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Congenital aortic valve stenosis (AVS), coarctation of the aorta (COA) and hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) are congenital cardiovascular malformations that all involve the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT). They are presumably caused by a similar developmental mechanism involving the developing endothelium. The exact etiology for most LVOT malformations is unknown, but a strong genetic component has been established. We demonstrate here that mutations in the gene NOTCH1, coding for a receptor in a developmentally important signaling pathway, are found across the spectrum of LVOT defects. We identify two specific mutations that reduce ligand (JAGGED1) induced NOTCH1 signaling. One of these mutations perturbs the S1 cleavage of the receptor in the Golgi. These findings suggest that the levels of NOTCH1 signaling are tightly regulated during cardiovascular development, and that relatively minor alterations may promote LVOT defects. These results also establish for the first time that AVS, COA and HLHS can share a common pathogenetic mechanism at the molecular level, explaining observations of these defects co-occurring within families.
Aortic valve stenosis (AVS), coarctation of the aorta (COA), and hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) are congenital defects that constitute a clinically important group of cardiovascular malformations (CVMs) termed left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) malformations. Together, LVOT malformations occur at a rate of 1/1000 live births (1–3). They account for a significant proportion of infant mortality and incur considerable financial burden (4,5). A presumed, although unproven, unifying pathogenesis for these malformations is a defect in the developing endothelium or endocardium that leads to subsequent blood flow obstruction and secondary effects.
Both environmental and genetic etiologies have been implicated in the development of LVOT defects. Prenatal exposure to solvents (3) or high phenylalanine (secondary to maternal phenylketonuria) (6) is associated with higher rates of these defects. Epidemiology studies have demonstrated rate differentials by sex, ethnicity and geography (2,3). These and other studies (7,8) have documented a high concordance for LVOT malformations among families with multiple CVMs, although not necessarily of the identical LVOT defect within the family. Our group and others (9,10) have also noted a much higher rate (~5.5) of bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) among families with LVOT malformations compared to the general population, suggesting BAV may be a forme fruste of the more serious LVOT malformations.
We have previously demonstrated a strong genetic component for the LVOT malformations (11), with estimated sibling recurrence rates >30. Formal inheritance analyses are consistent with a complex genetic inheritance involving from one to six loci. These analyses also suggested an autosomal dominant inheritance with reduced penetrance may operate in some families.
Recently, two families were described with calcific aortic valve disease, usually in the context of a BAV, that had mutations in the NOTCH1 gene (12). One family had a member affected with mitral valve atresia, double outlet right ventricle and hypoplastic left ventricle, which could represent a variant of HLHS. Two subsequent studies have also found missense NOTCH1 mutations in sporadic cases of BAV (13,14).
Notch is a highly conserved local signaling pathway involved in multiple developmental processes (15). NOTCH1 (NCBI GeneID 4851) encodes a large, single-pass transmembrane receptor with 36 EGF-like repeats and three NOTCH/Lin repeats in the extracellular domain and an intracellular transactivating domain containing six ankyrin repeats. The receptor is cleaved in the Golgi (S1 cleavage) prior to being presented on the cell surface as a heterodimer of the extracellular domain with the transmembrane and intracellular domains (16). Multiple ligands (Jagged, Delta) interact with the Notch receptor, triggering two additional cleavage reactions, releasing the intracellular domain. This intracellular domain translocates to the nucleus, where it interacts with the CSL DNA binding protein (CBF1) to activate numerous transcription factor genes, particularly of the Hairy–Enhancer of Split family.
Given the above evidence for overlap between BAV and LVOT malformations, along with the identification of NOTCH1 mutations in familial and sporadic BAV patients, we hypothesized that NOTCH1 mutations may be implicated in AVS, COA, and HLHS as well. We identified novel missense NOTCH1 alleles that are associated with LVOT malformations. At least two of these alleles reduce the levels of JAGGED1-induced NOTCH1 activity in cell-culture assays, and one of these perturbs the S1 cleavage of the receptor. These results support a common genetic etiology for LVOT malformations across the phenotypic spectrum, and suggest that relatively minor alterations in NOTCH1 activity may predispose individuals to develop these cardiac defects.
We collected a cohort of 91 unrelated European American subjects with LVOT malformations, diagnosed by echocardiography, cardiac catheterization and/or surgical observation. Subject genomic DNA was screened for mutations in NOTCH1. Eight different missense variants, six of them novel, were identified (Table 1 and Fig. 1A). Mutations were found across all phenotypes (AVS, 8/37; BAV, 1/5; COA, 2/35; HLHS, 3/14). One variant (G661S) was found in all three LVOT defects (AVS, COA and HLHS), as well as in a patient with BAV. There does not appear to be an obvious genotype–phenotype correlation, but all individuals with COA who have a NOTCH1 mutation also have a BAV. One additional change, G1476S, was observed among the controls but was not present in any of the cases. The proportion of missense mutations among the cases (14/91; 15.4%) versus the controls (8/208; 3.9%) was significantly increased (χ2 = 12.36, 1 d.f.; P < 0.001). The parents of those cases with missense variants were directly sequenced, and in all cases the same mutations were identified in one parent. Echocardiography data were available for 8/28 parents, none of whom had any abnormalities.
Four novel mutations (A683T, E694K, R1608H and V2536I) were not observed in more than 200 ethnically matched controls. The G661S mutation was found in one control, but it is significantly over-represented among the cases (Fisher’s exact P = 0.028). These mutations are likely to represent disease susceptibility alleles. Three additional alleles are likely to represent polymorphisms. The R1279H allele was observed in three patients and four controls. The A1343V mutation, observed here in one case and one control, has been previously described in 1/48 individuals with BAV and thoracic aortic aneurysm, but was not seen among 122 normal controls (13). Combining our study with that of McKellar et al. (13), the frequencies of this mutation in cases is 2/161 versus 1/329 controls (Fisher’s exact P = 0.25). The R1350L variant, seen here in one case and one control, has also been found previously in one case and one control.
Missense variants occurred across NOTCH1, a gene that in general is highly conserved. Some evidence of clustering appears with three variants in EGF repeats 17 and 18 and three variants among repeats 33 through 35 (Fig. 1B). Sequence comparison was made across nine species (chimp, rhesus macaque, mouse, dog, cow, chicken, zebrafish and Drosophila against human) to assess evolutionary conservation of the discovered variants (Fig. 1C). The variants G661S, A683T, R1279H and A1343V lie in EGF-like domains and exhibit high sequence conservation. While position 1608 also demonstrates high conservation, it is outside any specific protein domain in the extracellular region. Variants E694K, R1350L, A2331T and V2536I were not well conserved. The substituted amino acid noted here for positions 694, 2331 and 2536 was found at the corresponding location in at least one other species, indicating the change could be well tolerated.
Although missense mutations in NOTCH1 have previously been described in patients with BAV (13,14), no functional analysis of any NOTCH1 allele associated with cardiac disease has been described. We focused on likely disease susceptibility mutations that affect highly conserved amino acids and that were identified in more than one subject (G661S and A683T). Our analysis also included the A1343V mutation, which has previously been described as a disease-associated allele (although it was identified in a single control individual in this study, it likely represents a polymorphism). Finally, we assessed the effects of the R1279H variant. This variant affects a highly conserved amino acid in the extracellular EGF repeats of the receptor, and was found in multiple subjects, but as it was also identified in multiple control individuals it is likely to represent a polymorphism, and thus would not be predicted to affect protein activity. Equivalent mutations were introduced into a construct encoding rat NOTCH1 to assess whether the alleles associated with LVOT malformations affect NOTCH1 function. We first assessed Notch1 pathway activity in the absence of induction by ligand. NOTCH1 expression vectors and a CBF1 responsive luciferase reporter (17) were co-transfected into NIH3T3 cells. In the absence of activating ligand, control Notch1 drives low levels of luciferase activity (Fig. 2A). Similar levels were seen for constructs encoding NOTCH1G661S, NOTCHA683T, NOTCH1A1343V or NOTCH1R1279H, indicating that these alleles are unlikely to cause leaky activation in the absence of activating ligand (Fig. 2A).
To assess ligand-induced NOTCH1 activity, cells expressing NOTCH1 and the CBF luciferase reporter were co-cultured with control Ltk-mouse fibroblasts (hereafter referred to as L-cells) or with L-cells constitutively expressing JAGGED1 ligand. The fold induction of NOTCH1-dependent signaling induced by JAGGED1 was compared between wild-type NOTCH1 and mutant NOTCH1 (Fig. 2B). The closely spaced mutations in EGF repeats 17 and 18 (G661S and A683T), which we propose to be disease-associated alleles, each significantly reduce the induction of NOTCH1 by JAGGED1 compared to that seen with wild-type NOTCH1 (to 66.7% of control levels of induction for NOTCH1G661S (P < 0.05) and to 55.2% of control levels of induction for NOTCH1A683T (P < 0.01). In contrast, the NOTCH1R1279H and NOTCH1A1343V variants, which were identified at similar rates in controls and patients, do not significantly change the level of JAGGED1-induced activation induced, supporting the idea that they represent naturally occurring polymorphisms of NOTCH1.
One possible explanation for the reduction in Notch1 signaling observed in the NOTCH1G661S and NOTCH1A683T variants would be that the amino acid substitutions decrease either the expression level or the stability of the mutant proteins. If this is the case, we would expect to see a reduction in the total amount of protein expressed after transfection with vectors encoding NOTCH1G661S and NOTCH1A683T compared to vectors encoding wild-type NOTCH1, NOTCH1R1279H or NOTCH1A1343V. To address this question, we introduced these mutations into a vector encoding an N-terminally HA-tagged NOTCH1 receptor and assessed protein expression levels in transfected cells. As expected, we observe both a p300 and a p180 form of NOTCH1 using an antibody directed against a tag at the N-terminus. The p180 band represents NOTCH1 that has undergone S1 cleavage in the Golgi, while the p300 band is presumed to represent full-length NOTCH1. In cells expressing wild-type NOTCH1, we see robust levels of both the uncleaved p300 form of the receptor and the S1 cleaved p180 form of the receptor. We observe that total NOTCH1G661S and NOTCH1A683T proteins (p300 + p180) are observed at similar levels to wild-type, thus the reduction in JAGGED1-induced signaling through these mutant proteins is unlikely to be due to a simple reduction in receptor expression or stability (Fig. 3A and data not shown).
The relative amounts of p300 and p180 NOTCH1 in the cell reflect the efficiency of S1 cleavage of the protein in the Golgi before presentation on the cell surface. The S1 cleavage is generally considered as a prerequisite for ligand-induced, CBF1-mediated Notch signaling (16,18). Thus, one possible mechanism to reduce ligand-induced NOTCH1 signaling would to reduce the efficiency of S1 processing. In western blot analysis of the LVOT-associated mutations, we noted that some variants appear to exhibit a reduction in the ratio of p180 to p300, suggesting a possible reduction in S1 cleavage. To address this question, the amount of protein in the p300 and p180 bands was quantified in at least four independent experiments, and the percentage of total NOTCH1 protein that has undergone S1 cleavage was calculated. We find that the NOTCH1A683T variant significantly reduces the percentage of total NOTCH1 protein that undergoes S1 cleavage (from 44.5% in wild-type NOTCH1 to 33.4% in NOTCH1A683T P < 0.01). Thus, this mutation affects both protein processing and NOTCH1 signaling, and the reduction in cleavage efficiency may play a role in the decrease in JAGGED1-induced signaling.
We identified eight missense mutations, six of them novel, in patients with sporadic LVOT malformations. Of these, five were either completely absent or were under-represented in over 200 ethnically matched controls, suggesting they may be disease predisposition alleles. The frequency of mutations in our cohort (15.4%) exceeds that reported previously in subjects with BAV and thoracic aortic aneurysms (2/48, 4.2%) or BAV alone (2/48, 4.2%). If we consider only mutations found in cases at highly conserved sites that have functional alterations (A683T), our frequency is 2/91 (2.2%). G661S, which is present in one control but over-represented among the cases, also involves a conserved site and demonstrates functional change. The addition of that variant would increase the frequency to 6/91 (6.6%). The reason for the higher rate of missense changes in our group is unknown, and may be due to chance. Screening of a larger cohort will be required to better define the frequency of NOTCH1 mutations among individuals with LVOT defects.
A possible limitation of this study is the absence of echocardiography screening of the control group. While all controls are healthy without evidence of heart defects, there is a 1–2% possibility of asymptomatic BAV in this group (19–22). This could result in mutation ascertainment bias in the controls, causing a false negative result for specific mutations. We would estimate this rate to be very low, i.e. [rate of BAV in controls (0.02)] × [rate of mutation among individuals with BAV (0.04)]=rate of mutations in control group (0.0008).
We show in this study that mutations in NOTCH1 that alter function of the signaling pathway are found in individuals with AVS, COA and HLHS. The presumed common pathogenetic cause for LVOT defects is underscored by the finding that one variant (G661S) was found in all three LVOT defects (AVS, COA and HLHS), as well as in a patient with BAV. Interestingly, the previously reported R1108X mutation also caused a spectrum of LVOT phenotypes, including aortic valve disease and an individual with mitral valve atresia, double outlet right ventricle and hypoplastic left ventricle (a possible variation of HLHS) (12). These findings support the hypothesis that a wide spectrum of LVOT defects are developmentally related, and a single genetic defect can underlie diverse phenotypic outcomes. This is reminiscent of findings that mutations in NKX2–5 are observed in rare patients with non-syndromic LVOT defects, although functional studies of the identified mutation demonstrated minor effects (23–25). Taken together, these results support the suggestion that LVOT defects have a common developmental cause, and are governed by complex genetic inheritance.
We note that while G661S significantly decreases ligand induced signaling compared to wild-type, and R1279H does not have a statistically significant effect, the comparison between G661S and R1279 does not suggest a large difference in activity between these two mutants. The experiments reported here were specifically designed to allow comparison of the variant proteins to the wild-type control, thus future analyses will be required to determine whether G661S and R1279H actually have significantly different activities or whether there may be a subtle alteration in ligand-induced signaling through R1279H.
Our results indicate that LVOT-associated mutations reduce ligand-activated NOTCH1 signaling. This is consistent with two NOTCH1 mutations found previously to cause familial calcific aortic valve disease (R1108X and H1505del) which are proposed to be null mutations, as they truncate the protein in the extracellular domain (12). These findings suggest that familial aortic valve disease can be caused by haploinsufficiency for the NOTCH1 receptor. The reduction of ligand-induced signaling observed through the NOTCH1G661S and NOTCH1A683T variants would support a similar model for the spectrum of non-syndromic LVOT defects, namely that Notch signaling levels must be tightly regulated and that relatively minor alterations in Notch1 activity levels may promote LVOT defects.
The molecular mechanisms by which these mutations affect NOTCH1 activation are, as yet, unclear. NOTCH1 mutations observed in leukemia have been shown to increase ligand-independent NOTCH1 activation by promoting S2 and S3 cleavage (26). In contrast, in this system where ligand-dependent activation is reduced, we observe a reduction in S1 cleavage of the A683T variant. These findings are typical of developmentally important genes, where gain-of-function mutations are associated with cancers and loss-of-function mutations cause congenital defects. This alteration in processing may change the cellular localization of the receptor, or may simply reduce the amount of S1 cleaved heterodimeric NOTCH1 available for ligand-induced signaling. This may be similar in some respects to mutations identified in Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), in which mutations in the NOTCH3 receptor have been variously reported to affect NOTCH3 signaling, protein processing and cellular localization (27–29). Further experimentation will be required to assess the functional implications of the LVOT-associated NOTCH1 mutants identified here.
The mechanism(s) by which NOTCH1 mutations and the subsequent presumed reduction of NOTCH1 signaling promote LVOT defects remains unclear. Notch signaling has been proposed to play multiple functions during cardiac development, including cardiomyocyte differentiation, valve formation and outflow tract remodeling (30). In mice, Notch1 activation promotes epithelial to mesenchymal transisition (EMT) during valve development through the activation of Snail, and this may represent a developmental stage where NOTCH1 dosage is critically important (31). Interestingly, some NOTCH1 mutations may play additional roles in cardiac disease. Garg et al. (12) showed that RUNX2 levels are repressed by Notch1, suggesting that the de-repression of RUNX2 may contribute to valve calcification in some BAV patients. None of our subjects showed evidence of aortic valve calcification, but all are young and may not have had time to develop calcification. It is not yet known whether the variants identified here could additionally contribute to calcification phenotypes.
The findings of an increased proportion of NOTCH1 variants among LVOT malformation cases, compared to controls, suggest that these mutations are indeed LVOT disease susceptibility alleles. This is further supported by the findings that two variants perturb ligand-induced signaling. Clearly, as LVOT-associated variants are found in unaffected parents of our patients, the NOTCH1 mutations with their relatively subtle effects on signaling are not sufficient in and of themselves to perturb cardiac development. The variants presumably act in concert with genetic background, other specific gene mutations and/or developmental insults in order to cause phenotypes. The presence of a mutation in a normal parent, indicating reduced penetrance, is typical of many complex genetic diseases. This requirement for additional genetic or environmental causes may also partially explain why no cardiac defects have been reported in Notch1+/− mice, while NOTCH1 haploinsufficiency has been suggested as a cause of familial BAV.
In summary, we note for the first time a common molecular mechanism for AVS, BAV, COA and HLHS. This substantiates the observations from familial studies demonstrating a higher concordance for these LVOT defects in families with multiple individuals affected with a CVM. Notch signaling is involved in endothelial–mesenchymal transformation in the ventricular chamber (32), atrioventricular valves (31) and vasculature (33). We hypothesize that altered Notch1 signaling affecting this transformation is the unifying event in the pathogenesis of the LVOT disorders. Future studies will focus effort on candidate genes important in endothelial–mesenchymal transformation and on further defining the functional mechanisms of these NOTCH1 mutations.
We collected a cohort of 91 unrelated European American subjects with LVOT malformations, diagnosed by echocardiography, cardiac catheterization and/or surgical observation. All subjects were enrolled after informed consent, per an IRB-approved protocol. Both parents of the subjects were also enrolled. The case anatomic lesions included AVS (n = 24), AVS with BAV (n = 13), BAV alone (n = 5), COA (n = 24), COA with BAV (n = 9), COA with AVS (n = 2) and HLHS (n = 14). All subjects had isolated non-syndromic heart defects. None of the subjects’ parents had a congenital heart defect. Echocardiography data were available on a limited number of parents (n = 50). All parental echocardiography examinations were normal. Blood samples were collected, and peripheral lymphocytes were transformed by EBV into lymphoblastoid cell lines. Genomic DNA was extracted using the PureGene kit (Gentra Systems). Controls consisted of 216 race and ethnically matched samples.
Cases and controls were screened for mutations in the entire NOTCH1 gene by denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (dHPLC). Exons and flanking introns were amplified by PCR using primers designed with Primer Express software (Applied Biosystems, Inc). Melt curves were generated with the Navigator software and dHPLC was performed on a WAVE MD system (Transgenomic, Inc). PCR primers and melt temperatures are available on request.
Amplicons with chromatograms that differed from controls were sequenced bidirectionally by the dideoxy method using Big Dye Terminator v3.1 chemistry (Applied Biosystems) and run on an ABI 3730 sequencer to ascertain the presence and location of any mutation.
Numbering of basepairs and amino acids was based on the reference sequence NM_017617.3 [gi:148833507] from the NCBI, with the first basepair of the transcript being the ‘A’ nucleotide of the ATG start codon.
Four mutations were examined (G661S, A683T, R1279H and A1343V). Equivalent mutations were introduced into a rat Notch1 expression vector (34), by overlap extension PCR with nucleotide changes incorporated into PCR primers. Each mutagenic primer was used in a PCR reaction with a primer flanking the region of interest. The resulting products were used as templates in a second round of PCR using only the flanking primers, creating a PCR product with the desired mutation (primer sequences are found in Table 2). Mutated PCR products were TA cloned into pCRII-Topo (Invitrogen) and sequenced before conventional restriction digest and ligation were used to incorporate the mutated fragment into the rat Notch1 expression vector. Final constructs were confirmed by sequencing. For western blot analysis, mutations were similarly introduced into an N-terminally HA-tagged Notch1 expression allele (35).
The activity of mutant Notch1 receptors was assessed utilizing previously described signaling assays (34,36). As in reference (34), NIH3T3 cells were employed as the signal receiving cells. NIH3T3 cells were maintained in DMEM+10% FCS. Control and Jagged1 Ltk-mouse fibroblasts (L-cells) (36) were obtained from Gerry Weinmaster and maintained in DMEM+10% FBS. 4 × 104 NIH 3T3 cells were plated in 24 well plates and transfected using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) with 100 ng NOTCH1 expression vector (encoding wild-type or mutant NOTCH1) or control pEFBOS vector, 200 ng CBF1 responsive luciferase reporter (17) and 10 ng pSV Renilla as a transfection control. Total DNA concentration was brought to 1 µg with pcDNA3. Sixteen hours after, transfection cells were overlain with 1.24 × 106 control or JAGGED1-expressing L-cells, or fresh media as a control. After 24 h, cells were lysed and luciferase and Renilla levels were assayed using the dual luciferase kit (Promega). Luciferase values were normalized to Renilla expression to control for transfection variability. Notch-responsive activation of the luciferase reporter is expressed as a ratio of normalized luciferase values from coculture with JAGGED1-expressing cells to normalized luciferase values from coculture with control L-cells, with wild-type activation set to 100%. Notch1 pathway signaling activity between wild-type and each mutant was compared by ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post hoc tests.
2.5 × 106 cells were transfected with NOTCH1 expression vectors in six well plates. After 24 h, cells were lysed in 500 µl RIPA buffer containing protease inhibitors. Samples were run on a 6% SDS–PAGE gel, transferred to nitrocellulose, and NOTCH1 protein was detected with mouse anti-HA antibody (HA-7, 1:1000, Sigma-Aldrich). Alexafluor anti-mouse 680 secondary antibody was used for detection (1:20 000, Invitrogen) and band intensity was quantified using Li-Cor Odyssey2.1 software. Blots were re-probed using a monoclonal anti-tubulin antibody (1:1000, Sigma) as a loading control. p300 and p180 bands were quantified, and the percent total protein cleaved was calculated as p180/(p180 + p300). Each experiment was performed at least four times, and statistical analysis was performed (one way ANOVA, Dunnett’s post hoc).
This study was supported by funding from the National Institutes of Health (HL70823 and HD43372) and the Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital to K.L.M., and the National Institutes of Health (HD39056) to J.W.B.
We thank Gerry Weinmaster for reagents, and members of the Cole and McBride labs for helpful comments.
Conflict of Interest statement. None declared.


