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Lamb is a very versatile choice of meat as you can make so many tasty dishes for all the family.
Wendy’s products show just how flexible, convenient, easy to cook and tasty lamb is. It’s not just for Easter or a celebratory roast – it’s a wonderful ingredient that can be served any night of the week!
A few tips from Wendy on using lamb for your weekly dishes.
- Use cheaper lamb cuts such as the breast is perfect for a Sunday roast and only £10 for a family feast
- Whip up lambs’ liver with onions and mushrooms fried in the pan and get a tasty meal for just £3
- Cook a tasty lamb curry using the neck meat – always a family favourite.
Here is Wendy’s recipe for Lamb Neck Curry that’s sure to please all the family. Delicious with rice, naan bread and mongo chutney or cubed potatoes and flat bread
- 1/2 lamb neck deboned and cut into pieces
- 150g chopped peppers
- 120g chopped frozen onion
- 1/2 tablespoon of olive oil
- 1 garlic clove
- 15g of Curry powder
- 1 tin of coconut milk
- 60ml of lamb stock
- One tablespoon of tomato purée
- 15g of corn starch
- 35ml of water
1. Crush the garlic
2. Make up the stock cube with boiling water according to pack instructions
3. Fry off the onions in the olive oil until soft and add the lamb
4. Fry off the Lamb until sealed
5. Add garlic, curry powder, coconut milk, lamb stock, peppers, tomato puree, salt and allow to come to the boil.
6. Reduce the temperature and simmer for 30-40 minutes
7. In a separate bowl make a slurry by whisking the cornflour and water together
8. Slowly add this to the curry continuously stirring until the sauce thickens
9. Add chopped coriander to dress the curry
To get the freshest lamb, pick up The Lamb Van’s range of small, medium and large fresh and frozen lamb meat boxes available through local retail outlets in Co. Antrim and via The Lamb Van website click link to shop online shorturl.at/rtyDKCheck
The Farm Foodies’ range of fresh, local products are sold @Jam at the Doorstep Farm shop in Armoy – open Thur – Sat 11am – 5pm – Click here for details shorturl.at/hyBI5.


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This story first appeared in the October 2022 issue of Sidelines Magazine.
I’ve been in this game a long time now and have had my fair share of ups and downs and mistakes along the way. I think that if you choose eventing as your sport, then it’s inevitable that you have some bumps in the road and moments of reflection when things don’t quite go to plan.
One thing I have learned through both my own mistakes and by watching others is that being “qualified” for a level does not mean that you are necessarily ready.
I felt compelled to write about this because I’ve noticed an overwhelming number of riders recently who have put themselves and their horses in a situation that they weren’t ready for, and the end result has often been huge disappointment, loss of confidence, injury to horse and rider or worse.
At the beginning of each season, I think it’s important to set realistic goals based on the experience of both you and your horse. Whether it’s to complete your first Preliminary or to compete in your first five-star, I think it’s important to set goals to keep you striving to be better.
The next step is to plan a schedule for preparation events to help both you and your horse be prepared for the competition that you’re aiming for. At the beginning of the year, I try to make a plan for the horses who are moving up a level, but I always say to my owners that the horses will tell us if they’re ready. This is something that I’ve stuck to now for many years and I really believe in it. By staying flexible with the plans for the less experienced horses, I think it gives you time to pay more attention to their preparation, both mentally and physically, for the next step up. Sometimes it’s easy to get so determined to compete at the next level that we forget to listen to our horses. This sport is about the partnership, so we need to keep checking in to see how they feel, too.
Another concern I have is trainers encouraging riders to move up too quickly for a level that they are perhaps not ready for. I coach a lot of students and I’m certainly one for pushing a horse and rider when they need it, but I’m also very aware that this is a dangerous, difficult sport and we should be considering more than just the qualifications. I’m quite a competitive person, so I believe that in a sport with three phases we should strive to be proficient in all three at a specific level before moving up to the next. However, in saying that, the most important thing from a safety perspective is the cross-country phase. I believe that this part of the competition should feel very comfortable and polished before deciding to take the next step up. So often I see riders who have had a bad event and experienced problems on cross-country who then move the horse up a level at the next show “because that was the plan.” Of course this move up is unsuccessful because the problems that were in place at the lower level shine through even more when the courses get harder. I, too, have been guilty of this mistake in the past, so I can speak from experience!
My advice would be to listen to your horses and be realistic in your review of past events. It’s important to be critical of your riding and your preparation, and to be honest about the good, the bad and the ugly. You might find that sometimes you have to disagree with a trainer who’s pushing you too hard, but ultimately you’re the one riding your horse and you both need to feel confident.
Being honest with yourself about the reality of a situation is sometimes the hardest thing when your goals are big, but ultimately the rewards will be greater. There’s no shame in admitting that your horse is not quite up to the level, or that you as a rider do not feel prepared.
My hope with this column is to create mindfulness for everyone in a sport that I love and believe in. Every great event horse truly enjoys eventing as much as we do, so it’s up to us to help them become their very best, even if it takes a few more competitions than planned.
Being spontaneous has paid off for Kevin Keane and Sportsfield Candy. “I bought him on a Wednesday and showed him on a Thursday,” Keane recalls about his first event with his Irish Sport Horse gelding, then 9 years old, at Plantation Field Horse Trials (Unionville, Pennsylvania) in September 2016. “I owned him for part of a day, and the next morning I showed up at a CCI and jogged him up for a two-star, and we went clean and clean and clean.”
THANK YOU to everyone who has already entered the USEF/USEA Recognized CDCTA Spring Horse Trials scheduled for Sunday, April 9 in Berryville, VA. We will continue to take late entries through Friday, March 24 using USEA’s Xentry system. If you still want to come compete, please enter! The late fee has been waived through Friday, March 24.
The U.S. Equestrian Federation announces the appointment of long-term US Equestrian employee Hallye Griffin as Director of FEI Sport. Griffin will assume the duties of former Director of FEI/High-Performance Sport, Graeme Thom, who has chosen to step away from his role to attend to personal matters.
The United States Eventing Association, Inc. (USEA) is thrilled to announce that Sidelines Magazine will not only be returning as a “Media Partner of U.S. Eventing,” but they will also be supporting the Association as a “Contributing Level Sponsor of the USEA Emerging Athletes U21 Program” and a “Prize Level Sponsor of the USEA American Eventing Championships.” Sidelines Magazine will give the USEA additional promotion and exposure through their printed and digital media products, while also providing prizes for participants at the AEC and EA21 clinics.

domain: sports


There’s a way to write pop music which is still intellectually stimulating. Mary Ocher proves this with her second album release Eden. It has been produced by Canadian Rock & Roll guru King Khan (producer of the Black Lips among other acts) and recorded in his legendary Moon studios.
It’s existence is a paradox in itself. The album contradicts the state of the music industry… READ MORE
Spring is here and brings its share of novelty, videos and releases.
After War Songs (Haute Areal) Mary Ocher is now releasing her second album Eden in mid-June on Buback, produced by Canadian Rock’n’Roll guru King Khan. While waiting seize the chance to (re)discover the video from Mary’s band Your Government.
And another striking video and track: Noblesse Oblige‘s new single “Runaway” taken from… READ MORE
Eric D. Clark, a career of over 30 years, a wide and eclectic range of music genres and collaborations all over the globe as producer, co-producer, musician, vocalist, performer, composer, remixer… it’s hard to keep track. Here is a mixtape of his own productions, some unreleased, skilfully mixed – the perfect dance remedy against feeling gloomy!
Book Eric D. Clark for DJ sets worldwide HERE.… READ MORE


CANNON BEACH — Mike Benefield intends to run again for his seat on the Cannon Beach City Council.
His decision to seek re-election, Benefield said, is driven by a desire to address “unfinished business” left from his first term.
“I think we’re starting to get more focus on the key issues like affordable housing — which we haven’t done nearly enough about — and emergency preparedness,” he said.
Benefield served four years on the Planning Commission before being appointed to the council in 2013. He was elected in 2014, largely on a platform to push for more affordable housing.
If re-elected, Benefield said developing more long-term housing would remain a priority.
“We have no place to rent unless you’re a tourist,” he said. “We either need to quit talking about it or get it done.”
Another priority for Benefield is to steer lodging tax dollars away from supporting tourism promotion and more toward improving tourism-related facilities. He advocates investing more in public art, more events and concerts or using the money to develop an event center at the old Cannon Beach Elementary School site.
“I want transient room tax dollars to focus less on promotion, but more on bettering the experience once we get them here,” he said.
Benefield would also want to work with the council to clarify the purpose and vision of the Tourism and Arts Fund. In an unusual move, Benefield was one of three on the council to vote against giving a grant to a trail project recommended by the Tourism and Arts Commission, arguing it did not fit program’s guidelines.
“This coming year I think we need to give better guidelines to the commission,” he said.
Overall, Benefield said he is running because of his passion to preserve the beauty and uniqueness of Cannon Beach.
“I want to make this a fantastic place to visit, but also a fantastic place to live,” he said.
There are three council positions on the ballot in November, including Mayor Sam Steidel’s seat. Real estate agent and longtime resident Robin Risley plans to vie for City Councilor George Vetter’s seat. Vetter has announced he will not seek re-election.


