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US Chess League 2009-2010 Archives
2009 US Chess League
AZ vs Chichago, Magness-Adelberg [30:32]
AZ vs Chichago Ramirez-Mitkov [26:52]
AZ Vs Chicago-Adamson-Pasalic [26:45]
AZ-TENN Altounian vs Burnett [19:54]
AZ-TENN Adelberg vs Justice [14:44]
AZ-TENN Ehlvest vs Ramirez [15:26]
AZ-TENN Andrews vs. Adamson [12:35]
USCL R2 Josh Friedel vs. Mark Zivanic [11:56]
AZ-SEATTLE SLUGGERS [29:02]
Sinanan vs Martinez Wk3 [14:52]
AZ vs Detroit Martinez-Uesugi [33:48]
AZ vs Dallas Zogrit vs Adelberg [24:13]
WK4 Inkhbat vs Altounian [14:21]
WK4 Mark Ginsberg vs L Kaufman [25:54]
WK4 R Kaufman vs Robby Adamson [24:18]
WK5 Scorpion-Dallas Destiny Wrap-up [24:51]
Scorpions WEEK 6 GAME OF THE WEEK [18:04]
Scorpions WEEK 6 WRAP-UP [32:17]
Scorpions Week 7 Barcenilla vs Bhat [48:25]
WK 9 Nakamura vs Alejandro Ramirez [59:19]
Lev Altounian vs Slava Mikhailuk [13:30]
WK 9 Milat vs Adamson [11:37]
WK 9 Amanda Mateer vs Josh Sinanan [25:28]
MIAMI-ARIZONA - The Good [34:49]
WK 10 MIAMI-ARIZONA - The Bad [6:55]
WK 10 MIAMI-ARIZONA - The Ugly [15:18]
Nakamura's 12 Move Loss [13:12]
Bhat-Rensch--Wild West Shootout [44:20]
2010 US Championship Games
2010 US Championship - Joel Benjamin vs Sam Shankland - A classic clash of a veteran player against the young Sam Shankland. This is a good illustration of the Maroczy Bind, in this one though, the players quickly exchange the light-squared bishops which makes for an interesting struggle.
Championship - Kraai vs Benjamin This is a wild and complex game.
Jesse let's his king stay in the center for a little bit too long and the
wily veteran, Joel Benjamin, show's why he holds the title of Grandmaster!
2010 US Championship - Robson vs Yermolinsky - White seems to deviate early in a Sicilian and Yermolinsky does not let this go unpunished. There were lots of sharp tactics that we not played on the board and by declining the tactics White just ends up in a lost position.
2010 US Championship - Irina Krush vs Kaidanov - Irina takes the game into a Carlsbad pawn structure, while this is usually a boring opening but not in this case. From a superior endgame position Irina unleashes a wonderful combination to close the deal.
Champinoship - Stripunsky vs Nakamura - Nakamura has a style all his
own, probably because no one else views chess the way he does. Still, this
unique style often leaves his opponents bewildered and slipping into a poor
position - such is the case here. In this case Naka gave up a pawn for
chances to attack his opponent's castled position and White did not find a
way to survive.
2010 US Championship - Hess vs Shankland - Here we have a Sicilian Najdorf with Be2 - Karpov's pet line. This game illustrates the diversity available to White in this line and the dangers that Black can face. One or two careless moves is all it takes.
2010 US Championship - Christiansen vs Gurevich - This was a big battle in the Richter-Rauzer line of the Sicilian. The game soon takes the flavor of the Main Line Najdorf after several moves and it seems that White was again getting the better of things. Indeed, the pressure that White puts on the Black castled position becomes too much to bear. This is another game that Larry could throw into his next book on Storming the Barricades.
2010 US Championship - Kudrin vs Onishuck - A modern Modern Defense. The game gets very tactical early on and gives us a complex game to look at. This game illustrates that an advance on the win should be best met by action in the center in a variation that was not played. Soon thereafter it seemed as though White was going to roll his opponent off the board, but chess is a fickle game and the tables were turned to black's favor. This game was wild all the way to the very end.
US Ch 2010 R2 Khachiyan vs Kamsky [15:52] - We get a King's Indian from one of my favorite modern day players, Gata Kamsky. Gata gives up a pawn on the queenside to fracture White's kingside pawns. Nakamura would later use a similar idea at the 2010 Olympiad. White, getting into time pressure, makes a couple of questionable moves, but they take Kamsky's ability to exploit his opponent's ideas.
2011 US Chess LeagueWk 1 Aldama vs Lugo [27:06]
Becerra vs Barcenilla [31:22]
Wk 2 Altounian-Cozianu [13:17]
Wk 2 - Adamson-Rohoyan [22:53]
Wk 3 - Barcenilla-Khachiyan [12:53]
Wk 3-GOTW-Rensch vs Abrahamyan [13:06]
Wk 3 - Tanaka-Mateer [12:34]
Wk 3 - Banawa-Aldama [24:50]
Wk 4--Harper-Sadorra [12:50]
Wk 4 - Bercys-Altounian [24:32]
Wk 4 Kiewra-Adamson [21:41]
Wk 4 - Adelberg-Zorigt [26:49]
Wk 5-Scorps-Blaze 3 game frag [25:22]
Wk 5-D Gurevich-Barcenilla [41:26]
Wk 6-Scorpions vs Kingfishers [34:49]
Wk 6 - A Draw Wont Do Any Good! [18:13]
Wk 7- Rensch vs Pruess [16:27] Danny Rensch plays what every amateur wanted to play in this particular line of the Caro-Kann but didn't have the cajones to do it! Danny's early Rh3 was either a dare from a teammate, a dare to his opponent, or simply Sam Shankland has been feeding Danny misinformation on a 'good' opening novelty! ;)
Wk 7- Naroditsky vs Adamson [10:56] Daniel Naroditsky came out with a King's Indian Attack against the aggressive Robby Adamson, but even this mild approach was not enough to take Robby off of his form. Just as Robby was about to demonstrate his endgame technique, tactics got in the way... in a favorable way.
Wk 7 AZ vs SF--Kraai-Barcenilla Part One [25:50] These two got into a main line King's Indian Defense and I must say that when Rogelio gets a pattern going he doesn't stop. Last week against Erenburg, Rogelio had to play for a win in a drawn position and it seemed like he was in that mindset in this game as well, though, Arizona would have been more than happy with a draw in this game.
Wk 7 AZ vs SF--Kraai-Barcenilla Part Two [14:01] In this game we pick things up at one of the main tabyias of the King's Indian Defense in the battle on Board One. For those who do not want to sit through some basic King's Indian Defense opening lecture, you can get right to the heart of the matter with this video.
Wk 7--Adelberg vs Liou [15:08] In this game David Adelberg has White against Yian Liou. As time was running out in this game the situation for San Francisco was becoming hopeless. Yian, in a level position, had to play on for a win. David left the door open a couple of times for Yian to grab the advantage, but these usually involved some trades that the San Francisco player did not want to venture into. David played carefully and secured the draw after a long tough battle. This draw secured 1st Place in the Western Division. All that was left was for St. Louis to score a win against the Chicago Blaze who trail Arizona by 1/2 point.
Wk 8- Shankar vs Gurzack [13:47]
Wk 8 - Young-Aldama [16:24]
Wk 8 - Altounian-Amanov [12:54]
Wk 9- Rensch vs B Finegold [15:50] Far out ranked on the top three boards, Danny felt pressure to perform and overextended himself in this game.
Wk 9- Barcenilla-Nakamura Pt 1 [16:01]
Barcenilla-Nakamura Part 2 [20:53] Rogelio has white against one of the toughest opponents in the league and Banjo fights Naka's odd style with his own off-beat line. The super-hyper-neo-accelerated Maroczy. This video is in two parts as there is a fantastic endgame to look at in part two.
Wk9 Yuri Shulman-Aldama [29:04]The tactical monster known as Dionisio Aldama has the black pieces against the second former US Champion on the St. Louis Team, Yuri Shulmam. A wild and complex Benoni Defense is the sword that Aldama chooses in this game, and indeed, this sword has a sharp edge.
Wk9 S. Finegold vs A. Mateer [12:12]
This is the only board on which
Arizona could claim
a rating advantage, and Amanda did not disappoint! This was a confusing game to me, the opening play by Amanda was bizarre in some ways, but that
helped to confuse her opponent as well. Both players kept pretty close to one another on the clock, but by the time these two reached move 15 or 16 all the
other games were pretty much coming out of the opening phases, the nice thing about this is that Amanda could hold back and see what was demanded of her, did she need to win? Well, it turned out that Arizona did need a win on this board as Aldama playing on Board 2, though he looked better, seemed to lose the thread. Our Lady of 9 Queens did not disappoint and managed to pull off a victory clinching 1st place in the Western Division with still one week of regular season play to go - Nice job, Amanda!
Quarter Finals Monday Games [38:40]
Quarter Finals - Miami vs Chicago [24:19]
Quarter Finals - AZ vs Seattle [59:51]
This video is a long one, about an hour in length, but in it I try to do my best to bring you the games as the players were playing them, we rotate through all the games over and over, so that you can get inside the player's mind of what is required of them in any given moment. The practice of 'team play' is difficult and often heartbreaking. This match-up is one of the best, if not the best, of the 2010 USCL season.
On Board 1 we see Lev Altounian hold his own against one of America's top players, Varuzhan Akobian. Black was slightly better throughout the whole game, but Lev thrives in this sort of pressure and never let his opponent the chance to improve his position, a draw was a just result in this game.
On Board 2 Costin Cozianu held Rogelio Barcenilla to a little less than nothing throughout the entire opening and middlegame. But it looked like nothing was going to be enough for Rogelio to hold a draw. Time pressure slipped into the game and Rogelio made a couple of very minor errors and Costin was able to finally break through and won a fundamental K+P ending after a nice little combination.
Board 3... well let's talk about Board 4 first! On the fourth board Michael Wang had White against Nick Thompson. White' opening play was uncoordinated and Black soon found himself in a very nice position. Nick had pressure on the opponent's castled position and on the other side of the board as well where he sac'd a pawn to gain a protected passed pawn. The players entered into an ending where each had a Q and 2 bishops, but Michael made mistakes (the first, trading queens was fatal, the second the result of the game was easily predicted), with poor endgame play Nick scored a much needed point against Seattle.
Board 3, only now can we talk about the game Adamson vs Mikhailuk! This game went 109 moves and all of them very tense indeed! Robby got a good game out of the opening and held a slight advantage for most of that phase. In the middle game Slava started to climb back into the game. By move 40 Slava was pressing hard. By this time the decisions on the other boards were easy to predict and Robby needed a draw (at least) while Slava had to win, nothing else would help Seattle. Slava kept pressing and pressing like a man possessed. But time trouble reared it's ugly head once again (for both players who got down to mere seconds on the clock). There were about three times that Slava could have pulled off the point, but then again, there were about three or four times late in the game that he could have lost or walked into a perpetual check himself. In the end Robby held things together and saved the draw, sending Arizona on to face Miami next week in the Semi-Finals.
Semi--New England-Boston [75:59] New England has had a record season by the USCL historical data, scoring 9.5-0.5 - absolutely incredible. But, are they ready to take on the talented Boston Blitz? Boston finished the season with a 7.0-3.0 score, an impressive record of their own.
Sam Shankland had Black against Larry Christiansen. Sam played a tough game and then decided to sacrifice his queen for a rook and a minor that didn't quite work out. Sam lost that game, however, Alex Cherniack and Robert Hungaski won their games. When Christopher Chase lost to Mark Esserman, the match ended up in a tie and since New England held the Draw-Odds advantage, they would proceed on to the Championship Match.
Semi-Final AZ vs Miami [62:21] Arizona joined the US Chess League in 2008 and this has by far been their best season. Last year Arizona pinned their hopes on having Alejandro Ramirez there to fight for them on Board 1, but this year there was no big-time player to fill the top board. But Arizona proved to be creative with the different line-ups they fielded and while the top boards were not heavy-hitters, the all-around strength of the team was solid. Even when teams 'stacked' the boards with three higher rated players and one very low rated player Arizona remained calm and managed to pull out some big wins, notably St. Louis and Seattle failed to gain wins with their stacked roster. So Credit the Scorpions for their tenacity and fighting spirit this season. Arizona led the Western Division for most of the season and clinched the Division Title (6.5-3.5) with one full match to spare to give them draw odds in this match-up with the Miami Sharks.
Miami had a rough start to the season and managed to sneak their way into playoff contention with a regular season score of 5.5-4.5. It seems that Arizona is the odds on favorite in this match to the death, but, Miami had beaten Arizona earlier in the season.
Well, as the games will show, this was quite a fight, and this time is was the lower boards that, throughout the year served the Scorpions well, proved to be their Achilles heel. Rosenthal on Board 4 had a tremendous game against Nick Thompson and after this loss Robby Adamson found himself under pressure so thick you could peel it back with the wrong side of a knife. The pressure proved too much for Robby and he committed a mistake while trying to force a win in an otherwise drawn ending, proving that a magician can hide only so many bunnies in the hat.
2010 US Chess League Championship [68:00]
Lot's of interesting stuff in this match-up. Obviously, New England with their fantastic season behind them were the favorites to win this match, however, that all needed to be proved over the chessboard. And prove it they did.
Things did not start out well when Charles Galofre had car problems and had to forfeit his game on Board 3. On Board 1 Sam Shankland was paired against Julio Becerra, probably the toughest player in USCL history to beat. Sam followed a line that gave him the edge and they headed into a bishops-of-opposite-color ending where Sam was a pawn up. Many kibitzers on the ICC thought that Becerra had an easy draw, but I was not so sure, I thought that Sam had good winning chances and at the worst would draw if he slipped up. This was one of the most fascinating endgames I have seen in a long time and Sam proved the nay-sayers wrong and proved this was a win with superb endgame technique.
Miami did have some glory in this match on Boards 2 and 4. On Board 4 Nicholas Rosenthal completely dismantled his higher rated opponent, Alex Cherniack and wrapped up the game with a crowd pleasing combination.
It was up to Board 2 where Robert Hungaski, for New England had the Black pieces against Marcel Martinez. Marcel held a slight edge through most of the game, but Robert played tough and made some daring calls at the right time. Marcel missed his chance to play the move 32. f5!? which would have really piled the pressure on Robert's position. Then, later in the game Marcel thought he was heading for a series of exchanges that would leave him two pawns up, only to find himself in a helpless position. Had he seen what was coming at him he did have the ability to trade off a piece for the two pawns and steer the game into unclear channels. As it was, Marcel was ground down by Robert's exacting play giving New England a landslide victory of 3-1 - who knows how things would have ended up if Galofre had made it to the playing site on time.
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domain: game


