text:
It seems the whole world has been turned upside down with this Covid 19 virus and my thoughts are...Read More
Tag: comic book collecting
You see kids, once upon a time before the Internet and cell phones we kept all phone numbers in a large newsprint tome that was not only informative but also gave circus strongmen something to rip in half with their bare hands. All joking aside the phone book was a pretty important part of tracking down new comic books for your collection.Read More
The weakening Canadian Dollar got me to thinking about the effect it is having, if any, on the back issue comic book market. Comic books are like oil in that they are traded in U.S. dollars. The price guide is quoted in U.S. dollars, almost all the big internet dealers are U.S. based and all the major comic auction sites are U.S. and prices are quoted in U.S. Dollars. Basically holding a comic collection is like holding U.S. dollars.Read More
In my Auction Highlights #43 I looked at the recent $21,250.00 ComicLink sale of a CGC 9.6 Amazing Spider-Man #11. This comic book has an Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide value of $2,400 in the 9.2 grade. ComicLink noted that the CGC 9.6 grade is rare for this comic book…Read More
Comic book conventions are dangerous places for impulse buyers. You can end up heading home with a 50 cent comic or you could end up heading home with a 4 foot R2D2 replica, a gorgeous 42” x 38” framed painting of Phoenix, 3 short boxes full of CGC graded comics, 2 Samurai swords, a Viking sword and a 50 cent comic…Read More
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domain: hobby


Manchester United are facing several injuries in defence ahead of their clash with Nottingham Forest in the Premier League.
England defender Harry Maguire missed Thursday’s Carabao Cup win over Burnley due to illness while Lisandro Martinez and Raphael Varane continue to be absent following the World Cup final.
Axel Tuanzebe is a long-term injury absentee and Teden Mengi is also out, while Phil Jones appears to not be under consideration for selection by Erik ten Hag.
That led to Casemiro being played at centre-back against Burnley and the Brazilian may be called upon again, if required.
Academy defender Rhys Bennett was named as his back-up on the bench.
Ten Hag said on Friday:
“[Martinez] has been celebrating in Buenos Aires and I can understand that.
It’s the highest you can achieve. But also, Lisandro Martinez has to accept on the 27th the Premier League will go on.
“Of course [Varane] is disappointed about losing but I think also he can be proud that he was again in that final [having won the 2018 World Cup], and of all that he achieved already in his career.”
Jadon Sancho is yet to return to training for United after being put on an individual fitness programme during the World Cup. Diogo Dalot (hamstring) is a doubt.
United are otherwise at full strength with Antony, Luke Shaw and Fred appearing off the bench in the cup, and now pushing for starting berths.
Manchester United Possible Lineup:
Wan-Bissaka, Lindelof, Maguire, Shaw;
Antony, Fernandes, Rashford;


Out go Naomi Thomas with a stress fracture of the shin and Hayley Baxter with a fractured scaphoid. Both UWIC players had been earmarked to play against Australia in the opening fixture and their attacking prowess will be sorely missed.
Their replacements are Cath Foale from Saracens and Gemma Allen from Tylorstown Tigers.
The Welsh Rugby Union has awarded a unique 'President's Cap' to a specific group of players who represented their country between 1945 and 1979, but missed out on international recognition at the time.
Prabhat Mathema, the WRU's National Medical Manager explains the four part Pitchside Suspected Concussion Assessment process the IRB has devised that is being implemented throughout the Dove Men Series and in the LV= Cup this season, which includes the provision for a five minute temporary substitution to allow an assessment to take place.


