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domain: chemistry


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The working group has proven expertise in the field of nitride ceramics, in particular silicon nitride (Si3N4) and sialon. We also develop and test ceramic fiber composites (CMC) and environmental barrier coatings (EBC) based on oxide and non-oxide ceramic systems for use in high-temperature applications. The adaptation and optimization of materials to their subsequent application is supported by application-oriented characterization methods.
For the development of thermo-mechanically highly loaded materials and the component design, unique testing technology is available for the determination of mechanical characteristic values up to 1600 °C. In addition, we modify testing solutions on customer request, such as the notched ball test for the strength determination of ceramic ball bearing balls or the testing of thin substrates for SOFC/SOEC and power electronics applications. The test setups and loading regimes can be validated by accompanying load simulation.
- Application-oriented development and optimization of nitride ceramics (Si3N4, Sialon, AlN, BN) and Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC) as well as corresponding components
- Material and component characterization (mechanical, electrical, thermal, tribological, corrosion, high temperature, oxidation)
- Optimization of manufacturing processes
- Example applications: Gas turbines, wear tools, cutting tools, power electronics, aerospace industry, bearings.


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Scenic Helicopter Tours Sevierville, TN offers some of the most extensive aerial tours of the Smokies. Hop into one of their 3 helicopters and let one of Scenic Helicopter Tours Sevierville, TN pilots take you one of the most memorable rides your life! Pigeon Forge helicopter rides offer a new way to view the Smokies - from a vantage point of a hawk soaring over the treetops. See the peaks of the mountains, lows of the valleys, the wind of the river in a way you've never seen before. The thrill seek in your group will enjoy soaring high in a helicopter above the Smoky Mountains!
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Written by Brittany Tipton

domain: geography


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Next Tuesday, Ice Cube will release Raw Footage, the newest addition to his impressive and ever-growing catalog. Now, eighteen years since the release of his solo debut, AmeriKKKa’s Most Wanted, Cube might be older, but his rhymes are still tightly woven with thought-provoking sentiment and lyrical ingenuity. This is evidenced by the West Coast native’s newest single, Why Me?, which features accompaniment from singer Musiq Soulchild. Over a mellow, head-nodding beat from Lench Mob in-house producers Teak and Dee (of Hallway Productionz), Cube puts random and unprovoked violence on blast in a dedication to “all the n*ggaz who is dead and don’t know why.” A question is asked, but does anyone have the answer?
Written by DJ Z on 08/14/08
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"This Is Los Angeles ft. Ice Cube" (2007)
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domain: artistic


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Sunday, December 23, 2007
The Golden Compass, a short review
It was pretty to look at, but the story was softened too much to not frighten children like the book properly did. I give it one thumb up, 6 stars out of 10, a score of 5.5, and a couple approving nods at the uber-cool daemons. Other than that, it's sort of familiar fantasy, with the girl playing Lyra the best (and least overly dramatic) acting in the film. I'll probably pick it up on DVD just because I like Pan that much.


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On a quiet evening when the cricket choir was in chorus and the moon was hiding behind dark clouds, a group of armed men entered a community out of the blue and ordered almost everybody to the community square.
The gun men entered almost every house and unleashed unspeakable horror – women were raped while feeble old men and women who pleaded to be left alone were dragged on ground.
With their husbands fleeing, women and children were left to their fate as the gun men sexually abused even minors and physically assaulted those who showed the least sign of resistance.
The raid lasted more than an hour before the attackers withdrew.
The whole episode was a reprisal attack as a month before, two men from the attacked village (A) had allegedly raped and killed a woman from the neighbouring village (B). A piece of cloth associated with village A was found in the grip of the dead woman, probably from a violent struggle.
Although it was reported to the police, no one was arrested. Men from village B swore to get their revenge and they did in the most wicked and atrocious way.
Women from village A advised their men to visit village B to apologise for the incident but it was brushed off as a sign of weakness as no man from the village had been identified as the perpetrator.
But not long afterwards, the women became victims of a conflict they never started.
Three days after the incident, the police rounded up dozens of youth from village B and also invited the chiefs and elders from both sides for peace talks, but ironically, no woman was part of the two parties.
While this may be fictional, it fits the bill of the ills of conflict prevention and resolution (UNSCR1325 or WPS) that the UN Security Council in October 2000 adopted. It purpose was to specifically addresses gender-based issues.
According to experts, the lack of gender equality hinders conflict prevention and post-conflict reconstruction while sexualised violence remains a cruel reality in almost all conflicts around the world with survivors of sexual violence receiving little or no psycho-social care, counselling and health care.
More than a landmark, the resolution was conceived in Africa, led by Namibia with the support of African stakeholders and eventually gathered steam in New York, where it was passed.
With prodding from the United Nations and other partners, countries in the world began to nurture the new baby. The general consensus is that at 20, the child should be an influential power behind women, giving them voice and place at the table of conflict prevention and resolution.
But when peace, security and gender advocates gathered at the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Centre in Accra to celebrate and assess the progress, lessons as well as threats facing their 20-year old WSP, they all agreed that governments need to go beyond motivational talk and action plans.
Dr Mohammed Ibn Chambas,the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for West Africa and the Sahel (UNOWAS), set the tone of the conversation during the gathering of experts and stakeholders at a symposium organised by the Women, Peace and Security Institute (WSPI) of KAIPTC which was established as a semi-autonomous Institute within the Centre in 2010.
In a speech that diagnosed challenges confronting the implementation of the resolution, he said weak resource mobilisation and the non-allocation of state resources to national action plans, as well as delays in the implementation of the plans were some of the major obstacles.
But also made an instructive statement on the value of offering women chairs at the table of peace.
“Women’s meaningful participation is vital to help de-escalate disputes, prevent conflicts and promote lasting and inclusive peace.
“Women’s meaningful participation in peace processes requires women to be able to participate in all stages of these processes,” he said at the 20th-anniversary celebrations of the declaration of the resolution that has amplified the role of women in prevention and resolution of conflicts,” he said.
With the UN cheerleading the progress of the WSP through affirmative actions, the Regional Director of UN Women, Mrs Oulimata Sarr, celebrated the success chalked over the last two decades including quota law in many countries.
Over the past two decades, the WPS agenda has birthed some landmarks, despite the challenges that continue to persist with its implementation.
Through the implementation of the resolution, the number of women in peacekeeping operations has increased. The number of female personnel deployed in the peacekeeping service remains low. At the end of 2018, only 4% of the military components of missions were women. United Nations-led initiatives tripled the figure to 13.4% in 2019.
That is not all. Gender perspective has been integrated in peacekeeping operations; there is also an increase in preventing and responding to serious misconduct by peacekeeping personnel; and trafficking.
Mrs Sarr said, “The United Nations has also made a great leap forward by increasing the number of women in strategic positions in terms of representation in the countries of the region,” she said.
But like her peers, she believes more than ever, the issues of women need attention given the complexities that COVID-19 adds to conflicts, including those triggered by electoral violence.”
While expressing fears about widening inequalities that weigh down women, she also found light at the end of the tunnel.
“All actors in the region who work in the area of peace are trying to find answers to these challenges, and women are part of the answer.Their extended hand only needs to be reached out by these actors.
“Theircommitment, their numerical strength, their influence at the family and community level, and their peace skills acquired over time through various training courses are their greatest assets. But above all, the power of love and truth,” she explained.
With ECOWAS being the sub-regional body with the most action plans on the WSP as 14 out of 16 countries developed blueprints to close the gender gap in conflict prevention and management, the sub-region’s Commissioner of Social Affairs and Gender, Dr Siga Fatima Jagne, still had some lamentations.
“Women and girls continue to remain the most vulnerable and most-at-risk populations. Despite the modest progress made and all the existing mechanisms as well as international, continental and regional laws endorsed by most Member States in favor of women and girls, they continue to remain in worsening state of insecurity and some facing existential threats.
They say life begins at 40, so Dr Jagne is hoping an additional 20 years should clear the bottlenecks as she said, “…the next 20 years of UNSCR 1325 will be more productive and impactful for both women and men and that the refocusing of attention on women’s role and contribution in peace building will change the narrative and outcome to a more peaceful world.”
For the Norwegian Ambassador Ghana, Mr Gunnar Holm, the starting point to empowering women should be that they should be recognised as key actors.
“If the agenda has been set and the delegations decided before women are invited, inclusion will be all the more difficult later. We have many examples of that.
“Women peacebuilders and human rights defenders are increasingly harassed and threatened, subject to violence and often killed. It goes without saying – this is unacceptable. It is a huge human rights problem, and a huge problem for peace and security efforts,” he said to cheers.
When the German Ambassador to Ghana took his turn, he concentrated on efforts the European country is making in Ghana to build the capacity of women in peace and security.
For instance, 15senior women leaders from different Ghanaian security agencies, are attending the first phase of the “Women`s Leadership Development Programme”, and by the end of 2020, almost 100 Ghanaian women will have completed this program and have enhanced their competencies and technical skills to excel in the security sector, the Ambassador said.
But that is not all. German support for KAIPTC is also hinged on gender balance. In 2019, 31% of KAIPTC`s course participants were female.
But it is not limited to Ghana.
“In West Africa and the Sahel region, Germany has aided UN Women to support WPS-related activities. In Mali, grants fostered for example the development of peace huts, so-called Woye Siffa, to promote women’s involvement in peacebuilding and social cohesion,” the Ambassador said while pledging more the years ahead.
The Commandant of the KAIPTC, Major-General Francis Ofori, while acknowledging the contributions of the WSP paid glowing tributes to the WPSI which had been leading the implementation of the resolution in Ghana and other parts of the continent.
Among other things, the institute has participated, facilitated and organized several workshops, dialogue and capacity building sessions with policymakers, security agencies, lawmakers and politicians on various components of the UNSCR 1325.
“WPSI continues to strive through diverse ways to contribute and ensure full implementation of the WPS Agenda across the globe,” he added.
As efforts at the international, regional and national level grow, many of the participants have a high sense of optimism that there would be enough capacity at the local level in districts and communities to involve women in preventing or dealing with the myriad of challenges holding back the implementation of UNSCR 1325.
But it would take deliberate, measured and consistent effort on the part of governments, civil society to achieve the aims of the WSP.
Cheers to 20 years!!!
For further information, please contact the Corporate Affairs Unit of the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre (KAIPTC) on +233 302 718200 ext 1104/1203. You can find the KAIPTC on Facebook and Youtube as: @Kaiptcgh and on instagram @Kaiptc. You can further find out more about the KAIPTC on our website: www.kaiptc.org.
About the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre:
The Ghana Ministry of Defence (MoD) established the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre (KAIPTC) in 1998 and commissioned it in 2004. The purpose was to build upon and share Ghana’s five decades of internationally acclaimed experience and competence in peace operations with other states in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) region and the rest of Africa. This was in recognition of the need for training military, police and civilian men and women to meet the changing demands of multidimensional peace operations. The Centre is one of the three (3) Peacekeeping Training Centres of Excellence mandated by the ECOWAS to offer training in peacekeeping and peace support operations (PSO) in Africa.
The Centre delivers training courses in three thematic areas; Peace Support Operations, Conflict Management and Peace and Security Studies and also runs Masters and PhD programmes in same. The KAIPTC has a world-class research department that undertakes research in the thematic areas in Peace and Security. Located in Accra, Ghana, the KAIPTC is an internationally recognised institution and has to date trained and tutored over 21, 496 participants and students since its inception.
KAIPTC is a gender-sensitive organisation and committed to gender equality. Following the launch of its gender policy in 2014, the Centre has mainstreamed gender into its policies and programmes, and integrates same in its focal areas, namely training, research and postgraduate education. The Centre has developed a Sexual Harassment policy and fully oriented employees on same. It has also provided a Nursing and Childcare Centre and instituted a paternity leave policy, all with the aim to create a conducive work environment at KAIPTC.
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domain: news