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Details on the contents of Tiny Tina’s Wonderlands season pass have been released. The season pass will include four content drops featuring new bosses and areas, a seventh class, and a ton of new cosmetics. You can check out the season pass trailer above and read below for more details:
Today, 2K and Gearbox Software revealed new details for what fans can expect from post-launch content in the Tiny Tina’s Wonderlands® Season Pass. Available for individual purchase or as part of the Chaotic Great Edition, the Season Pass includes four new post-launch content drops featuring formidable bosses and unfamiliar settings, a seventh class that expands the Multiclass system even further, and a suite of cosmetics in the Butt Stallion Pack.
Four Exciting Post-Launch Content Drops
Each of the four new content drops begins in Dreamveil Overlook, where the enigmatic fortune teller Vesper awaits an audience. Peer into the Mirrors of Mystery she oversees and you’ll be whisked away to illusionary environments, each consisting of five levels to fight through followed by a fearsome new boss encounter. Each Mirror of Mystery content drop will be available for individual purchase, but you can punch your ticket to all four with the Season Pass.
The final boss within each Mirror of Mystery will grow more powerful over time, and Vesper’s tales are designed to be replayed so you can test your mettle against the rising difficulty. Each time you successfully vanquish the boss’ increasingly fearsome forms, you’ll earn Lost Souls that let you spin Vesper’s Wheel of Fate. Spins of this creepy contraption can reward you with Legendary weapons, gear, and other items.
Endless Possibilities and Customization
Completing a content drop will also add its respective levels and boss to the pool of possibilities in the Chaos Chamber, the endlessly replayable endgame of Tiny Tina’s Wonderlands. This will expand the myriad of combinations for your randomized dungeon, making each run that much more unpredictable. For more info about how the Chaos Chamber works, check out the latest Dev Diary.
The fourth post-launch content drop will also introduce the addition of a to-be-announced seventh class to the roster of six classes you can mix and match between in the base game. With its own Class Feat, two fresh Action Skills, and a unique skill tree to play with, the seventh class will create even more Multiclass possibilities.Trending:
Rounding out the Season Pass is the Butt Stallion Pack, featuring cosmetic items approved by Queen Butt Stallion herself that’ll make you the envy of other Fatemakers. Included in the Butt Stallion Pack are the Diamond Guard Armor Presets (three items), the Crystal Glitter Makeup Pack (five items), the Adamant Throne Banner Set (two items), and the Diamond Hero Statue Material.
Diamond Pony Glider Coming to Fortnite
In collaboration with Epic Games, the chaotic fantasy world of Tiny Tina’s Wonderlands is crossing over with Fortnite via the Diamond Pony Glider, which you can get as a limited-time bonus when you purchase a digital copy of Tiny Tina’s Wonderlands on the Epic Games Store!*
Your enemies will be dumbfounded and extremely jealous when they see you soaring gracefully through the air with your Diamond Pony Glider. When activated, the magical diamond binicorn herself will magically teleport to your side with an elegant whinny, as she daintily excretes a gun that is quickly swept away by the wind before it can land on the Island. She’ll then gallop underfoot, kindly letting you surf atop her sparkling back as the two of you fly through the sky leaving a rainbow trail in your wake.
By purchasing either edition of Tiny Tina’s Wonderlands on the Epic Games Store, you’ll get the Diamond Pony Glider for use in Fortnite after its release on March 25, 2022. That also applies to pre-purchases!
Tiny Tina’s Wonderlands will launch on March 25, 2022 across Xbox Series X|S, Xbox One, PlayStation®5, PlayStation®4, and PC via the Epic Games Store exclusively at launch, and on other PC digital storefronts later in 2022. Pre-orders are now available across all launch platforms, and players can also visit playwonderlands.com to register for the game’s newsletter.
In addition, players can pre-order the Tiny Tina’s Treasure Trove collectible box. Full of hand-picked, awe-inspiring, premium loot like a Butt Stallion plush and a cloth world map, Tiny Tina’s Treasure Trove is an instant heirloom that will impress your friends and make your enemies jelly. Note: Tiny Tina’s Wonderlands game not included. Contents of Treasure Trove available in English only. Tiny Tina’s Wonderlands Treasure Trove not available in all markets.
Stay tuned to Gaming Trend for more info on Tiny Tina’s Wonderlands and for all your gaming, tech, and entertainment news!
Richard Allen is a freelance writer and contributing editor for various publications. When not writing for Gaming Trend you can find him covering theatre for Broadway World, movies and TV for Fandomize, or working on original stories. An avid retro gamer, he is overly obsessed with Dragon's Lair. Chat with him via @thricetheartist on Twitter and @richardallenwrites on Facebook and Instagram.

domain: entertainment


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- 1 Lake Winnipesaukee Dr, New Durham, NH 03855
- (603) 569-3055
The Lake Winnipesaukee Golf Club is an 18-hole regulation length golf course in New Durham, New Hampshire. This championship layout features 4 sets of teeboxes for the enjoyment of golfers of all skill levels. Online tee times may be available at The Lake Winnipesaukee Golf Club or at nearby golf courses, usually offered at a discount from the normal rate.
Note: The data about these courses is usually accurate, however, in some cases there may be errors. If you find something that needs updating, please help us keep the site updated.
Beneath this text, aerial imagery should load of Lake Winnipesaukee Golf Club, The at 1 Lake Winnipesaukee Dr, New Durham, NH 03855. If you can't find the course, try panning around and looking at the surrounding area.
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News Flash Home
The original item was published from 1/13/2015 8:57:25 AM to 3/2/2015 12:05:00 AM.
Posted on: January 13, 2015
[ARCHIVED] Congratulations Lovin Oven and Lee Donuts
Two Libertyville establishments named by Chicago Parent in their top list of top four Lake County donut restaurants, Lovin Oven and Lee Donuts.