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The recent violent events in Orlando highlight an important issue for the LGBT community. Namely, that so many in the community experience trauma, whether large or small. When triggered, it can bring up all kinds of emotions. It is important, therefore, that you talk about these feelings instead of bottling them up inside. Otherwise, they can come back to haunt you when you least expect it.
Microaggressions towards LGBT individuals Trigger Trauma
The Human Rights Campaign reports that over half of LGBT youth experience verbal harassment. These are called microaggressions, wherein you experience low-level bullying on a daily basis. Perhaps you have been a victim of microaggressions such as:
- Being ignored
- Indirect negative remarks
- Not being able to associate with others (like at a lunch table).
Over time, these slights build up and leave you feeling angry, bitter, and resentful. Because these experiences happen repeatedly, they can be traumatic and lead to a host of problems later on in life.
When microaggressions are overt, they are easier to notice. But LGBT individuals (and members of other minorities) learn to tolerate more subtle microaggressions. These include times when others make negative remarks disguised as their religious beliefs, which are often well intended. It also includes limitations to what organizations you are allowed join or places you can go. Or, It can be the discomfort expressed non-verbally by others when you refer to your significant other.
Your Constant Alertness is Traumatic
Someone once described trauma to me as a negative experience that is unexpected, overwhelming, and prolonged. Many who are LGBT express always being very aware of their surroundings. They are constantly self-conscious of expressing general behavior that may “out” them, or actual PDA.
This constant alertness is based on fear that you could be hurt by anyone else just for acting in a natural way. The feeling is prolonged and overwhelming. Folks describe it as a feeling that has always been present. Many get used to this level of alertness. In the your mind, other microaggressions may act as proof that anything could happen at any time, which refers to it being “unexpected.”
Trauma is related to high levels of anxiety and depression. Most people build a resilience to these feelings because they are so commonly experienced in the community. But an event like the Orlando shooting can trigger these feelings quickly and strongly. This triggering reveals the overwhelming and constant stress you thought you learned to live with.
Unresolved Trauma has Haunting Effects
Trauma, if left untreated, can continue to drag you down and hold you back. Unfortunately, many people use methods to cope that aren’t healthy, such as drugs or excessive alcohol. You may use distractions, like watching TV, but these coping skills don’t allow you to free yourself from the trauma.
Effects of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can include:
- Unwanted memories of the incident(s) that are distressing
- Feeling “numb”
- Difficulty sleeping
- Anger, outbursts, or other aggressive behavior
- Constantly being alert, ready for danger
- Problems with concentration.
You Could Experience Secondary Trauma
According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) secondary trauma is defined as:
“Trauma-related stress reactions and symptoms resulting from exposure to another individual’s traumatic experiences, rather than from exposure directly to a traumatic event.”
What this means is that when you read something in the paper, watch a news report, or are helping another person who has experienced a traumatic event, you too could be traumatized. You didn’t experience the traumatic incident directly, but it can still have an impact on you. Especially if you share any characteristics with the victim, like in this case, belonging to the LGBT community. We also call this vicarious trauma.
So, when you saw the news about the Orlando shooting, it might have reopened old wounds or caused new ones that you weren’t expecting. It triggered thoughts like, “What if this happened to me?” or “I knew this could happen to me!” Especially since this tragedy occurred in the one place where you would have felt safe.
You Can Move Forward
What happened at Pulse nightclub cannot be undone. We can mourn for those who died and comfort those who were wounded. However, let us also treat the wounds that aren’t apparent on the surface but are just as painful. Instead of being silent and withdrawn, you can reach out to others in our communities, regardless of their backgrounds, and begin a dialogue.
Some ideas include:
- Becoming active with your local LGBT community.
- Becoming a mentor for LGBT youth and young adults.
- Starting positive conversations through friends, co-workers, and social media.
- Follow political organizations and become active, whether this means signing petitions, calling lawmakers, or support efforts that strengthen the community.
- And on a personal basis, reach out to someone so you can heal.
You can overcome Trauma
These recent events may have brought up issues from your past that have not yet been resolved. Consider seeing a therapist trained in trauma therapy who has experience with LGBTQ issues. Together, you can find healing. You will learn new coping skills that can allow you to express yourself in a healthier way. You can get a renewed sense of happiness, freedom, and peace. Counseling is very effective in helping people get rid of stress and unwanted feelings.
Perhaps something that we can learn from this horrible tragedy is how much we struggle with pain and sadness from previous life events. When we are willing to stop and listen to others and allow them to tell their stories, we strengthen our communities and become more resilient by being open. To beat the haunting effects of trauma, the first step is to take courage and speak up. There is hope, and you don’t need to carry this heavy burden.

