Erich J. Brian saved futures’: medic’s crash spurs new fatigue policy at neighboring agency.” Retrieved March 26, 2012. www.emsresponder.com/publication/article.jsp?publd=1&id=4676.
5. National Sleep Foundation. Obesity and Sleep. Retrieved April 12, 2012. http://www.sleepfoundation.org/article/sleep-topics/obesity-and-sleep.
6. Fitch J, PhD. Prehospital Care Administration, Second Addition. 2004.
7. Rand A. Prehospital Care Administration, Second Addition. 2004.
8. McCallion T, “Consider the Dangers of Shift Work.” Retrieved April 20, 2012. www.jems.com/article/emsinsider/consider-dangers-shift-work.
1. BBC. The Science of Sleep. Retrieved April 12, 2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/sleep/articles/whatissleep.shtml.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “26-year-old emergency medical technician dies in multiple-fatality ambulance crash-Kentucky.” Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, CDC, 2001; DHHS (NIOSH) publication no. FACE-2001-11.
3. Kahn CA, Pirrallo RG, Kuhn EM. “Characteristics of fatal ambulance crashes in the United States: an 11-year retrospective analysis.” Prehosp Emerg Care 2001;5:261–9.
4. Lovell K, PhD, Liszewski C, MD. “Normal Sleep Patterns.” Retrieved March 26, 2012. http://learn.chm.msu.edu/NeuroEd/neurobiology_disease/content/otheresources/sleepdisorders.pdf.
5. Maguire BJ, Hunting KL, Smith GS, Levick NR. “Fatalities in emergency medical services: a hidden crisis.” Ann Emerg Med 2002;40:625–32.
6. National Sleep Foundation. Healthy Sleep Tips. Retrieved April 12, 2012. http://www.sleepfoundation.org/article/sleep-topics/healthy-sleep-tips.
7. National Sleep Foundation. Shift Work and Sleep. Retrieved April 12, 2012. http://www.sleepfoundation.org/article/sleep-topics/shift-work-and-sleep.
8. National Sleep Foundation. Sleep Drive and Your Body Clock. Retrieved April 12, 2012. http://www.sleepfoundation.org/article/sleep-topics/sleep-drive-and-your-body-clock.
9. Patterson DP, PhD, MPH; Suffoletto BP, MD; Kupas DF, MD; Weaver MD, NREMT-P; Hostler D, PhD. “Sleep Quality and Fatigue Among Prehospital Providers.” Prehospital Emergeny Care, April/June 2010, Volume 14/ Number 2. Retrieved April 12, 2012. http://www.paems.org/pdfs/online-ce/sleep-quality.pdf.
Firefighter Sleep Deprivation in the Raleigh (NC) Fire Department: An Objective Test
BY BRAD HARVEY
Sleep specialists do not consider firefighters’ unique schedule typical shift work; they refer to it as “on call” shift work, where normal sleep is more difficult. The total amount of sleep for firefighters “on call” is reduced because it takes them longer to fall asleep in view of the fact that it is likely that their tranquility and peace will be threatened by an emergency. Some workers often insist on going to bed later than usual because they prefer that to being startled shortly after drifting off.
“On call” sleep does not have as much positive impact as normal sleep in that it lacks deep sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. In general, the anticipation of being called out on an emergency prevents firefighters from getting restful sleep.
|Figure 1. Individual Actigraphy Sample|
An objective measure of how much people are sleeping is obtained through their wearing a device called an “actigraphy.” We conducted original human research among our department personnel with the assistance of Dr. David Dickinson of Appalachian State University and approval of the school’s Institutional Review Board.
Actigraphy watches are similar to wrist watches and are designed to be worn mostly 24 hours a day and measure wrist movements represented similar to seismographic earthquake data. Ideally, they should be worn 24/7, but they can be removed during extreme activities such as swimming for extended periods.
