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‘Girls are demonstrating how well they can do in school when they have access to education. But many, and particularly the most disadvantaged, are not getting the chance to learn at all’
Overview of Report
‘The 2022 Gender Report presents fresh insights on progress towards gender parity in education with respect to access, attainment and learning. It showcases the results of a new model that provide coherent estimates, combining multiple sources of information, on completion rates. It also reviews the results of learning assessments released over the past 18 months, which present an almost global picture of the gender gap in reading, mathematics and science achievement in lower and upper primary and lower secondary grades. They provide a baseline against which to assess the impact of COVID-19 on inequality when post-pandemic data start being released next year.
A companion to the 2021/2 GEM Report, it emphasizes the role of non-state actors in influencing gender inequality in and through education. Non-state actors have filled in provision gaps left by the public education system. The 2022 Gender Report presents evidence on gender gaps in the share of students enrolled in private institutions by sex and what drives these gaps in the various regions. It also provides case studies on the privatization of childcare in high-income countries, the impact of non-state faith-based schools in Asia on gender norms and the role of women’s universities around the world.’ UNESCO GEM Gender Report 2022
Please take the time to read this important report here

domain: sociology


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The guys from Griffin Armament, Silencer Shop and Lone Star Boars take me out for a little Texas pig hunting. Of course we bring out a suppressed M240L to knock the pigs down with. We also show you different types of night vision and thermal sights from Armasight.
Are you interested in getting a degree in Firearms Technology? Check out Sonoran Desert Institute: https://sdi.edu/programs/

domain: hobby


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Such a stunning colour...so warm and happy:) Great images,sweetieKissesps: I am hosting a really sweet GIVEAWAY, so please join in:) ...I bet you will love it!!!
Just lovely!:D***** Marie *****allthingsmarie.com
The color peach is so lovely, AND this post is perfect!
I love peachy/coral tones! My bathroom is done in a pale peachy pink. (think 50's) Gorgeous images as always Shawna!xoxo,Bren @ Chasing Beauty
ooo yea, great colour!
Aw beautiful pictures! Lisa would love them for sure!
Every image is more gorgeous than the last! One of my favorite colors. It's so soft and feminine.Hope you're having a wonderful Wednesday! xoxo
Beautiful tribute to your friend! These peach tones are such soothing colors for the soul.xoxo Gloria @}~`}~~~
Ooh La La, arent those some images, love them i adore the over the top...Great Blog, glad to of found you, and happy to be a new follower, Will so check back..Karryann
oh shawna these are just lovely. the one with the clothes on the clothes line especially!!xoxo,carrie
Oh I think peach colored close are so gorgeous!!!Happy Wednesday doll!Luvs!
I don't say it often enough, but peach is one of my favorite colors. The vibes it sends off are amazing.
Stunning pictures, I love the third and forth ones down and I'm in love with that TBA dress xxx
One of my favorite colors!
What on Earth happened to Kirsten Dunst? She was fab and so photogenic! love this!xo tash
Aila's favorite fruit, dear friend!! Beautiful images and my eyes are smiling!!!Love!! Bela.
Thank you for keeping Lisa's spirit alive with this beautiful post. I was just over visiting bumpkin last night on her blog.xo M
Really love these photos. Warm and autumnal and simply beautiful.http://redumbrellachronicles.wordpress.com/
so so pretty and whimsical.xx a j http://seejaneworkplaylive.blogspot.com
Absolutely gorgeous...I love peachy tones :-)Cheers: Evi
You always come up with the best images Shawna!xoxo
Peeeachy!Where can I get my hands on those polka dotted tights? So cute!
oh I love it! I am definitly a peachy girl! hugs doll ;)
Oooh, I am loving all the pictures. But I envy the first one! Kellie xx
Beautiful images - that's such a dreamy colour isn't it! xx
peach gets such a bad rep and this makes it look so blushy and prettttywww.indramaticfashion.com
How's My Poppie Girl? Wonderful, I do hope :)Thank you for the sweetest card! It just made my day!What a perfectly peachy post! It is a very Poppie post!Big Smochiesgi gi
oooh peachy-kins! im LOVING each and every one of these peachy pics!....it's one colour that works every where and in all seasons...don't you think?!great collection of pics here dearie...
Lisa was so wonderful. These are gorgeous, I do love peachy/nudes, so flattering. XX!
gorgeous! :)Happy Friday!
Feminine and classy, gorgeous post!Have a happy weekend. xx
LOVE this post! the colors and fabrics have become my staples. they're so sophisticated and feminine. <3
I’m brunette so I love peach, especially with a tan. Lovely pics xx
stunning pitures !
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domain: artistic


Naomi Watts may be a successful actress and mother, but she knows her limits. At Monday's The International premiere in NYC, Watts, who just gave birth to her second son eight weeks ago, told Extra she doesn't know how Nadya Suleman, the mother of octuplets, manages.
"I love motherhood. I love being a mum," Watts, 40, said. "But too much. Too much. I don't know how she would do that. I have two under 2-years-old and that is plenty!"
Watts and long-time boyfriend Liev Schreiber have two sons, Alexander Pete, 19 months, and 8-week-old Samuel Kai. The International hits theaters on Friday, Feb. 13.


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'SEO Guy,' Investor and Moonlighting Photographer
I like to think of myself as a jack-of-all-trades who is pretty good at a few of them. Below, you'll find some of my work and some of my thoughts. You can write me here.
You're still here? It's over. Go home. Oh, wait. This is the homepage. (chickachicka)


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This process takes no more than a few hours and we’ll send you an email once approved. Abhishapit kobi aur bheriya comics pdf — kobi aur bheriya — raj comics hindi. Raj Comics is an Indian comic book line published by a division of Raja Pocket Books and is the largest comic book distributor and publisher in India Overview. In India’s first digitally colored comicbook Kobi aur Bheriya comicss published. Kobi aur bheriya comics pdf kobi aur bheriya comics aur bheriya kobi aur bheriya comics pdf this comic au rewrote kobi aur bheriya comics pdf laws of comic creation in the industry kobi aur bheriya comics pdf downloads.
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For 10 years Comicx resided in the jungles of Assam, protecting the residents from many dangers, but sometimes endangering them due to his foolishness. Kobi aur bheriya comics pdf: Until you earn points all your submissions need to be vetted by other Comic Vine users. Raj Comics 1 Raj Comics. Float Left Float Right. Disable kobi aur bheriya comics feature for this session. Bheriya is also a master of many ancient tricks and fighting skills and many a times he has beaten Kobi too.
Nevertheless, Kobi too helps in protecting the jungle, in his own ways. Comment and Save Until you earn points all your submissions need to be comocs by other Comic Vine users. The links are provided solely by this site’s users. Nuclear Reactor Dynamics Pdf Merge. Raj comics is bheryia indian comic book line published by a kobi aur bheriya comics pdf division of raja pocket books and is the largest comic book distributor and publisher in india overview.
MY COMICS PLANET: BHERIYA
King konkan of konkani tricks and destroys the wolf kingdom of wulfano,but guru Bhatiki-the main saviour and priest of wolfano saves Kobi from being killed and then he brings up Kobi and converts him into a fearsome warrior. Its all thanks to the die kobi aur bheriya comics.
Because you’re new to wiki editing, we sent your submission off to our moderators to check it over. When in need Kobi can also call for help of auur army of wolves,circumcising his area. We generate links on- the- fly when kobi aur bheriya comics click them.
Posted by Unknown at Bheriya was created by Dheeraj Verma in December Meanwhile Kobi the wolf or animal part of Bheriya marries Jane and is unable to leave the jungle. You may not use this site to distribute or download any kobi aur bheriya comics when you do not have the legal rights to do so. This edit will also create new pages on Comic Vine for: Kobi aur bheriya comics pdf amar pream, kobi and bheriya,raj comics search this blog.
To purchase the comics from online store. coics
The administrator of this site sjcomics. Kobi aur bheriya comics pdf Kobi aur bheriya comics pdf This comic book rewrote kobi aur bheriya comics aur bheriya comics pdf laws of comic creation in the industry. Raj comics is an indian comic book line published by a division of raja pocket books and is the kobi aur bheriya comics pdf largest comic book distributor and publisher in india overview.
Bhatiki did kobi aur bheriya comics in order to send Kobi to Wolfano. Raj Comics is an Indian comic book line published by a division of Raja Pocket Books kobi koi bheriya comics pdf and is the largest comic book distributor and publisher in India Overview.
Bheriya was created by Dheeraj Verma in December None of the files shown here are hosted or transmitted by this server.
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We’ll send an email when it is. It is your bberiya responsibility to adhere to these terms. Most changes are approved within a few hours. When Kobi comes of age, he and his father kobi aur bheriya comics to claim her. What size image should we insert? Go to Link Unlink Change. Tribals respect Bheriya and hail him as their saviour, whereas they fear Kobi’s fury and try to keep him pleased.
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domain: literature