domain: sociology


The centre has introduced a bill in Lok Sabha for 10 per cent reservation in jobs and educational institutions for economically backward section in the general category.
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Marriage is the coupling of two adults; that is, marriage is a relationship of monogamous copulation. That is why marriage is the union of a man and a woman for life. Two men or two women cannot copulate together. More than two adults cannot be monogamous.
A marriage begins when it is consummated, which means the bride and groom copulate. If the consummation cannot take place, as for instance because of a physical deformity, the marriage cannot begin. Only adults who can copulate together can be married.
Marriage is a social institution, which is normally recognized by the government, though some people forgo such recognition. It can happen that the government will recognize relationships as marriage that society as a whole does not recognize. For example, the (Roman) Catholic Church has standards for divorce and annulment of marriage which differ from that of the government.
That is also the situation of society today concerning “same-sex marriages”. The government recognizes these but both the Catholic Church and many non-Catholics do not recognize them as marriages. Society and the government have different definitions of marriage.
We have seen in the 20th century how governments can attempt to redefine language. Totalitarian governments seek to make it impossible to think thoughts they find dangerous. George Orwell satifized this in what he called Newspeak. Forced labor camp was “joycamp”. Compliance to Party orthodoxy was “plusgood”. “Thoughtcrime” was the criminal act of holding politically incorrect beliefs or doubts.
“Compelled speech” is a legal term with wider connotations. It means the state is compelling individuals or corporations to speak, or to speak in a prescribed manner. There are cases in which it is consistent with democratic principles, such as requiring warnings on packages of cigarettes. However, when speech is compelled concerning controversial matters of society, it is coercive and against democratic principles.
For example, the state of California passed a law to force pro-life pregnancy centers centers to speak a message that directly contradicts their beliefs and mission. The Supreme Court struck down this law. Their ruling “makes it clear that no one should be forced by the government to express a message that violates their convictions, especially on deeply divisive subjects such as abortion.” (adflegal.org)
The definition of marriage is another such an issue. The question is to what extent the government can force people to speak a language that re-defines marriage as something other than what they believe it is. Such compelled speech should be forbidden in a democratic society, and people should be allowed to speak a language they understand and that reflects their beliefs about a basic institution of society, marriage.