|Publication number||US3996494 A|
|Application number||US 05/645,297|
|Publication date||Dec 7, 1976|
|Filing date||Dec 29, 1975|
|Priority date||May 1, 1975|
|Also published as||DE2552856A1, DE2552856B2, DE2552856C3|
|Publication number||05645297, 645297, US 3996494 A, US 3996494A, US-A-3996494, US3996494 A, US3996494A|
|Original Assignee||Shigeru Suga|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (35), Classifications (16)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This invention relates to a device for recording light energy from a xenon lamp used in a light-fastness testing apparatus and adjusting the xenon lamp in response to the light intensity to prevent the intensity from decreasing with the passage of time, so that tests can be with a constant amount of light.
Xenon lamps, which are used in light-fastness testing apparatus, in general have a lifetime of several hundred hours, the light emitted being strong when the lamp is new, but the intensity decreasing gradually with the passage of time. The intensity of the light, however, does not decrease uniformly over the whole of the spectrum of radiation emitted by the lamp, i.e., in the ultraviolet region (wavelengths of 300 to 400 nm), visible light region (400 to 700nm) and infrared region (700 to 1200 nm). Therefore, in conducting light-fastness tests, the results obtained using a new lamp are often not in agreement with the results obtained using an old lamp even for the same samples.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a light intensity monitoring and adjusting apparatus which can provide light of a constant intensity at least in one part of the spectrum of light emitted by a xenon lamp in a light-fastness testing device over the course of the useful life of the xenon lamp.
It is a further object to provide such an apparatus which will also record data on the intensity of light being emitted in other parts of the spectrum of light so that the intensities of light to which the specimens have been subjected will be known.
These objects are achieved by a light intensity monitoring and adjusting apparatus according to the invention which is for a light-fastness testing apparatus having a xenon lamp and a power source circuit for supplying power to said lamp, said monitoring and adjusting device comprising a light guide having a plurality of bundles of optical fibers therein and having one end directed toward the xenon lamp for picking up the light emitted therefrom, a light-receiving means to which the other ends of said bundle of optical fibers is connected and including a plurality of light-receiving elements corresponding in number to the number of bundles of optical fibers and each being for receiving light of a spectrum different from the spectrum of light received by the other light-receiving elements and producing and electrical signal corresponding to the intensity of the light in said spectrum, a source of reference voltage, a voltage comparator coupled to said source of reference voltage for comparing input voltages with said reference voltage switching means coupled between said light-receiving elements and said voltage comparator for switching the output of said light-receiving elements one at a time to said voltage comparator, and a voltage adjusting means coupled to said power source circuit for adjusting the voltage supplied to said lamp and coupled to said voltage comparator for being driven by the output thereof to change the voltage supplied to said lamp to bring the intensity of the light produced by said lamp in said spectrum to a value corresponding to the light intensity value represented by said reference voltage, whereby the intensity of light in a spectrum emitted by the lamp can be kept constant for testing specimens for light-fastness under constant conditions.
The apparatus can further comprise a recording means coupled to said switching means for recording the electrical signal information on the intensity of light from the light receiving elements other than the one coupled to said voltage comparator.
The present invention will now be described in greater detail in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic sectional view illustrating the light-fastness testing apparatus according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the light intensity monitoring and control system of the apparatus;
FIGS. 3 and 4 are transverse and longitudinal cross-sectional views, respectively, of an optical fiber used in the apparatus;
FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram showing a comparator circuit which compares the reference voltage needed for adjusting energy with the output voltage from the light-receiving section; and
FIG. 6 is a partial circuit diagram of an alternative part of the adjusting section of the system of FIG. 2.
FIG. 1 shows the internal structure of the light-fastness testing apparatus, in which a xenon lamp 2 is provided in the center of a testing chamber 1, a sample 3 is mounted on a rotary frame 4 driven for rotation around the lamp 2 by motor 4a so as to be irradiated for testing as to light-fastness. Reference numeral 5 designates a blower, for blowing through the chamber 1, and numeral 6 designates a liquid vessel to hold liquid such as water, for control of the humidity in the testing chamber. The construction as described thus far is the same as for a conventional apparatus.
The apparatus further has a light intensity monitoring and adjusting means comprised of a light guide 7 made of optical fiber, a light-receiving section 8, an adjusting section 9, and a recording instrument 10.
FIGS. 3 and 4 show the light guide 7 as being a flexible tube 23 containing a bundle of optical fibers 23 which is tri-sected and at one end is directed toward the lamp 2 and at the other end is connected to the light-receiving section 8.
As seen in FIGS. 2 and 4, the other end of the bundle of optical fibers 24 in the light guide 7 is separated into three parts as indicated at 11, and is connected to the light-receiving section 8. In the light-receiving section 8 is a lens 12 for each part of the bundle of fibers 24 which directs the light to respective light-receiving elements 13A-13C, such as photoelectric tubes, through respective filters 14A-14C. The filters 14A-14C filter out all but ultraviolet, visible and infrared light, respectively. The outputs of the light-receiving elements 13A-13C are coupled to amplifiers 15, the outputs of which are coupled to three-way switches 16A-16C. Two fixed contacts on each switch are connected to the recording instrument 10, and the third contact is connected to a voltage comparator 18, while the movable contact arms on the switches are coupled together so that they move simultaneously when the switches are switched. Mutually different fixed contacts on the respective switches are coupled to the voltage comparator 18, that is, the contact at the 0° position on swtich 16A is connected to the comparator 18, while the contact at the 90° position on switch 16B is connected to the comparator, and the contact at the 180° position on switch 16C is coupled to the comparator. Therefore, at any position of the movable contacts of the switches, only one fixed contact from among the three contacts on the respective switches will be coupled to the comparator, and the other two fixed contacts on the other two switches will be connected to the recording instrument 10.
A reference voltage source means having sources 17A, 17B and 17C supplies reference voltages to voltage comparator 18 for each of the three types of light, i.e. ultraviolet, visible and infrared, under the control of switch 17d, which is mechanically coupled to switches 16A-16C. Comparator 18 compares the voltage from the light-receiving section 8 with the appropriate reference voltage and produces an output according to any difference detected. Voltage comparator 18 includes an amplifier for amplifying the output of the comparator, the output of the amplifier actuating a balancing motor 19, which in turn is connected to a conventional voltage adjusting device 20 for adjusting it. Voltage adjusting device 20 is connected to a power source circuit 21 for energizing the xenon lamp, which in turn is supplied from a power source 22 for the entire apparatus.
FIG. 5 is a diagram showing one circuit for the voltage comparator 18 which compares the reference voltage from one of the sources 17A-17C with the voltage from the light receiving elements 13A-13C. Referring to FIG. 5, the amplified voltage from the light receiving elements is connected across terminals A and B as supplied from the respective switch 16 in FIG. 2, and the voltage from the reference voltage source 17A-17C is connected across terminals B and C. The voltage across terminals A and C from the resistors 25 and 26 with the polarities as shown in amplified by amplifier 18a and supplied to the balancing motor 19. If the two voltages are equal, the motor remains at rest, and if there is a difference between the two voltages, the motor starts to run in a direction depending on the polarity of the voltage.
The operation of the apparatus of the present invention is as follows. The lamp 2 is lighted, and the output from the part of the light-receiving section 8 and the corresponding amplifier 15 to be maintained and adjusted is selected by properly setting switches 16A-16C and switch 17d. With switches 16A-16C and 17d in the positions shown in FIG. 2, the output from the light receiving element 13A is monitored and used to effect adjustment, and the outputs of light receiving elements 13B and 13C are recorded. The output from the light-receiving element 13A, after amplification in amplifier 15, is compared in circuit 18 with the reference voltage from source 17A. If the light intensity decreases, the difference in the resultant output voltage of element 13A from the reference voltage 17A is amplified, and the balancing motor 19 is actuated to adjust voltage adjusting device 20 to increase the supply voltage to the power-source circuit 21. Adjustment is effected so as to increase the discharge current of the lamp and the intensity of the light energy emitted, and continues until the amplified output voltage from the light-receiving element 13A is equal to the reference voltage. The intensity of the light emitted from the lamp in the spectrum passed by filter 14A is thus at all times maintained at a constant value. By adjusting the references voltage, the intensity of the light from the lamp can be varied correspondingly, making it possible to obtain light with an intensity suited for particular tests.
A majority of the results of tests made on plastics and dyestuffs using the apparatus of the present invention showed that better results are obtained when the energy is controlled so as to keep the light intensity constant in the ultraviolet region. In a few cases, some dyestuffs were degraded in regions near the visible light region, indicating that it is better to control the energy in the visible light region for such dyestuffs. In other words, testing samples that undergo degradation under irradiation by ultraviolet rays, the voltage corresponding to the ultraviolet light intensity should be compared with the reference voltage to maintain the voltage to the lamp at a value such that the energy emitted from the lamp is continuously corrected to keep the intensity of light in the ultraviolet region constant with the passage of time, while the intensity values in the visible and infrared regions are recorded. In testing samples that undergo degradation under irradiation by visible or infrared rays but not ultraviolet rays, the switches 16 should be changed to appropriate positions control the intensity in the visible light or infrared ray regions, while recording intensitites of light in other regions such as the ultraviolet region.
Thus, it is possible to select wavelength regions, depending upon the samples to be tested, in which irradiation can be carried out at a constant intensity level. If the data from the recording instrument is integrated, it is also possible to determine the total energy which the sample has received and the degree of xenon lamp degradation which indicates when the lamp should be replaced.
An alternate arrangement for the adjusting section 9 is shown in FIG. 6, which permits use of only a single reference voltage source 17. Amplifiers 15 each have a variable resistor 15a connected thereacross for adjusting the gain of the amplifier, and a variable resistor 15b connected in series therewith to adjust the output of the amplifier. The variable resistors are connected with the switches 16A-16C to be adjusted to adjust the output of the amplifiers to a voltage on the same order of that of the reference voltage, so that a single reference voltage can be used.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US3360650 *||Feb 12, 1964||Dec 26, 1967||American Cyanamid Co||Apparatus for ultraviolet source stabilization in exposure testing|
|US3805065 *||Apr 13, 1973||Apr 16, 1974||A Williams||Lighting control system|
|US3909609 *||Oct 29, 1973||Sep 30, 1975||Xerox Corp||Light source measuring apparatus|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US4173777 *||Jun 1, 1977||Nov 6, 1979||Cincinnati Electronics Corporation||Jet aircraft and/or missile plume simulator|
|US4190795 *||Sep 9, 1977||Feb 26, 1980||Coberly & Associates||Constant intensity light source|
|US4256131 *||Sep 8, 1978||Mar 17, 1981||Sentrol Systems Ltd.||Feedback color control system|
|US4256404 *||Sep 28, 1979||Mar 17, 1981||Phillips Petroleum Company||Optoelectronic feedback control for a spectrometer|
|US4371783 *||Nov 3, 1980||Feb 1, 1983||Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.||Multichannel fiber optic light guide for capsule inspection|
|US4618254 *||Oct 15, 1982||Oct 21, 1986||Ncr Canada Ltd||Automatic light control system|
|US4808815 *||Mar 23, 1987||Feb 28, 1989||Genrad, Inc.||Apparatus for testing light-emitting devices using probe means having a preselected pattern arrangement|
|US4831564 *||Oct 22, 1987||May 16, 1989||Suga Test Instruments Co., Ltd.||Apparatus for estimating and displaying remainder of lifetime of xenon lamps|
|US4902936 *||May 30, 1989||Feb 20, 1990||Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha||Light adjusting apparatus|
|US4982139 *||Apr 3, 1989||Jan 1, 1991||At&T Bell Laboratories||Method and apparatus for controlling light intensity|
|US4998043 *||May 1, 1989||Mar 5, 1991||Fujikura Ltd.||LED stabilizing light source device|
|US5295052 *||Oct 9, 1992||Mar 15, 1994||Luxtec Corporation||Light source assembly|
|US5340974 *||Dec 9, 1991||Aug 23, 1994||Hughes Aircraft Company||Polychromatic source calibration by one or more spectrally filtered photodetector currents|
|US5404080 *||Jul 5, 1994||Apr 4, 1995||Etta Industries, Inc.||Lamp brightness control circuit with ambient light compensation|
|US5671324 *||Oct 30, 1995||Sep 23, 1997||Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.||Light beam heating apparatus with optical energy correction compensating for lamp electrode wear and aging|
|US6909499 *||Oct 9, 2002||Jun 21, 2005||Leica Microsystems (Schweiz) Ag||Light source for illumination in an optical viewing device|
|US7038196||Feb 2, 2004||May 2, 2006||Atlas Material Testing Technology Llc||Accelerated weathering test apparatus with full spectrum calibration, monitoring and control|
|US7064832||Jan 26, 2004||Jun 20, 2006||Delaware Capital Formation, Inc.||Color and intensity measuring module for test of light emitting components by automated test equipment|
|US7382454||Sep 24, 2006||Jun 3, 2008||Carl Anthony Turner||System and method for optically assessing lamp condition|
|US7742161 *||Jul 6, 2007||Jun 22, 2010||Airbus France||Process and device for monitoring the illumination of lamp bulbs|
|US9063050 *||Jun 23, 2014||Jun 23, 2015||Suga Test Instruments Co., Ltd.||Weathering test instrument and solid-state light-emitting device system|
|US20030071991 *||Oct 9, 2002||Apr 17, 2003||Ulrich Sander||Light source for illumination in an optical viewing device|
|US20040173732 *||Jan 26, 2004||Sep 9, 2004||Rogers David P.||Color and intensity measuring module for test of light emitting components by automated test equipment|
|US20050167580 *||Feb 2, 2004||Aug 4, 2005||Kurt Scott||Accelerated weathering test apparatus with full spectrum calibration, monitoring and control|
|US20070295114 *||Jun 21, 2006||Dec 27, 2007||Atlas Material Testing Technology Llc||Accelerated weathering device with optical slip ring|
|US20080030723 *||Jul 6, 2007||Feb 7, 2008||Airbus France||Process and device for monitoring the illumination of lamp bulbs|
|US20130175434 *||Mar 28, 2012||Jul 11, 2013||Askey Computer Corp.||Indicator testing system|
|US20150027242 *||Jun 23, 2014||Jan 29, 2015||Suga Test Instruments Co., Ltd.||Weathering test instrument and solid-state light-emitting device system|
|CN104345026A *||Jul 1, 2014||Feb 11, 2015||Suga试验机株式会社||Weathering test instrument and solid-state light-emitting device system|
|DE9002266U1 *||Feb 26, 1990||Jul 12, 1990||Dr. K. Hoenle Gmbh, 8033 Martinsried, De||Title not available|
|EP0106672A1 *||Oct 13, 1983||Apr 25, 1984||Ncr Canada Ltd - Ncr Canada Ltee||System for scanning information from moving objects employing automatic light control|
|EP0268487A2 *||Nov 19, 1987||May 25, 1988||Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha||Light adjusting apparatus|
|EP0268487A3 *||Nov 19, 1987||Aug 24, 1988||Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha||Light adjusting apparatus|
|EP0405674A1 *||Jun 25, 1990||Jan 2, 1991||Philips Electronics N.V.||Switching arrangement|
|WO1993009649A1 *||Nov 9, 1992||May 13, 1993||Etta Industries, Inc.||Lamp brightness control circuit with ambient light compensation|
|U.S. Classification||315/151, 250/205, 315/158, 250/227.23, 250/226|
|International Classification||G05D25/00, G01N17/00, H05B41/392, H05B41/39, G01N21/27, G05D25/02|
|Cooperative Classification||H05B41/39, H05B41/3922|
|European Classification||H05B41/392D2, H05B41/39, G05D25/02|