Our firefighters were instructed to wear the watches under their protective gear during emergency calls; however, if they felt endangered by it, they were to remove it immediately. The firefighters pressed the event button only when the subject attempted to fall asleep, woke up, removed the watch, or replaced the watch after the initial start-up day. This button did not stop or start recording data; it marked a significant event that accompanied the subject’s sleep diary. The sleep diaries were filled out daily before bed and immediately after waking up. A few examples of the information collected include the following: the number of caffeinated drinks consumed; the number of alcoholic drinks consumed; and the time the subjects first attempted to go to sleep. After the two-week research period, all watches were shipped back to Dr. Dickinson, and the data were downloaded and analyzed. Figure 1 shows a sample of the data.
The first column “code” represents the subject’s “name-code” assigned to protect identity. “Average nightly sleep quantity” represents sleep quantities with a standard deviation indicating variation in sleep quantities across different nights. For example, subject “11C5 average nightly sleep quantity = 396.47 ± 56.70 minutes” consisted of sleeping between 340 and 452 minutes per night. The entire sample group averaged 6.31 hours of sleep a night and had a sleep efficiency of 85.17 percent.
Figure 1 is an example of the data collected from a subject’s actigraphy watch during the study. Shaded areas represent attempted “sleep periods.” These data were analyzed with the subject’s sleep diary in an effort to validate the activity on the graph. This subject was “on call” August 6, 8, and 10. Note the activity on Day 5 during the hours of 2:00 a.m. and 5:00 a.m., representing possible calls of approximately 45 minutes each.
The actigraphy data illustrate that the nocturnal sleep on August 8 was interrupted twice for a total of about 130 minutes and that on August 9 the subject napped for approximately two hours without disturbing his “sleep efficiency” the following night, for a total nine hours of sleep time for that day.
Data from our department’s research validate recommendations made by some sleep experts that crews be rotated so they do not work in busy stations for extended periods and that work schedules be revised every seven years. (Lorber, J. 2010). Personnel from St. #5 (1,306 incidents a year) averaged 6.45 hours of sleep a night, and subjects from St. #7 (1,771 incidents a year) averaged 5.59 hours a night. Discretion is needed when interpreting these data relative to differing personal habits since subjects were off duty as much as they were on duty while sleep habits were monitored.
Research has shown 78 percent of our firefighters felt they received less than seven hours of sleep a night. This information was confirmed through the actigraphy data, which confirmed that two out of 10 subjects accumulated at least seven hours of nocturnal sleep. Dr. Dickinson indicated the following in a phone interview on August, 25, 2010: “Preliminary results of the study indicated the average subject received just over six hours a night, whereas the normal healthy adult should average eight hours a night.”
Subjective surveys and objective research from this project confirmed the sample group averaged 6.31 hours a night over the two-week research period. This project involved a small sample group because of the limited number of measuring devices, and it included the sleep for “days on” and “days off” for the entire group.
BRAD HARVEY is a 23-year veteran of the Raleigh (NC) Fire Department, where he is assistant chief-training. He is a recent graduate of the National Fire Academy’s Executive Fire Officer Program.