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DESPITE gold declarations falling for the first half of the year, the two major mining companies here, Troy Resources and Guyana Goldfields declared a total of 128,175 ounces, or 44.5 per cent of overall declarations, their highest combined level since operations began.
Australian gold mining company Troy Resources Guyana Inc (TRGI) and the Guyana government have signed the Mineral Agreement for the companys Karouni project with the company looking to
Troy Resources (ASX TRY) has upgraded about 44% of the Inferred Resource at its Smarts Deposit in Guyana to the Indicated category, increasing it to 2.9 million tonnes at 4.7 grams per tonne, or 442,000 ounces of contained gold. This follows the initial phase of Resource infill drilling at the
Gold producer Troy Resources Limited (ASXTRY) (TSXTRY) has purchased $1.1 billion in mining equipment for its Karouni Gold mine in Guyana. The acquisition will aid the Australian based company in commencing production of the $87 million project by next year.
Troy Resources Limited (ASX code TRY) is a junior gold producer with operations at Karouni in Guyana, Casposo in San Juan Province, Argentina and Read More Colombias Gold Rush The
GEORGETOWN, Guyana An Australian company announced Wednesday that it plans to open a large scale gold mine in the South American country of Guyana this year. Perth based Troy Resources
Natural Resources Minister Raphael Trotman has since denied assertions by sections of the political Opposition that two large scale gold companies were responsible for the vast majority of gold being mined in Guyana and had essentially buoyed the local economy.
Nov 05, 20170183;32;Gold mining in Guyana Is this what the Low Carbon Development . Jun 6, 2014 Gold mining in Guyana is booming. It's the country's biggest export. KAROUNI (TROY 100% THROUGH TROY RESOURCES GUYANA INC.) Mining in Hicks 2 pit and Smarts 2 and 4 pits progressed well early in the year. Contact Us. Goldsource Mines About Guyana.
MINISTER of Natural Resources, Raphael Trotman, has said the government will give its support to Australian mining company, Troy Resources, if it chooses to pursue other areas of production. The company has been exploring gold in Guyana through its Karouni Project since 2014.
Troy Mining Corporation is a California based company engaged in the acquisition, exploration and development of mining properties containing precious metals, primarily gold. Troy's basic approach to the acquisition of mining properties is to review the historical records, perform exploratory surveys and to acquire existing claims or to stake
The Guyana Geology and Mines Co operation had issued an ultimatum to residents to vacate the location at one of the Troy Resourses meeting, this prompted legal action by
Guyana continues to be a significant producer of mineral resources such as bauxite, gold, and diamond. Gold production in the country slightly increased to 9,594 kg in 2010. However, half of the countrys total production of 600,000 troy ounces of gold has been smuggled out to neighboring countries like Brazil, Venezuela and mainly Suriname.
For example, a 4215;4 four door Toyota Land Cruiser costs $14M. It attracts duty of $32M. Foreign entities like Aurora Gold Mine and Troy Resources Limited would only pay $14M. But local mining companies must pay $14M plus the $32M duty.
Troy Resources Limited (ASX code TRY) is a junior gold producer with operations at Karouni in Guyana, Casposo in San Juan Province, Argentina and Andorinhas in Para State, Brazil. The Company has forged a proven record of fast track mine development, low cost operations, strategic acquisitions and exploration discoveries.
Dec 16, 20180183;32;Troy Resources Limited engages in the exploration and production of gold in South America. The company primarily holds interests in the Karouni gold project located in Guyana.
Troy Resources improving Karouni gold mine in Guyana has beaten forecasts for the June quarter, leading to record production in the 2018 financial year. Troy's Karouni mine in Guyana
GEORGETOWN, Guyana, Dec 30, CMC Guyana has produced a record 690,000 ounces of gold this year and is looking to surpass that figure next year, Minister of Natural Resources, Raphael Trotman
Troy Resources Ltd has intersected high grade gold in a reverse circulation (RC) drilling program at the Larken prospect, 2 kilometres east of the companys Karouni mill in Guyana.
Although in July 2012 Guyanas Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment announced the suspension of all new mining permits, it has not revoked old permits.  This is a clear violation of the 1978 Amerindian Act, which was supposed to return land titles to indigenous groups.
Troy Resources Ltd has received high grade gold results which indicate the potential for a substantial mineralised zone at the Spearpoint prospect of its operating Karouni project in Guyana.
Oct 17, 20180183;32;By Esmarie Iannucci 9th February 2015 Gold miner Troy Resources has been granted a mining licence at its Karouni gold project, in Guyana. The miner said on Monday that it
Troy Resources (ASX TRY) was the biggest mining mover in early ASX trade Wednesday after reporting impressive first pass hits from its newly acquired
Foreign entities like Aurora Gold Mine and Troy Resources Limited would only pay $14M. But local mining companies must pay $14M plus the $32M duty. Furthermore, if the owner of a small mining company hopes to get at least one duty free concession, he or she must satisfy 13 benchmarks, one of which is the production of over 5000 ounces of gold
Gold producer Troy Resources has purchased $1.1 billion in mining equipment for its Karouni Gold mine in Guyana. The $87 million project is Read more. Mining Equipment IEL Tripod. Gold Mining Dredges. IEL has manufactured more than 100 gold mining dredges for Guyana's gold mining sector. 300 TPD Gold mining equipment in Guyana.
Australian gold mining Company, Troy Resources Limited, is currently hiring qualified Some of the equipment to be used during Troys mining project. persons to fill 14 job vacancies which are available for upcoming mining activities to be conducted at the Karouni project, west of Omai in Region Seven.
[.ewsguyana] One of Guyanas more promising gold mining companies Troy Resources has recently acquired its Mining License for the Karouni Gold project. One of Guyanas more promising gold mining companies Troy Resources has recently acquired its Mining License for the Karouni Gold project.
Although Guyana is part of the Anglophone Caribbean, it is the only Caribbean country that is part of South America. The Caribbean Community (CARICOM), of which Guyana is a member, has its secretariat's headquarters in Guyana's capital, Georgetown. Guyana was originally colonised by
Xinhai provides optimized solutions for your mine, one-stop service for mineral processing plant, include sample test, mine design, equipment manufacture, etc.
Address:No. 188, Xinhai Street, Fushan high-tech industrial development district, Yantai, Shandong, China
© 2017 Shandong Xinhai Mining Technology & Equipment Inc.

domain: economics


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The Hurricane Dorian has hit part of the Caribbean and Southern United States causing widespread destruction in path. About the Hurricane Dorian The Hurricane Dorian was a Category 3 storm which is currently battering the ..
Atlantic hurricanes: GK, General Studies and Current Affairs
A study says that Hurricane Maria that killed 3000 people in 2017, have changed the cover of the forest. Certain species have started to decline after the hurricane. The single hurricane killed twice as many ..
Hurricane Irene of 2011 was an Atlantic hurricane that left extensive flood and wind damage along its path through the Caribbean, the United States East Coast and as far north as Atlantic Canada. The ninth ..

domain: geography


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Are you a casino fanatic who enjoys playing free slots? If so then you must be aware that you will enjoy the most enjoyable experience of your life if play in any online casino with no deposit. While many doubt it, there are plenty of casinos online that offer free slots, with bonus rounds and free spins. There are casinos that offer free slots that come with free spin reels. Casinos that provide free slots that come with bonus spins and free bonuses are doing so because it is in their dolphin reef free slot game best interest to keep their players returning every time.
Now that you know why casinos offer free slot machines, with bonus and free spins and free spins, let your imagination go wild to discover what casinos offer these bonuses. You can’t be a profitable gambler, if you don’t know why the casino gives you the bonus. The casino might wish to have you play its slot games because they are extremely interesting and have high payout rates. Another reason the casino might be doing this could be that they are trying to convince you to try their slot games.
Since almost 10 years, free slots with bonus rounds and free spin reels have been now available. Before the advent of the internet slots were only offered in land-based casinos. This industry developed when online slots became available. Since online casinos did not yet exist and these games were free, they were an alternative to casinos that were based in the land to earn money. Online casino players love to play free slots and even free slots with bonus. However, they are unable to afford full-price slots.
All types of casino games have the same basic structure: free slots with bonus and no-cost spins. In a slot game all you have to do is push a button and push the handle of a slot machine to spin the wheel to get the amount of money that the jackpot says you will get. The slot machine tracks the number of spins you make and adds them all up to determine how much money you have. The amount due to the bonus bears player will be updated when the casino requests the next spin of the machine. This way the player is able to choose between regular and bonus machines and play as normal.
There are many methods to win free slot machines. Sometimes, the machines will pay more to winning than what the player initially paid for. This is because they discover that players typically play these games more often than in real life. Casinos must also earn a profit from these winnings to be able to offer rooms to customers. There are many who pay high prices to win big.
If you’re looking to know more about the free slot machines, visit online casinos or gaming websites. You can sign up for a free demo account on certain websites, and then try out what you’ve learned in the casinos. You can transfer money from your demo account to your real casino account after you have won on a machine. It can be slow as you must complete all the steps required to withdraw your winnings.
When you sign up at an online casino that provides free slots without ads, you will then be sent into a lobby where other players will greet you. These games aren’t boring once you start playing. They are thrilling and enjoyable. Before you know it you’ll be hooked on slots and looking at ways to win and earn higher payouts.
Another way to earn money when you play free slots is to complete surveys. Many companies and manufacturers need feedback about their services and products. By conducting a survey, they will know what kind of features their users want to have, especially if those features can improve their profits. This will help them create more efficient products and services. If you love online casino games, it is time for you to complete surveys.

