SC Magazine yesterday reported that the Welsh Government have now made it mandatory for third-party suppliers with a ‘moderate’ or ‘high’ level of risk when dealing with sensitive information to be Cyber Essentials certified from 1 April this year. […]
Mandiant have recently published their 2015 M-Trends report which highlights the new attack trends they have identified through their role as security incident first responders over the last year. It is an interesting and informative report which is worth a read, and can be found here (registration is required, I’m afraid!). A couple of key points from the report caught my attention, most notably how attackers are exploiting remote access facilities such as VPNs. […]
Data breaches are proliferating, and the associated costs are exploding. According to the Ponemon Institutes’s “2014 Cost of Data Breach Study: United Kingdom” study, the average cost of a data breach has reached in the UK increased from £2.04 to £2.21 million.
Businesses’ general liability policies don’t cover those costly data breaches, which points to cyber insurance being a wise choice. In fact, AON PLC, the world’s largest reinsurance broker, claimed in October 2014 that the cyber insurance market was at the time growing at 38% annually.
However, as a case in the US a bit earlier this year has shown, cyber insurance should not be relied upon as your first line of cyber defence. […]
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has released an updated version of its “Guide to Industrial Control Systems (ICS) Security.” The 247-page document provides ICS operators guidance on securing supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, distributed control systems (DCS), and other control system configurations such as programmable logic controllers (PLC). […]
CS Risk Management have recently obtained the accreditation to provide the full suite of Cyber Essentials certification body services. Over and above Cyber Essentials Plus certification, this also now includes verification of Basic Cyber Essentials self-assessment submissions and issuing of Basic Cyber Essentials certificates to those customers who meet the requirements set out in the scheme. […]
UK newspaper, The Guardian, reports that the UK government is not going to renew support for their aging and now unsupported Windows XP desktop infrastructure. Microsoft withdrew its extended support programme for Windows XP, its 14-year-old operating system, in April 2014. Given the number of Windows XP PCs still being used in government and businesses Read more about UK Government chooses not to renew XP support[…]
Microsoft finally is planning to support SSH in Windows and the company’s engineers also will contribute to the OpenSSH project. While SSH has been a popular tool for remote login and command execution on many Unix and linux systems for years, Windows has not supported SSH by default, for a variety of reasons. Microsoft has Read more about Microsoft to support SSH in Windows #InfoSec # Crypto[…]
Original release date: May 22, 2015 The Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) has released its Internet Crime Report for 2014, indicating that scams relating to social media — including doxing, click-jacking, and pharming — have increased substantially over the past five years. US-CERT encourages users to review the IC3 Alert for details and refer to Read more about IC3 Issues Internet Crime Report for 2014[…]
Original release date: May 19, 2015 Google has released Chrome version 43.0.2357.65 for Windows, Mac, and Linux to address multiple vulnerabilities. Exploitation of one of these vulnerabilities could allow a remote attacker to take control of an affected system. US-CERT encourages users and administrators to review the Google Chrome blog entry and apply the necessary Read more about Google Releases Security Update for Chrome[…]


text:
My miniature embroidery trial project is finished! Overall, I liked working on it – a lot!! As with most projects, now that it’s finished, I can take a retrospective view on the experience and conclude that, sure, there are a few things I’d change if doing it again… but overall, I’m pretty happy with the wee thing.
For this little piece, I used 48 count Alabaster Angel from Legacy Linen. The design comes from a Sweetheart Tree kit I picked up while on vacation a couple years ago. In the original kit, the fabric was a 28 count pink checkered linen, which was to be stitched over 2 threads. If the piece were stitched by the kit directions, the final project would be between five and six inches square.
I used one thread of DMC in the colors recommended for the kit. Unfortunately, the beads included with the kit (Mill Hill Petites) were too large to include!
The finished size of the embroidery is just barely shy of 1.5″ x 1.5″. I used the tent stitch (half cross stitch) for the whole piece.
In needlepoint, which generally makes regular use of tent stitch, the stitches are generally always worked in one direction. However, I found that, when adapting a cross stitch design – especially one with different parts pointing in four different directions in the corners – it is acceptable, wise, a good idea, necessary even, to change the direction of the tent stitch… I figured that out a bit late with some parts of the design.
In the original kit, the inside of the parallel lines that make up the central diamond is filled with Algerian Eye stitch worked in white. I suppose I could have been a bit adventurous and filled in the diamond thus, but I liked it better as it is. I though the filling stitches would crowd the piece too much.
Now, for another treat, here’s a photo Ginger sent of a miniature coverlet, stitched in surface embroidery stitches. She took the photo at a museum, where the curator allowed her to. The silver stitching and the silver lace on the edge are really nice, and I love the fact that it is all regular surface embroidery! What fun! Imagine the time that went into this tiny thing…
Thanks, Ginger, for sending the photo. I’ve replied in the usual place…! Sorry! I’m looking into getting that problem fixed!
I suppose most miniature embroidery is done for doll houses. I, on the other hand, intend to frame and hang this little piece, along with Christiana’s sampler!
Speaking of framing miniature embroidery, here’s an excellent tutorial by Larry at Wood’n Bits on making miniature frames for embroidery. He takes you step-by-step through making tiny frames which you can then mount silk gauze onto, and stitch, and, when you’re finished stitching, you have a framed piece. It’s a great tutorial. He continued it with another post on more miniature frames, which he sells – take a look!
And finally, speaking of silk gauze, once upon a time, I thought I had a link to somewhere online that offers 72 gauge silk gauze. Of course, I’ve lost the link… but to wonder if I imagined it? Does silk gauze come in such a fine mesh? Anyone know? and if so, would you happen to know where I can find some? I think I like this little stuff – not for looooong term, on-going embroidery, trust me! But for fun little projects, I like going micro!

domain: design


text:
Search National Agricultural Library (NAL) Digital Collections
Showing item 0 of
from your search.
Adsorption of bromide tracers onto sediment
Gilley, J.E. , Finkner, S.C. , Doran, J.W. , Kottwitz, E.R.
soil hydraulic properties , soil , agricultural soils , bromides , aqueous solutions , soil water movement , adsorption , sediments
- Includes references
- Applied engineering in agriculture 1990, v. 6, no. 1
Journal Articles, USDA Authors, Peer-Reviewed
- Works produced by employees of the U.S. Government as part of their official duties are not copyrighted within the U.S. The content of this document is not copyrighted.

domain: library


text:
Security and development have traditionally formed distinct discourses in international studies development has in the past been defined as economic growth. Recent events in international relations push us to analyze comprehensively and simultaneously the issues regarding peace, security and development. The next global development podcast will explore the debates around security and aid send us your questions and comments.
Conflict, security and development is an academic, peer-reviewed journal launched in 2000 and now based within the conflict, security and development. Aspects of international affairs like security, development, the environment or new power structures resulting from the emergence of the european union as an. The global security & development program (gsdp) seeks to enhance participants' understanding of the issues, institutions and procedures involved in .
Defense, diplomacy, and development strategies have long been used to achieve foreign policy objectives, but increasingly the lines between them are blurred. Today, the link between security and development is unquestionable, which means that there cannot be sustainable development without peace and security in. We discuss the need to improve our understanding of the relationship between security and development and enhance collaboration across. Isdc is a berlin-based, non-for-profit research center conducting research, providing policy advice and building capacity on international security and.
Category, year, quartile political science and international relations, 2011, q3 political science and international relations, 2012, q2 political science and. The institute for security and development policy is a stockholm-based independent and non-profit research and policy institute the institute examines. Français | español | العربية by her majesty queen rania al abdullah of jordan to mark the launch in amman, jordan, of the arabic edition of. First, there is a need to recognise that security and development are closely interrelated second, the solutions to country-specific issues. 5 – quest for sustainable peace and development under militarized security approaches download (pdf) download this chapter in pdf format here by ziad.
The arms moratorium has been launched as part of the program for coordination and assistance for security and development in africa (pcased), which. This security technical implementation guide is published as a tool to improve the security of department of defense (dod) information systems. Human security and development in africa nana k poku, neil renwick and jaoa gomes porto the concept and practices of security have. Cambridge core - international relations and international organisations - the security-development nexus - edited by ramses amer.
Centre for the study of security and development aspects of defence and security policy: the canadian network for defence & security analysis (2018-19. Here they discuss how a global policy shift to tackle violent extremism is exposing tensions between the development and security sectors. This textbook draws on academic theory, field research and policy developments to provide an overview of the connections between security and development,. This paper contends that the human security/development nexus lies at the heart of contemporary approaches to peace-building and development the paper.
Peace, security and development in accordance with its mandate and core functions, the office of the special adviser on africa (osaa) initiates and. The center for international development (cid) at harvard university has launched its new security and development seminar series over the 2016- 2017. This volume provides a systematic framework for energy suppliers, policy makers , academics, students, and all others interested in energy security, and.