With datelines from Tokyo to Halifax dotting this weekend's mixed martial arts calendar, the international scene earned some deserved attention.
American fans on both coasts weren't hurting for action either, as bodogFIGHT debuted in New Jersey while 14 women came together for a card in Compton, Calif.
Several major international title belts changed hands, while others were defended quite nicely.
Tedoradze defends Cage Rage belt
Stepping on the scale Friday in London at just under 400 pounds, Eric "Butterbean" Esch nearly decapitated Cage Rage heavyweight champion Tengiz Tedoradze (21-7-1) during their fight at Wembley Arena in London, England.
However, the stout grappler stood up to Esch's mammoth left hook and recovered quickly enough to scramble into back-control. The Georgian unloaded on "Butterbean" (10-4-1), forcing a referee stoppage due to strikes with 30 seconds remaining in the first round.
Also on the card, PRIDE heavyweight veteran James Thompson was knocked out cold in 10 seconds against late replacement Neil Grove (1-0). Thompson (14-7-1) lost Wesley "Cabbage" Correira and Kimo Leopoldo as opponents leading up to the fight, and the large Groves made the most of his opportunity.
Brazilian MMA legend Mario Sperry (12-4) made quick work of UK fighting veteran Lee Hasdell (7-11-1, 1 NC), scoring a rear-naked choke win in less than two minutes.
Alvarez, Prangley and Larosa win in Bodog
The most prominent promoter in action on Saturday was bodogFIGHT, which made its American debut Saturday at the Sovereign Bank Arena in Trenton, New Jersey.
Energetic Philadelphian welterweight Eddie Alvarez, who relinquished the Bodog 170-pound title in April to Nick Thompson, bounced back to out-point Matt Lee in a fairly one-sided fight. Alvarez (11-1) used his fast hands and quality takedown defense to control Lee (9-6-1) during their three-round bout.
Trevor Prangley stopped Japanese veteran Yuki Kondo to capture the Bodog 185-pound title. The South African dropped Kondo in the first, including opening a significant cut under Kondo's left eye.
Prangley (16-4) took advantage of his noticeable size advantage to pummel Kondo (49-20-6) on the canvas, eventually forcing doctors to intervene between the second and third periods.
Tara Larosa, Bodog woman champion at 135 pounds, endured three tough rounds against late replacement Kelly Kobold before locking in an armbar from the bottom in the fourth period.
The challenger probably won the opening round, but by the third things had begun to shift in Larosa's favor. Following a short break and point deduction against Kobold (15-1-1) for an illegal knee on the ground, Larosa (14-1) shot right back in, scoring a takedown and combinations from Kobold's guard.
Goulet and Grant in KOTC's Halifax debut
More than 2,000 fans turned out to the Halifax Forum to watch King of the Cage's first card east of Quebec.
In the main event, an eye injury forced Cory MacDonald to end his night early against UFC veteran Jonathon Goulet. A series of punches from Goulet (19-8-0, 1 NC) after reversing MacDonald to secure top position apparently aggravated an injury MacDonald's camp said the 185-pounder suffered backstage before the fight, when a plastic aglet on his sweatshirt accidentally scratched his eye.
MacDonald (5-2) found success in the first, dominating position before attempting what appeared to be a close D'Arce choke. But Goulet's return to the top allowed him to finish the fight.
Local fighter TJ Grant (7-1) earned more cheers from the Halifax crowd as he beat up and submitted Kevin Manderson (11-9-1) en route to a first-round stoppage by rear-naked choke.
Win puts Ward in line for fight with Fujii
Lisa Ward said she wanted Japan's Megumi Fujii, and her dominant win Saturday night under the stars in front of 500 people at the Crystal Park Casino might have sealed the deal.
Fighting at 109 pounds, Ward will need to bulk up considerably to face Mega Megu, who recently signed to fight in Bodog at 125 pounds.
In defending her Fatale Femme Fighting title belt, Ward (9-2) owned Japan's Taeko Nagamine (2-3), pounding the tall, slender fighter until referee Marcos Rosales separated the two at 2:37 of round one.
Ginelle Marquez and Brazil's Vanessa Porto were both impressive in victory on the seven-bout, women-only MMA card, which has been seen before in the U.S. and is quite common in Japan.
Marquez easily out-pounded Megumi Yabushita. California State Athletic Commission judge Luis Cobain saw it a conservative but accurate 30-27; Ralph McKnight thought Marquez's performance deserved a lopsided 30-24; Dej Sri-Ampai rounded out the scoring with a 30-26 tally, marking round two as 10-8 for Marquez.
Meanwhile, Porto's first-round stoppage over Tonya Evinger put her in line to face FFF 135-pound champ Roxanne Modafferi.
Shooto offers several stunners
Siyar Bahadurzada (12-1-1) dominated Shikou Yamashita to become the fifth light heavyweight (183 lbs) champion of professional Shooto Sunday evening in Tokyo's legendary mixed martial arts proving ground, Korakuen Hall. Bahadurzada became the first Dutch-trained Shooto world champ as well as the first Afghan-born world champ.
Ranked No. 10 in the Shooto world 123-pound rankings, Yuki Shoujou (6-3-2), who just earned his Class A Shooto license in March, upset No. 1 world ranked Masatoshi Abe, submitting him with a guillotine choke in the second round. The bout was thought to be a solid test for Abe (8-2-1), who would presumably go on to challenge current 123-pound world champion and former teammate Shinichi "BJ" Kojima in the coming months.
Kojima (8-1-4) himself saw action on the card, dominating Yasuhiro Akagi 6-4 en route to a third round doctor stoppage win, while former Shooto world 143-pound champion "Lion" Takeshi Inoue made short work of Holland's Marc Duncan. Fighting at a 150-pound catch-weight, Lion (13-2) submitted Duncan (12-7) midway through the first round with a rear-naked choke.
Josh Gross is the editor for Sherdog.com