$49.99 - $69.99
Here For The Party A party's just not a party until Chester shows up. This burly nylon-composite pedal is big on features, small on price, and fully ready to tear up some trail. A concave body, replaceable traction pins, and a cro-mo sealed axle are all representing. The Full Meal Deal A slim yet durable nylon-composite body is accented with a concave design, built-in traction treads and 8 replaceable traction pins per side. Not Just Another Axle Made to stand up to punishment, the durable sealed cro-mo axle rolls on a completely serviceable bearing + bushing set-up. Bling For Your Bike No build is complete without sick looking color-Coordinated pedals. Chester pedals come in multiple vibrant colors to choose from. Specs - Platform Height: 18.4mm - # of Pins: 16 SHCS hex traction pins per pedal (8 per side) - Platform L x W: 101 x 110mm - Axle Material: Chromoly Steel - Body Material: Nylon Composite - Material: Nylon Composite - Weight: 360g
iSSi's Trail Pedals offer bold styling, reliable technology, and a wide platform for better contact while in and out of the pedal. The Trail platform disperses pressure on your foot and provides a little extra confidence when descending unclipped. Dual-sided entry makes these SPD-compatible pedals simple to get into, while easily adjustable entry/release tension is perfect for beginners and experts alike. With triple-sealed cartridge bearings and durable chromoly spindles, these pedals will spin smoothly for countless rides. Plus, four degrees of float helps your knees track naturally during every crank revolution.
Crank Brothers' Eggbeaters are 4-sided, which makes them super easy to enter and exit. Their open design makes them shed mud and debris quickly, and these pedals feature 6-degrees of knee-friendly float. The Eggbeater 1s feature chromoly axles, stainless-steel springs, and steel bodies.
Foot, meet pedal. Thanks to the Stamp, you two will be closely acquainted. After scrutinizing data from the outsoles of top mountain bike shoe brands, Crank Brothers discovered that two distinct surface areas can optimize the shoe/pedal bond through the whole range of shoe sizes. The result is the Stamp, a pedal with minimum profile and maximum concavity. Specifications: - spindle material: forged scm 435 chromoly steel - body material: forged 6061-T6 - inner bearing type: igus LL-glide bearing - outer bearing type: igus LL-glide bearing - footprint: 100mm x 100mm (small) / 114mm x 111mm (large) - adjustable pins: 10 per side - minimal profile: 11mm-13mm thin - stamp small recommended for shoe sizes: 5-10 (us) // 37-43 (eu) - stamp large recommended for shoe sizes: 10-15 (us) // 43-49 (eu) - weight: 375g per pair (small) / 405g per pair (large)
Shimano's SM-SH56 Multi-Release Cleats disengage with less effort and in more directions than standard SPD cleats. - Not compatible with Shimano PD-M858 (XTR) SPD pedals
These versatile pedals feature adjustable Shimano SPD bindings on one side and standard cages on the other: the perfect combination for riders who ride with cleated cycling shoes and also with regular shoes. With sealed bearings and chromoly axles, the M324s are durable and practical all-around pedals. - Weight: 533 grams (pair)
Single-sensing Pedal-based Power Meter Ride stronger, smarter, connected with the Vector 3S pedal-based power meter. As you strive to beat your personal best on your next race or Gran Fondo, power is the most reliable way to gauge your performance on any given day, at any given time. Unlike other power meters, Vector 3S has a sensor housed in the left pedal, so it delivers reliable, accurate data on every training session. - Installs like any other pedal and quickly transfers between bikes - Reports cadence and total power (watts) - Easily upgrades to dual-sensing system - Fully integrates with Garmin cycling ecosystem for data analysis - Allows for easy updates via compatible Edge cycling computers, ANT+ connectivity or Bluetooth-enabled fitness devices and Garmin Connect Mobile app - Battery life: up to 120 hours - Cleat hardware included WARNING: The maximum weight limit of the cyclist using the Vector system is 231 lbs (105 kg). Cyclists over this weight limit risk personal injury and property damage. Specifications: - Battery type: LR44/SR44 (x2) - Battery life: up to 120 hours - Weight: 324 g - Max. rider weight: 105 kg - Accuracy: +/- 1.0% - Cleat type: Keo - Q-factor: 53 mm/ 55mm with supplied spacing washer - Stack height: 12.2 mm - Field calibration - Adjustable release tension - Garmin Connect - Measurement location: Spindle - Communication: ANT+ and Bluetooth
Pre-cut traction tabs designed to integrate with the Highline remote lever and increase grip for ultimate control.
- NJS/Keirin certified chrome plated steel clips for single toe strap - Hardware included
Rebuild kit for Race Face Aeffect pedals.
KEO BLADE CARBON pedals feature a Chromoly+ axle and stainless steel bearings for extreme reliability. Beyond its weight, the surface contact area-to-weight ratio is the best in class. Light, aerodynamic and powerful, these pedals have all you need to take it to the next level. - Technology: Blade - Cleats: Keo Cleat - Retention: Serial installed in 8 + additional 12 in box - Body: Carbon - Blade: Composite - Spindle: Chromoly+ - Bearings: Steel - Platform area: 700mm² - Platform width: 67mm - Q Factor: 53mm - Stack height + cleats: 14.8mm (8.5 + 6.3mm) - Weight (pedal): 115g - Weight (pair + cleats): 300g
The GEO TREKKING VISION is the ultimate commuter pedal. Two different sides: one flat suitable for any shoes, and the other SPD-compatible for when you take things up a level. A removable light system adds that little extra security: ride to work in your suit and tie, ride home via the trails and side roads. - Technology: Hybrid pedals = half flat + half clipless - Cleats: X-Track Easy - Cleats Standard: SPD compatible - Release Angle: 13° - Retention: 5-10 - Body: Composite - Traction: Composite studs - Spindle: Chromoly+ - Platform width: 84mm - Weight (pedal): 217g - Weight (pair + cleats): 490g - Light included: Yes (x2) - Light modes: 3 (steady/flash/flash eco) - Battery Life: Up to 30h (flash eco) - Light Output: 15 lumens - Battery: Micro USB rechargeable (cable included) - Charging time: 50 min - Beam angle: 180°
$50.00 - $52.00
Replace or overhaul iSSi pedals with Bushing & Bearing Spindles with these handy kits, or customize your stance width with longer spindle options. Includes: - iSSi chromoly spindles - Sealed cartridge outer bearings - Inner Bushings - Spindle nuts - Seals - iSSi-branded end caps
The MADE by LOOK KEO standard is recognized in the cycling world for its minimal weight and compact design of the cleat and pedal combo. Of course, compatible with all pedals on the market, their memory positioner is a major advantage when changing your cleats. Their principle and use are the same as the DELTA cleat standard; engagement and disengagement remain efficient and reassuring. - Use: Road - Material: Polyamide + PTFE - Lateral adjustment: 4mm - Longitudinal adjustment: 12mm - Weight (pair + fasteners): 68g
Doubles represent the ultimate in toe strap comfort and performance. You won't believe how much more secure and comfortable they are than traditional singles until you've tried them yourself. Suddenly toe clips will make perfect sense, and you'll be riding with newfound confidence. - Leather with steel hardware - Intended for use with double-strap toe clips (sold separately) - 114 grams per pair - 420mm length
- Protects cranks from damage caused by overtightening pedals - Can be used for bike fit adjustments, dependent on pedal thread length engagement
Polyurethane pads with diamond plate traction pattern allow riders to customize their pedals for a perfect interface with any shoe. - Kit includes eight 1mm traction pads and eight 2mm traction pads
45NRTH's Replacement Pedal Pins are a great way to customize the style and grip of your 45NRTH pedals (sold separately). These tough, aluminum pins deliver fantastic bite into traditional winter boots, and come in a variety of colors to coordinate with your rig. Plus, the included wrench keeps the job quick. - Includes: 32 pins and wrench
- Fixie style straps that are compatible with most flat pedals - Provide the pulling power of straps with the easy release of clipless pedal system - Stiff, wide straps do not need toe clips
PD-R7000 NEW FEATURE - Carbon fiber reinforced resin pedal body - Wide contact area - 265g/pr (25g/pr lighter than PD-5800) BENEFIT - Optimum power transfer - Lightweight - Aerodynamic image - Color: CFRP - Average weight: 265 g - Road clearance: 31° - Binding: Single Sided - Cleat included: SM-SH11 - Optional cleat: SM-SH10 / SM-SH12 - Pedal Type: Road - Reflector: SM-PD65
RaceFace Chester Pedal Spindle Kit Left/Right
The X-TRACK RACE CARBON pedals offer the best surface contact area-to-weight ratio, thanks to a carbon body design. The large surface area and shape also offers plenty of stability to ensure a consistent feeling pedal stroke. - Technology: X-Track - Cleats: X-Track Cleat included (Easy Cleat available separately) - Cleats standard: SPD compatible - Retention: 6 to 14 - Body: Carbon - Spindle: Chromoly+ - Platform area: 515mm² - Platform width: 60mm - Stack height + cleats: 16.8mm (10.7 + 6.1mm) - Weight (pedal): 175g - Weight (pair + cleats): 400g - Float angle: 6° - Release angle: 13°
$69.99 - $99.99
Discover the world of clipless pedals with the KEO CLASSIC 3. The easily adjustable tension makes clipping in and out smooth and simple, with the ability to increase tension to fully appreciate the pedal and all its advantages. - Technology: Spring - Cleats: Keo Grip - Retention: 8 to 12 - Body: Composite - Spindle: Chromoly - Platform Material: Composite - Platform area: 400mm² - Platform width: 50mm - Q Factor: 53mm - Stack height + cleats: 17.8mm (11.5 + 6.3mm) - Weight (pedal): 140g - Weight (pair + cleats): 350g
- Touring/Cross pedals with light alloy body and toe-clip compatible cage - Don't let the retro looks fool you, this workhorse with its wide platform is great for everyday use
Bearing rebuild kit for Race Face Atlas pedals.
$34.99 - $59.99
The RaceFace Ride pedal features a slim nylon-composite platform, and offers a concave and lightweight design for legitimate performance. - Molded traction pins give you all the grip you need without risk of damaging your shoes or shins - Durable Cro-Mo steel axle features a standard 9/16” pedal thread and serviceable internal parts - 9/16"
Crank Brothers' most versatile pedal. The Candy excels at it all – cyclocross, XC, trail, all mountain. 4-sided entry enables superior mud-shedding capability, and customizable float and release angles create a dialed-in feel. - Spindle material: Forged scm 435 chromoly steel - Body material: One piece composite - Wing material: Stamped steel - Spring material: 300 series stainless steel - Release angle: 15° / 20° - Q-factor: 52mm - Inner bearing type: Igus LL-glide bearing - Outer bearing type: Enduro cartridge bearing - Cleat: Premium brass cleats with shims included - Weight: 294g per pair - Warranty: 5 years
Size specific magnesium platform pedal provides optimal shoe/pedal interface. Details - Magnesium pedal body for weight reduction - Optimal surface area - Minimal body profile - 16mm thin - Concave pin profile & 10 adjustable pins per side for grip - Premium bearings & seal system - Stamp small recommended for shoe sizes: 5-10 (us) // 37-43 (eu) - Stamp large recommended for shoe sizes: 10-15 (us) // 43-49 (eu) - Serviceable, pedal refresh kit found here Specs - Adjustable pins: 10 per side - Body material: AM60B Magnesium Alloy - Endcap: T15 - Footprint: 114mm x 111mm - Inner bearing type: Igus Bearing - Max rider weight: No restriction - Outer bearing type: Double Cartridge Bearing - Shoe size: US 10-15 // EU 43-49 - Spindle material: Forged SCM 415 Chromoly Steel - Warranty: 5 years - Weight: 386g per pair
Get that fresh cleat feel These solidly-built cleats work with Bontrager road pedals or any Look Cycle’s KÉO-compatible clipless pedals. Whether you're looking for replacements, need a new set for a new pair of kicks, or just like to keep an extra pair in your toolkit. Product details - Replacement cleats for all Look Cycle’s KÉO®-compatible road pedals - Directly compatible with Bontrager Comp Road pedals - Set includes 1 pair
iSSi's Trail Pedals offer bold styling, reliable technology, and a wide platform for better contact while in and out of the pedal. The Trail platform disperses pressure on your foot and provides a little extra confidence when descending unclipped. Dual-sided entry makes these SPD-compatible pedals simple to get into, while easily adjustable entry/release tension is perfect for beginners and experts alike. Plus, four degrees of float helps your knees track naturally during every crank revolution.
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The publisher wants to wear down Jason West and Vince Zampella in their suit by attempting to delay the start of the trial, bleeding them dry.
The duo who formerly ran Infinity Ward before being forcibly dismissed and even ejected from the premises by Activision security are taking the publishing giant to court for unpaid monies and even to try and get ownership of Modern Warfare's IP.
Activision meanwhile has now expanded their own side of things by attempting to drag rival publisher Electronic Arts into the suit, which they claim are behind a lot of this legal grief. The court dates were set for sometime in May but could be pushed back further.
The duo "are paying for this litigation from our own funds" and protest at this sneaky expansion of the case saying it has already exceeded their "combined annual salaries" and hurting their new studio which already employs dozens of new developers.
They close by saying "any delay of the trial in this lawsuit would increase the financial and non-financial burdens and would continue to distract us from running our business and earning a living." Death by a thousand cuts, or in this case lawyer fees.


