Restive Algeria awaits decisive move from returned president
By AOMAR OUALI
Monday, March 11
ALGIERS, Algeria (AP) — Algerian teenagers and lawyers held protests Monday, and workers held scattered walkouts, as their tense nation waits to see whether ailing President Abdelaziz Bouteflika offers any concessions in the face of unprecedented protests.
Algerian media and protest leaders expect it could be a decisive day for the gas-rich North African country, after Bouteflika returned home Sunday from two weeks in a Swiss hospital.
His absence saw growing demonstrations demanding that he withdraw his candidacy for a fifth term in next month’s election. Algerians have hardly seen Bouteflika since he suffered a stroke in 2013, and anger has mounted at the country’s secretive power structure.
Security was high Monday in Algiers, where some businesses were shuttered by a second day of strikes. Other stores and administrative offices remained open.
Middle school and high school students held protests in several towns, according to local media. Education Minister Nouria Bengahbrit appealed on her Facebook page for protesters to “leave schools out of political turbulence” shaking the country.
Meanwhile, lawyers in their black robes gathered Monday in front of courthouses to join calls for Bouteflika to abandon his bid for another term.
Exceptionally, some judges also joined a lawyers’ protest in the city of Bedjaia in Kabylie, a region historically opposed to the powers-that-be in Algiers. Judges are normally banned from publicly demonstrating, like police and soldiers.
The unprecedented citizens’ revolt began last month and has drawn millions into the streets of cities across the country to say no to a fifth term for their 82-year-old president — and no to a system blamed for corruption and keeping Bouteflika in office despite his ailments.
A wily political survivor, Bouteflika fought in Algeria’s independence war against French forces and has played a role in Algeria’s major developments for the past half-century. He became president in 1999 and reconciled a nation riven by a deadly Islamic insurgency, but questions swirl over whether he is really running the country today.
The protests have surprised Algeria’s opaque leadership and freed up Algerians, long fearful of the watchful security apparatus, to openly criticize the president. Algerians are also letting out pent-up anger at corruption that has left the country’s oil and gas riches in the hands of a few while millions of young people struggle to find jobs.
Army Chief of Staff Ahmed Gaid Salah initially threatened the protesters, but made what was seen as a significant turnaround Sunday, saying “the people and the army share friendship, solidarity and a future vision for Algeria.”
“The national patriotic army takes pride in being a part of this defiant nation, and cherishes sharing the same values and principles” with the people, he said during a speech to engineering students.
Angela Charlton in Paris contributed.
What lessons can the clergy sex abuse crisis draw from a 4th-century church schism?
March 11, 2019
Author: Cavan W. Concannon, Associate Professor of Religion, University of Southern California – Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences
Disclosure statement: Cavan W. Concannon does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.
Partners: University of Southern California — Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences and University of Southern California provide funding as members of The Conversation US.
A string of sex abuse scandals have rocked Christian communities recently: In the Roman Catholic Church, revelations related to sex abuse by priests continue to unfold across the globe. Within the Southern Baptist Convention, the largest Protestant denomination in the U.S., media reports have brought into public view allegations of sexual abuse dating back decades.
These scandals stand alongside abuses by prominent male church officials that have occurred in independent Christian communities, such as Harvest Bible Chapel, Willow Creek Community Church and Mars Hill Church.
Such scandals have led to widespread doubts about church officials and institutions. And this is not for the first time. As a scholar of early Christianity, I know that in the fourth century, Christian churches in North Africa faced a similar crisis of trust in their leaders.
Known as the Donatist controversy, it caused a schism that lasted for centuries and offers a parallel for thinking about the impact of these crises on contemporary Christian communities today.
Traitors during Christian persecution
Christians in the Roman Empire occasionally experienced periods of imperial persecution. These periods were often memorialized in Christian tradition through stories of famous martyrdoms. The stories often portrayed Christians as courageous and virtuous in the face of imperial violence.
The most infamous period of persecution occurred in the early fourth century A.D. Spearheaded by the emperor Diocletian, it was also the final imperially sponsored persecution of Christian communities.
While persecutions were sporadic, local and rare, they often put difficult choices before Christian clergy and laity.
Some renounced Christianity. Others handed over sacred books or church property and outed fellow Christians to the authorities. Christians called the latter “traditores,” a Latin term meaning “those who handed over,” the root of the word “traitor.”
Whether and how to welcome such traditores back into Christian communities after the persecutions was a topic of intense debate among Christians.
Traditores were considered to have betrayed their communities to save themselves. This sense of betrayal was particularly felt with respect to clergy members who had become traditores.
The issue came to a head in A.D. 311 in North Africa when Caecilian, the bishop of Carthage, became embroiled in controversy after it was alleged that one or more of the bishops who presided at his consecration had been traditores.
In the eyes of many Christians in North Africa, Caecilian’s virtues did not matter. The presence of a traditor among those who ordained him invalidated his ordination.
The Donatist schism
Caecilian was supported politically and financially by the imperial administration. Caecilian’s opponents pressed their case in regional councils and before local magistrates.
They even appealed to the Emperor Constantine, who wrote in a letter to the Vicar of Africa in A.D. 314 that he had grown tired of receiving requests from Caecilian’s opponents.
They brought charges, which ultimately proved to be false, against Felix of Aptunga, one of the bishops that had ordained Caecilian. Charges against other bishops soon followed.
In A.D. 313, Donatus was consecrated bishop of Carthage and became the leading voice of Caecilian’s opponents. These “Donatists,” as they came to be called, created their own massive network of churches that stood in opposition to those allied with Caecilian and the Roman state.
Constantine soon grew fed up with the Donatists and the schism that they had created in the church. From A.D. 316-321, Constantine used the force of the state to coerce the Donatists back into the fold.
Constantine’s attempts to intervene led to violence that resulted in the deaths of Donatist Christians. His intervention did little to end the schism. Constantine soon gave up state-sponsored persecution of the Donatists.
In A.D. 346, the Emperor Constans, who succeeded Constantine, tried again to end the schism. His agents used imperial funds to woo clergy back, but also used violence. Macarius, one of Constans’s agents, led a campaign of suppression, in which Christians killed other fellow Christians.
Macarius became infamous among Donatist communities. The Donatists considered those who died to be martyrs. These martyrs and their memory were celebrated by Donatist communities.
Donatus was said to have questioned the very role of the emperor in the controversy, saying, “What has the emperor to do with the church?”
By the fifth century, Donatist churches were thriving and sparring with Catholics. And Donatist churches remained active in North Africa until the Islamic conquests of the seventh century.
The Donatists believed the sins of traditores risked the salvation of individual members and the health of the community.
“How,” they asked, “could sacraments administered by an offending priest be recognized by a holy God?” And if those sacraments were not effective, the salvation of the individual and the community were at risk. For the Donatists, only sacraments performed by uncompromised clergy were effective.
In their attempts to respond to Donatist critique, the Catholic Church settled on a strategy developed by Augustine, an influential fifth-century Catholic bishop in North Africa.
Augustine, who describes the sparring between Donatists and Catholics in his writings, argued that the sacraments were effective regardless of the morality of the clergy involved – a church doctrine known as “ex opere operato.” He said that as the sacraments were the work of Christ, they did not depend on the moral character of the officiating priest.
What can be learned today
Today, in the face of the sex abuse crisis, contemporary Christian communities find themselves asking questions about institutions that condoned, hid and promoted abusive clergy.
This might be a moment to revisit the Donatist critique. They created their own churches because they feared not only for the efficacy of the sacraments but also for the character of a church that made it too easy for traditores to continue to remain leaders.
Widespread sexual abuse by Christian clergy represents a very different crisis from that faced by the betrayal of the traditores.
However, I believe the Donatists offer a lesson for Christian communities about the risks to the integrity and cohesion of institutions when they shield the abuser rather than protect the victims.
Vincent J.: The word “sacrament” is not in the bible. Jesus does not need nor did He institute sacraments. The bible says that we shall know our leaders by their works. Saying that one is a priest and that the sacraments over which he officiates are valid is meaningless.
Jon Richfield, logged in via Facebook, In reply to Vincent J.: The word “sacrament” is not in the bible. Jesus does not need nor did He institute sacraments.
Why tell us? We aren’t the Donatists, nor is any of us Constantine? Some of us couldn’t care less about sacraments. The article says nothing about the real or potential validity of sacraments; it addresses the historical non-uniqueness of the current kerfuffle about clergy who cannot be trusted.
Botswana joins list of African countries reviewing gay rights
March 18, 2019
Author: Andrew Novak, Term Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology Law and Society, George Mason University