domain: medical


The 2016 Volvo XC90 is less evolution and more revolution for the brand.
When the original XC90 made its debut for 2003, it was a big deal. American SUV shoppers went wild and made it Volvo’s most popular model for seven years in a row. Now, that aging model will depart dealer lots in favor of its newfangled Swedish successor. So is this one worth getting just as excited about?
Well, yes. Quite. The 2016 Volvo XC90 is less evolution and more revolution for the brand. It heralds an all-new family of engines (Drive-E), a new scalable brand architecture (SPA), and a sculpted new design language. Those are all interesting talking points on their own, but when molded together they create a compelling package – something you realize the instant you sit behind the wheel.
That power. Gone are the five, six, and eight-cylinder engines of old, now replaced with Volvo’s boosted four-cylinders. But don’t worry about displacement, they pull hard. In the US, the XC90 ships with both T6 and T8 engine configurations. Spec-up the T6 and you’ll receive 316 horsepower and 295 lb-ft of torque from the turbocharged and supercharged four. Select the T8 and Volvo adds a plug-in hybrid system, 400 horsepower, an expected range of 17 pure electric-only miles, and a whole lot of go. Prod the throttle in both cars and the XC90 will leap – 5.3 seconds to 60 mph in the techy T8, 6.1 seconds in the T6. Keep your foot hard down and you can feel the supercharger whine as the eight-speed transmission heaves on its gears. Ease it back and the gearbox rifles through its cogs briskly and unobtrusively. The straight-line urgency in the T8 is even more pronounced thanks to its hybrid torque curve, aided by a slightly quicker throttle response, presumably down to the T8’s shift-by-wire system. RELATED: The Volvo S60 Cross Country is the Coolest Thing on Four Wheels
On road and in the bends, both XC90s feel planted and athletic. The steering feel is light and responsive and the optional four corner air-suspension does a nice job of sopping up bumps, without losing too much road feel. Blasting around in the torquey T8 hybrid is a unique occasion worth experiencing… again, and again. But performance is only part of Volvo’s equation. Safety is another. The XC90 comes equipped with a full suite of active and passive safety features, including a collision avoidance system, which I nearly put to the test. An audible warning and slight dab of the brakes alerted me to a precariously merging pickup truck in a construction zone. Luckily I didn’t have to test some of Volvo’s other safety features – cyclist and pedestrian detection, and run-off road protection. A key option worth spec-ing up? The Vision Package with blind-spot alerts and a 360-degree birds-eye camera view – tight parking lots have never felt so spacious. RELATED: The Volvo V60 Polestar Sure is One Hot Wagon
Inside and out, the XC90 really shines in its appearance and form. The seats – which took an alleged seven years to develop – are exceedingly comfortable, and using Volvo’s Sensus infotainment system is as easy as negotiating an iPhone screen, which is to say very intuitive. Volvo tells us Apple CarPlay will become available in fall of 2015, with Android Auto coming as an addition to Sensus in spring 2016. Also worth a mention is the Bowers & Wilkins 19-piece stereo system, which is an auditory treat, though it does carry a rather significant premium when optioning up. All things considered, Volvo hit another home run with its new XC90. People who want to buy a BMW X5 will buy an X5. People who want to buy an Audi Q7 will buy a Q7, so on and so forth. But for every cross-shopping luxury SUV buyer, you honestly owe it to yourself to take a test drive in one of these. RELATED: The Volvo C30 Polestar Was a Frozen Bullet from the North
The non-hybrid T6 remains my takeaway favorite for its balance of price (starts at $48,900), engine performance and poise. For those looking for a little more get-up, or rather electric-only abilities, the next-level T8 fits the bill. Specs: Engine: 2.0-liter turbocharged, supercharged straight-four Horsepower: 316 (T6) / 400 (T8) 0-60: 6.1 (T6) / 5.3 (T8) Base Price: $48,900 (T6) / $68,100 (T8) ____________________________________ Click Here to Read the Original Article on BoldRide


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Valea Restaurant in Bohol
Want the best of Bohol cuisine? Then, check out Valea Restaurant at the city of Tagbilaran in Bohol. This is the place most local guides would refer tourists to if it so happens that they want a taste, figuratively and literally, of Bohol. That is because the Valea Restaurant is basically where the best of Bohol native dishes are served. Some of these are specialty recipes made of Bohol's pride - seafood, mostly fish and tiger prawns. When it comes to fish dishes, the Valea Restaurant takes pride in their kinilaw, or fresh fish in a marinade of vinegar, ginger, lemon, and onions.
The Valea Restaurant also offers chicken dishes, all native to the province of Bohol, such as sinugba, or grilled chicken (this could also be pork or fish); and the tinola, or chicken and vegetables in broth. There is hinalang na manok as well, which is like a local version of curried chicken - a concoction made of native chicken, coconut milk, onion, pepper, ginger, and red chilies. Add to that the local chicken barbecue.
Then, partner all these viands with rice intricately formed into a "pusu." On the other hand, for snack time or to serve as dessert, among the dishes the menu at Valea Restaurant offers are as follows: salbaro or dried cassava chips, binagow or a steamed cassava dish cooked in a clay pot, gabi or camote galang galang, which is gabi or camote flattened, deep fried, and then sprinkled with sugar. There is also siakoy, a dish made of deep fried and sweetened flour dough. Wash this all downwith a serving of sekwate, or hot chocolate that is extracted from cocoa beans produced in hordes at Bohol.
As of the moment, there are very few accounts as to what kind of atmosphere or ambience the Valea Restaurant exudes. But one thing is for sure: when tourists go to Bohol and they look for native Bohol recipes, locals would surely point them over to the Valea Restaurant in Tagbilaran. Not only would they be able to enjoy the food, they will surely have fun as well because the Valea Restaurant actually also doubles as a bar.
One other good thing about the Valea Restaurant is its accessibility to some of the most prominent landmarks in Tagbilaran City. Among these landmarks are the Cogon Shrine. Also, since it is situated right along the Airport Road, then it only follows that the Valea Restaurant is located in a place accessible to the airport, so tourists could really go there with ease.
The Valea Restaurant is located at the Courtyard along Airport Road in Tagbilaran City. For reservations and other inquiries, please contact (038) 235-6888.