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- النشر بواسطة: student
- التصنيف: Uncategorized
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domain: entertainment


…you’ve missed lively, Siskel vs. Ebert-esque discussions on directorial filmographies, genres, cult television and music like:
Welcome to Third Eye Cinema! Tonight we interview Arch Hall Jr., surf rocker, aviator, author and star of 6 films well known in the annals of cult, psychotronic, and weird cinema: The Choppers, Wild Guitar, Eegah with Ray Dennis Steckler, The Sadist, The Nasty Rabbit (aka Spies A-Go-Go) and Deadwood ’76.
Arch has a storied background not only in film and music (with his band The Archers, who once boasted Dobie “drift away” Gray as a member), but in aviation, where he worked for decades after leaving the world of film behind for good. He’s also written a highly acclaimed novel jam packed with drug running, guerilla-style revenge and a whole lot of sex in exotic Thailand.


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BY TAURAI MANGUDHLA
VICE-President Constantino Chiwenga has ordered a thorough investigation into cases of alleged corruption and theft of drugs by nurses and doctors at public hospitals.
This follows a NewsDay report last Friday exposing under-paid health personnel who had devised well-knit methods to supplement their incomes by charging extra money on desperate patients to get preferential treatment.
The scam involves nurses, doctors, pharmacy and general hand staff at public hospitals.
Sources yesterday told NewsDay that Chiwenga, who doubles as Health minister was jolted by the report and immediately ordered investigations in order to save the reputation of the Health and Child Care ministry.
Health and Child Care spokesperson Donald Mujiri confirmed the investigations.
“The ministry has instigated a thorough investigation into the matter with a view to uphold professionalism, improve service delivery and at the same time protect patients from errant staffers,” Mujiri said, noting that the ministry was yet to confirm prevalence of such malpractices.
“If so, such unethical and criminal behaviour has no place in the public health sector.
“Investigations will be carried out into our public institutions to ensure we deal with these malcontents who are bringing the ministry and government into disrepute while defrauding innocent citizens who are our very important clients and the same taxpayers whom we serve.
“We encourage members of the public to quickly report any such behaviour to our head of institutions or to the police,” Mujiri added.
Doctors and Nurses from Parirenyatwa Group of Hospitals (Parirenyatwa) and Harare Hospital, who spoke to this publication last week said they were forced into immorality due to the low salaries that cannot cover their monthly expenses.
Several patients from areas such as Chivhu, Mutare, and Masvingo told NewsDay that they had to pay bribes at the public health institutions to access treatment and drugs.
In a statement yesterday, Parirenyatwa Hospital said it had not received any reports of bribery or corruption involving its health personnel.
“Notices have been put at strategic points within the hospital with details of where members of the public can report any corrupt activities.
“Currently, the loss control department, working together with the Zimbabwe Republic Police officers on site, have come up with a schedule of an anti-corruption awareness drive,” the hospital said.

domain: medical


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Oman woos Indian tourists through roadshows in Mumbai
Mumbai : Oman's Ministry of Tourism on Wednesday conducted the second of its multi-city roadshows series in Mumbai to woo more tourists to that country, officials said.
Oman's Undersecretary in the Ministry of Tourism Maitha Saif Al Mahrouqi and India Representative Lubaina Sheerazi interacted with around 140 top tourism companies and all other stakeholders to discuss ways for attracting more Indian tourists.
"Oman offers an authentic Arabian experience with genuine hospitality, stunning landscapes, scenic beauty, a rich culture, great historic monuments, a beautiful coastline and state-of-the-art infrastructure, combining old world charm and modernism. These makes it a perfect destination for families, groups, weddings, honeymooners and businessmen," said Mahrouqi.
Sheerazi said India is an important and vast market for Oman for both leisure and business travelers offering world-class holiday spots to top hotels, convention and exhibition centres for the crucial MICE segments.
In the past five years, Oman has witnessed over 31 percent growth in Indian arrivals, and last year it notched seven percent increase with more than 321,000 visiting the country.
As part of the country's Tourism Strategy 2040, Oman plans to open up major developments and projects in the hospitality sector including a new passenger terminal at Muscat International Airport, Electronic Visas for 10, 30 days and one year validity and other initiatives, said Mahrouqi.

domain: news


Quadrupolar, structural, and magnetic ordering in DyB2C2 studied by symmetry analysis and neutron diffraction
- Journal Article
Journal / seriesPhysical Review B
Pages / Article No.
PublisherAmerican Physical Society
NotesReceived 5 February 2004, Revised 17 March 2004.
MoreShow all metadata


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PITTSBURGH (AP) — A northwestern Pennsylvania man who audited automatic teller machines at Pittsburgh’s Rivers Casino has been charged with stealing nearly $24,000 from the machines.
Online court records don’t list an attorney for 49-year-old David Cauvel, of McKean, who had been a branch manager of Loomis ATM Services when the incident occurred July 24.
State police say Cauvel and another employee audited one machine after a woman who tried to get three $20 bills from the machine instead got three $100 bills.
The other employee noted that when Cauvel used a money counter to tally a stack of $100s, that some of the bills had been replaced by $20s. The employee then contacted casino security who contacted state police who say they found Cauvel had $23,800 in $100 bills in his pants and vehicle.


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Editor Ken’s Top 10 of 2019
Editor Ken’s Top 10 of 2019
What a terrific year for music 2019 has been! It’s been absolutely difficult to hear everything that’s arrived through the email of Highwire Daze magazine, but what an exhilarating challenge it has been overall. Older bands such as Black Star Riders, Borknagar and Spread Eagle presented career defining albums. Newer collectives such as Diane & The Deductibles, Holding Absence and The Stolen have presented powerhouse albums that should garner them a good deal of admiration and respect. Here is Editor Ken’s listing of the Top 10 Albums and EP’s of 2019 – in alphabetical order – showing yet again his very diverse and unpredictable taste in music. Read on…
Editor Ken’s Top 10 Albums of 2019
Another State of Grace by Black Star Riders (Nuclear Blast Records)
Another State Of Grace is the fourth magnum opus for Black Star Riders, jammed packed with rock and roll anthems that will absolutely exhilarate the senses. A recent tour supporting Judas Priest has placed Black Star Riders on the worldwide map – not to mention their rocking linage, as the band features Ricky Warwick of The Almighty and legendary guitarist Scott Gorham of Thin Lizzy within their ranks. Unveiling a solid collection of songs that will stand the test of time, Another State Of Grace presents a band at the very height of the career – not only extending the legacy of the iconic Thin Lizzy, but further pursuing a new entity whose current sonic output has been thoroughly impressive.
Black Star Riders on Facebook
True North by Borknagar (Century Media Records)
Øystein G. Brun and his comrades in the almighty Borknagar have journeyed to True North, unleashing a masterwork of staggering proportions. The avant-garde Black Metal pioneers and innovators from Norway are at the pinnacle of their artistry with True North, their 11th studio magnum opus album. All this and Borknagar will be touring the States in 2020 on the Devastation On The Nation tour – their 1st since traversing the continent supporting the infamous Emperor on the Kings Of Terror Tour in 1999. True North is jammed packed with imagination and depth, and is well worth travelling the corners of the world to seek out.
Borknagar on Facebook
Unbroken by Carl Dixon (AOR Heaven)
Carl Dixon of the epically underrated Canadian hard rock band Coney Hatch has unveiled a new solo endeavor entitled Unbroken – and the 11 songs contained within are nothing short of a triumph for this inspirational artist. Unbroken is a collaboration between Carl Dixon and Robert Boebel, whose own impressive credits within the German music scene include Frontline and Phantom V. One of the most fully realized AOR melodic rock albums of the year, highlights include memorable selections such as Can’t Love A Memory, Bowl Me Over, and Nothing Lasts Forever.
Carl Dixon on Facebook
TWO by Diane & The Deductibles (DRAIA Productions)
A classic rock band with a thoroughly original modern day approach, Diane & The Deductibles present TWO upon the world at large. Featuring members of Air Supply, Geoff Tate’s Queensryche, and Hurricane, the songs found within are empowering and inspired. Fronted by a powerhouse vocal performance from Diane Adams and featuring the mesmerizing guitar tapestries of Robert Sarzo and Keith Lynch – as well as the jamming rhythm section of bassist Cliff Rehrig and drummer Ronnie Ciago – Diane & The Deductibles will absolutely enrapture fans of acts such as Heart and Bonnie Riatt.
Diane & The Deductibles on Facebook
Holding Absence by Holding Absence (SharpTone Records)
Containing a stunning amalgamation of post hardcore and shoegaze reveries, the Self-Titled debut album from Holding Absence is nothing short of mesmerizing. From the staggering implementations of Perish to the haunting grand finale of Wilt, the passion and dynamic sense of urgency found within the Holding Absence experience certainly renders these tapestries as one of the very best debuts of 2019. It will be exciting to see what the future has in store for Holding Absence and their music that moves the soul and the sets the imagination in flight.
Holding Absence on Facebook
48 Seconds by Phil Lanzon (Phil Lanzon Ditties)
Phil Lanzon has experienced an absolutely epic last few years with his main band Uriah Heep, weaving his keyboard magic upon the proceedings. The thrilling reveries continue with 48 Seconds, Lanzon’s second solo album that vibrantly tantalizes the senses. Jammed packed with dazzling rock and pop tapestries with highlights such as Forty Line, Rock N’ Roll Children, and You Can Make A Living, 48 Hours presents an artist at the very height of his creative energies. And be sure to stay until the end and experience the seismic title track about the devastating 1906 San Francisco earthquake.
Phil Lanzon on Facebook
Subway To The Stars by Spread Eagle (Frontiers Music Srl)
Even hardcore fans of Spread Eagle could color themselves absolutely amazed by this astounding comeback entreaty.

domain: artistic


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India on Wednesday morning registered 71,365 new coronavirus cases, pushing the overall infection count to 4,24,10,976 since the pandemic began in January 2020. The number of new cases was 5.57% higher than Tuesday’s count 67,597 Covid cases.
With 1,217 deaths, the toll climbed to 5,05,279. This includes 591 backlog deaths that Kerala added to its toll on Tuesday.
The daily positivity rate fell to 4.54% from Tuesday’s 5.02%, government data showed. The country’s active caseload stood at 8,92,828 and 4,10,12,869 patients have recovered from the infection so far.
India has so far administered 1,70,87,06,705 vaccine doses to beneficiaries. Of this, 53,61,099 shots were administered in the past 24 hours.
On Tuesday, the World Health Organization expressed grief that 5 lakh Covid-19 deaths have been recorded since the Omicron strain of the virus was declared a “variant of concern” in November. The global health body called the toll “beyond tragic”, reported AFP.
The World Health Organization’s incident manager, Abdi Mahamud, also said that 130 million, or 13 lakh, coronavirus cases have been recorded since then.
In India, Union Health Minister Mansukh Mandaviya told the Rajya Sabha that the Omicron strain is the dominant variant in the country presently but Covid-19 caseload is showing a sustained declining trend since January 21, reported PTI.
Globally, the coronavirus has infected 40.05 crore people and caused 57.62 lakh deaths, data on the Johns Hopkins University showed.