Disclosure statement: Andrew Novak does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.
Botswana’s High Court is considering a challenge to the provisions of the penal code criminalising consensual same-sex relations in the country. It will hand down its judgment in June. The challenge raises similar legal issues as the one pending at the Kenya High Court, which is due for a decision in May.
Same sex relations are outlawed under Botswana’s penal code. These prohibitive sections were inherited from the colonial penal code of Bechuanaland, as Botswana was then known.
Section 164 prohibits “unnatural offences” defined as “carnal knowledge against the order of nature”. The section prohibits oral and anal sex for both homosexual and heterosexual couples. Those found to have broken this law face up to seven years in prison. Attempting to engage in unnatural offences is also illegal and offenders can spend up to five years in prison under Section 165.
Botswana’s laws are similar to India’s penal code, which was famously found unconstitutional by India’s Supreme Court in September 2018. The “unnatural offences” provision was included in India’s colonial penal code by Englishman Thomas Babington Macaulay and the Indian Law Commission in the 1830s.
Sections of India and Botswana’s laws were inspired by England’s King Henry VIII’s prohibition on oral and anal sex, also known as the Anti-Buggery Act of 1533.
Botswana’s anti-sodomy laws have been challenged before. In 2003, the Botswana Court of Appeal held that the penal code’s anti-sodomy provisions were constitutional. Botswana’s constitution dates back to its independence in 1960. It is therefore less modern than Kenya’s 2010 constitution. Under Kenya’s constitution, judges are empowered to look to international and foreign law to resolve domestic constitutional disputes.
More than 70 countries around the world still criminalise sexual activity between two men. About half of them are former British colonies. This is because Britain enforced Victorian sexual norms on its territories through penal code provisions that still exist in many places.
Since 1981 when the European Court of Human Rights struck down the UK’s anti-sodomy law, colonial penal codes have come under increasing scrutiny. Given their similarities, human rights activists have an opportunity to use international law and the laws of other jurisdictions as a tool to convince local courts that anti-sodomy laws are outdated.
India is the latest in a string of former British colonies that have removed their anti-gay laws. It follows countries as diverse as Cyprus, Fiji, Belize, Nepal, and Australia. A favourable decision in Botswana would reinforce this trend.
Many former British colonies in sub-Saharan Africa inherited penal codes like Botswana’s. In most former colonies, these include separate prohibitions on “carnal knowledge” (oral and anal sex) and on “gross indecency” (other sexual activities). Great Britain itself criminalised “gross indecency” – a euphemism for all forms of same-sex intimacy – in 1885. This was drafted into penal codes in Canada, South Pacific colonies, Northern Nigeria, British East Africa, and Botswana.
The situation in Botswana is most comparable to the situation in Kenya where the high court is expected to rule on the country’s anti-gay law in May.
But in Kenya, the penal code prohibition on “gross indecency” only applies to sex between two men. This used to be the case in Botswana until 1998 when the country’s legislature expanded the provisions to apply to women as well.
Kenya has also ratified international human rights treaties that prohibit anti-sodomy laws. By contrast, Botswana’s constitution is the oldest surviving constitution on the African continent. Its constitution does not require judges to look to treaties or other sources of international law to aid in their decision making process and international law is not binding on their courts.
The LGBT community is a target for physical violence, hate crimes, police harassment and surveillance.
The prohibition of same sex relations also contributes to increased HIV infection rates as fear of mistreatment discourages gays and lesbians from getting tested and accessing health care.
The rates of suicide and substance abuse are also higher within the LGBT community with one survey showing that LGBT people in Botswana have suicidal thoughts and use drugs more frequently than heterosexuals.
However, LGBT people have experienced legal progress in recent years. Three years ago, the Court of Appeal ruled that the government’s failure to officially recognise LeGaBiBo (Lesbians and Gays of Botswana) was unconstitutional.
And in 2017, a transgender rights activist won an important ruling at the High Court to legally change her gender on government documents.
These cases are important data points because they suggest that attitudes of judges may have evolved since the 2003 upholding of Botswana’s anti-sodomy laws.
But there are a few signs that things are possibly changing. Last January, President Mokgweetsi Masisi made an unprecedented statement of public support for LGBT rights in Botswana.
In 2016, Mmegi, one of Botswana’s main daily newspapers, reported that 43% of Batswana are not opposed to having homosexual neighbours, making it among the more tolerant countries in Africa.
But as is the case elsewhere in the world, acceptance of homosexuality varies by age and education level. Younger and more educated Batswana are more accepting of same sex relations.
Pascal Obong Bessong, logged in via Twitter: The article appears to blame colonial laws for discrimination towards individuals with same sex orientation. However, indigenous societies in Africa and elsewhere have always frowned on homosexuality, even before colonization by western nations. How is this reconciled? Is it that indigenous societies did not have the capacity to make laws? Harping on colonial laws is not fully addressing the problem.
Llewellyn King: St. Patrick’s Day and the Irishing of the World
By Llewellyn King
The Irish are an accommodating people. Well, not in everything but in some things. They share their culture with the world. Then they incorporate into Irish life modifications that other nations, especially the United States, have made.
Take St. Patrick’s Day. It was traditionally a dour day of religious observance in Ireland. Then Irish-Americans turned it into the festival that we celebrate here. And now St. Patrick’s Day is celebrated in Ireland much the way it is here: joyously.
Likewise, corned beef and cabbage. That was a cheap dish that got its Irish identification among the poor immigrants in New York. It wasn’t a tradition in Ireland where thick bacon, lamb and salmon, served with an astonishing array of potato options, is standard fare along with battered cod — fish and chips to the rest of the world. But in an accommodation to visitors, corned beef and cabbage can now be had in the big hotels.
A word about those potatoes: If you can think of preparation for potatoes, you might find them offered. Never, in my experience, are less than three varieties available in a restaurant. At a banquet once, I was offered a choice of chips (French fries) duchess, sautéed, boiled, croquette, mashed and scalloped.
What isn’t seen in Irish restaurants are baked potatoes — although, to please visitors, they may be sneaking into the hotels. In my nearly four decades of annual travels in Ireland, I learned that baked potatoes, known as jacket potatoes, are street food — to be bought with all sorts of great fillings from stalls, food trucks and the like, not in restaurants and pubs.
Irish stew is also less common than you would expect.
The Irish do drink, but in their own way. As Ireland has become a modern, competitive country, people are drinking less. But drinking is part of the fabric of daily life, just as drinking coffee, tea (hot or iced) and soft drinks might be elsewhere. You do business in Ireland over a drink, celebrate with a drink, mourn with a drink and, well, just have a drink because that’s what you do between what you just did and what you’re going to do. A breather, you might say.
For 20 years I was the American organizer for an Irish summer school. Summer schools — there are more than two dozen — are more like themed think tanks that meet only in the summer, often just for a long weekend. They cover literature, music, politics and are named accordingly, like the Yeats International Summer School and the Parnell Summer School.
The one my wife and I were affiliated with was the Humbert International Summer School, named for the French general sent to Ireland in 1798 to help with the uprising against the British, which was put down brutally by Gen. Lord Cornwallis, fresh from his American defeat. Humbert was sent back to France — the English not having a beef with the French at that moment. He had an affair with Napoleon’s sister and was ordered to New Orleans, where he passed his days drinking with Lafitte, the French pirate and privateer, teaching French and living his exiled life in style. He did fight bravely in the Battle of New Orleans and helped the American forces with his military skill. He died in New Orleans and is buried there.
Back to the welcoming of American embellishments to Irish traditions. These are not resented in Ireland because of the great affinity of the Irish have with their 35 million or so kinsmen in the United States. The Irish enjoy the American stage and screen songs of Ireland, like “When Irish Eyes Are Smiling.” The Little People of Ireland’s folklore are beginning to look like Disney’s Seven Dwarfs.
That doesn’t mean that the Little People are not alive and well, it’s just that their presence has been enhanced by legends that came from Hollywood as much as from the Auld Sod. A friend of mine built a wall around his mother’s retirement house in Cork. But her neighbors insisted that it have a gap for the Little People to go through — so it has a gap.
As for the fairies, my wife and I were riding in northwest Ireland and our guide told us it was all right to ride through a copse, but we shouldn’t let the horses disturb the fairy circle there. He rode around the copse to be sure he didn’t upset the fairies.
Despite the drink, the Little People and the fairies, Ireland is the computing capital of Europe and hopes to take over as a financial center after England loses many banking houses due to Brexit.
Sláinte! That’s the equivalent of cheers as you raise a glass. Do that Sunday or the Little People, or the fairies, or your Irish friends may be upset. You’ve been warned.
ABOUT THE WRITER
Llewellyn King is executive producer and host of “White House Chronicle” on PBS. His email is firstname.lastname@example.org. He wrote this for InsideSources.com.