domain: politics


Google announced the integration of more security features into Android Q designed to further harden the security of critical areas like the kernel, as well as making storage encryption standard and updated biometrics API.
The new Android Q updates were announced during today’s Google I/O developer conference keynote and showcased on Google’s Android Developers Blog.
• Better encryption with Adiantum & TLSv3
• Enhanced Platform Hardening
• Updated BiometricPrompt API & FIDO2 support
Read the post for more info https://t.co/vX36Jesi6X
— Android Developers (@AndroidDev) May 9, 2019
Hardening Android Q’s security
Android comes with a number of defense strategies designed to block bug exploitation that could allow the built-in security systems to be circumvented.
Among these security protection strategies, “process isolation, attack surface reduction, architectural decomposition, and exploit mitigations” are applied to make it a lot harder to take advantage of Android vulnerabilities.
These security defense approaches are now utilized in Android Q to secure “critical areas such as media, Bluetooth, and the kernel.”
Some of the new improvements added to the platform in Android Q are explained in more detail in this Google Security blog post and highlighted below:
- A constrained sandbox for software codecs.
- Increased production use of sanitizers to mitigate entire classes of vulnerabilities in components that process untrusted content.
- Shadow Call Stack, which provides backward-edge Control Flow Integrity (CFI) and complements the forward-edge protection provided by LLVM’s CFI.
- Protecting Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) against leaks using eXecute-Only Memory (XOM).
- Introduction of Scudo hardened allocator which makes a number of heap related vulnerabilities more difficult to exploit.
Default device encryption
Support for storage encryption has been expanded to all devices compatible with Android Q, even for those that do not come with “cryptographic acceleration hardware” with the help of Adiantum.
The Adiantium storage encryption method was introduced in February and it allows underpowered Android devices which come with low-end CPUs such as ARM’s Cortex-A7—a processor that does not feature built-in hardware support for AES—to also encrypt the storage without a performance hit.
“All compatible Android devices newly launching with Android Q are required to encrypt user data, with no exceptions. This includes phones, tablets, televisions, and automotive devices,” says Google.
TLS 1.3 was also added as a default option in Android Q, leading to the automatic removal of weaker cryptographic algorithms, together with various security fixes for TLS 1.2 weaknesses.
The TLS 1.3 protocol was approved by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) back on March 21, 2018, after no less than four years of discussions and 28 protocol drafts.
As detailed in IETF’s TLS 1.3 Internet Draft, “TLS allows client/server applications to communicate over the Internet in a way that is designed to prevent eavesdropping, tampering, and message forgery.”
On top of that, as explained by the Android Security & Privacy Team, “TLS 1.3 can often complete the handshake in fewer roundtrips, making the connection time up to 40% faster for those sessions.”
TLS 1.3 comes with the following differences when compared to the TLS 1.2 protocol which it deprecates:
- Removes older encryption and hashing algorithms (such as MD5 and SHA-224) and adds harder to crack alternatives (such as ChaCha20, Poly1305, Ed25519, x25519, and x448).
- Is a lot faster at negotiating the initial handshake between the client and the server, reducing the connection latency and removing the excuse of not supporting HTTPS because of lower browsing speeds.
- Supports features like Zero Round Trip Time (0-RTT) and TLS False Start designed to also cut down the time needed to establish encryption handshakes with hosts to which the client has talked before.
- Comes with downgrade attack protection that prevents an attacker from tricking a server into using older versions of the protocol, susceptible to known vulnerabilities.
Push for biometric authentication
Google updated the BiometricPrompt API as part of the Android Q release, an API used by Android apps to allow users to authenticate using their face, fingerprints, or iris.
Since the launch, we’ve seen a lot of apps embrace the new API, and now with Android Q, we’ve updated the underlying framework with robust support for face and fingerprint. Additionally, we expanded the API to support additional use-cases, including both implicit and explicit authentication.
BiometricPrompt now also allows developers to create apps which can check if biometric authentication support is available on the device before invoking the API, thus making it simple to have the “Enable biometric sign-in” displayed within the app’s user interface if the Android device comes with a compatible authentication sensor .
As the Android Security & Privacy Team also mentioned at the end of their Android Q security update, Googel is also planning to “add Electronic ID support for mobile apps, so that your phone can be used as an ID, such as a driver’s license.”
For the time being, the feature is in the works because it still requires “standardization from the ISO,” and effort that’s “being led by the Android Security and Privacy team.”
“Apps such as these have a lot of security requirements and involves integration between the client application on the holder’s mobile phone, a reader/verifier device, and issuing authority backend systems used for license issuance, updates, and revocation,” also says the Android Security & Privacy Team.