CS/LS06 “Chang Feng” Submachine Gun
By N.R. Jenzen-Jones
The Chang Feng submachine gun (SMG)—known in its latest iteration as the “CS/LS06”—is in service with Chinese law enforcement and paramilitary personnel, as well as specialised units from other nations. The design is notable for its 50-round helical magazine and is often issued with a suppressor. Development of the Chang Feng SMG began in the mid-1990s by the Chongqing Changfeng Machine Company Ltd., based in the southwestern Chinese city of Chongqing.
The weapon was conceived by veteran designer Qing Shangsheng, under the auspices of the Changfeng Military Products Research Institute. In addition to leading the design team for the QSZ-92 pistol, Mr. Qing had previously worked on a number of other small arms projects, including the Type 64 7.62×17mm pistol, Type 67 7.62×17mm suppressed pistol, Type 80 7.62×25mm submachine gun, Type 56-2 self-loading rifle, both 7.62 and 5.45 light machine guns (“squad automatic weapons”), and a variety of sporting pistols, a signal pistol and even a derringer. Prior to working on the CF05, he had already secured a patent for a high-capacity quad-stack, double-feed magazine for the Type 56-2.
According to a 2006 interview with the designer, he initially developed the concept in secrecy between 1993 and 1994 and did not share it with the factory manager until 1996. Four main series of prototypes were then developed. The first prototype used the weapon’s helical magazine to form part of the buttstock, fitted with a removable rubber butt pad. Versions of Prototype I were developed with different burst functions: Prototype I-1 had a two-round burst mechanism, and Prototype I-2 had a three-round burst mechanism. The second prototype’s magazine moved so that it sat above the barrel and introduced the closed-bolt, blow-back operation.
Prototype II was fitted with a telescoping stock. Both Prototypes I and II were chambered for 5.8×21mm.
It was determined that export sales were to be a priority for this weapon, and the weapons were updated to chamber the internationally popular 9×19mm cartridge. At this point, the program adopted the designation “QC-9” for the guns. As well as the new chambering, Prototype III saw experimentation with under-folding buttstock designs. Prototypes III-1 and III-2 have slightly different folding stock configurations. Prototype III-2 also introduced an optics mounting capability.
Prototypes I, II and III were all able to feed from a secondary feed device—a detachable box magazine housed in the pistol grip of the gun. These were QSZ-92 pistol magazines, which are produced in both 5.8×21mm and 9×19mm versions. A separate magazine release, located on the pistol grip, is visible in the first three prototype series. In the first prototype, it was possible to inadvertently introduce a feeding issue with both magazines fully seated. In Prototypes II and III, the box magazine could not be fully seated until all rounds were fired from the helical magazine, tripping a switch.
By Prototype IV, the design had returned to using a telescoping buttstock, and the alternate box magazine feed system was removed. A magazine release button is still seen on the pistol grip of all prototype weapons. In Prototypes II and III, the forward and rear pistol grips are connected via a bridging structure. Prototype IV-1 also has this “bridged” configuration; however, by Prototype IV-2, the furniture design is essentially finalised and is close to the production gun. The prototypes had a cleaning kit stored in the front pistol grip, which was also dropped from production guns. By the last prototypes, the translucent brown helical magazines appear to have been introduced, and translucent white magazines followed in early production guns.
A number of further changes were made as the QC-9 progressed through development. The weapon underwent trials in 2004, and issues with extractor strength, feeding issues, trigger issues, and the fire selector were resolved. The weapon was finally approved for serial production in May 2005. The production version of the weapon, now designated the CF05, was publicly showcased at the first annual China International Exhibition on Police Equipment and Anti-Terrorism Technology and Equipment (CIPATE) on May 10, 2005.
In 2006, the export variant of the weapon was approved, and the designation CS/LS06 was applied. Export versions of the weapon have occasionally been marketed as the Type 06, but CS/LS06 remains the most common name. “CS” likely stands for “China South,” as in “China South Industries Group,” which included Changfeng amongst its subsidiaries. This designation is seen on the title page of an English-language SMG manual from the mid-2000s (China South Industries Corporation’s “Operation & Maintenance Manual of 9mm Light Submachine Gun Type CS/LS06,” state-owned document #236), which was intended for the export version of the gun. It has been suggested by several observers that “CS06” is the designation for the firearm, whilst “LS06” is the designation for the suppressor. Not only is there no evidence to support this claim, “CS/LS” designations are applied to other export submachine guns without suppressors. The Changfeng Machine Company merged with Jian She several years ago, and so the “CF05” designation is unlikely to be used again.
The Chang Feng design is a hammer-fired, blow-back operated submachine gun chambered for 9×19mm, firing from a closed bolt and feeding from a 50-round helical magazine. The design uses a telescoped bolt which wraps around the barrel when in battery. At the end of its rearward travel, the bolt is stopped against the rear of the barrel assembly, rather than the receiver. The polymer receiver features a collapsible stock, and the barrel is threaded to accept a suppressor, which is typically supplied with the gun.
The CS/LS06 features a combined fire selector/safety, which allows for safe (B), semiautomatic (D) and automatic (L) modes to be selected. The selector can be removed like a “key” to the gun, locking it in the safe position. A three-position aperture sight is marked for 50m (“5”), 100m (“10”) and 150m (“15”) engagement ranges. The stock is extended from the collapsed position simply by pulling it rearward. It is collapsed by pressing in the buttstock latch on the left-hand side of the weapon. Detailed disassembly is quite complex, but a basic field strip can be conducted relatively quickly without tools.
The most notable feature of this weapon is its 50-round helical magazine. Helical magazines, often confused with drum magazines, use a staggered-helix design, which allows for a substantial increase in carrying capacity in a relatively compact form-factor. This results in a cylindrical magazine, which is often (as in this case) mounted above the weapon’s receiver, rather than below it.
Whilst helical magazines have been repeatedly tested in western countries (one early example of an internal helical magazine can be seen in the Evans Repeating Rifle, patented in the late 1860s, for example), they have typically found more favour in China, Russia and their client states. Perhaps the magazines of this type, with which most western readers will be familiar, are those used with the American Calico series of firearms. In fact, Qing expressly stated that the CF05 helical magazine design was influenced by a research trip a colleague took to the United States, where this person observed the Calico designs. Nonetheless, the construction of the magazine is closer to the Russian PP-19 Bizon submachine gun type.
Their inherently complex design makes helical magazines more prone to failure. The Chang Feng SMG manual gives a “failure rate” for the weapon of “equal to or less than 3 ‰,” or three failures in every 1,000 rounds fired (1 in 334, or thereabouts). This failure rate would be considered unacceptably high by modern western standards, even under the assumption that this probably refers to all stoppages rather than just parts “failures.”
Reloading the magazine is a much more complex operation than that for conventional detachable box magazines. According to the gun manual:
5.2 Cartridge loading: Load required cartridge from loading port of cylinder (as shown in fig. 26, never miss loading), then apply spring force clockwise (as shown in fig. 27). Each turn of cylinder could contain 8 rounds and 50 rounds at maximum. Turns of spring force required is decided according to loading rounds. Turns of applying spring force equals to (X+1;n—rounds of loading cartridge [sic] …
That wording will likely be opaque to most readers, but thankfully the manual also includes a table which makes the process comparatively straightforward. Paraphrased, it indicates:
|Number of cartridges
|Rotations of loading lever
Whilst the export weapons have almost exclusively been seen with opaque black polymer magazines, the manual notes “This gun is equipped with black opaque cylinder; if cartridge indication is required, brown semi-transparent cylinder could be equipped.” The weapon is typically offered for export with Chinese-made accessories, including a laser/light module (LLM; the most common appears to be the LLR-2), optical day sight, grenade launcher and suppressor.
The latest model of the gun features HK-style red and white pictographic safety/selector markings, new furniture textures, a forward-canted front pistol grip and trigger guard, a modified stock design and the model name moulded into the plastic on the left-hand side of the weapon.
The suppressor attaches via a left-hand metric thread on the barrel, located behind the muzzle device. A retaining/indexing pin is located below the muzzle. The SMG manual recommends disassembly and servicing of the suppressor after 150 rounds have been fired. Some limited suppressor testing was undertaken by Dr. Philip H. Dater and Dan Shea, the results of which were published in the Small Arms Defense Journal, “Chinese CS06 LSMG and LS06 Suppressor,” Vol. 3, No. 4.
The Chang Feng submachine gun has been documented in service with Chinese police and paramilitary forces. It is used by the elite No. 1 Detachment of the Beijing Special Weapons and Tactics Unit, known as the Blue Sword Commando Unit. Other police units around the country have also used the weapon, and it has been documented in a number of high-profile police actions, including protection of the Beijing Olympics and a hostage rescue action in Changchun, the capital of China’s northeast Jilin Province.
The weapon is also issued to components of the People’s Armed Police, including 3rd Group, 13th Detachment of the Beijing General Corps, known as the Snow Leopard Commando Unit. Snow Leopard personnel were observed carrying the weapon during training prior to the Beijing Olympics and in the Sino-Russian “Peace-Mission 2007” joint military exercise. In recent years, Chinese security forces are believed to be moving away from the Chang Feng design and toward new designs which are supposedly capable of firing a broad range of 9×19mm ammunition, from less-lethal to +P+ loads. Nonetheless, those that remain in arsenals are likely to continue to be seen.
A number of export sales have also taken place, with confirmed transfers to Myanmar (Burma), Venezuela and Uganda. In Venezuela, the weapon is used in a close personal protection role by the 509 Special Forces Battalion of the Army, Presidential Honor Guard personnel and members of the Special Unit for Security and Protection of State Personalities (UESPPE).
Overall Length (buttstock collapsed): 412mm (w/out suppressor); 631mm (w/suppressor)
Overall Length (buttstock extended): 595mm (w/out suppressor); 814mm (w/suppressor)
Barrel Length: 232mm
Weight: 2.2kg (empty w/magazine); 2.9kg (loaded with 50-round magazine)
Sight Radius: 285mm
Rate of Fire: 800 rds/min
Feed Device: 50-round detachable helical magazine
V0: 360 m/s
ARES CONMAT Database.
China South Industries Corporation, “Operation & Maintenance Manual of 9mm Light Submachine Gun Type CS/LS06,” State-owned document #236. [No date.]
FirearmsWorld. “CS/LS06” 2012. firearmsworld.net/china/smg/cf05/lwsmg.htm.
NORINCO, Small Arms. Sales catalogue. 2012.
Pérez, Pedro, “Chinese ‘Chang Feng’ Submachine Gun in Venezuela.” The Hoplite Magazine. August 19, 2019. armamentresearch.com/chinese-chang-feng-submachine-gun-in-venezuela.
Special thanks to Ellie Chang, Pedro Pérez, Maxim Popenker and Timothy G. Yan.
This article is reproduced courtesy of Armament Research Services (ARES). See www.armamentresearch.com for further original content.