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SACRAMENTO — Snow surveyors today reported that water content in California's snowpack is only 17 percent of normal, meaning below average water supply this summer, a press release from the Department of Water Resources states.
After a record dry January and February in much of the state, DWR currently projects it will only be able to deliver 35 percent of requested amounts from the State Water Project.
The 29 public agencies that purchase SWP water requested just over four million acre-feet of water for this calendar year. Collectively, the agencies supply more than 25 million Californians and nearly a million acres of irrigated agriculture.
In addition to the light snowpack and extended periods of little rainfall, pumping restrictions to protect Delta smelt and salmon are another reason for the low water delivery estimate, DWR said.
November and December were unusually wet, but between November 1 and February 28, fishery agency restrictions prevented DWR from pumping more than 550,000 acre-feet of water from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta to store in San Luis Reservoir.
Today San Luis, a summer supply pool for both the State Water Project and the federal Central Valley Project, is only 54 percent full.
The November and December storms built California's snowpack water content to 134 percent of normal by Jan. 2, when DWR and cooperating agencies conducted this season's first manual survey. Manual surveys and electronic readings have recorded the water content decline since dry weather set in. Statewide, the season's second manual survey on Jan. 29 found the snowpack water content at 93 percent of normal for the date. On Feb. 28, the season's third manual survey found the snowpack water content at 66 percent of average On Mach 28, about the time the snowpack is normally at its peak, its water content was recorded at 52 percent of normal.
Snow normally provides about a third of the water for California's homes and farms as it melts into streams, reservoirs and aquifers.

