|Publication number||US3427933 A|
|Publication date||Feb 18, 1969|
|Filing date||Dec 29, 1967|
|Priority date||Dec 29, 1967|
|Publication number||US 3427933 A, US 3427933A, US-A-3427933, US3427933 A, US3427933A|
|Inventors||Taylor-Myers Robert W|
|Original Assignee||Robert W Taylor Myers|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (21), Classifications (13)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
Feb. 18, 1969 R. w. TAYLOR-MYERS 3,427,933
ROAD SURFACE MARKER AND INSTALLATION A PPARATUS THEREFOR Filed Dec. 29, 1967 Sheet of4 JM/E/vroe.
Feb. 18, 1969 R. w. TAYLOR-MYERS 3,427,933
ROAD SURFACE MARKER AND INSTALLATION APPARATUS THEREFOR Filed Dec. 29, 1967 Sheet 2 01*4 [1v vew 70/2 Rose-2T W I WLOQ -Mvses we-1. #flm/ HEREFOR Feb. 18, 1969 R. w. TAYLOR-MYERS ROAD SURFACE MARKER AND INSTALLATION APPARATUS T 29. 1967 Sheet Filed Dec.
INVENTOZ. 75vm-MV5es- By 541A f Drranvem:
Feb. 18, 1969 R. w. TAYLOR-MYERS 3,427,933
ROAD SURFACE MARKER AND INSTALLATION APPARATUS THEREFOR Fiied Dec. 29, 1967 J'N VEN 702.
R051??? W Yin 1.02 fill /52s 6% g United States Patent 3,427,933 ROAD SURFACE MARKER AND INSTALLATION APPARATUS THEREFOR Robert W. Taylor-Myers, 2580 /z N. Beachwood Drive, Hollywood, Calif. 90028 Continuation-impart of application Ser. No. 602,985, Dec. 19, 1966. This application Dec. 29, 1967, Ser. No. 701,805 US. CI. 94-15 20 Claims Int. Cl. E01f 9/00; E01c 23/16, 19/00 ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A marker device comprised of a small flat structure having sloping forward and rear ramp-like faces and sloping side shoulders. Recessed below the outer surfaces of the structure are vertical faced reflectors positioned to reflect light in alignment with the longitudinal axis of the device. To quickly install mar-ker devices an apparatus is provided which has a recessed bottom opening shaped to conform to the upper periphery of a marker device. A retractable caliper-type grip can be moved into the recessed opening to grasp and hold a marker device or triggered to release a marker device held therein.
This application is a continuation-in-part of my copending application Ser. No. 602,985, filed Dec. 19, 1966 and now abandoned.
The continually increasing vehicular trafiic on the nations highways makes it imperative that trafiic safety be given the highest priority in government programs. One of the major trafiic hazards is caused by improper lane changing. Often this is due to deterioration of the visibility of lane markers. This problem becomes particularly acute in inclement weather when the conventional lines painted on highways tend to become obscured from view. Moreover, such painted lines readily become worn and lose their original visibility. On the other hand, physical reflector type lane markers prior to this invention have not combined the desired features of maximum visibility, ruggedness, simplicity and economy of installation sufiiciently enough to be highly recommended.
Therefore, it is a primary object of this invention to provide rugged road surface marker structures having refiectors aligned along highway lanes which can be secured in place with a minimum of expense and maximum of eificiency.
A further object of this invention is to provide a road surface marker which is highly resistant to wear and at the same time does not damage nor materially accelerate the wear of vehicle tires passing thereover.
Still a further object of the invention is to provide a road surface marker over which a snowplow blade or the like may pass without damaging the marker.
Another object of this invention is to provide an installation apparatus for quickly emplacing road surface markers in alignment along a trafiic lane divider line.
Other objects and advantages of this invention will become apparent from the following description and drawings wherein:
FIGURE 1 is a top plan view of a road surface marker in accordance with this invention;
FIGURE 2 is an end elevational view of the road surface marlker as shown in FIGURE 1;
FIGURE 3 is a side elevational view of the road surface marker as shown in FIGURE 1;
FIGURE 4 is a fragmented cross-sectional view taken along lines 44 in FIGURE 1;
FIGURE 5 is a fragmented cross-sectional view taken along lines 5-5 in FIGURE 1;
FIGURE 6 is a bottom plan view of the road surface marker as shown in FIGURE 1;
FIGURE 7 is a top plan view of a second embodiment of the road surface marker in accordance with this invention;
FIGURE 8 is an end elevational view of the road surface marker in FIGURE 7;
FIGURE 9 is a side elevational view of the road surface marker in FIGURE 7;
FIGURE 10 is a bottom plan view of the modified road surface marker in FIGURE 7;
FIGURE I1 is a cross-sectional view taken on lines 11-11 in FIGURE 7.
FIGURE 12 is a fragmented, cross-sectional view taken on lines 12-12 in FIGURE 7;
FIGURE 13 is a partly elevational, partly sectioned and fragmented view of an apparatus suitable for installing road surface markers in accordance with this invention shown holding a road surface marker;
FIGURE 14 is a sectioned view of the lower portion of the apparatus in FIGURE 13 shown releasing a road surface marker;
FIGURE 15 is a sectional view of the apparatus in FIGURE 13 turned 90 taken through 15-15 therein; and
FIGURE 16 is a view of a caliper grip contained within the installing apparatus of FIGURES 13, 14 and 15;
FIGURE 17 is a top plan view of a third embodiment of the road surface marker in accordance with the present invention;
FIGURE 18 is an end elevational view of the road surface marker in FIGURE 17;
FIGURE 19 is a side elevational view of the road surface marker in FIGURE 17;
FIGURE 20 is a bottom plan view of the road surface marker in FIGURE 17;
FIGURE 21 is a fragmented cross-sectional view taken on lines 2121 in FIGURE 17; and
FIGURE 22 is a fragmented cross-sectional view taken on lines 2222 in FIGURE 17.
The basic embodiment of the road surface marker in accordance with this invention is shown in FIGURES 1 through 6 in the drawings. Here, the body of the marker 20 is a shallow, partly dome-shaped, flat-bottomed rectangular structure which, when placed in spaced alignment with other such markers 20, is intended to be se cured on a road surface 22 to provide a physical, highly visible lane-marking line. Though designated for illustrative purposes only, the relative dimensions of a suitable marker 20 are about 5 inches long, 4 inches wide and /8 deep. The lower outer rectangular periphery is defined by a slightly rounded outer marginal edge 23 which 30a and 32a, respectively, of center top extends entirely around the marker.
The marker 20 is formed with identical inwardly and upwardly gradually sloping forward face 24 and rear ramps which slant up from opposite end portrons of marginal edge 23 and terminate at opposite end edges 24a and 26a of a flat central top surface 28. Identical vertically rounded side shoulders 30 and 32 slope downwardly and outwardly away from each side edge surface 28 to opposite side portions of marginal edge 23. The ends of shoulders 30 and 32 terminate at the vertically curved forward edges 24b and 240 and vertically curved rear edges 26b and 260, respectively, of faces 24 and 26. To facilitate lifting the markers 20 shallow upwardly curved horizontal slots 30b and 32b are cut at a downward inclination into the lower center portion of shoulders 30 and 32, respectively.
The slope of face 24 and 26 is gradual. enough to prevent severe jolting or damage to vehicular tires passing thereover, but sufficient to provide a discernible bump which will alert inattentive drivers to the presence of the lane divider line. Moreover, the angle of slope is consistent with the requisite structural strength needed for the particular material used so as to maximize the fracture and Wear resistance of the marker.
Centrally recessed and extending inwardly from opposite end portions of marginal edge 23 to near the end edges 24a and 26a are large open spaces or lobbies 36 and 38 which are formed in faces 24 and 26, respectively. These lobbies 36 and 38, respectively, are approximately the width of and laterally in alignment with top surface 28 at the upper edges of their generally vertical back walls 36a and 38a but flare out slightly along their opposling side walls 36b and 38b from their back Walls 36a and 38a toward their bottom edges 36c and 380.