text:
Prove to your friends that you are the one to fly the longest distance! What our users are saying:"The best Flappy Bird clone out there""Fantastic idea, very creative, never played anything like it. - Easy play - Easy die - Easy crazy You can't stop when you start. It is definitely the hardest flappy game you've played so far.
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You earn extra Jelly-Power with each new level. Check out your own driving stats and compare your times and honours with other players worldwide. Defect Toaster===========Tap a defect toaster to repair it ( scores 10 points ).
How long will you survive?What's new in this version:- MORE COLORS!- Adds Twitter Sharing- Squashes Bugs
You can beat them through the columns, right? Practice up and ask them to download for a fly to fly tapping contest of epic gaming proportions! Fun for all ages of tapping game fans!** Note ** Fantastic Fly is not recommended for iPhone 3GS,iPhone 4, iPad 1 or lesser hardware.
A war has broken out between Robots and Tiny Birds. Don't Miss Upcoming Update !!!!Help her escape by avoiding forest animal as like monkey and many more. See how far you can fly in Flappy Flap!What's new in this version:Leaderboard fixed. Colors is a fun, fast paced game for all ages.
Happy Crow is an infinite arcade game.

domain: entertainment


CHARLOTTE, N.C. -- Two Muslim religious leaders who were removed from a commercial airliner in Memphis say they were told it was because the pilot refused to fly with them aboard.
Masudur Rahman and Mohamed Zaghloul were supposed to travel on an 8:30 a.m. Delta flight, run by a subsidiary, from Memphis, Tenn. to Charlotte. They were traveling to attend a conference of the North American Imam Federation that, ironically, intends to address prejudice against Muslims.
Rahman, who is from India, and Zaghloul, Egyptian-born, were both dressed in traditional long shirts and have beards in keeping with Muslim tradition. Rahman said he and Zaghloul were screened in the security line and again at the gate Friday before they were allowed to board their Delta Connection flight to Charlotte.
After the plane started taxiing, he said the pilot announced the flight was headed back to the gate. Both men were removed from the plane, and screened again.
"We were very cooperative," he said Friday. "I say, 'It is okay.' They checked our luggage. They checked our everything."
"Every person--not only me--every person, should allow to check his luggage," Rahman said. "We are living in America. We want the security of America."
After that security check, he said a Delta employee at the gate informed him that the pilot of the flight would not allow him on board. He says the employees in the airport were very apologetic--even angry--and said they tried repeatedly to convince the pilot that he was wrong.
Rahman said he was even told that the gate agents asked the passengers if they felt uncomfortable about the two Muslim men, and reported back to the pilot that the people on board the plane were not concerned.
Transportation Security Administration spokesman John Allen in Atlanta confirmed the incident Friday and said it was not that agency's decision to deny boarding.
A Delta Air Lines spokeswoman said the flight was operated by Atlantic Southeast Airlines, also based in Atlanta.
ASA released this statement:
“Atlantic Southeast Airlines flight 5452 from Memphis to Charlotte returned to the gate to allow for additional screening of a passenger and the passenger's companion. We take security and safety very seriously, and the event is currently under investigation. Compensation and re-accommodation on the next available flight were immediately offered to the passenger and the passenger's travel companion. We sincerely apologize for any inconvenience that this may have caused.”
Back in Charlotte, Rahman, a professor at University of Memphis, compared the incident to the story of Rosa Parks.
"That history I found today in that plane, and it shouldn’t happen with any other person," he said.
Charlotte-based attorney Mo Idlibi, who accompanied the men once they arrived in Charlotte, said his clients' would like to see more training for pilots about this sensitive issue. Idlibi continues to investigate the option of a lawsuit.
Idlibi said there is precedent on this issue. U.S. Airways recently settled a lawsuit filed by six imams who were removed from a plane in Minneapolis in 2006. Those men had been traveling to the North American Imam Federation conference as well.
(Note: Comments have been removed from this story due to excessive abuse reports.)


text:
Are you looking to add some greenery to your home while also saving space? A hanging herb planter is the perfect solution! Not only does it provide a convenient way to grow your favorite herbs, but it also adds a touch of beauty to any room. In this step-by-step guide, we will walk you through the process of creating your very own hanging herb planter.
Materials You’ll Need
To get started, gather the following materials:
– A wooden board or pallet
– Mason jars or small pots
– Rope or chain
– Hooks or brackets
– Potting soil
– Herb seeds or seedlings
– Watering can
Step 1: Prepare the Wooden Board
Begin by selecting a sturdy wooden board or pallet that will serve as the base for your hanging herb planter. Make sure it is clean and free from any rough edges. Sand it down if necessary to create a smooth surface.
Step 2: Attach the Hooks or Brackets
Next, determine where you want to hang your herb planter and attach the hooks or brackets accordingly. Ensure they are securely fastened to the wall or ceiling, as they will be supporting the weight of the planter.
Step 3: Drill Holes for the Mason Jars or Pots
Using a drill, create holes in the wooden board or pallet to accommodate the mason jars or pots. The size of the holes should be slightly smaller than the diameter of the containers to ensure a snug fit.
Step 4: Secure the Mason Jars or Pots
Place the mason jars or pots into the holes you just drilled. If necessary, use screws or additional support to secure them in place. Make sure they are evenly spaced and level.
Step 5: Fill with Potting Soil
Fill each mason jar or pot with potting soil, leaving about an inch of space at the top. This will provide enough room for watering and prevent overflow.
Step 6: Plant Your Herbs
Now it’s time to plant your herbs! Choose your favorite varieties and carefully transfer the seedlings or sow the seeds directly into the potting soil. Follow the instructions on the seed packets for proper planting depth and spacing.
Step 7: Hang and Water
Once your herbs are planted, hang the wooden board with the attached mason jars or pots on the hooks or brackets. Ensure it is level and secure. Water your herbs regularly, keeping the soil moist but not overly saturated.
Step 8: Enjoy Your Hanging Herb Planter
Congratulations! You have successfully created your very own hanging herb planter. Now, all that’s left to do is sit back, relax, and enjoy the beauty and convenience of having fresh herbs right at your fingertips.
In conclusion, making a hanging herb planter is a fun and rewarding DIY project that allows you to bring nature indoors. By following these simple steps, you can create a stunning herb display that not only adds a touch of greenery to your home but also provides you with fresh herbs for cooking and other purposes. So, why wait? Get started on your hanging herb planter today and elevate your home decor to a whole new level!