Remember when we told you September would be a great month to buy and sell a home? It certainly was. Reports are in for the previous month highlighting increased home sale activity and a dramatic drop in the average numbers of days a home was listed in Wake and Durham counties.
The Triangle Multiple Listing Service reported that home sale activity in Wake County was up 9.1 percent year-to-date with a total of 1,564 closed home sales. Durham County home sales saw an 11 percent increase over last September with 384 homes sold.
The Triangle market also saw a significant decrease in the average number of days listed homes were on the market. According to a recent Triangle Business Journal article:
“The market for home buyers also continues to get more competitive as the average number of days that a home was listed for sale on the Triangle dropped to 50 days in September from an average 65 days the year prior.
In Wake County, the average days on market dropped to 37 days in September compared to 54 days the year prior. …
In Durham County, the average days on market dropped to 46 days in September compared to 64 days the year prior. …”
Read the complete Triangle Business Journal article entitled “Dramatic drop in days-on-market for listed homes for sale in Wake and Durham counties” here.


Marnie Simpson: 'Stacey Solomon shouldn't have more kids'
MARNIE doesn't hold back
Marnie Simpson thinks Stacey Solomon should steer clear of having any children with boyfriend Joe Swash.
The Geordie Shore babe reckons they are a "great match" but told Star magazine she thinks it would be a mistake for the former X Factor star to have a third child with a third father.
"They are a great match but I don't think it's good when women have children with multiple fathers. It must be very confusing for the kids," she said.
Last week, Stacey - who is mum to her sons Zachary, eight, and Leighton, four - admitted she'd love more children but worries she'd be judged by society.
Speaking on Loose Women , she said: "I really, really would love more children. Selfishly, I want more children. But society makes me feel as though, I have two children from two previous relationships."
"I kind of feel like I can’t have another child with somebody else," she added.
We wouldn't judge you, Stace!


Even before she started working at Liberty Lumber Co., Shirley Pratten thought it might be short term. Then the founder said something that reinforced her uncertainty.
“I had a daughter in school and came to work here part time,” she said. “Mr. Cianelli Sr. said, ‘I’m not sure how long I’m going to be in business.’ I told him, ‘I’m not sure how long I want to work.’ ”
That was 1969, the Age of Aquarius. Forty-four years later, Liberty Lumber and Pratten are still together in downtown Canonsburg.
“It’s a good place to work,” Pratten said of Liberty, a lumber company and hardware store Nick Cianelli Sr. started in 1946 at the same site, 311 Adams Ave., and which remains a family operation 67 years later.
It is a small but vibrant endeavor, with 10 employees who deal in hardware, treated lumber, windows, Alcoa building products, ceiling tiles and doors.
The exterior of the main building has a new facade, with “Liberty Lumber” in red letters on a white background. The upper torso of the Statue of Liberty is centered above the name, torch poised above the rooftop.
“Since 2008, we’ve steadily increased our sales,” said Nick Cianelli Jr., 64, president and owner and also a 44-year employee. “We sell quality products and offer excellent service at a competitive price.”
Nick Jr. isn’t the only Cianelli (pronounced “Sin-elli”) in charge of this company. Brother Ron, 70, is vice president, and their sister, Cathy Romano, 54, is secretary treasurer. They are originally from Canonsburg, and collectively, they’ve worked there for 124 years.
Add Pratten, 77, the office manager, and the foursome has 168 years of service. Give them Liberty, indeed.
In business, stability often is a linchpin to success.
“The reason we’re still here is that my father then my brother have always hired outstanding people,” said Ron Cianelli, a 55-year employee. “They’ve always compensated employees well with benefits and such. I don’t think they’ve fired anyone.
“It’s about people. If you’re cheap with them, you’re not going to stay in business. Why worry about getting a large piece of the pie when you may not get any.”
It took his father, Nick Sr., time to develop an appetite for a business that would endure for nearly seven decades and has positioned itself for further viability.
“When he came over from Italy, he was a cabinet maker who did remodeling and built some homes,” Nick Jr. said. “He bought some property and developed it and thought that instead of buying supplies, he’d get them for himself and sell some retail.”
The elder Nick Cianelli died in 1988, the year his daughter joined the firm.
Liberty Lumber has a generous amount of retail space – 5,800 square feet – in its main building, with five or six outbuildings serving as warehouses. It also has six delivery trucks, two forklifts and no website.
The company has benefited from the recent boost in the housing industry, but more from the updating of existing homes than construction of new ones.
“It seems as though the small builder doesn’t have the large share of new home business it once had,” Ron Cianelli said.
“A lot has changed,” Nick Jr. said. “Independent builders used to build homes. Now it’s tract builders like Ryan. Guys who used to be home builders are now in the remodeling business.
“We provide them with some materials, but not framing packages (as do larger companies like 84 Lumber). We never got involved in that. We’re not big enough. To jump into that end of the business is a huge investment.”
Though Nick Jr. was referring to housing industry changes in this instance, he and his siblings acknowledged that the development of Southpointe I and II – up the hill from 311 Adams Ave. – and drilling in Marcellus Shale have been economic catalysts in the county.
“Southpointe has been an unbelievable boon,” Nick Jr. said. “And who knew Marcellus Shale would be so explosive? It’s a great thing for our state and it keeps our taxes down. Plus we’re located close to shopping, a casino and (Pittsburgh International Airport). We’re not losing population like so many places.”
“I think the borough of Canonsburg made a major mistake by not extending the road into Southpointe,” Ron Cianelli said. “There were people on council then who wanted to do it, but it didn’t happen. It’s a shame.”
Romano said: “I thought Southpointe would draw businesses and housing, but I didn’t envision it being this big. It’s definitely added to everyone’s business around here.”
Southpointe’s blueprint for success is impressive, to be sure. But so is one that was drawn up a half-century earlier – at Liberty Lumber.