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Ever said something nasty to someone else on the Internet? Thought so.
You may want to reconsider the next time you do that, because now Federal Prosecutors are having their say in who can question them and who cannot.
This article by Ken White at Popehat explains the nuts and bolts of it better than I can, and you really ought to read it. For those of you who do not care for such things, this is a brief summation:
Reason.com posted an article about the sentencing of Silk Road kingpin Ross Ulbricht. It got a bit of negative backlash against the judge in the comments section, with people using the power of Internet anonymity to say this judge should be shot, shot in front of the courthouse, and fed through a wood chipper, among other things. Now an AUSA for the Southern District of New York is sending Reason.com a subpoena for the identities of these commenters, and information beyond that scope to other organizations for the purpose of beginning a grand jury investigation against these commenters. The purpose of doing so is to determine whether these commenters violated a federal law against interstate threats, and whether these comments were in violation of 18 USC § 115(a), which prohibits threatening federal judges.
What constitutes a “true threat?” Well, there’s a lovely little bit right here that explains that for you:
“True Threats” are those threats that are outside the protection of the First Amendment; they are not mere political hyperbole or bluster. For instance, in 1967, when Mr. Watts said that if he were drafted the first man he’d want in his rifle sights was President Lyndon B. Johnson, that wasn’t a true threat: it was conditional political hyperbole. In other words, it was mere angry bluster of the sort no reasonable person would take to be a serious threat.3
Comments on the Internet are rarely ever true threats. This is the domain of the keyboard warrior, the person who regularly blusters about raping, murdering, and torturing those who disagree with them or who in their eyes are considered Wrong On The Internet. I’d submit as well that most every comment on a blog with this sort of violent nature should not be considered a “true threat” as in many cases there will never be an action taken on said threats. At least 97% of it is simply juvenile mouth breathing, and should be taken as such.
Oddly enough, this investigation comes right on the heels of the Supreme Court’s decision in Elonis v. United States, where the Supremes had a chance to help the legal world understand what “true threats” in the eyes of the law really were. They didn’t, and disappointingly collectively punted the issue back to the courts by essentially saying the standard for true threats required more than subjective intent, but didn’t really say what that something more was. Again, I refer you out to an excellent post by Tamara Tabo at Mimesis Law and another excellent “Lawsplainer” by Ken White at Popehat if you want to learn more about Elonis and how rap lyrics might not be considered “true threats.” The decision by the Supremes in Elonis has been analyzed time and time again by far better experts than I could ever hope to be, and I encourage you to check both pieces out.
The thing that strikes me as disturbing about all of this is the way the federal prosecutor is handling this matter in the wake of Elonis. We know the High Court has said a “true threat” is something that requires more than subjective intent, but we don’t know what yet constitutes that “something more.” Now in the wake of a federal judge getting some feels hurt, AUSAs are using their subpoena power to test the waters of how far this new punt by the Supremes will go. This is not a reason to test the standard just set by Elonis, and a federal judge is insulated from many of the facets of life so he or she can do their job despite the criticisms that are meted out. Yet now–with Elonis on the books–the AUSA’s office of the Southern District of New York is attempting to test the waters to see where they can hand down convictions.
This is dangerous. I’d encourage anyone reading this to keep an eye on this developing story, because if this investigation goes to a trial we’ve set ourselves a bad standard for free speech.

domain: law


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It is great working for such an established clinic helping those in a car accident, work injury or personal injury.
Kent, WA (PRWEB) December 04, 2012
Melissa Rankin, licensed Kent Massage Therapist, celebrates her 6th year in practice this year. For last 2 years, Melissa has been with Byers Chiropractic and Massage because she says, “It is great working for such an established clinic helping those in a car accident, work injury or personal injury. We provide the most experienced care in the Kent community. It is a wonderful experience to help our patients heal and relax.” Melissa has done several educational videos over her 6 years in practice explaining why Kent massage therapy is important in healing from a car accident, work injury or personal injury.
In one of her many education videos, Melissa explains why Kent Massage for back pain helps, “Back pain can be associated with a number of issues such as stress, injury or performing a new activity. Tensions, strains and weakness are common with back pain. If left untreated, spinal problems such as kyphosis, forward head posture. Massage is beneficial to back pain as it reduces pain through broad strokes. It also delivers proper circulation to starved tissue…If you have back pain or have a history of back pain, give us a call!”
Their Kent Massage Clinic specializes car accident and work injury treatment for symptoms of neck and back pain. Call them at 253-852-1250, email is info(at)byerschiro(dot)com and online at http://www.byerschiro.com. Byers Chiropractic & Massage is located at 9003 Canyon Drive Kent WA 98030. They are open evenings and weekends to help serve you better. Phone calls are answered during closed clinic hours as well and Se habla español.


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The referees' union has pledged its "full support" to Mark Clattenburg after Chelsea accused him of using "inappropriate language" towards John Obi Mikel and Juan Mata.
Clattenburg is waiting to hear whether the Football Association will launch an investigation into allegations he made comments towards Mikel and Mata, which are understood to have been interpreted as racist, during the Blues' Barclays Premier League defeat to Manchester United on Sunday. Chelsea made a formal complaint to the match delegate, whose report was expected to arrive at FA headquarters on Monday.
Clattenburg, 37, was given the full backing of Prospect, who said in a statement: "Prospect is committed to helping to eradicate racism in football and in society generally. In the context of that commitment, Prospect is offering full support to Mark Clattenburg in relation to the allegations made against him."
Copyright (c) PA Sport 2012, All Rights Reserved.
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— Bray Wyatt is backstage at tonight’s Raw, which basically confirms that he has been cleared from whatever it was that was ailing him.
— Braun Strowman is also backstage though it is not known if he will return to TV tonight to confront Kane.
— Samoa Joe is backstage in Baltimore tonight as well, as he is expected back imminently after undergoing multiple surgeries – one for his knee and one for his nose.
— This one isn’t confirmed, but Nia Jax is also reportedly back traveling with the company and is said to be returning on tonight’s Raw. She is scheduled to be a part of the Raw team for the upcoming Survivor Series match against the Smackdown women.
— Roman Reigns is not backstage and hasn’t been cleared yet after being inflicted with the mumps.


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Recently we reported on Jo Nesbo’s nom de plume, Tom Johansen. We also revealed that Harvill Secker had signed the rights to two books written by Nesbo under that name. Today we bring you even more big news on how the Norwegian author is building his crime fiction entertainment empire.
Warner Brothers has signed the first book written under the Tom Johansen pseudonym, Blood on Snow, to potentially become a motion picture. Nesbo will be an executive producer on the project and, according to a press release from Harvill Secker, Leonardo DiCaprio will co-produce and may also act in the film.
There is more news on the publishing side too. On top writing two books as Tom Johansen – Blood on Snow and Blood on Snow 2: More Blood – Jo Nesbo is planning to use his alter ego as a character in a third book. This will come out with the Jo Nesbo by-line, but Tom Johansen will appear in the book, which will be called The Kidnapping. Tom Johansen will be the character kidnapped in the story. We’re not sure at this time whether The Kidnapping will be a Harry Hole mystery, or something entirely new.
Confused? Well it is starting to sound a little like crime metafiction might be a new direction for the author, who has become the global standard bearer for the entire Scandinavian crime fiction sub-genre. All this, and we’re patiently awaiting the release of Cockroaches, the second Harry Hole book written in Norwegian. It will appear in English on 28 November.

domain: literature


From September 3 to today – the beginning of the vacination campaign some 100,580 doses have been administered. This was done in the 100 pharmacies which have joined the campaign. The administered vaccines were 57,500 Pfizer and 43,080 Moderna.
In total, 63,472 immunizations were administered throughout Palermo, with 37,076 in the province.
Roberto Tobia, president of European Pharmacists Association , commented that this remarkable achievement in the fight against COVID, was reached in just eight months. This confirms two things:
The first is that pharmacies have caught up quickly to the need to reconvert to ensure this new and fundamental service as the way to safety;
The second is that citizens were enthusiastic with the possibilityto be vaccinated in the comfort of their homes. This service was provided by health professionls who also provided consultations and clarification. This was better accepted than visiting vaccination hubs, and waiting long lines just to get the vaccine.
According to Tobia, this confirms the wise moves by the legislator and the support for them by the local pharmacy community. Hence the country is deemed prepared to any subsequent vaccination campaign which encompasses the whole population.