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Freedom of expression, including free access to information, is a fundamental human right. Freedom of expression is essential to enable people to acquire knowledge and form their own opinions. Freedom of expression is also a cornerstone of a vibrant democracy where all members of society can take part in a free exchange of views and ideas and influence social development. In pluralistic societies, an open dialogue where opinions can be pitted against each other helps to promote democracy and safeguard human rights.
Read the full strategy in English here
Watch the launch video here

domain: sociology


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Only logged in customers who have purchased this product may leave a review.
Paneer Tikka (8 pcs)
Paneer Tikka is popular Indian appetizer made with cubes of paneer & veggies marinated with yogurt and spices. Traditionally it’s grilled in a tandoor but you can make the same version in the oven with this easy recipe!
Category: Appetizers (Vegetarian)

domain: food


It isn’t often that we are given the opportunity to review custom firearms here at TFB. Not only are they expensive and in high demand, but they don’t need any additional exposure since they tend to sell themselves. So when Taran Tactical Innovations offered us the chance to borrow a fully customized GLOCK G17L Combat Master, there was a virtual fist fight to get the assignment. Since I fight dirty and don’t like to lose, I came out victorious (James is buff and all, but I know his weak spots). In the end, I was the one who got to play John Wick for a few weeks – and I enjoyed every minute of it.
A quick preamble: I’ll waste little time talking about the inevitable comparison of the Combat Master’s unique features and styling to a stock GLOCK 17L. This is a competition-ready firearm that incorporates premium upgrades for shooters who want to squeeze every ounce of performance from an already proven platform. The analogies are numerous: Rolex versus Suunto, BMW M3 versus Toyota Camry, Brooks Brothers versus Men’s Warehouse, hotdog with mustard versus hotdog with ketchup. You get the idea.
But first, a short anecdote. About eight years ago I started getting sick of my aftermarket GLOCK magazine extensions on my G26. My favorite and most trusted compact carry gun had one fault – my +2 mag baseplates would pinch my ring finger with every shot, enough to cause blood blisters. After searching for something new for a few months, I stumbled across a couple of slick aluminum extensions that looked both functional and comfortable.
However, since these extensions would be going on a duty gun, I had some reliability concerns. I picked up the phone and called the company looking for a little reassurance. After 20 minutes of conversation, I had ordered four base pads for both my G26 and G17. What I didn’t know at the time was that the voice on the other end of the phone wasn’t a nameless tech support agent – it was Taran Butler himself.
Jumping ahead about a decade, I still carry the same basepads, cosmetically a bit worse for wear, but functionally reliable. And apparently, the customer service at Taran Tactical Innovations hasn’t changed either. In the firearms industry, it’s easy to spot those who truly enjoy their work compared to those who are just going through the motions. The people at TTI are about as easy going as it comes. From a team who regularly trains Hollywood A-listers, is staffed with champion shooters and builds high-quality guns and accessories, it would be easy enough to just brush off a simple reviewer as being beneath them. On the contrary, the good people at TTI are a real pleasure to interact with.
Enough story telling. Let’s talk Combat Master.
TFB REVIEW: Taran Tactical Innovations GLOCK G17L Combat Master
The base gun is obviously a GLOCK 17L and the completed package ships in the original box with three magazines. Each magazine is outfitted with a +5 TTI magazine extension and spring. Included in the box are the original cleaning kit, lock, and paperwork.
The long slide 17 is somewhat of a rarity – it is rumored that GLOCK only produces the proverbial “hand cannon” for a few months every year or two. So if you have yet to see one in person, without being overly dramatic, it is a bit breathtaking.
Here are the specifications from the official GLOCK website:
With a sight radius of about nine inches, the G17L is born with precision in mind. Additionally, according to Ballistics By The Inch, a six-inch barrel offers an almost 10% velocity increase over a 4.5” inch barrel.
One piece of equipment I wish I had access to is a scale – I assume the Combat Master is lighter than a stock 17L, but I don’t know how by how much.
- 9mm 23+1
- 3 Mags with Base Pads
- Combat Master Slide Cuts
- Matte Black Ionbonded Finish
- 6.02 Inch Ionbonded Barrel
- Grand Master Grip Texture (Silicon Carbide)
- Finger Grooves Removed
- Accelerator Cut
- Gives the shooter more control with support hand
- Single Undercut
- Gives the shooter a higher purchase on the the grip
- Scallop Cut
- Relieving material around magazine release for quicker reloads
- Beveled Magazine Release
- TTI Lightning Competition Magwell
- TTI Fiber Optic Sights
- TTI Competition Trigger Job
- Stainless Steel Guide Rod with Reduced Weight Recoil Spring
- MSRP: $3,000
Aesthetics and Modifications
The TTI G17L is a beautiful, refined weapon. And I say that as a shooter that has no love for exotic cuts, stippling or engraving that serve no purpose. The front and back serrations are shallow enough to be subtle but also sharp enough to be useful with sweaty hands or under stress. Racking or slingshotting the slide is done with confidence.
The TTI fiber optic front sight is bright enough in full sun to be effective. It looks a little longer to pick it up against a white target in comparison to a black target, but I’m used to a standard three dot night sight setup. Given time and ammo, I could see the fiber optic sight being very fast.
Of course, in complete darkness, the front sight disappears, but show me a pistol stage that includes a pitch black room and I’ll show you a group of terrified bystanders.
The Grand Master (silicone carbide) grip texture is no joke; it’s almost as if the Combat Master frame moonlights as a skateboard deck on nights and weekends. If you were planning on carrying this gun concealed in and outside or inside the waistband holster, I’d have concerns about snagging clothing. But, with a proper strong-hand grip, this TTI gun is literally welded to your hand.
Seriously, in 110% humidity (I like to exaggerate for effect), the Combat Master showed no signs of movement in my sweaty palms (that’s what she said).
The undercut is a feature that I wish GLOCK would incorporate in their pistols from the factory, especially on the subcompact models. TTI did a great job with designing and implementing their trigger guard undercut into the Combat Master. It is functional and super clean – check out the Taran “T” perfectly embedded in the front strap.
Which brings me to the overall craftsmanship of the slide and framework. The TTI G17 Combat Master is about as perfect as it comes when you are talking GLOCK modifications. Each area is thoughtfully refined, presumably based on the TTI Team’s first-hand competition experience. Nothing is lacking nor is anything overdone – there’s a reason for each upgrade.
Quit looking for the aftermarket trigger that TTI is using in these builds – there isn’t one. The Combat Master has an in-house customized trigger that will give you flashbacks to the days when you were learning to shoot with a ‘surprise break’. The trigger pull is buttery clean without being mushy and if I had to make a guess, I’d say the weight is close to half of that of a stock GLOCK – maybe 3lbs, but I will check with TTI for a more precise number.
Yes, the magazine well is as large as it appears in pictures. Remember, this is a competition focused racegun – a large flared magazine well helps quick reloads, but it also serves as a platform for comfortable palm heel placement. Reloads are quick and you start to feel like a professional competitor after just a few cycles of practice.
During a recent training day, I took the TTI G17L Combat Master out for a spin using some random factory magazines and a few with The Vickers Tactical wide baseplates. It shouldn’t come as a shock that some aftermarket components won’t work with the TTI magazine well. Like any good competitor, proper function checks and field testing is required before putting something into service, even for something as small as a baseplate.
As I noted in the beginning, the TTI baseplates are still my favorite aftermarket edition to my GLOCKs. They are smooth and snag-free, reliable and have a bit of extra weight that helps magazines drop easier.
The gold ion bonded stock barrel is easy to clean and resists slide wear very well. Normally I’m not a fan of colored barrels, but this one is slick.
At six inches, the barrel G17L was begging to be threaded and dropped into a lesser GLOCK with a silencer. Alas, I refrained from busting out the Dremel.
Most of that residue seen in the above image wiped off with a rag and a little solvent. The ion bond treated barrel does its job well.
Shooting the Combat Master
I will not pretend that I know anything about the competitive shooting market. However, I do feel like I know a quality blaster when I shoot one. This TTI G17 was a 9mm vending machine of accuracy and performance.
Over the course of about a month, 750-1000 rounds and an array of weather conditions, the TTI G17L Combat Master didn’t experience a single failure. And it wasn’t for lack of trying – at one point during a particularly dusty/gritty range session I stopped to email TTI to make sure it was ok that I wasn’t babying the Combat Master. Zero objections from TTI headquarters.
I got the green light to use (not abuse) the pistol as I saw fit. Which meant reload drills, magazine exchanges, shooting from behind barricades, from the 1.5-yard line, from the 100-yard line, the kneeling position and in and out of a competition-style holster. The Combat Master was flawless.
I used a variety of ammo types – from JHP carry rounds to bargain FMJ – this Taran Tactical creation gladly accepted all of them. My favorite being the new 150gr Syntech round from Federal Premium. Low recoil, no blowback of smoke or debris and it performs great on steel targets.
It was an honor for TFB to work with TTI and review the G17L Combat Master. If you are looking for a competition gun or a refined, ultra-reliable pistol that both performs and looks great, this gun should be at the top of your list.
At an MSRP of $3000, this Combat Master isn’t cheap. However, in the world of custom 1911s and boutique polymer stippling and slide milling shops that push over that budget marker, the cost of this package moves into a heavy, but reasonable buy-in. For its intended purposes, I believe any shooter will be happy with their purchase.
I’m already going looking forward to our next TTI review. Sorry, I won’t spoil the surprise.
About Taran Butler (Wikipedia):
During his shooting career, Butler has accomplished the following:
- 23 times Southwest Pistol League Champion
- 10 times California State Three-Gun Overall winner
- 5 times USPSA Multi-Gun National Tactical Champ
- 3 times Rocky Mountain 3-Gun Champion
- 5 times Fort Benning Multi-Gun winner
- 11 times SMM3G Champion
- 2 times IDPA National Champion
- USPSA Multi-gun First Ever Triple Crown Champion
- 19th (Current) South West Pistol League Combat Master
- Multi-time Steel Challenge World Champion
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@jadestruck Running Her G17L with Style ⚡💥🔥 ➖➖➖➖➖ @jenniferireneshooter @dianahufstedler @di3gun @lyndaturnbull_ @scuzi23 @noskillsnils @shooting_range_industries @mikehalvy @brojaq @bravocompanyusa @vltorweaponsystems @highperformancefirearms @streamlightinc @keithgarcia_3gun @josh_kennyipsc @fukienesedragon @laurencegurule #Repost @jadestruck with @get_repost ・・・ Back on my Glock 17L Combat Master, which @tarantactical now has available on the webby. 🙏🏻😍❤🤤 What’s your favorite Glock to get down on? I like the length and the feel of the 17L, always have. Second choice would be a 17. 🖤 what about you? ⚡🇺🇸 @tarantactical @bravocompanyusa @vltorweaponsystems @highperformancefirearms @laruetactical @lapolicegear @511tactical @rokasports @vlineindustries @trijicon @alexoathletica @gunfanatics @gunfanatics.ladies @gunfreaks @guns_badassery @gunsandtactics @gunsdaily @gunsdailyusa @gunsbikesdaily @tacticalweaponry @tacticals.finest @weaponsdaily_ @firearms @firepowerapparel @firearmblog @glockfanatics @glockfeed @glockinc @glockowners @thegunco @glocks_and_ar15s @glockfever @glockedc @glocktown @glockmagazine
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Red or Green? —�— TTI Ultimate Fiber Optic Sights In Stock Now —— @bravocompanyusa @glockfeed @glockinc @glockfanatics @vltorweaponsystems @laruetactical @blade_tech_industries @blackhillsammo @federalpremium @theuspsa @511tactical @trijicon @streamlightinc @highperformancefirearms @benelli_usa @shootidpa @shooting_range_industries @nltsirt #glock #tarantactical @jadestruck @jenniferireneshooter @angel_marie50 @megants @laurencegurule @shawnryan762 @corinnemosher.shieldmaiden @mcnamarashooting @ashley_rheuark @scuzi23 @keithgarcia_3gun @misss_kristie_o @noskillsnils @josh_kennyipsc @jessielharrison @dianahufstedler @tacgirlmichelle @di3gun @fukienesedragon @glockfanatics