domain: travel


§ MR. YOUNG (Cavan, East)
I beg to ask the Chief Secretary to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland whether instructions can be given to the police authorities at Belfast to place a sufficient number of policemen in plain clothes each Sunday in St. Clement's Church, with directions to arrest and prosecute anyone attempting to interfere with the service?
§ MR. GERALD BALFOUR
The proposal to place policemen in plain clothes in the church for the purpose of identifying and proceeding against persons making the disturbance has already been considered by the Government, who, however, are of opinion that disturbers of the services should be brought into a court of law by the churchwardens rather than by the police. The police are prepared to assist the church wardens to prevent persons entering the church, if the churchwardens are empowered by the bishop or the rector to exercise this authority.


(CBS DETROIT) - The Detroit Police Department is looking for a person of interest in connection to a shooting that happened outside a liquor store earlier this month.
The incident happened at 7:53 p.m. on Tuesday, Feb. 6, at the liquor store in the 8500 block of Linwood St.
A 39-year-old man was getting into his car when he was approached by a suspect in the liquor store's parking lot.
The two individuals got into an argument, and the suspect shot the man, before leaving the scene in a dark-colored sedan, police said.
The victim was taken to a local hospital to be treated for his injury.
Detectives want to talk to a person of interest who they say was in the area at the time of the shooting.
If anyone recognizes the person of interest or has any information about the crime, they are asked to contact the Detroit Police Department's 10th Precinct at 313-596-1040, Crime Stoppers at 1-800-SPEAK-UP or DetroitRewards.tv.


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Lieutenant Parikshit Bawa is an Indian Army Officer. He is the fiance of the television actress, Niti Taylor.
Wiki/Biography & Career
Parikshit Bawa was born on Monday, 22 March 1993 (age 26 years; as in 2019) in Gurgaon, Haryana. His zodiac sign is Aries. Being born into a family with an army background, Parikshit spent his childhood travelling to different cities in India. He attended Delhi’s Mount St. Mary’s School and went to Delhi University to pursue his graduation in Business Economics (Hons). During his second year of graduation, Parikshit did an internship in AIRCEL India as an Enterprise Risk Management Member. Thereafter, he worked as an educator at The Youth Parliament Foundation (YP Foundation). In 2014, he cleared the SSB exam and enrolled in Officers Training Academy (OTA).
He won the Sword of Honour at the passing out parade of OTA in 2016. Bawa also earned the rank of Lieutenant (junior-most commissioned officers rank) after the completion of his training.
Height (approx.): 6′ 1″
Weight (approx.): 70 kg
Hair Colour: Black
Eye Colour: Black
Body Measurements (approx.): Chest 40″ Waist 32″ Biceps 12″
Family, Caste & Girlfriend
Parikshit Bawa belongs to a Hindu Family. His father, Mohit Bawa, is a retired colonel. Now, his father is serving as the student dean at BML Munjal University, Gurgaon. His mother’s name is Aneeta Sood Bawa. He has an elder sister, Natasha Bawa, who is married to a businessman.
Parikshit got engaged to his childhood friend, Niti Taylor, on 13 August 2019. Niti Taylor is a popular television actress.
- Food: Punjabi Food
- Sports: Golf, Basketball, Football
- Travel Destination: West Africa
- His hobbies include cooking and travelling.
- Parikshit’s grandfather was also an officer in the Indian Army.
- Parikshit wanted to make a career in the corporate world since his childhood.
- He was good at sports in his childhood and had remained the sports captain of his school.
- Bawa had won All Rounder’s Award for 6 consecutive years in his school days.
- In 2010, he became the second runner-up in the Under-19 Delhi Inter-Zonal Basketball Tournament.
- Bawa is an avid animal lover.