domain: agronomy


text:
They need stronger unions to bargain for a larger share of the gains from economic growth. And a Social Security payroll tax that exempts the first $25,000 of income and eliminates the ceiling (now $110,100) on income subject to it.
And they need an industrial policy designed to create high-wage jobs in America.
In accepting his party's nomination for president, Obama said the "basic bargain" that once rewarded hard work and gave everyone a fair shot had come undone.
He's right. And the U.S. economy won't return to normal until that basic bargain is remade.
If Obama gets a second term, recreating that bargain -- and getting enough votes from Congress to do so -- will be his central challenge, and America's.
1 | 2

domain: news


text:
You made your New Year’s resolutions, and started all strong in the beginning of January. That is great, but more importantly, how is it going now, some months later? Research has shown that about half of all adults make New Year’s resolutions, but less than 10% manage to keep them for more than a few months. That’s not a great statistic! Our New Year’s Resolutions are meant to guide us into better habits over the year, so don’t fret if you have slipped, let’s relook at your goals for the year and see what we can do to salvage some of them.
Why New Year’s Resolutions Fail
The main reason people don’t stick to their resolutions is that they set unrealistic goals. Our resolutions normally need lifestyle changes, and we know that changing behaviours is difficult to do. But when we make our resolutions we forget to look at how challenging they are to achieve and what kind of behaviour changes are required.
Resolutions can also fail if you are not ready to change the behaviours. Do you want to eat healthier, or do you just think you should be eating healthier? Another common reason for failed resolutions is because you may think that if you change a behaviour (such as exercising more and losing weight), your entire life will change. But it doesn’t, and when you realise this you may get discouraged and relapse into old behaviours.
When it comes to health, all-or-nothing goals with unrealistic expectations that don’t fit into your lifestyle will set you up for failure. So go back to your New Year’s Resolutions and see if you can amend them so that by next January you won’t have to make the same ones again!
Make the resolutions SMART
We all know about SMART goals, that is, the goal must be specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-bound. And your resolutions shouldn’t be any different. A resolution of eating no more sugar, though admirable, is not SMART. A SMART goal would be to have no more than 2-3 small treats per week. Look at your resolutions and see if you can’t make them a little SMARTer to make them more realistic.
Make the resolutions small lifestyle changes
Our resolutions are often too ambitious, and we end up becoming discouraged and giving up. A good idea is to break the resolution into smaller, more manageable lifestyle changes. Instead of a goal of not eating carbs anymore, break it into a smaller goal of cutting carbs out of most of your dinner meals, thereby not taking away quick and easy options such as oats in the morning or a baked potato for lunch. Look at your resolutions and find smaller achievable goals that are easier to change and will help you to get to your resolution over time.
Make one change at a time
Trying to change too many things at one time can leave you feeling overwhelmed. If you want to eat healthier, stop drinking, exercise more and give up smoking, choose a one to three small changes within these broader goals and do your best to stick to them for a couple of weeks. Once you have those under control, add a couple more. In this way you will be working on improving your health over the year and not feel like you didn’t manage anything when you reflect at the end of the year.
Don’t have strict rules
Changing your behaviour takes time, dedication and mindfulness, and our lives aren’t always running perfectly to make this easy. Don’t limit yourself to strict rules. Extremes such as NO treats or NO alcohol generally don’t work. Your lifestyle needs flexibility. You can have your favourite food, or enjoy a meal out with family or friends, but work on not overindulging so that they can play a role in your life.
Don’t get derailed by slips
Remember that you are human. You will slip from time to time. But that doesn’t mean that you have failed. It just means that you need to be more careful the next day or week. If you are trying to eat less junk food and you slip on holiday, let it go and carry on with the healthier habits once you are back home. Use your slips to learn how to manage tough situations and know that if you are mindful, you are definitely doing better than before! Each day is a new day to get back into your healthier routine.
Change your thinking
To change your behaviours you have to change your thinking around the behaviours. Neuroscientists have discovered that habits are created by thinking patterns that create neural pathways and memories. Change therefore requires creating new neural pathways from new thinking. So instead of saying ‘I’m not going to drink anymore’, rather say ‘I am only going to drink on the weekends’.
Change can feel overwhelming, especially when your day to day life feels chaotic. Make small changes over time. Divide your resolution into a number of small goals that you can tackle over time. It’s easy if you are patient with yourself and forgive yourself when things don’t work out perfectly. Go ahead, I dare you to try it!

domain: psychology


text:
New Short Story and Post-ICON Recovery
First of all, my story “Hunter, Healer” is in the urban fantasy anthology Shadowed Souls [Amazon | B&N | IndieBound] that came out yesterday. This is a standalone story, and I should warn that it has more profanity than the rest of my writing combined. Let’s just say I was trying to push my own boundaries as a writer, and to…experiment with the language.
The anthology is edited by Jim Butcher and Kerrie Hughes, and also includes stories by folks like Butcher, Seanan McGuire, Anton Strout, Rob Robyn Thurman, Kat Richardson, Tanya Huff, Erik Scott de Bie, and more.
ICON in Iowa was a good time, as always. That said, I think I need to rethink this whole “three conventions in six weeks” thing. I’ve just been feeling too overwhelmed and burnt out by it all. Much as I love going to cons, there’s always a cost — travel time and stress, being “on” for days at a time, and just generally needing some introvert time to recharge. So I’ll probably be cutting down a little on my conventioning for 2017.
There was much coolness at ICON, though. Getting to see my Iowa friends is always nice, and I got to spend some time with Seanan McGuire, Steven Gould, and Laura Mixon. (Sadly, did not get much time with the other two guests of honor.)
The author photoshoot went well. I ended up doing pictures for eight authors. It was educational, and I think we got some good shots of everyone. We also raised $84 in tips for the ICON charities. Woo hoo! Steve posted a photo I took of him and Laura yesterday on Twitter:
One of ICON’s charities was the Iowa Raptor Project. After some confusion over scheduling, they brought in a pair of owls to do a presentation and Q&A. Which meant I ended up skipping out of a panel a little early — a panel I was moderating — in order to get some pictures. Which resulted in this shot:
There are more over on Tumblr.
I’ll eventually get my con pics up on Flickr as well, but first I need to make progress on writing and process author photos and all that good stuff. Most of them are on Facebook though if you wanted to take a peek.
November 4, 2016 @ 5:11 pm
Hello there! Today is the first time I’ve visited your site, though I’ve seen your name before. I just wanted to comment on your short story in Shadowed Souls-I found it very well done. I’d love to read more!
Jim C. Hines
November 5, 2016 @ 11:50 am
Thanks so much, Ben! I’m glad you enjoyed it.
I don’t have anything else with those particular characters or in that exact world, but there are some free short stories linked in the sidebar if you feel like checking out some of my other stuff.


text:
What is a Signed Agreement? An agreement between two parties that is duly executed by each of the parties and signed by both of them before a notary public. This is usually done in the presence of an attorney who attains legal privileges to do so. Such an agreement does not necessarily have to include a waiver of rights or duties as such.
There are many different types of agreements, but a good one would be one that involves a sale, purchase, lease, hire purchase, annuity, royalty, purchase, contract, hire purchase, sale, or transfer of any real property, goods, funds, or information of value, held between the two parties to such an agreement.
What is a court case? In case there is a need to choose an arbitrator or go to court a court case is when one of the two parties involved in the transaction decides to take their dispute to court. They would go to court in an attempt to either prove their rights or to settle the matter amicably. When a case is settled amicably one of the parties is usually required to reimburse any expenses that have been awarded to one of the parties.
What is a written agreement? It is better to have a written agreement than an oral agreement. The reason for this is that a written document clearly spells out all the terms and conditions of the transaction between the two parties to the matter. It would also allow for correct documentation.
What is a verbal agreement? Verbal agreements are used when only a written agreement is needed. These types of transactions occur more frequently in real estate transactions where the parties know each other well and can draft a written agreement. When you purchase real estate, the seller should include in the contract a provision requiring you to disclose any liens or encumbrances on the property. In the case of manufactured homes it is common for homeowners to have the option to purchase or sell the property without going through a lengthy court process.
What is a dispute resolution? A dispute resolution is a process whereby a problem is settled between two parties once the problem has been identified. A dispute resolution can be accomplished through legal documents such as a complaint, counter complaint, and the resolution letter. The document itself may be a confidentiality or non-disclosure agreement, a release, or an arbitration agreement.
What is a labor agreement? An agreement is a written contract that establishes the terms and conditions of employment between an employee and an employer. Typical labor agreements establish the amount of pay, number of hours worked, holiday pay, and termination notice. Labor agreements are common in the hospitality industry and in some industries such as construction, shipping, and the electrical wiring industry. In the hospitality industry the typical agreement will outline housekeeping, kitchen, and valet parking duties. In the electrical wiring industry the typical agreement would outline electrical wiring standards and code violations.
What is a fly-by-night contract? A fly-by-night contract is a term in which a person or company that lacks proper certification, knowledge, or expertise forms a business entity in hopes of raising enough money to pay a debt without actually having done any work. Fly-by-night companies do not care about the product or services they provide; all they are interested in is raising capital. It does not matter if they have nothing to offer, they just want to raise the capital. A fly-by-night contract often goes unnoticed until the company is in financial ruin and unable to pay a debt.