domain: game


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Cod Liver Oil 462mg
Softgel Capsule Shell: gelatin (from bovine), vegetable glycerin (from palm kernel oil and coconut oil)
Each softgel capsule typically provides:
Vitamin A (1250 IU from cod liver oil and retinyl palmitate) 375µg
Vitamin D (135 IU from cod liver oil and cholecalciferol) 3.4µg
DIRECTIONS FOR USE: As a food supplement for adults, one (1) softgel capsule daily, preferably at mealtime, or as directed by a health care practitioner.
If you are pregnant, nursing or have a medical condition, please consult your healthcare practitioner before taking this product.

domain: medical


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Farm Forestry Assist is a one-off grant for farmers and other land owners to plant radiata or maritime pine trees on their land in 2018. This grant of $500 per hectare is available to landowners who are interested in establishing new 20 to 50 hectare plantations to support the State’s vibrant softwood industry.
Grant recipients may opt for free, high-quality radiata pine seedlings from the Forest Products Commission’s (FPC) nursery instead of the $500 per hectare.
Before applying, landowners must check the suitability of their property against the assessment criteria which address the location, scale, soil, access and management of the plantations are in place to ensure that your future plantation will be able to contribute to Western Australia’s softwood industry. (see page 2)
For more information, please contact the Forest Products Commission on 9725 5288.
The aim is to expand the plantation estate, with farm forestry contributing a meaningful supply of timber to industry.
Farm Forestry Assist is a one-off grant for farmers and other land owners for new plantings of radiata pine (Pinus radiata) and maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) for timber production.
This grant is for $500 per hectare.
The grant recipient can choose whether to receive $500 to spend on the establishment of the plantation or to receive free radiata pine seedlings to establish the area. The exact amount of seedlings per hectare will be determined by the Farm Forestry Officer after inspecting the site.
Second rotation plantings will be eligible for half the grant amount being $250 per hectare or free seedlings for half the area established.
Applications close on Friday 27 April 2018. This will allow you time to complete your preparation prior to planting this winter.
No. You will have ownership of and responsibility for the trees.
The Forest Products Commission Farm Forestry Officer will work with grant applicants and recipients and will be available to provide advice and support the establishment of viable and productive plantations on farms.
Grant recipients will enter into a grant agreement with the Forest Products Commission to ensure that the area is established.
Money will be provided to grant recipients after the seedlings have been established. If seedlings are chosen in lieu of payment, the seedlings will be provided at a time agreed by the grant recipient and the Farm Forestry Officer.
Normally, the trees should be thinned at 10 yrs with the thinnings being suitable for sale as chips for pulp. The plantation should then be thinned again at approximately 20 yrs for pulp and small sawlogs. The remaining plantation should then be clearfelled at approximately 30 years for sawlogs suitable for structural timber.
This is your choice, however the Forest Products Commission is providing this grant to support the planting of radiata pine and pinaster pine for timber production to support our vibrant softwood industry of the future. The Forest Products Commission’s Farm Forestry Officer can help explain your options.
This is not a Managed Investment Scheme or Sharefarm arrangement because the trees will belong to the landholder.

domain: agronomy


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Voltron: Legendary Defender: Lotor returns home in new season 4 clip
At New York Comic Con on Saturday, the cast and executive producers unveiled several new clips from Voltron: Legendary Defender‘s upcoming fourth season during their panel. Thankfully, one of them is finally available for everyone who wasn’t there to watch.
The season 3 finale revealed that Prince Lotor (A.J. Locascio) wants to cross into other realities in order to collect the purest quintessence, and in this new clip from season 4, we see him putting that plan into motion by returning to where this galaxy-spanning war began.
In this short sneak peek, Lotor and his generals return to the ruins of Planet Daibazaal, where the original rift between realities is located. Apparently, King Alfor’s plan to destroy the rift by destroying the planet didn’t work, and now Lotor plans on using it to pursue his goals.
Watch the clip above to find out more about Lotor’s plan.
The entire fourth season will be available Oct. 13 on Netflix.

domain: news


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Upon reading this article I found the response from the university officials far more "offensive" than the skit they were seeking to condemn.
“We’re still going to be proactive in student government, as far as diversity education and training,” he said. “If there are pockets out there that we don’t know about, we want to make sure this doesn’t happen again.”
Racism is bad, but using racism as an excuse to empower tyrants in waiting to be speech police is infinitely worse.
Freedom of speech is the right to tell other people what they do not want to hear. The alternative is a world in which only popular ideas are allowed to be expressed, and that my friends is a world where the tyranny of the majority ensures a stagnant society.
The only response that this skit warrants from the university is no response at all.


"A leap second is a one-second adjustment that is occasionally applied to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) in order to keep its time of day close to the mean solar time (UT1)."
There is a new leap second announced to happen 31st December 2016. See Bulletin C 52 from IERS (International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service). This means that the difference between UTC and TAI (Temps Atomique International) will be 37 seconds on the 1st of January 2017.
However, as leap seconds are not announced more than a few months in advance, the user have to schedule them as they become known. This is done with a few simple commands and there is no need to update to a new FW (Firmwire) version.
PTP time is not affected by leap seconds and it’s only if you care about UTC time that you have to do anything about it. An example is the case when you have an NMEA TOD input connected to your PTP master device or when you use NMEA TOD output.
All Qulsar units running FW v2.8 or later have a file in the system directory called leapsec.ini. This file contains all historic leap seconds until the release date of the FW.
If you’re using a time source connected to your Qulsar device which provides UTC time (e.g. a GPS receiver), make sure that the time source is also prepared to handle the leap second.
To know more about leap second watch this video (110 MB, webm format):
Contact Qulsar if you are not able to watch this video


Research and personal experience tell us that the way we often use social media—as a tool for comparison and mindless scrolling—is not working. The same is true of the way we use animals for food, though the detrimental impacts can be less obvious than those of Facebook or Twitter.
I never thought I’d work for a social media company. I’ve had an Instagram account since 2012 and, until this summer, had a grand total of four posts, two of which were identical because I accidentally created a duplicate that I didn’t know how to delete. My Twitter presence has been equally scarce since creating an account in 2014, and my Facebook use consists mostly of thanking people for birthday wishes. I’ve always had a healthy skepticism around social platforms and considered their drawbacks—namely, their impact on our mental health and attention spans—to outweigh their ability to connect people.
Until a few years ago, I was skeptical of plant-based eating, too. This skepticism turned out to be far less healthy, however, because it was based largely on ignorance. I knew a few people who had reduced or eliminated their consumption of animal products but honestly didn’t give it much thought. When I did, I preferred to label their choices as extreme, as if that made them any less logical. Since learning more about the topic over the past few years, I’ve realized that shifting to a more plant-based diet is often the most impactful choice we can make to improve our health, lessen our environmental impact, and reduce unnecessary suffering.
Research and personal experience tell us that the way we often use social media—as a tool for comparison and mindless scrolling—is not working. The same is true of the way we use animals for food, though the detrimental impacts can be less obvious than those of Facebook or Twitter. But social media isn’t inherently unhealthy, and our food choices can be a major force for good. So, how might we use social media more mindfully to eat more sustainably? That’s the question abillion is working to answer.
abillion is a Singapore-based startup creating a social media community for social good. Our platform makes it easy for people to review vegan food and cruelty-free products with photos and star ratings and share those reviews with friends and strangers across the globe. Each time a member creates a review, they receive $1 to donate to one of our nonprofit partners. Brands and restaurants can claim their profiles to respond to reviews and easily engage with our sustainability-minded community in a more targeted way than traditional social media platforms allow. This core focus on sustainability grabbed my attention when I stumbled upon abillion in the app store last spring, and working at the company this summer has allowed me to experience the genuineness of that ethos.
As the platform grows, the team must be intentional about appealing to more than just vegans. Over half of abillion members are self-described omnivores, which is a great start! While serving as a tool for brands to reach current plant-based eaters is good, the platform can be so much more than that. To achieve that potential, abillion is doing things differently than its social media counterparts. The donation program mentioned above is one differentiator, and the impact diary, which prompts members to reflect on the changes they’re making, is another feature that sets abillion apart. As the team continues to design the platform for mindful engagement and impact creation they will win over skeptics of both social media and plant-based eating, and that’s a good thing for people, animals, and our shared planet.