domain: geography


Home > News > World
Tuesday February 25, 2014 MYT 6:45:03 AM
Tuesday February 25, 2014 MYT 6:45:58 AM
LIMA (Reuters) - Peru's Energy and Mines Minister Jorge Merino is resigning from President Ollanta Humala's government, a government source and another source from the energy sector said on Monday.
Finance Minister Luis Miguel Castilla is also leaving the cabinet, a third government source said earlier on Monday, and Prime Minister Cesar Villanueva announced his own resignation on TV earlier on Monday.
The sources did not specify the reasons for Castilla's and Merino's resignations but the cabinet reshuffle follows a public squabble between Castilla and Villanueva over a bid to raise the minimum wage.
None of the ministers were immediately available for comment on their resignations.
(Reporting By Patricia Velez, Writing by Mitra Taj; Editing by Diane Craft)
Enemy fire, booby-traps delay Iraqi forces' advance in Tikrit
Tanzania president warns of rising religious tensions before referendum
Fighting and air strikes across Yemen; dialogue remains distant
Nestlé rewards consumers with biggest promotion ever
The great South Australian adventure
Living away from Malaysia can trigger a lot of different longings
Soccer-Brazil sink feisty Chile to continue winning run
Visions of a digital future: 90s cinema and virtual reality
Jazzy cruise on board ‘Queen Mary 2’
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Catherine Zeta-Jones is a Welsh actress who gained international fame for her roles in Hollywood movies. She is best known for her roles in films such as “The Mask of Zorro” and “Chicago,” the latter of which earned her an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.
|Birthday||September 25, 1969|
|Age||53 years old|
|Known For||“The Mask of Zorro”, “Chicago”|
|Height||5’7″ (170 cm)|
|Estimated Net Worth||$150 million|
Catherine Zeta-Jones was born and raised in Swansea, Wales. She showed an early interest in acting and dancing and began performing in stage productions at a young age. After leaving school, she moved to London to pursue a career in acting.
Career Highlights and Trivia
- Zeta-Jones began her career on stage and earned recognition for her performance in the musical “42nd Street.”
- She made her breakthrough in Hollywood with the film “The Mask of Zorro” (1998), starring alongside Antonio Banderas and Anthony Hopkins.
- In 2002, she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Velma Kelly in the musical “Chicago.”
- Zeta-Jones has also starred in films such as “Traffic” (2000), “Ocean’s Twelve” (2004), and “The Terminal” (2004).
- She received a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2010 Birthday Honours for her contributions to the film industry and charity.
Catherine Zeta-Jones is married to actor Michael Douglas. The couple has two children, Dylan Michael and Carys Zeta.
She has worked with numerous acclaimed actors, including George Clooney, Tom Hanks, and Sean Connery.
Estimated Net Worth
As of 2023, Catherine Zeta-Jones’s estimated net worth is $150 million.

domain: celebrity


SPS hall 4A, booth 125
For position detection directly in the pressure range of hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders Novotechnik The displacement transducers of the new TM1 series have been developed. They reliably measure the position and speed of mobile machines even in harsh environmental conditions with a resolution of 0,1 mm.
The successors of the TIM series are suitable for measuring lengths up to 2000 mm and are optimized for use in applications with the highest EMC requirements. They comply with the EN 13309 for construction equipment and the ISO 14982 for agricultural and forestry machinery, are protected against 11452 V / m according to ISO 2-200 and thus exceed the E1 requirements of the German Federal Motor Vehicle Office. The measuring signal can be output as an analog current or voltage signal or via fieldbus interfaces (CAN open, CAN SAE J1939).
The IP6K9K sensors offer pressure resistance up to 350 bar, pressure peaks up to 450 bar, high temperature resistance from -40 ° to + 105 ° C and a very long service life thanks to the contactless, wear-free measuring principle. The connector system allows quick installation into closed or single-sided open cylinders without soldering, crimping or screwing: The contact carrier of the M12 connector is already connected to the signal lines of the sensor; it is guided through a hole in the cylinder to the outside.


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Lode Runner is a game developed by Douglas Smith that was originally released in Here you can find a browser remake by Simon! SHOW MORE. Categorization Arcade Games» Platform Games» Lode Runner More Information About Lode Runner. Lode Runner is an addictive platform game that you can play on kobigal.com in your browser. Lode Runner is a 2D platform / puzzle game created for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) back in by Douglas Smith. Lode Runner became popular because it is one of the first games to include a level editor tool for players to create their own levels. In this game. "Lode Runner" as originally an PC game published by Broderbund. Along with Nintendo's own "Excite Bike", the game was one of the first ever to include a level editor, although "Lode Runner" was first. The game first appeared on the Apple II, and has since been ported to various other platforms/5(8).
Lode runner game sLode Runner: The Legend Returns is a sequel to the classic puzzle-solving Lode Runner video game. Play Lode Runner: The Legend Returns online!. Complete over 50 platforming puzzle games and even create your own level in this classic game. Collect all the gold in all levels in Lode Runner!. A HTML5 (CreateJS) remake of Lode Runner.]
see new video Lode runner game sLode Runner Game Boy Advance 60fps
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Nuvem de lagrimas fafa de belem, sql server express 2016, host unity web player dropbox, power stone 2 cdi s

domain: game


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Banana Bread Recipe Without Baking Powder. (i checked it around 50 minutes but it needed the extra ten minutes). 1/4 teaspoon baking soda = 1 teaspoon baking powder.
350g ripe bananas (peeled weight) 180g plain flour, plus extra for the tin 2½ tsp baking powder 1 tsp salt 160g soft, light brown sugar A good rule of thumb is to use at least 5 ml (1 teaspoon) of baking powder for every cup of flour.
3ingredient Banana Pancakes Recipe In 2020 Banana
Add the brown sugar, oil, vanilla, and almond milk, and whisk to incorporate. After 10 the minute “cooldown”, you should remove the banana bread from the bread pan and place the banana bread on a wire cooling rack to finish cooling.

domain: food


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• Hello there! I'm a huge Splatoon fanatic and I love drawing & creating characters. Expect art from either Splatoon, or Cartoon style characters!
• Now for introductions; you can call me Leo, or anything you want really! I'm just your average dork, geek and nerd who appreciates and loves to draw, mostly video game and anime-esque related art!
Every Coffee counts!

domain: artistic


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The rise and fall of the health glossiesBMJ 2004; 328 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.328.7453.1444 (Published 10 June 2004) Cite this as: BMJ 2004;328:1444
- Joanna Lyall, freelance journalist (email@example.com)
Magazines about mental illness and allergies are launched, but Health Which? folds
From Vogue to Yachting World, in order to succeed in the competitive world of glossy magazine publishing it has always been vital to have a clear idea of who the readers are—and, to attract the right kind of advertising, how deep their pockets are. But over the past few months a couple of new “lifestyle” publications have emerged that define their readers not by their interests in haute couture or yachts, for example, but instead by their membership of a particular patient group—people with mental illness and people with allergies.
While there have long been consumer-style magazines for people with diabetes (Balance, launched in 1961) and arthritis (Arthritis Today), these have been published by and circulated through relevant charities. What is different about therethere (launched this week for people with mental illness) and Allergy magazine is that their publishers plan, in the long term, to sell them over the news stands.
therethere, a glossy quarterly distributed through GP surgeries, has pop singer Britney Spears on the cover of the first issue, with the coverline “Britney returns. But is she …

domain: medical


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Eastasiasoft today announced that the 2D action-platformer Skatemasta Tcheco launches on October 7 for Nintendo Switch, PS4, and Xbox One. Skatemasta Tcheco was previously released on PC via Steam. Marcelo Barbosa is…more»
Game Freaks 365 participates in affiliate programs to help cover hosting costs and other operating expenses. We may receive a small percentage of sales from affiliate links.

domain: entertainment


Planning related regulations included in the Frederick County Code of Ordinances include (but are not limited to) the Zoning Ordinance, the Subdivision Rules and Regulations, the Adequate Public Facilities Ordinance, the Forest Resource Ordinance, and the Moderately Priced Dwelling Units Ordinance. The entire Frederick County Code is published online through the American Legal Publishing Corporation. Amendments to the Code of Ordinances may require several weeks before being published online.
2018 IBC, Chapter 11 (also refers to A117.1-2009); except where the provisions of the Maryland Accessibility Code, January 1, 2012, COMAR Section 05.02.02, are more stringent in which case they would apply.
Please be advised that effective July 1, 2019 Maryland HB 586 (which relates to Solar Photovoltaic Systems – Lockout Tag Requirement) was signed into law by the Governor Hogan. In part, it requires that “a company that installs solar photovoltaic systems to install a certain lockout tag containing a safety warning under certain circumstances; and requiring the Department of Labor, Licensing, and Regulation to make a certain report to the House Economic Matters Committee and the Senate Finance Committee by December 1, 2019.”