domain: law


text:
First United Church is set to close its doors at the end of March 2012 to the over 200 homeless people that use the space as an overnight refuge.
The announcement was made today, as the Vancouver-Burrard Presbytery said it will be working with an oversight board to operate the facility as it phases out the shelter portion of its services. The church and the ministers operating First United say a disagreement over how the shelter should be run has led to a “separating of the ways”.
Reverends Ric Matthews and Sandra Severs and director of operations Gillian Rhodes say they have resigned from running the facility, and plan to begin conversations with local and provincial officials about meeting the needs of those who “don’t fit into the formal shelter structures”.
At a press conference today (December 21) at the East Hastings church, Matthews told reporters that while there have been what he called “amazing efforts” to address the need for housing by provincial and municipal governments, he said there remain serious challenges around finding appropriate housing for some homeless.
“There are folk who, for various reasons, find themselves not having their housing needs met,” he said.
“We have people who are falling through the cracks, we have people who are cycling through the emergency rooms and through the prisons, and we don’t have a comprehensive strategy for how we deal with those folk.”
Provincial funding for the low-barrier shelter is set to run out at the end of March 2012. Dal McCrindle, the chairperson of the Vancouver-Burrard Presbytery, said if the province does renew funding for the shelter beyond March, the church would seek to find another space to house the homeless. He described the current building as a dangerous place to have people staying overnight, and said the church does not view it as a suitable space for a shelter.
“We’d be doing whatever we could to find some alternate place for a shelter to be in operation,” he said.
The church, which has been housing over 200 people a night since the shelter portion of the facility opened in 2008, will keep serving meals over the next three months, and will likely continue to provide meals, a daytime refuge and other services for homeless beyond the end of March.
During the next three months, the shelter will switch to a formal intake system, which includes asking each individual their name, age and why they’re at the shelter. Matthews said the church has so far avoided such a system, as he argued it can act as a deterrent to some homeless seeking shelter.
McCrindle said the number of beds will gradually be phased out between now and the end of March, as staff help to find patrons alternate housing.
He noted the church “deeply values” the work of Matthews and his colleagues in providing shelter and services for Downtown Eastside residents.
“It’s just come to the point where the institution itself feels it must abide by the regulations and policies set down for operating a shelter, and that was where we’ve come to an impasse," he said. "We see these are the limitations under which we’re working, and Ric and his colleagues see a division in what they want to be able to do, and the two don’t equate."
The city enforced the 240-person occupancy limit at the facility earlier this month, which led to the shelter turning away 27 people.
Matthews noted that during the Olympics, the church sometimes housed over 300 people.
“The coldest winter night during the Olympics we were up to about 325,” he said. “Ironically, at that time we had fire officials walking through the building.”
Matthews said he, Severs and Rhodes will be attempting to meet with Vancouver Coastal Health, and with social planning officials at the municipal and provincial levels, to determine whether there is a possibility for a partnership to address the needs of those who fall outside the formal standards for homeless shelters.
“We hope that we can get that conversation happening very quickly,” he said. “Our hope is that we will find a facility...(which) we can somehow use to go somewhere towards meeting that need.”
The Downtown Eastside shelter has been at the centre of some controversy over the last year. Police announced in February 2011 that they had investigated reports of six alleged sexual assaults at the facility. This fall, the shelter came under fire for hiring a former sex offender as a night shift supervisor.
The First United church has been located at its East Hastings site for 125 years.


Design, test characterisation solutions prepared for Paris
Keysight Technologies is heading to European Microwave Week in Paris ready to demonstrate a wide range of design, test and characterisation solutions. Keysight has been a twelve-year platinum sponsor of the event, and it will have technical experts on hand to discuss and demonstrate the latest high-performance hardware and software solutions.
These are the tools that today’s engineers need to gain insight into designing, testing and characterising components for radar systems, antennas and next-generation wireless devices.
RF and Microwave Circuit Design Solutions will be to the fore. Visitors will be able to learn about Keysight’s EEsof EDA Advanced Design System. Keysight technical experts will be on hand to discuss itscapabilities for silicon RFIC and RF microwave design, including ADS/Virtuoso interoperability flow, with EM capabilities from Keysight EEsof EDA EMPro for IC and module design and RFIC packaging.
Visitors to the show will also be able to learn how to generate and analyse a variety of wideband millimetre-wave signals, including 5G, 802.11ad, and backhaul including digital modulation and analysis.
Terahertz solutions for device and material test for measuring the relative permittivity and loss tangent of dielectric materials at millimeter wave and terahertz frequency will be demonstrated. This is especially useful with stealth materials, dielectric substrates, microwave food products and biofuels.
Visitors will see capacitance measurements at the nanoscale using Keysight’s scanning microwave microscopy (SMM) mode that combines the comprehensive electrical measurement capabilities of a vector network analyser (VNA) with the outstanding spatial resolution of an atomic force microscope (AFM).
Another highlight will show how to perform complete linear and non-linear characterisation using the Keysight PNA-X (pictured) microwave test engine for measuring modern, active devices, such as amplifiers, mixers and frequency converters.
Modular PXI solutions for production and research labs will be shown, including multi-function and multi-port scalable test beds using Keysight’s PXI-VNA, a full, two-port VNA that uses only one slot. Keysight’s modular solutions leverage existing measurement science from benchtop instruments to perform fast, accurate measurements while reducing the cost-of-test.
Radar and Electronic Warfare applications will be covered by simulated multi-emitter electronic warfare threat scenarios enabling users to gain deeper confidence in electronic warfare (EW) system performance using Keysight’s UXG with Signal Studio for multi-emitter scenario generation software. How to analyse and measure pulse characteristics using the 89600 VSA software will be demonstrated.
Next generation radar and electronic warfare (EW) test systems that must meet diverse, deceptive and agile threat environments will be explained and visitors will see how Keysight’s test solutions offer modular building blocks that address the requirements for multi-channel, reconfigurable multi-function aspects of next generation wideband radar.
Wideband signal generation and analysis of multi-tone and modulated signals, up to 2GHz, using Keysight’s Z9070B signal analysis solution will be covered along with RF and microwave field measurements using the FieldFox analyser for radar, satellite and cable measurement applications.
Keysight experts will be in place to host RF and microwave circuit design; millimeter wave and terahertz test; material and component characterization; and radar and electronic warfare applications workshops througout the week.


What Does Chain Link Fence Mean in Sutherland NE 69165
The tension bar is use to extend the The tension bar is use to extend the cyclone fence also to be strap in the corner put up with The strain band. This product is superb for interior end exterior use.
In open locations, think about using a power auger to save lots of effort and time. Adhere to the producer’s Directions and observe our movie The way to Use a Power Auger for ideas.
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Today, I got a quick glimpse into Jerusalem’s growth and innovation strategy from the city’s Mayor, Nir Barkat. But he’s no ordinary public servant. He was himself a serial entrepreneur.
Barkat started his career in the hi-tech industry by founding a software company called BRM in 1988, which specialised in antivirus software. Later the company became an incubator venture firm that invested in several companies such as Check Point and Backweb. He later helped found the social investment company IVN. In 2007, Barkat took part in the Israeli version of Dragons’ Den.
Having made his fortune in software, Barkat entered politics in January 2003 when he founded the party Yerushalayim Tatzli’ah (“Jerusalem Will Succeed”) and ran in the Jerusalem mayoral race. However, he only gained 43% of the vote and lost to Uri Lupoliansky. Instead, he had to settle on being the head of the opposition on the city council until the 2008 election, when he ran again. This time he won and today he’s in his third term.
In that time his party’s strategy has been on trying to promote high-scale tourism, encourage major social projects, and provide the right ecosystem for healthcare and technology innovation. A strategy that appears to be working as Jerusalem is now creating 120 new startups each year.
Barkat’s 2020 vision is to have created an ecosystem where people want to come and stay in Jerusalem, where businesses around the world will locate operations and host conferences, and where multi nationals will continue to drop R&D operations. But to be successful, more human capital is needed. The good news on that front is that Hebrew University is one of the top ten campuses in the world, and student growth is running at 10-15% each year. This influx of more students is key to the city’s growth, because many are now opting to stay after they’ve graduated. The net return of attracting and retaining a broad cross section of smart and creative people, mixed with local business and continued government support, is resulting in growth and prosperity.
So it should be no surprise that the largest ever US IPO to come from Israel is in Jerusalem – Mobileye, whose headquarters I had the privilege of visiting.
Mobileye is the undisputed global leader in the development of vision and data analysis for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems and autonomous driving. Their technology is keeping passengers safer on the roads, reducing the risks of traffic accidents, saving lives and is very likely to revolutionise our driving experience by enabling autonomous driving.
The secret sauce in their technology is proprietary software algorithms and EyeQ chips, which perform detailed interpretations of the visual field in order to anticipate possible collisions with other vehicles, pedestrians, cyclists, animals, debris and other obstacles. But if that wasn’t enough Mobileye’s products are also able to detect roadway markings such as lanes, road boundaries, barriers and similar items, as well as identify and read traffic signs and traffic lights.
If you’re not using their technology you will be soon as the products are or will be integrated into car models from 23 global automakers including BMW, Ford, General Motors, Nissan and Volvo.
But why stop there!
The company has created a new business called OrCam. OrCam is harnessing the power of artificial vision to assist people who are visually impaired. It does this through a discreet wearable camera that clips to glasses providing the user with an audio of text they are looking at.
During its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed at least twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, and captured and recaptured 44 times.
As such, you have to admire its achievements in both innovation and entrepreneurship. Whilst Jerusalem may be one of the oldest cities in the world, the technology coming out of its office buildings is some of the newest in the world.
Whether it’s one eye on the road or one eye on a document for the visually impaired, what is certain is Mayor Birkat understands the ingredients needed to ensure its future prosperity and growth.
Over the next two days Jerusalem is hosting OurCrowd’s global investor summit. Some 3,000 investors, entrepreneurs, corporate partners and venture capitalists from over 50 countries will descend upon the National Convention Centre.
The theme of the conference is “investing in the future.” Six major multinational corporations – Honda, Coca-Cola Company, Samsung Ventures, Philips, Intuit, GE – will each provide a preview of their future plans for innovation, together with scores of startup companies in the key areas of mobility/transportation, corporate innovation, health, cyber security, IoT, and mobile communications.
OurCrowd CEO Jon Medved said, “While most eyes are on stock market retreats on Wall Street and global markets, we are proud that we’re hosting in Jerusalem a glimpse of a much brighter investor future. Israel’s technology sector is setting new records and continues to boom. We are delighted that we have so many investors joining us to build the next generation of Israeli tech giants.”
There is no doubt that Modern Jerusalem is growing far beyond the Old City’s boundaries.