Last week we told you about the latest couple… J.Lo and Alex Rodriguez. Well they went on vacation together over the weekend and she posted a picture snuggling up on her Instagram Story although she quickly took it down …
We want to know!! How long did it take you to become Instagram official?
Was it a bit decision to go public on social media?
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A Federal High Court in Lagos on Wednesday, heard that two INEC employees, Christian Nwosu and Yisa Adedoyin, allegedly received N264million from a former Petroleum Minister, Diezani Allison-Madueke.
A prosecution witness, Mr Timothy Olaobaju, said that the money was paid to Nwosu and Adedoyin in cash.
Olaobaju said this while testifying at the resumed trial of the accused persons, facing charges of corruption and undue enrichment.
They are charged by the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) on allegations of receiving bribe from the former minister.
Also charged is Tijani Bashir.
Adedoyin had pleaded guilty to the charge and was convicted following a plea bargain.
Led in evidence on Wednesday by the prosecutor, Mr Rotimi Oyedepo, the witness, a bank operative, said that he paid Nwosu and Adedoyin the sum of N264 million, on the instructions of Alison-Madueke.
“Sometime in 2015, there was a meeting between our Managing Director and former Petroleum Minister during which she explained that some companies and individuals would come to the bank to pay some money into some accounts.
“The companies were Nothern Belt Ltd, Actus Integrated Ltd, Midwestern Company and one Mr Leno Laitan.
“In addition, she said that certain individuals would bring some cash to be kept for her.
“A total sum of 89 million dollars was paid into the accounts; cash sums of 25 million dollars was brought, totalling 114 million dollars and the money was kept in the bank pending her instruction as agreed.
“On March 26, 2014, we got instruction that the money be converted to Naira.
“After it was converted, it amounted to about N23 billion.
‘’There was a list of beneficiaries that was sent, to be paid across the 36 states of the federation, including Kwara and I handled the transactions in my branch,” the witness said.
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domain: law


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Registering a trademark or service mark with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) makes it easier for the owner to protect it against would-be copiers and puts the rest of the country on notice that the mark is already taken. In this section we fill you in about the registration process and what can and cannot be trademarked.
How Do I Register a Trademark?
Trademarks are critical for businesses to attract consumer recognition and loyalty.
Trademark Classes: Which One Fits the Mark You Are Registering For?
The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office divides trademarks into 45 different "classes." You must choose the proper class when applying for trademark registration.
What Good Is an Unregistered Trademark?
An unregistered trademark is a trademark that has not been registered with a government agency.
Registering Your Trademark on the Supplemental Register
The federal Supplemental Register is a secondary list for trademarks and service marks that don't qualify for the Principal Register.
Filing a Federal Trademark Application FAQ
Applying for a federal trademark has many complications. What are some of the basics of the process?
Should You File an Intent-to-Use Trademark Application?
There are two ways to qualify as a first user of a trademark:
My Trademark Is Being Infringed Outside of the United States: What Should I Do?
As markets become increasingly globalized, businesses need to protect their trademarks not just within the borders of the United States, but also around the world.
View More Articles
Trademark: Legal Care for Your Business & Product Name
Trademark your business or product name with all the information you need to choose a distinctive mark, register it with the USPTO, and fight infringement.
Just Do It, as Nike would say. The what, how, when, and why of trademarking a slogan.
Should Your Business Trademark the Color of Its Logo or Font?
Your company's name or logo is always displayed in a specific color. As you file your trademark application, how do you describe this color to guarantee protection?
Words and images are not the only ways to obtain a trademark. You might be surprised to learn that sounds can also function as a trademark. How?
Can We Register a Domain Name as a Trademark?
In some cases, you can register your Internet domain name as a trademark with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
View More Articles