|Publication number||US7716712 B2|
|Application number||US 10/465,339|
|Publication date||May 11, 2010|
|Filing date||Jun 18, 2003|
|Priority date||Jun 18, 2003|
|Also published as||CA2528607A1, CA2528607C, EP1639822A2, EP1639822A4, US20040261118, WO2004114645A2, WO2004114645A3|
|Publication number||10465339, 465339, US 7716712 B2, US 7716712B2, US-B2-7716712, US7716712 B2, US7716712B2|
|Inventors||Ted Nelson Booth, Robert L. Howald|
|Original Assignee||General Instrument Corporation|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (38), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (27), Classifications (15), Legal Events (6)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
The present invention is directed to methods and apparatuses for communicating over a cable network, and more particularly to a method and apparatus for communicating over a cable network in a bi-directional manner.
Cable Television (CATV) Networks have been undergoing rapid upgrading, particularly in North America, to provide advanced services, such as digital video, telephony and Internet services. A major part of the upgrade cycle has been the development of the return path network—the path from residential subscribers to the CATV Headend. Previously, this portion of the network was used very little, and only for minor maintenance and billing operations. As interactivity needs grew and CATV technology advanced, this portion of the network became more significant. Now, the CATV return path forms a critical portion of the system for two-way interactivity, such as telephony and data traffic.
One key issued in determining the performance of the CATV return path is the quality of the return cable channel. Within this path, one of the most significant impairments to quality signal transmission arises from external interference, typically caused by narrowband interference of radio waves or in-home sources that generate narrowband frequency domain noise that falls within the return band of 5-42 Megahertz (MHz) (North America). Additionally, it is commonly the case that return path networks, when terminated at a CATV Headend, are combined with other return path networks. Thus, interference from one return leg of one network not only degrades or ruins the channel within which such interference falls, but also ruins channels on other legs that otherwise are clean until they reach the combining point at the CATV Headend.
In many two-way HFC communication networks, return path systems are limited in performance by interference generated from multiple reverse path sources in the plant and in homes. Additionally, the return path is band limited, so the spectrum obscured by interference is very valuable.
Today, field personnel perform extensive testing and troubleshooting throughout the network to identify potential narrowband interference sources. This is a costly and ongoing, time-consuming process. Moreover, many of the problems exist inside homes and therefore cannot be addressed by such troubleshooting.
The present invention is therefore directed to the problem of developing a method and apparatus for improving the performance of return paths in two-way HFC communication networks.
The present invention solves these and other problems by removing narrowband interference from the CATV return path prior to these paths being combined in the network.
According to one aspect of the present invention, a method for removing narrowband interference from the CATV return path detects potential narrowband interference in real-time and adapts a filter to remove this potential narrowband interference.
According to another aspect of the present invention, an exemplary embodiment of the above method uses previously created filters that are combined based on detected interference in an adaptive manner to continually adapt to new interference sources.
According to yet another aspect of the present invention, an exemplary embodiment of the above method calculates new filter coefficients for a data stream filter based on detected interference in an adaptive manner to continually adapt to new interference sources.
According to still another aspect of the present invention, two filters are operated in a ping-pong manner to enable updating of one filter while another filter is performing the data stream filter operation.
It is worthy to note that any reference herein to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the invention. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,323,793 discloses an enhanced approach to return path design, which depicts a way to architect this part of the system, as well as provide the flexibility for the introduction of further technology advances with minimal network disruption. This patent is hereby incorporated by reference as if repeated herein in its entirety, including the drawings. The referenced patent above provides a means for transport of digital signals on the return path. A benefit of the digital approach is that processing techniques become available through which the spectrum can be manipulated.
According to one aspect of the present invention, spectrum manipulation involves performing a frequency domain analysis on the return path using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) techniques, identifying interference above particular threshold levels. Following this, an algorithm is implemented that filters out this portion of the band, essentially cleansing the spectrum, and restoring the capability of this portion of the spectrum for traffic on other parts of the cable plant connected to it via combining. This algorithm and digital filtering operation can be programmed remotely or made to be able to adapt automatically to channel characteristics it learns while observing the spectrum.
Cable modem technology, such as that used in return path systems, has been developed to help mitigate this interference and restore reasonable performance. These mitigation techniques require sophisticated digital processing that has limitations on how much can be accomplished without sacrificing performance in other areas, such as against additional return path impairments. Thus, this technique also eases the processing load on subsequent modem operations, freeing it up to provide processing to enhance composite performance against all impairments.
A summary of the operation in hardware and software is as follows. Refer to
In essence, the incoming data passes through an adjustable filter 11. At start up, this adjustable filter 11 is loaded with an all pass filter that does not alter the spectral content of the data stream. If unwanted frequencies are found in the data stream during a threshold detection process 13, new filter coefficients are loaded into the filter 11 to remove those frequencies. The new filter coefficients are used until a new set of filter coefficients is needed or determined. Continuous, real-time data processing is used to constantly monitor the input spectrum, and make adjustments to the input filter 11 as necessary to suppress interference adaptively.
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
Determining the coefficients—and thus setting the filter shape—for the adaptive filter is done by spectrum analysis on the data stream. The process begins by collecting a sample of the input data stream. The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of the sampled data is calculated to find the spectral content of the input data stream. This spectral content is represented by an array, where each element in the array represents a range of frequencies. The first element represents the smallest frequencies, and each successive element represents a higher frequency range.
The format of the FFT results uses complex numbers so additional processing is required to make the results usable. One option is to calculate the absolute value of each complex number. However, calculating the square root that is required by the absolute value is very computation intensive and is an undesired complexity in practical implementation. A simpler option is to calculate the sum of the squares of the real and imaginary components of the complex number. These are other straightforward mathematical approaches as well to glean the desired information.
For some applications, the entire frequency range may not be of interest. If this is the case, then only the elements of the FFT array that represent the frequencies of interest need be reformatted. The final result of this stage is an array of real numbers that represent the spectral content of the frequencies of interest. A further advantage of this knowledge, which is typically known by an operator ahead of time, is that it allows for higher spectral resolution from the same size FFT implementation, meaning that narrower slices of the frequency domain can be examined and scrutinized.
When the FFT results are in a usable format, the array is compared against a threshold value. The threshold value can be established in several different ways. The first option is to use a preset value that is set at start time and does not change over time. The second option is calculate the threshold value by inspecting the FFT results. The adjusted threshold value is then used for the current round of comparisons and is also used as the initial value in the next round of comparisons. An additional layer of sophistication is to include a running average of accumulated array samples, building a database of channel characteristics, and adjusting the threshold based on learned channel characteristics and the duration and dynamics of the interference observed.
The result of each comparison of the FFT results versus the threshold value is recorded into a comparison array. If an element of the FFT array is greater than or equal to the threshold, then a value of 1 is recorded in the corresponding location of the comparison array, otherwise a value of 0 is recorded.
The comparison array is then used in the next stage to create a new filter that will be used to filter the data stream. Each element in the comparison array that has a value of 1 represents a range of frequencies that are to be filtered out of the data stream.
The filter can be either an Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filter or a Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter. Either type of filter can be designed by one of two different methods.
The first method is a direct approach. This approach uses the comparison array to establish the specifications for the new filter and then uses those specifications to directly calculate the new filter coefficients. This method can be very computation intensive in practice and adds complexity to the design.
Another method is an indirect approach. It uses pre-designed filters that are combined to create the new filter. For this method, a bank of filters is established at start time. Each entry in the bank corresponds to an entry in the comparison array. If an entry in the comparison array as a value of 1, then the corresponding filter is pulled out of the filter bank and is used to build the new filter. This method is less computation intensive than the direct method, but requires memory to hold the bank of filters. This bank could be quite large for some variations of this design.
The result of either method will be a filter that has a notch for each frequency range that exceeds the threshold value. As a result, that frequency range will be removed when the filter is applied to the data stream.
The last step of the process is to take the new filter coefficients and load them into the data stream filter. If all of the coefficients can be loaded simultaneously in one clock cycle, then the filtering of the data stream can continue with no interruptions. If all the coefficients cannot be loaded in one clock cycle, then it may be necessary to have two filters. The first filter processes the data stream using the current filter coefficients while the second filter is being loaded with the new filter coefficients. Once the second filter is loaded and properly initialized, it starts processing the data stream and the first filter is turned off so that it can be loaded with the coefficients of the next filter. The two data stream filters would then alternate in a ping-pong fashion.
This process may be repeated periodically. It can be restarted at the end of each round. It can be run periodically based on a clock, or it can be triggered to run based upon some outside event. It can also be instigated by remote command if such a communication channel is available. Meanwhile, the data stream filter is continuously processing the incoming data based on the filter coefficients that were last loaded. The precise dynamics of the update rate can be optimized based on plant models, acceptable cost and complexity trade-offs, individual operator preferences, and tolerance for channel availability. Any or all such variables can be fixed or made configurable, and all under the control of the system operator.
There are several technology challenges to implement this system. The two major obstacles are the potential size of the notch filter required to process the input data stream and the 100 MHz—range real-time processing clock rate.
The filter design issues are as follows. The stringency of the specifications that are used to design the filter will determine its order, N. A typical filter structure will often require (N/2)+1 multipliers and N+1 adders. As the order of the filter increases, the computational intensity of the filter also increases. As always, a trade-off can be made between the fidelity of the filter and the amount of resources that are required to implement the filter. These resources include the size of the field programmable gate array (FPGA) and memory needed to implement the design.
With respect to clock speed, the primary issue is the ability to process the incoming data in real-time. Since the data is arriving at 100 MHz, the output of the system must provide the results at 100 MHz. A small initial latency at start time is acceptable, but, once running, it must provide an output for each input at the 100 MHz rate. The ability to process data at this speed is state of the art for most of the technologies that are currently available.
The two technologies that hold the most promise are Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) and Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). The DSP's strengths are that it can run lots of different software and is easily re-programmable. It would be ideal for directly computing a new notch filter for each round of processing. However, the amount of processing that is required to process a 100th order FIR filter in real-time at 100 MHz is beyond the capabilities of any DSP chip that is currently available. As a result, the FPGA is a better technology implementation choice today. However, existing capabilities notwithstanding, the strengths of the DSP make it an attractive option as future DSP developments increase processing speed capabilities, and future designs may find this approach as a powerful architectural fit.
Field Programmable Gate Array Implementations
Real-time processing of data is a major strength for an FPGA. Its internal construction allows it to be configured to perform many operations in parallel. As a result, complex filters can be implemented in real-time at 100 MHz. In addition, the FPGA can be reprogrammed to use different filter coefficients or a new filter structure without any need to make other changes to the system.
The main constraint of the FPGA is its flexibility. Once configured, it can only perform that limited functionality until it is reprogrammed. Thus, it is not suitable directly for computing a new filter. This weakness of the FPGA makes its use consistent with the indirect method previously described, which uses a bank of pre-designed filters to create a new filter.
The above discussion describes two technologies available for this application. The first is an FPGA only architecture, while the second is an FPGA and DSP combination. The FPGA only method uses an FPGA to handle the entire processing. It calculates the FFT and designs the new filter while simultaneously filtering the incoming data stream. This method would probably be the most cost effective, but is less flexible.
An alternative uses both a DSP and an FPGA. The FPGA is responsible for filtering the incoming data stream in real-time. The process of designing the new filter is handled by the DSP. The FFT and threshold calculations can be handled by either the FPGA or the DSP. The FPGA will compute the FFT faster, but this will use up some valuable resources of the FPGA that may be necessary for optimal filter implementation.
Either architecture allows for future changes. The threshold value can be updated to a new value. The structure of the filter that is used to process the data stream and the method used to design the new filter can both be modified at a later time. This scalability with technology is a key advantage of digitized return processing, because CATV networks incur periodic upgrades and changes to support new applications and services, as well as to incorporate more cost-effective architectures and technologies.
CATV networks are continually upgrading and changing to support new services, as the Hybrid Fiber Coax infrastructure to the home has become a two-way communication platform. In light of these developments, techniques that assure the most effective use of the return path become particularly powerful means by which operators can get the most out of their investment in infrastructure. Frequency domain analysis, processing, and mitigation techniques that leverage already existing digitized return path equipment provide an avenue for operators to achieve network benefits. The narrowband interference detection and mitigation technique described herein assures that the HFC return path is used to its greatest extent. In this case, the processing provides a technique to gain back what is otherwise corrupted bandwidth, restoring user traffic capability in a frequency band that had previously been unusable or degraded. Advantages to the operator with enhanced digital processing distributed in the field in this way offer improvements in transmission performance. The result is the ability to most successfully implement revenue-generating two-way services associated with technological upgrades, such as cable modems and voice telephony.
Although various embodiments are specifically illustrated and described herein, it will be appreciated that modifications and variations of the invention are covered by the above teachings and are within the purview of the appended claims without departing from the spirit and intended scope of the invention. For example, the present invention has been described in relation to cable television systems, however, the same technique could be applied to other communications systems. Furthermore, this example should not be interpreted to limit the modifications and variations of the inventions covered by the claims but is merely illustrative of one possible variation.
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|U.S. Classification||725/121, 725/107, 709/223, 725/124, 709/224|
|International Classification||H04N19/89, H04N7/173, H04N7/10, G06F15/173|
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|Jun 12, 2003||XAS||Not any more in us assignment database|
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text:
A highly commended police dog credited with saving a number of lives has retired.
Blue has worked with the Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire andHertfordshire (BCH) Dog Unit for 8 years.
As well as aiding in arrests he has also helped find a number of missing and vulnerable people.
In July this year Blue was formally honoured for his ‘exceptional work’ after he received a PDSA Commendation for the role he played locating a collapsed man in Croxley Green in December 2016.
Also in July, a Letchworth Garden City man was sent to prison for two years after he was tracked for two miles by Blue following an incident in Baldock.
Blue is being rehomed as a pet for a family in Surrey.