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I have a card to share with you that I made for the new challenge blog, Virginia's View, started by the lovely and every inspiring Virginia Lu (a fellow Canadian, yay! ) ;)
The first, HERE, Challenge is all about Watercolor. I love watercolor! So I knew I just had to play along.
Here's my card :
And here's the inside:
Now even though I do have a cheapo set of water color I used re-inkers for this because I wanted this color combo and I like how vibrant the re-inkers are. I colored a panel of card stock, starting with the pink at the top and the orange at the bottom and worked my way to the middle. I then die cut the butterflies from this panel. Next I took a plain piece of white card stock and die cut the butterflies again before running through with a woodgrain impression plate to add texture. I popped this onto the card base with foam tape. Instead of adding a sentiment to the card I decided to add it to the butterflies that I then inserted them into the negative space, leaving the wings free to fly ;) I finished it off with some enamel dots. Now... I am desperately trying to become more 'clean and simple" in my card making, so I made sure to leave lots of white space, where I would typically try to fill the space. I think it works but I'd love to hear other ideas/opinions.
I've recently started finishing the insides of my cards too, even if it is just a sentiment. I feels more complete. For this one I LOVE the way it looks. I chose the sentiment because I thought it worked well with the butterflies and "transformation" ;) I stamped the sentiment and watercolored over it to echo the colors on the butterflies.
Thanks for stopping by, and I hope I have inspired you to play along too.
Peace and Love.