domain: celebrity


Stefano Gabbana mocks Sir Elton John over sexual harassment allegations
Stefano Gabbana took to social media yesterday to reignite a row with Sir Elton John. In a post, shared on Instagram, the fashion designer shared an Italian press clipping relating to the sexual harassment allegation made against the singer and asked: “And now??? #karma if ever it were true what to tell his son?”
Fans of Gabbana, according to the Mail Online’s Sebastian Shakespeare, then responded with posts accompanied by the hashtag #boycotteltonjohn. Miaow.
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Trailing loops of black spinel gemstones create an arc of timeless beauty. Curving down into a natural points they are alluring and charming. A central amethyst and blue topaz create stunning contrast in these pretty earrings.
Amethyst, Blue Topaz, Black Spinel
Gold 18K, White Rhodium
Weight: 10 g

domain: design


Conroe Land For Lease
CommGate is the #1 source for land property listings in Conroe, TexasSearch Everything
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General – • Estimated total building area is around 272,850 SF on a total site area of 16 +/ - acres.• Site plan is projected for 1,000 +/ - parking spots ...
General – This 4.6 acre tract has great proximity to Highway 105, with numerous amenities nearby. This property would be ideal for an industrial building, RV ...


European Tyre and Rubber Manufacturers to continue working to ensure a deforestation-free natural rubber value chain
EUROPEAN TYRE AND RUBBER MANUFACTURERS TO CONTINUE WORKING TO ENSURE A DEFORESTATION-FREE NATURAL RUBBER VALUE CHAIN
Work on guidelines to better tailor traceability for natural rubber should be prioritised
Brussels, 6 December 2022 – The EU Institutions have reached a provisional agreement on the EU Deforestation Regulation. The European Tyre and Rubber Manufacturers’ Association (ETRMA) has confirmed its commitment to continue working with a wide range of stakeholders to build a sustainable supply chain for natural rubber. Therefore, ETRMA actively calls for clear guidelines on traceability, to pave the way to an effective implementation of this Regulation.
Fazilet Cinaralp, ETRMA Secretary General said, “ETRMA and its members firmly support initiatives aimed at halting deforestation and forest degradation, including human rights protection. The industry has been working on the topic for several years, including carrying out key activities on the ground through the Global Platform for Sustainable Natural Rubber (GPSNR). This is based on international cooperation with producer countries, aligning governments, businesses, smallholders, NGOs and local stakeholders on land use governance.”
Sustainable sourcing is essential for the future of the tyre and rubber industry, in particular the supply of natural rubber, a critical raw material for the whole mobility ecosystem and beyond. When tackling the issue of deforestation, the industry has always sought to make an impact by putting its focus where risks are highest.
Fazilet Cinaralp continued, “Although we share the same values and commitment to fighting deforestation, traceability to the ‘plot of land’ is still particularly challenging in the natural rubber sector because of the social structure and organization of local communities as well as the fragmentation and complexity of the natural rubber supply chain.
Provisions on how to implement the law will be key and are needed as soon as possible: traceability requirements must be clarified, and we look forward to working on developing effective and implementable rules through commodity-specific guidelines.”
ETRMA reiterates its commitment to preserving biodiversity and working towards zero-deforestation natural rubber supply chains and remains open to dialogue on how to implement the law requirements accordingly.