Longitudinally aligned with the center of the marker 20 and extending centrally into each of the lobbies 36 and 38 from the upper edges of back walls 36a and 38a, respectively, are narrow vertical divider buttresses 40 and 42 which are formed with concavely curved forward edges 40a and 42a. These buttresses extend down to intermediate horizontal portions of the floors 36d and 38d of lobbies 36 and 38 which extend inwardly from bottom edges 36c and 380 to the bottom of back walls 36a and 38a. The generally vertical side walls 40b and 42b of each of the buttresses 40 and 42, respectively, diverge outwardly from forward edges 40a and 42a along floors 36d and 38d toward the back walls 36a and 38a. The forward edges 40a and 42a of buttresses 40 and 42 are disposed inwardly from the ramps or sloping faces 24 and 26 so that they are not ordinarily subjected to road Wear but provide solid central support for the central portion of the structure adjacent to lobbies 36 and 38.
A pair of circular sockets 46a and 46b opening through the back wall 36a and sockets 48a and 48b opening through the back wall 38a extend inwardly toward each other through the center portion of the marker 20 from lobbies 36 and 38 on each side of buttresses 40 and 42, respectively. The sockets 46a, 46b, 48a and 48b are axially aligned with the longitudinal axis of the marker 20 and are in common horizontal plane therein. Sockets 46a and 46b are spaced from each other by a divider wall 460 extending in longitudinal alignment directly inwardly from buttress 40. In a like manner sockets 48a and 48b are divided within the central portion of marker 20 by a divider wall 48c which extends longitudinally inward directly in alignment with buttress 42. The sockets 46a, 46b, 48a and 48b open into and terminate in reflector housing cavities 46d, 46e, 48d and 48a, respectively, which, in turn each extend down through the marker 20 and open into the flat bottom surface 50 thereof upon which a liquid adhesive 52 is to be applied.
In order to provide a better footing for the adhesive 52 substantially the entire bottom surface 50 of a marker 20 is roughened by sand blasting it out to a continuous inner marginal line 53 spaced slightly inwardly from the outer marginal edge 23. Moreover, to further provide the maximum possible amount of adhesive contact between the marker 20 and a road surface 22 to which it is to be attached a number of shallow pockets 54 are formed in the bottom surface 50. These pockets 54 are generally square in shape and formed with slightly upwardly converging inner walls 54a and a flat horizontal ceiling 54b. They are preferably positioned in the bottom surface 50 of a marker 20 and spaced from each other in a pair of longitudinally aligned parallel rows centrally joined by a perpendicular middle row of spaced pockets 54 so as to form an H as shown in FIGURE 6. This arrangement of the pockets 54 is to position them in the thickest portions of the marker 20 so as to avoid weakening the structure. Thus, they longitudinally extend beneath the thick upper portions of shoulders 32 and 34 and under the center top surface 28 between cavities 46d, 46e, 48d and 4852. When liquid adhesive 52 is applied to the bottom of the marker 20 it will thus stick to the roughened bot tom surface 50 in a thin layer and flow into and fill the pockets 54 and cavities 46d, 46e, 48d and 48a in thick masses which, when dry, will provide solid fingers of adhesive to grip the road surface 22 upon which the marker 20 is to be secured. Preferably, the marker 20 is made of acrylic plastic or a material of similar characteristics and the adhesive used to secure it in place is epoxy cement. To aid visibility during daylight the plastic is white, yellow or other selected color which eliminates the necessity for periodic painting.
Pitted within" the sockets 46a, 46b, 48a and 48b are, respectively, complementary cylindrical paired reflectors 56a, 56b, 58a and 58b axially aligned therewith. The outer, bulging, convexly curved, acorn-shaped faces of these reflectors are generally vertical relative to their longitudinal axes and visible through lobbies 36 and 38 but do not project beyond the outer periphery of ramps 24 and 26. They are formed of glass or plastic with red, white or yellow lens structures designed to intensely reflect light substantially directly in alignment With their longitudinal axes. Thus, at night the paired reflectors, as best shown in FIGURE 2, look like a pair of cats eyes and, When a number of these are in alignment a stream of light is reflected as a composite to indicate a lane divider line on a road surface. The rear of the cylindrical reflectors 56a, 56b, 58a and 58b extend into the cavities 46a, 46b, 48a and 48b, respectively, which are then filled with adhesive 52 such as epoxy cement that sets to securely hold the reflectors in position. Preferably the cavities are first partially filled with adhesive to secure the reflectors and then completely filled when secured to a road surface.
Another embodiment of the road surface marker shown in FIGURES 7 to 12 is preferably formed of a metal such as aluminum alloy, which is stronger than acrylic plastic. Therefore, such embodiment is more rugged and has a longer life than the plastic marker illustrated in FIGURES 1 to 6. In this embodiment, the basic structure is as previously described, and like numbers primed are used to indicate like or corresponding parts.
As best seen in FIGURES 7 and 8, the forward ramp 24' of the marker 20' is defined almost entirely by the upper edges 60a of the walls 36b of the lobby 36, while the rear ramp 26 is defined almost entirely by the upper edges 60b of the walls 38b of the lobby 38'.
The shoulders 30 and 32' are generally flat, as compared to the curved shoulders 30 and 32 in the embodiment illustrated in FIGURES 1 to 6, and slope downwardly and outwardly from each side edges 30a and 32a, respectively, of the top surface 28' to opposite side portions of the marginal edge 23. The shoulders 30 and 32 join the ramps 24 and 26 at horizontally, outwardly, curved or rounded edges 62a, 62b, 62c and 62d which extend downwardly from the corners of the generally rectangular top surface 28 to curved corners 64a, 64b, 64c, 64d, respectively, at the marginal edge 23'. The edges 24a, 26a, 30a and 32a of the top surface 28' are also rounded. As a consequence, the upper surfaces of the marker 20 which are subject to being contacted by vehicular tires passing thereover, are all rounded, thus lessening the jolting or damage to the tires. In addition, because of the rounded upper surfaces of the marker 20, the marker itself is less subject to damage if hard objects pass over the marker than would be with a marker having relatively sharp edges, such as the edges 24b, 24c, 26b and 26c of the marker 20.
Due of the weight and cost of aluminum, it is desirable to minimize the amount of aluminum employed in the marker 20. Hence, relatively large pockets 54' are formed in the bottom surface 50' of the marker and two relatively large reflector housing cavities 46d and 462', separated by a longitudinally extending vertical dividing wall 46, open into the flat bottom surface 50'. In this embodiment the reflectors 56a, 56b, 58a and 58b have generally flat vertical faces 66a, 66b, 66c and 66d respectively, which are flush or co-planar with the outer surfaces of the back walls 36a and 38a. As a consequence, the divider buttresses 40 and 42 employed in the marker 20 are not required in the marker 20', the vertical faces of the reflectors 56a, 56b, 58a and 58b, being sufiiciently withdrawn behind the ramps 24 and 26 so as to avoid being contacted by vehicular tires passing over the marker.
As best seen in FIGURE 11, the elongated slots 30b and 32b extent only partially into the shoulders 30 and 32', respectively, and hence do not extend fully into the pockets 54'. If the latter were the case, water could enter the pockets 54'. If the temperature were sufficiently low, water in pockets 54 would freeze, expand and lift the A marker olf the roadway.
The entire upper surface of the marker 20, except the reflectors, is provided with a bright coating, such as yellow or white poreclain enamel 68. Poreclain enamel is extremely rugged and subject to very little deterioration due to vehicular tires passing over a marker coated with the same. Thus, the marker 20' provided with the bright enamel coating 68 and the reflectors 56a, 56b, 58a and 58b serves both as a line marker in the daytime and as a reflector at night.
Prior to placing the road surface marker 20' on a highway, it is preferred to fill the cavities 46d and 462 and the pockets 54' opening in the lower surface 50 of the marker with a suitable filling material, such as epoxy resin compound, which is light and inexpensive. The epoxy cement utilized to secure the marker in place on a highway need only be applied to the lower metallic surface 50 of the marker, but could extend over the filled cavities if desired.