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Electrochemical marking engraving is a versatile and efficient technique for permanently marking various materials. To achieve exceptional results, it is crucial to optimize the stencil used for the process. In this blog post, we will explore key targets to improve stencil quality, focusing on obtaining more outline logos, achieving homogeneity in marking, creating small yet precise marks, and avoiding excessively thin lines. Let’s dive in!
- Expand your collection of outline logos:
One way to enhance the visual impact of electrochemical marking is by incorporating outline logos. These designs have a distinct appearance and offer versatility in application. To build a comprehensive collection, explore online resources, graphic design platforms, or consult with professional designers. Remember to ensure that the logos are suitable for the electrochemical marking process and can be easily translated into stencils.
- Overcoming the challenge of non-homogeneous markings:
When marking large black surfaces, achieving homogeneity can be a challenge due to the nature of the electrochemical marking process. To overcome this, consider the following techniques:
- Optimize stencil design: Use a stencil design that allows for better ink distribution and reduces the likelihood of uneven marking.
- Experiment with different stencil type: Our long life stencils are economically and excellent solutions for high quality marking. Also our stencil made by stencil printer P58D are good solution for fast change of marking design, like serial numbers, date, time etc.
- Adjust the marking parameters: Fine-tune of pressure with hand stamp, time, and moving of hand stamp to optimize the electrochemical reaction and improve homogeneity.
- The charm of small marks:
Small marks can be visually appealing, especially when intricate details or delicate designs are involved. To achieve small and precise marks:
- Using our long life high-resolution stencils: Invest in stencils with finer details and higher resolution to ensure the accurate transfer of the design onto the material.
- Quick made stencils by stencil printer in your own work shop are also very good solution.
- Striking a balance with line thickness:
While thinner lines can enhance the intricate details of a design, they may pose challenges during the marking process. To strike a balance:
- Consider material compatibility: Thinner lines may not be suitable for all materials. Evaluate the characteristics of the material and adjust the line thickness accordingly.
- Test different stencil materials: Some stencil materials may offer better line control and produce more consistent results with thinner lines.
- Optimize stencil production techniques: Explore advanced stencil production techniques, such as laser cutting or photochemical etching, to achieve precise and controlled line thickness.
Improving stencil quality is essential for achieving outstanding results in electrochemical marking engraving. By focusing on obtaining more outline logos, ensuring homogeneity in marking, creating small yet precise marks, and finding the right balance with line thickness, you can elevate the quality and visual appeal of your electrochemical markings. Remember to experiment, refine your techniques, and stay updated with the latest advancements in stencil production to continuously enhance your electrochemical marking skills. Happy marking!

domain: artistic


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Vintage original 7.75 x 9.75 in. US single-weight glossy photograph from the teens silent serial, THE MILLION DOLLAR MYSTERY, released in 1914 by Mutual and directed by Howell Hansel.
The image depicts cast member Billy Sullivan (billed as “William L. Sullivan”) with Countess Olga Petroff (Marguerite Snow). It is in fine+ condition.
*“The Million Dollar Mystery is a 23-chapter film serial released in 1914, directed by Howell Hansel, and starring Florence La Badie and James Cruze. It is presumed lost.
Filmed in New Rochelle, New York, The Million Dollar Mystery was produced by Thanhouser Film Corporation and was that company's biggest success, largely due to the popularity of La Badie, who performed her own stunts. Publicity gimmicks, including a monetary prize to anyone who submitted the best idea for a conclusion to the serial, were used to boost the serial's success. The Million Dollar Mystery was the new serial project from the Chicago Tribune following the success of The Adventures of Kathlyn. The serial was released with the gimmick that the last chapter was unwritten. Twenty-two chapters were written based only on the title, while the serial was left purposefully unfinished with no final chapter.
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Nikon 1 J2
Snap sharp pics of life's special moments with this Nikon camera. This mirrorless technology digital camera has a 10.1-megapixel resolution, designed for shooting crisp, high quality pictures. It has a CMOS sensor. The maximum ISO of 6400 is excellent for snapping photos in problematic lighting conditions. With 1080p video capabilities, you can shoot videos in high resolution. Battery lifetime is 220. This Nikon digital camera features an incredible burst capability of 60 fps and weighs 238 grams. This will be perfect for travelling.
|Storage Type||Secure Digital, SDHC, SDXC|
|Optical Sensor Optical Sensor||CMOS|

domain: hobby


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Mad, bad and dangerous to blow
Despite its fame, or perhaps infamy, the saxophone has had very few scholarly books dedicated to it. Professor Stephen Cottrell hopes to amend this with the publication of his book 'The Saxophone' which was launched last night at his inaugural lecture in the Performance Space at City University London.
The book examines the full social, historical and cultural trajectory of the instrument and considers how and why the saxophone, with its idiosyncratic shape and sound, should have become important for so many different music makers around the world.
Dinant, a small town 60 miles south of Brussels, may appear an unlikely place birth place for the inventor of a musical instrument that the Italian composer Gioachino Rossini would describe as having 'the most beautiful sound that I know'. But it is there on 6 November 1814 that Adolphe Sax was born.
Twenty six years later Adolphe, an accomplished clarinettist and inventor of musical instruments, arrived at the Belgian Industrial exhibition with a variety of clarinets and bass clarinets, and something described as 'un saxophone en cuivre' - a saxophone in brass.
The instrument, which Adolphe then perfected after his move from Belgium to Paris, was not warmly received by everyone. A London reviewer in 1852 perceived the instrument to be "a musical monster, neither fish nor flesh, nor good red herring", while an aggrieved letter-writer to the Musical World in 1854 advised that the saxophone "should be obliterated forthwith."
From these inauspicious beginnings the saxophone went on to become one of the most recognised instruments in the world, accruing a musical and symbolic significance far beyond that for which Adolphe Sax might have reasonably hoped.
During his lecture Professor Cottrell gave the audience of musicians, academics and saxophone fans a whirlwind tour through the evolution of the insrument, from its humble beginnings to its adoption by jazz musicians in the United States in the 1920s and 30s.
After the lecture the audience were treated to a performance by Matt Racine and Rob Sherwood, pictured, current third-year students on City's BMus Music course, followed a performance from Professor Cottrell and fellow City lecturere Ian Pace of Jean Francaix's Five Exotic Dances.

domain: library


Current Notifications & Important Dates
- Official Notification: GPSSB Chief Sevika Jobs 2018 Notification
- Total No. of Vacancies: 275 Posts
- Starting Date of Application Process: 28th August 2018
- Last Date for Submission of Application: 12th September 2018
- Direct Link to Apply: GPSSB Chief Sevika Jobs 2018 Application Form
GPSSB Recruitment 2018 Notification – 275 Chief Sevika Jobs
Gujarat Panchayat Service Selection Board (GPSSB) has released notification for the for the recruitment of the posts of chief sevika under GPSSB Recruitment. So, Interested and Eligible applicants may apply the application form from before the last date 12th September 2018.
Total number of vacancies to be followed by GPSSB is 275 Posts
Name of the post: Chief Sevika
Applicants must be completed graduate with knowledge of computer from the organization.
Applicants maximum age limit is 35 years.
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- Gujarat Metro Rail Recruitment 2018 – GM, JGM & Manager Jobs
- PGVCL Recruitment 2018 – 104 Vidyut Sahayak (Junior Assistant) Jobs
- Directorate of Economics and Statistics Gujarat Recruitment 2018 – 329 Statistics Assistant, Research Officer & Assistant Jobs
- Gujarat Police Bharti 2018 – 6189 Constable & Jail Sepoy Jobs
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- GPSC Recruitment 2018 – 351 Pediatrician, AE, Principal & Veterinary Officer Jobs
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Selected candidates will get pay per Rs.31,340/-.
Through Written test and Interview applicants will be selected.
Applicants may apply the application form through online from 28th August 2018 to 12th September 2018.
How to apply?
https://ojas.gujarat.gov.in/AdvtList.aspx?type=lCxUjNjnTp8%3d to apply directly.