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IRVING, TX - Questions about the back and hamstring injuries that bothered new (to Dallas) RG…
At 6-4, 310 pounds, it's safe to assume that Marco Rivera likes to eat. A quick look at his new offensive line mates -- Flozell Adams, Larry Adams, Torrin Tucker, Jacob Rogers, etc. -- gives the impression that all of the Cowboys' blocking behemoths like to eat. Rivera plans to feed those images. Signed as a free agent from Green Bay, the 10th-year veteran has been thrust into a leadership role...
292 Fans online
- Jerry admits to tampering & says AP wants to be a Cowboy
- Some of the epic misses by Jerry as GM over the years
- M Sam released by
- JJ...no ring of honor for Johnson per JJ. Fired
- The Cowboys know how bad the defense will be


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Taiwan was surprisingly a great port for me. Since it was an on-the-go port addition, many of us on the ship didn’t really know what to expect from the place. I did a great deal of independent travel in Taiwan since this was the last stop before heading back to the US – so that factor may have also played into why I enjoyed it so much. This was also the country where I went to the most art museums, & that’s an almost instantaneous way to make me happy.
Let’s begin with day 1: The ship docked up in Keelung, but my friends and I immediately hopped on a bus that took us to Taipei, which is the capital of Taiwan (& therefore, is where all the action is at). After settling into the hotel my friends got, I took off with my friend Elizabeth to the infamous National Palace Museum. There was a SAS trip there that day, & we basically just crashed that! Haha, Professor Godfrey (the professor that showed us around The Forbidden City and the Temple of Heaven back in Beijing) invited us to tag-along to this great trip he was leading. Again, Godfrey’s specialization is in Asian art, so having him there as a direct resource was wonderful. After, Elizabeth and I went to one of the night markets in Taipei where we walked around and stopped for some local grub. We had no idea what we were ordering, we just sort of pointed to something on the menu and hoped for the best. I ended up mainly just sipping the broth and drinking tea - no wonder Asians are so thin! Elizabeth & I then met up with the rest of our crew, and off into the city we went! We took the train to the Taipei 101 area where we club hopped starting off at a nice place called Room 18. We unfortunately ended up the night at this ghetto place called Lava where there were a ton of SASers. Place was packed & the claustrophobia was just too much. After being there for a few minutes, I knew I needed to leave. Long story short, I ended up not going back to the ship and stayed with my friends (Meghan, Chance, Nicole & Elizabeth) in their hotel that night.
The next morning, I woke up and went straight to MOCA Taipei. As you walk towards the MOCA from the train station, there’s a great deal of outdoor work leading to the space. The museum had a lot of interactive pieces which I really enjoyed and a range of themes were displayed throughout. After, I headed to the Longshan Temple and stayed there to pray for a while. As discussed before, as soon as I hit Asia, the spiritual side of me kicked in and I made sure to visit temples as often as I could. The Buddhist method of prayer is beautiful to watch; it’s very ritualistic & calming. The heavenly smell of incense in the air, the hypnotic sounds of the chanted prayers and the traditional architecture that secured all that harmony in balance – all of it was perfect. After the temple, I walked down the market and stopped by a place that does foot massages. The people were really friendly & even through our difference in languages, we still managed to communicate lightly. Sure, things were lost in translation, but that’s part of the language barrier adventure. For example, there was a gentleman getting a massage there also that said something to me and all I caught was “America” – so I just sort of smiled and nodded. I put up my index finger and said “1st time” then pointed down to the floor “here in Taiwan” then gave a thumbs up and nodded “it’s very nice here.” Anyway, next thing I know, when I go to pay, the ladies told me that the gentleman had paid for my massage also – suppose he wanted to MAKE SURE that my time in Taiwan continued to be great!
Later on that night I went back to the Taipei 101 area where I went hotel hopping. I went from the Grand Hyatt, to the W Hotel, etc. Learning from my beloved Miami, all the best clubs/lounges are usually in top-notch hotels – & this holds true everywhere I’ve learned. The W Hotel in Taipei opened just a few months ago and is absolutely beautiful inside. Drinks by the pool, talking with locals and business travelers alike was wonderful. I cut the night early in order to catch the last bus to Keelung where our ship was docked.
The next morning marked our 3rd and final day in Taiwan. I headed towards the Taipei International Flora Exposition which was thankfully still going on while we were in town. From there, I went to the Taipei Fine Arts Museum where there was a Monet exhibition on display! What a stroke of luck! I had no idea his extensive work would be displayed here. I suppose it made sense for Monet’s exhibition to be running during the Flora Expo seeing how his work is garden & nature based and all.
In my last remaining hours in Taiwan/Asia, I did some last minute gift shopping and then headed to back to the ship. Getting back on the ship, we would be facing 11 straight days going across the Pacific Ocean to the US! After being immersed in the Asian time-warp, hopping straight from one country to the next without much of a break, this much time at sea was definitely going to be odd to us. Anyway, it was unfortunately time to say zài jiàn to Asia! ::throws up peace sign – for old time’s sake::