In order to rapidly and easily place road surface markers as previously described in position on a highway an installation device such as shown in FIGURES 13 through 15 is preferably used. Such an installation device generally includes a bell-shaped base housing 80 formed with a concave recessed cradle 82 opening from its bottom surface which is shaped to partly conform to the upper peripheral surfaces of a portion of a road surface marker or 20.
The bottom peripheral edge 82a of housing 80 which surrounds cradle 82 terminates slightly short of the marginal edge 23 of. a marker 20 carried therein so as to aid a workman in seeing the marker when placing it in position. Also, vertical front and rear guide tabs 82b may be added to extenddown from the front and rear portions of edge 82a. They are positioned in alignment with the longitudinalcenter axis of a marker carried in cradle 82. Thus, accurate axial alignment of the reflectors of a marker 20 along a lane divider line on a road surface 22 is greatly expedited and facilitated with these guidance structures.
Secured by screws 84a and 84b passing therethrough into complementarily threaded holes in the cradle 82 of housing 80 is a metal cover plate 86 which conforms substantially to the shape of the upper peripheral surfaces of marker 20 and also the shape of the portion of cradle 82 against which it abuts. To provide a resilient bearing surface against a marker 20 carried in the cradle 82 a layer of rubber sheet 88 is secured by adhesive or other suitable means flush against the cover plate 86 so as to substantially cover it entirely. It also conforms to the upper peripheral surfaces of a marker 20.
Pivotally mounted within hollowed portions of housing 80 are a pair of caliper grips 90 and 92. Each of these caliper grips 90 and 92, respectively, are comprised of central hollow cylindrical bodies 90a. and 92a within which are axially carried spindles 90b and 92b Which project from both ends of cylindrical bodies 90a and 92a. The caliper grips 90 and 92 are rotatably mounted on each of the projecting ends of spindles 90b and 92b in complementary sockets of end closure block-shaped sleeves 90c and 92c which are, in turn, adjustably secured in place by grubscrews 90d and 92d, respectively, projecting therethrough.
Radiating from one side of each of the cylindrical bodies 90a and 92a are short catch plates 90e and 922 respectively, which are adapted to be actuated to rotate the caliper grips 90 and 92. And radiating, respectively, from the opposite side of the cylindrical bodies 90a and 92a at an angle of approximately 135 relative to catch plates 90e and 92e are relatively long grip arms 90; and- 92 which terminate in inwardly curved gripping fingers 90g and 92g adapted to fit loosely in the complementarily shaped slots 30b and 32b of a marker 20.
The caliper grips 90 and 92 are mounted within the bell-shaped housing in such a manner that they can be actuated simultaneously to cooperatively hold or release a marker 20 disposed within cradle 82. Thus, a pair of caliper cavities 94 and 96 are formed in housing 80 to carry caliper grips and 92, respectively. These cavities 94 and 96 are formed with pivot chambers 94a and 96a which extend horizontally and longitudinally parallel along each side of the vertical center axis of housing 80. Each of these pivot chambers 94a and 96a are formed with an enlarged center portion about the length of cylindrical bodies 90a and 92a which terminate in block-shaped openings on each end slightly larger in size and longer than sleeves 90c and 92c. The respective portions of the caliper grips 90 and 92 are mounted therein.
Communicating with pivot chambers 94a and 96a and flaring down laterally and outwardly toward and through the adjacent sides of housing 80 are arm openings 94b and 96b which are slightly wider and longer than arms 90] and 92;. The depth of these arm openings 94b and 96b is sufficient to allow pivotal movement of the arms 90f and 92 in accordance with the purposes hereinafter described.
Cut through the cover plate 86 and rubber sheet 88 in each side of cradle 82 to complement the slots 30b and 32b of a marker 20 carried in cradle 82 are mating slot holes 98a, 98b and 99a and 99b, respectively. The fingers 90g and 92g of the respective caliper grips 90 and 92 are disposed within housing 80 so that when they are pivoted about spindles 90b and 92b the fingers 90g and 92g will rotate toward each other into gripping position through slot holes 98a, 98b, 99a and 99b and into the slots 30b and 32b of a marker 20 as in FIGURE 13. Conversely, they are positioned to release the marker 20 by rotating the fingers 90g and 90f away from each other and out of engagement with the slots 30b and 32b of a marker as in FIGURE 14. That is, the cylindrical bodies 90aand 92b of the caliper grips 90 and 92 are mounted to rotate within chambers 94a and 96a so that their respective arms 90 and 92 will pivot within. openings 94b and 96b and allow their gripping fingers 90g and 92g to reach just far enough to pass through slot holes 98a, 98b, 99a and 99b into slots 30b and 32b to grip a marker 20 in cradle 82 when the caliper grips 90 and 92 are closed toward each other.
In order to support the block-shaped sleeves 90c and 92c on each end of the caliper grip bodies: 90a and 92a within pivot chambers 94a and 96a a spacer block 100 is mounted within housing 80 below the pivot chambers 94a and 96b. The spacer block 100 is formed with a central vertical hole 100a surrounded by a continuous bottom surface 100b which conforms to the shape of that portion of the adjacent inner surface of cover plate 86 against which it abuts when secured in place. Spacer block 100 is constructed so that it is deep enough, when mounted within housing 80, to provide a bottom support for the blockshaped sleeves 90c and 920 which is sufllcient to hold them in position. However, enough space is left for small vertical adjustments of protruding grub screws 92a. These grub screws will bear against the top surface 100:: of spacer block 100 and when vertically adjusted, will move caliper grips 90 and 92 within cavities 94 and 96, respectively.
Centrally disposed within housing 80 between caliper cavities 94 and 96 and in communication with each of the pivot chambers 94a and 96a thereof is a vertical spring chamber 101 formed to receive a cylindrical coiled spring 102 axially vertically positioned therein. Spring chamber 101 is wide enough to permit entry of catch plates 90:: and 92e therein so that they can approach toward each other and bear downwardly against opposite portions of the top surface of spring 102.
Spring chamber 101 also is sufliciently deep that catch plates 90e and 92a can pivot therein sufiiciently to cause the respectively associated gripping fingers 90g and 92g to pivot toward each other and through slot holes 98a, 98b, 99a and 99b in gripping position as in FIGURE 12 and retract therefrom as in FIGURE 13. The length of spring 102 is such that when vertically placed in spring chamber 101 its bottom end will pass through complementary hole 100a in spacer block 100 and bear against the inner surface of cover plate 86 and its top end will bear against the bottom surfaces of latch plates 90s and 92e within spring chamber 101 to resiliently normally hold the caliper grips 90 and 92 in closed marker gripping position as in FIG- URE 13. By pressing down on the top of latch plates 90:: and 92:: against the resilient pressure of spring 102 the gripping fingers 90g and 92g are, accordingly, pivoted to the retracted marker releasing position shown in FIGURE 14.
In order to remotely actuate the retraction of gripping fingers 90g and 92g a plunger type trigger is disposed in operative position relative to the caliper grips 90 and 92. Thus, as shown, this trigger is comprised of a central elongated plunger connecting rod 104a, a lower cylindrical plunger base sleeve 104b connected to the bottom end thereof, a plunger base divider plate 104a protruding down therefrom and a concave finger conforming plunger release stud 104d mounted on its top end and secured by a lock nut 104e. The bottom surface of the plunger base sleeve on each side of divider plate 104c will normally bear against the top surfaces of both latch plates We and 92e. Thus by pressing down on release stud 104d the gripping fingers 90g and 92g will be retracted as previously described.