|Publication number||US2145666 A|
|Publication date||Jan 31, 1939|
|Filing date||Jul 6, 1936|
|Priority date||Jul 6, 1936|
|Publication number||US 2145666 A, US 2145666A, US-A-2145666, US2145666 A, US2145666A|
|Inventors||John H Roethel|
|Original Assignee||Ferro Stamping And Mfg Company|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Referenced by (29), Classifications (5)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
Jap. 31, 1939. J. H. ROETHEL `2,145,565
CLUTCH FOB WINDOW REGULATORS Filed July 6, 1936 y vigili INVENTOR. 70617 h'. 7`aee- ATTORNEYS.
Patented Jan. 3l, 1939 attacco crimen ron wmnovv anomn'rons .lohn liii. lltoethel, Detroit, Mich., assignor to Ferro Stamping and Manufacturing Gompany, lllietroit, Mich., a corporation of Michigan Application .iuly 6, 1936, Serial No. 89,086
rllhis invention relates to clutch mechanisms adapted particularly, although not exclusively, for association with the window regulator mechanism for operating a vehicle window.
an object of the invention is to provide a friction clutch mechanism for a window regulator or the like, said mechanism being of simplied construction, relatively economical to manufacture and easy to assemble in production.
A further object of the invention is to provide a window regulator clutch of the type having interconnected driving and driven elements arranged within a casing and a torsion clutch spring interposed between said elements and the casing, and wherein said elements are provided with means effective to maintain the spring in proper position against displacement during assembly and use of the device.
Another object of the invention is to provide an improved clutch mechanism in which the parts thereof are so constructed and arranged as to permit the rotation of the driving element about an axis located at an angle to the axis oi rotation of the driven element.
The above and other objects and advantages of the invention will appear 'from the following description and appended claims when considered in connection with the accompanying drawing forming a part oi this specication.
In said drawing:
Fig. l is an edge view, partly in section, of window regulator mechanism embodying one form of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a vertical section, on an enlarged scale, of the regulator mechanism and clutch mechanism of Fig. l.
Fig. 3 is a vertical section taken substantially along the line 3--3 of Fig. 2, looking in the direction of the arrows.
Fig. eis a vertical section taken substantially along the line -t of Fig. 2, looking in the direction oil the arrows; and
Fig. 5 is a perspective view, on a slightly reduced scale, showing the parts of the clutch mechanism of the present invention in disassembled relation.
Eefore explaining in detail the present invention it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and arrangement of parts illustrated in the accompanying drawing, since the invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or carried out in various ways. Also it is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation, and it is noty intended to limit the invention claimed herein beyond the requirements of the prior art.
Referring now particularly to the drawing, I have shown one form of clutch mechanism embodying the present invention which is adapted particularly, although lnot exclusively, for use upon a mounting plate which is supported at an angle to the vertical, so that the operating handle' located on the inner face of the door can be rotated or turned in a verticalplane and thus not engage the inner face of the door.
In the present embodiment of the invention the clutchv and regulator mechanism are shown mounted upon an inclined mounting plate it, one of the regulator mechanism gears or segments being shown at lll and being provided with a swinging regulator arm 38. In the present form, the angular relationship of the regulator mechanism and mounting plate and the inner trim panel 39 are best shown in Fig. 1. The gears ill, one only being shown, are adapted to be driven by means of a pinion l2 mounted upon a fixed short shaft or pin it carried by the offset portion lita of the mounting plate fill, the pinion being formed as a fixed part of the driven member o the clutch mechanism, as hereinafter described. Referring now particularly to the clutch mechanism, such mechanism comprises a cup-like driving member lill having a pair of outturned lugs or tongues (l5. This member is rigidly mounted upon the inner end of a drive shaft it having a square outer end portion il. The inner portion of the drive shaft it is drilled to receive with a press or driving rit a pin M which is provided with a spacer member 439. The pin lil is adapted to receive and support the hub portion 5l of an intermediate clutch member or spider 5t having inturned anged segmental portions 52 between which are located segmental cut-out portions or notches 53. The driving member M is provided in its base with a square cut hole to receive a squared portion of the shank of the drive shaft dit. The parts are locked together by means of a rib ita engaging one face of the driving member and by upsetting or peening the metal of the squared shank at @6b at the other face of the driving member.
The driven member of the clutch mechanism is shown as a whole at 55 and comprises a disklike body portion having inturned lugs or tongues 56 the inner portions of which are reduced in width at 5l, see particularly Fig. 5. The driven member 55 carries the pinion 42 which is secured thereto in any suitable manner, so as to provide,
in effect, an integral unit. The inner face of the driven member 55 is provided with a ball/or semispherical projection 58 which is adapted to fit within a correspondingly shaped socket portion or recess 69 in the outer face of the intermediate clutch member 50 (see particularly Fig. 2).
When the parts are assembled, the outer edges of the lugs or tongues 45 of the drivingmember engage the inner faces of the segmental portions 52 of the intermediate clutch member, with the pin end 48 fitting within the hub 5I and the hub in engagement with the stop or spacer 49. The driven member 55 has its ball-like'portion 58 fitting within the socket 59 of the intermediate member and the lugs or inturned tongues 56, 51 of the driven member engage in the notches 53 and have a slight relative oscillating movement within the notches. The tongues 56, 51 have a similar relatively moving fit in the spaces between the outturned lugs or tongues 45 of the driving member. The clutch mechanism also includes a spiral torsion spring 60 of the expansible and contractible type, the spring having inturned end portions 6l. The entire clutch mechanism with the exception of a portion of the driven member 55 and its supported pinion 42 is housed or located within a clutch housing or casing 62 having an angularly vdisposed marginal flange 63 which is attached to the inner face of the mounting plate 40 and preferably secured thereto by screws or rivets 64. It will be seen in Fig. 2 that the flange 63 is so shaped as to lie iiat against the face of the mounting plate and yet the body portion of the casing or housing 62 is disposed so as to cause the shaft 41 to extend horizontally. A crank handle 65 is adapted to be removably applied to the squared end 41 of the drive shaft.
In the assembly of the clutch elements, as illustrated in Figs. 2, 3 and 4, the driving clutch member 44, the driven clutch member 55 and the intermediate clutch member 5D interft and are substantially enclosed within the cup-shaped clutch housing 62. As will be seen, the outturned lugs or tongues 45 engage the inner face of the intermediate member and the inturned lugs or tongues 56, 51 of the driven member 55 are located within the spaces between the lugs 45 with the ball member 58 seated within the socket 59. The segmental lugs or projecting members 45 and 56 of the driving and driven members, respectively, Ahave the same diameter and surrounding the same anid located between the base of the driving member and the inner face of the intermediate member is the spiral torsion spring 60. When assembled this spring is interposed between the parts 45 and 56 and the cylindrical wall of the clutch housing 62. The side edges of the members 45 and 56 are in position to engage, respectively, opposite sides of the inturned ends 6l of the spring, as seen in Figs. 3 and 4. After the clutch members 44, 50 and 55, together with the spring 60, have been assembled within the clutch casing, the entire assembly is positioned upon the face of the mounting plate 40 overlying the offset portion 40a thereof. The unit comprising the driven member and the pinion is slipped over the stud or shaft 43 carried by the y mounting plate offset portion 40a, after which the screws or bolts 64 are applied to secure the clutch housing to the mounting plate. With the parts in this position, the tongues or members 51 project through the notches 53 of the intermediate clutch member and extend into the spaces between the tongues 45 of the driving member. When the crank handle 65 is rotated in either direction one of the offset ends Il of the spring will beengaged lby one of the tongues 45 to contract the spring and release it from binding engagement with the clutch casing, at which time the pinion 42 is driven through the engagementY of the tongues 45 and 56. It is impossible for the regulator mechanism to be operated independently of the handle 65 since if an attempt is made to rotate the pinion in either direction an edge of one of the tongue members 56 of the driven element will engage the7 outside of one of the ends 6I' of the spring and expand the spring outwardly against the inner wall of the clutch housing and thus lock the parts against rotation. By reason of the ball and socket connection 58, 59, between the driven and intermediate clutch members, the drive shaft 41 is located in a horizontal plane regardless of the angle of inclination of the mounting plate 40. Hence, as clearly seen in Fig. 2, the driven member 55 may be supported at the desired angle to the driving member 44, in vorder to accommodate the inclination of the mounting plate.
1. A clutch mechanism for a window regulator comprising a housing, a driving clutch member, a driven clutch member, a gear operated by said driven clutch member, a torsion clutch sprl-ng interposed between said members and housing, and a ball and socket connection between the driving and driven members to permit said driven member to be positioned for rotation about an axis at an angle to the axis of rotation of said driving member.
2. A clutch mechanism for a window regulator comprising a housing, a driving clutch member, a driven clutch member, a gear operated by said driven clutch member, and a torsion clutch spring interposed between said members and housing and adapted to` be expanded or contracted upon rotative movement of one member or the other, and an articulatable connection between said members to permit operative positioning thereof out of axial alignment.
3. A clutch mechanism comprising a housing, a driving clutch member, a driven clutch member, a gear associated with and operated by said driven clutch member, a spiral torsion spring interposed between the driven clutch member and said housing, and a ball and socket providing a limited universal connection between the driving and driven members to permit said driven member to be positioned for rotation about an axis at an angle to the axis of rotation of said driving member.
4. A clutch mechanism for a window regulator comprising a housing, a driving clutch member, a driven clutch member, a gear operated by said driven clutch member, an intermediate clutch member interposed between and engaging said driving and driven clutch members, a spiral torsion spring interposed between the driven clutch m'ember and the housing, and a ball and socket connection between certain of said clutch members to permit said driven member to be positioned for rotation about an axis disposed at an angle to the axis of rotation of said driving member.
5. A clutch mechanism for a window regulator adapted to be supported upon an inclined mounting plate, comprising a casing, a driving clutch member having a pair of opposed segmental tongues, a driven clutch member having a pair of opposed segmental tongues, a gear mounted upon the outer face of said driven member, en intermediate clutch member interposed between said driving and driven clutch members, friction clutch means interposed between the driven member and casing, and a limited universal joint connection between certain oi said clutch members to permit said driven member to be positioned ior rotation about an anis at an angle to the axis ci rotation of said 15 of said driven member, a handle shaft connected to the driving clutch member, an intermediate clutch member interposed between said driving and driven clutch members, friction clutch means interposed between the members and casing, said intermediate clutch member having a socket formed in its outer iace, and a semi-spherical projection formed on the inner face of said driven clutch member engaging said socket whereby to provide a limited universal connection between the driving and driven members to permit said driven member to be mounted upon said inclined mounting plateior rotation about an axis 1ocated at an angie to the axis of rotation of said driving member.
JOHN EL. RQET
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US2422830 *||Sep 9, 1944||Jun 24, 1947||Greenmun Leo S||Gear drive for window regulators and the like|
|US2616688 *||Jul 3, 1950||Nov 4, 1952||Detroit Harvester Co||Window regulator drive mechanism|
|US2621544 *||Dec 10, 1947||Dec 16, 1952||Hupp Corp||Window operating device for vehicles|
|US2621926 *||Apr 10, 1948||Dec 16, 1952||Hupp Corp||Window regulating device|
|US2649300 *||Dec 26, 1947||Aug 18, 1953||Electric Auto Lite Co||Window lifting mechanism|
|US3002594 *||Oct 29, 1957||Oct 3, 1961||Wilmot Breeden Ltd||Coil spring means for releasably coupling two relatively rotatable members|
|US3235248 *||Mar 23, 1962||Feb 15, 1966||Golde Hans||Drive device and a method of producing the same|
|US3930566 *||Mar 27, 1974||Jan 6, 1976||Toyota Jidosha Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha||Device for driving a power window|
|US4372432 *||Mar 18, 1981||Feb 8, 1983||General Clutch Corp.||Bi-directional clutch|
|US4651854 *||May 3, 1983||Mar 24, 1987||Aisin Seiki Kabushiki Kaisha||Spring coupler brake|
|US4858489 *||Aug 18, 1986||Aug 22, 1989||General Motors Corporation||Vehicle window regulator retractable winder apparatus and method|
|US4953676 *||May 24, 1988||Sep 4, 1990||Aisin Seiko Co. Ltd.||Spring coupler|
|US5219213 *||May 1, 1991||Jun 15, 1993||General Motors Corporation||Anti-lock braking system with nonback driveable actuator|
|US5228759 *||Jul 13, 1992||Jul 20, 1993||General Motors Corporation||Braking system with nonbackdriveable actuator|
|US5261732 *||Jul 13, 1992||Nov 16, 1993||General Motors Corporation||Braking system with nonbackdriveable actuator|
|US5308154 *||Jul 13, 1992||May 3, 1994||General Motors Corporation||Braking system with nonbackdriveable actuator|
|US5836110 *||Sep 27, 1996||Nov 17, 1998||Excel Industries, Inc.||Remote manual anti-backdrive system for modular rear-mounted window assembly|
|US6863111||Oct 3, 2000||Mar 8, 2005||Tser-Wen Chou||Positive engagement end stop for window covering systems|
|US6877597||Feb 18, 2003||Apr 12, 2005||Grand Rapids Controls, Inc.||Clutch mechanism|
|US7191886 *||Nov 29, 2004||Mar 20, 2007||Zf Friedrichshafen Ag||Actuating drive with a wrap spring arrangement|
|US7367548||Apr 13, 2007||May 6, 2008||Pinpoint Products, Llc||Method and apparatus for elevated storage of articles|
|US8016357 *||Dec 27, 2007||Sep 13, 2011||Figueras International Seating, S.A.||Automatic rotation system for tilting seats of chairs or armchairs|
|US9227488 *||Nov 4, 2008||Jan 5, 2016||Inalfa Roof Systems Group B.V.||Tensioning device and sunscreen assembly provided therewith|
|US20050115793 *||Nov 29, 2004||Jun 2, 2005||Zf Friedrichshafen Ag||Actuating drive with a wrap spring arrangement|
|US20070241576 *||Apr 13, 2007||Oct 18, 2007||Pinpoint Products, Llc||Method and Apparatus for Elevated Storage of Articles|
|US20090114755 *||Nov 4, 2008||May 7, 2009||Inalfa Roof Systems Group B.V.||Tensioning device and sunscreen assembly provided therewith|
|US20090315377 *||Dec 27, 2007||Dec 24, 2009||Figueras International Seating S.A.||Automatic rotation system for tilting seats of chairs or armchairs|
|DE19856634C1 *||Dec 3, 1998||Jan 18, 2001||Brose Fahrzeugteile||Double-action setting device for automobile window operator or passenger seat adjustment has torque blocking device for transmitting torque from drive element to driven element via frictional coupling|
|WO1982003256A1 *||Mar 16, 1982||Sep 30, 1982||Gen Clutch Corp||Bi-directional clutch|
|Cooperative Classification||E05F11/382, E05Y2900/55|