When I left Joplin to attend a Natural Disaster practice Tuesday afternoon, the price of gas was $2.49 a gallon. By the time I returned, it had increased by more than 30 cents and this afternoon it was $2.99. That still pales in comparison to the $6 plus being charged in the south, according to news reports.
Attorney General Jay Nixon will investigate whether we are seeing an epidemic of price gouging. Governor Matt Blunt issued a news release today saying he had "directed" Nixon to conduct the investigation. While it is good to see Blunt taking strong, decisive action to benefit the taxpayer instead of big business, it is safe to assume that Nixon would have conducted the investigation anyway, even if he had not been directed to do so.


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*Gynaecological & Obstetric Injury
Gynaecological injuries can include bladder perforation and perforated bowel. It is so that these sort of injuries can occur without negligence being present as they are known complications that come with procedures such as hysterectomies and laparoscopic salpingectomies.
However it is also a strong possibility that these injuries could have been avoided had competent medical care been afforded to the patient during or after the procedure. If you feel that you were not provided with adequate treatment during your procedure then you should contact BCC Solicitors today for a consultation.
In relation to Obstetric Injury Claims, there is a possibility of perineal tears during pregnancy from a baby’s delivery or from the instruments that may have been used during the birth to assist with delivery. Third and fourth degree tears is where issues most usually arise. They need extensive care and follow up treatment to ensure precarious symptoms do not develop.
If missed or left untreated, perineal tears can have devastating effects on mothers. Women often leave these tears untreated as they are under the illusion that this is a usual part of giving birth or they may simply be embarrassed to discuss the issue.
These injuries should be identified and treated appropriately in the delivery room by medical staff. If you believe you have been misdiagnosed as to the degree of your tear, that your injuries have gone unnoticed or perhaps that you have been treated negligently then get in touch with our Medical Negligence Department now to discuss the matter in the utmost of confidence.


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反射高速電子回折で励起した2次電子のスピン計測 Measurement of the Spin-polarization of Secondary Electrons Excited by Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction Field
Combining RHEED system with an electron spin detector, we have observed the spin-polarization of secondary electrons emitted from the transition metal and alloy surfaces during the RHEED measurement for the first time. The strong temperature as well as angle dependences and the magnetic hysteresis give the evidence that the observed polarization reflects the magnetic domain structure at the surface.
真空 42(5), 557-564, 1999-05-20
The Vacuum Society of Japan


A community Grand Menorah will be lit by Governor Jared Polis as the highlight of Chanukah at the State Capitol on Thursday, December 7, 2023 on the Colorado State Capitol West Steps. The FREE festivities, which start at 5 p.m., celebrate the Jewish holiday of light and include food and fun for all ages.
The celebration includes live entertainment, a breathtaking fire show, delicious BBQ, a dreidel drop, doughnuts, chocolate Chanukah coins and more.
Entry is free, but organizers would like everyone to RSVP so they know how many people to expect. To get your tickets go here.
You can also reserve a parking spot for $5.
200 E. Colfax Ave., Denver.