The bell housing 80 is formed with a plunger aperture 106 which extends vertically down through an opening in the central top portion thereof into communication with the spring chamber 101. The plunger aperture 106, in turn, is formed with a reduced lower portion adapted to receive the plunger base sleeve 104b for vertical sliding movement therein and an enlarged internally threaded circular upper portion into which is screwed the lower complementarily threaded end of a tubular handle 108 which encases the connecting rod 104a. This tubular handle 108 extends from its connection with bell housing 80 slightly short of the full length of connecting rod 104:: contained and held for axially slidable movement therein. Thus, the plunger release stud 104d protrudes slightly above the upper end of handle 108 as shown in FIGURE 12. A pair of identical curved tubular hand grips 110 and 112 formed underneath with finger-fitting scalloped recesses 110a and 112a are secured laterally on opposite sides of the top end of handle 108. The lengths of tubular handle 108 and connecting rod 104a contained therein are preferably about 2 feet to 2 feet 6 inches long so as to provide a comfortable holding position for workmen installing road surface markers 'with this apparatus. Thus, in use a marker is gripped by this apparatus, adhesive is applied thereto and then the marker is placed on a road surface in position to form part of a lane divider line. It is released from the installation apparatus by pressing plunger release stud 104d which retracts gripping fingers 90g and 92g. It can be seen that the emplacing work is greatly expedited since the marker is securely held while adhesive is applied. Also, the possibility of smearing adhesive on the workmans hands is vastly reduced and the alignment of markers when they are released is greatly facilitated.
A third embodiment of the road surface marker shown in FIGURES 17 to 22 is preferably used when the marker is utilized in areas of severe weather where scraping equipment such as snow plows may be required to clear the street of accumulated snow. In this form, the basic structure is essentially the same as the marker 20 illustrated in FIGURES 7 to 12, and like numbers primed indicate like or corresponding parts. Preferably, the basic marker structure 20 is stamped out of heavy gauge sheet stainless steel, with an epoxy resin core, which is less subject to corrosion and stronger than aluminum. Thus, the marker 20 withstands damage due to snow plows passing over it better than the aluminum marker 20', but is some- What more expensive due to the higher cost of stainless steel.
The marker 20 differs from the marker 20' in that there are relatively flat recesses a and 12% formed in the shoulders 30" and 32". The upper portions of the recesses 120a and 120b, respectively, are sufl iciently deep to provide caliper gripping grooves or slots 30b and 32b".
The marker 20" is provided with a pair of longitudinally extending rounded ribs 122a and 122b which extend parallel to and join the side edges 30a" and 32a" respectively, of the top surface 28", extend above the surface 28", and join the shoulders 30b and 32b" above the recesses 120a and 120b, respectively.
The upper surfaces of the lobbies 36" and 38", the top surface 28 and the recesses 120a and 12% are coated with bright porcelain enamel 68. Thus, it can be seen that only recessed portions of the marker 20" are coated with the porcelain enamel. Because the marker 20 has curved edges 62a, 62b, 62c and 62d, and only recessed portions are coated with enamel 68, when the blade of a snow plow, which normally extends at about a 45 angle with respect to the longitudinal axis of the marker 20", engages the marker, the blade will slide up over one of the curved edges of the marker and the ribs 122a and 122b, without breaking the marker or engaging any of the enamel coated surfaces thereof. Thus, it can be appreciated that the marker 20 is highly advantageous for use as a line marker and reflector device in areas where snow plows or other hard objects must pass over the marker.
Although I have herein shown and described my invention in what I have conceived to be the most practical and preferred embodiments, it is recognized that departures may be made therefrom within the scope of my invention, which is not to be limited to the details disclosed herein but is to be accorded the full scope of the claims so as to embrace any and all equivalent structures and dev1ces.
1. A road surface marker comprising a shallow, generally rectangular body formed with a flat bottom surface defined by an outer marginal edge and adapted to be secured to a road surface, said body being formed with upper surfaces including opposing forward and rear ramps which gradually slope upwardly and inwardly toward each other from the opposite end portions of said marginal edge, a top surface disposed in a plane substantially parallel with said bottom surface, said ramps terminating on opposite ends of said top surface, opposing shoulders extending downwardly and outwardly from each side of said top surface to the adjacent side portion of said marginal edge, and reflector means secured in recessed portions of said forward and rear ramps below the outer surface thereof and positioned so that the reflector means reflect light substantially in alignment with the longitudinal axis of said rectangular body.
2. A road surface marker as defined in claim 1 wherein the recessed portions of said forward and rear ramps extend inwardly along substantially horizontal floor portions thereof and terminate in vertical rear walls, and the reflfictor means are housed in sockets formed in said rear wa s.
3. A road surface marker as defined in claim 2 wherein said reflector means has generally vertical faces substantially coplanar with said vertical rear walls.
4. A road surface marker as defined in claim 2 wherein said reflector means includes a pair of reflectors secured in the recessed portions of each of the forward and rear ramps of said marker, and said pair of reflectors are spaced and separated from each other by a thin vertical buttress member extending from the rear wall to the floor of said recessed portions substantially in alignment with the central longitudinal axis of the body of said road surface marker.
5. A road surface marker as defined in claim 1 wherein the bottom surface of said marker body is formed with a plurality of spaced pockets recessed therein which are adapted to hold a mass of adhesive when secured by said adhesive to a road surface.
6. A road surface marker as defined in claim \1 wherein lifting slots are formed in the shoulders thereof which are adapted to provide a grip for a caliper type installation apparatus.
7. A road surface marker as defined in claim 1, wherein said top surface is generally rectangular, said forward and rear ramps join said shoulders at horizontally, outwardly curved edges sloping downwardly and outwardly from the corners of said generally rectangular top surface to the corresponding corners of the rectangular body adjacent to the outer marginal edge thereof.
8. A road surface marker as defined in claim 7, wherein recesses are formed in said shoulders, and said recesses are shaped to provide lifting slots which are adapted to provide a grip for a caliper type installation apparatus.
9. A road surface marker as defined in claim 7, including longitudinal ribs at the upper end of said shoulders extending the length of said top surface and rising vertically above said top surface.
10. A road surface marker as defined in claim 1, wherein a portion of the upper surfaces of saidbody is coated with bright porcelain enamel.
11. A road surface marker as defined in claim wherein said coated portion consists of the entire upper surface of said body.
12. A road surface marker as defined in claim 8, including longitudinal ribs at the upper end of said shoulders extending the length of said top surface and rising vertically above said top surface; the upper surfaces of said recessed portions of said forward and rear ramps, said top surface and said recesses formed in said shoulders being coated with bright porcelain enamel.
13. A road surface marker as defined in claim 6 in combination with an installation apparatus comprising a housing formed with a recessed cradle conforming substantially to the upper peripheral surface of said marker, a pair of retractable caliper grips pivotally mounted within said housing having opposing gripping fingers adapted to engage the slots in said marker when positioned within said cradle and caliper grip actuating means which selectively pivots said caliper grips between a marker gripping position and a retracted release position.
14. A road surface marker installation apparatus comprising a hollow housing formed with a recessed cradle in its bottom surface substantially conforming to the upper peripheral surfaces of a road surface marker, a calipertype road surface marker grip mechanism mounted within said holder housing adapted to engage and hold a road surface marker positioned within said cradle when in its closed gripping position and release said marker when retracted to its open position, said marker grip mechanism disposed near the recessed cradle of said housing so as to be able to hold and release a marker positioned therein, and a trigger means operatively connected with said marker grip mechanism so as to be able to actuate said mechanism to move between a closed marker holding position and an open retracted marker reFasing position.