text:
Indiana is the state of big deer and if you’re visiting Indiana with the purpose of hunting – you should hunt big games and expect to take big prizes home!
Best Animal to Hunt
Thanks to the premier habitat and unlimited food – deer are able to grow quickly, making Indiana a perfect state to hunt whitetail deer.
However, along with deer, you can also hunt all sorts of animals in Indiana such as foxes, coyotes, or even wild turkey.
Best Hunting Locations
Indiana is full of beautiful hunting locations that are well maintained and are probably on a bucket list of most hunters – and if you visit Indiana, here are some of the top hunting locations you should visit:
- Hovey Lake
- Pigeon River
- Splinter Ridge and Crosley
- The Jasper-Pulaski
Most of these are fish and wildlife areas so you know hunting there won’t disappoint!
In order to hunt in Indiana, you should choose a correct license type and purchase it before hunting. Ideally, you’d want to purchase the license online from the official Indiana Department of Natural Resources site.
However, you can also purchase it offline directly from Indiana-approved retailers.
Getting to Indiana
Indiana is an easily approachable state and you can get there by air, road, bus, or even by rail. Getting to Indiana by air is probably the easiest way to get there and you can even choose between Midway International Airport or O’Hare International Airport if you’re planning to get to Chicago.
Things to Keep in Mind
Everyone who’s born after 1987 is required to finish a hunting education before purchasing the correct hunting license – so this is something to keep in mind. The good news is, this can be done online.
For help booking, click book your hunt:

domain: hobby


text: Holiday Inn Worldwide chief executive Timothy Lane resigned after less than seven months with the company because of a dispute with parent company Bass PLC. Lane will be replaced on an interim basis by chairman Bryan Langton, 59. . . . Time Warner Inc.'s Time Inc. corporate editor James Gaines unexpectedly resigned a year after leaving as editor of Time Magazine.

domain: news


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Many newer scarf styles are made of lighter weight crinkled fabric instead of yarn, as they are more of a fashion accent. I like the look of “crinkle scarves”, but you cannot use standard scarf pins with them, as the stick is too thick and would leave a noticeable hole in your fabric. By using long bar pin backs, you can easily gather areas of your scarf, style it and not worry about any unsightly holes later on. Using simple tools such as Sculpey’s new Graduated Cutters, you can create your gifts so much faster! I like to design in Photoshop, but you can do this just as easy with a piece of paper and a pencil. These designs are to get your creativity started and you can easily expand your design ideas from here using various shapes and sizes of cutters.
1 ½” long bar pin backs 10mm flat pad earring posts and large backs ¼” jump rings 1”-2” long headpins Needle nose pliers with a wire cutter area Round nose pliers E6000 All Purpose Adhesive|1 ½” long bar pin backs 10mm flat pad earring posts and large backs ¼” jump rings 1”-2” long headpins Needle nose pliers with a wire cutter area Round nose pliers E6000 All Purpose Adhesive
Getting Started Polymer clay may stain. CLAY MAY DAMAGE UNPROTECTED FURNITURE OR FINISHED SURFACES. DO NOT USE polymer clay on unprotected surfaces. We recommend working on the Sculpey clay mat, wax paper, metal baking sheet, or disposable foil. Start with clean hands and work surface area. Knead clay until soft and smooth. For best results, clean your hands in between colors. Shape clay, pressing pieces together firmly. Bake on oven-proof glass or metal surface at 275°F (130 °C) for 30 minutes per ¼" (6 mm) thickness. For best baking results, use an oven thermometer. DO NOT USE MICROWAVE OVEN. DO NOT EXCEED THE ABOVE TEMPERATURE OR RECOMMENDED BAKING TIME. Wash hands after use. Baking should be completed by an adult. Begin by preheating oven to 275 °F (130 °C). Test temperature with oven thermometer for perfectly cured clay. For best results, condition all clay by working small amounts in your hand until smooth and soft.
Gather all supplies shown. Condition ¼ bar of White, and then also ¼ bar of Black clay using your clay conditioning machine, until they are both smooth and pliable.
Pinch off a small piece of White clay and roll it into a ball. Repeat for Black clay and then mix the two equal sized balls of clay together thoroughly to create Deep Gray.
Mix a Light Gray using 3 balls of White to 1 same size ball of Black clay. Roll each Gray shade in a smooth ball, and then into a 6” long rope. Secure them side by side. Flatten the clay to about 1/16” thick (#3 on the clay conditioner), then cut out 8 of the smallest diamond shapes with the seam of the two Gray shades off center, as shown.
Flatten a sheet of Black clay to #3 on the clay conditioner machine (about 1/16” thick) and cut out a _” circle for the pin base. Flatten a second sheet of Black clay to #4 (less than 1.16” thick) and cut out 12 of the smallest diamond shapes. Remove excess clay from around the diamonds.
Flatten a sheet of White clay to #4 and cut out six of the smallest circles. Center and secure a two-toned Gray diamond shape on each circle (bottom left of photo). Now secure four White circles evenly spaced on the Black clay base. Make sure to place them so the light Gray strip is facing the same direction on all diamonds and the circle edge is right up to the large black base edge. For the earrings, add Gray diamonds to the remaining White circles and set aside for now. Secure a Black diamond up against a two tones Gray diamond as shown, all the way around the pendant (angle is sown in the top right corner of the photo). Now use the same largest circle cutter to cut out the same size circle once again to trim off the excess lack diamond shapes (shown with a dotted white line).
For earrings, flatten Black clay into a #4 thick sheet and cut out two second to the smallest circle. Using a little Bake n Bond between all layers, including the jump ring area, secure the White circle to the Black, centered. Now sandwich the cut area of a jump ring under the diamond’s bottom tip as shown and press back in place. Sandwich the remaining black diamonds to the remaining two-tone Gray diamonds over a Baking Rack Pin as shown. This creates a bead hole. Bake all pieces as directed for the clay brand you are using and allow all to cool.
Twist the diamond beads off of the pins slowly to remove them. Thread a headpin up from the bottom of the diamonds so the Gray shades are mirror image. Clip the pin ends leaving 3/8” tail with wire cutters. Form hooks in the wire, secure into jump rings and close the loop with pliers. Use E6000 to glue the post and pin backs to your jewelry. Dry for a few hours although let the adhesive cure overnight before wearing.
For this pin I used the two smallest oval and tear drop cutters and the two largest ovals. The only difference is I decided to add a second Turquoise base under the pin to frame it and give it contrast. Try out your own shapes and colors to match your style and enjoy! www.ShirleyRufener.com www.Spumoni.Etsy.com www.ThePalaceGates.Etsy.com
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domain: artistic


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Lately I have been feeling very over tired all the time. I'm constantly hungry. I keep loseing feeling in my left leg, my left foot & one of the fingers in my right hand. I have taken a pregnancy test & I am not pregnant. What do these symptoms mean? I went to the doctor they sent me home & said if I still feel this way in a week to come back again. That just scared me more.
do you take any vitamins? almost sounds as if you are lacking iron or something? also poor circulation. are you very active (exercise, sports, activities..) or are you kind of sluggish like me especially during the winter months?
i know with me i do get very hungry during the winter time. i keep thinking about how much i ate last night and then i was hungry again an hour later. i keep wanting to eat and snack. i think its my body going into hibernation mode and i'm storing up for the winter.
try not to worry about it too much. you will create symptoms and also make them worse. just relax and do what your dr. says..come back if you still feel this way in a week. i dont know what your diet is like but try to eat some healthy foods (fruits, veggies, drink lots of water and take vitamins). you may feel a difference.
Thanks for the advice. Yes, I'm VERY active. I excersice daily, run a daycare in my home, babysit 3 toddlers on the weekend (counting my own little toddler) & help teach a sunday school class. I usually spend my evenings on the weekdays & days on the weekends cleaning & doing jobs around the house but I have no energy. I have a very poor diet but I always have had a very poor diet. I do eat a lot of salads but very little fruits & veggies.I even started takeing my prenantal vitamins hopeing they might help,but they didn't. They just gave me a headache. It has been a week but it'll take awhile for them to get me back in to see the doctor. As for the hunger. I usually eat quite a bit a day but not like this. I'm a non stop eating machine! I'm craveing junkfood all day & I try not to eat it but if I don't give in to that craveing it gets ALOT worse.I'm wondering if maybe I could be diabetic. I'm the only one in my family who is not a diabetic.
Given your family history, I would think that diebetic testing is definitely in order. Also have them check for anemia since you are so tired all the time. You may also ask about having a spine check-up to see if you may have a problem there such as a slipped disc putting pressure on a nerve root causing the leg problems.
Doesn't sound as though your current physician is very thourough and puting you off for over a week seems unreasonable to me. My advice is to find another doctor and start from square one and see what happens.
Keep us posted and I hope you are feeling better very soon.
I think your eating habits are compounding your problem. Your lifestyle (from what you described) is contributing to your eating habits. It's a vicious cycle. The only positive I heard was that you exercise a lot. Keep that up.
Overeating, and eating junk foods has probably overtaxed your digestive system, which could be contributing to your feeling tired all the time. You might even have parasites, and there are lab tests for that.
I would definitely see a doctor too, but in the meantime, you could start experimenting on yourself. Cut out the junk food, and the refined sugars and flour. Eat brown rice, oatmeal, fruits and vegetables, chicken and fish. (not deep fried). Drink lots of water and fresh juices (none of that sugary, 5% real juice stuff). If you ignore the plain truth, you'll continue to make yourself sick.
I have been feeling EXTREAMLY tired & sore all over for about the last 2- 2 1/2 weeks. Not only am I active, I eat fairly healthy. But lately I've been craving junk food and moving slower than I shoud on my cross-country team. I've also been losing feeling in my legs, neck, and head. I have the strangest
feeling, almost like I'm floating, and no matter what I try, I can't get better. I've also been skipping my period for the last couple of months. I KNOW I'm not pregnant, and I'm fairly sure I'm not diabetic. I can't sleep, get rid of my migrains, my cramps, nausea, dizziness (all the time), or my crankiness. It's like never ending PMS. But I haven't had mine for a couple of months. My doctor and I are at a loss. All my blood tests come back negitive. What could it be????
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domain: medical