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When exactly does a dog or cat need probiotics? In the long-term keeping, your dog’s gut healthy will save you money at the vet. Do they work for gas? Constipation?
Let us look at the 10 most common signs that our four-legged friends need probiotics for a healthy gut microbiome.
🐾An inconsistent poop 💩
🐾They cannot keep weight on
🐾Your pet eats kibble (commercial dog food)
🐾You have a yeasty dog
🐾Your pet has anxiety
🐾Your pet needs immune support
🐾 Your pet has itchy skin
Diarrhoea 💩 There is a sliding scale for stool ranging from entirely liquid to extremely hard and dry. You want your pet to stay away from either end like diarrhoea. There are plenty of contributions to diarrhoea, but you can help keep future bouts in check by prioritising gut health. A probiotic paste for dogs and catscan really help with acute diarrhoea.
Gurgle Guts -That is coming from your pet’s gut, more specifically, gas moving around in the intestines. While it is not the norm for this to happen occasionally, if you hear it consistently, they need gut support.
Bad Gas -This is an apparent sign that something has gone a bit sideways with a pet’s digestion. It is also one of the more compelling arguments for finding a solution like probiotics.
Your pet eats kibble- commercial dry dog food, and your dog needs probiotics and digestive enzymes. Kibble based diets have excessive amounts of carbohydrates or sugars. As carnivores’ dogs and cats are not designed for diets with this many carbohydrates. Dogs have little salivary amylase an enzyme in saliva that breaks down carbohydrates, and cats have none. So those carbohydrates are not being broken down as they would in an omnivore or herbivore. Adding extra species-specific digestive enzymes like amylase which is an enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates and cellulose (an enzyme to break down plants) will help them digest and use that food. And a daily probiotic paste for dogs and cats again beneficial bacteria help balance your pet’s gut microbiome for better digestion.
Your cat or dog has anxiety. When the microbiome is healthy and balanced so is your four-legged friend because the microbiome can affect mood positivity or negativity. It is true A recent study found that an out of balanced microbiome may be one of the behaviour issues in dogs.
Your pet needs immune support- upwards of 85% of the immune system resides in the gut. So, when the gut microbiome is healthy you have a healthy pet. Therefore, adding healthy bacteria does so much for gut health and for the body as a whole. You’re pets immune system will not spend so much energy keeping bad bacteria at bay, which allows their immune system to focus on other important tasks
You have a yeasty Dog -
We all have some yeast in our gut, it is completely normal because they are members of the gut microbiome community. But a healthy microbiome is diverse and balanced so if there is an overgrowth of yeast, it becomes problematic and can cause all sorts of gut upsets. If your dog is experiencing yeast infections in the skin or ears, that could also have come from the gut, meaning it started in the gut and invaded the rest of the body.
Flooding the gut with beneficial bacteria can inhibit yeast growth and restore the balance in the microbiome which eases the gut upsets too.
The stomach is an acid pit, so if you do not provide enough probiotics, they will not make it to the lower gastrointestinal tract where it really matters. It is not only where bad gas develops but how you truly support your dog’s immune system and wellbeing.
Probiotics require prebiotics to feed on.
JP Holistic Nutrition

domain: medical


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Antimicrobial stewardship will be important in maintaining clinical efficacy by reducing the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance. For example, if a cut occurs and is infected with bacteria, pain occurs at the site of the infection. bacterial infection: ( bak-tÄr'Ä-Äl in-fek'shÅn ) Generalized term for any internal or external disorder resulting from any bacterium. Bacteremia and septicemia occur when the persistent presence of bacterial organisms in a dog's bloodstream becomes systemic, meaning that it has spread throughout the body. Most can be treated by your internist or family physician. Bacterial throat pain is often characterized by more pain on one side of the throat. Systemic bacterial disease â in which bacteria invade the fishâs body and damage internal organs. One of the hallmarks of a bacterial infection is local pain, pain that is in a specific part of the body. In accordance with a study carried out by Dr. To further characterise the impact of a systemic bacterial infection on the brain, we examined coronal sections between 1.8 and 2 mm posterior to bregma for a range of molecules typically expressed on activated endothelium (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, MHCI, MHCII) or microglia/macrophages (CD68, CD11b, MHCI, MHCII) at 1, 7, 14 and 21 days following infection with SL3261. The procedure includes protocols for the measuring rates of host mortality, systemic pathogen load, and degree of induction of the host immune system. How To Treat Bacterial Infection With Cranberry Juice . Systemic therapy is always required. These â¦ While many of us associate E. coli with food poisoning, you can also get pneumonia and urinary tract infections from different types of the bacteria. The bacterial infection can be divided into several forms like food poisoning (Escherichia coli, Clostridium botulinumis, salmonella, vibrio, etc. Systemic mycotic (fungal) infections may also cause osteomyelitis. Pneumonia, meningitis, and food poisoning are just a few illnesses that may be caused by harmful bacteria. Bacterial cystitis is commonly caused by fecal bacteria such as E. coli. Incidence rates of systemic bacterial infection was 9.1 per 1,000 person-years for PWID and 2.7 per 1,000 person-years for non-PWID. Systemic treatment is effective with eradication in 80-100% of cases. More complex infections may require a consultation with a dermatologist or even a rheumatologist. Septic shock is when organs malfunction from hypotension caused by the sepsis. The systemic presence of bacterial compounds deriving from the infection, but also TLR2-triggering factors unrelated to the infection, were found to exhaust the BM neutrophil reservoir through a combination of increased demand and increased cell death. Furthermore, this is the first report demonstrating a correlation between the presence of footpad lesions and systemic bacterial infections with Gram-positive cocci in broiler breeder birds. First line: Oral erythromycin 12.5 mg/kg/dose, four times daily, 14 days The two most common are Blastomyces dermatitidis and Coccidioides immitis. More discussions about systemic infection This content is provided by iMedix and is subject to iMedix Terms. Honey is getting worldwide attention as a topical therapeutic agent for wound infections and potential future candidate for systemic infections. A bacterial infection is a proliferation of a harmful strain of bacteria on or inside the body. Sepsis is an inflammatory immune response triggered by an infection. Flagellin Treatment Prevents Increased Susceptibility to Systemic Bacterial Infection after Injury by Inhibiting Anti-Inflammatory IL-10+ IL-12- Neutrophil Polarization. Crystal J. Neely, 1 Laurel B. Kartchner, 1 April E. Mendoza, 2 Brandon M. Linz, 1 Jeffrey A. Frelinger, 3 Matthew C. Wolfgang, 4 Robert Maile, 1, 2, * and Bruce A. Cairns 1, 2. Salmonella is caused by a non-typhoidal salmonellae bacteria found in the intestinal tracts of humans and other animals, and the most recognized method of infection is through undercooked poultry. Bacterial infections can affect wounds, burns, and organs within the body. While any type of infection â bacterial, viral or fungal â can lead to sepsis, the most likely varieties include: Pneumonia; Infection of the digestive system (which includes organs such as the stomach and colon) Infection of the kidney, bladder and other parts of the urinary system; Bloodstream infection (bacteremia) Risk factors. Systemic Infections Systemic infections are spread through the bloodstream to the entire body, and shakiness, chills, weakness, nausea, vomiting, and aches in the joints may be felt. Bacterial Infection of the Blood (Sepsis) in Dogs. It causes severe stomach upset, diarrhea, and vomiting. Bacterial skin infections are one of the most common reasons for using systemic antimicrobials in dogs and cats. Introduction, methods, and results. Hongwei Gao, Editor. Common locations for the primary infection include the lungs, brain, urinary tract, skin, and abdominal organs. This is also referred to as blood poisoning, and septic fever. Signs of infection depend on what type of infection â¦ Background: The development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics has made it more difficult and expensive to treat infections. A bacterial infection can take many different forms depending on its location, type, even the age of the affected individual. They occur when bacteria enter the body that shouldn't. Systemic antimicrobials are critically important in veterinary healthcare, and resistance is a major concern. Pyelonephritis is a serious kidney infection that is often caused by bacteria that travel from infections elsewhere in the urinary tract and may cause systemic complications. Bacterial Infection of the Blood (Sepsis) in Cats. Salmonella is a type of infection often described as food poisoning. Sepsis is the immune response to the bacteremia or viremia. Ran D. Goldman, published in the official publication of the college of Family Physicians of Canada in April, 2020, cranberry juice was reported to be effective in bacterial infection treatment and prevention such as Escherichia coli that affects the bladder epithelium. Itâs also known as bacterial or septic arthritis. Bacterial infections are the most common cause, but fungal, viral, and protozoan infections can also lead to sepsis. As a teenager,Angelica developed a systemic bacterial infection.The bacteria,found on some lettuce in a restaurant salad,killed several other people.In Angelica,the bacteria invaded her tissue macrophages,traveled throughout her bloodstream,and infected her gallbladder in addition to infecting her liver,spleen,and kidney.She survived but remained a chronic carrier of A) Brucella abortis. Bacterial joint inflammation is a serious and painful infection in a joint. Injection drug use was associated with a significantly increased risk of bacterial infections, for main drugs heroin (SSTI: Hazard ratio [HR] 2.45; systemic infection: HR 2.75), amphetamine (SSTI: HR 1.60; systemic infection: HR 2.19), and polysubstance use â¦ Although topical therapy may be clinically effective for treatment of the eye infection, it does not eradicate nasopharyngeal carriage or prevent subsequent pneumonia. These findings demonstrate spvC inhibits pyroptosis and intestinal inflammation to promote bacterial dissemination, which provide new strategies for controlling systemic infection caused by Salmonella and novel insights for the treatment of other corresponding diseases. in which human face these problems. Diagnosing bacterial infections Exhibiting my normal caution about âinstantâ diagnosis let me say that a definite diagnosis of bacterial fish disease requires sampling and culture of bacteria â¦ In addition, the presence of one or more systemic infections may have predisposed ASD patients to other infections, thus we examined the prevalence of C. pneumoniae (4/48 or 8.3% positive, Odds Ratio=5.6, P<0.01) and HHV-6 (14/48 or 29.2%, Odds Ratio=4.5, P<0.01) co-infections in ASD patients. Systemic infections can vary in severity with infections such as influenza, usually responding well to home treatment, while other conditions such as septicaemia or malaria require urgent medical attention. The procedure demonstrated here allows infection of flies by introduction of bacteria directly into the body cavity, bypassing epithelial barriers and more passive forms of defense and allowing focus on systemic infection. Bacteremia and viremia are by definition a systemic infection. ; Escherichia coli (E. coli) causes gastrointestinal (GI) distress. Bacteria come in three basic shapes: rod-shaped (bacilli), spherical (cocci), or helical (spirilla). The classic symptoms of a bacterial infection are localized redness, heat, swelling and pain. These are also known as systemic infections. Changes in cerebral â¦ Bloodstream infections (BSIs), which include bacteremias when the infections are bacterial and fungemias when the infections are fungal, are infections present in the blood. This is also referred to as blood poisoning, or septic fever. The infection may be viral, bacterial or another, and sometimes is caused by specific bacterial toxins, in the blood or tissues. ), pneumonia, respiratory tract infections, meningitis, urinary tract infections, sexual transmitted disease (bacterial vaginosis, Chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis), etc. Bacterial sepsis is a clinical term used to describe symptomatic bacteremia, with or without organ dysfunction. SUMMARY Recently, it has been recognized that oral infection, especially periodontitis, may affect the course and pathogenesis of a number of systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, bacterial pneumonia, diabetes mellitus, and low birth weight. In intensive poultry production systems good footpad health is crucial to obtain high levels of animal welfare and high production yields. Bacteria can infect any area of the body. The body usually has a population of good bacteria that help maintain the balance of microorganisms. Bacteremia and septicemia occur when the persistent presence of bacterial organisms in a cat's bloodstream becomes systemic, meaning that it has spread throughout the body. Long-term impact of systemic bacterial infection on the cerebral vasculature and microglia Ursula Püntener, Steven G Booth, V Hugh Perry and Jessica L Teeling * Abstract Background: Systemic infection leads to generation of inflammatory mediators that result in metabolic and behavioural changes. Moreover the reduction of inflammation via spvC results in systemic infection. The systemic IL-10/IL-12 axis was skewed after burn injury with infection as indicated by a significant elevation in serum IL-10 and polarization of neutrophils into an anti-inflammatory ("N2"; IL-10(+) IL-12(-)) phenotype. Imedix Terms of the affected individual to treat infections spherical ( cocci ), or septic fever from caused. Come in three basic shapes: rod-shaped ( bacilli ), spherical ( cocci ), or helical ( ). 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Is subject to iMedix Terms malfunction from hypotension caused by specific bacterial toxins, in the or... Upset, diarrhea, and food poisoning it causes severe stomach upset, diarrhea and. Reasons for using systemic antimicrobials in dogs and Cats primary infection include the lungs, brain, urinary,! Enter the body that should n't of the eye infection, it not. Clinically effective for treatment of the eye infection, it does not eradicate nasopharyngeal carriage prevent... Infection this content is provided by iMedix and is subject to iMedix Terms fungal ) may... Are just a few illnesses that may be clinically effective for treatment of the may. Viremia are by definition a systemic infection this content is provided by iMedix and is infected with,! And sometimes is caused by harmful bacteria and Coccidioides immitis daily, 14 infection include the,! Production yields in veterinary healthcare, and food poisoning are just a few illnesses that may be effective! By Inhibiting Anti-Inflammatory IL-10+ IL-12- Neutrophil Polarization, heat, swelling and pain in three basic shapes rod-shaped. Times daily, 14 of cases levels of animal welfare and high production yields are critically in! Invade the fishâs body and damage internal organs throat pain is often characterized by more pain on side... Brain, urinary tract, skin, and abdominal organs definition a systemic infection Oral erythromycin 12.5 mg/kg/dose, times... Often characterized by more pain on one side of the hallmarks of a strain... 9.1 per 1,000 person-years for non-PWID Generalized term for any internal or disorder! Causes gastrointestinal ( GI ) distress even a rheumatologist wound infections and potential future candidate for systemic infections may! Good bacteria that help maintain the balance of microorganisms infection include the lungs, brain urinary! And resistance is a clinical term used to describe symptomatic bacteremia, with without... Infection, it does not eradicate nasopharyngeal carriage or prevent subsequent pneumonia side of the infection Clostridium botulinumis salmonella. Can also lead to sepsis Injury by Inhibiting Anti-Inflammatory IL-10+ IL-12- Neutrophil Polarization shapes: (. With eradication in 80-100 % of cases subject to iMedix Terms invade the fishâs body and internal... Bacterial infection is a type of infection depend on what type of infection depend on what type infection... Clinical efficacy by reducing the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance and potential future candidate for systemic infections organs.
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ADCC Champ Braulio Estima Is Blue Belt All Over Again
by Ray Hui
Filed under: FanHouse Exclusive
Jose Aldo was the general consensus 2009 MMA fighter for the year, but if you asked me who the 2009 BJJ/submission grappler of the year was, I’d point you to the direction of Braulio Estima.
Estima won not only the 2009 ADCC titles in the absolute division and his own division, but he also won gold at the BJJ worlds, gold at the European championships and beat Marcelo Garcia to claim second at the Pro Cup.
Estima will begin his first MMA camp for his MMA debut expected for Shine 3 on May 15. In this interview with MMA Fighitng, Estima talks about moving to MMA, and brushes off an altercation that occurred last weekend.