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When is the Best Time to Take CBD?
Here, on the frontlines of the CBD movement, we get asked this question all the time. Since CBD affects everyone differently, there really isn’t a one-size-fits-all answer. Instead, let’s look at the main factors to consider when determining what time of day is best for you.
3 key factors that help determine when to take CBD
- Reasons for taking CBD
- Type of CBD product
Listen to Your Body
Before we explore these main factors, the recurring theme here is to listen to your body. What gets one person to sleep may help another maintain energy throughout the day. Why are there such massive discrepancies with the effects of CBD? Well, it’s complicated .
The Human Endocannabinoid System (ECS) regulates many physical processes including pain, memory, mood, appetite, stress, sleep, metabolism, immune function, and reproductive function. CBD acts upon the ECS on a molecular level. Given the complexity of this regulatory system, the potential effect that CBD can have on these processes is totally unique. When beginning your journey with CBD, choose a time of day when you can safely experiment.
For example, if you decide to try CBD for improving sleep, logic would dictate that taking it before bedtime would be most effective. However, some people may feel stimulated when they are trying to catch some z’s . To complicate matters even more, it is possible that when taking CBD in the morning it has a different effect than in the evening. All this leads back to the idea that you want to create enough space to safely experiment. For most of us, that often means the early evening when we are done with the demands of the workplace, and still hours before bedtime. Doing so should safeguard against any potential disruptions to your daily/nightly rhythms. After sufficient time, you will gain more insight into how CBD interacts with your body, and this will ultimately lead to an intake schedule that works best for you.
1. Reasons for taking CBD
People are using CBD for a variety of reasons. Stories range from treating specific symptoms like seizures and acne, to regulating moods, appetite, and more. What time of day you take CBD should largely be based on the reasons you are taking it in the first place. Back to our sleep example. Some of our customers simply take their daily dose before bed, while others take it during the day and find that having it in their system throughout the day helps improve their sleep behavior at night.
Food for thought: my acupuncturist prescribed Chinese herbs for me (they taste gross!) and said, “the best way to take these herbs is to take them.” Meaning, that despite their rancid taste and elaborate boiling protocol, I needed to take them. Similarly, despite our tincture’s great flavor, all the nuances we are discussing here are secondary to the main point: keep taking CBD!
CBD products often include a serving size or daily dose suggestion. However, here too it is important to experiment and find what works best for you. For instance, we recommend starting with 1ml of our regular strength tincture per day, and for some of our customers, this feels right.
Get Creative / mix it up:
- Split the recommended dosage: taking .5ml in the morning and .5ml in the evening allows the effects to be more evenly spread out through the day.
- Double the dose: for some, taking 1ml in the morning and another in the evening provides relief beyond the recommended dose.
For whom the bell curves?
For thee, of course! CBD has been shown to have a bell curve in regards to its effectiveness. This means that as you take more, its effectiveness will ramp up to a maximum efficiency rate before beginning to fall off as you reach saturation levels, resulting in wasted product. Think about your ECS as a gas tank. When you are pumping gas, eventually the pump will click off once the tank is full. You can try to keep squeezing the handle to put more in, but no more will fit. Once your tank is full, you need to put some miles in before it’s necessary to refuel.
Once you know how you react to CBD, play with dosage amounts and times. Think about when you need relief, and plan timing around that.
3. Product Choice
The type of product you are using is a strong consideration when deciding what time you should use CBD. Products like CBD Capsules will have more of a slow, gradual effect since they must be processed through your digestive system. Conversely, a CBD vape will have more immediate effects as vaporizing is one of the most bioavailable ways to consume CBD. Let’s look at the different ingestion methods and how to think ahead for timing your dose.
Think about what you are up against, and how a slow fuse product will interact with it. Do you have anxiety during daytime hours? You will probably want to take CBD capsules in the morning so they can slowly begin working as you go about your day. Do you have trouble sleeping through the night? You will want to take CBD Capsules before dinner, so your body has time to process them before bed.
Full Spectrum Hemp Softgels
Original CBD Tincture
Often called CBD Oil, tincture is taken sublingually and absorbed into glands under your tongue. This will yield a faster result since the tincture will enter your bloodstream more directly than swallowing. Because tincture takes time to work its way through your system, it is much easier to dial in for timing. We recommend 1ml of tincture per day to start with. Most consumers choose to take their daily dose of tincture in the morning so they have CBD pumping through their veins throughout the day. If you find that any results you are experiencing wear off quickly, you may want to double up and take a dose in the evening as well.
What time of day to take CBD varies from person to person, but keep these factors in mind if you’re just getting started with CBD.
What’s the Best Time of Day to Take CBD Oil?
While some cannabidiol enthusiasts think the best time of day to take CBD oil is before bed to help them sleep, other users prefer to take it in the morning for energy. This may be confusing for some: is CBD a stimulant or a sleep aid? The truth is that every person’s endocannabinoid system responds uniquely to CBD, and — depending on what effects you’re looking for — CBD may be taken at different times throughout the day. Here’s what the leading research has to say about when to take CBD.
One person may find that CBD provides unbounded energy while another might liken CBD to a melatonin supplement. The different effects may be related to body composition, dosage size or when it’s taken. Some studies illustrate that CBD might improve sleep, whereas others propose that CBD promotes wakefulness. While contradictory at a glance, the two may not actually be mutually exclusive – it’s possible that CBD may involve multiple systems governing the sleep-wake cycle.
Sometimes, the method of CBD delivery makes all the difference on timing your dosage, and this is especially the case for pain relief, which almost always requires immediate attention. While targeted transdermal relief in the form of a topical ointment or cream is said to work more quickly than most ingestible CBD products because it doesn’t go through the digestive process, sublingual intake of CBD and other substances accelerates how quickly the healing compounds get absorbed by the tissues under the tongue and enter the bloodstream. If pain is interfering with your sleep, you could try a higher dose before bed. Every body is different. For most other forms of CBD, the body’s efficient metabolism process breaks down supplement molecules, meaning you end up waiting more and absorbing less — unless you choose a product with high bioavailability, such as RESET Balance.
How RESET Is Different
RESET Bioscience’s nano liposomes facilitate optimal absorption, which can be up to 80% more than traditional consumption. RESET Balance works fast, so you can reap the benefits you’re seeking without delay or waste.
Remember, CBD is not currently an FDA-approved treatment for pain relief or sleep problems. You should always speak to a doctor before adding a new supplement to your routine. Experiment with dosing and timing to find out how your body’s endocannabinoid system responds to the product. RESET Balance is designed to be taken daily, whenever you need immediate results, so you feel your best every day and all day.
Erica Garza is an author and essayist. Her work has appeared in TIME, Health, Glamour, Good Housekeeping, Women’s Health, The Telegraph and VICE. She lives in Los Angeles.
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Disclaimer: These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease or condition. These products should be used only as directed on the label by the manufacturer. Do not use these products if you are pregnant, nursing, have a serious medical condition, or use prescription medications without consulting with your doctor first. These products are for adults only. These products are not intended for sale to persons under the age of majority as determined by the state in which the consumer resides (18 unless otherwise applicable). Products containing CBD or hemp are available for U.S. interstate commerce in accordance with the 2018 Agriculture Improvement Act 0f 2018 (“Act”) applicable to hemp-derived products. Pursuant to the Act, none of the products available on this Site contain more than 0.3% delta-9tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) as measured on a dry weight basis by an independent laboratory providing a certificate of analysis to the manufacturer. State or local laws may vary. We reserve the right not to sell certain products in certain states or localities. Customers are advised to familiarize themselves with those laws and regulations that apply to them. Seller makes no representations regarding state or local requirements. Buyer assumes all risks.
FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION (FDA) DISCLOSURE
These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, or cure any disease. Consult your physician before use if you are pregnant, breastfeeding, have a medical condition, or are taking any medication. Keep out of reach of children. Our hemp-derived CBD products are THC Free*.
What’s the Best Time of Day to Take CBD Oil? While some cannabidiol enthusiasts think the best time of day to take CBD oil is before bed to help them sleep, other users prefer to take it in the


Winter Storm WarningIssued at 4:23 AM EDT Tuesday 11 March 2014
Heavy snow and blowing snow will begin late Wednesday morning near the U.S. border then spread to other regions.Details
A low pressure system is developing over the Southern U.S. Great plains. It will track up toward Pennsylvania tonight and become a major storm over New England Wednesday. Along the Appalachians, 25 centimetres of snow is forecast, while the Upper St. Lawrence will see at least 15. Snow will be accompanied by strong northeast winds causing widespread blowing snow. Adjust your travel plans accordingly and check road conditions before leaving.