Waist belt with safety line and 2 D-Rings
- Approval: EN 358: 1992, Directive 89/686/CEE
The padded sash is foam-filled to prevent user discomfort and designed for a snug fit at the lower back, sewn to the waist belt. A snug fit is obtained by adjusting the belt length with the buckles. The belt contains D-rings used to secure the user to the anchorage point.
- Material: Highly resistant fluorescent green polyester strap
- Width of waist belt 45 mm
- Width of back support 140mm
- Length of anchorage rope Adjustable 85 - 135 cm
- Distance between anchorage points and back support ends: - Left side 35 mm - Right side 45 mm
- Static resistance (tension) > 15 kN
- Tensile strength of rope 30 kN T
- Tensile strength of waist belt 26 kN
- Approval: EN 358: 1992, Directive 89/686/CEE,
NOTE THAT THE PHOTO IS FOR GUIDANCE ONLY. COLOR CAN VARY.


text:
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Paper Forms and Hand Scoring Materials
Test forms, response booklets and scoring reference manuals.
MVP Introductory Kit
MVP/CHAMP Combination Kit
MVP Record Forms (pack of 25)
MVP Stimulus Book
Elisabeth M.S. Sherman, PhD, and Brian L. Brooks, PhD
The MVP is the first performance validity test (PVT) specifically designed for and nationally standardised on children, adolescents and young adults, designed to detect whether an examinee is providing valid test scores.
Features and Benefits
- The first stand-alone validity test specifically designed for, nationally standardised on, and validated for use with children, adolescents and young adults ages 5-21 years.
- The first PVT co-normed with The Child and Adolescent Memory Profile (ChAMP), which provides comprehensive information about learning and memory and an embedded indicator of validity.
- The first PVT with age-adjusted cut-off scores to minimize false positives in younger children.
- No motor requirements: may be administered to youth with motor impairments and visual impairments as well as those with developmental or acquired cognitive, academic, or behavioural concerns.
- Straight-forward and easy to administer.
- Consists of two 16-item subtests—Visual and Verbal. Each subtest is divided into two 8-item sets, with the second set perceived as progressively more challenging than the first.
- Administration requires only the Stimulus Book and the Record Form. The Record Form contains the instructions for administering each subtest and for recording responses. The Stimulus Book contains the Visual subtest items.
- The Visual subtest yields an MVP Visual score, and the Verbal subtest yields an MVP Verbal score; when combined, these scores make up the overall MVP Total score.
- Standardised on a sample of 1,221 examinees from more than 35 states using a population-proportionate, stratified random sampling plan based on 2012 U.S. Census statistics and 198 youth with clinical diagnoses.
- MVP cut-off scores were calibrated based on the state-of-the-art in PVT development, including binomial probability theory, performance in healthy youth and in clinical samples, and an invalid performance sample.
- In a study conducted during development, MVP cut-off scores had 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity in detecting feigned memory impairment.
NB: Prices are in Australian dollars inclusive of GST. NZ customers need to log in to view ex-GST prices.

domain: psychology


text:
... The Jingle Belles - JB-12:15 challenge to use either RED or GREEN was too much to resist. You've seen the set of Christmas Trees in green, and now here is the co-ordinating set in red. Once again, they are going to be submitted to the Waltzingmouse Christmas Card April Challenge.
Stamps: Waltzingmouse - Nutcracker Sweet, Frame-It, Complements of the Season
Inks: Versafine - Onyx Black; Memento - Tuxedo Black, Lady Bug
Spellbinders: Ironworks Motifs (S5-059), Petit Ovals Lg (S4-138) #1, Labels 10 (S5-022) # 4 & 5
Accessories: Clear embossing powder; Card and gems from stash
I decided to play around with the layout on the red set. The first one I made was the card on the right. I decided to make a group of Christmas trees and layer them onto gold. Then I made the very CAS card with the tiny tree and frame, colouring the star and adding some bling to tie it in with the first card. I finished off with the white and red card - which is my favourite - simply cutting mats and stamping in red. Here are the individual cards
I'm really pleased with this challenge - I've added six cards to my 2012 Christmas card stash. Still lots more to make, but at least I've started!
I'm off to have a glass of wine with Mum. Before I go - thank you to everyone who left such lovely words about Mum - she is fully recovered and now that the weather is a bit cooler, she's really enjoying herself again! I'm off to a craft class tomorrow morning at my local shop - Stampeddler. I am taking a class with Lynell Harlow of Dreamweaver Stencils - she will be teaching a new technique using pearlescent embossing paste and metallic F/X mica powders to create molten magic images! I can't wait to play!! See you soon.
That really is all for tonight.


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Looking to replace your vinyl flooring?
Save the headache of guessing the cost of your new flooring by getting a free, no obligation quote from us. We promise to provide you with a fast, courteous and professional service and most importantly, an excellent flooring price!
In addition to this, vinyl is hard to scratch and does not hold dirt or mess in a way that makes it hard to clean off, with the result being that it is quick and easy to clean when food, drinks or other substances are dropped on it.
We stock nearly 280 vinyl flooring products and most of these are suitable for kitchens because of the attributes of the material. In addition to their basic qualities, many of these offer anti-slip coating and some are cushioned. This latter option means that springy material like foam or rubber is located inside the tiles and strips of planks and will give your feet an extra feeling of comfort while walking on it, something you may be grateful for if you are busy in the kitchen.
The products we supply are made by many manufacturers eg, Leoline, Tarkett, Forbo, Beauflor and Polyflor to name a few. Each maker offers a variety of different products, with an excellent range of choice we ensure that you will be able to find a design that suits you.
Such tile effects can mimic natural materials like Limestone, Slate and Quarry Tiles, but can also present synthetic patterns, such as a chessboard alternation of black and white squares.
In addition to this, a further option is plain vinyl flooring in many colours
Vinyl products come with different methods of installation. Some, but not all of the sheet vinyl products may require adhesives. As ever, Masterfit Flooring will advise at every stage of the correct installation methods that will be used for the product selected.
As a tough material, vinyl flooring often comes with lengthy warranties and these can include cover of 20, 25 and 30 years or even a lifetime guarantee. With so much to choose from, you should find something highly suitable for your kitchen, bathroom or ant room in the house from Masterfit Flooring.


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Shoreline, a Maine-based company, offers revenue cycle management services to physicians and medical billing companies across the U.S. Our goal is to help you manage your business in a way where you can focus on patient care and operations, not paperwork!
When it comes to your medical billing, you want to be sure that you are working with a reputable and qualified service provider. We understand this because as a medical billing company, we have seen the challenges and successes that come with managing medical billing.
This is why we created a special guide to help practices learn what to look for when choosing a provider to help them avoid costly mistakes, save time and money, and rest easy knowing they’ve made the best decision for their practice.
Shoreline proudly supports physicians, medical groups, and medical billing companies. Following are revenue cycle management services we offer.
Communicating with insurance carriers on your behalf, keeping you compliant while saving you
time and money.
Our scrubbing tools help automate and ensure accurate patient information.
Our coders are AAPC certified and are specialists in their role. The results are faster and accurate
Decreasing the cycle of slow or no-pay from insurance companies.
Streamlining the management of insurance claims and maximizing revenue.
Providing a rapid response to any claim issue that arises, so you get paid.
Identifying issues such as denials for medical necessities, non-covered services, and reveal prior
Reduce revenue losses and increase cash flow, without the delays from denied claims.
Eliminating A/R issues and reducing late payments.
Handling patient statements and follow ups to ensure accurate claim processing.
Eliminating financial stress by providing a self-service tool that helps you achieve the highest balance accuracy. Read More....
Identifying and resolving potential administrative issues before they impact reimbursements.
Shoreline Medical Billing, Inc. is a full-service provider of medical billing and coding services to
healthcare providers in the United States. Shoreline's mission is to be a trusted and valued healthcare
partner offering advanced revenue cycle management services with dedication and integrity. We pride
ourselves on exceeding expectations and maintaining a commitment to excellent service. Shoreline
services is committed to the future of medical billing with an investment in new technology and people
while continuing to provide excellent service.
"My first time in solo practice I was very concerned about my ability to manage 'the business side' of medicine. The personalized care and guidance this group provided to me and my staff were really a life saver. They always had quick turnaround on any questions I sent in, and were very knowledgeable for problem solving on the fly! I never feel like just a number, as I might have with a large corporation."
"We use Shoreline Medical Billing for all our billing needs, the support is second to none! They are always up to date with coding updates which helps to ensure timely billings and prompt payments. I highly recommend Shoreline Medical Billing for your billing needs."
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"We switched to Shoreline Medical Billing. Our claims are getting paid, and we are getting friendly, knowledgeable service. We highly recommend Shoreline."
"I’m a small pediatric OT practice and have been with Shoreline for several years now. They have made it so easy for me to keep my focus on patient care by being so knowledgeable and so efficient with all aspects of my billing. When I do have questions, they are always available and able to help quickly. Couldn’t be happier!"