15. A road surface marker installation apparatus as defined in claim 14 wherein the marker grip mechanism is comprised of a pair of pivotally mounted caliper grips each formed with a central pivot body, a long gripping arm radiating therefrom and a short catch plate radiating from the side of said central body opposite from said gripping arm, each of said gripping arms being formed with an inwardly extending gripping finger, and wherein the mounting of said grip mechanism within the housing of the installation apparatus includes a bearing support for the central pivot body thereof and cavities within which the caliper grips can be fitted which have sufiicient room for pivotal movement between the marker holding and releasing positions.
16. A road surface marker installation apparatus as defined in claim 15 wherein said trigger means includes a plunger rod having a release stud on one end and an actuating base on the other end and said actuating base is movably supported within the marker housing to bear against each of the catch plates of the caliper grips so that pressure on said release stud responsively actuates movement of said caliper grips.
17. A road surface marker installation apparatus as defined in claim 16 wherein a spring is mounted within the marker housing which bears against the catch plates so as to urge the caliper grips into closed gripping position.
18. A road surface marker installation apparatus as defined in claim 17 wherein the outer surface of the housing cradle, against which a road surface marker is to be carried, is lined with resilient material and said cradle is shallower than the depth of a road surface marker to be carried therein and provided with aligning tabs extending from its lower edges in longitudinal alignment with the central longitudinal axis of a road surface marker to be carried therein.
19. An installation apparatus for road surface markers which have shallow fiat bottomed bodies formed with gradually sloping forward and rear ramps and side shoulders on the top surfaces thereof, reflectors recessed below said ramps in horizontal alignment with the longitudinal axis of said marker and caliper gripping slots formed in each of said side shoulders, said installation apparatus comprising: a bell-shaped housing provided with a recessed bottom cradle' conforming to the shape of the top surfaces of a road surface marker but shallower than the depth of said marker and provided with slot open ings therethrough which mate with the caliper gripping slots of a marker positioned therein, a pair of caliper grip cavities extending inwardly into said housing and communicating with said slot opening in said cradle; a caliper grip support plate mounted within each of said caliper grip cavities; a central spring cavity in said housing communicating with the inner portions of both of said caliper grip cavities; a plunger aperture opening centrally through the top of said housing and extending vertically therein to communicate with the inner portion of both caliper grip cavities and the central spring cavity; a pair of caliper grips pivotally mounted within said caliper grip cavities, each of said caliper grips being formed with a central body pivotally supported on different portions of said caliper grip support plate, a grip arm radiating outwardly from said central body having a gripping finger positioned to be movable through the slot openings to protrude into said cradle for engagement with the slot in a road surface marker carried therein and a catch plate radiating from said central body inwardly into the juncture of said caliper grip cavities with said plunger aperture and said central spring cavity, and movable therein to cause responsive move ment of the connected gripping finger; a coil spring vertically positioned within said central spring cavity and resiliently bearing against both of said catch plates to urge the connected gripping fingers through said slot openings in said cradle; and an actuating plunger formed as an elongated rod with a bottom end trigger base and a top end release stud, said plunger mounted vertically within said housing with the lower end passing through said plunger aperture opening into engagement with both of said catch plates and said plunger axially movable sufiiciently to cause downward pressure on said catch plates to pivot the connected gripping fingers out of said cradle in said housing to release a road surface marker held thereby.
20. A road surface marker as defined in claim 19 wherein a tubular handle extends from said plunger aperture and encases said plunger save for the top end release stud and a pair of hand grips extend horizontally from the opposite sides of said handle adjacent said top end release stud.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 9/1934 Richardson 94-1.5 X 1/1940 Johnson 94-1.5 3/1955 Shaw 941.5 6/1960 Abbott 941.5 X 4/1963 Perry 9439 11/1965 Wiswell 94-1.5 X 3/1968 Taylor-Myers 941.5
CHARLES E. OCONNELL, Primary Examiner.
U.S. Cl. X.R.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US1973176 *||Aug 29, 1930||Sep 11, 1934||Cleveland Rock Drill Co||Road drilling tool for setting marking plugs and the like|
|US2187879 *||Jul 16, 1938||Jan 23, 1940||Johnson Theodore L||Roadway marking|
|US2703038 *||Jun 1, 1949||Mar 1, 1955||Shaw Percy||Road surface marker|
|US2941447 *||Apr 11, 1957||Jun 21, 1960||Abbott Sr Gheen R||Highway marker|
|US3086431 *||Dec 28, 1959||Apr 23, 1963||Perry Jr Charles I||Machine for forming highway markers in situ|
|US3217617 *||Jul 16, 1964||Nov 16, 1965||Botts Line Inc||Method for forming and applying traffic markers to pavement|
|US3373667 *||Jun 17, 1966||Mar 19, 1968||Robert W. Taylor Myers||Road surface marker|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US3590701 *||Jan 5, 1970||Jul 6, 1971||Broeck Terry K Ten||Automated lane-divider button applying machine|
|US3864052 *||Feb 4, 1974||Feb 4, 1975||Minnesota Mining & Mfg||Applicator for pavement markers|
|US4174184 *||Aug 18, 1978||Nov 13, 1979||Amerace Corporation||Snowplowable pavement marker and method and apparatus for installing same|
|US4618281 *||Dec 31, 1984||Oct 21, 1986||Ajemian Van R||Raised pavement marker brace|
|US4623280 *||Apr 25, 1985||Nov 18, 1986||Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company||Pavement marker applicator|
|US4901334 *||Jun 30, 1988||Feb 13, 1990||Gibson Guy P||Traffic counter apparatus for selective lane use|
|US5067849 *||Dec 8, 1989||Nov 26, 1991||Hermann Silbernagel||Marking nail having body suitable for magazine feeding and mechanical installation|
|US5078538 *||Mar 8, 1990||Jan 7, 1992||Stimsonite Corporation||Base for roadway marker and method for making same|
|US5310279 *||Nov 19, 1992||May 10, 1994||Elgin Molded Plastics, Inc.||Pavement markers with frangible installation tabs|
|US5868630 *||Feb 6, 1997||Feb 9, 1999||Cansak Products Limited||Golf course indicator device|
|US6126360 *||Nov 26, 1996||Oct 3, 2000||3M Innovative Properties Company||Raised retroreflective pavement marker|
|US6551014||Feb 7, 2001||Apr 22, 2003||3M Innovative Properties Company||Raised pavement marker with improved lens|
|US6776555 *||Nov 27, 2002||Aug 17, 2004||Wen-Nan Kuo||Retro-reflective pavement marker|
|US7077600||Sep 15, 2005||Jul 18, 2006||Whinery Christopher S||Multiple sensory road marking tape|
|US9278584||Aug 20, 2013||Mar 8, 2016||Innovative Technologies, Llc||All-weather tire|
|US9290057||Oct 30, 2012||Mar 22, 2016||Innovative Technologies, Llc||All season safety tire|
|US20040101364 *||Nov 27, 2002||May 27, 2004||Wen-Nan Kuo||Retro-reflective pavement mark|
|EP0372333A2 *||Nov 25, 1989||Jun 13, 1990||Hermann Silbernagel||Traffic stud suitable to be laid mechanically with the aid of a magazine|
|EP0372333A3 *||Nov 25, 1989||Jul 17, 1991||Beiersdorf Aktiengesellschaft||Traffic stud suitable to be laid mechanically with the aid of a magazine|
|WO1991016499A1 *||Apr 16, 1991||Oct 31, 1991||Godfrey Peter Sherwin||Road marking studs|
|WO2005059257A1 *||Mar 5, 2004||Jun 30, 2005||Calero Menendez German Maurici||Removable and reusable structural aluminum reflective road marker|
|U.S. Classification||404/9, 29/278, 404/83, 29/238, 404/72|
|International Classification||E01F9/06, E01F9/04, E01C23/00, E01C23/18|
|Cooperative Classification||E01C23/18, E01F9/06|
|European Classification||E01C23/18, E01F9/06|