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This establishes the central storyline of Tenet: the Protagonist must collect the Algorithm’s last component in order to prevent the world from ending. In other words, it’s basically a posh Bond film, with Sator portraying the obnoxious villain.
Similarly, Is Tenet worth watching?
Tenet, with its incredible action set pieces, is a Christopher Nolan film that deserves to be called an event. I’m not sure it’s a puzzle movie worth solving, but I’m certain it’ll be entertaining enough if you just sit back and enjoy it.
Also, it is asked, Why does Tenet make no sense?
Tenet, on the other hand, is a film that is a never-ending loop of befuddlement and comprehension. A spectator may understand something, but then feel doubtful about something completely different a short time later. Even at the conclusion of the film, there is no particular moment that brings everything together in a satisfying manner.
Secondly, Is Tenet hard to understand?
It’s another thing to figure out who’s been inverted, when, and how it impacts other characters. But there’s another reason Tenet is difficult to comprehend, and it has to do with one of Nolan’s key themes as much as it does with his time-oriented science-fiction premise: most of the speech in the film is unintelligible.
Also, Is Tenet a boring movie?
With all of this in mind, Tenet is unlikely to be the worst picture of 2020. Despite its oftentimes terrible sound design, plain monotonous language, and jumbled plot, this is another picture that will become a classic with enough time and rewatches.
People also ask, How did Neil travel back in time Tenet?
Norway, inversion Freeport, Oslo: Neil and The Protagonist, together with an injured Kat, board a cargo ship and journey back in time to the week of the aircraft disaster and vault theft. Following the events of Day 14, the Protagonist returns to the freeport and battles himself.
Related Questions and Answers
Why is the music so loud in Tenet?
Warner Bros. is a studio that produces films. Hard-to-understand language and excessively loud music were among the concerns, but Nolan stated that it was all purposeful and precisely how he intended the picture to sound. “Interstellar was a very, very extreme blend,” he stated of the film.
Which movie is more confusing Inception or Tenet?
Tenet contains several plot holes, while Inception is a more full tale. The following are the key problems with Tenet: The storyline is quite perplexing (confusion to some extend is acceptable but beyond certain level it kills the entertainment, not enough investment to explain time inversion concept)
Is Tenet a confusing movie?
There’s no denying that Tenet is a befuddling film. Christopher Nolan’s 11th film is a head-spinner like no other, following a man tasked with saving the world from a Russian mogul.
Is Tenet worth watching twice?
“Tenet” is worth a second watching, as is the case with many of Nolan’s works. I wouldn’t say I felt much different about the film the second time around, but I did enjoy some aspects of it more after noticing subtleties I’d overlooked the first time.
Does anyone understand the movie Tenet?
Even if you rewatched it, which you must do in order to comprehend Tenet, you are unlikely to comprehend it. Tenet explainers are readily available on the internet, but GQ finds them to be either unclear or inadequate.
What did the end of Tenet mean?
So, while The Protagonist (John David Washington) is battling a masked soldier, we subsequently find that he was really fighting himself. Tenet’s “ending” indicates that The Protagonist’s influence extends well beyond his recruitment for a world-saving mission.
How is Neil Max in Tenet?
Kat’s son is Neil (Image credit: Warner Bros.) The most often circulated Tenet theory is that Neil, the wealthy British agent depicted by Robert Pattinson, is really Max, the kid of Kat (Elizabeth Debicki) and Sator (James Franco) (Kenneth Branagh)
Is Neil the boy in Tenet?
Neil discloses to The Protagonist (John David Washington) near the conclusion of the film that from his viewpoint, the two of them have known each other for years, despite though The Protagonist believes they had just met. If it turns out that Neil is truly Max, this makes a lot of sense.
Is Neil stuck in a loop in Tenet?
Neil’s loop is complete, but for The Protagonist, this represents the start of their shared tale. Warner Bros. is a studio that produces films.
Who is the real villain in Tenet?
Andrei Sator (Russian: u043du0434pu0435 u0430u0442u043eu0440) is the major adversary of Christopher Nolan’s sci-fi action thriller Tenet, which will be released in 2020.
How did Neil unlock the gate?
Neil walks to the left side of the gate and holds it open. Neil shuts the gate and locks it. Volkov fires a shot at Neil. The gate’s latch or bolt (seen in red in this picture) moves, indicating that it is unlocked (or locked, in inverted POV)
How do the bullets in Tenet work?
Inverted, the wall slowly disintegrates, the bullets corrode, and the whole thing ends up as dust. As a result, areas of rust “unrust” spontaneously into bullets, and the wall resolidifies around it until it is dug out. It’s possible that the wall was formerly inverted.
Is Neil inverted the whole time?
Isn’t it a contradiction with the movie’s slogan if it’s time travel? (It’s not time travel; it’s inversion.) Neil isn’t traveling inverted the whole time, otherwise he wouldn’t be able to communicate with the rest of the cast. And the only time you need a mask is when you’re inverted.
Does Tenet make sense backwards?
LOS ANGELES – When you play Tenet backwards, reasoning works. Professor Archi Newton discovered today that watching Tenet backwards makes more sense than watching it straight through.
Is the movie Tenet hard to hear?
Tenet (opens in new tab) is a difficult film to comprehend. There are time jumps, backstabs, and a few paradoxes in this story. Some moviegoers are finding Christopher Nolan’s newest film difficult to grasp on a literal level, due to the unabashedly aggressive sound mix.
Is inception actually confusing?
According to new statistics from London-based Money.co.uk, Christopher Nolan’s sci-fi thriller Inception ranks first among the Top 10 most perplexing movie storylines. The research looked at 132 famously difficult-to-follow movies to see whose storylines audiences looked up on Google the most.
What is Christopher Nolan’s most confusing movie?
Films by Christopher Nolan, ranked from least to most perplexing Memorabilia (2000) Memento is one of those films that doesn’t promise much yet delivers time and time again. The tenet (2020) Interstellar travel (2014) The beginning (2010) After that (1999) The Privilege (2006) I’m having trouble sleeping (2002) Dunkirk is a film that was released in 2017.
How many times should I see Tenet?
To really comprehend Nolan’s ‘greatest picture,’ the actor advises viewing it at least five times.
Is Tenet worth watching Quora?
It’s absolutely worth viewing, although the premise is a little over the top. It takes some time for us to comprehend it! In fact, most individuals who have seen TENET for the first time agree that it is excessively puzzling and complicated. In fact, when I first saw TENET, I couldn’t comprehend a word of it.
Should you watch Tenet with subtitles?
Subtitles are quite helpful in this extremely complicated warehouse scenario, in which some communication is reversed to play on the opposite universe. Warner Bros. In addition to filling in the plot blanks in my imagination for months, seeing “Tenet” with the subtitles on showed that the film had some fantastic one-liners.
Is Tenet a paradox?
There is no solution, as Neil puts it; it is an unsolved contradiction. To put it another way, it’s hard to say whether the future would cease to exist if it obliterated its own past.
The “tenet movie explained reddit” is a question that has been asked many times. There are many different points of view on what the point of Tenet Movie is.
This Video Should Help:
Tenet 2 is a film that follows the journey of two friends who decide to live on their own by renting out a boat and sailing across the Atlantic Ocean. Reference: tenet 2.
- tenet cast
- tenet explained diagram
- tenet explained scene by scene
- tenet full movie
- tenet timeline


Hey there, my name is Ana and I'm a User Experience (UX) educator and Learning Experience Design (LXD) consultant based in Portugal who works with clients from all over the world!
I want to help…
- YOU, CREATIVE ENTREPRENEURS & BUSINESSES: share your knowledge and passion with the world through purpose-driven and learner-centered courses, programs and educational content. Apply for a free strategy session here.
- YOU, ASPIRING UX DESIGNERS: pursue a full-time or freelance career in UX.
But who am I and why should you trust me?
I’m Ana, and I’m a User Experience designer turned consultant. I’ve been teaching teams & individuals how to create high-converting and user-centered experiences for years. I’ve helped businesses generate more leads and sales through their digital channels (such as websites and landing pages), align UX teams within big corporations, and improve several companies’ UX maturity.
As someone passionate about creating better experiences through websites and digital platforms, I started noticing there was a huge gap when it came to the creation of courses, workshops and educational programs in general. This problem happens even with corporate training with huge companies, which is something I did a lot as a UX consultant.
There are so many people telling you how to sell your course and live on a passive income, but how many do actually teach you how to create a course with impact? A course that makes a real difference in your learners’ lives? A course that helps build your own personal brand? A course that positions you as the thought leader and expert you are! And that’s not exclusive to entrepreneurs and freelancers. How about you, tech or design leader, eager to share your knowledge and expertise with your team and manager in an impactful way?
That’s why I’m here. I want to help you create a memorable and learner-centered experience, whether that’s a course, a workshop, or a training program. No non-sense methods, no big secrets to sell — it’s all about learning science, neuropsychology and user experience.
Let’s book a video chat. The first “coffee” is on me.