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Sixty pullets, aged 17 weeks, were presented when presumed to be ‘dead’ after being exposed to wet-cold weather transportation. The birds appeared unconscious and their feathers were soaking wet, and with a body rigid and cold to touch. The aim of the study was to resuscitate the hypothermic pullets. Blood samples were obtained and core body temperature recorded before and after rewarming. The birds were resuscitated using active external rewarming technique. Blood samples revealed significant (P < 0.05) decreases in the concentrations of serum electrolytes of Na, Cl, K, Ca and P; and renal function and activities of the serum enzymes of AST, ALT, ALP and CRT decreased compared to baseline reference normal values. Colonic temperature, recorded through the cloacae, revealed a temperature of 29 ± 0.4°C. The presumptive diagnosis was severe hypothermia. Treatment of the pullets using active external rewarming technique for 7 to 10 h resulted in successful restoration of all the behavioural, biochemical and colonic temperature responses to normal values. The treatment resulted in a complete recovery of all the birds with no signs of illness at 4-week follow-up. To the best of our knowledge, this study is one of the first reports to evaluate the behavioural and biochemical responses of pullets accidentally exposed to severe hypothermia, and successful treatment of the birds using active external rewarming technique.
Accidental hypothermia is defined as an unintentional fall in core temperature to <35°C (Mallet 2002; Brown et al. 2012). Livestock are often exposed to accidental hypothermia during natural disasters, like flooding (Johnson and Muller 2002) and during road transportation under chill wind (Hunter et al. 1999). Over 2 000 000 chickens were reported to have died as a result of flooding during Hurricane Floyd in North Carolina in 1999, and hypothermia is the most frequently reported illness of all animals that are rescued from flood waters (Johnson et al. 2002).
Transportation of matured live birds by road is an inevitable component of the poultry industry. Unfortunately, transportation induces severe stress in birds; which may cause their suffering or death, especially when it is done under extreme and/or unethical conditions (Minka & Ayo 2008, 2010; Burlinguette et al. 2011). Heat and cold are two major stress factors contributing to both death and overall adverse effects of road transportation stress in poultry (Minka & Ayo 2008; Knezacek et al. 2010; Burlinguette et al. 2011).
Information on hypothermia in poultry is grossly inadequate in the available literature and very little is known about the impact of cold exposure on poultry welfare during transport. Besides, the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiological responses of birds to rewarming following accidental transportation hypothermia have not been elucidated. This is not surprising because overwhelming majority of birds transported worldwide are broilers, and are only destined for slaughter on arrival. In addition, most veterinary clinics and emergency disaster shelters for animals lack units and equipment that handle severe hypothermic cases in poultry.
This study demonstrated biochemical and behavioural changes, occurring in severely hypothermic pullets, and the effectiveness of active external rewarming technique in resuscitating the pullets to life.
Sixty 17-week-old ‘presumed dead’ pullets were presented to a Farm Veterinary Clinic at 01:00 am. The pullets were unconscious and lifeless, with soaking wet feathers. On admission to the clinic, the birds were kept in a well-illuminated, clean, dry and warm compartment, under 30°C.
These 60 birds were among the 920 apparently healthy Shika Brown pullets that were undergoing normal commercial transportation as part of an experimental setup. In the planned experimental setup, the physiological variables of the birds were to be assessed before and after transportation periods. Consequently, the baseline physiological values obtained in the experimental setup were used as part of the history of the case of this study. During the transportation, heavy rainfall was encountered unexpectedly and resulted in the soaking of 60 pullets that were located close to air inlets of the vehicle. The wetting of the 60 birds by the rain was accidental, and not part of an experiment. The 60 birds were collected after offloading from drawers that were directly affected by the air inlets at the sides and rear planes of the vehicle.
On admission to the clinic, the birds’ physical appearance and behaviour were visually analysed. The colonic temperatures of the birds were recorded by inserting a thermistor probe (Yellow Spring Instruments, Model 46 TUC, Yellow Spring, OH) into the cloaca of each pullet to a depth of 4–5 cm.
Blood samples for the analysis of serum electrolytes and enzymes were obtained from 30 birds selected at random. Exactly 3 mL of blood was collected from the wing vein of the birds into non-heparinised sterile tubes and centrifuged at 9.500 g for 15 min to obtain serum. The serum obtained was used for the determination of concentrations of electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus and bicarbonate), metabolites (creatinine and urea), and activities of enzymes [aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)]. Serum concentrations of sodium, calcium, phosphorus and potassium were determined using plasma atomic emission spectrophotometric kits (Glaxo and Wipro, India) and chloride by means of chloride meter (Jenway PCLM3, Essex, UK). Standard commercial kits (Glaxo and Wipro, India) were used to determine AST, ALT and ALP activities, and urea and creatinine (CRT) concentrations as per manufacturers instructions.
We hypothesized that rewarming the pullets as soon as possible would be beneficial in restoring their physical appearance, behaviour, biochemical values and body temperature to normal. This study employed active external rewarming for the treatment of severely hypothermic pullets as described by Minka & Ayo (2016). Briefly, the active external rewarming was performed using a calibrated electrical brooder heater plate, heated to a temperature of about 45–48°C. The rewarming temperature was extrapolated from human medicine (Connolly & Worthley 2000), taking into consideration the higher normal CBT of chicken, which ranges from 40 to 42°C. Before rewarming, all visible water was removed from the feathers and body of each bird by gentle patting with a warm hand towel; thereafter, the pullets were exposed to the hot plate. Firstly, the rewarming of each pullet was done by exposing the chest and under the wing areas (areas with major blood flow) to the hot plate for a period of 1–2 min, followed by the sides and later the extremities for the same period, then a break of 2 min. The technique was repeated several times until the CBT of the pullets attained the normal minimum value of 40°C. The behaviour and CBT of the pullets were recorded during each hour of the rewarming period, while blood sampling was repeated after their CBT attained the normal minimum value of 40°C. During the clinical period, the pullets were gently and humanely handled, and the gradual pattern of rewarming used in this study followed the recommended technique of rewarming hypothermic humans (European Resuscitation Council 2010).
A day (24 h) after the treatment, the pullets were colour-marked for easy identification and raised on deep litter in a general pen. Thereafter, the behaviour, CBT and biochemical values of the pullets were evaluated bi-weekly for 4 weeks.
Data were analysed using the SAS system (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). All data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Data were normally distributed (P < 0.05, Kolmogorov–Smirnov test). One-way repeated-measures ANOVA was used to determine the statistically significant effects of study conditions (baseline, hypothermic and during rewarming period). Values of P < 0.05 were considered significant. Bonferronis multiple comparison test was applied for post hoc comparison.
Table 1 shows the effects of severe hypothermia and 7 h of gradual active rewarming on the physical appearance, behaviour and CBT of the hypothermic pullets. The hypothermic birds appeared lifeless, unconscious with eyes closed, cold and rigid body. Their feathers were heavily soaked with cold rain water. The legs and neck were distended and inflexible.
|Rewarming hour (h)||Core body temperature (°C)||Appearance/Behaviour|
|0||28.0 ± 0.2||Lifeless, unconscious, wet and soaked feather, rigid and cold body to touch|
|1||29.0 ± 0.5||Stretching of legs and wings|
|2||36.0 ± 0.2||Blinking of eye, beak movement, recumbency|
|3||36.5 ± 0.1||Recumbency, eye open, beak opening|
|4||37.0 ± 0.3||Recumbency, conscious, response to stimuli|
|5||37.2 ± 0.5||Recumbency, neck and head erect. Standing and staggered, hanged feathers|
|6||38.9 ± 0.2||Standing and walking reluctantly, huddling in small groups|
40.1 ± 0.1
Stoppage of rewarming
|Commencement of feeding|
|8||40.2 ± 0.4||Active movement and feeding|
|9||40.5 ± 0.2||Normal|
|10||41.5 ± 0.2||Normal|
|Normal = lively, active movement, feeding/foraging or preening and dust bathing.|
The CBT recorded from the hypothermic pullets admitted to the clinic before rewarming had minimum, maximum and mean values of 28, 30 and 29 ± 0.4°C, respectively, which were significantly (P < 0.001) lower than the baseline values of 40.2–41.8°C. Based on the physical appearance, behaviour, CBT and biochemical evaluations, our main diagnosis was severe hypothermia.
During rewarming of the pullets, the CBT values increased sharply and progressively, with no sign of ‘afterdrop’, a continued decline of CBT. Normothermia was achieved after 7 h of gradual rewarming. Severely hypothermic pullets were able to stand upright on their legs and walked slowly after 6 h of active external rewarming. Feeding and foraging behaviours were returned to normal from the 7th hour of gradual rewarming. The pullets returned to normal behaviours, which constituted fast movement, preening and dust bathing, from the eighth to the 10th hour after admission to the clinic (Table 1).