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Friday, 28 January 2011
Where does the time go? It feels like only yesterday Michaela was a babe in my arms and she is now 21. So it should come as no surpriase that time is going just as quick for my little man, who is already 15 months old. He is quickly discovering he can do things for himself, one of these indepentent things is bruhing his teeth. Michaela sent me this photo a few days ago and I just had to pop it on the blog because it makes me smile everytime I look at and I am sure it will make you smile too.
Wednesday, 26 January 2011
I have just made this calico bag and added hexagon roses on either side. I wanted to show something else that can be done with a hexagon rose for my micro teach next week. I was going to make a cushion cover but changed my mind due to time restrictions and decided on a tote bag. The added bonus of the bag is I now have something extra to carry all the things I need for the micro teach. The bag was so quick and easy to make, I now know what I will do with all those hexagons I have made for demonstration purposes once the micro teach is over. Simples!!!!
Sunday, 23 January 2011
Firstly let me say I am sorry that my last posting ended rather gloomy but it certainly triggered some much needed positivity. Previous to the posting I texed my friend Judith, as I vaguely remembered she had a hexagon quilt. I asked if I could borrow the quilt to use as an example for my micro teach and Judith kindly agreed. Then I wrote the blog, no sooner had I wrote it I received a call from Judith and this gesture alone, not to mention her words of encouragement over whelmed me. We met up yesterday morning and Judith kindly brought the said quilt with her. It took my breath away. The quilt is full of wonderful memories through the fabrics Judith has used to make the quilt. Left over dress fabric that her mother used to make summer dresses. Curtain fabric from an aunts set of curtains and one of the fabrics is from a bridesmaid dress Judith wore in 1973. I had a very enjoyable morning, cake, coffee, a quilt but best of all the wonderful gift of true friendship. Thank you so much Judith for yesterday and the loan of your lovely hexagon quilt. Judith kindly gave me permission to post a picture of her quilt also a hexagon tea cosy she made, I hope you find them both as wonderful as I do.
Friday, 21 January 2011
A couple of weeks ago I started a PTLLS course(preparing to teach in the lifelong learning sector) because I thought I could teach patchwork and quilting to beginners. A week on Monday I have to do a 30 minute micro teach on my chosen teaching subject. I decided to do English paper piecing and demonstrate how to make a hexagon rose. Now I am up to my eyes in hexagons. Whilst the hexagons are growing my confidence is dwindling and self doubt is eating away at me constantly. Wouldn't it be great if we could just go to a shop and by some confidence. I think I need to make a telephone call for some much needed advice.
Saturday, 15 January 2011
More days of Christmas. So far I am delighted with these blocks and I am enjoying making them. Each one takes a considerable length of time to make, because it is all about the layering and then blanket stitching around each layer. I have however been working on black and gold quilt in between Christmas day blocks and I only have one applique pannel left to complete, then I can add the final boarder. Hurray. I have promised myself I will complete this pannel tomorrow night before I start another day of Christmas.
Wednesday, 12 January 2011
Especially for you Kath, here is the card that I have taken the images from to make my Twelve days of Chrisrtmas quilt. I bought the card in November from a delighful little quilt shop in Chester called Liberty Bell. If you back a bit on my old post you will see it in another image when I was free hand drawing the images to enlarge them to fit on A4 paper.
So far so good, here are my first two blocks from the twelve days of Christmas quilt I have designed from a Christmas card. I am thrilled to bits at how they have turned out and I am looking forward to making the other 10 blocks. Hope they will turn out just as good. this is also my first attempt at quilt as you go, so fingers crossed. How is this for irony? When I was gathering the fabric to make this quilt I fell in love with the green back ground fabric, it has little streams of red and green ribbon on it. It reminded me of streamers the kind you throw at parties and I thought it would be ideal as the background for this particular quilt. When I asked for several yards, the lady in the shop told me it was from a the range of fabric called the twelve days of Christmas!!!! Now how spooky is that,lol.
Sunday, 9 January 2011
My friend Janet kindly gave me her copy of Nov/Dec Mcalls quilting magazine so I could make the Christmas rug mug designed by Kathy Brown. Here is my finished Mug rug. I throughly enjoyed making this little project it was quick and easy to follow and I found it to be very relaxing. I have been working on my black and gold quilt now for sometime and I have almost finished the top. It has become quite stressful completing this quilt top becuase I made several silly mistakes and spent hours correcting them. Oh well, soon it will be finished and I will post a picture.
Friday, 7 January 2011
At last I hear you cry! my first blog post for 2011. The truth is i have not had anything to blog about craft wise. I am trying to complete the final boarders on the black and gold quilt but so far I have had three set backs so i decided to have a break from it for a couple of days. If was our first night back at Liverbirds Wednesday last and look what a lovely gift I received from my dear friend Hilary. A gorgeous pair of sparkly high heals Christmas tree decoration. How ironic she should give me such a gift and I wondered if she had read my last blog alas Hilary does not read my blog she had just seen the little shoes and thought of me. Well Hilary even though you are not reading this thank you again i adore them and they will be hung on the tree with pride.


The Ontario police watchdog has cleared two Toronto police officers of any wrongdoing after they shot and killed a man holding a gun in Scarborough last May.
According to a Special Investigations Unit (SIU) press release issued Friday, Director Joseph Martino found no reasonable grounds that either officer acted unlawfully when they confronted and shot the 27-year-old near William G. Davis Jr. Public School on May 26. .
“As such, there was no reason to pursue criminal charges in this matter,” the press release read. “The case has been closed.”
According to the SIU report on the incident, Toronto police first received a phone call about a man walking with a rifle near Scarborough Public School at around 1:35 p.m. this afternoon. -the. Officers responded and found the man hiding in bushes near a house on Maberley Crescent near Lawrence Avenue East and East Avenue.
Officers told the man to get out of the bushes, and that’s when the man pointed the pellet gun at police, according to the SIU. Two police officers shot the man, who died instantly.
The report said the man suffered from an undisclosed mental illness and had “had a particularly difficult time the previous week coping with his mental health.”
“The officers would not have known” that the weapon was an air rifle
Gunshot wounds were located in his left shoulder, left flank, left hip and abdomen. A .22 caliber Diana Stormrider pellet gun, fitted with a Tasco Air scope, was found near the sidewalk on the west side of East Avenue in the Adam’s Creek area.
The SIU also said the man had 28 pellets in his trouser pockets when he was shot.
The unit’s decision says the officers’ shots constituted “reasonable defensive force”.
“The weapon in the Complainant’s possession was an air rifle, but the officers would not have known it, and if they had known it is clear that they could be assured that it was not deadly,” the report said.
“For all intents and purposes, the officers would have reasonably feared their lives were at stake when the Complainant very deliberately raised the gun at them.”


AeroVironment has been awarded $18 million contract to supply initial RQ-11B Raven unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) to seven allied nations.
The contract also includes spare parts and contractor logistics services.
The AeroVironment Raven is an unmanned aircraft system designed for applications requiring low-altitude intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, the company said in a statement Tuesday.
With a wingspan of 4.5 feet and weighing 4.2 pounds, the hand-launched Raven provides aerial observation, day or night, at line-of-sight ranges up to approximately 6.2 miles (10 kilometers).
RQ-11B Raven, RQ-12 WaspAE, RQ-20A PumaAE and Shrike VTOL comprise AeroVironment’s Family of Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems. Operating with a common ground control system (GCS), this Family of Systems provides increased capability to the warfighter that can give ground commanders the option of selecting the appropriate aircraft based on the type of mission to be performed.
Subversive Capital has acquired the remainder of AeroVironment's CybAero holding. "We are delighted that Subversive Capital decided to become a major shareholder of CybAero and we look forward to working closely with them," said CybAero CEO Mikael Hult in a statement Thrusday
AeroVironment has won a $3.4 million contract from the United States Army to supply RQ-11B Raven unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) to the Spanish Ministry of Defense
The Raven mini-UAV may have failed the Indian Armys technical requirements for hand-launched spy drones to equip its infantry battalions. Made by AeroVironment Inc
The Portuguese Army has ordered Raven unmanned aircraft systems equipped with Mantis i23 sensors and pocket Remote Video Terminals (p/RVT) from AeroVironment, Inc. The fixed-price contract award announced on September 13 valued at $5,962,494 from NSPA on August 20, 2018, has delivery scheduled over a three-year period
AeroVironment has been awarded a $9,098,295 foreign military sales contract with Egypt for RQ-20B Puma AE II M3/M4 systems and support. Work will be performed in Monrovia, California, with an estimated completion date of Sept
AeroVironment has announced the formation of a joint venture to develop solar-powered high-altitude long-endurance, or HALE, UAS for commercial operations. This category of UAS is also referred to as high-altitude pseudo-satellites, or HAPS
Aerovironments Puma unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has been designated Puma 3 AE after the company has undertaken upgrades such as updating the datalink, new avionics and integrating new infrared (IR) sensor. The company has also upgraded Raven UAV with the same features
Rostec to offer Modernization of S.Korean Ka-32s at Seoul ADEX 2019
China’s J-20 Fighter May Have Entered Mass Production with Increased Deployment
USAF Approves Sikorsky HH-60W Gunship To Enter Production
Shareholders Approve United Technologies, Raytheon Merger
Russian S-300s, S-400s Fail to Detect Israeli F-35s Flying Over Syria: Reports...
New GJ-11 Stealth Combat Drone with Flying Wing Design takes part in...
China to Deploy Sharp Sword Stealth Drone on Type-001A Carrier by Year-end...
USAF Develops "Thor" Electromagnetic Weapon to Hammer Enemy Drones
Several joint production and direct procurement programs could be halted if the US and Europe carry through with their threat...
Sanctions-hit Iran has found ingenious ways to develop military hardware
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly permeating the defence industry to aid and improve human decision-making
Upgrade of Russias Sukhoi Su-30SM fighters to equip them with armaments, radar, sensors and engines from the more powerful Su-35...
US companies sanctioned by China for supplying weapons to Taiwan may be denied rare earth elements (REEs), which have critical...
While the US F-35 stealth aircraft has become one the fastest selling fighter jets in the world aircraft market, thanks...


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If today’s games are at all similar to yesterday’s regional finals, we might just have to order an entirely new wardrobe of boxers. Only one way to find out…
RTC Live: East & SW Regional Finals
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Got this unsolicited jewel in the mail today. #haithed!
New USAT/Coaches preseason poll is out. The top four teams won 12 combined NCAA games last year - wanna guess which one won zero?
Great selection and low prices on quality Basketball Backboards from Robbins Sports.
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Our homes can communicate our emotions, without a word spoken. In the spirit of the holiday season, it's fun to go big with home decor, accessories, and color. And it's the perfect time to try new colors; colors you might not use any other time of the year. Today we're talking about the color.....
There was a time when I had quite a bit of black decor. Over the years my style evolved, and then I turned to light and bright. I did away with the black. I am finding myself drawn to the color again!
Here are some simple ways to add a punch of black, a classic hue, to your holiday home!
4 simple ways to bring black into your holiday home
Do you have old wooden chairs? Are your kitchen or dining chairs dated? Get out the black paint (or spray paint!). Since chairs typically get plenty of traffic; priming is important. NOTE: If you spray paint, do it outside or in a well-ventilated (and well-covered ) area.
2. Textiles (pillows, tablecloths, curtains, blankets)
When I found this awesome polka dot tablecloth in black and white I did the happy dance! Disclosure: it isn't a "real" tablecloth, but if you know me, you know I love an accessory that serves multiple purposes! This "tablecloth" will be a stunning back-drop for a bold holiday floral arrangement.....and a little gold accent here and there. Ooooh... I'm feeling the holiday vibe just talking about.it!
Have you been out shopping lately? Black/white, and black/cream patterns are everywhere. If pattern is a little scary to you, try it first in a black/white or black/cream color combination. A small throw rug in your kitchen, your bedroom, foyer, or bathroom is all you need.
The thing about black and white patterns is that they can be totally wild, but don’t have to take center stage (because two colors is all you’re dealing with). If pattern is overwhelming to you, starting with a black and white, or black and cream pattern is a good idea.
Then, throw some Christmas greenery or colors in the mix and you've got a classic, holiday decor scheme that is sure to get noticed.
These rugs have the power to add a classic, yet edgy touch to a holiday home:
Now imagine a beautiful evergreen adorned in lights and ornaments, in the same room as a rug like one of these! Gorgeous. (rugs above from West Elm)
Any decor you have (whether old or new!) is fair game for the holiday season. We tend to put away items when the holiday season arrives, thinking it all has to be festive and "holiday-appropriate". The time we spend doing this adds up! A simple solution is to use the same decor items all year-long. Choose several pieces to do this with, or all your decor. Just add the seasonal accents as appropriate! For example....
I used this black vase with gold accents in the fall, and during the Christmas season, I can also use it....by simply replacing the gold floral arrangement with a holiday-like arrangement.
Black is a classic, timeless color that compliments so many other colors, and adds depth to any room. Try black in your home this holiday season.....I promise it won't disappoint!
Are you using black this holiday season in your home? Thinking about it? Post a photo in the comments directly onto this post, or at the Novo Decor Facebook Page