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BOSTON — David Ortiz has long been a staple at the Major League Baseball All-Star Game, earning nine trips to the Midsummer Classic since signing with the Red Sox before the 2003 season.
The 38-year-old slugger didn’t receive an All-Star nod this season, however, despite Red Sox manager John Farrell serving as the skipper of the American League squad.
“He recognized that there were other guys ahead of him with the years that they were having,” Farrell said before Monday’s game against the Chicago White Sox at Fenway Park. “And at the same time, he said if it’s in question — his being named to the team — then he’d much rather take the (break) and get the days of rest.”
Farrell said he chatted with Ortiz a few days before finalizing the AL roster, which features Jon Lester as the only Red Sox representative. The two were on the same page, although Farrell noted it certainly is unique not having Ortiz participate in the midseason festivities.
“That’s why we sat down and talked — out of respect for the performance and the number of appearances he’s made in the All-Star Game,” Farrell said Monday. “But at the same time, we can’t not acknowledge the number of players that are having just great years.
“I’m sure there’s a guy over in the clubhouse across the way, (White Sox pitcher) Chris Sale, who’s not pleased with the way the roster played out, and yet he’s in a group of starting pitchers that are having great years. So there is some comparable, there’s some comparison to the DHs that are having great years, as there are pitchers. Unfortunately, you can’t make everybody happy.”
Ortiz is having another solid season, hitting .261 with 19 homers, 55 RBIs and a .361 on-base percentage. Nelson Cruz and Victor Martinez both are having tremendous campaigns, though, so Ortiz simply fell victim to the numbers game when it came to designated hitters.
“Me and John had a conversation about it and he asked me how I felt and I was like, ‘I just don’t feel like taking those guys’ places,’” Ortiz told reporters Sunday. “I don’t think it’s fair to guys like Nelson Cruz and Victor (Martinez) and (Edwin) Encarnacion having an unbelievable season. They don’t have that many All-Star Games that I have. So, you just keep it real. Having a better season than what I am having and they’re well-deserving.”
The Red Sox’s World Series defense really hasn’t gone as planned. Ortiz’s absence from this year’s All-Star Game is further evidence of that.
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The Boardroom Workplaces is an alternative workspace provider in Denver, Colorado that provides ready-to-use office space, virtual office services, conference room rentals, advanced telecommunications and administrative support services.
- Carbon offsetting
- Energy conservation efforts throughout our office suite
- Office wide recycling efforts to minimize landfill deposits
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“A typical office space is used less than 50% of the time. That means that there is a huge amount of waste associated with a typical office – heating, cooling, electrical, janitorial – all of that just gets wasted in a standard office. Added to that, a centralized office in a central business district, or elsewhere, forces many workers to engage in a lengthy and highly-polluting commute.
In an executive suite or virtual office environment all of that changes. With an executive suite or virtual office, workers are able to choose to work from locations closer to home or even from their home office on a day-to-day basis, but still maintain a professional image that allows them to sustain their business operations. This eliminates the carbon emissions associated with those lengthy and unnecessary commutes.
The structure of most executive suites and virtual office centers also help reduce emissions by making use of space (and resources) more effectively. Instead of having an office suite that is used by 1 person 50% of the time, executive suites and virtual offices provide shared amenities and encourage maximum utilization of space and resources – thereby reducing the per-worker carbon emissions that the suite emits.
The Boardroom Workplaces furthers these carbon emission reduction efforts by engaging in energy conservation efforts through our suite (reducing what we can) and aligning ourselves with Carbonfund.org to offset our estimated yearly carbon emissions (offsetting what we can’t).” – Nathan Jansch, President & Owner


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Blinn College's board of trustees introduced a proposed budget for the upcoming fiscal year during its regular meeting this week.
This budget amounts to $107.9 million. Within this proposal is a salary increase for staff and full-time faculty that would amount to 3.5 percent. For part-time faculty, there would be a $50 increase in pay for each course that is taught.
Blinn is expecting to see expansions in many areas and it notes that reserve funding totals $46.5 million. In this budget, tuition and fees make up approximately 66 percent of income for the college’s operation. There is an expected $29 million or 32 percent of its funding from the state and the remaining 2 percent is reported to come from property taxes in Washington County.
Overall, this budget poses a 1 percent increase of the college’s previous operating budget. The announcement also notes that the addition of the surgical technology program and the expansion of the A.W. Hodde Jr. Technical Education Center has increased overall operational costs.
The board has also approved a change order with Vaughn Construction in order to support the college's facility at Texas A&M’s RELLIS Campus.