The morning of April 2, 2015, started out clear and sunny for residents at the Harbor Isle community in Wichita, Kan. By evening, a powerful microburst with winds reaching up to 100 mph destroyed a bulk of the roofs in the subdivision——except polymer roofs installed by Heiland Roofing and Exteriors, Wichita.“The majority of concrete tiles sustained very serious damage with many others demolished,” says Mike Heiland, president of Heiland Roofing and Exteriors. “Of the three composite roofs we installed in this community, one home had zero damage, another home had one missing ridge cap, and the third home needed approximately 10 feet of ridge replaced. That’s absolutely nothing compared to the devastation that all the other homes in that neighborhood experienced.”
According to homeowner Paul Dugan, roofing debris littered the entire Harbor Isle community after the storm. “Concrete roof tiles were thrown through neighbor’s windows, into vehicles parked along the streets and in driveways,” Dugan says. “A couple of the homes that had been recently reroofed by Heiland Roofing with polymer shake roofing tiles had every single tile in place and no visible damage to the property. I was very impressed and called Heiland Roofing the next morning.”
HOA Selects Polymer Roofing
A distant relative to a tornado, the National Weather Service, Washington, D.C., defines a microburst as sinking air (or a downdraft) in a thunderstorm that is less than 2 1/2 miles in scale. A microburst can develop as a result of cooling beneath a thunderstorm cloud base or because of mid-level dry air entrainment.
Wet, dry and hybrid microburst distinctions exist. With each of these, significant straight-line wind damage can occur, resulting in snapped power poles and tree and roof damage. There can also be a loss of power and potential hail. In Wichita on April 2, all these factors occurred when strong straight-line winds hit the area before a bow echo thunderstorm. With an appearance like a comma—a round head on one end and a tail on the other—a bow echo thunderstorm moves rapidly. Generally, the atmosphere is unstable during these moisture-laden storms and wind shear is present, making bow echo thunderstorms very dangerous.
Kansas residents are no strangers to severe weather. Located in Tornado Alley, most homeowners, like Dugan, understand their state is subject to unusually strong weather during the course of the year. That’s why many people, like the residents of Harbor Isle, seek out durable building products to help protect their homes and families.
“When constructed about 18 years ago, our community had wood shake and concrete tiles used for roofing,” says Dee Manning, president of the Harbor Isle I homeowner association, which consists of 59 homes. “As the years went on, the wood shakes were wearing out and, at the same time, they became harder to get insured. We wanted an alternative that was realistic looking but lightweight enough to be installed over the existing roof trusses of the homes in our community. We did our research and found a polymer roof tile that was a realistic alternative to natural cedar shakes. Our community started offering polymer products three years ago as an option for homeowners looking for replacement roofing.”
Polymer Roofs Gain Foothold
After the microburst, the homeowners’ association received notice that 15 to 20 roofs, plus a variety of decks, were damaged.
“Nothing will protect a home from Mother Nature if a tornado is sitting right on top of you,” Heiland says. “But if you’re on the outskirts and just getting pounding hail or strong winds, at least a manmade polymer roof will give your home a fighting chance.”
For almost a dozen years Heiland and his team have recommended and installed imitation slate and synthetic shake roofing products. “The look and durability of these imitation slate and synthetic shake shingles is simply incredible,” Heiland notes. “For our geographic area—and any part of the country that can get severe weather—the impact resistance of these products is a tremendous asset. In the many years I’ve been installing polymer roofing, we’ve never had one of their roofs totaled by hail.”Made of 100 percent recyclable virgin resins, the polymer tiles installed on the Harbor Isle homes are engineered to resist fire, impact, insects and algae. The products are Class A-rated for fire retardance, have achieved a Class 4 impact rating and passed the TAS-100 certification test for wind-driven rain. The durable products have also passed the maximum of 110 mph in the ASTM D 3161 Standard for straight-line winds and achieved very high design pressures in TAS-125, a test to demonstrate wind uplifts and acceptability to be installed in High Velocity Hurricane Zones.
“After the microburst in April, there are at least 10 homes ready to commit to the polymer tiles to replace their destroyed concrete tile roofs,” Manning says.
Dugan was one of the homeowners ready for change. “I now have a [polymer] roof that looks exactly the same as the concrete tile roof but has the highest impact resistance in the industry,” he says. “The impressive interlocking system allows for installation with securing the tile in all four corners so we’re not going to worry about tiles peeling back and blowing away in future storms.”
Bellaforté Slate from DaVinci Roofscapes
PHOTOS: DaVinci Roofscapes


Jul 26, 2011, 11:12 PM EDT
The only Mariner to play the whole game without striking out was .182-hitting Chone Figgins, who actually fanned three times in his last start Thursday against the Blue Jays. Figgins also drove in the club’s lone run on a fielder’s choice.
Everything else was simply hideous. Miguel Olivo struck out four times. Ichiro Suzuki and Brendan Ryan whiffed three times apiece. The only starter besides Figgins not to K was Greg Halman, who went 0-for-2 before being lifted for a pinch-hitter. That pinch-hitter, Adam Kennedy, struck out.
In all, it was the 36th 18-strikeout game of nine-innings of less in major league history. The Yankees tied their team record. Ron Guidry fanned 18 all by himself back against the Angels on June 17, 1978. Sabathia, who had his outing interrupted by a rain delay, fanned 14 of the 25 batters he faced tonight.
Of course, the Mariners were on the losing end of the first ever 20-strikeout nine-inning game. Boston’s Roger Clemens was responsible for that massacre on April 29, 1986. There have been two more 20 strikeout games since. If not for Figgins, there might have been a fourth tonight.
- The Cubs to announce the hiring of Joe Maddon on Monday 32
- Cubs fire manager Rick Renteria, clear way for Joe Maddon 64
- HardballTalk’s Top 150 Free Agents for 2015 24
- Joe Maddon’s pursuit of the Cubs job called “a classless act” by some in the game 116
- Kevin Youkilis opts for retirement at age 35 31
- 10 nominees for Hall of Fame’s Veterans Committee announced 107
- Bochy’s championship resume ranks among game’s best 19
- Alex Gordon would have been a dead duck had he tried to score 83
- A veteran says enough is enough when it comes to tributes for the soldiers (281)
- Jose Canseco shot his middle finger off (148)
- Shocker! Joe Maddon to opt out of his contract and leave the Rays (142)
- Oscar Taveras dies after car accident in the Dominican Republic (140)
- Joe Maddon’s pursuit of the Cubs job called “a classless act” by some in the game (116)


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New Delhi: Comedy king Kapil Sharma's new show on Sony channel has become the hot-spot for all Bollywood biggies to promote their films and upcoming projects. After Salman Khan's 'Sultan', another big one is up for their promotions on the show. And it is none other than Ashutosh Gowariker's 'Mohenjo Daro' team.
Recently, several pictures went viral on the social media handles where Hrithik Roshan and debutant actress Pooja Hegde could be seen promoting their period drama amid fun-filled laughter shots.
Check out the clicks shared on Instagram by a fan club here:


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The name privateer refers to both the ships and the people who sailed in them. Operating independently of the navy, and occasionally of the law, privateers were the weapon of the mercantile community who stood to lose the most in a war against trade. Conducted by businessmen for economic reasons, privateering was practicable only as long as it was considered worth the investment. Although more than 600 American privateers were licensed, only 27% of them made more than a single cruise, indicating both the large number of lost or unsuccessful vessels and the owners’ low tolerance of risk.1 Nevertheless, by issuing letters of marque entitling privately-owned vessels to attack enemy commerce at sea, both the United States and British North America created seagoing militias which proved surprisingly effective throughout the War. Yet, no sooner had privateering proven its worth than it was over. This paper will look at private-armed warfare along the Atlantic coast during the last international conflict in which it played a major role.
Dating back to the Middle Ages, privateering was a strictly regulated, legitimate form of licensed warfare which, although often condemned as no better than piracy, was actually governed by international law and adjudicated through admiralty and vice-admiralty courts (in British colonies) especially created for the purpose. Also known as commerce raiding or ‘guerre de course’, privateering focused on capture rather than combat, targeting well-laden merchant vessels that were almost always smaller and more lightly armed than the privateer. This was not due to a want of bravery on the part of the privateers, but rather to the economic reality that any exchange of gunfire inevitably resulted in damage to the prize and cargo, which, in turn, reduced its value at auction and thereby, the amount of prize money earned by the crew. Similarly, damage to the captor meant costly repairs and lost sailing time while death and injury to the crew reduced morale and enthusiasm for another cruise. Privateering was a business based on a calculated assessment of risk versus revenue. As long as there were profits to be made, privateers put to sea, encouraged by a legal process that was generally quick, clear, conclusive— and not surprisingly, tended to favour the captor.
Over six centuries, the court process around privateering evolved into an effective and efficient means of determining whether a capture had been legally made, confirming enemy ownership of ship and/or cargo and passing sentence accordingly. Every captor pleaded his case with a document known as a libel. Filed by the privateer owners, it contained details of the capture and stated the grounds for condemnation as prize. These grounds included the existence of a state of war, the privateer’s possession of a bona fide letter of marque and reprisal, and enemy ownership of the prize. Since all of this information was ‘true, publick and notorious’, the judge was urged to condemn the ship and its cargo to the libellant as ‘good and lawful prize’ according to the Law of Nations.2 Notations on many of these court documents indicate that the decision to condemn or release a prize took no more than a few weeks, remarkably swift when compared with the regular judicial process of the time.
The prize court system was unique in that the case was against the ship itself, ‘in rem’, rather than the owners (since they were unlikely to be present at either the capture or in the court). The judges were skilled in civil rather than criminal procedure, and because of the complicated nature of international maritime law, there was no jury.3 The judge based his decision solely on the captured ship’s papers supported by affidavit testimony from one or more crew members questioned according to a fixed set of Standard Interrogatories. Speedy process was essential for both parties because of the danger of spoilage or damage to cargoes, and the costly interruption of the voyage due to capture. Refined over time, the entire prize process from arrival in port to judgement could take as little as three to four weeks, although more complicated cases occasionally dragged on for years.4 Owners or investors unhappy with the decision could appeal to the High Court of Admiralty in Britain or the Supreme Court in the United States. Whether reluctant to waste more time in court or actually satisfied with the verdict, very few plaintiffs bothered to contest the judges’ decisions. Most appeals came from Spanish, Portuguese and Swedish claimants who were nominally neutrals and, as such, exempt from capture.
War of 1812
By 1812, privateering was firmly established and widely recognized as a means of helping one’s country while helping oneself. State navies, under orders to protect national interests at all times, assumed both defensive and offensive combat roles once war was declared. Privateers, on the other hand, fell within the context of economic war and were under no obligation to attack or defend anything. Damaging enemy property and harassing their trade at sea could be as destructive as a naval broadside, but the main value of privateers lay in their siphoning enemy forces away from blockade or combat duties in order to protect merchant convoys, in causing insurance rates to rise, and in depriving markets of badly needed commodities that became increasingly more expensive as they became harder to obtain. That privateer goals coincided with national objectives was fortuitous rather than deliberate in most cases. Profit not patriotism was the raison d’être of privateering, and the former always took precedence.
Once a formal declaration of war set privateering in motion, it was followed by a Prize Act, which empowered the government to issue letters of marque.5 In the British provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, commissions were issued by the lieutenant governors ‘to suitable persons under adequate safeguards’, while in the United States, local customs officials distributed letters of marque to ‘respectable’ applicants on behalf of the Secretary of State. A letter of marque detailed the name and type of vessel being commissioned, the tonnage, owners, number of crew, guns and the name of the captain and first lieutenant. It authorized the British holder to ‘apprehend, seize and take, the ships, vessels and goods’ belonging to the US or citizens thereof, and their American counterparts to ‘subdue, seize and take any armed or unarmed British vessel, public or private’.6
The similarity in wording and intent reflects the influence of British practice on American privateering. The two systems were practically identical. Privateers were required to keep a journal of their cruise; treat foreign nationals, captured passengers and prisoners of war respectfully, according to international law; avoid any theft or interference with the cargo (known as breaking bulk); prevent fraud, smuggling, or any other financial or physical transgressions. Because privateering could be a bloody business, 2 per cent of the net amount of all prize money after payment of court and other costs went into a Patriotic Naval Fund for the support of widows and orphans as well as those wounded or disabled in the course of their privateering activities. In 1812, this fund amounted to $8,677.99, and typical awards were $10–12 per month for the widow of a privateer captain or $4-6 per month for debilitating wounds or the loss of a limb.7 To ensure good behaviour at sea, both sides required sureties from at least two investors (usually not the owners); $5,000 for a crew of up to 150 men, and $10,000 for a larger vessel.
In effect only against a specified enemy, each letter of marque was good for a single cruise of three to six months and applied only as long as the key components of the commission were in place. For example, if the captain changed, or the vessel was sold or renamed, or changed its rig or completed its cruise, a new letter of marque was required. Because there were fewer than 50 privateers in Atlantic Canada, their commissions were not numbered, but the more than 600 American private armed vessels operating between June 1812 and February 1815 held at least 1172 letters of marque.8 This reflects the fact that while just over 60 per cent of American privateers applied for only one commission, many others made two or more cruises and the most successful prize makers, such as America and Fame (Salem. MA), Chasseur (Baltimore, MD), Dash (Portland, ME),9 Industry (Lynn, MA), Fox (Portsmouth, NH), Rattlesnake (Philadelphia, PA), Saucy Jack (Charleston, SC), Snap Dragon (New York, NY) and Yankee (Bristol, RI) held four or more commissions, indicating their ongoing profitability. Among Atlantic Canada privateers, only the General Smyth (St. John, NB), Retrieve (Halifax, NS) and Liverpool Packet and Retaliation (Liverpool, NS) undertook three or more cruises.
A letter of marque legally distinguished a privateer from a pirate. Although the line between the two was occasionally thinner than the paper the commission was printed on, a letter of marque authorized the vessel and its crew to capture enemy property within the guidelines of the Prize Act and the internationally recognized laws of war. Pirates, on the other hand, operated outside the ‘line,’ attacking the ships of whatever nation came to hand and subjecting the fairness of their captures to no judgement but their own. Since pirates denied allegiance to any state, international law proclaimed them enemies of all mankind and, if captured, likely to be hanged. Needless to say, privateers were anxious to avoid any confusion over their status and carried numerous copies of their commission to ensure that there was one left aboard every prize they captured.
One advantage of privateering over regular trading was that a letter of marque was supposed to protect colonial privateers from impressment by British naval vessels, although there were exceptions. For example, in April 1813, the Halifax privateer Crown captured the Boston brig, Sibae, while HMS Atalante (F. Hickey) was in sight. Hickey’s claim of joint capture was loudly rejected by privateer captain, Solomon Jennings which angered Captain Hickey to the point of pressing two of Crown’s men and scaring two more into deserting at the next port.10 A letter of marque was also meant to ensure that captured privateers would be treated as prisoners of war and nominally entitled to parole and exchange like naval personnel. Of course, this ‘courtesy’ was only applied to privateers in vessels of 14 guns or more, which ruled out 90 per cent of American letter-of-marque vessels and all but three from the Atlantic provinces. Some privateers captured early in the war were exchanged after swearing not to carry arms, but for the hundreds of American privateers who languished for months, if not years, in British prisons in Halifax, the West Indies and England, the reality was far different. Naval officers and crews were always exchanged before privateers, especially by the British who had a greater need of manpower, and as naval crews were so much larger, there were few opportunities for non-naval captives. The number of privateer prisoners of war varies but one estimate of approximately 2,650 British naval seamen versus 6,000-7,000 Americans, mostly privateers or merchantmen, is likely fairly accurate.11 Ira Dye’s study of American maritime prisoners of war suggests that 14 per cent of American naval and private seamen (approximately 14,000 men) were held as prisoners for at least part of the war.12
A letter of marque or commission was essential for seizing enemy prizes, however, not all vessels carrying letters of marque were considered serious privateers. With a letter of marque in hand, a captain had two choices. He could undertake a normal trading voyage supplemented with a few extra guns and hire a slightly larger crew to work for wages. In that case, if a likely prize sailed into view, his letter of marque ensured title to the captured ship and cargo, if the court agreed. Alternatively, he could abandon any attempt at trade and cruise as a privateer with a much larger crew working for agreed-upon shares of whatever prizes they could capture. Since most large merchant ships already carried some form of defence against pirates or other predators, the transition from trader to privateer was a relatively simple process of reinforcing the deck to support more guns, increasing the crew space to carry additional hands, and securing the powder magazine. As soon as the United States declared war on Great Britain, ship owners, merchants and maritime investors on both sides raced to convert existing vessels, construct new ones or re-commission captured enemy ships as privateers. Similarly, seamen, fishermen and coastal captains eagerly signed on to win their share of the fabulous sums of prize money that were advertised as theirs for the taking.
Within days of President Madison’s declaration of war on 18 June, American privateer owners jockeyed for commission number one and began nagging their customs officers for letters of marque to be the first out of port. Meanwhile, frustrated New Brunswickers and Nova Scotians were forced to wait until 13 October, when Great Britain finally realized that there was no chance of reconciliation and responded to the American declaration of war with one of its own. This discrepancy in timing gave American privateers a serious advantage in the prize stakes in the first few months of the war. While the Halifax Court of Vice Admiralty processed over 150 prize cases in 1812, only 25 were taken by three privateers, 21 of them by the Liverpool Packet.13 Along the eastern seaboard, however, American admiralty courts were kept busy adjudicating at least 400 prizes carried in by 227 privateers over the same period.14 This figure does not include the many prizes known to have been recaptured, ransomed, destroyed or lost on their way back to port.
Once news of the British declaration of war reached Atlantic Canada, the pace of privateering picked up and 18 private armed vessels from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia accounted for 110 of 359 cases in 1813 or 35 per cent. It was a slightly different story for American privateers. Although still enthusiastic about prize making, slightly fewer American privateers actually sent in prizes towards the end of 1813. Over 270 commissions were issued to 207 privateers which captured roughly 450 prizes, although a third of them were either recaptured or destroyed. The increased number of prizes burnt or destroyed rather than sent into port for adjudication reflects the gradual tightening of the British blockade of North America and the realization that manning prizes had become too dangerous to be cost-effective. Chances of a small, four- or five-man prize crew reaching port were so slight, especially for ships captured in European and African waters, that it was safer to divest a ship of its crew and cargo and destroy it. Not only did this strategy reduce privateer profits from the eventual sale of the captured ships, it also meant relinquishing more prizes to serve as cartel vessels to carry captured crews into various ports. It did, however, reduce the prospect of recapture by the enemy’s navy or privateers and deny the enemy whatever cargoes the captors could carry home for eventual adjudication. Thanks to the British blockade of North America, by the end of 1813, sea traffic was reduced to little more than a trickle and prey grew scarce for privateers on both sides of the conflict.