From design or manufacturing defects to insufficient warnings of hazards, The Currie Firm will tenaciously hold companies responsible for injury or death caused by unsafe products placed on the market. We have over 30 years of legal experience and the knowledge and resources to handle complex litigation against manufacturers. Based in Atlanta, we represent clients throughout the metro area and across Georgia in ensuring that they receive full compensation for their injuries and losses.
We handle product liability lawsuits against the manufacturers and distributors of a wide range of dangerous and defective products, including:
- Automotive equipment and vehicle accidents (tires, seatbelt injury, defective air bag, broken seat)
- Industrial equipment and machinery accidents (assembly line equipment, die presses, conveyor belts, feeder systems, etc.)
- Heavy equipment used in construction (forklifts or cranes)
- Power tool accidents (circular saws, drills)
- Elevator and escalator accidents
- Hospital equipment accidents
- Consumer product accidents (ladders, lawnmowers, appliances)
- Missing or inadequate warning label and signage accidents
In seeking damages, we secure design specifications and investigate the manufacturing process. We research any history of similar claims and whether the company issued a recall or took other measures to correct the problem. We also routinely check for regulatory violations, for example: if the product was targeted largely at a Hispanic population, did it include instructions and warnings in Spanish?
We act swiftly to secure the machine, vehicle or product itself and have it examined. We use a nationwide network of qualified experts on specific products and in specific industries to identify defects and dangerous conditions (including inadequate warnings) and prove liability of the manufacturers and distributors of the product or machine.
Compensation in Product Liability Claims
Victims of defective products can claim all the usual damages for personal injury or wrongful death – and in some cases may be able to collect punitive damages as well.
Mr. Currie has extensive insurance defense experience, an advantage we use in negotiating settlements or taking claims to court. If you believe your injury or the death of a family member was due to a product defect, contact us today by filling out the contact form on this website of call us now at (404) 889-5700 for a free initial consultation and case evaluation.


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Ault, Holly Keyes
Peet, R. Creighton
Polytechnic of Namibia
This report, supported by Mr. Erling Kavita from the Polytechnic of Namibia's school of Natural Resources and Tourism in conjunction with Worcester Polytechnic Institute, investigates Wilderness Safaris' Damaraland Camp and its effects on the local cultures, society, and economy of the individuals living on the Torra Conservancy. Through analysis of observations, surveys, and interviews conducted with Torra Conservancy members, Wilderness Safaris employees and individuals from other related organizations in Namibia, suggestions for improvement and conclusions were developed.
Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Interactive Qualifying Project
All authors have granted to WPI a nonexclusive royalty-free license to distribute copies of the work, subject to other agreements. Copyright is held by the author or authors, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise noted.


Source: Yojana Magazine
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) launched the Swachh Survekshan 2020 (SS 2020), the fifth edition of the annual cleanliness survey. Alongside, the Swachh Survekshan 2020 Toolkit, SBM Water PLUS Protocol and Toolkit, Swachh Nagar – an integrated waste management app and AI-enabled SBM App were also launched.
Swachh Survekshan 2020
- SS 2020 will be conducted in January 2020.
- A major thrust of Swachh Survekshan has always been on citizen engagement, be it through citizen feedback or indicators involving citizen participation.
- This year, the citizen-centric focus has been enhanced substantially through verification of the progress made by cities on Swachhata through direct responses from citizens. Continuing with its focus on providing integrated waste management solutions to Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) and citizens, MoHUA also launched the Swachh Nagar Mobile App.
Swachh Nagar Mobile App
- This app, with features such as tracking of waste collection by ULBs through route and vehicle monitoring, notification to citizens, online collection of user fee for waste collection and an effective grievance redressal mechanism, will be the answer to several issues that hinder effective waste management such as lack of monitoring, collection of segregated waste, and tracking the movement of waste vehicles and waste pickers, amongst others.
SBM Water PLUS Protocol and Toolkit
- Moreover, in line with the focus on continuity and sustainability, a major focus of SS 2020 indicators, both for the quarterly and annual assessments – has been on complete faecal sludge management and wastewater treatment
- Reiterating its commitment to the cause, the Ministry also launched the Water PLUS Protocol and the accompanying Toolkit.
- Moving beyond ODF, ODF+ and ODF++, the Water PLUS protocol aims to provide a guideline for cities and towns to ensure that no untreated wastewater is released into the environment thereby enabling the sustainability of the sanitation value chain. This is in line with the Government’s focus on water conversation and reuse under the Jal Shakti Abhiyan and also aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals on clean water and sanitation.
- The toolkit provides the detailed SBM Water Plus protocol laid down by MoHUA, along with declaration formats to be obtained from various stakeholders, that wards/work circles (in case under the jurisdiction of development authority) and cities are required to submit, as part of the SBM Water Plus declaration and certification process.
Difference between SS & SL


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Unboxing; Final Fantasy Type-0 HD Collector’s Edition
By Philip Cole
In lieu of its official release tomorrow, the wonderful folk at the Royal Mail have delivered my copy to me a day early, so here’s a quick preview of what comes in the box.
So what came to me was a cardboard box far larger than was required by the contents, and inside was this:
And last but not least we have the game box itself, a lovely bronze steelbook that echos the artwork found on the exterior of the box. Inside we have the single game disc and the Composer Selections audio disc, which I hope to give a listen after I’ve played the game some (though knowing Final Fantasy games there are going to be some cracking tunes on there).
There are also 5 art cards found inside, but unfortunately these don’t photograph too well in my office so I hope to add pictures of these up soon! Though they can be seen in the official box shot shown below. All said, this is a fantastic Collector’s Edition and definitely one of the more quality packages that I have purchased – The quality of the manga and art book cannot be stated clearly enough and those two alone more than warrant the extra cost over the base game. All I can say is I hope the game lives up to this excellent package.


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As an artist, lifelong equestrian and mental health professional, Christine has brought art, horses and people together for over 20 years.
By combining her education as a ceramic artist, counselor, and animal behaviorist, Bravata's passion for helping people through art and animal therapy has flourished. While obtaining a Master's degree in counseling psychology, Christine began incorporating horses and art in her work with individuals with Asperger's syndrome, trauma victims and veterans on a 4700 acre, working cattle ranch in Central Florida. The bravery and resilience of those survivors, coupled with the healing powers of working in nature with the Florida Cracker Horses, continue to inspire her functional equine sculpture.
The artist's connection with animals and nature is evident in her functional equine sculpture. Each one-of-a-kind equine vessel captures the movement and essence of her subjects, and seems to possess an energy and will all its own. Her intricately textured designs and carvings reflect a unique combination of abstract impressionism, with ancient hand building techniques, creating a fully functioning work of art that can be passed on through generations.
She writes, "I have been fortunate enough to witness the life-changing effects of working with horses. They teach us so much about ourselves and show us a calm and gentle, yet powerful and majestic, beauty and untamed spirit that lives within us all. They live in the present moment, balanced, and in harmony with their environments. As animals of prey, they rely on being acutely in tune with their surroundings in order to survive, which makes them excellent partners in Equine Assisted Therapy. In the quiet space between human and animal, there is a dance; a connectivity that can bring profound inner peace and healing. My hope is to bring people closer to finding that connection through my work."
Originally from New York City, Christine currently lives on a farm in Central Florida with her family and the horses who inspire her work.


Pre-owned Gas chromatographs of brands such as Varian, HP, Agilent, Shimadzu Perkin Elmer. Autosamplers, injectors, PCs, software and manuals.
There are 3 products.
Varian CP-3380 gas chromatograph. Equipment configured and designed for basic applications. Composed by: one manual split/splitless injector and one FID detector. Manual control equipment through the main panel (photo 6). It includes Star Workstation v. 4.5 software for acquisition and processing data.Available5 595,00 €Add to cart


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Explore all current and upcoming Starlight Theatre - Kansas City comedy events in 2024/2025. Tickets for comedy shows are available now. Buy 100% guaranteed comedy tickets for upcoming events in Kansas City at the lowest price.
Comedians On Tour
Venues: Starlight Theatre - Kansas City Kansas City, MO


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Scientific Review Committees
For studies that are greater than minimal risk, scientific review is required. This is required before you submit to the IRB.
There are currently three committees that review proposals at Fairview:
- For studies involving nurses at UMMC, submit your application to the UMMC Nursing Research Council.
- For studies involving nurses at Fairview Ridges Hospital, submit your application to the Fairview Ridges Nursing Council.
- For all other studies, submit to the Fairview Research Scientific Review Committee (RSRC).