domain: finance


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Gao Yi, Xu Qianjin
European Enlightenment in the Chinese Context
I. An Overview of the European Enlightenment in China During the late nineteenth century, Chinese newspapers and magazines began to introduce the European Enlightenment movement to China. This process began in 1872, when Ying Huan Suo Ji magazine published the serial novel Night and Morning which looked at the repressive regime of the French Bourbon monarchs and how their rule had provoked Enlightenment thinkers at the time “to focus on learning, to debate in public, to take pride in talent in lieu of given authority, to voice the people’s hardship and to enlighten the reasoning of the world”. This set of ideas, advanced for its time, had eventually led to the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789. On 12 June 1875, the Chinese journal Wan Guo Gong Bao also published an article entitled “Translation and Analysis of Republic Nations and Their Constitutions and Parliaments”, which described how the doctrines of human rights, freedom and equality of rights were what formed the foundation of Western politics. Western countries were viewed as being governed by their people, and with all men created as equals, and therefore no better or worse in their origins. Although the above introductions were brief, they marked the introduction of the European Enlightenment thinking to the Chinese people. In addition, the many Chinese travelling abroad at the time began to pay greater attention to Enlightenment thinkers. On 3 April 1878 Guo Songtao in his London and Paris Diary mentioned how Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) and Voltaire (1694– 1778) criticised the ruling priest class in their books. In 1879 Huang Zunxian (1848– 1905) became an ambassador to Japan and was influenced by the Japanese Civil Rights Movement. He also read the works of Rousseau, which changed his way of thinking; he wrote to Liang Qichao (1873–1929): “when I first arrived in Japan, I was often with my old companions who were mostly students of Sokken Yasui. Around the year 1879–1880, the idea of suffrage and civil rights was very popular. When I first heard about it, I was quite taken by surprise, and subsequently went on to read Rousseau and Montesquieu, and my mind was changed. I believed that to have peace in the world we must have democracy, yet I could not find a person to discuss it.” Prior to 1895, China’s intellectuals had had limited exposure to the European Enlightenment. However, beginning in 1895 and following the First Sino-Japanese War, China’s intellectuals and scholars began to be exposed to the European Enlightenment through the translated works of Japanese scholars, and began to take notice of the 1
Enlightenment movement. This phenomenon was related to China’s historical backdrop at the time: the Qing dynasty was defeated during the First Sino-Japanese War and was forced to cede territory and pay indemnities. From here on, more Chinese students began to travel to the United States, Europe and particularly Japan to study, reaching a total of 40,000 students who went abroad between the years of 1896 and 1911. These Chinese intellectuals who made contact with Western civilisation were eager to find new ways of thinking to help revitalise their nation, which they saw as being in decline. China viewed the strength of the European powers as being linked to the role that the Enlightenment served in that region’s historical development, and believed that European countries came to democracy and prosperity through Enlightenment philosophies. It was in this context that the European Enlightenment ideas came into China. Overall, the introduction of the European Enlightenment into China took place through two broadly distinct channels. The first channel was through the Chinese youth who went to Japan to study and brought back to China the social changes of Enlightenment thinking. Such young people were exemplified by Chen Tianhua (1875– 1905), who expressed his radical nationalist ideology in the two articles “Fiercely Looking Back” and “Alarm to the World”. There were also journals, such as Min Bao, that promoted the ideas of Rousseau and of the French Revolution, and that advocated that revolution was a necessary path to change for China. The second channel was through the Chinese who went to study in the United States, and who focused on more moderate elements of Enlightenment thinking, which centred on the principles of change through moderation and of the individual spirit of thinking. This latter group of students is exemplified by Hu Shi (1891–1962), who advocated the idea of the individual, contemplated on the meaning of freedom, and proposed that “tolerance is more important than freedom”. Similar ideas can also be found in publications such as the journal Critical Review, which promoted the spirit of academics and the social responsibility of scholars, and called on intellectuals to turn closer towards nature and to actively foster the ideal of a model citizen in a republican nation. Chinese intellectuals at the time were gradually introduced to Enlightenment thinkers from many countries, including the United Kingdom’s Francis Bacon (1561–1626), John Locke (1632–1704), Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679), Isaac Newton (1643–1727) and Edward Gibbon (1737–1794); France’s René Descartes (1596–1650), Montesquieu (1689–1755), Rousseau, Voltaire and Denis Diderot (1713–1784); and Germany’s Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716), Christian Wolff (1679–1754) and Immanuel Kant (1724–1804). The Chinese took from these the key Enlightenment concepts of freedom, equality, the meaning of citizenship, the concept of a nation state, republican legislation, academic spirits, and, most notably, the aspiration for social change. However, the Enlightenment in twentieth-century China also differed significantly from the European Enlightenment of the eighteenth century. The European Enlightenment occurred at all levels – including the human spirit, social reform, and the relation between man and society – and each level had its own process of gradual improvement and modification. However, for China, various viewpoints of the European Enlightenment came to bear all at the same time and left people at a loss. For example, in the European Enlightenment the concept of human freedom was first understood as gaining independence from the Church, followed by cultivation of the spirit of self-reliance, and only thereafter finally leading to individual freedom. In China however, a departure from old customs, spiritual self-reliance and individual freedom were put forth all at the same time. This contraction of social changes made it exceedingly difficult for China to transform Europe’s Enlightenment ideologies into practice. 2
According to Tawney’s view: “[The] economic, political and intellectual movements, which elsewhere made their way by gradual stages and small increments of growth are, in the China of today, in simultaneous ferment. The Renaissance; nationalism; the attempt to create a sovereign, unitary state, and its struggle against local particularism and centrifugal ambitions; the beginnings, on the eastern seaboard and rivers, of an industrial revolution, with the criticisms and aspirations which are its natural accompaniment; the reform of local government, of education, of the financial system, and of the complicated structure of Chinese jurisprudence; the partial dissolution of the venerable institution of the Chinese family, with the whole system of personal responsibilities and social relations of which it was the centre—all these, and much else, have been crowded into the space of little more than a generation.” (Tawney 2001: 34–35) One hundred years of European Enlightenment ideas came to China in the span of a single decade, and this left intellectuals struggling with the difficulty of choice. Simultaneously, China faced the problem of declining national power, and the combined result was that the Enlightenment in China became closely associated with revolution, and ultimately served the revolution.
II. The introduction of the European Enlightenment into Chinese Modern Journals For roughly the time roughly the time between the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895 and the May Fourth Movement in 1919 – European Enlightenment ideas came into China in large quantities and received a tremendous response in the country’s intellectual circles. Before 1895, Chinese thinkers knew little about Western socio-political thought and also lacked a strong desire to understand the West. After 1919, Marxism and the Russian Revolution came into China, and the influence of the European Enlightenment gradually declined. The two decades between the First Sino-Japanese War and the May Fourth Movement therefore was the period during which the European Enlightenment had its greatest impact on China. During this period, China saw a growing number of political journals and a diversity of published content that was unprecedented in the country’s history. The journals that introduced Enlightenment thinking included New Youth (La Jeunesse), Critical Review, Qingyi Bao, and Min Bao, New Wave, most of which were founded by people who had studied in the West or in Japan and had backgrounds in Western education. These journals typically shared the following characteristics. Firstly, at the early stages of the journal’s founding, the journal introduced and utilised the fundamental concepts of the Enlightenment, such as freedom, equality, democracy, republicanism, the nation state, science, the academy and others, to explain their position. Secondly, these journals called for young people to become independent and self-reliant as a prerequisite for helping the country to save its future. Thirdly, during the later stages of the journal’s development, different political opinions would emerge and lead into endless ideological debates, and it was within this context that Marxism would take root in China and gradually overshadow the previous Enlightenment discourse. The contribution of Chinese Modern journals to the introduction of the European Enlightenment into China lies in three areas: first, the introduction of the Enlightenment attitude; second, the adoption of Enlightenment concepts in a way that aroused young 3
people’s political awareness; and finally, the desire by followers to change the backwardness of Chinese society through revolution.
A. The Introduction of the Enlightenment Attitude (using Critical Review as an example) Critical Review magazine was founded in January 1922, and was discontinued in 1933 after the publication of seventy-nine issues. Its main founders were Hu Xian, Mei Guangdi and Wu Mi, all of whom studied in the United States. The manifesto of the Critical Review was: to conduct academic research, to seek truth, to raise awareness of cultural legacy, to understand new knowledge and to be critical from an objective perspective. It aimed to not belong to any party, to not conform to any biases, to not be radical, and to not blindly follow. It also aimed to reveal the glory of the nation’s culture.1 This school of thinkers was referred to at the time as the “critical review school”, and because of their criticism towards the New Culture Movement they were also seen as believers in cultural conservatism and revivalism. Though Critical Review was viewed as Revivalist, this was a not a comprehensive view. The approach which Critical Review took towards the New Culture Movement did not criticise the concepts and beliefs of the Movement, but instead criticised the so-called “evil” elements they perceived within the Movement. These are alluded to in their statement: “they are not thinkers but sophists; they are not creative but are derivative; they are not true scholars, but opportunists; they are not educators but politicians.” (Mei 1922). In addition, Critical Review did not indulge in criticism of the New Culture Movement, but rather agreed with the Movement in some aspects. The concept of the Enlightenment were clearly revealed through Critical Review. The journal’s emphasis on cultural heritage aimed to help people regain a sense of history and to rebuild the nation’s cultural identity. This emphasis was essential to confronting the influx of Western thoughts at the time, and in providing a foundation of Chinese heritage through which people could avoid the feeling of loss brought by superficial Westernisation. At the same time, Critical Review allocated special focus to the attitude of enlightenment, and advocated that scholars should be independent-minded, noble and truthful in their search for truth. It advocated that critics be knowledgeable, fair and socially responsible. In addition, the journal introduced the broader theories of the European Enlightenment, including the promotion of freedom, equality and republican concepts, and reflected in depth on the effects of these concepts as a way to guide the thinking of China. In short, the journal Critical Review had an academic understanding of the European Enlightenment movement. In the clash of an advanced West versus a backward China, and of Western cultures versus national traditions, the journal adopted a critical attitude towards all these issues in order to strengthen China’s advantages and prevent China’s weaknesses. To put the Enlightenment into practice, Critical Review looked first to understand the Enlightenment’s history, and only afterward sought to cultivate a critical spirit.
Manifesto of Critical Review.
B. The Introduction of the Enlightenment Concepts (using the New Youth and New Wave as examples) In September of 1915, Chen Duxiu (1979–1942) founded Youth Magazine in Shanghai, which was later renamed New Youth, after the release of its second volume. From that point on and up to July 1922, a total of fifty-four issues were published, bounded into 9 volumes. Chen Duxiu, Qian Xuantong, Gao Yihan, Hu Shi, Li Dazhao, Shen Yinmo and Lu Xun all served as editors for the journal. Overall, New Youth promoted democracy and the sciences, and had a major impact on the New Culture Movement in China. However, it paid little attention to the historical background of the European Enlightenment. Its aim was to arouse young people’s free thinking towards the spirit of republicanism and revolution and towards social responsibility. The journal argued that revolution was a key path to rescuing Chinese society’s ongoing decay, and such Enlightenment ideas advocated by it were centred on the people's political consciousness. In the face of its critical domestic reality, New Youth gradually moved towards Marxism and advocated proletarian revolution. Chen Duxiu’s experiences during his studies in Japan explained the attitude of revolution adopted in the New Youth. The Meiji Restoration in Japan and the growing European influence over Asian heritage were all closely linked to the introduction of the Europe Enlightenment movement in China. New Youth actively advocated for the natural correlation between the Enlightenment and revolution. The journal wrote: “The main ideas of the Declaration of Human Rights state: first, rights of freedom and equality exist from birth; second, that national sovereignty belongs to the people; and third, that laws are determined by a general will” (Gao 1915 b); “The Social Contract states that the founding of the nation must rely on everyone’s self-awareness and a consistent emotion, and that from this laws and regulations are formed, making judgments system to enforce a collective will. The principle of The Social Contract lies in democracy.” (Gao 1915 b) New Youth introduced the concept of national freedom by citing the example of Edmund Burke’s (1729–1797) attitude towards Britain’s reign over its North America colonies: “Edmund Burke, a person from Dublin [said that] the love of liberty is the nature of the Americans. Britain also loved liberty in the past and it should continue to do so today. Britain should embrace its liberal spirit, to allow its colonies to develop and prosper with it. Although British power over the colonies is legal, it is indeed incompatible with the concept of liberty.” (Gao 1916) New Youth held on to a very specific description of the concept of personal freedom. For example, Gao Yihan (1884–1968) stated that there are two layers of meaning in the concept of freedom: first is self-restraint, to respect the freedom of others; second is independence, to be free from the influence of others. He wrote: “self-restraint is autonomy, and freedom from other’s restraint is freedom.” Following similar lines, Bao Shengkui wrote: “self-restraint is to restrain one’s individual interest to accommodate a collective interest; to give away personal interest for the goodness of the community.” (Gao 1916 b). Such ideas from the journal’s contributors were quite consistent with the definition of individual freedom proposed by John Stuart Mill (1806–1873). New Youth in particular paid attention to the education of youth and strived to make them into virtuous patriots. The journal introduced both the European Enlightenment movement and also the French Revolution, in the hopes of starting a revolution in China to reform the country. New Youth was replete with statements such as: 5