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MICROWAVE – ASSISTED EXTRACTION OF FLAVONOIDS AND PROFILING FLAVONOID CYTOTOXICITY AGAINST Hep-G2 HUMAN CANCER CELL LINEHTML Full Text
MICROWAVE - ASSISTED EXTRACTION OF FLAVONOIDS AND PROFILING FLAVONOID CYTOTOXICITY AGAINST Hep-G2 HUMAN CANCER CELL LINE
Amira Mohammed Beltagy
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt.
ABSTRACT: Hepatic cancer is one of the most causes for cancer death in the world. The aim of this work was to compare and survey the cytotoxic activity of a group of differently classed flavonoids and three plant extracts known for their high antioxidant activities against Hep-G2 human cancer cell line. Also to isolate some flavonoids from the plant extracts using easier, modified methods of higher yield and lower time of extraction than conventional ones. Different flavonoidal classes were tested against Hep-G2 human cancer cell line using SBR assay. Doxorubicin was used as a positive control. Dihydroquercetin was found to be more potent even than Doxorubicin. It showed the higher activity with IC50 = 4.43±0.08 μg/ ml followed by quercetin and rutin with IC50 = 7.88±0.89 and 11.2 ±0.97μg/ ml respectively. Among the tested extracts, rosemary alcoholic extract was the potent followed by green tea alcoholic extract and orange peel alcoholic extract was the less potent. Their IC50 values ranged from 11.5±1.02μg/ml to 48.2 ±1.8μg/ ml. Diosmin and catechins showed no activity against Hep-G2 human cancer cell line. IC50 of Doxorubicin was calculated as 5.14 ±0.09 μg/ml. All the tested plant extracts showed cytotoxicity especially rosemary extract which was highly potent with IC50 = 11.2±0.97μg/ ml
Hepatocytotoxicity, Flavonoids, Orange peel, Green tea, Rosemary, Microwave assisted extraction.
INTRODUCTION: Primary liver cancer is the sixth most frequent cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death (World Health Organization 2014). The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma is increasing in many countries especially in developing areas 1. Flavonoids are ubiquitous in nature and have been shown to reveal cytotoxic activity toward various human cancer cells with little or no effect on normal cells 2.
There is no survey on the edible plant flavonoids related to different classes and hepatic cancer in particular but some evidences about Hesperidin (Hesperitin-7-rhamnoglucoside), Hesperetin (5, 7, 3′-trihydroxy-4′-methoxy-flavanone), Diosmin (3', 5,7-trihydroxy - 4' - methoxyflavone 7 - rhamno glucoside) and Rutin (Quercetin 3-rutinoside), Quercetin (3,4',5,5',7-pentahydroxy-Flavone), Q), Dihydroquercetin (3, 3', 4', 5, 7 - Pentahydroxy flavanone), Morin(2', 3, 4', 5, 7-pentahydroxy flavone), ± Catechins[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromene-3,5,7-triol. (Fig. 1)
Quercetin, can inhibit the proliferation of different cancer cells 3, 4. Concerning hepatic cancer, it was proved that quercetin exerted its preventive effect via decreased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant activity in rats 5. Hesperdin was found to show cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cells with IC50 of 11 µmol/L. It showed invitro synergism effect with Doxirubicin 6. Another study 7 investigated the antiproliferative effect of hesperidin on human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cell line. Morin, the flavonol prevented acute liver damage following CCl4 administration in rats by inhibiting tumor necrosis factor 8. Other morin cytotoxicity was reported against liver, intestine and breast tumors 9. Combination of diosmin and hesperidin 9:1, as in the preparation ""Detralex" increased hepato- protective effect 10.
FIG. 1: FLAVONOIDAL STRUCTURES
Water extracts of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel and its flavonoidal glycoside, hesperidin exhibited a significant hepatoprotective effect by attenuating oxidative stress in-vivo 11. Rosemary extracts have exhibited potential cytostatic and cytotoxic effects in colon human cancer cell lines 12. Oral administration of 1.5% green tea extract produced significant protection against tamoxifen - induced liver damage in rats 13. Application of microwave assisted extraction process for isolation and extraction of phytoconstituents from plant material has gained an increasing importance 14.
Plant Material: Ripen and freshly harvested orange (Baladi) fruits (season October 2015) were obtained from a local farm in Egypt. Voucher specimen was kept in herbarium of Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University as15Or.
Green tea and rosemary leaves were purchased from a local herb-market and voucher specimens were kept in herbarium of Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University as 118G and 96R for green tea and rosemary respectively. The plants were confirmed by Professor Samir El-Kady, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafr El-Shiekh University.
Chemicals and Apparatus: All solvents and Chemicals were purchased from Sigma Chemical Company (St., Louis, USA). Flavonoids (quercetin, dihydeoquercetin, morin, diosmin, hesperetin, catechin and rutin (purity>98%) were purchased from Sigma - Aldrich. Solvent evaporation and concentration was performed on Rotavapor Heidolphvv 2000l and determination of flavonoidal content using Spectrophotometer (Optima SP-300, Japan). TLC analysis was done on precoated silica gel 60 F254 plates (Merck). Sephadex LH20 (Pharmazie). Polyamide (Merck) for TLC plates.
Lyophilyser (Hosokawa, England) and Domestic microwave oven (600 W, Daewoo, China). Cytotoxicity assays were measured in an ELISA reader spectrophotometer (Tecan Group Ltd. Sunrise), Germany. Melting points were determined using Fisher- Johns melting point apparatus.
Preparation of Alcoholic Extract of Orange Peel: Fruits of Citrus sinesis (Balaby) were chipped to thin, small slices then dried at room temperature to give 50 g of whitish orange powder. Powder is then extracted with 70% alcohol three times each of 100 ml till exhaustion. The total alcoholic extract is then collected and evaporated on rotary vapor under reduced pressure at 50 °C. The brownish residue (7.8 g) had a characteristic odor.
Preparation of Alcoholic Extract of Green Tea and Rosemary: The air dried powdered plant material (50g) of each plant was extracted separately and successively with 70% alcohol at room temperature for 3 times. The resultant extracts were separately concentrated under reduced pressure at 30 °C. Camellia sinesis residue was waxy, dark brownish solid residue weighed 2.4g while that of Rosumarium officinale was powdered yellowish to light brown residue, of characteristic odor that weigh 3.5g. TLC analysis of Camellia sinesis residue on silica gel F percolated plates showed five spots using ether: CHCl3 (8:2) as solvent system and anisaldehyde/ H2SO4 as spray reagent. Rf of these spots were: 0.13, 0.35, 0.75, 0.83 and 0.92. TLC analysis of Rosumarium officinale residue on silica gel F percolated plates showed six spots using ether: CHCl3 (8:2) as solvent system and anisaldehyde/ H2SO4 as spray reagent. Rf of these spots were: 0.21, 0.31, 0.52, 0.63, 0.89 and 0.96. Both extracts were kept as residue for cytotoxic activity test.