domain: news


text:
Video Production for Musicians by Musicians
Just like us, you love music. And when you watch your favourite artist perform on stage, it’s a rush of excitement and energy that can’t be beat. We’re here to give you that same feeling straight from the stage, ready to be enjoyed, shared, and praised.
Our video production services are designed for musicians who want to take their music careers to the next level with professional-grade videos that showcase their talent, expertise, and skills. Our team will work with you to create the perfect video for your audience, whether it’s a single song or an entire set. We’ll be there from start to finish, from the initial planning process all the way through post-production and editing.
We want you to be able to focus on your music, not on the logistics of creating a video. That’s why our team works with you every step of the way to create a professional-grade video that showcases how awesome you are (without spending tons of money).
Amazing Music Videos Recorded Live
We Create, We Inspire.

domain: artistic


text:
| Open Access
A widespread group of large plasmids in methanotrophic Methanoperedens archaea
Anaerobic methanotrophic (ANME) archaea obtain energy from the breakdown of methane. Here, Schoelmerich et al. describe large plasmids associated with ANME archaea of the Methanoperedens genus in enrichment cultures and other natural anoxic environments, opening the way for development of genetic vectors for research on these poorly understood organisms.

domain: literature


text:
Поздравляем нового ЛогобуржцаЛен-усь со вступлением в клуб!
На сайте снова проблемы - решаем - ждите.
Не работает АВТОРИЗАЦИЯ - вход для пользователей не возможен. Скорее всего, проблемы решить можно только переездом на другой сервер, другой компании. А такой переезд возможен только в следующем месяце. Пока других решений не вижу. Извиняюсь за неудобства.
108 страниц. 2012 год. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing This is the study carried out among 400 First year M.B;B.S students of the University of Medicine (1), Yangon, during August 2007, to reveal knowledge related to tobacco smoking, their perception on smoking and prevalence of smoking among the students, . Majority of the students have knowledge upon health hazards of smoking and passive smoking, although they did not have exposure upon the medical subjects and female student had better awareness than male students. Prevalence of current smokers among overall students was 5.8%. Their smoking habit was influenced by habit of friends and sibling smoking. Their smoking habit was associated with knowledge level and also was associated with perceived susceptibility, seriousness, threat, benefit of quit smoking and control activities of tobacco smoking The program of health education talk about health hazard of smoking should be encouraged in university campus. Tobacco related topic should be supplement in their curriculum. The...

domain: medical


text:
GAME LAUNCH: Chat it up in Ballroom Banter – 4/16/21
Ballroom Banter, a free and super fun card game, is available for download now on the Apple App Store and Google Play.
Work your way through the hierarchy of a high society masquerade ball. Gossip and discuss a path through various social circles, powering up your deck of social cards!
The mobile game was created during the first-ever 2021 MassDigi Experience Program (XP) by Becca Malcolm, Bret Halkyard, Glenn Morris, Casey Urso, Toto Lin, Annie Higgins and Andrew Beaulieu.
In addition to the XP development team students in our Becker-based digital marketing lab helped to launch the game. You can watch the Ballroom Banter trailer here and download it today for iOS and Android.

domain: game


Jan. 3, 1998
Trojans fall to ASU in Pac-10 opener
TEMPE, Ariz. (AP) - Led by senior guard Jeremy Veal with 24 points, Arizona State broke an 11-game conference losing streak with an 84-81 victory over Southern California on Saturday.
Forward Mike Batiste had 20 points and guard Eddie House had 17 as Arizona State (11-3) won its 10th straight home game. The team also surpassed its 1996-97 victory total when it was 10-20.
Pac-10 rival Southern California (4-7) lost its sixth straight game.
Southern California guard Gary Johnson hit a three-pointer with 39.9 seconds left to bring the game to 78-76.
Behzad Souferian made a three-pointer with 5.3 seconds remaining to cut Arizona State's lead to 82-81.
But Ahlon Lewis hit two free throws and Johnson's forced 3-point attempt with one second remaining was short.
Arizona State made nine of 10 free throw attempts in the final two minutes.
Arizona State's Pac-10 losing streak dated to a 78-75 overtime victory over Oregon State on Jan. 25, 1997.
Johnson and Anthony White led Southern California with 12 points apiece. Adam Spanich and Kevin Augustine head 11 points apiece for the Trojans.