“The nation is weak, moral and learning has decayed, and responsibility for the country rests in youth. The youth of our country are still in the learning stage, but they should look out to the world. This journal uses plain language to speak the noble truth. It strives to gather all scholarly matters that suffice to raise the interests of youth. We hope to provide you with spiritual assistance in your spare moments of learning.”2 These words reveal the historical background from which New Youth was founded, and speaks of the founders’ eagerness to introduce China’s youth to the Enlightenment. In short, the early stage of the New Youth journal began with the introduction of Western theories concerning the concepts of freedom, equality and revolution, and in the later stage the journal would slowly turn towards the introduction of Marxism. Yet throughout, the journal’s aim of raising social awareness in the youth and its position to use revolution to strengthen the nation never changed. In January 1919, another influential journal, titled New Wave, was founded and it also attached great importance to Enlightenment concepts. This journal was established in a different way from that of other leading journals of the time. During the early 20th century, some scholars launched a movement to systematise China’s cultural heritage in order to rescue the “quintessence” of the nation. During this same period, other scholars hoped to introduce Western thoughts to China in order to modernise and reform the nation. At the beginning of 1919, students from these two schools of thought founded the “Cultural Heritage Society” and “New Wave Society” at Peking University. The New Wave journal was a publication founded by the members of the “New Wave Society”, who included Luo Jialun (1897–1969), Fu Sinian (1896–1950), Yang Zhensheng (1890–1956) and Gu Xiegang (1893–1980). New Wave was similar to the New Youth journal in that its purpose was to raise the reader’s social awareness. It was also similar to Critical Review in how it embraced the European Enlightenment movement, explored the scientific spirit, and searched for societal elements that would propel social progress. The core members of the New Wave journal were students, and therefore the style of its writing was lighter and removed of the severe critical tone that characterised other contemporary journals. The New Wave journal concerned itself with social change. In light of both the international and domestic political conflicts faced by the country at the time, New Wave, along with the journal Min Bao, recognised and argued for the need for revolution in China and strongly promoted the ideals of the French Revolution: “The French Revolution had a great impact on the liberation of Modern thought ... First, it influenced the reform of education. Following the theories of Diderot and Danton, it changed class education into equal education. Second, it influenced the transformation of art from an entertainment of the elite class to the realistic portrayal of the common people. Third, it influenced the political transformation which allowed the working class to participate in politics. In terms of the Revolution’s significance globally, it announced three tenets to the world – freedom, equality and fraternity.” (Luo 1919)
Manifesto of New Youth.
C. From Enlightenment to Revolution (Using Min Bao as an example) Min Bao was the official publication of the China Alliance Society (also known as the China Federal Association). Founded in Tokyo in November 1905, Min Bao promoted the Three People's Principles (San-min Doctrine) advocated by the Society. Compared with the Critical Review, New Wave and New Youth journals, Min Bao was firmer and more direct in its campaign to promote revolutionary ideals in order to create positive social change. The writings of Min Bao also introduced the Enlightenment movement, but did so with the main purpose of using this movement to launch a revolution. The logic of Min Bao Enlightenment served as a means to Enlightenment served as a means to create public opinion for revolution, as in the example of when Enlightenment thinkers advocated for a Republic and individual freedom in order to inspire the revolutionaries to obtain these goals; second, the European autocratic monarchs and the Church oppressed the people to the point that revolution was inevitable; third, it was through revolution that the United States and France had emerged prosperous and stronger. Faced with tyranny and oppression, Chinese people needed to similarly resort to revolution to advance themselves on the road towards prosperity and power. To serve the above aims, Min Bao vigorously introduced the French Revolution and also debated the necessity of revolution with the New People's Journal, where it won a complete victory. Min Bao published many articles to support the call for revolution, such as “History of Chinese Revolution” (Chen Tianhua, Issue I), “Biography of Gambetta: Builder of the French Republic” (Ma Junwu, Issue I), “Constitutions in China Must First Came from Revolution” (Issue II), “Biographies of the German Social Revolutionaries” (Issue II), “Roar of the Lion” (posthumous manuscripts of Chen Tianhua, Issues III to IX), “Rebuttal of Recent Argument against Revolution Published in New People's Journal” (Wang Zhaoming, Issue IV), “The Future of Revolution” (Feng Ziyou, Issue IV), “Rebuttal of the Argument that Revolution Will Result in Partition” (Wang Zhaoming, Issue VI), “The Moral of Revolution “(Zhang Binglin, Issue VIII) “Rebuttal of the Argument that Revolution can Result in Chaos” (Wang Zhaoming, Issue IX), “Critique of Kang Youwei’s article ‘The History of the French Revolution’” (Wang Dong, Issue XI) “The Power of Revolution” (Wang Dong, Issue XVII). In addition, the illustrations in Min Bao also promoted revolution, such as a depiction of the French Revolution in (“Capturing the Military Storage by the French Citizens”, Issue II), Decapitation of French King Louis XVI (in “the Ends of Autocratic Monarchy”, Issue V), the Phenomenon of French Revolution (Issue XVIII), the Expeditions of the National Protection Army’s Youngsters during the French Revolution (Issue XVIII), the Number One World Advocator of Democracy: Rousseau (Issue I). In 1907, after the publication of its twelfth issue, Min Bao published a temporary supplemental issue called Tian Tao, which included articles such as “Censure of Manchuria”, “Declaration to the Han People”, “Declaration of Sichuan Revolution”, and “Declaration of Jiangsu Revolution”. Among all the contemporary journals in China at the time, Min Bao was the journal which most ardently advocated revolution. The introduction of the European Enlightenment in Min Bao became primarily a call for revolutionary against autocracy; other ideals emphasised by the Enlightenment, such as of individual autonomy in thinking and spirit, were neglected. Journals during this period of time in China served as a major medium for the introduction of the European Enlightenment to the Chinese people. Through a critique of the shortcomings of the old system of China, the journals sought to promote the concepts and spirit of European Enlightenment, and hoped to strengthen the nation 7
through reform and revolution. In turn, the journals formed a public sphere of exchange and debate that itself embodied the characteristics of the Enlightenment.
III. Chinese Modern Thinkers’ Interpretation of the European Enlightenment Chinese contemporary thinkers can be broadly divided into three types according to their understandings of the European Enlightenment: the first type of scholar, represented by Liang Qichao and Hu Shi, believed that the Enlightenment could promote the gradual improvement of society; the second type of scholar, represented by Yan Fu (1854–1921) and Li Dazhao (1888–1927), believed that the Enlightenment could be used as a tool for national salvation; the third type of scholar, represented by Sun Zhongshan (1866– 1975), believed that the Enlightenment was a prerequisite to revolution.
A. Advocacy of the Enlightenment to Promote Social Improvement (with Liang Qichao and Hu Shi as an example) Liang’s interest in the Enlightenment lay in his belief in the power of scholarship, learning and knowledge. The Enlightenment was based on scholarship, but it has the power to influence social change. Liang understood the social significance of the works and achievements of the Enlightenment thinkers, and proposed the idea that “scholarship controls the world.” He wrote: “All the clothes we wear, the food we eat, the things we use, the ways we travel and the things we know, did any of them not come from knowledge and learning? This is knowledge used by average people. To give examples of scholarship of learned individuals which changed the world: first, the astronomy of Copernicus; second, philosophies of Bacon and Descartes; third, The Spirit of Laws by Montesquieu; fourth, Rousseau’s advocacy of human rights; fifth, the theories of electricity by Franklin and the invention of steam engine by James Watt; sixth, the economic theory of Adam Smith; seventh, the theory of the Nation-State developed by Bluntschli; and eighth, the theory of evolution by Darwin.” (Liang  1999 b) Liang Qichao was most familiar with two particular figures of the European Enlightenment: Adam Smith (1723–1790) from Scotland (Liang  1999 a: 47) and Rousseau from France. Not only had Liang Qichao read the major works by these Enlightenment thinkers – The Wealth of Nations (1776) and The Social Contract (1762) – he also called for more translations of Western works to open the vision of people in China. Liang Qichao also actively sought to apply the two Enlightenment thinkers’ theories to China, with greater attention being given to Rousseau’s The Social Contract. This was because, compared to The Wealth of Nations, The Social Contract advocated for the equality of men, and for the establishing of contracts between the individual and the state in order to protect the rights of the individual. For Liang Qichao, who supported reformation during the late Qing monarchy, The Social Contract was a suitable theoretical basis for his own idealised concept of a constitutional monarchy. On 7 June 1901, Liang Qichao published an article in the Journal Qingyi Bao, entitled “A Discussion on Constitution”, which generated a major impact on the “preparatory constitution” policy by the Qing Court. In this article, Liang divided the world’s political systems into three types: absolute monarchy, constitutional monarchy and constitutional democracy. In the case of a constitutional democracy, Liang believed this system would cause frequent changes in policies and create too much competition for presidential election, and 8
therefore was not a good political model for the state. In the other case of an absolute monarchy, Liang argued that this system created sharp opposition between monarchs and common men, and led to the common men being forced to live in harsh conditions which in turn created a danger to the ruling class. Following this line of thinking, the end conclusion was that the best political system could be none other than a constitutional monarchy. Liang Qichao derived most of his political treatise from the influences and doctrine of Rousseau, and he published most of his articles on Rousseau in the year 1901. However, Liang’s introduction of Rousseau did not focus on Rousseau’s more revolutionary ideas, and instead centred on Rousseau’s theories proposed in The Social Contract, which Liang then applied onto his own ideas for China’s political system. The scholar Hu Shi put forward his own very well-known academic approach, which he called “boldly making an hypothesis while cautiously making verification”. This saying recognised both the power of human reason as well as the power of experience in guiding reason. Hu Shi advocated that in order to achieve freedom for all people in the Chinese environment, one had to not only strive for autonomy but also had to respect the rights of others and learn to tolerate. In addition, to guide the youth, Hu Shi also suggested that people first must enrich their minds, in order to acquire the necessary discretion for entering society. These attitudes were in accordance with the essence of the European Enlightenment. Of particular importance was Hu Shi’s idea that “tolerance is more important than freedom”, which meant that personal freedom should never be overbearing or harmful to others. Freedom that is not subject to abuse is positive, and this can then lead to liberty and freedom for all members in a nation: “the most simple and obvious meaning of liberalism is the respect for freedom. In political situations it means embracing democracy, tolerating opposition and protecting the freedom of minority.” ( Hu  2003 b: 725) “In conclusion, liberalism is progressive reform that embodies freedom, democracy, tolerance and peace.” (Hu  2003 a: 733)
B. The Promotion of the Enlightenment in order to “Save the Nation” (with Yan Fu and Li Dazhao as examples) During the time of the Enlightenment’s introduction to China, many Chinese scholars felt a great sense of urgency with China’s declining social situation and found Enlightenment ideals to be a compelling remedy for resolving the crisis. Yan Fu and Li Dazhao both wrote on this topic. Yan Fu attached great importance to Rousseau and believed that Rousseau’s theories could be applied to heal China of its social illness. This was a unique view but it also caused much controversy. In modern China, Rousseau was viewed mainly as a revolutionary thinker. This image of Rousseau in China was partly determined by Japanese scholar Chomin Nakae (1847–1901), who was regarded as the “Oriental Rousseau”. Influenced by this revolutionary image of Rousseau in Asia, young people in China at the time went forward holding high the revolutionary banner, as exemplified in Zou Rong’s book Revolutionary Army (1902) in which the author called on people to “let the banners of Rousseau and other great philosophers be held high on our land”. Yan Fu seriously questioned this revolutionary image of Rousseau, and raised controversy with Zhang Shizhao (1881–1973) about whether Rousseau’s Social Contract was in fact advocating revolution. In 1914, Yan Fu published “Commenting on The Social Contract” in the journal Yong Yan Bao, and stated that: “Since Rousseau’s Social Contract became 9