Isolation of Hesperidin from Orange Peel: Fuits were peeled off sharply and then chipped to thin, small slices then dried at room temperature to give 250 g of whitish orange powder. Powder was defatted with light petroleum then mixed with 600 ml of 10% calcium hydroxide, pH was adjusted to 11. Solution was then microwaved in 600w microwave at 90 °C for 3min initially then off for 2 min then microwaved again for another 2 min. Microwaving on and off was repeated for three times. The solution was cooled and then acidified by dilute HCl till pH = 5 was reached and centrifuged for 3 min. The solution was kept in refrigerator for 8 hours. Crude hesperidin (10.8 g) was separated that was filtered through Buchner funnel then dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide, stirred and heated to 60 - 80 °C the water is added slowly whilst stirring.
On cooling, the hesperidine precipitates. The purity of the isolated crystals (7.1 g) was tested by giving one spot on TLC precoated silica gel F254 plates in three different mobile phase systems as following: n-butanol : acetic acid : water = 4:1:5 Rf = 0.6, CHCl3:CH3OH (1:1) Rf = 0.51 and in MeOH Rf = 0.77.
Microwaved Assisted Hydrolysis of Compound H1 to compound H2: Compound H1 (5g) was dissolved in 300 ml of 0.25M H2SO4:C2H5OH (2:8) mixed well then the hydrolysis reaction was done in 600 w microwave at 120 °C a total time of 10 min. Procedure was carried out as following: the solution was microwaved for 3 min initially then off for 2 min, microwaved again for another 3 min then off for 2 min followed by on for 4 min. Sample interval was taken after 10 min and examined by TLC using solvent system. Complete hydrolysis achieved after 20 min and recognized by the appearance of nearly one major spot on TLC plate. The resulting solution was concentrated and then extracted with ethyl acetate (100 ml x3). The collected ethyl acetate layer was concentrated under reduced pressure till residue. Crude crystals were purified by dissolving residue in minimum of acetone, and the resulting solution was added to a mixture of water and acetic acid in an ice bath. Pure yellow powder of compound H2 (2.8 g) was obtained. TLC of the isolated compound on silica gel F254 using methanol/ chloroform (9.5:0.5) as solvent system and iodine vapour for detection gave one spot Rf =0.72.
Isolation of Compound C from Green Tea: The powdered plant (250 g) was macerated with 500 ml distilled water then microwaved at 600w at 90 0C for 4 min. The solution was then filtered.
The filtrate was centrifuged at 800 rpm. The supernatant was lyophilized to give dark greenish residue (17.5g). One gram was kept for chromatographic test and cytotoxic activity. The bulk residue (16.5g) was partitioned between ethyl acetate: water (1:1) for three times. The combined ethyl acetate layers were concentrated to small volume and decaffeinate by the addition citric acid solution 15 followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The collected ethyl acetate fractions were then concentrated under reduced pressure to give 11.74 g of buff powder.
Recrystallization from hot water was repeated several times to improve the yield. Purification of the isolated compound was done on Sephadex LH20 column to give 8.4 g buff- white powder.
TLC of the isolated compound C was done on polyamide plate using n-butanol: acetone: acetic acid (5:5:3 v/v) and detected by ethanolic FeCl3 as spray reagent (Rf =0.90). TLC on silica gel F254 plates using toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (10:8:1) and detected by ethanolic FeCl3 as spray reagent (Rf = 0.86).
Preparation of Alcoholic Extract of Rosemary: Rosumarium officinale was powdered yellowish to light brown residue, of characteristic odor that weigh 3.5g. TLC analysis of Rosumarium officinale residue on silica gel F percolated plates showed five spots using ether: CHCl3 (8:2) as solvent system and anisaldehyde/ H2SO4 as spray reagent. Rf of these spots were: 0.21, 0.31, 0.52, 0.89 and 0.96. Using solvent system CH2Cl2: CH3OH (6:1) and UV detection before and after spraying with AlCl3. Rf of these spots and their color under UV lamp were: 0.08 yellow, 0.31 brownish, 0.61 yellow, 0.82 greenish yellow and 0.94 yellow.
Determination of Anti-hepatocytotoxicity of the Extracts and Flavonoids:
Human Tumor Cell Lines: Non small human hepatocellular liver carcinoma (Hep-G2), was obtained in frozen state under liquid nitrogen (-180 ºC) from the American Type Culture Collection. The tumor cell lines were maintained by serial sub-culturing in the National Cancer Institute, Cairo, Egypt.
Culture Media: The cells were suspended in RPMI 1640 medium (Sigma Aldrich) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Sigma, USA) in presence 1% antibiotic antimycotic mixture (10.000 U/ml K-penicillin, 10.000μg/ml streptomycin sulphate and 25 μg/ml amphotericin B) and 1% L-glutamine (all purchased from Lonza, Belgium(.
Assay Method for Anti-hepatocytotoxic Activity: Anti-hepatocytotoxicity against Hep-G2 cells were tested in the National Cancer Institute, according to the SRB (Sulforhodamine B) assay.
(3-(4, 5-di-methylthiazol-2-yl) - 2, 5-diphenyltetra- zolium bromide) method by Skehan et al., 16, Adriamycin® (Doxorubicin) 10 mg vials Pharmacia, Sweden) was used as the reference drug. Briefly, cells were seeded in 96-multiwell plates at densities of 104 cells/well in a fresh media and incubated under normal growth condition for approximately 24 h before treatment with the tested sample to allow attachment of cells to the wall of the plate. Then, 200 μl aliquot of serial dilution with DMSO (100%) of each of the total alcoholic extracts of orange peel, green tea and rosemary and the isolated flavonoids (hesperidin, hesperetin and ± catechin) as well as the purchased flavonoids (quercetin, dihydroquercetin, morin, diosmin, rutin (0, 1, 2.5, 5 and 10μg/ml) were added and the plates were incubated for 24, 48 and 72 h at 37 °C in a humidified incubator containing 5% CO2 in air.
Control cells were treated with vehicle alone. Three wells were prepared for each individual dose. Following 24, 48 and 72 h treatment, cells were fixed, washed and stained with Sulforhodamine B stain (Sigma, USA). Color intensity was measured in an ELISA reader spectrophotometer (Tecan Group Ltd. Sunrise, German). The relation between the mean of surviving fraction and drug concentration is plotted to get the survival curve of each tumor cell line after the specified plant extract. Negative control was treated with the vehicle (0.1% DMSO) used for diluting the tested drug.
Doxorubicin (1.0 μg/ml) was used as the positive control. Also, determination of IC50 of Doxorubicin for all the tested cell lines was also so as done for direct comparison with the tested extracts and flavonoids. The experiment was performed triplicate with DMSO at 1% and Doxorubicin as negative and positive controls respectively.
Statistical Analysis: All the aforementioned experiments were conducted in triplicate trials. Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Data were analyzed by using one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan's multiple range tests using SPSS version 12.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Isolation of Compound H1 from Orange Peel: Compound H1 has melting point of the isolated crystals was 260 - 262 °C. It gave positive Molisch test for glycosides.
IR of the isolated compound H1 was superimposed with an authentic sample of hesperidin.
1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz) δ 12.00 (1H, br s, 5-OH), 6.95 (1H, d, J= 2.0 Hz, H-2′), 6.85 (1H, J= 8.0 Hz, H-5′), 6.81 (1H, dd, J= 8.0, 2.0 Hz, H-6′), 6.16 (1H, d, J= 2.0 Hz, H-8), 6.12 (1H, d, J= 2.0 Hz, H-6), 5.50 (1H, dd, J= 11.0, 5.0 Hz, H-2), 4.96 (1H, d, J= 7.2 Hz, H-1′′), 4.55 (1H, br s, H-1), 3.78 (3H, s, 4-OCH3), 3.20–3.60 (6H, m, H-2′′to H-6′′), 3.20–3.60 (3H, m, H-2 to H-6), 3.11 (1H, dd, J= 17.0, 11.0 Hz, H-3a), 2.78 (1H, dd, J= 17.0, 5.0 Hz, H-3b), 2.51 (1H, d, J= 6.0 Hz, H-5), 1.09 (3H, d, J= 6.0 Hz, H-6).