Smarajit SarkarDepartment of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering NIT Rourkela
The OBM vessel is essentially a Bessemer-like converter fitted with a special bottom . The tuyeres are inserted from the bottom in such a way that the oxygen would be surrounded by a protective hydrocarbon gas like propane. On entry propane cracks down in an endothermic reaction and takes up some of the heat-gene-rated by the entry of oxygen. The relative feed rates of these two fluids are adjusted to obtain optimum temperatures at the tuyere tip and thereby ensure its reasonable life as well as speed of refining. The deposition of carbon, which is a product of cracking, also helps to protect the bottom from heat generated due to the refining reactions at the tips of tuyeres.
Inorder to promote turbulence in the bath and thereby ensure good slag-metal contact, the tuyeres are arranged only on half the converter bottom. Experience dictated that provision of a few bigger tuyeres is better than large number of fine tuyeres. Maintenance problems are minimised without loosing in terms of metallurgical requirements of turbulence. By this arrangement, it is ensured that the direction of metal circulation is upwards in the tuyere half of the vessel, and downwards in the other half. This arrangement is also helpful in minimising the damage to tuyeres while charging scrap, since it can now be charged on that part where there are no tuyeres.
Oxidation of carbon : Bottom blowing increases sharply the intensity of bath stirring and increases the area of gas-metal boundaries (10-20 times the values typical of top blowing) . Since the hydrocarbons supplied into the bath together with oxygen dissociate into H2, H2O and CO2 gas bubbles in the bath have a lower partial pressure of carbon monoxide (Pco ) All these factors facilitate substantially the formation and evolution of carbon monoxide, which leads to a higher rate of decarburization in bottom blowing
The degree of oxidation of metal and slag Removal of phosphorous: Since the slag of the bottom-blown converter process have a low degree of oxidation almost during the whole operation, the conditions existing during these periods are unfavorable for phosphorus removal
Almost 98% oxygen being reacted with metal in OBM and hence that much scrap rate is lower in the OBM. If scrap is cheaper the top blowing can offer some cost advantage in this respect. The iron losses in top blown are nearly 5% more than those in OBM. Very low carbon steers are achievable in top blowing only at the expense of extra iron loss in slag. But this is readily achievable in OBM.
This also, leads to situation wherein higher carbon levels can be obtained by catch carbon techniques easily in LD than in OBM, at low P contents. The stirring intensity, which is estimated to be nearly ten times more in OBM than in LD gives better partition of phosphorus and sulphur, higher manganese and lower oxygen at turndown result-ing in better ferroalloy recovery.
Since the slag of the bottom-blown converter process have a lowdegree of oxidation almost during the whole operation, theconditions existing during these periods are unfavorable forphosphorus removal. Only at the end of blowing, when the bath islow in carbon, the oxidation degree of the slag increasessharply, thus favouring dephosphorization. At thatmoment, phosphorus passes intensively to slag. When using lumpylime in the charge, it is difficult to make medium or high carbonsteels with a low content of phosphorus. The metal must be blownto a low carbon content, so as to form an oxidizing slag at the endof heat, and then carburized in the ladle.
Problems arise when the layer of foaming slag created on the surface of the molten metal exceeds the height of the vessel and overflows, causing metal loss, process disruption and environmental pollution. This phenomenon is commonly referred to as slopping.
Better mixing and homogeneity in the bath offer the following advantages: Less slopping, since non-homogeneity causes formation of regions with high supersaturation and consequent violent reactions and ejections. Better mixing and mass transfer in the metal bath with closer approach to equilibrium for [C]-[O]-CO reaction, and consequently, lower bath oxygen content at the same carbon content
Better slag-metal mixing and mass transfer and consequently, closer approach to slag-- metal equilibrium, leading to: o lower FeO in slag and hence higher Fe yield o transfer of more phosphorus from the metal to the slag (i.e. better bath dephosphorisation) o transfer of more Mn from the slag to the metal, and thus better Mn recovery o lower nitrogen and hydrogen contents of the bath. More reliable temperature measurement and sampling of metal and slag, and thus better process control Faster dissolution of the scrap added into the metal bath
•A small amount of inert gas, about 3% of the volume of oxygenblown from top, introduced from bottom, agitates the bath soeffectively that slopping is almost eliminated.•However for obtaining near equilibrium state of the systeminside the vessel a substantial amount of gas has to beintroduced from the bottom.•If 20-30% of the total oxygen, if blown from bottom, can causeadequate stirring for the system to achieve near equilibriumconditions. The increase beyond 30% therefore contributesnegligible addition of benefits.
• The more the oxygen fraction blown from bottom the less is the post combustion of CO gas and consequently less is the scrap consumption in the charge under identical conditions of processing.• Blowing of inert gas from bottom has a chilling effect on bath and hence should be minimum. On the contrary the more is the gas blown the more is the stirring effect and resultant better metallurgical results. A optimum choice therefore has to be made judiciously.
As compared to top blowing, the hybrid blowingeliminates the temperature and concentrationgradients and effects improved blowing control, lessslopping and higher blowing rates. It also reduces overoxidation and improves the yield. It leads the processto near equilibrium with resultant effectivedephosphorisation and desulphurisation and ability tomake very low carbon steels.
What is blown from the bottom, inert gas or oxygen? How much inert gas is blown from the bottom? At what stage of the blow the inert gas is blown, although the blow, at the end of the blow, after the blow ends and so on? What inert gas is blown, argon, nitrogen or their combination? How the inert gas is blown, permeable plug, tuyere, etc.? What oxidising media is blown from bottom, oxygen or air? If oxygen is blown from bottom as well then how much of the total oxygen is blown from bottom ?
The processes have been developed to obtain the combined ad-vantages of both LD and OBM to the extent possible. Therefore the metallurgical performance of a hybrid process has to be evaluated in relation to these two extremes, namely the LD and the OBM. The parameters on which this can be done are : Iron content of the slag as a function of carbon content of bath Oxidation levels in slag and metal Manganese content of the bath at the turndown Desulphurisation efficiency in terms of partition coefficient Dephosphorisation efficiency in terms of partition coefficient Hydrogen and nitrogen contents of the bath at turndown Yield of liquid steel
The oxidizing conditions of a heat in a steelmaking plant, thepresence of oxidizing slag, and the interaction of the metal with thesurrounding atmosphere at tapping and teeming - all these factorsare responsible for the fact that the dissolved oxygen in steel has adefinite, often elevated, activity at the moment of steel tapping. Theprocedure by which the activity of oxygen can be lowered to therequired limit is called deoxidation. Steel subjected to deoxidation istermed deoxidized. If deoxidized steel is quiet during solidificationin moulds, with almost no gases evolving from it, it is called killedsteel.
If the metal is tapped and teemed without being deoxidized, the reaction [O] + [C] = COg will take place between the dissolved oxygen and carbon as the metal is cooled slowly in the mould. Bubbles of carbon monoxide evolve from the solidifying metal, agitate the metal in the mould vigorously, and the metal surface is seen to boil. Such steel is called wild; when solidified, it will be termed rimming steel . In some cases, only partial deoxidation is carried out, i.e. oxygen is only partially removed from the metal. The remaining dissolved oxygen causes the metal to boil for a short time. This type of steel is termed semi-killed.
Thus, practically all steels are deoxidized to some or other extent so as to lower the activity of dissolved oxygen to the specified limit. The activity of oxygen in the metal can be lowered by two methods: (I) by lowering the oxygen concentration, or (2) by combining oxygen into stable compounds. There are the following main practical methods for deoxidation of steel: (a) precipitation deoxidation, or deoxidation in the bulk; (b) diffusion deoxidation; (c) treatment with synthetic slags; and (d) vacuum treatment.
The advantages of continuous casting (over ingot casting) are: It is directly possible to cast blooms, slabs and billets, thus eliminating blooming, slabbing mills completely, and billet mills to a large extent. Better quality of the cast product. Higher crude-to-finished steel yield (about 10 to 20% more than ingot casting). Higher extent of automation and process control.
Solidification must be completed before the withdrawal rolls. The liquid core should be bowl-shaped as shown in the Figure and not pointed at the bottom (as indicated by the dotted lines), since the latter increases the tendency for undesirable centerline (i.e. axial) macro-segregation and porosity The solidified shell of metal should be strong enough at the exit region of the mould so that it does not crack or breakout under pressure of the liquid.
The surface area-to-volume ratio per unit length of continuously cast ingot is larger than that for ingot casting. As a consequence, the linear rate of solidification (dx/dt) is an order of magnitude higher than that in ingot casting. The dendrite arm spacing in continuously cast products is smaller compared with that in ingot casting.
Macro-segregation is less, and is restricted to the centreline zone only. Endogenous inclusions are smaller in size, since they get less time to grow. For the same reason, the blow holes are, on an average, smaller in size. Inclusions get less time to float-up. Therefore, any non-metallic particle coming into the melt at the later stages tends to remain entrapped in the cast product.
In addition to more rapid freezing, continuous casting differs from ingot casting in several ways. These are noted below. Mathematically speaking, continuously cast ingot is infinitely long. Hence, the heat flow is essentially in the transverse direction, and there is no end-effect as is the case in ingot casting (e.g. bottom cone of negative segregation, pipe at the top, etc.). The depth of the liquid metal pool is several metres long. Hence, the ferrostatic pressure of the liquid is high during the latter stages of solidification, resulting in significant difficulties of blow-hole formation.
Since the ingot is withdrawn continuously from the mould, the frozen layer of steel is subjected to stresses. This is aggravated by the stresses arising out of thermal expansion/ contraction and phase transformations. Such stresses are the highest at the surface. Moreover, when the ingot comes out of the mould, the thickness of the frozen steel shell is not very appreciable. Furthermore, it is at around 1100- 1200 C, and is therefore, weak. All these factors tend to cause cracks at the surface of the ingot leading to rejections. Use of a tundish between the ladle and the mould results in extra temperature loss. Therefore, better refractory lining in the ladles, tundish, etc. are required in order to minimise corrosion and erosion by molten metal.
Smarajit SarkarDepartment of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering NIT Rourkela
Primary steelmaking is aimed at fast meltingand rapid refining. It is capable of refining ata macro level to arrive at broad steelspecifications, but is not designed to meetthe stringent demands on steel quality, andconsistency of composition and temperaturethat is required for very sophisticated gradesof steel. In order to achieve suchrequirements, liquid steel from primarysteelmaking units has to be further refined inthe ladle after tapping. This is known asSecondary Steelmaking.
improvement in quality improvement in production rate decrease in energy consumption use of relatively cheaper grade or alternative raw materials use of alternate sources of energy higher recovery of alloying elements.
Lower impurity contents . Better cleanliness. (i.e. lower inclusion contents) Stringent quality control. (i.e. less variation from heat-to-heat) Microalloying to impart superior properties. Better surface quality and homogeneity in the cast product.
The term clean steel should mean a steel free of inclusions. However, no steel can be free from all inclusions. Macro-inclusions are the primary harmful ones. Hence, a clean steel means a cleaner steel, i.e., one containing a much lower level of harmful macro-inclusions.)
In practice, it is customary to divide inclusions by size into macro inclusions and micro inclusions. Macro inclusions ought to be eliminated because of their harmful effects. However, the presence of micro inclusions can be tolerated, since they do not necessarily have a harmful effect on the properties of steel and can even be beneficial. They can, for example, restrict grain growth, increase yield strength and hardness, and act as nuclei for the precipitation of carbides, nitrides, etc.
The critical inclusion size is not fixed but depends on many factors, including service requirements. Broadly speaking, it is in the range of 5 to 500 µm (5 X 10-3 to 0.5 mm). It decreases with an increase in yield stress. In high-strength steels, its size will be very small. Scientists advocated the use of fracture mechanics concepts for theoretical estimation of the critical size for a specific situation.
Precipitation due to reaction from molten steel or during freezing because of reaction between dissolved oxygen and the deoxidisers, with consequent formation of oxides (also reaction with dissolved sulphur as well). These are known as endogenous inclusions. Mechanical and chemical erosion of the refractory lining Entrapment of slag particles in steel Oxygen pick up from the atmosphere, especially during teeming, and consequent oxide formation. Inclusions originating from contact with external sources as listed in items 2 to 4 above, are called exogenous inclusions.
With a lower wettability (higher value of σMe – inc), an inclusion can be retained in contact with themetal by lower forces, and therefore, can breakoff more easily and float up in the metal. On thecontrary, inclusion which are wetted readily by themetal, cannot break off from it as easily.
Carryover slag from the furnace into the ladle should be minimised, since it contains high percentage of FeO + MnO and makes efficient deoxidation fairly difficult. Deoxidation products should be chemically stable. Otherwise, they would tend to decompose and transfer oxygen back into liquid steel. Si02 and Al203 are preferred to MnO. Moreover the products should preferably be liquid for faster growth by agglomeration and hence faster removal by floatation. Complex deoxidation gives this advantage.