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The following assignment will focus on the subject of postoperative pain management. It will use an example of a patient cared for on placement to generate effective arguments in relation to postoperative pain management. The care given to the patient will be analysed using psychological, sociological and physiological theory. The aspect of care of postoperative pain management was chosen because it was observed on an orthopaedic surgical ward as one of the main problems in postoperative recovery and rehabilitation of the operated limb.
As the poorly controlled pain often stops the patient mobilising early and effectively which are necessary to range of motion in the limb and facilitating safe hospital discharge. To adhere to the Nursing and Midwifery Council the code: standards for conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwifes (2008). Pseudonyms will be used to maintain confidentiality; the patient depicted within this assignment shall be referred to as Vikki. Vikki was cared for on a twenty-two bedded elective orthopaedic surgical ward.
Vikki is a seventy-eight year old woman who has had a total hip replacement athroplasty (THR) following a diagnosis of osteoarthritis several years ago. Prior to surgery Vikki’s hip had caused severe disablement and had impacted greatly on her daily living activities. Vikki returned onto the ward with an intravenous-patient-controlled-analgesia (IVPCA). This contained morphine an opioid based pain relief also prescribed was one gram of Paracetamol four times a day orally.
The physiological basis for pain within the human body is generated by the nervous system. Avidan, Harvey, Ponte, Wendon and Ginsburg (2003) state there are three different types of pain nociceptive, neuropathic and psychogenic. Furthermore, according to Kneale and Davis (2005) the nervous system is a communication system and in regards to pain. Sensory nerve fibres relay information to the brain that the body is experiencing pain. The brain then sends information to the motor nerve fibres to react to that pain sensation.
This communication system is called the pain pathway which includes four stages (Wood, 2008). The first stage of transduction is when the nociceptors detect a chemical stimulus of prostaglandin, bradykinin, lactic acid, potassium, histamine, substance P and serotonin. This in Sylvia’s case occurred when the tissues were damaged through surgery. The second stage is transmission this is when the nociceptors send electrical impulses through A delta fibres and C fibres into the spinal cord through the dorsal horn and into the thalamus of the brain.
Then during stage three; perception, the electrochemical impulses are sent out across the brain and the pain itself becomes a multidimensional experience. The forth and final stage is modulation, this is when the brain changes or inhibits the impulses entering the spinal cord. The production of substance P is halted as endogenous opiates are released in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord by descending neurones. They connect with the opiate receptor sites on the pain fibres which in turn cancels the production of substance P.
According to Albery and Munafo (2008) theories of pain today include elements of both the Specificity theory which was proposed by Muller and developed by Von Frey in the mid-to-late 1800’s and the Pattern theory of pain proposed by Goldshnieder. However the most predominant philosophy in current pain theory is the Gate Control Theory, this was developed in the 1960’s by Melzack and Wall (1965). The most affirmed component of the Gate Control Theory is the physiological gating mechanism. The gate is believed to be situated within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
Certain physiological, cognitive and emotional factors attribute to the opening and closing of the gate to allow or prevent the pain sensations through to the brain (McLean, Huntingdon, McArthur-Rouse, 2007). This is an accurate theory in relation to Vikki however it does not include relevant sociological factors that could increase or decrease her pain these will be discussed further on in the paper. The morphine included in Vikki’s IVPCA allows the gate to close by inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters and mimicking the action of endogenous opioids (DeLeo, 2006).
There are many other pain medications available however; morphine is the gold standard postoperatively unless it is contraindicated according to the guidance published in the local trust policy (2006). Vikki in her postoperative state is experiencing nociceptive pain. Vikki’s surgery of a THR was on bone and joint rather than a visceral organ, she is therefore experiencing somatic pain which is localised and will decrease over time (Hall, 2000).
Considering this, Kerr and Kohan (2008) state that local infiltration analgesia (LIA) is the best method for pain relief following THR; it allows for virtually immediate mobilisation and faster discharge from hospital. However, Sylvia returned back onto the ward with an IVPCA which controlled her pain when she was awake to press the bolus infusion button, but often awoke after dozing, in pain. Alternatively, a study by Roth, Kling, Gockel, Ri?? melin, Hessmann, Meurer, Gillitzer and Jage (2005) state that IVPCA is an effective treatment for postoperative pain compared to other conventional analgesic strategies.
Nevertheless it would appear that the current evidence states that as LIA is a localised analgesia rather than a systemic analgesia such as morphine IVPCA there are fewer side effects and it also includes the added benefit of improved pain control (Andersen, Pfeiffer-Jensen, Haraldsted and Si?? balle, 2007). Another consideration when dealing with postoperative pain management is previous exposure to opioid medication. Sylvia has been suffering with osteoarthritis for several consecutive years to control her pain prior to surgery she has been dependent upon opioid medications.
This individual variable was a reason for the particular choice of postoperative pain treatment used. According to Gordon, Inturrisi, Greensmith, Brennan, Gobal and Kerns (2008) if a patient has been on a dose of opioid analgesia for a continuously long time it may affect the intensity on which the treatment for pain works postoperatively on the patient. MacIntyre and Ready (2001) also concur with this statement and themselves state that a patient such as Vikki who has a chronic non-malignant pain with her osteoarthritis will need a larger dose of medication postoperatively to counteract the opiate dependency she already has.
Vikki was only prescribed Paracetamol and morphine intravenously all her other opioid medications and usual analgesia had been omitted this caused Vikki an unacceptable level of pain. According to Kneale and Davis (2005) it is necessary to continue the patient’s usual doses of opioid medication to control their original pain prior to surgery and additional medication is also needed postoperatively.
Vikki’s pain was assessed by the nurse in her acute postoperative pain stage using a verbal numerical rating scale (VNRS) which calculated severity of pain from 0-3, also checked at this time were normal vital sign observations, nausea score, sedation score and pump volume. Vikki’s pain was assessed every 15 minutes on returning to the ward for a one hour period. Then every 30 minutes for a two hour period, every hour for a four hour period and then two hourly thereafter.
Local policy (2006) states that the IVPCA assessment should be completed according to this management plan, it is acceptable for most patients receiving an IVPCA infusion. However, if any abnormalities arise in the collection data appropriate action should be taken with regards to frequency of observations or interventions. Vikki commented that her pain throughout the numerous assessments remained on a one or one and a half, however on occasion it did increase to a three and Vikki stated that when this was she hadn’t pressed the button for a while.
The nurse subsequently told her to press it whenever the pain increased. Within the elderly a barrier to effective pain assessment and management is the problem that they don’t want to be a bother and it is an inevitable part of aging (Carr and Mann, 2000). A more holistic pain assessment such as the McGill Pain Questionnaire could be completed to gain a better view of the pain felt by Vikki however, time is a great issue within nursing today and a quick and easy VNRS is easier to complete.
The view proposed by Searle and Bennett (2008) is that there is widespread evidence that pain intensity ratings reflect the intensity of emotional distress more than intensity of physical sensation. Therefore, an accurate measure of pain through the use of these tools such as the VNRS is almost unachievable unless effective communication techniques are used. Another consideration with morphine IVPCA is the possible side effects that can occur, such as hypotension and respiratory depression which can be fatal especially in elderly patients (Kieta, Geachan, Dahmani, Couderc, Armand, Quazza, Mantz and Desmonts, 2003).
However, respiratory depression according to Ko, Goldstien and VanDenKerkhof (2003) is a very rare side effect but patients on opioid medication should always be closely monitored for such effects. This is another reason for completing the vital signs over the time period stated above, according to local policy (2006) these should be completed by a member of staff competent in the use of IVPCA. A failure to notice these significant changes could be fatal to the patient as commented upon in the report by the National Patient Safety Agency (2008).
It was observed that post surgically Vikki had not used much IVPCA when asked about it she replied she was having difficulty in staying awake once she pressed the button as she went straight to sleep then she only awoke again once she was in pain. This mild sedation of Vikki was noted by the health professional staff as Vikki responded to voice when her pain was assessed and it was concluded at the time that it was satisfactory. However, the morphine was not really appropriate to Vikki’s needs as it was not controlling her pain continuously.
Within the elderly systemic analgesia works quickly and this could explain the rate at which Vikki fell asleep after pressing the button for a bolus infusion (Kneale and Davis, 2005). A small amount of morphine is usually prescribed initially in elderly patients postoperatively as they are more susceptible to the adverse effects (Wilder-Smith, 2004), this in itself can cause the problem of poorly controlled pain. This would be another reason for LIA to be used on a patient such as Vikki.
When this was noted by the nurse Vikki should have been referred to the acute pain team. However, she was not this according to the document produced by the National Health Service Quality Improvement for Scotland (2004) was bad practice as there was an obvious need for Vikki to be referred to alleviate her pain and control her sedation levels. They could have prescribed an alternative analgesia or even include a background infusion with the IVPCA which can also benefit an opioid tolerant patient as discussed earlier in this assignment (Pasero and McCaffery, 2004).
The Gate Control Theory discussed earlier within this paper also allows for psychological factors experienced by patients to be part of the pain experience rather than just physiological factors. According to Albery and Munafo (2008) anxiety or depression can open the gate and allow for a greater pain sensation and happiness and relaxation can close the gate which decreases the pain felt by the patient. The concept that anxiety and/or depression is interrelated to pain intensity is also supported by Mok and Lee (2008).
Vikki in her postoperative state was experiencing a great amount of anxiety because she was concerned about her husband (Albert) and how he was coping alone as he suffered from a moderate form of dementia. Vikki’s anxiety was identified within the pre-assessment clinic using an effective tool as discussed by Crockett, Gumley and Longmate (2007). Gilmartin and Wright (2008) support the previous statement and also propose that evidence has found that a vast number of patients find their anxiety and worries dispersed during the pre-assessment clinic.
So therefore, this is a very good way to deal with the postoperative problem that anxiety may cause the patient. Vikki’s daughter assured Vikki and the nurse that Albert would be well looked after and there was no need to worry. However, when this was reaffirmed to Vikki by her daughter in the pre-assessment clinic and postoperatively she still remained anxious and she stated that she was the only person that could look after him properly and she just wanted everyone to hurry up, stop talking about it so she could get home and look after him.
Therefore, according to Carr, Thomas and Wilson-Barnet (2005) Vikki was likely to experience a greater amount of pain in her acute postoperative state than another individual who was less anxious. The study also suggests that in patients similar to Vikki an intervention, or referral should be completed to ease the anxiety for the patient. Further evidence by Runshagen, Schnabel, Standl, Schulte and Esch (1999) also concurs with this statement and they themselves remark that intervention or referral by a health professional to reduce anxiety has a positive impact on a patient’s pain control.
The Locus of Control (LOC) theory according to Ogden (2007) produced by Wallston and Wallston in the 1980’s generates the concept that an individual can differ to external situations through individual perceptions. An individual may believe that they control situations and events presented before them this is called an internal LOC, or an external force beyond their control is responsible for these situations and events this is referred to as an external LOC.
As Vikki has been prescribed IVPCA the doctor has taken into account the need for Vikki to combat the external LOC (surgery) with the ability to control her own pain medication and empower her internal LOC. This is a view supported by Salmon and Hall (2003) which in their research state that doctors now feel that empowering patients is a major part of medicine and treatment. However, it has been noted that Vikki has strong Roman Catholic beliefs; she believes that “God” wishes her to have these afflictions and to experience this trauma; she has stated that “it is Gods will”.
In relation to this it would seem that Vikki is a patient that would fall under the category of external LOC. Therefore, from the research by Brandner, Bromley and Blagrove (2002) Vikki would have been a better candidate to receive another form of postoperative pain treatment such as LIA as she would not benefit from an empowerment of an internal LOC. There are three different subjective-affective-cognitive processes (Ogden, 2007) two of these are relevant to Vikki the first is the role of affect this is where anxiety or fear increases the pain perception for the patient.
Vikki is experiencing anxiety for Albert which will have increased the levels of pain she has experienced. The other is the role of cognition which includes different categories self-efficacy which is interrelated with the health LOC model and attention. Greater attention to pain by an individual has been proven to exacerbate pain whereas those who are distracted show a decreased level of pain intensity (Ogden, 2007). Studies by Huang, Good and Albert (2007) have shown that distraction techniques such as music can have a positive effect on the decrease of pain intensity felt by an individual.
This research is also supported by Good, Stanton-Hicks, Grass, Anderson, Lai, Roykulcheroen and Adler (2001) who agree that postoperative patients benefit from adjuvant therapies such as relaxation techniques and music. Therefore, an intervention of relaxation technique or music could have been used to reduce Vikki’s anxiety. However, this may not always be appropriate or services available on a ward. The article by Power (2005) states that there are many benefits to non-pharmacological therapies and also contains the added bonus of being devoid of any significant side effects but unfortunately it is not often used in practice.
The use of music therapy within hospitals within the United Kingdom is not impossible according to Cancer Research UK (2007), however as these sessions must be carried out by a qualified and registered member of The Association of Professional Music Therapists according to Department of Health (2007) they can be expensive and are not offered free of charge to most patients and those who do qualify must meet certain criteria.
Ethnicity and culture has a large impact on postoperative pain management, studies by Lasch (2000) have shown that the amount of analgesia required for postoperative pain is occasionally dependant on their ethnic groups and cultural perception of pain. However, the study does report that more research is needed into this field as the current research has taken into account the culture of subjects yet individual sociological variables were not considered.
However, more recent research completed by Tam, Lim, Teo, Goh, Law and Sia (2008) state that there are significant differences in pain perception between different cultures. Therefore according to their research, Vikki as a white British female should have a higher pain threshold compared to that of an Indian or Asian. Culture is not necessarily accounted for in Vikki’s case and a reasonable understanding of different cultures and their perceptions to pain must be comprehended by the health professionals treating the patient to ensure that this individual variable is not overlooked.
According to research by Rosseland and Stubhaug (2004) significant differences were found in postoperative pain perceptions between genders, within this study woman reported more pain than men. However, this is not conclusive evidence that the pain experience is greater in woman than men. Sociological theory discussed by Haralambos and Holborn (2008) who support the work by Connell on masculinities state that generally in most cultures men should be strong and be able to bear pain in a masculine way.
Therefore, men may not report pain as readily as woman. It is unclear in Vikki’s case whether the sociological variable of gender had been considered in relation to her postoperative pain management as it was observed that most patients undergoing the THR procedure had IVPCA. However, on the pain assessment criteria and monitoring sheet gender is not accounted for. To conclude, the assignment has analysed the management of postoperative pain in an acutely ill patient.
The nursing practice has been evaluated in relation to the best available evidence and the physiological rationale has been discussed for the care interventions. There are many different theories that relate to postoperative pain management these often conflict with one another and it is possibly necessary for more research to be completed in this field in relation to a holistic approach incorporating physiological, psychological and sociological concepts.
Yet every patient is an individual and will experience these pain sensations differently and pain must be treated as an individual experience for every patient. It is believed that Vikki had poorly controlled pain and the management of which was not sufficient to her needs. Unfortunately this is often the case for individuals postoperatively and further research and guidance needs to be produced to allow a conclusive effective procedure in the case of postoperative pain management.
Taking into account all of the individual variables and physiological, psychological and sociological theory. It can be concluded that Vikki would have had better postoperative pain control if LIA had been used. It is possible that music therapy would be beneficial to patients experiencing postoperative pain. To develop current practice more research is needed into the effects of a specially designed music therapy audio tape on postoperative pain control. This could alleviate the financial difficulties faced by having a one-on-one session with a registered music therapist.
Effective communication and knowledge are imperative to effective postoperative pain management. In Vikki’s case if the nurse had more knowledge about the alternative analgesia and had possibly attended a study day Vikki could have received better postoperative pain management. Therefore, adequate time, good clinical observation skills and effective communication should always be used in a pain assessment and greater knowledge to the alternative analgesics will ensure good future nursing practice.

domain: medical


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"Don’t think about making art, just get it done. Let everyone else decides if it’s good or bad, whether they love it or hate it. While they are deciding, make even more art." - Andy Warhol
These are words I live by. For me the juice isn’t in whether anyone approves of my artwork. I get my fix from the process of making something, from following the creative muse where it leads. And when I’m really on a roll, I get my juice from pushing the boundaries and seeing how far I can go.
My current aspiration is to achieve more looseness in my work. I've long felt like the art I make is too tight, too precise. I want to capture the beauty of the subject, but at in a way that is not too fussy or overworked. And some of this will come as my skill level improves - my brush strokes will get more precise, requiring less re-work and enabling a loose, free quality.
What a joy it is to have the privilege of chasing this dream. Thank you for joining me on this journey and experiencing the wonder of the creative process.