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- How tall and heavy is Thanos?
- How tall is Thanos cm?
- Who is the tallest avenger?
- How tall is Thanos and Hulk?
- How tall is Groot?
- How does Deadpool kill Thanos?
- How tall is Elsa?
- How tall is Hulk in endgame?
- How tall is Thanos in inches?
- How tall is Starlord?
- How tall is Rdj?
- How tall is the juggernaut?
- How tall is MCU Hulk?
- Who is the youngest avenger?
- Can Odin beat Thanos?
- How tall is Thor in real life?
- How tall is Batman?
- Can Superman beat Thanos?
How tall and heavy is Thanos?
Thanos is 6ft 7 in the comics and weighs 447 kg in the comics.
He is 8ft 2 in the MCU according to measurements so if we divide 447 by the number of feet tall of regular Thanos, which is 79.
447/ 79= 5.658 kg..
How tall is Thanos cm?
While Marvel.com lists Thanos at 6’7, Hot Toys unveiled their Thanos Sixth Scale Figure for the Avengers: Infinity War film, which is a whopping 41 centimeters tall. If you do the math, that equates to around 8 feet.
Who is the tallest avenger?
Dave BautistaFormer professional wrestler Dave Bautista is one of the most outspoken members of The Avengers: Endgame cast and he is also by far the tallest. At 6’6,” he towers over even Chris Hemsworth and Tom Hiddleston.
How tall is Thanos and Hulk?
Hulk is 8′5″ (as shown here ). Thanos is 8′2″ (as explained in Brian Gill’s answer here). Hulk is three inches taller than Thanos.
How tall is Groot?
5 feet 4 inchesIn the Marvel Cinematic Universe, Groot’s height is currently 5 feet 4 inches because he sacrificed his old body to save his comrades and is currently regenerating.
How does Deadpool kill Thanos?
After Deadpool puts the infinity stone into the gauntlet, he jumps out and uses it to vaporize Thanos and his helicopter with an energy blast from his pointer finger. … When Thanos beats Eternity within an inch of its life as well as plans to destroy him and the universe, Deadpool tries to stop him.
How tall is Elsa?
5’7″As per the Frozen Wiki, Elsa’s official height is 5’7″.
How tall is Hulk in endgame?
As Bruce Banner, the character is approximately 5’9″ (1.75m) talland weighs 128lbs (58kg), but when transformed into the Hulk, the character can stand between 7 and 8 feet (2.1–2.4m) tall and weigh up to 1,400lbs (635kg).
How tall is Thanos in inches?
In the MCU, he stands at about 8′2, slightly shorter than Hulk. The MCU version of Thanos is a towering 98 inches tall. In the comics however, he only stands at about 6′7 with armor on. This version of Thanos is only 79 inches tall.
How tall is Starlord?
Star-Lord was introduced by Marvel in Marvel Preview #4 in January, 1976. Star-Lord has a height of 6’2” (1.88 m) in the Marvel Cinematic Universe and also 6’2” (1.88 m) in the comics.
How tall is Rdj?
1.74 mRobert Downey, Jr./Height
How tall is the juggernaut?
6 ft. 10 inhow tall is juggernaut marvel. Height: 6 ft. 10 in. discovered his secret shame.
How tall is MCU Hulk?
As Bruce Banner, the character is about 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) tall and weighs 128 lbs (58.05 kg), but when transformed into the Hulk, the character stands between 7 to 8 ft (2.13 – 2.43 m) tall and weighs between 1,040 to 1,400 lbs (471.73 – 635.02 kg).
Who is the youngest avenger?
Elizabeth OlsenThe youngest Avenger by actor’s age is Elizabeth Olsen. Also known as Scarlet Witch. She is currently only 29 years old. She is also most likely the youngest pre-Civil War Avenger being possibly 20–25 years old or so.
Can Odin beat Thanos?
When Thanos faced Odin in Warlock #25, Odin spanked him outclassing him in terms of raw power. Not only does he fight Thanos but he handily dispatches the Silver Surfer in that same fight. … Thanos survives his battle with Odin.
How tall is Thor in real life?
10 He’s Unusually Tall (6ft 3inches) Chris Hemsworth often plays action roles. Considering his height, it’s no wonder action roles are such a good fit for him. He is 6ft 3inches – or 190 centimeters – tall. Despite his above-average height, he’s still 3 inches shorter than the comic-book version of Thor.
How tall is Batman?
Can Superman beat Thanos?
The superman from dceu can most likely defeat Thanos from mcu without the infinity gauntlet. But if Thanos is behaving like a fool as he did in most of the infinity war, then superman may even beat him with that also. … Also SOUL STONE makes THANOS IS IMMORTAL. SO SUPERMAN WILL EASILY BE DEFEATED.