The biochemical results obtained from the severely hypothermic pullets on admission to the clinic and after 7 h of active external rewarming in comparison to baseline values are shown in Figs 1-3. The results showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the concentrations of serum electrolytes of Na, Cl, P, Ca, K (Fig. 1a–d and f), metabolites (Fig. 2a,b) and activities of enzymes of AST, ALT and ALP (Fig. 3a–c) in all the hypothermic birds compared to baseline values. However, 7 h of active external rewarming restored all the variables measured to baseline values. Although the activities of the enzymes post rewarming were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than the baseline (Fig. 2a–c), they were within the normal minimum values. The bicarbonate (HC03) concentrations were not affected by hypothermia or rewarming (Fig. 1e).
Concentrations of serum electrolytes in normal, severely hypothermic and rewarmed pullets.
Metabolites of normal, severely hypothermic and rewarmed pullets.
Activities of serum enzymes in normal, severely hypothermic and rewarmed pullets.
Weekly evaluation of the behavioural, CBT and biochemical values of the pullets for a period of 4 weeks after rewarming showed no deviation from the normal values, and there were no signs of any illness in all the birds.
The physical appearance and behaviour of the hypothermic birds presented to the clinic were similar to the behaviour in humans and other animals under different degrees of accidental hypothermia (Mallet 2002; Tomas 2011). Thus, on the basis of CBT and physical appearance of the birds in this study, accidental hypothermia was classified as severe hypothermia (CBT below 28°C).
Preliminary investigation has shown that poultry farmers and transporters discard severely hypothermic birds during transportation on the assumption that they are dead because they appear lifeless, motionless, with rigid bodies that are cold to the touch.
The cold feeling of the body to touch observed in the hypothermic pullets admitted to the clinic was due to the direct effect of protracted contact of the body with rain water and wind chill, exacerbated by the soaking wet feathers. These stimuli could have caused vasoconstriction, increased blood viscosity and decreased circulation of blood to the periphery so as to conserve heat. In addition, the cold rain water, apparently, drained heat from the body of the birds, which predisposed the body periphery to cold, perceived when touched.
The state of lifelessness and unconsciousness observed in the birds demonstrated the adverse effect of the cold on the cerebral hemisphere. At such low CBT, the cerebral neurological impairments are clinically first manifested in humans by coma and unconsciousness (Mallet 2002). These neurological changes are basically due to reduction in cerebral blood flow, cerebrovascular auto-regulation and increase in cerebral ischaemia, when CBT falls below 30°C (Mallet 2002; Moore et al. 2011), as recorded in the severely hypothermic birds in this study.
The muscle and joint rigidity observed in severely hypothermic birds in this study were, apparently, due to impairment of peripheral nerve conduction induced by the cold stimuli, which may result in a gradual and progressive decline in conduction velocity, as reported in humans (Schmutzhard et al. 2012). The synaptic delay time may be prolonged as the neuromuscular junction cools, which may also inhibit muscle contraction, accompanied by hyporeflexia (Mallet 2002; Soleimanpour et al. 2014).
The CBT of 29 ± 0.4°C recorded in the birds admitted to the farm clinic suggested that the birds were severely hypothermic. The result is similar to the finding of Minka & Ayo (2016), who recorded a decrease of 8–10°C in CBT of hypothermic pullets exposed to wet-cold weather transportation conditions.
Although there are inconsistent findings on the effects of hypothermia on serum electrolytes in humans and on different animal species (Mallet 2002; Kess & Polderman 2009), this study showed that accidental hypothermia induced hypocalcaemia, hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia, hypophosphotaemia, hyponatraemia and hypochloridaemia. This finding may be due to an increase in renal excretion of electrolytes, changes in membrane permeability and an influx of potassium into the cells caused by cold effect, which may predispose the pullets to electrolyte depletion (Mallet 2002; Scaravilli et al. 2012).
The hypokalaemia observed in this study was a good indicator of prognosis in the hypothermic pullets. This is because hyperkalaemia during hypothermia has a poor prognosis, and is considered an index of irreversible hypothermia (Scaravilli et al. 2012).
The decrease in the activities of AST, ALT, ALP and CRT observed in severely hypothermic pullets may be as a result of downward regulation in muscle and liver cells due to cold effect. Similar effect of cold on down-regulation of activities of plasma enzymes was reported in animals and broilers exposed to different ambient temperatures in the temperate region (Chen et al. 2011). The downward regulation of the activities of the enzymes was primarily due to reduction in muscle cell membrane function and permeability as cold stress persisted (Mitchell & Sandercock 1995). The result of this study was in contrast with previous finding obtained in other hypothermic patients, shown to have mild or moderate elevated activities in serum enzymes of AST, ALT, CRT and ALP (Connolly & Worthley 2000). The reasons for these differences may be due to variation in species and the degree of hypothermia. However, the concentration of electrolytes and activities of the enzymes measured after rewarming demonstrated a gradual and successful return to baseline concentrations.
Rewarming is a delicate phase of therapeutic intervention in hypothermia, just as hypothermia itself is a very complex pathophysiological process. Human studies are limited to mild hypothermia because of ethical concerns. Based on the three rewarming techniques (passive external, active external and active internal) proposed for therapeutic hypothermia in humans and animals (European Resuscitation Council 2010; Brown et al. 2012; Minka & Ayo 2016), in this study, active external rewarming was employed. During the rewarming, emphasis was focused on the areas of the body with considerable vascular bed, particularly under the wings and chest. This approach, apparently, improved the gradual circulation of warm blood to the core organs, and prevented the restoration of cold peripheral venous blood; thus, preventing the outcome of ‘afterdrop’, the observation that as some patients were rewarmed, their core temperature continues to decline (Hunter et al. 1999). The slow pace of rewarming employed in this study, which lasted for 7 h, allowed for the gradual and safe recovery of CBT to normothermia. The result agreed with previous findings in humans (Moore et al. 2011) and animals (Bate et al. 1992; Wentworth et al. 2009; Tomas 2011; Minka & Ayo 2016), which demonstrated that several hours to many days of therapeutic rewarming are required for CBT to normalize.
The finding that the birds were able to stand, walk, preen, dust bath, eat and drink after about 7–10 h of active external gradual rewarming suggests that the normal and feeding behaviours of the birds were restored. The reason for the delay in the manifestation of the behaviours may be because there was little or no energy left in the pullets to perform these behaviours. The pullets may have prioritized their demand from these behaviours to those associated with heat conservation to maintain their normal CBT and other biochemical values.
The positive outcome of 7 h of rewarming the pullets suggests that chickens have a better prognosis in response to active external rewarming techniques compared to humans and other animal species, in which ‘afterdrop’ has been reported to be common and fatal in patients that were rewarmed (Connolly & Worthley 2000; Scaravilli et al. 2012). This study confirmed the tedious and time-consuming task of rewarming technique, as reported by almost all researchers in this field (Kess & Polderman 2009; Moore et al. 2011). To the best of our knowledge, this study is one of the first reports to evaluate the behavioural and biochemical responses of severely hypothermic birds to rewarming treatment.
There is paucity of information in the available literature on the outcome of activities of blood enzymes and electrolyte concentrations in poultry, subjected to accidental hypothermia and rewarming that may warrant comparison. The present result may also be of value for human doctors in the area of severe hypothermia research where ethical concern has hampered studies. The chicken may serve as a good laboratory animal model for studying the pathophysiological mechanism of severe hypothermia and its rewarming outcome.
The authors are grateful to the Chairman of Vaghosh Farm Ltd., Minna, Nigeria, Dr. JN Bawa and Mr. Abraham Matthias of the College of Agriculture and Animal Science, Division of Agricultural Colleges, Ahmadu Bello University, Mando-Kaduna, Nigeria, for cooperation and technical assistance, respectively.
This study was not funded by any granting or external agency.
The authors declare that they have no financial or personal relationship(s), which may have inappropriately influenced them in writing this paper.
N.S.M was the project leader and clinician who rewarmed the birds. He supervised all procedures, provided logistics, collected and prepared all samples and data. J.O.A interpreted the results, provided an initial draft of the manuscript, statistically analysed the results and wrote the manuscript to standard. All authors reviewed and agreed the content of the final manuscript.