popular, it has generated a great impact in Chinese society. Many people are willing to sacrifice themselves for such a cause; however, the system is not cured because the theory is flawed. Therefore, I am writing this article to alter this superstition in society.” In May of the same year, Zhang Shizhao published his “Reading on the Article ‘Discussing The Social Contract’” in Jia Yin (Volume I, Issue I), in which he opposed Yan Fu’s view of Rousseau's theory. Yan Fu advocated reform, but saw Rousseau’s theories as dangerous and the path of the French Revolution as not being suitable for China. Zhang Shizhao on the other hand reasoned that revolutions were not successful in China because different revolutionary parties fought for mutual exclusion; and therefore he advocated that personal freedom was of greater importance than national interests. In addition to the aforementioned two European Enlightenment thinkers, Yan Fu also introduced in his works the three principles of Newtonian mechanics and the concepts of freedom and equality. However, whenever Yan Fu was introducing these concepts, he always compared these ideas with China’s declining domestic situation, and such comparison often led to his feeling a keen loss of hope for improvement. (Yan  2004: 5) Yan Fu was in fact very pessimistic throughout his life, and as he translated Thomas Henry Huxley’s (1825–1895) Lectures on Evolution and wrote articles such as “Urgently Changing the World and Original Power” which criticised China’s current vices and thirsted for prosperity and change, Yan Fu felt that the overall decaying situation in China was so great that the country’s own evolutionary path could be nothing other than its eventual displacement by Western powers. Li Dazhao believed that the European Enlightenment was a solution to “National Salvation”, but unlike Yan Fu he did not view China’s future with as much pessimism. The reason was that he followed the logical development of the European Enlightenment, and understood that European Enlightenment originated from the conflict between classicism and modernism. Modernism eventually won the debate because science increasingly demonstrated its power to change reality. In February 1923, Li Dazhao published “Past and Present” in the Social Science Quarterly (Volume I, Issue 2) in which he introduced the conflict between classicism and modernism as the context for the European Enlightenment. Li Dazhao also placed great emphasis on the present. He believed that all things of the past were once in the present, and all things in the future also originate in the present; therefore he argued that the present was the most valuable. He wrote: “There is a body of people who are never satisfied with everything in the present. They see everything in the present as dark and evil, and see everything in the past as good ... in short, nothing today is better than the past. There is another body of people who hold optimistic hopes for the present and the future, and hold the view that past success should be bequeathed to future generations, and that the infinite past ends in the present where the infinite future begins in the present. The Debate between past and present has a considerable ideological significance, and led to a resistance against part of the Renaissance ideals.” (Li  2006: 269) In the winter of 1923, Li Dazhao introduced the doctrines of the Enlightenment thinkers in his lectures on historiography at the Department of History at Peking University, and revealed his comprehensive and profound understanding of the subject. Li Dazhao not only knew the history of the Enlightenment, but was also familiar with its background, history and representative thinkers. He held in great esteem the French Revolution, and believed that the French Revolution was the key to making the Enlightenment ideologies of equality and freedom a reality, including through the “blood and iron” policies of Napoleon. 10
C. The Enlightenment as the Precursor to the Revolution (with Sun Zhongshan and Chen Duxiu as examples) The third type of introduction of the European Enlightenment into China involved a combination of Enlightenment and Revolution ideals, or in other words sought to make use of Enlightenment theories to procure a public opinion for revolution. This understanding of the Enlightenment was exemplified by Chen Duxiu and Sun Zhongshan. Sun Zhongshan, born in 1866, was more senior than Chen Duxiu, who has born in 1879. During the twenty year period that the Enlightenment was introduced to China, Sun Zhongshan was middle-aged and already dedicated to the practice of the Old Democratic Revolution, and Chen Duxiu was in his youth and committed to promoting the Enlightenment for the purpose of social reform. After the May Fourth New Culture Movement, Chen Duxiu believed in Marxism and moved towards the proletarian revolution, while Sun remained against Marxism and was critical of its concepts of class struggle (Sun  2006 b: 608) and surplus (ibid.: 609) values. The central point of Sun Zhongshan's ’s Principl’s Principles of Democracy argued that people’s right to equality was the result of society needing to first obtain this right and then give it back to its people, as opposed to society waiting for its people to request this right. The fundamental basis of this theory can be found in the doctrines of Rousseau. Sun said: “Speaking about the history of civil rights, we all know France has one scholar called Rousseau who advocated extreme civil rights for the people in Europe. Due to his ideas of civil rights, the French Revolution took place. The most important work which outlined Rousseau’s life-time ideal of civil rights is The Social Contract. The argument in The Social Contract was based on the ideology that people are born free and with equal rights, and every individual has his or her right.” (Sun  2006 a: 493) Chen Duxiu also agreed with the European Enlightenment’s doctrines of freedom and equality, and believed that revolution was the only path to achieving this freedom and equality in China. He stated: “Today’s Europe is dignified and brilliant. Why is it so? It was given by revolution. Revolution in European language means abandoning old things and replacing them with new things, which is different from the alteration of dynasties in China. Since the Renaissance, there have been revolutions in politics, in religion, in ethics, in literature and in art. There are no evolution and progress without revolution.” (Chen 1917) Chen firmly believed that if modern China was to depart from its gloomy present, it could only do so through revolution, and that this revolution must start from literature. In fact, all the revolutionary ideas of Chen Duxiu were closely related with the European Enlightenment. Although his political position made a transition from the Old Democratic Revolution to the New Democratic Revolution, in the end, Chen practiced what is still regarded as the most fundamental principles of the European Enlightenment: freedom and equality.
IV. On the Relationship between the “Enlightenment” and “National Salvation” The spread of in China was in China was accoin China was accompanied by the rise of the Chinese revolutionary movement and played a key role in preparing the revolutionary ideology that provided theoretical guidance to the Chinese revolution. Confronting both colonial and semi-colonial crisis, the Chinese revolution spent great effort in resolving the historical task of “National Salvation” against imperialism before it was able to achieve the more general goals of the Enlightenment and of political democratisation. “National Salvation” was in fact a main objective of the establishment of an independent nationstate, and this objective was a prerequisite to achieving the Enlightenment. Since a modern political democracy could only be based on the participation of “all [its] citizens in the nation”, an independent sovereign nation-state was a necessary prerequisite to becoming a modern political democracy. Moreover, the task of “National Salvation” was not unique to the Chinese revolution, but also existed in the revolutions of many countries, and first appeared on the main battlefield of the European Enlightenment movement, which was the French Revolution. China saw the violent nature of the French Revolution as being closely related to the prerequisite for “National Salvation.” Perhaps for this reason the violence of the Chinese revolution was no less, if not greater, than that of the French Revolution. The astonishing violence of the Chinese revolution resulted in a number of political events that departed far from the original intentions of the Enlightenment movement. The proof of revolutionary elements in China’s adoption of the Enlightenment was to establish political democracy, however this democratic intention turned towards autocratic ends due to the preconditioned mission of “National Salvation”. Could China always be so unfortunate? In the history of the Chinese revolution, a question about the relationship between the “Enlightenment” and “National Salvation” emerged. In 1984, Vera Schwarcz addressed this relationship of the “Enlightenment” and “National Salvation” of the modern China in her book Chinese Enlightenment Movement, in which she wrote: “Examining the impact of this imperfect ‘Enlightenment’ (that is, the New Cultural Movement) on the 20th century Chinese history, there were three obvious points: First, there was a long-term tension between the task of ‘National Salvation’ and the ‘Enlightenment’. Second, the path of the ‘Enlightenment’ in the modern China was inseparable with the fate of Chinese intellectuals. Third, the ‘Enlightenment’ in China failed to eradicate the foundation of old culture and old thinking.” (Schwarcz 2007: 341) In 1986, Li Zehou published the article “the Double Variation of the Enlightenment and National Salvation” in the first issue of the journal Walking Towards the Future. He analysed the characteristics of the May Fourth Movement using the theme of the “Enlightenment” verses “National Salvation” and wrote: “soon after the launch of the New Culture Movement, which was centered on the ‘Enlightenment’, it was met with the anti-imperialist political movement which was centered on ‘National Salvation’, and the two movements merged very quickly (Li 2003: 7) … the theme of the ‘Enlightenment’ and democratization of science were merged with themes of National Salvation and patriotism. These themes collided, wriggled and synchronized ... Chinese modern history was just like this ... the Enlightenment was not immediately overshadowed by National Salvation; and in a short period of time, the Enlightenment gained great momentum through the ‘National Salvation’ movement.” (ibid.: 9) According to Li Zehou, the “Enlightenment” and “National Salvation” were in stalemate for some time, and the movement of “National Salvation” gradually overwhelmed the movement of “Enlightenment” to become the central characteristic of modern Chinese history. He 12
wrote: “All these suggest that the need for ‘National Salvation’, concerns for national interests and people’s suffering, prevailed over all other needs, overwhelmed intellectuals’ needs toward knowledge, equality, democracy, civil rights and the pursuit of a variety of wonderful ideologies, prevailed over individual dignity, individual rights and respect.” (ibid.: 27) This was not only the characteristic of the May Fourth Movement, but also the characteristic of China’s modern history. (ibid.: 26–27) It is insufficient to only point out the tension between the themes of the “Enlightenment” and “National Salvation” in Modern China, or to regret the fact that the need for “National Salvation” overwhelmed the need for the “Enlightenment”. First, we should see the objective necessity of the “National Salvation” movement for modern China. The “National Salvation” movement was to establish the sovereignty, independence and freedom of the Chinese state, which was also the primary objective of the Chinese revolution. This was the foremost important matter, over all other matters at the time. Therefore, to temporarily sacrifice the ideal of the Enlightenment, though unfortunate, was something that could be tolerated. Second, we should recognise the historical inevitability of the Enlightenment ideal, just as history has proven how it was an insuppressible force throughout much of the modern world. The implementation of a political autocracy for the purpose of establishing and consolidating a nation-state was necessary, but it could not be permanent and would ultimately be eliminated. However, moving beyond political autocracy required the distribution of the Enlightenment ideas, and required the great efforts of many enlightened individuals. At the same time, there was also a change in the definition ofthe the historical development of the historical development of modern China. From 1895 to 1919, modern Chinese journals introduced the Enlightenment in Europe alongside the introduction of the French Revolution. In academic circles, these journals inspired a “revolution of civil rights” that called for freedom and equality and which led to the Old Democratic Revolution represented by the ideas and practices of Sun Zhongshan. The Old Democratic Revolution advocated freedom, equality and representative democracy in theory, and established the Republic of China in practice. During this stage, the “National Salvation” theme was already in existence but was not very prominent, and the Enlightenment was combined with revolution. After the Xin Hai Revolution, especially after the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, and as China experienced infighting among the warlords within the country and the Japanese invasion at its borders, the call for “National Salvation” became an essential theme. Influenced by the Marxism-Leninism brought by the October Revolution in Russia and the New Democratic Revolution, the Chinese revolution was transformed into a struggle for the rights of both Nation and for the country’s workers and peasants, and “National Salvation” became increasingly radicalised and complex in its representation. However, was the introduction of Marxism-Leninism lessened by the influence of the European Enlightenment? The answer should be negative. Whatever the case, MarxismLeninism did not constitute a fundamental reaction towards European Enlightenment; China merely abandoned the latter in favour of the former, and its embrace of Communism never in the end contradicted the universal values of freedom, equality, human rights and democracy advocated by the Enlightenment movement. In fact, the ideology of Communism is still deeply rooted in the Enlightenment. Communism was the continuation and extension of the left-wing ideologies advocated by Enlightenment thinkers such as Rousseau and Mably (1709–1785). It was this fact that determined the impact of the European Enlightenment in the Chinese new democratic revolution, and led 13
to the development of contemporary China, following along the basic lines of the Enlightenment.
About the authors Gao Yi, born in 1955, graduated from Peking University in 1989 with a PhD degree in history. He is a professor (since 1994), PhD candidate supervisor (since 1997), and Dean of the Department of History, Peking University. Gao specializes in the history of France, modern Europe and America, and world civilization. He is the author of French Style: Political Culture of the Revolution and scores of papers on French and Chinese revolutions, historiography theory, etc. He co-authored Unity and Disunity in Europe and History of World Civilization. He is also the translator of The Passion of Michel Foucault (by James Miller) and co-translator of La Revolution française (by Albert Soboul) and Isaiah Berlin: A Life (by Michael Ignatieff). Xu Qianjin, born in 1982, began to study in the Department of History at Northeast Normal University in 2002 and then at Nankai University. From June to September, 2007, he studied at University of Birmingham. He is a student in 18th-century French history in the Department of History, Peking University since 2009. His field of research is the theory and historical context of the Enlightenment in France and Scotland. He is also interested in early intellectual environment of modern states and the enlightenment in modern China. He is now working on his PhD thesis entitled Rousseau in 1766.
This text has been taken from: Die Kunst der Aufklaerung (The Art of the Enlightenment), Exhibition Catalogue by Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden and Bayerische Staatsgemaeldesammlungen Munich in cooperation with the National Museum of China, Beijing 2011
If you have any questions, please contact us: Exhibition „Die Kunst der Aufklaerung – The Art of the Enlightenment“: Mechtild Kronenberg Staatliche Museen zu Berlin Press, Communications and Sponsoring Tel.: +49 30 266 42 3400 [email protected]
Event Series „Aufklaerung im Dialog – Enlightenment in Dialogue“: Christine Ehrig Stiftung Mercator Communications Manager Tel.: +49 201 245 22-0 [email protected]