text:
Sambalpur, Oct 13: Normal life in Burla of Odisha’s Sambalpur district was thrown out of gear after a 12-hour bandh was called today demanding land rights in the town.
Regional units of several political parties, social outfits and traders’ association have extended their support to the bandh.
Vehicular movement was also affected due to the bandh which is being observed from 6 am to 6 pm today. However, emergency services including ambulance and healthcare services have been exempted from the purview of the bandh.
The residents of the town have been demanding land rights from the past few months which are yet to be addressed. Meanwhile, eviction drives are being carried out in the name of road widening, alleged the agitators.
Police have been deployed at several locations to tackle any kind of untoward situation.

domain: sociology


text:
Or continue with
Powder blue, leaf green & orange palazzo set
A powder blue, leaf green and orange aztec printed crepe tunic paired with orange crepe palazzos. This style has a relaxed fit.
Please select a size for an estimated delivery time.
Black & beige geometric bird printed kurta set
Grey bird printed tunic with brown patiala pants
Black & white bird printed tunic with palazzos
Burnt orange floral embellished anarkali set
Sea green embroidered kurta with brocade trousers

domain: design


text:
Group 1 update from Minyoung:
We took a cable car to reach Schilthorn (2970m), it lies above the the village Mürren so we could have a walk in the beautiful village. At Birg, which is another summit that lies on the east of Schilthorn, we had a thrilling walk over. It was a cliff see-through pathway and was really exciting with the magnificent scenery. And at the Schilthorn, we could see the Jungfrau and other summits. After that we went to the Adventure park Interlaken to have a treetop course. Some of our group member have finished the hardest course!
Group 2 update from Luca:
After a challenging trek, the group 2 students have arrived at Lobhornhutte safely. Due to limited Internet connectivity this evening, a more comprehensive write-up cannot be sent. Parents will be able to see more information tomorrow.
Group 3 update from Jeremy :
The day began with a guided tour of CERN, something surprisingly difficult to book, but well worth the effort. At the very forefront of scientific innovation, we witnessed how researchers here unravel the mysteries of this universe. Then came the breathtaking Palace of Nations, where human rights is always the question at hand. We visited the many conference rooms where some of the most momentous decisions in recent history were decided, and observed global cooperation first-hand. Unfortunately, we were unable to visit some of the most famous halls due to active conferences taking place, but the experience was still enlightening. Tomorrow, we head out to Bern, for not only a change in scenery, but a change in regional language too.
Please see our Residentials Blog for regular updates and news about all the activities that the students are engaged in!
Updates from 7 October

domain: travel


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This side dish is great for entertaining or bringing to potlucks since it can be made ahead of time.
Want to get more fiber in your diet? Eat beans as a tasty side dish. Serve them with brown rice for an extra fiber boost.
The beans in this traditional Mexican side dish are a good source of fiber.
* Nutrition information is estimated based on the ingredients and cooking instructions as described in each recipe and is intended to be used for informational purposes only. Please note that nutrition details may vary based on methods of preparation, origin and freshness of ingredients used.

domain: food


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Just utterly joyful.
State Champs have shared a cover of a Fall Out Boy classic, and they sound like they had an absolutely lovely time doing it.
The band have put their own bouncy spin on 'Chicago Is So Two Years Ago', taken from FOB's debut album 'Take This To Your Grave', and it's just so wonderful.
Jubilant, catchy and sun-stained in all the right ways, it's a celebration of both bands in one lovely little tune.
Get singing along right here:
We chatted to the band about it at Slam Dunk earlier this month, which you can check out below:
State Champs recently dropped a lovely tune of their own in the form of 'Outta My Head':
And here's 'Just Sound':
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domain: entertainment


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Jacko Cancels Property Sale
Sadly you won’t be able to get any memorabilia from Neverland…
Wednesday, April 15, 2009 - 10:45
Over 1,400 items of Michael Jackson’s property will now not go on sale after the star took legal action.
An auction was due to sell off many of the King Of Pop’s possessions from his massive Neverland estate.
Fans were set to bid for everything from his crystal encrusted glove to the gates to his famous ranch. Tickets had already gone on sale for the hotly anticipated auction.
However Jacko’s lawyers have reached an agreement with the auction house that will see the memorabilia returned to the star.
Michael reportedly has debts of up to $24 Million. However he is due to play 50 shows at London’s O2 Arena starting this summer which will earn him millions.
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At the Bainum Family Foundation, we support partners in the development, understanding and application of best practices in education and child development through research, training and advocacy. We believe understanding new trends and emerging best practices is critical to improving support for vulnerable children and families.
This interactive report issued recently by Urban Institute (“A Vision for an Equitable DC”) presents District-specific data on education, housing, health, employment and poverty to determine the implications — and realities — of the city’s racial inequities. Partnering with organizations and agencies in the District of Columbia and utilizing data such as that found in this report, the Foundation has been able to accurately assess our community’s needs and fully understand impact, promote equity and inclusion, and become more effective in the opportunities and services we support. For example, the Foundation partnered with Urban Institute to conduct neighborhood-level data analysis regarding integrated educational and wrap-around supports for children in Wards 7 and 8.
The Foundation also partnered with Child Trends to produce the “Infants and Toddlers in the District of Columbia: A Statistical Look at Needs and Disparities” — which provided a baseline for what was needed for infants and toddlers in the most vulnerable communities in the District. These findings were instrumental in not only shaping our 2015-2020 Strategic Plan, but continuing to guide us as we move closer to achieving our 2020 goals.


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MINADER Announces Industrial Maize, Plantain Production
By Roland MBONTE, Cameroon Tribune, 27-11-2013
Minister Essimi Menye used his working visit to the South West to announce the creation of excellence centers for some major crops like cocoa.
The Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development (MINADER), Essimi Menye, has said the production of some major crops like plantains, maize, banana will soon go industrial in the country. He was speaking in Barombi Kang-Kumba in the South West Region while on a working visit to some high-yielding seed multiplication farms on Monday 25 November 2013.The MINADER boss visited the five-hectare CMS 8507 and a corn specie farm in Lysoka, in the outskirt of Buea before moving to the Community Development Specialization Training School in Kumba and the Cocoa and Coffee Seedling project as well as the IRAD Plantains Suckers multiplication plots in Barombi Kang.
Minister Essimi Menye used the visit to announce the creation of special excellence centre for some crops like cocoa, plantains and other priority crops so as to boost the know-how of farmers on modern techniques of mass production. These centres would enhance farmers’ skills, thus improving productivity as enunciated in the second generation agriculture policy.
He said government spends so much money to import rice which to him can be substituted with plantains if production is increased. The industrial production of plantains, he added, would be of enormous advantage as plantain flour can be used for bakery products and chips. While in the maize seed multiplication farm in Lysoka, Minister Essimi Menye asserted that production will be increased next year as the centre expects to produce more than 60 tons of high yielding maize seeds to be distributed to farmers by April 2014 free of charge.
At the Cocoa and Coffee Seedling Project in Barombi Kang, Minister Menye was impressed with the grafting technique of high yielding cocoa seeds propagation. He was led through a guided tour of the centres application farm where he saw with delight the 15-month old cocoa trees already producing cocoa pods.>>>