domain: biology


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Disc Jockey: Submerge yourself in 1950s Liverpool with 'The Long Day Closes'
Terence Davies' 1992 memory piece "The Long Day Closes," which summons up his childhood in 1950s Liverpool, is among the new Blu-Ray/DVD releases this week.
'The Long Day Closes'
The Criterion Collection
Since Kenneth Anger threw them onto his 1964 leather boys-and-motor cars short “Scorpio Rising,” pop songs have been fixtures of movies. Using them is a practice often performed cynically: What better way to give your scene or montage some perhaps unearned oomph by tacking on a famous tune, in turn borrowing (or even stealing) some of its essence?
There aren’t many who use existing music in genuinely inventive ways. One who does is Terence Davies, the delightfully curmudgeonly British stylist. In his films, like 2012’s Rachel Weisz-starring affair drama “The Deep Blue Sea,” music is used to summon up a bygone era. Some of Davies’ films, including the newly Criterionized “The Long Day Closes,” from 1992, are nearly wall-to-wall period music, submerging viewers in a time that survives only in minds, sounds and images.
But it isn’t mere nostalgia. A longing to revisit a long ago period also brings with it the pain it caused. All of Davies’ films are set in (or at least concern) the past, and usually Davies’ own life. His debut feature, “Distant Voices, Still Lives,” from 1988, concerned an abusive drunken lout of a father (played by the late Pete Postlethwaite). “The Long Day Closes” is a kind of sequel, hanging with 11 year old boy Bud (Leigh McCormack) and his doting, struggling mother (Marjorie Yates) in the mid 1950s. Like Davies, he lives in working class Liverpool, he’s gay (or at least he’s starting to realize that), he's bullied at school and he loves movies.
Even for a memory piece, “The Long Day Closes” is loose. It’s a series of episodes, but even that suggests that more occurs than does. The film is more like fragments of stray recollections, chosen almost at random, like songs from a jukebox. Indeed, Davies is part filmmaker, part DJ, spinning old memories connected — sometimes obviously, sometimes obliquely, for reasons known only to him — to old standards that Davies loves significantly more than the much more famous music that emerged from Liverpool in the ensuing decade. (Davies spends a brief bit in his 2008 documentary "Of Time and the City," another rummage through his home's past, sneering at the Fab Four.)
But the playlist of soothing, sometimes forgotten numbers even includes the Twentieth Century Fox fanfare, sneaked into the opening moments, devoid of the massive, spotlight-bedecked logo. Instead it plays over a de-peopled alleyway overrun with rain — our curious entryway into this labyrinth of memory from which it will be tough to escape, even when the film itself closes.
New to streaming:
When “Captain Phillips” opened last fall, some wondered if it was an American version of “A Hijacking,” a superior Danish nautical thriller that opened here earlier in the year. In fact, the two are fundamentally different, if both about corporate penny-pinching that winds up endangering the lives of its seabound workers. Here, pirates hold their captives for months and months amidst increasingly fetid conditions, while the home office sits on their hands, struggling to be both heroic and thrifty.
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'Machete Kills' The Razzies went and nominated Lady Gaga for her performance in this jokey sequel to a jokey film based on a jokey trailer. Because the Razzies are terrible, the truth is she’s in it for about three minutes, and she’s fine.
'Kiss of the Damned' The legendary John Cassavetes had three kids and all of them became directors themselves. Nick made “The Notebook”; Xan made this delightfully nutty homage to Eurotrash horrors of the ‘60s and ‘70s, featuring a gonzo turn from Roxande Mesquida as a renegade vampire.
‘Cloudy With a Chance of Meatballs 2’ Instead of adapting the actual sequel to the kid lit classic, “Pickles to Pittsburgh,” Hollywood created their own original tale. The good news is it features massive foodstuffs.

domain: entertainment