In 1814, only 123 American privateers requested commissions (half the previous year’s tally) and a mere handful took out a second commission for another cruise. They captured roughly 700 prizes, but again, many were recaptured, ransomed, given up or destroyed. In a December 1814 report to the British House of Commons, Lloyd’s insurance underwriters stated that the United States had captured 1175 British vessels since the start of the war although 373 of them (approximately one-third) had been recaptured or released. The suggestion of one in three prizes actually reaching port is probably not far off.15 Meanwhile, in the British colonies to the north, about 200 cases passed through the Halifax court in 1814, 60 of them brought in by 10 different privateers.
By 1815, although the privateers were not yet aware of it, the war was over. This, however, did not prevent at least sixteen American privateers from requesting new commissions, even though only 60 prize vessels actually reached port; the rest were recaptured, released, ransomed or sent in as cartels. Only four Nova Scotia privateers thought it worth continuing to prowl the icy waters of the North Atlantic in 1815, but their half-dozen prizes were all condemned by mid-February.
|US Letters of Marque
|NB & NS Letters of Marque
|Prizes to Halifax
|RN Prizes To Halifax
My research indicates that during the War of 1812, just over 600 American privateers were issued at least 1,172 letters of marque. Of these, Table 1 records the number of letter of marque vessels that took prizes each year. The number exceeds 600 because some privateers took prizes in more than one year or under more than one letter of marque, while others took no prizes at all. Although Niles’ Weekly Register lists 1634 prizes, some are duplicates or were lost or recaptured by the British and others were not recorded by Niles. Since American prizes were adjudicated in various District Courts, it is almost impossible to determine how many prizes were actually condemned. The figures given are estimates which serve to indicate the volume of British shipping captured by American privateers and letters of marque vis-à-vis the American navy. The figures for prizes carried into Halifax by New Brunswick and Nova Scotia privateers and the Royal Navy are more accurate, since they are based on the Vice-Admiralty Court records from Halifax. (LAC RG8, IV, Vols. 73–115). The British colonies licensed at least 44 private armed vessels, with some making no prizes, others having modest success and the Liverpool Packet capturing at least 50 vessels. Many more American ships were condemned in Vice-Admiralty courts in Newfoundland, the Caribbean, and of course, England.
There is no doubt that privateers served as an offensive weapon, sometimes extremely offensive, according to various newspapers. Unlike the navy, they operated independently, only occasionally cooperating with one another, but always with one eye on the horizon and the other on the bottom line. The objective was to repay the owners’ original investment on the first cruise and make their fortune on succeeding cruises. Given the large number of one-time cruises, it would seem that this goal was not easily attained. Even when a prize was taken, profits had to be shared between the owners and their officers and crew, with sales sometimes barely covering the court costs. Privateering investors usually spread the risk by acquiring shares in several vessels, but as the war went on and prizes began drying up, the interest in privateering declined accordingly. They understood that if one type of commercial activity ceased to be profitable, there were other ways of making money.
One option was through licensed trade. During the early months of the war, the need for wheat and other stores to replenish British forces in Spain, Portugal, the West Indies and British North America, led to the issuing of hundreds of licences to unarmed American ships willing to carry food and non-military supplies to what amounted to enemy forces. Although decried as treasonous by many American patriots and forbidden by law, at least 500 licences were approved by the British Board of Trade (signed by Lord Sidmouth) by August 1812. Until Britain made them illegal in November 1812, licences continued to be issued by Sir John Sherbrooke, the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia, Admiral Herbert Sawyer, Commander of the North American Station, and Andrew Allen, the former British Consul in North America.16 So popular that they were frequently counterfeited at home and abroad, licenses were defended by no less a practical patriot than Thomas Jefferson, who argued that since the British government was going to pay someone to carry supplies to their troops in Spain, it might as well be Americans. This would not only keep British soldiers busy in Europe, but it would also support a struggling US economy whose taxes would be spent against the British. Aware that American merchants felt less than whole-hearted commitment to the War, especially at the outset, Jefferson understood that ‘to keep the war popular, we must open the markets’.17
For those with fewer scruples, there was always smuggling. This time-honoured practice of evading excise duties had been honed to a fine skill particularly by merchants on either side of the Maine-New Brunswick border. They refused to let war upset traditional trading patterns. Privateers, in fact, were among the worst offenders. The number of complaints, spurious commissions and pre-arranged captures among New Brunswickers forced Lieutenant Governor George Stracey Smyth to stop issuing letters of marque early in 1813. Thereafter, anyone applying for a commission had to go through Nova Scotian authorities. Although government efforts failed to halt smuggling in the Passamaquoddy Bay area, fewer private armed vessels participated in it as the war progressed. This might also have been a result of the customs collector’s compliance with Secretary of State, James Monroe’s decree of 21 January 1814 forbidding collectors to issue letters of marque to vessels carrying fewer than 20 men, since it was the small whale boat privateers who could most easily hide in the many small harbours of Passamaquoddy Bay.
If a letter of marque was a ticket to the lottery, winning still remained a matter of skill and luck. Successful captains, such as Samuel C. Handy of the Salem privateer Fame, had no trouble gathering crews for at least four cruises. Ambitious sailors could move from smaller to larger, more powerful ships, rising, like Joseph Boyer of New York, from master of the 115-ton schooner Swallow to sole owner and master of the 215-ton Spark. Privateer vessels came in all rigs and sizes from the 555-ton letter-of-marque ship Jacob Jones of Boston, credited with two prizes from Canton filled with gold dust and opium worth more than $90,000, to open boats like the tiny, 2-ton Lark from Frenchman’s Bay, ME, which was carried into Portland on the deck of its 140-ton prize, Traveller.18 Isaiah Hook, the local Collector of Customs, strongly suspected the ‘David and Goliath’ story of the Lark had more to do with a pre-arranged capture than a lucky prize, but could do nothing except recommend that its licence be revoked.
The most common American privateers were 100- to 200-ton schooners carrying 80 to 100 men as privateers and 20 to 50 men as letters of marque.19 Among these was the Comet, Captain Thomas Boyle, whose 30 prizes included the Hopewell, worth $150,000 alone. Hunting smaller prey closer to home, British provincial privateers tended to be less than 100 tons with much smaller crews. The Liverpool Packet, Nova Scotia’s most successful privateer with a career total of at least 50 prizes conservatively estimated as worth a million dollars, was a 67-ton schooner with 5 guns manned by 40 men. In 1813, the Liverpool Packet, formerly the scourge of the American coasting trade around Cape Cod, was captured by the privateer Thomas of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Re-commissioned as a privateer under two different names, she failed to take a single prize in five months under the American flag. Once recaptured by the Royal Navy and re-purchased by her original owners, however, she went on to cruise successfully, taking another dozen prizes as the Liverpool Packet once more.
Reluctant to risk their ships in battle, privateers resorted to various stratagems in order to get close enough to their intended prey to determine the likelihood of a capture. The men did not wear distinctive uniforms and regularly flew false flags to deceive enemy lookouts. On more than one occasion, they even deceived their own countrymen and exchanged shots before they managed to raise the same flags and recognize each other.20 With most of the crew concealed below decks, a privateer looked much like any other merchant vessel, a resemblance further confused by the way privateers captured by one side were quickly redeployed against their former owners. For example, 18 captured American privateers were turned against their former owners as New Brunswick and Nova Scotia privateers.
Comparing the privateering efforts of American and British colonial privateers is difficult given the differences in scale and reach between the two. The numbers of private armed vessels, approximately 600 versus 44, resulted in an equally disparate number of captures, perhaps 1600 as compared to 200. If these numbers are averaged out, the American privateers captured 2.6 prizes apiece while the New Brunswickers and Nova Scotians averaged 4.4 each or nearly twice as many. Yet the net impact of privateers on both sides was probably similar. With fewer ships at sea, American trade suffered proportionately higher losses than did the vast British mercantile fleet, despite all the prizes captured by so many hundreds of privateers and letter of marque vessels. Privateer actions were widely reported in the newspapers and helped boost morale early in the war, but reports of their defeats, losses and recaptures had the opposite effect. As far as the victims were concerned, every prize represented several problems: an economic loss of ship and/or cargo to several investors, men and officers deprived of their liberty, consumers forced to do without necessities and insurers having to recoup their losses at the expense of future voyages. For every captain or cabin boy who made his fortune as a privateer, there were many more who returned home empty-handed, or not at all. Aside from capture and imprisonment, many privateers were lost at sea through storms, accident, disease or combat and were never heard from again.
Meanwhile Britain attempted to strangle any American trade the privateers failed to capture through the twin tourniquets of compulsory convoy and blockade. After 31 July, 1812, all shipping from Britain to North America and the West Indies was required to travel in convoy. A few weeks later, the Lt. Governor of Nova Scotia ordered all vessels departing from Nova Scotia to travel in convoy as well. Compliance was not an option, and those merchants who contemplated sailing alone found that doing so invalidated their insurance.21 Like German submarine ‘wolf packs’ in the Second World War, privateers began hunting together, in the hope of distracting the guard ships long enough to enable one of them to cut out a likely prize. Although some merchants chafed at it, the convoy system frustrated all but the most determined privateers.
Even more destructive to both American trade and American privateers was the British blockade. Designed to put pressure on the pro-war southern states first while leaving the more ambivalent northern states alone, the British blockade slowly moved northwards strangling trade along the east coast of North America. Beginning on 26 December, 1812, the British government proclaimed a blockade of the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays, although the fleet of a dozen vessels under Sir George Cockburn did not actually arrive off Hampton Roads until February 1813. A month later, the blockade had moved northwards as far as Rhode Island, and by 26 May the Prince Regent had ordered a strict and rigorous blockade of New York, Charleston, Port Royal, Savannah and Mississippi.22 By 1814, New England ports had fallen under the blockade and goods were becoming both scarce and dear. Markets dried up as incoming trade was effectively sealed out and even prizes ceased as privateers and US naval vessels found themselves locked in. The effect on the American economy was swift and dramatic. Exports dropped 10% from $61 million in 1811 to $6.9 million in 1814, imports plummeted 35% from nearly $58 million in 1811 to $13 million in 1814 and customs revenue was cut in half from $8.2 million in 1811 to $4.6 million in 1814.23
Once privateering ceased to be a profitable commercial alternative to shipping, it lost its appeal. The widespread hardship and annoyance it generated may have helped promote an end to the war, but it was the British blockade that was the deciding factor in the maritime War of 1812. It ‘caused material losses to the American people a hundred times greater than the American Navy and privateers were able to inflict upon Great Britain during the entire war’.24
While privateering may have been as ‘true, publick and notorious’ as the War of 1812 itself, once peace made trade a viable economic prospect, privateering was over. The development of iron hulls, the use of specialized weapons like torpedoes, rockets and heavy guns, and the advent of steam-powered vessels during the nineteenth century, meant that privately-owned merchant ships could no longer compete with powerful naval vessels in the war against trade. In April 1856, the Paris Declaration of Maritime Law ended both the Crimean War and privateering. Signed by most of the nations of the day (except for the United States, Spain, Mexico and Venezuela), it made privateering illegal and declared’ Privateering is, and remains, abolished.25

domain: history