text:
Uni the Unicorn and the Dream Come True reads like a story two little girls made up while sitting under a tree and playing pretend. That’s why it works.
Browsing: picture books
In her latest picture book, Come With Me, Holly M. McGhee and illustrator Pascal Lemaître tackle hatred with kindness, bravery and hope.
Busy Builders: Construction Site is darling. I wouldn’t hesitate giving it. In fact, I already have two kiddos in mind for Christmas…
In February, Jonathan London and Andrew Joyner introduced readers to a new duo — Duck and Hippo. Now, they’re back with Duck and Hippo Lost and Found.
South, Splotch and Skyfishing are great picture books that feature fish tales of large and small stature with a few surprises mixed in for good measure.
I’m always excited when I get books from The New York Review Children’s Collection. I love the idea that these books are getting a second chance.
Roger Mello’s You Can’t Be Too Careful! is striking. From stylized illustrations to abstract narrative, it’s primed to take readers to far off worlds.
Abrams has recently released a number of excellent books for preschoolers. They are a good mix that feature counting, matching, shapes, colors and patterns.
Ladybug Girl’s Day Out With Grandpa is classic Ladybug Girl. Lulu has all the spunk and curiosity she’s known for, and the illustrations are exquisite.

domain: artistic


January 23, 2012
Both transducers and transmitters convert energy from one form to another and give an output signal. The signal is directed to any device that interprets it and uses it to display record or alter the pressure in a system.
So how do you decide whether it is best to use a transducer or transmitter for you application? Transducers and transmitters are virtually the same thing, the main difference being the kind of electrical signal each sends. A transducer sends a signal in volts (V) or millivolt (mV) and a transmitter sends a signal in milliamps (mA). If the electrical connections in your process are short, such as in laboratory or inside an electronics enclosure, a pressure transducer is more desirable as they tend to be smaller and there are very few active electronic components that can be upset by electromagnetic interference.
Ellison Sensors offers a wide range of transducers and transmitters for use in a broad spectrum of applications.
August 25, 2022
Place your vote for the GD4200-USB in the Instrumentation Awards 2022......
October 29, 2021
You wouldn't be blamed for thinking the process of creating Silicon-On-Sapphire technology was some sort of Witchcraft... But it's actually really Smart SCIENCE! ...
October 15, 2021
ESI offers a selection of high temperature pressure transducers and transmitters that are best suited to environments where the media temperature exceeds normal limits – such as steam, metal work and industrial manufacturing, oil & gas, aerospace and automotive applications. But which transducer is right for you?...


text:
Atlas Holdings adds another pulp and paper company to its portfolio of investments.
Resolute Forest Products (Resolute), a subsidiary of Domtar Corporation and part of the Paper Excellence Group, has completed the sale of the company's Thunder Bay mill to Thunder Bay Pulp and Paper, an affiliate of Atlas Holdings.The divestment was a requirement under the consent agreement entered into between Domtar and the Canadian Commissioner of Competition in connection with Domtar's recent acquisition of Resolute.
The Thunder Bay pulp and paper mill in Canada's Ontario province produces northern bleached softwood and hardwood kraft market pulp, newsprint and specialty paper with a capacity of 554,000 tpy. Around 460 people work at the site.
Resolute and Thunder Bay parties have entered into a long-term woodchip and biomass supply agreement pursuant to which Resolute will continue to provide chips and biomass to the Thunder Bay mill from its sawmills and woodlands operations in Northwestern Ontario.
Thunderbay mill's general manager Kent Ramsay will serve as President of Thunder Bay Pulp and Paper. Randy Nebel, Chairman of the Board of Atlas' affiliate Crown Paper Group, was appointed Chairman of the Thunder Bay Pulp and Paper Board of Directors, Atlas Holdings announced.

domain: news


text:
Brendan Sodikoff Opening Supper Club in Fulton Market
February 4, 2019
By Ari Bendersky, Crain's Chicago Business
Hogsalt Hospitality owner, Brendan Sodikoff, speaks with Crain's about his plan for a Midwest-inspired supper club at Newcastle's Gin Alley. The as-yet-unnamed restaurant will join Green Street Smoked Meats and RM Champagne Salon in the cobblestone alley. The restaurant is scheduled to open midsummer 2019.

domain: food


The city and the developer of a wall of luxury apartments on the Greenpoint waterfront are holding a long-promised city park for ransom with their claim that they will only make the greenspace nice if two new towers are allowed to rise alongside it, neighbors said at a community meeting Tuesday night.
The city had promised to build — and said it had money to fund — a park at the end of Box Street near Newtown Creek, but construction of the park stumbled many times since it was proposed as part of the massive 2005 Williamsburg-Greenpoint rezoning.
Now residents are angered that the park’s construction has been tethered to the new 77 Commercial Street project between Box and Clay streets that includes two 30-story towers housing a total of 720 apartments, and even though developers are promising more park space, some neighbors say they do not want the buildings at all.
“We’d rather get less [park space] and not take the trade-off,” Greenpointer Katie Naplatarski said.
Under the proposed plan, developers Waterview at Greenpoint would spend millions of dollars to upgrade the nearby Newtown Barge Park and build the Box Street park, according to city representatives. If the tower plan goes through, both parks will be completed in 2016, according to the city.
But residents are wondering what happened to the money that the city put aside to build the park years ago.
“There was funding for [the park] and it disappeared,” said said Kim Masson, who lives across the street from 77 Commercial Street in a loft building. “It will be there again.”
Representatives of the city and the development company, Waterview at Greenpoint, did not respond directly to the criticism.
The grilling came on the heels of an even larger and more unruly community board meeting held to discuss the behemoth Greenpoint Landing project.
If the city approves both developments as proposed, more than 6,000 apartment units will loom over the Newtown Creek end of the neighborhood — a fact that concerns some Greenpointers.
“The population increase will be staggering,” Masson said.
Neighbors also expressed concerns about toxins that could be lying in wait at the 77 Commercial site — as well as the Greenpoint Landing site — since the city has not conducted an environmental impact study on those sites in nearly a decade.
The community board will vote on both projects on Sept. 9, but those votes are only advisory and have little bearing on whether the projects will ultimately be built. The 77 Commercial Street complex does not have a projected completion date, according to the developer.