domain: entertainment


text:
The last command [electronic resource] : Star Wars: The Thrawn Trilogy, Volume III. Timothy Zahn.
View other formats and editions
- ISBN: 9780307796202 (electronic bk)
- Physical Description: 1 online resource
- Publisher: New York : LucasBooks, 2011.
|General Note:|| Title from eBook information screen..
|Summary, etc.:|| The embattled Republic reels from the attacks of Grand Admiral Thrawn, who has marshaled the remnants of the Imperial forces and driven the Rebels back with an abominable technology recovered from the Emperor's secret fortress: clone soldiers. As Thrawn mounts his final siege, Han and Chewbacca struggle to form a coalition of smugglers for a last-ditch attack against the empire, while Leia holds the Alliance together and prepares for the birth of her Jedi twins. Overwhelmed by the ships and clones at Thrawn's command, the Republic has one last hope--sending a small force, led by Luke Skywalker, into the very stronghold that houses Thrawn's terrible cloning machines. There a final danger awaits, as the Dark Jedi C'baoth directs the battle against the Rebels and builds his strength to finish what he had already started: the destruction of Luke Skywalker.Features a bonus section following the novel that includes a primer on the Star Wars expanded universe, and over...
|System Details Note:|| Requires OverDrive Read (file size: N/A KB) or Adobe Digital Editions (file size: 5154 KB) or Amazon Kindle (file size: N/A KB).
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domain: library


text:
Commentary: Elementary Students Discuss Literacy
In this interview, three grade six students discuss their perspectives on literacy. Sonora, Shannon, and Benoît explore the role of peer collaboration, fun, and the various ways that they learn and share their learning with others. The students express their enjoyment of reading and emphasize the value of challenging oneself and persevering when a book or a project becomes difficult.They explain the advantages of pneumonic devices and other "tricks" for learning items such as multiplication tables, and elaborate with anecdotes involving fellow students as well as adults. Common to all of the students’ experiences are the benefits of multi-modal teaching and learning, and the advantages of incorporating art with auditory and visual information in literacy activities. These students also discuss the Internet as an important resource, citing its use for classroom inquiry as well as educational games. They recognize the importance of literacy for future success. Their advice to others is to work hard in school.


Lone Eagle Initiative
The Emery County Lone Eagle Initiative is an effort to locate those individuals who have the ability to work from any location and engage their interest in Emery County and all that it has to offer. Our hope is to facilitate greater engagement that is a benefit to both the home-office professionals and the County as a whole.
- Identify the size of the current home-office segment in our local economy and how it can be expanded.
- Locate individuals who have the capability to work from home and help relocate them to Emery County.
- Establish a plan to foster improved relationships with home-office professionals and undertake projects to better serve them (co-working office space).
- Find which companies allow their employees to work from a remote location and see if we can add to their work force by expanding to an office in Emery County (healthcare coding, computer programming, web design, etc.).
- Greater awareness of home-office professionals, which will allow for opportunities to share information and establish professional connections.
- Position the County to coordinate helpful resources and services, to perhaps include public facility spaces designed to meet the needs of Loan Eagles.
- Incubator-style business growth where home-office professionals enjoy success to the point where they open successful businesses in Emery County.
For more information, contact the Emery County Economic Development office at 435-381-3565.