Stirring of the melt in the ladle by argon flowing through bottom tuyeres is a must for mixing and homogenisation, faster growth, and floatation of the deoxidation products. However, very high gas flow rates are not desirable from the cleanliness point of view, since it has the following adverse effects:o Too vigorous stirring of the metal can cause disintegration of earlier formed inclusion conglomerates.o Re-entrainment of slag particles into molten steel.o Increased erosion of refractories and consequent generation of exogenous inclusions.o More ejection of metal droplets into the atmosphere with consequent oxide formation.
The varieties of secondary steelmaking processes that have proved to be of commercial value can broadly be categorised as under: Stirring treatments Synthetic slag refining with stirring Vacuum treatments Decarburisation techniques Injection metallurgy Plunging techniques Post-solidification treatments.
It is a simple ladle like furnace provided with bottom plug for argon purging and lid with electrodes to become an arc furnace for heating the bath. Another lid may be provided to connect it to vacuum line, if required. Chutes are provided for additions and an opening even for injection. In short it is capable of carrying out stirring, vacuum treatment, synthetic slag refining, plunging, injection etc. all in one unit without restraint of temperature loss, since it is capable of being heated independently.
Every ladle furnace need not be equipped withall these arrangements. As per the requirementsof refining the ladle furnace may be providedwith the necessary facilities. For example if gascontent is no consideration, vacuum attachmentmay be eliminated. The principal component ofthe facilities are shown in next slideschematically.
The ASEA-SKF furnace is a special variety of LF furnace only. The SKF furnace is essentially a teeming ladle for which additional fittings are provided. The metal in the ladle is stirred by an electromagnetic stirrer provided from outside. The ladle shell is made of austenitic stainless steel for this reason. Two ladle covers are employed. One of these fits tightly on to the ladle forming a vacuum seal, and is connected to a steam ejector unit for evacuation of the ladle chamber. For vacuum decarburisation oxygen lance is introduced through a vacuum sealed port located in the cover.
When the decarburisation and vacuum degassing is over the first cover is replaced by the second cover which contains three electrodes. Final alloying and temperature adjustments are then made. Steel can also be desulphurised by preparing a reducing basic slag under the electrode cover. The process is schematically shown in next slide. The nearly re-fined steel in only one of the primary steelmaking processes can be treated in this furnace by carrying out the following operations :
Tapping primary furnace into the SKF ladle directly . Controlled stirring during the entire secondary processing Vacuum treatment including minor decarburisation Extensive decarburisation for stainless steelmaking. Deoxidation. Desulphurisation and deslagging. Alloying to desired extent. Temperature adjustment. Teeming from the same SKF ladle.
Quality improvement of steel can also be brought about after steel is refined and cast into ingots from the primary refining furnace, by remelting and casting once again. Typical examples of this type is zone refining which is adopted to produce purer metals. The other two techniques that have been developed are meant for the production of, not pure metals, but alloy steels of better cleanliness and low sulphur contents. The vacuum arc remelting, VAR(750kWh/ton) for short and the electro slag refining, ESR (900-1300kWh/ton) for short, are commercially used for further refining of steels after these are cast into ingots.
In both of these processes the steel ingot produced by the primary refining forms the electrode to be drip-melted into a water cooled copper mould. In VAR melting is carried out under vacuum and in ESR it is in open atmosphere. In VAR arc is struck between the electrode and the mould and it generates the heat required for melting the electrode. In ESR a slag layer is used to act as a resistor between the electrode and the mould and which is responsible for melting the electrode. The slag also acts as a refining agent.
In both of these processes the electrode melts progressively and is resolidified on the mould, nearly unidirectionally. Because of the high temperature, small pool of molten metal and almost unidirectional solidification, both of these processes can produce sound ingots of high density. The composition of the product is nearly the same as that of the original material but with improved cleanliness, decreased segregation and with practically no cavities. The ingot size ranges from about 200 to 1500mm on industrial level
The product of both of these processes is exceptionally suited for the production of forgings of high alloy steels. But because of high cost of such a process, applications are limited to specialty products like turbo rotor shafts and so on. In VAR the hydrogen and oxygen contents are very low but in ESR they are like ordinary steels. In ESR the choice of the slag composition is fairly critical since it has to act as a resistor as well as a refin-ing agent. These are essentially oxy-fluoride type reducing slag like CaO-CaF2·
The ESR however has some advantages over VAR and these are given below: Multiple electrode can be melted into a single electrode. Spacing between the mould wall and the electrode is not critical. Surface quality is superior requiring little or no conditioning. Steel can be desulphurised to as low as 0·002% sulphur. Round, square, hollow and rectangular shapes of ingots can be produced. Ingots of much larger weight can be produced.
Molten steel is contained in the ladle. The two legs of the vacuum chamber (known as Snorkels) are immersed into the melt. Argon is injected into the up leg. Rising and expanding argon bubbles provide pumping action and lift the liquid into the vacuum chamber, where it disintegrates into fine droplets, gets degassed and comes down through the down leg snorkel, causing melt circulation. The entire vacuum chamber is refractory lined. There is provision for argon injection from the bottom, heating, alloy additions, sampling and sighting as well as video display of the interior of the vacuum chamber.
Why RH-OB Process?To meet increasing demand for cold-rolled steel sheets with improvedmechanical properties, and to cope with the change from batch-type tocontinuous annealing, the production of ULC steel (C < 20 ppm) isincreasing. A major problem in the conventional RH process is that the timerequired to achieve such low carbon is so long that carbon content atBOF tapping should be lowered. However, this is accompanied byexcessive oxidation of molten steel and loss of iron oxide in the slag. It adversely affects surface the quality of sheet as well.
Hence, decarburization in RH degasser is to be speeded up. This is achieved by some oxygen blowing (OB) during degassing. The RH-OB process, which uses an oxygen blowing facility during degassing, was originally developed for decarburization of stainless steel by Nippon Steel Corp., Japan, in 1972. Subsequently, it was employed for the manufacture of ULC steels. The present thrust is to decrease carbon content from something like 300 ppm to 10 or 20 ppm within 10 min. Cont…
Ferrochrome, which contains about 55 to 70% chromium is the principal source of Chromium. This ferroalloy can be classified into various grades, based primarily on their carbon :ontent, such as: Low carbon ferrochrome (about 0.1 % C). Intermediate carbon ferrochrome (about 2% C). High carbon ferrochrome (around 7% C). Amongst these grades, the high carbon variety has the drawback that though it is the least expensive, it raises the carbon content of the melt. This is undesirable, since all SS grades demand carbon contents less than 0.03%. Chromium forms stable oxides. Hence, the removal of carbon from the bath by oxidation to CO is associated with the problem of simultaneous oxidation of chromium in molten steel.
The higher the temperature, the greater is the tendency for preferential oxidation of carbon rather than chromium. From this point of view, higher bath temperatures are desirable; however, too high a temperature in the bath gives rise to other process problems. The dilution of oxygen with argon lowers the partial pressure of CO, which helps in preferential removal of CO without oxidising bath chromium. Attempts were made to use this in the EAF, but the efforts did not succeed. Hence, as is the case with the production of plain carbon steels, the EAF is now basically a melting unit for stainless steel production as well. Decarburisation is carried out partially in the EAF, and the rest of the carbon is removed in a separate refining vessel. In this context, the development of the AOD process was a major breakthrough in stainless steelmaking.
AOD is the acronym for Argon-Oxygen Decarburisation. The process was patented by the Industrial Gases Division of the Union Carbide Corporation In an AOD converter, argon is used to dilute the other gaseous species (02, CO, etc.). Hence, in some literature, it is designated as Dilution Refining Process. After AOD, some other dilution refining processes have been developed. Lowering of the partial pressures, such as the partial pressure of carbon monoxide, is achieved either by argon or by employing vacuum
The combination of EAF and AOD is sufficient for producing ordinary grades of stainless steels and this combination is referred to as a Duplex Process. Subsequent minor refining, temperature and composition adjustments, if required, can be undertaken in a ladle furnace. Triplex refining, where electric arc furnace melting and converter refining are followed by refining in a vacuum system, is often desirable when the final product requires very low carbon and nitrogen levels. About 65-70% of the worlds total production of stainless steel is in the austenitic variety, made by the duplex EAF-AOD route. If the use of AOD converters even in the triplex route is included, the share of AOD in world production would become as high as 75-80%.
Conventional AOD, no top blowing is involved. Only a mixture of argon and oxygen is blown through the immersed side tuyeres. However, the present AOD converters are mostly fitted with concurrent facilities for top blowing of either only oxygen, or oxygen plus inert gas mixtures using a supersonic lance as in BOF steelmaking.
Initially, when the carbon content of the melt is high, blowing through the top lance is predominant though the gas mixture introduced through the side tuyeres also contains a high percentage of oxygen. However, as decarburisation proceeds, oxygen blowing from the top is reduced in stages and argon blowing increased. As stated earlier, some stainless steel grades contain nitrogen as a part of the specifications, in which case, nitrogen is employed in place of argon in the final stages.
This process produces molten iron in a two-step reduction melting operation. One reactor is melter-gasifier and the other is pre- reducer. In the pre-reducer, iron oxide is reduced in counter-flow principle. The hot sponge is discharged by screw conveyors into the melting reactor. Coal is introduced in the melting-gassifying zone along with oxygen gas at the rate of 500-600 Nm3/thm. The flow velocity is chosen such that temperature in the range of 1500-1800 C is main-tained. The reducing gas containing nearly 85% CO is hot dedusted and cooled to 800-900 C before leading it into the pre- reducer
In the FINEX Process fine ore is preheated and reduced to DRI in a train of four or three stage fluidized bed reactors. The fine DRI is compacted and then charged in the form of Hot Compacted Iron (HCI) into the melter gasifier. So, before charging to the melter- gasifier unit of the FINEX unit, this material is compacted in a hot briquetting press to give hot compacted iron (HCI) since the melter- gasifier can not use fine material (to ensure permeability in the bed). Non-coking coal is briquetted and is fed to the melter gasifier where it is gasified with oxygen
As a standard guide the temperature riseattainable by oxidation of 0·01 % of each of theelement dissolved in liquid iron at 1400°C byoxygen at 25°C is calculated assuming that noheat is lost to the surroundings and such data areshown below .
Ahindra Ghosh and Amit Chatterjee: Ironmaking and Steelmaking Theory and Practice, Prentice- Hall of India Private Limited, 2008 Anil K. Biswas: Principles of Blast Furnace Ironmaking, SBA Publication,1999 R.H.Tupkary and V.R.Tupkary: An Introduction to Modern Iron Making, Khanna Publishers. R.H.Tupkary and V.R.Tupkary: An Introduction to Modern Steel Making, Khanna Publishers. David H. Wakelin (ed.): The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel (Ironmaking Volume), The AISE Steel Foundation, 2004. Richard J.Fruehan (ed.): The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel (Steeelmaking Volume), The AISE Steel Foundation, 2004. A.Ghosh, Secondary Steel Making – Principle & Applications, CRC Press – 2001. R.G.Ward: Physical Chemistry of iron & steel making, ELBS and Edward Arnold, 1962. F.P.Edneral: Electrometallurgy of Steel and Ferro-Alloys, Vol.1 Mir Publishers,1979 B. Ozturk and R. J. Fruehan,: "Kinetics of the Reaction of SiO(g) with Carbon Saturated Iron": Metall. Trans. B, Vol. 16B, 1985, p. 121. B. Ozturk and R. J. Fruehan: "The Reaction of SiO(g) with Liquid Slags,” Metall. Trans.B, Volume 17B, 1986, p. 397. B. Ozturk and R. J. Fruehan:”.Transfer of Silicon in Blast Furnace": , Proceedings of the fifth International Iron and Steel Congress, Washington D.C., 1986, p. 959. P. F. Nogueira and R. J. Fruehan:” Blast Furnace Softening and Melting Phenomena - Melting Onset in Acid and Basic Pellets", , ISS-AIME lronmaking Conference, 2002, pp. 585.
Paulo Nogueira, Richard Fruehan: "Blast Furnace Burden Softening and Melting Phenomena-Part I Pellet Bulk Interaction Observation", , Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Volume 35B, 2004, pp. 829. P.F. Nogueira, Richard J. Fruehan: Fundamental Studies on Blast Furnace Burden Softening and Melting", Proceedings of 2nd International Meeting on lronmaking, September 2004, Vitoria, Brazil. Paulo F. Nogueira, Richard J. Fruehan, "Blast Furnace Softening and Melting Phenomena - Part III: Melt Onset and Initial Microstructal Transformation in Pellets", submitted to Materials and Metallurgical Transactions B. Paulo F. Nogueira, Richard J. Fruehan :Blast Furnace Burden Softening and Melting Phenomena-Part II Evolution of the Structure of the Pellets", Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, Volume 36B, 2005, pp. 583- MA Jitang: “Injecuion of flux into Blast Furnace via Tuyeres for optimizing slag formation” ISIJ International, Volume 39, No7 1999,pp697 Y.S.Lee, J.R.Kim, S.H.Yi and D.J.Min: “Viscous behavior of CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO- FeO Slag”, Proceedings of VIIInternational Conferenceon -Molten slags,fluxes and salts, The South African Institute of Minig and Metallurgy, 2004,pp225
Smarajit SarkarDepartment of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering NIT Rourkela