text:
Elie Wiesel, the bestselling author of Night, Holocaust survivor, and Nobel Peace Prize winner, offers a profound fictional account of what one Holocaust survivor must endure to find out what happened to his friend and savior after the war—while also discovering the meaning of his own survival.
Raphael Lipkin is a man obsessed. He hears voices. He talks to ghosts. He is spending the summer at the Mountain Clinic, a psychiatric hospital in upstate New York—not as a patient, but as a visiting professional with a secret, personal quest.
A professor of literature and a Holocaust survivor, Raphael, having rebuilt his life since the war, sees it on the verge of coming apart once more. He longs to talk to Pedro, the man who rescued him as a fifteen-year-old orphan from postwar Poland and brought him to Paris, becoming his friend, mentor, hero, and savior. But Pedro disappeared inside the prisons of Stalin’s Russia shortly after the war. Where is Pedro now, and how can Raphael discern what is true and what is false without him?
A mysterious nighttime caller directs Raphael’s search to the Mountain Clinic, a unique asylum for patients whose delusions spring up from the Bible. Amid patients calling themselves Adam, Cain, Abraham, Joseph, Jeremiah, and God, Raphael searches for Pedro’s truth and the meaning of his own survival in an extraordinary novel that penetrates the mysteries of good, evil, and madness.
Twilight Audiobook Chapter 1 Hello everyone! Disclaimer: This is an audiobook recording performed for entertainment purposes through fair use. I do not claim ... midnight sun audiobook by stephenie meyer part 1 i hope buy me a coffee / tea. To appreciate my effort paypal: [email protected]
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FOR THE FIRST TIME! Hi guys, so for todays video I have a reading vlog of me reading Twilight
by ...I READ GENDER BENT TWILIGHT so you don't have to | Twilight Life and Death So Twilight
was Reimagined but maybe I just prefer it Unimagined ~~Wanna support the show?~~ .Tamil directors Remake Novels | Stand-up comedy by Mervyn Rozz and Jagan | Atlee, GVM, Mysskin Play and Win Rummy Online at Ace2three: #MervynRozz is a naturally hilarious entertainer who has ...MIDNIGHT SUN is a work of ART | Twilight from Edward's POV Explained Go to for 15% off your order! Brought to you by Raycon. To help the Quileute Tribe and their Move to ...FIXING THE MOST INFAMOUS VAMPIRE MOVIE EVER // By the Book: Episode 8 Twilight Twilight
is a story about the world's most beautiful vampire boy, and it took an entire generation by storm. But how was that ...Twilight Graphic Novel Vol 1 Download the entire first volume. .Things in Twilight You Only Notice As An Adult If you're new, Subscribe! → When the fantastical vampire world of Stephenie Meyer first came to ...How The Cast Of Twilight Should Really Look - Like If you're new, Subscribe! → The adaptations of Stephenie Meyer's Twilight
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Box: Rep Code for 5% off: CHELSEA5 Where to find me: Goodreads: ...Twilight New Moon Is the Worst Book I've Ever Read I honestly hope several editors got fired for missing all these obvious writing mistakes! Become a Patron: ...Twilight Book Compared to the Movie The lion fell in love with the lamb... OH YES WE DID!! With Midnight Sun dropped we are discussing what started it ALL, Twilight

domain: literature


text:
“In Indian traditional music and dance, you can hear and see the echoes of long traditions,” says Finnish danseuse Ilona Kolachana
At first glance, a white person immersing themselves in Indian culture invites curiosity and wonderment, and Finnish danseuse Ilona Kolachana was no exception. Her tryst with India began when she visited the country in 2008, on a backpacking trip, and it was love at first sight. The music and dances further piqued her interest. “Indian traditional music and dance are very expressive, while the rhythmical complexity of both is fascinating. You can hear and see the echoes of long traditions and generations of dedicated practice,” she says.
“I started learning contemporary dance and Broadway style dance when I was 16. When I was 18 and joined Helsinki University majoring in philosophy and later cultural studies, I discovered the ethnic dances like African and Middle Eastern dances, as well as became interested in music from different cultures. I researched possibilities to study Indian dances in Finland and joined Bhangra, Bharatanatyam and Bollywood dance classes in Helsinki. That time, there was no Kathak teacher in Finland. The deeper I got into Indian dances and music, thirstier I became to learn more. I realised it is my calling to study Indian classical and folk dances, perform, and share the knowledge with my students and dance community in Finland,” says the 33-year old danseuse who has been performing professionally since 2014 under her group Bollywood Kamlees.
In addition to performing classical dance forms, she does Bollywood numbers, which are an instant hit with her Finnish audience. “(They) love Bollywood dance even if they can’t understand the lyrics right away. When it comes to choreographing Bollywood songs, I always try to be true to the music by using elements from traditional Indian dance forms, which has been appreciated especially by the Indian audiences,” she says. Kolachana says she loves Bollywood dance, “especially the musical scenes that are inspired by folk and classical dance and music. I admire Madhuri Dixit for her grace, skill and beauty, and Saroj Khan for everything she created during her life. AR Rahman’s and Ismail Darbar’s music keeps blowing my mind time after time, and I love the work of Amit Trivedi, Shreya Ghoshal and Sid Sriram. If I had to mention all in the movie industry that I admire, it would be a really long list,” she says in awe. At a competition held in Germany in 2015, she got to perform for Bollywood dance exponent, late Saroj Khan. “To hear the feedback from Saroj ji is one of the most memorable moments of my career,” she says.
Read: Rajasthan Governor emphasises on preserving folk art and culture
Having studied Rajasthani dance styles like Ghoomar, Chari and Kalbeliya with several teachers in Europe and in India, Kolachana faced her share of challenges, too. “The challenge with presenting Indian classical dances in Finland is the lack of cultural knowledge of the audience. For example, to understand some Abhinaya pieces, it would require knowing mythological stories about Krishna and Radha, or to fully appreciate Hindustani classical music performance, listeners should know at least something about Taals. Luckily, the number of people with interest in these art forms is growing in Finland, and overall in Europe too,” she explains.
She met her husband, Aditya, in Finland and the two have been married for a decade. She has studied Hindi and Hindustani classical music to convey her emotions easily, both in dance and otherwise. “It was my 7th trip to India last February visiting our Indian family in Hyderabad and celebrating my husband’s cousin’s wedding in Nellore. My husband’s parents and some of the relatives have visited Finland too,” she shares, adding that she has worked at the Indian Embassy to Finland and Estonia: “I have worked closely with the former ambassador Vani Rao to increase awareness of Indian arts in Finland, and took part in organising some of the biggest Indian dance and music events seen in Finland so far.”
Even though there are certain fundamental differences in the Indian and Finnish way of life, she stresses upon the importance of understanding them. “It’s priceless to have the awareness and understanding of these differences, and to have the wisdom to choose when to be accepting, when to hold on to your boundaries,” she explains.
During the lockdown period, she held classes online. “The international dance community has become more connected and united during this year, and even in the midst of crises we have shared many beautiful moments together,” she concludes.
Interact with Etti Bali @TheBalinian
Follow @htlifeandstyle for more

domain: entertainment


text:
Man arrested in North Highlands deadly stabbing
Victim dies at hospital
Sacramento authorities arrested a man believed to have stabbed and killed an acquaintance during a fight Thursday night in North Highlands.
Kevin Cottle, 36, of North Highlands, was arrested and booked into Sacramento County Main Jail on homicide charges, according to deputies.
The Sacramento County Sheriff's Department said a 33-year-old victim was stabbed at least twice to his upper torso before succumbing to his injuries at a local hospital. His name is not being released.
Deputies said the victim got into a verbal dispute before the assault occurred.
Deputies responded to the reported stabbing on Cornelia and Bruce ways.