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If you are a man experiencing hair loss or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) you might be familiar with a medication called finasteride. Finasteride works by blocking the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT). A hormone that contributes to hair follicle shrinkage and prostate cell growth. By taking finasteride it is possible to prevent further hair loss and improve symptoms related to urination. However, There have been rumors circulating about the effects of finasteride on testosterone levels. Some individuals claim that finasteride decreases testosterone and leads to sexual side effects like low libido, erectile dysfunction, and gynecomastia. On the other hand, Some others argue that finasteride increases testosterone levels. Resulting in mood swings, aggression, and acne.
This prompts us to question which claims are true and how exactly does finasteride impact your overall health and well being? In this article. I will delve into these queries while also providing valuable tips on the safe and effective use of finasteride. Let's begin!
What is DHT and why is it bad for you?
5-alpha reductase (abbreviated 5-AR) stands out as specific enzyme responsible for catalyzing testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT),which officially serves metabolite version .At numerous bodily locations including skin, hair follicles, the brain, liver, testicles, and even the prostate gland itself,5-AR consumes approximately 5% testosterone quota and encounters the required alteration ending with our DHT product. Consequently, DHT represents as stronger variation of testosterone boosting heightened affinity. Despite both testosterone and DHT activating widely dispersed androgen receptors in one's cells, it is only DHT that fully encompasses extensive person elements manifesting during puberty—instances like facial hair growth, voice deepening larger penis size, as well as acne development. However, DHT simultaneously demonstrates lingering consequences stemming from one's matured age; ranging from hair loss all the way to prostate enlargement. Specifically relating to hair loss, this eventuality entails binding interactions between DHT alongside hair follicular attached androgen receptors. Unit accrual of these interactions results steadily on hairs shrinking over time. As a final outcome, hair finally thinning out into more miniscule structures oscillating progressively towards reality of baldness. This phenomenon receives name androgenetic alopecia (also known male pattern baldness),and approximately half of world's male population approaches its onset by age fifty. Beyond this, it becomes paramount to address the situation concerning prostate enlargement indeed brought forth through DHT engaging with residing androgen receptors situated within some focused prostate cells. Subsequent excessive cellular growth eventually yields an enlarged version pressing in on urethra—a tubular channel responsible for transferring urine from one bladder location to another. Scientifically termed benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) because it affects roughly half mankind perceiving age sixty plus.
How does finasteride work?
Finasteride is an effective treatment for hair loss and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It works by inhibiting the type II 5 AR enzyme that converts testosterone to Dihydrotestosterone (DHT). By blocking this enzyme. Finasteride reduces the level of DHT in your bloodstream and tissues by approximately 70%. This reduction in DHT allows for less binding to the androgen receptors in your hair follicles and prostate cells. Which prevents or reverses shrinkage and growth issues.
The restoration of hormonal balance in your body is one of the ways that finasteride can help treat hair loss and BPH. It not only stops further hair loss but also stimulates regrowth of some of the lost hair. Additionally finasteride has shown effectiveness in improving urinary symptoms associated with BPH. These symptoms can include difficulty initiating or terminating urination, weak urine flow, frequent or urgent urination and nocturia (waking up at night to urinate). Overall finasteride provides a valuable solution for individuals looking to address both their hair loss concerns and urinary symptoms caused by BPH.
The question of whether finasteride lowers or increases testosterone levels is an important one. It is worth noting that finasteride does not lower testosterone; in fact it can actually increase it by about 10-20%. This occurs because finasteride blocks the metabolism of testosterone to DHT. Thereby leaving more testosterone available in your blood and tissues. However it is important to understand that this increase in testosterone is not significant enough to cause noticeable changes in your body or overall health. So while finasteride may boost your testosterone levels slightly it does not lead to any significant effects on your body. It is also worth clarifying that finasteride does not have an impact on estrogen levels. Estrogen plays a vital role in regulating sexual development, function, and behavior. It also affects breast tissue, fat distribution, bone density, mood, and cognition. Estrogen is produced by the ovaries and adrenal glands and circulates in two forms: estradiol and estrone.
Estradiol is the active form of estrogen that can enter cells and produce its effects. On the other hand, Estrone is a weaker form that can be converted to estradiol through an enzyme called aromatase. Aromatase can be found in various tissues such as fat cells, liver, brain, and testicles.
Aromatase's role involves converting some of your testosterone into estradiol which helps balance the effects of testosterone on your body. However. Its important to mention that finasteride does not interfere with aromatase or estrogen levels. In summary. Finasteride primarily inhibits 5 AR which converts testosterone into DHT; it does not inhibit aromatase which converts testosterone into estradiol. Therefore using finasteride alone will not lead to increased estrogen levels or gynecomastia (breast enlargement).
What are the side effects of finasteride?
Finasteride is generally well tolerated and safe for most men. However, like any medication, finasteride can cause some side effects in a minority of users. The most common side effects of finasteride are related to its effects on your sexual function. These include:
- Decreased libido (sexual desire)
- Erectile dysfunction (difficulty getting or keeping an erection)
- Ejaculation disorder (reduced volume or force of ejaculation)
- Gynecomastia (breast enlargement or tenderness)
These side effects are usually mild and temporary. They occur in less than 5% of men who take finasteride. They usually go away within a few weeks or months after starting or stopping finasteride. They do not affect your fertility or sperm quality.
However, some men may experience more severe or persistent side effects of finasteride. These include:
- Mood swings
- Cognitive impairment
- Suicidal thoughts
These side effects are rare and controversial. They occur in less than 1% of men who take finasteride. They may be related to the changes in hormone levels caused by finasteride or to other factors, such as genetics, personality, stress, or lifestyle. They may persist even after stopping finasteride. This condition is called post-finasteride syndrome (PFS) and is currently under investigation by researchers.
If you experience any of these side effects while taking finasteride, you should consult your doctor immediately. Your doctor may adjust your dose, switch you to another medication, or advise you to stop taking finasteride altogether.
In conclusion finasteride is a medication that can be of assistance in treating hair loss and BPH. It does this by blocking the conversion of testosterone to DHT. It is important to note that finasteride does not decrease testosterone levels. But rather increases it by approximately 10-20%.
Similarly. It does not have an impact on estrogen levels. Keeping them unchanged. For the majority of men finasteride is generally safe and effective. However there is a small group of users who may experience side effects such as sexual dysfunction, mood disorders, and gynecomastia. Although these side effects are typically mild and temporary. In some cases they can be more severe and persistent.
Prioritizing consultation with your doctor before considering finasteride as a treatment option is highly recommended. Your doctors' input will be invaluable in determining the appropriate dosage for you and closely monitoring your progress and overall health. It is vital that you diligently adhere to the instructions provided by your doctor and promptly relay any concerns or issues regarding this medication. While finasteride has the potential to positively impact physical appearance, self confidence, and overall quality of life. Its' essential to acknowledge that it isn't an instant remedy for all problems. Equally important are endeavors like maintaining a well balanced diet. Integrating regular exercise into ones routine. Obtaining sufficient restorative sleep. Effectively managing stress levels. As well as embracing the joys life offers. Always remember that support and encouragement are always available from me every step of the way! Together we can accomplish our goals while truly savoring each moment!

domain: biology


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(Reuters) – U.S. stock index futures rose on Monday on hopes of stimulus-fueled economic recovery even though sentiment remained fragile amid growing evidence of a surge in the coronavirus infections.
Trillions of dollars in monetary and fiscal support, the reopening of businesses and improving economic data have helped the S&P 500 (SPX) climb about 41% from its March lows, leaving it only about 9% of its Feb. 19 record high.
Rising virus infection rates, however, remained an overhang on the markets, especially after the World Health Organization reported a record rise in global coronavirus cases on Sunday.
On Friday, both the S&P 500 (SPX) and the Dow (DJI) ended a choppy session in the red after Apple Inc’s (O:AAPL) move to temporarily shut some U.S. stores brought back concerns of a delay in recovery of business activity.
American Airlines Group Inc (O:AAL) slipped 5.8% in premarket trading as it planned to secure $3.5 billion in new financing, to improve the airline’s liquidity as it grapples with travel restrictions caused by the coronavirus.