text:
Title: The Locket of Dreams
Author: Belinda Murrell
Have you read any other books by this author?:
Why did you choose this book?:
It looked really interesting.
Write the main events that take place in the story?:
Sophie's grandma shows Sophie and her sister a box. A really pretty box. Sophie's grandma shoes them everything in the box. Sophie sees a golden locket, a heart shaped one. That night Sophie wakes up and takes out the pretty looking box. Sophie takes out the locket and puts it around her neck. When Sophie falls asleep with the locket around her neck she goes back to the past (1858) to learn the truth about the mysterious Charlotte McKenzie.
Describe one of the characters from the book?:
Charlotte McKenzie - Charlotte has long red, curly hair and blue eyes. Charlotte also wears old-fashioned dresses.
Who would you recommend this to?:
I would recommend this book to Miss Persnickety, other teachers, friends and family.
This effort was completely unguided (or edited) by me and I would love to thank Miss J for her contribution to the blog.
Format: Paperback, 281 pages
Publisher: Random House
Source of Review Copy: publisher
_ _ _


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text:
Perth: South Africa, fired by a devastating spell of bowling from Dale Steyn and sustained by the batting of Hashim Amla, took a firm grip on the third and final Test against Australia on Saturday to end day two with an imposing lead of 292.
Amla finished the day one run short of his 18th Test century with South Africa on 230 for two after paceman Steyn had taken (4/40) as the bowlers dismissed the hosts for 163 for a first innings lead of 62.
Captain Graeme Smith put on 178 for the second wicket with Amla before departing for 84 to leave Jacques Kallis, who had made 17 not out, to resume on Sunday.
Australia had started the day on 33 for two in front of a bumper Waca crowd hoping to see Ricky Ponting score a century in his penultimate innings and drive his country towards a series victory and the No. 1 ranking that would go with it.
Their hopes lasted less than 40 minutes as Steyn, who took three wickets at the cost of just four runs in the morning session, and his fellow quicks Vernon Philander (2/55) and Morne Morkel (1/19) unleashed the barrage the Australians had feared all series.
The first ball of the Steyn's first over dispatched opener David Warner caught behind for 13 after a fruitless TV appeal, while his fourth sent nightwatchman Nathan Lyon back to the pavilion for seven.
Ponting, who had been welcomed by a standing ovation, managed just four runs when he was trapped lbw by Philander, his subsequent appeal to the TV umpire having less merit than Warner's but proving just as fruitless.