domain: library


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Spending several years away from the limelight has not changed the Prodigy.
It took only one broadcast of their new single and the band that sparked debate with “Smack My Bitch Up” is already stirring up controversy.
“Baby’s Got a Temper,” which debuted on Britain’s Radio 1 Thursday night, was heavily edited by the station because of the track’s many references to Rohypnol, a tranquilizer that causes muscle relaxation and memory loss and is often called the “date rape drug.”
The song, which the Prodigy performed at last month’s Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, features Keith Flint singing lyrics like “We love Rohypnol/ She got Rohypnol/ We take Rohypnol/ Just forget it all” over a techno beat.
“Baby’s Got a Temper” will be released in the U.S. on July 2 in CD, 12-inch vinyl and DVD formats, according to the Prodigy’s spokesperson. The single will include a dub mix and instrumental mix of the track.
“It’s a reflection on going out, maybe doing cocaine, then doing downers,” Flint told Britain’s New Musical Express. “You know, some people do all manner of downers, and Rohypnol is one of them.”
Prodigy fans eagerly awaiting the follow-up to 1997’s The Fat of the Land shouldn’t get too excited by the single, however. The group, which also includes programmer Liam Howlett and vocalist Maxim Reality, has yet to set a release date for its next long player, which has carried the working title Always Outnumbered, Never Outgunned for more than two years.


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â€‹ The staff of Davidsonville Historic State Park are excited to announce Davidsonville has been honored as the Park of the Year for Region 2 of Arkansas State Parks. The wider region consists of eleven parks including Bull Shoals-White River State Park, Mammoth Spring State Park, Woolly Hollow State Park, Lake Charles State Park, Powhatan Historic State Park, Jacksonport State Park, Lower White River Museum, Pinnacle Mountain State Park, Toltec Mounds State Park, Plantation Agriculture State Park, and Davidsonville Historic State Park.
â€‹Over the course of the 2019 fiscal year the park overcame staffing shortages while always putting the park visitors as their top priority. â€œThe staff at Davidsonville Historic State Park work as a team to ensure all visitors and campers have great, memorable experiences and enjoy all this little historical park has to offer. Whatever project, special event, program, or work detail being worked on, the park team unites to accomplish what is set before them,â€ Davidsonville Superintendent Kendra Harris says. â€œThis team, my work family, are wonderful hardworking people who care deeply for the natural resources, history, and guests of Davidsonville.â€
â€‹A combination of 439 educational programs offered by the park interpreter, 99,674 guests made welcome by visitor center staff, daily grounds and facility upkeep by the best maintenance staff this side of the state, and a celebration of the bicentennial of the founding of Arkansas Territory added up to win Davidsonville the Park of the Year Award for its region. The Davidsonville Staff would like to thank the community for their constant support of the park. If youâ€™d like more information about Davidsonvilleâ€™s activities in the last year, feel free to call the park at 870-892-4708 or email Park Superintendent Kendra Harris at email@example.com.


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DODGE City, Kan. – Dodge City pastor Jerrold Wayne Ketner pled guilty to a single count of aggravated sexual battery as part of a plea agreement with the state that dropped six other felony charges.
The state sentence follows a charge that Ketner intentionally touched the victim without consent with the intent to arouse sexual desires on or between March 1 and March 31, 2013. The victim was manipulated through financial means, prosecutor Natalie Randall said.
The most severe charges facing Ketner, including one count of rape and one count of attempted rape, were dropped by the prosecution.
In light of his age, health and lack of prior convictions, Judge Leigh Hood sentenced the 80-year-old Ketner to three years of probation.
As terms of the probation, Ketner is not to contact the victim of the crime or her husband. Ketner will pay no restitution to the victim and will not have to register as a sexual offender. Due to Ketner’s age, Hood did not assign him community service as a condition of his probation.
The standard sentence for the severity level five felony is 32 months of confinement in a state prison.
“Dr. Ketner has accepted responsibility and has done it for the benefit of his family,” Ketner’s attorney Sal Intagliata said at the hearing, Tuesday.
Prior to sentencing, Intagliata added two documents to the court’s record, one outlining Ketner’s numerous health ailments and another documenting his record of service to the community.
“I leave that document as it speaks for itself,” Intagliata said. Intagliata also pointed out the number of supporters in the courtroom which he said have helped and will continue to help Ketner meet the conditions of his probation.
Ketner declined to make a statement at the hearing, as did the victim who was present when the sentence was levied.
Hood said he makes an effort to honor plea agreements between defendants and the state, though Ketner could appeal the sentence if he so chooses.
Read full story here
Dodge City Daily Globe – By Christopher Guinn

domain: sociology


There was a city that was covered by a yellow archway. It stretched across the city, providing shelter from the ever-changing weather. The archway was a symbol of the importance of accepting diversity and celebrating the individuality of all its inhabitants.
The yellow archway acted as a mirror, reflecting the various neighborhoods of the city. Each district had its own distinct character, and the archway was a unifying force that brought them all together. The archway had no doors or gates, and the city was open and inviting to all who wished to enter.
As the population of the city grew and grew, so did the yellow archway. It expanded in height and length, covering and protecting the architecture of the city. The architecture was also colorful, showcasing the unique character and diversity of its inhabitants.
The city’s inhabitants were grateful for the yellow archway, which provided them with a sense of security and belonging. It was a source of pride for them, a representation of the welcoming and inclusive nature of their city.
As the years went by, the yellow archway became an iconic symbol of the city. People from all over the world came to visit, drawn by its beauty and the sense of community that it embodied.
And so, the yellow archway continued to grow, reaching higher and stretching farther, symbolizing the infinite possibilities that existed within the city and the world beyond. For the inhabitants of the city, the yellow archway represented hope, unity, and acceptance, a testament to the power of diversity and the beauty of individuality.


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Nissan is one of Europe’s hottest brands and much of its success is due to Colin Dodge. In 2010, the Japanese automaker’s top-ranked executive for Europe helped Nissan post its highest market share in Europe since 1995.
In a flat market, Nissan reported that its 2010 volume rose 13 percent to 547,000 vehicles in Europe (including Russia and Turkey) giving it a 3.1 percent share, up from 2.8 percent in 2009. It was the third consecutive year of European market share growth. Nissan’s momentum continued in the first half with European sales up 17 percent to 246,565 units, according to industry association ACEA.
Under Dodge’s guidance, game-changing models such as the Qashqai and Juke crossovers have exceeded expectations, giving Nissan the confidence to publicly warn Toyota that it better watch its back in Europe.
Toyota surpassed Nissan as the best-selling Japanese brand in Europe in 1998, but Nissan believes it can take the crown back within three years. It is bullish because of its young lineup (10 new or refreshed models have debuted since March 2010) and fast-growing dealer network (400 new sales points will be active within three years).
Dodge started his Nissan career at the company’s plant in Sunderland, England, in 1984 as a paint shop manager.
By 2003, the Englishman was the managing director of Nissan’s UK operations, including the Sunderland factory.
He has been Nissan’s head of Europe, India, Africa and the Middle East for the last two years.