domain: finance


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Toledo casino draws 7,500 on first day
- Staff Columbus Business First
A new $320 million casino in Toledo drew more than 7,500 people on its first day of operations Tuesday, the Toledo Blade reports.
The Hollywood Casino Toledo, scheduled to open at 2 p.m., actually let patrons in a little early, the newspaper reports. Penn National Gaming Inc. (NASDAQ:PENN), which also is building a casino in Columbus, employs more than 1,300 people at the northwest Ohio casino.
The grand opening comes after a soft opening last week, when the casino raised $100,000 for the Boys and Girls Club and the Greater Toledo YMCA, the newspaper reports.
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text: Auto Parking in Airport Terminal Parking Area When you take a trip out of community for an extended period of time, long term airport terminal car park is normally called for. If you plan on being taking a trip for over 6-7 days, short term auto parking may be the perfect alternative for you. These types of parking garages are normally located at the airport. They are run by exclusive firms that rent rooms, and also it is easy to find one that fits your demands. There are lots of advantages to utilizing an airport terminal parking lot instead of the sidewalk. You get to stay clear of standing in line for a long time, particularly if you will certainly be using public transportation or vehicle services. You likewise get an added time to on your own, which can be vital if you need to wait for a taxicab. If you intend on leaving and returning to your hotel within the same day, an additional day will absolutely be appreciated. Many airports give totally free car park for their customers. However, this does not mean that you need to use up these spaces when you get here. This is because there is commonly a cost of fifteen cents per auto, which is not really expensive in all. Also if you only invest a couple of minutes in the garage before you capture your flight, it is well worth the money. Short-term flight terminal car park is commonly found near the airport terminal’s parking lot. It is normally a good location to begin considering that there is no lasting agreements involved. You will certainly additionally be able to find out which firms are giving the service. In case you intend to learn, there is an easy method to do it. Check the web site of the firm concerned and you will undoubtedly get a checklist of get in touch with numbers and internet site addresses. If you have an e-zpass account, after that it would certainly be much easier to make use of the airport terminal vehicle parking. If you do not yet have an e-zpass account, you can opt to use your regular motorist’s license and even a short-term one. Simply make certain that you have actually remembered your identification as well as car enrollment while boarding. In this instance, long-lasting vehicle parking would be preferable than e-zpass plus car parking. Lasting lots are excellent for those who are frequently mosting likely to take a trip fars away and do not need to use the bus simply inside the flight terminal’s premises. The major advantage of this kind of vehicle parking is that you will certainly conserve money on car park costs because there are no more possibilities for commuters to waste time awaiting a lengthy line of passengers. These whole lots are normally situated near to the terminals where travelers can simply drop their baggage as well as walk directly to the aircrafts. In addition, the distance of these great deals will make certain an easier vehicle parking experience for the travelers. Additionally, when these whole lots are loaded with travelers, there are less chances for mishaps. It would certainly additionally be better to park in these than stuffing up at the last minute.


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Lud Foe Under Pressure drops new song Under Pressure.
He has become somewhat of a regular now, dropping new music as oft as possible. Lud Foe released his project, Boochie Gang in September and since then he has been dishing out new music steadily.
The new influx of music has got us feeling like there’s a project coming soon. With the amount of releases it seems more likely than not.
Lud Foe was in the studio in May, when he dropped “I Might” with SG Batman and then back in April he also released a song with Lil Uzi Vert “Show U.”
Earlier today, the rapper unleashed his latest track, “Under Pressure.” Over an aggressive instrumental, Lud Foe gives a detailed account of life in the trap while flexing his flows.
Check out the new song below:
Artist Name: Lud Foe
Song Title: Under Pressure
Genre: Hip Hop, US Hip Hop
Release Date: June, 2019
Written by: HipHopZa & Fakaza


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During Joyce’s Army career, she faced repeated sexual harassment and was sexually assaulted while deployed overseas. She focused on her job, but had nightmares and anxiety. Years after leaving the Army, she reached out for support. Therapy through VA helped her build skills to cope with her trauma and live a fulfilling life.View Video Transcript Go To Video Gallery
No matter what you may be experiencing, there is support for getting your life on a better track. Many, many Veterans have found the strength to reach out and make the connection.
An online source of information for persons seeking treatment facilities in the United States or U.S. territories for substance abuse/addiction and/or mental health problems.
The NRD links to services and resources that support Service members, Veterans, families and caregivers.

domain: psychology


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Making the decision to sell your home in the Bay Area is not one to be taken lightly. The market can be as unpredictable as it is rewarding. Due to the confluence of a booming tech economy, scenic beauty, and a high quality of life, the Bay Area offers one of the most dynamic real estate landscapes in the country. But how do you know when it’s the right time to sell? In this article, we’ll delve into the various aspects that should guide your decision.
What They Are: Mortgage interest rates determine the cost of borrowing money to buy a home.
Why They Matter: Lower interest rates generally increase home-buying activity because monthly mortgage payments will be lower. More buyers equate to a better chance of selling your home quickly and at a good price.
What To Do: Keep an eye on announcements from the Federal Reserve and other financial indicators. If interest rates are low or expected to go down, it might be a wise time to sell.
Buyer’s Market vs. Seller’s Market
- Buyer’s Market: More homes are available than buyers. Prices are generally lower, and homes stay on the market longer. This is not the ideal time to sell if you’re looking to maximize profits.
- Seller’s Market: High demand but low supply. Prices are generally higher, and homes sell quickly. This is the optimal time to sell.
What To Do: Conduct market research or consult a real estate agent to gauge market conditions. Regularly check housing websites and real estate reports focused on the Bay Area.
Spring and Summer
Why They’re Favorable: Longer daylight hours and better weather mean that buyers are more likely to go house hunting. Gardens are in bloom, and your property looks its best.
What To Do: Prepare your home for spring by decluttering, refreshing paint, and landscaping your yard. Consider listing by late winter to catch early spring buyers.
Holidays and School Year
Why They’re Not Favorable: Major holidays and the beginning of the school year are typically busy times for families, meaning fewer people are house hunting.
What To Do: Try to avoid listing your property during these periods. If you must sell during this time, consider sweetening the deal with incentives like a quicker closing period or a home warranty.
Upgrades and Repairs
Why They Matter: Homes that are updated and in good condition usually fetch higher prices.
What To Do: Make necessary repairs and consider upgrades that will deliver a good return on investment, like kitchen and bathroom renovations.
Why They Matter: They offer a benchmark for pricing your property competitively.
What To Do: Examine recent sale prices of similar homes in your area to set a realistic price for your home. An overpriced home could languish on the market.
Why It Matters: Your financial stability or needs can greatly impact your decision to sell.
What To Do: Review your budget, investment portfolio, and life goals. If you’re financially strained or are looking to cash in on your property’s value for retirement or other investments, selling might make sense.
Why They Matter: Changes like marriage, divorce, or career moves can necessitate or delay a home sale.
What To Do: Prioritize your needs. If a life change makes selling urgent, you might need to be flexible on price or timing to make a quick sale.
Timing with Your Next Purchase
Why It Matters: The logistics of selling one home and buying another can be complex and financially tricky.
What To Do: Coordinate with your real estate agent to try to align both transactions. Various strategies can help you avoid either a gap in housing or being stuck with two mortgages.
Deciding when to sell your Bay Area home involves a meticulous evaluation of various factors ranging from economic indicators and seasonal trends to your personal life circumstances. Making an informed decision could mean the difference between maximizing your profits and missing out on the best opportunities. For personalized advice and expert market insights, consider consulting with professionals like the Bay Area Home Buyers Network, who can help you determine whether now is the opportune time to sell.


Damen Hands Over Severn Provider
Damen Shipyards Group has organised the naming ceremony for Severn Offshore Services Ltd’s new multipurpose wind farm vessel Severn Provider at Damen Shipyards Gorinchem in the Netherlands.
Following sea trials next week, the Damen FCS 2610 will be available for charter based out of Rotterdam.
UK-based Severn Offshore Services owns and operates a fleet of offshore crew transfer vessels, mainly in the European offshore wind sector.
”With this vessel, we can offer higher availability rates to our clients through its ability to operate 24 hours a day further offshore with less downtime caused by the weather. Working with Damen has been a really good experience and we’re planning to continue growing our fleet with Damen,” Severn Offshore Services Director Ryan Hopkins said.
The FCS 2610 can transfer up to 12 personnel, operating at speeds of up to 25 knots. Casper Vermeulen, Damen Sales Manager UK, notes that although more than 40 FSC 2610s has been built so far, the design continues to evolve.
”The valuable input into vessel specifications from clients like Severn Offshore Services is a key factor in ensuring the design continues meeting the demands of the rapidly developing offshore markets,” said Vermeulen.


- Condition: New
- Place of Origin: Guangdong, China (Mainland)
- Brand Name: Century-tools
- Model Number: SJ-088
- Input Voltage: 220V/110V
- Output Temperature: depends on the power
- Temperature Stability: good
- Output Power: 30W/40W/60W
- Dimensions: 28.5*7.5*3cm
- Certification: CE RoHS
- After-sales Service Provided: No overseas service provided
- Voltage: 100-240V
- Power: 30W-60W
Packaging & Delivery
|Packaging Details:||soldering iron packing;
|Delivery Detail:||7-20 days after payment|
- Power: 30W,40W,60W
- External heated tip
1,Quickly heating up.
2.Adopt lead-free bits, it specially fit for the lead-free welding procedure. It can be used in continuous weld for the production line
3,Easily to change the heater, quickly and convenient
4,Light handle, easy to operate.
Portable, widely use, suitable for frequent welding, also suitable for electronic products production line, mobile phone repair industry, precision electronic maintenance industry SMT components, plug-in element, platoon line, PCB integrated component of desoldering maintenance work.