text:
‘Slipping’ is the first of two tracks on TRAAMS latest double A-side release ‘Slipping/Penguin’. The band have recently completed a UK tour including dates alongside Eagulls + Protomartyr, The Wytches and Girl Band.
‘Slipping’ starts off rather muted before erupting into a hypnotic, thrumming guitar rhythm which is soon joined by confident, gritty vocals. The track slips into a rather experimental, almost worldly guitar melody in the middle which ends up with the original guitar rhythm interlocking with a matching bass rhythm… It’d be too obvious for me to use a Wire comparison, but the similarities are there throughout this track, instrumentation and vocal-wise.
You can listen to ‘Slipping’ by TRAAMS below via Soundcloud. The band have just released the track on 7″ including the track ‘Penguin’, you can purchase this by clicking here. You can also catch the band at Green Door Store, Brighton on January 7th.


86. In a debate in committee time in the Chamber, the Convener will normally open for the committee and the deputy convener will usually close the debate. Speaking times will vary depending on the length of the debate.
87. In other debates, if a convener wishes to speak on behalf of the committee, he or she should put his or her name on the speaking lists in the usual way. The Committee Clerks will alert the Chamber Clerks that the contribution is to be on behalf of the committee and not the convener as an individual. As with dealing with the media, it will sometimes be necessary for a convener to make clear to the Parliament the capacity in which he or she is speaking. If speaking on behalf of the committee, conveners must take care to ensure that the committee has agreed the views put forward in its name.


text:
For a fungus, this thing attracts a lot of attention from the college. Question 9 from the second paper of 2014 asked for a substantial amount of detail regarding the diagnosis of aspergillosis.
As with many of these, the Manual offers little help. Instead, one should turn to LITFL's CCC entry on this subject, which is precise and brief. However if one is not into brevity and precision, one can enjoy several hours submerged in the reference swamp listed below. Selected reading could be limited to the following exceptional articles:
One of the articles referenced by LITFL contains within it Table 2 (p.207) which lists the risk categories for invasive aspergillosis among ICU patients. In a contorted form, those data are displayed below:
It should be noted (from the same article) that merely being intubated places one at an increased risk of forming Aspergillus colonies in one's respiratory tract. This has the effect of causing positive test results, but no actual invasive disease.
An old 1977 article (from before PCRs and whatnot) and a new 2002 article describe the clinical picture. Their suggestions can be compiled into a table:
Extrapulmonary: immunocompromised host
This answers Question 9 from the second paper of 2014.
Why the diagnosis is not straightforward:
Aspergillus galactomannan: blood
Aspergillus galactomannan: bronchoalveolar lavage
Aspergillus PCR on bronchoalveolar lavage specimens
Aspergillus hyphae identified
LITFL link to an excellent Radiopedia page which has some lovely fungus balls. A definitive journal reference would have to be this 2001 article.
In brief, the radiological features are:
Open lung biopsy is not to be taken lightly. Furthermore, it is not always helpful. In one 2001 study the authors claim that they could histopathologically confirm invasive fungal infections only in 53.1% by open lung biopsy. Generally speaking these days people rely on laboratory data and radiology. The open biopsy remains at the hopeless end of the diagnostic algorithm flowcharts. Its only benefit is to spare the patient from a course of amphotericin therapy.
The Sanford Guide recommends the following:
ROSENBERG, MICHAEL, et al. "Clinical and immunologic criteria for the diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis." Annals of Internal Medicine 86.4 (1977): 405-414.
Soubani, Ayman O., and Pranatharthi H. Chandrasekar. "The clinical spectrum of pulmonary aspergillosis." CHEST Journal 121.6 (2002): 1988-1999.
Sherif, Rami, and Brahm H. Segal. "Pulmonary aspergillosis: clinical presentation, diagnostic tests, management and complications." Current opinion in pulmonary medicine 16.3 (2010): 242.
Meersseman, Wouter, et al. "Invasive aspergillosis in the intensive care unit."Clinical Infectious Diseases 45.2 (2007): 205-216.
Trof, R. J., et al. "Management of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in non-neutropenic critically ill patients." Intensive care medicine 33.10 (2007): 1694-1703.
Mennink-Kersten, Monique ASH, J. Peter Donnelly, and Paul E. Verweij. "Detection of circulating galactomannan for the diagnosis and management of invasive aspergillosis." The Lancet infectious diseases 4.6 (2004): 349-357.
Musher, Benjamin, et al. "Aspergillus galactomannan enzyme immunoassay and quantitative PCR for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis with bronchoalveolar lavage fluid." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 42.12 (2004): 5517-5522.
Pfeiffer, Christopher D., Jason P. Fine, and Nasia Safdar. "Diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis using a galactomannan assay: a meta-analysis." Clinical Infectious Diseases 42.10 (2006): 1417-1727.
Patmore, J. V., H. D. Goff, and S. Fernandes. "Cryo-gelation of galactomannans in ice cream model systems." Food Hydrocolloids 17.2 (2003): 161-169.
Wald, Anna, et al. "Epidemiology of Aspergillus infections in a large cohort of patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation." Journal of Infectious Diseases 175.6 (1997): 1459-1466.
Escuissato, Dante L., et al. "Pulmonary infections after bone marrow transplantation: high-resolution CT findings in 111 patients." American Journal of Roentgenology 185.3 (2005): 608-615.
Nucci, Marcio, et al. "Early diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in hematologic patients: an opportunity to improve the outcome." haematologica98.11 (2013): 1657-1660.
Acosta, J., et al. "A prospective comparison of galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the diagnosis of pulmonary invasive aspergillosis in medical patients under intensive care: comparison with the diagnostic performance of galactomannan and of (1→ 3)–β–d‐glucan chromogenic assay in serum samples." Clinical Microbiology and Infection 17.7 (2011): 1053-1060.
Izumikawa, Koichi, et al. "Bronchoalveolar lavage galactomannan for the diagnosis of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis." Medical mycology 50.8 (2012): 811-817.
Boonsarngsuk, Viboon, et al. "False-positive serum and bronchoalveolar lavage Aspergillus galactomannan assays caused by different antibiotics."Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases 42.6-7 (2010): 461-468.
Digby, Justin, et al. "Serum glucan levels are not specific for presence of fungal infections in intensive care unit patients." Clinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology 10.5 (2003): 882-885.
Hage, Chadi A., et al. "Plasmalyte as a cause of false-positive results for Aspergillus galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid." Journal of clinical microbiology 45.2 (2007): 676-677.
Buess, Michael, et al. "Aspergillus-PCR in bronchoalveolar lavage for detection of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients." BMC infectious diseases 12.1 (2012): 237.
Heng, Siow-Chin, et al. "Clinical utility of Aspergillus galactomannan and PCR in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with haematological malignancies." Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease 79.3 (2014): 322-327.
Franquet, Tomás, et al. "Spectrum of Pulmonary Aspergillosis: Histologic, Clinical, and Radiologic Findings 1." Radiographics 21.4 (2001): 825-837.
Kim, Kihyun, et al. "Importance of open lung biopsy in the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies." American journal of hematology 71.2 (2002): 75-79.
Blot, Stijn I., et al. "A clinical algorithm to diagnose invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill patients." American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 186.1 (2012): 56-64.

domain: medical