1H-NMR (DMSO-d6 isolated compound H1was identical with that reported for hesperidin 17.
Microwaved Assisted Hydrolysis of Compound H1 to compound H2: Compound H2 (2.8 g) was obtained has melting point of 220 - 221 °C. The IR spectrum as KBr disk showed a strong band of OH at 3497 cm-1, CH (aliphatic) at 3120, 3039 and 2836 cm-1, CH (aromatic) at 2890 - 2957 cm-1, C=C (aromatic) at 1579, 1498 cm-1 of C=O band at 1635 cm-1, C-O at 1170 cm-1. Also, IR of the isolated compound H2 was superimposed with an authentic sample of hesperetin in the fingerprint region.
1H NMR (DMSO- d6 , 400 MHZ) δ12.92 (1H, br s, 5-OH), 8.04 (2H, dd, J= 9.0, 2.0 Hz,H-6′and H-2′), 7.15 (2H, dd, J= 9.0, 2.0 Hz, H-3′and H-5′), 6.93 (1H, s, H-3), 6.82 (1H, d, J= 2.0 Hz, H-8), 6.45 (1H, d, J= 2.0 Hz, H-6), 5.03 (1H, J= 7.2 Hz, H-1′′), 4.59 (1H, br s, H-1), 3.85 (3H, s, 7-OCH3), 3.20–3.40 (6H, m, H-2′′to H-6′′), 3.50-3.60 (3H, m, H-2 to H-6), 2.51 (1H, d, J= 6.0 Hz, H-5), 1.12 (3H, d, J= 6.0 Hz, H-6).
1H NMR of the isolated compound H2 was identical with that reported for hesperetin 18.
Isolation of Compound C from Green Tea: Isolation of compound C was done by MAE of green tea to give buff- white powder, has melting point 174 - 175 °C. The isolated compound was confirmed by co-chromatography with an authentic sample of catechin. It gave UV λmax (Methanol) 222, 277 nm. IR as KBr pellet showed bands at 2560 - 3400 (broad), 1622, 1518, 1473, 1240, 1155, 1123, 1078. The spectrum was superimposed with an authentic catechin sample in the fingerprint region.
Hepatocytotoxicity of the Three Plants Alcoholic Extracts and the Flavonoids: The three plant extracts showed cytotoxicity against Hep-G2 human cancer cells. Rosemary extract showed to be the most potent with IC50= 11.2 ± 0.97μg/ml. Green tea was found to be more potent than orange peel extract with IC50 values of 35.5 ± 1.1μg/ml followed by 40.1 ± 1.45μg/ml. The results are shown in Fig. 2. Within the tested flavonoids, dihydroquercetin showed high potency. It showed the higher activity with IC50 = 4.43 ± 0.08 μg/ml followed by quercetin and rutin with IC50 = 7.88 ± 0.89 and 11.2 ± 0.97μg/ml respectively. The results are shown in Fig. 3.
FIG. 2: CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF ORANGE PEEL, GREEN TEA AND ROSEMARY AGAINST Hep-G2 HUMAN CANCER CELL LINE
Comparison between cytotoxic activities of all the tested extracts and flavonoids together with Doxorubicin against Hep-G2 human cancer cells is shown in Fig. 4. All results are tabulated in Table 1.
FIG. 3: CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF THE TESTED FLAVONOIDS RELATED TO DIFFERENT CLASSES AND DOXORUBICIN AGAINST Hep-G2 HUMAN CANCER CELL LINE
FIG. 4: COMPARISON BETWEEN CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITIES OF ALL THE TESTED EXTRACTS AND FLAVONOIDS TOGETHER WITH DOXORUBICIN AGAINST Hep-G2 HUMAN CANCER CELLS
TABLE 1: CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITIES OF THE TESTED FLAVONOIDS AND THE THREE PLANT ALCOHOLIC EXTRACTS AS WELL AS DOXORUBICIN AS A POSITIVE CONTROL AGAINST Hep-G2 HUMAN CANCER CELL LINE
|Flavonoid / Extract||IC50 value ( μg/ ml)||Flavonoid / Extract||IC50 value ( μg/ml)|
|±Catechin||No activity||Green tea alcoholic extract||35.5±1.1 μg/ml|
|Diosmin||No activity||Rosemary alcoholic extract||11.5±0.97μg/ml|
|Quercetin||7.88±0.89||Orange peel alcoholic extract||40.1±1.45μg/ml|
DISCUSSION: In this work, hesperidin hydrolysis was achieved using microwave assisted method only in 20 min. Also, the yield was higher by this new method as yield of crude hesperidin was 4.32% and that of pure hesperidin was 2.84%. The parallel ordinary method 19 gave only 3.9% crude hesperidin and 2.25% of pure hesperidin. In case of ± catechin extraction from green tea, by the method used in this work, the yield given was 73.22mg % while that of the similar ordinary method of isolation and decaffeination 15 gave only 69.447mg %.
Concerning the anticancer activities, rosemary alcoholic extract was found to show much more potency against Hep-G2 human cancer cell line. It showed IC50 = 11.5 ± 0.97μg/ml. This means that its potency is more than 3 times as potent as the highly antioxidant plant extract of green tea (IC50 = 35.5±1.1 μg/ ml). Glycosylation of hesperetin with rutinoside in C7 resulted in increase in potency (IC50 = 38 ± 0.08) as in hesperidin. However glycosidation of quercetin in C3, as in rutin, resulted in decrease its anticancer activity against Hep-G2 (IC50 = 11.2±0.97 μg/ml).
Diosmin is a flavone constituent of both rosemary 20 and in orange peel 15. It showed no anticancer activity against Hep-G2 human cancer cell lines in this work. This may agree with previous reported results 21 showed that diosmin has low antioxidant properties due to its structural characteristics and showed low cytotoxicity against lung and breast cancer cell lines. Among the two tested flavonolaglycones, quercetin showed much higher (nearly 4-fold) anti-hepatocytotoxicity than morin. Reduction of C2-C3 double bond in quercetin (as in dihydroquercetin) nearly doubled its activity and gave a highly potent cytotoxic drug against Hep-G2 that is even more potent than Doxorubicin itself. Fortunately, taxifolin was reported to be not mutagenic and less toxic than quercetin 22.
This work results differ from that reported against breast cancer cell lines 23 that concluded that for flavonoids to be strongly cytotoxic, they must possess the 2, 3-double bond in the C-ring.
CONCLUSION: The results of this investigation clearly prove potent anticancer activities of rosemary extract with a low IC50 value. Also, the study ascertains the value of flavonoids as anticancer drugs against liver cancer and reports for the first time a potency comparison of 8 flavonoids related to different groups. It was wonderful to investigate that dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) is more potent than Doxorubicin with IC50 = 4.45 ± 0.08 μg/ml. Taxifolin is one of flavonoidal constituents of different plants including the highly known hepatoprotective drug silymarin extract from the milk thistle seeds 24. Thus this hepatoprotective activity may be related to its content of dihydroquercetin. It acts as a potential chemo-preventive agent against ovarian 25 and breast 26 cancers. Thus taxifolinis a promising flavonoid as anticancer against Hep-G2 as well as its chemopreventive activity. Its value may be increased being comparatively safe. This study also develops an effective extraction and acid hydrolysis method utilizing microwaves that results in rapid penetration of the plant tissues.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The cytotoxic activities were performed in the National Cancer Institute, Cairo, Egypt.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The author declares no conflict of interest.
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How to cite this article:
Beltagy AM: microwave - assisted extraction of flavonoids and profiling flavonoid cytotoxicity against Hep-G2 human cancer cell line. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2017; 8(11): 4573-81.doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.8(11).4573-81.
All © 2013 are reserved by International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
A. M. Beltagy
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt.
29 March, 2017
07 September, 2017
26 October, 2017
01 November, 2017