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This study aimed to determine the feasibility of an assessment of vision-related orientation and mobility (O&M) tasks in persons with severe vision loss. These tasks may be used for future low vision rehabilitation clinical assessments or as outcome measures in vision restoration trials.
Forty legally blind persons (mean visual acuity logMAR 2.3, or hand movements) with advanced retinitis pigmentosa participated in the Orientation & Mobility—Very Low Vision (O&M-VLV) subtests from the Low Vision Assessment of Daily Activities (LoVADA) protocol. Four categories of tasks were evaluated: route travel in three indoor hospital environments, a room orientation task (the “cafe”), a visual exploration task (the “gallery”), and a modified version of the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, which assesses re-orientation and route travel. Spatial cognition was assessed using the Stuart Tactile Maps test. Visual acuity and visual fields were measured.
A generalized linear regression model showed that a number of measures in the O&M-VLV tasks were related to residual visual function. The percentage of preferred walking speed without an aid on three travel routes was associated with visual field (p < 0.01 for all routes) whereas the number of contacts with obstacles during route travel was associated with acuity (p = 0.001). TUG-LV task time was associated with acuity (p = 0.003), as was the cafe time and distance traveled (p = 0.006 and p < 0.001, respectively). The gallery score was the only measure that was significantly associated with both residual acuity and fields (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively).
The O&M-VLV was designed to capture key elements of O&M performance in persons with severe vision loss, which is a population not often studied previously. Performance on these tasks was associated with both binocular visual acuity and visual field. This new protocol includes assessments of orientation, which may be of benefit in vision restoration clinical trials.

domain: literature


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Lunch, coffee, and water cooler chats with your co-workers seem like a distant memory for those of us used to venturing into an office, and being able to chat in an online community may just be the connection people are looking for.
Many organizations have already recognized these benefits from online communities.
They use Facebook Groups among other community tools to allow their customers, peers, and employees to share, collaborate, learn and ask like-minded people questions and get real answers.
It is important for organizations who are looking to grow an online community to analyze the trends of the past and get familiar with the direction they are heading.
The below infographic by Grazitti Interactive illustrates the direction online community trends are moving in 2020 and beyond.
Let’s review community trends from 2019
Blending online and in-person engagement: The majority of communities in 2019 blended some kind of online (like Facebook groups, online forums, and webinars) and in-person engagement (like workshops or meet and greets) to allow customers to share and gain knowledge and interact with peers in different ways.
The main purpose being to strengthen customer loyalty and retention by allowing customers to make connections and gain knowledge at the same time whether face to face or virtually.
Difficulty measuring value: Some of the struggles with online communities in 2019 were the ability to measure value in a quantitative way and the ability to scale engagement appropriately. A large part of this has been due to the lack of automation and data tracking integrations.
Fortunately, organizations have found some success measuring value by tracking MAUs (Monthly Active Users) taking into account daily activity, shared content, answered questions, and new user-generated content.
Increased investment: Overall, organizations recognized value in online communities in 2019 and were increasing investment in them.
Additionally, as these communities matured, so did the organizations that lead them, strengthening their moderation skills and offerings. Many organizations began trying new things in their communities, making them trailblazers in this new and upcoming arena.
Staying power: 42% of communities are more than five years old which shows that there is a long-term benefit to them and that the organizations that are running these communities are committed.
Now let's look at 2020
As we saw in the section above, one of the struggles from 2019 was automation and data tracking. Given this trend, CRM integration is something that will be important for communities to focus on in 2020.
This has been widely ignored in past years but will be crucial to provide data and associate value with the online community work input.
Investment in virtual events for online communities will also be an important trend for 2020, even more so since the birth of the COVID-19pandemic.
Virtual events allow an organization the ability to drive leads and revenue, while building loyalty and lifetime value, all from your own home.
Some examples of virtual events are webinars, virtual conferences, and Q&A sessions.
Check out this article for more on what a virtual events team looks like and how you can get your own started.
Lastly, an outside-of-the box engagement strategy will be essential to continue to grow your online or in-person community in 2020.
The internet is full of so many opportunities for users that getting your own platform attention can be a challenging task. Businesses will continue to come up with unique experiences for users to stand out from the crowd.
Looking into the future
The year 2020 is going to be a vital year for online communities. The opportunity to build has never been greater.
Giving customers a place to go online to chat, learn, and feel like part of something bigger than themselves is exactly what people need right now.
As we progress, it is crucial that organizations keep customer experience top of mind. In order to sustain and improve you need to keep your customers happy and interested. Online communities are going to be an integral part of this.


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Your search for Myanmar found the following documents (of 50322 documents searched):
Displaying documents 121-128 of 11619, with best matches first:
- 121. SilkAir Launches Mandalay Flights
SilkAir, the regional wing of Singapore Airlines, has launched flights to Mandalay, Myanmar. The flight from Changi is scheduled to arrive at Mandalay International Airport at 15:00 local time, while the return flight departs at 16:35 and land in Singapore at 21:30. Mandalay will be SilkAirís second destination in Myanmar after Yangon, increasing the number of destinations in SilkA
- 122. Thai AirAsia to Launch Flights Between Chiang Mai and Yangon, Myanmar
AirAsia is to launch direct flights between Chiang Mai in northern Thailand and Yangon, Myanmar. Chiang Mai is an extremely important base for Thai AirAsia. The airline currently has 6 Airbus A320s stationed there and its serves 13 routes both domestic and international.
- 123. Dusit takes over historic landmark Inya Lake Hotel, Yangon, Myanmar
Dusit takes over historic landmark Inya Lake Hotel, Yangon, Myanmar
- 124. Korean Air and Myanmar Airways International Sign Partnership MOU
Korean Air has signed a partnership and codeshare memorandum of understanding with Myanmar Airways International (MAI). The official signing took place on 8 April at Korean Airís headquarters and present at the signing ceremony were the President and COO of Korean Air, Chang Hoon Chi and the Managing Director of MAI, Si Thu.
- 125. Vietjet to Launch Daily Hanoi - Yangon Flights
Vietjet has unveiled plans to launch flights between Hanoi to Yangon in Myanmar (Burma). The new service, scheduled to commence on 31 August 2017, is expected to meet the increasing travel demands of tourists and businessmen between Vietnamís capital city and Myanmarís tourism hub.
- 126. Thongchai Triumphs by Three Shots in Myanmar Open
Thongchai Triumphs by Three Shots in Myanmar Open
- 127. One: State of Warriors MMA Action to Take Place in Myanmar on 7 October 2016
One Championship will return to the Thuwunna Indoor Stadium in Yangon, Myanmar (Burma) on 7 October for One: State of Warriors. In the main event, One Strawweight World Champion Yoshitaka Naito will make the first defense of his belt against the Philippinesí Joshua Pacio, while in the local main event, Aung La ďBurmese PythonĒ N Sang will fight Polandís Michal Pasternak.
- 128. Accor Opens Novotel Inle Lake Myat Min in Myanmar
Accor has opened the Novotel Inle Lake Myat Min in Myanmar. Located on the east bank of Inle Lake, this newly-built resort hotel features 122 guestrooms, of which 120 are Junior Suites and Lake Villas, with two Presidential Villas. The contemporary-designed villas are set on a tranquil lake, each with its own separate bedroom and living area.
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This chessmen set exemplifies luxury! This is an exceptional set of chessmen crafted by Italian artisans in Italy. This set will become the centerpiece of any room. The pieces are solid brass plated with 24K gold/silver with maple/walnut in between. The chess board is crafted of maple/walnut from Spain with a high gloss finish. This is a beautiful chess set to leave out on display just as one would leave out a fine piece of crystal. King height: 4". Base diameter: 1 1/8". Heavy in weight with felted bottoms. 24K gold/silver plated over solid brass. Chess board squares: 2â?. Thickness: 1/2"
24K Gold/Silver Plated Chessmen From Italy
Maple/Walnut Chess Board From Spain With Brass Corners
King Height: 4"

domain: design


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Can you imagine taking a 5 day vacation to space? The Russians will soon make this dream come true. A company called Orbital Technologies is developing a commercial space station set to launch in 2016 as a hotel getaway.
On October 28th, an unmanned NASA Antares rocket that was on a resupply mission to the ISS self-destructed shortly after takeoff. Conspiracy theorist all over the internet are talking about how the rocket may have been carrying illegal spy equipment.
July 20th 2014 marks the 45th anniversary of Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walking on the moon. SyFy is celebrating by releasing an UFO alien conspiracy show dealing with a secret moon mission called Apollo 20, and alien bodies being recovered.
Of course being in space sounds like a pretty cool thing and being an astronaut is the dream of many many kids growing up, but our bodies weren't created to live in space, much less be there so basic things we take for granted suddenly take on different meanings without gravity. Like crying. So…


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Russia will bolster Central Asian ally Tajikistan's military with weapons, equipment and training amid a "deteriorating" situation in neighboring Afghanistan, Moscow's defense minister said Wednesday on a visit to the country.
Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan will hold joint military drills next week near Tajikistan's border with Afghanistan, where the Taliban has made huge military gains and claims to control 90% of the country's borders.
Speaking in Tajikistan's capital Dushanbe where he met his counterpart Sherali Mirzo, Russian Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu said Moscow had organized additional supplies of weaponry and equipment to bolster Tajikistan's army.
"We continue to train qualified Tajik military personnel. We prepare them both at our military universities and at the 201st Russian military base" Shoigu said, referring to Moscow's base in the country.
Shoigu, who blamed the worsening security situation on the "hasty" withdrawal of US forces, said Moscow was ready to offer "any necessary help to (our) Tajikistan friends."
Afghanistan's government in Kabul has dismissed as a lie the Taliban's claim of near-total border control.
But the militants last month seized control of Afghanistan's main Shir Khan Bandar border crossing with Tajikistan, following battles that sent several hundred soldiers from Afghanistan's national army retreating into the ex-Soviet republic.
The Taliban has continued to make gains in the north of Afghanistan.
Last week, Tajikistan checked the combat readiness of its armed forces in the biggest such exercise in the country's history amid the Taliban's advance in Afghanistan.
Some 230,000 members of the Central Asian's security forces took part in the exercise and Dushanbe also relocated 20,000 troops to strengthen its force on the border with Afghanistan.
A Tajik official from the emergencies committee has said Tajikistan was ready to accept 100,000 refugees from Afghanistan.
But Tajik foreign minister Sirojiddin Muhriddin appeared to walk back that pledge at a Tuesday briefing.
Muhriddin said Tajikistan was "not yet ready to name the exact number of refugees we can accept", citing the need for anti-coronavirus measures as a potential complication.