|Publication number||US7987303 B2|
|Application number||US 12/305,975|
|Publication date||Jul 26, 2011|
|Filing date||Jun 29, 2007|
|Priority date||Jul 7, 2006|
|Also published as||US20100240991, WO2008003126A1|
|Publication number||12305975, 305975, PCT/2007/902, PCT/AU/2007/000902, PCT/AU/2007/00902, PCT/AU/7/000902, PCT/AU/7/00902, PCT/AU2007/000902, PCT/AU2007/00902, PCT/AU2007000902, PCT/AU200700902, PCT/AU7/000902, PCT/AU7/00902, PCT/AU7000902, PCT/AU700902, US 7987303 B2, US 7987303B2, US-B2-7987303, US7987303 B2, US7987303B2|
|Inventors||Stewart Gavin Bartlett|
|Original Assignee||Signostics Limited|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (11), Referenced by (1), Classifications (24), Legal Events (2)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
The present invention relates to the field of communication interface systems, particularly to an interface suitable for portable medical equipment.
A large variety of medical devices exist in the market. Many of these medical devices include the connection of sensors or probes to a host processing system. Examples include ultrasound platforms, ECG machines, critical care monitors, and emergency care monitors. The interfaces for these connections are usually proprietary using different electrical standards, protocols, and connectors.
Some companies produce products with an interface which allows different probes or pods or sensor units to be connected. One example is the range of critical care monitors from Draeger Medical, where various probes or pods can be connected to the monitor. The probes or pods connect to the monitor through a cable providing power and communications. Usually, communications are via a standard interface such as RS232. The critical care monitors can connect to pods or probes such as CO2 monitoring, EEG monitoring, ECG monitoring, blood pressure monitoring, and oxygen saturation monitoring. The data rate required for monitoring all of these conditions is relatively low (orders of Kbytes per second), and adequately served by standard interfaces such as RS232. However, this connection scheme cannot support pod functions requiring higher transfer rates such as ultrasound, or camera based pod functions such as endoscopes.
There are a variety of interfaces used to connect ultrasound probes to host processing systems. The most common interface is an analog interface, where raw analog voltages are transmitted to and from probe ceramics using a cable and connector. The number of channels in most ultrasound systems is very high, resulting in cables and connectors interfacing large numbers of channels. The connectors and interfaces for these ultrasound systems are proprietary, with no industry accepted standard.
A more recent development is where an ultrasound pod connects to an ultrasound probe, and the pod then connects to a host processing system. The link between the pod and the host must support very high data rates, as even a single channel of raw digital data from an ultrasound probe uses a bandwidth which may exceed 300 Mbps. Terason Corporation market such a product, where the pod to host system link is via a Firewire (IEEE1394) interface. Other manufacturers interface to digital probes using USB2.0 interfaces. These standards operate at data rates of up to 480 Mbps.
A significant disadvantage of using a USB2 or a Firewire interface is relatively high power consumption. For example, a standard USB2 host device such as the ISP1760 made by Philips, consumes approximately 254 mW when in operation. A client USB2 device containing a slave USB2 controller such as the ISP1583 consumes about 198 mW in operation. Therefore, the communications overhead for a USB2 device is approximately 452 mW. This power consumption is a significant problem for portable devices reliant on battery power, or other applications where low overall power consumption is important.
The USB mechanical standard does not provide an interface particularly well suited to a handheld or portable medical device. The USB2 standard specifies a maximum extraction force for a USB2 connector to be 10N, and therefore is not suited to being used in handheld devices where large stresses may be place on connectors and cables.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a medical device connector and interface that overcomes or at least substantially ameliorates the problems associated with the prior art.
The invention provides an interface method particularly well suited to medical connections, especially connections to and from handheld devices.
In one form of the invention, it may be said to lie in an interface system adapted to provide a communications interface between a processing unit and one or more sensor units including a first interface termination unit in direct electrical contact with the processing unit, a second interface termination unit associated with the sensor unit; a message channel being a communications channel adapted to carry message data at a first data rate between the processing unit and the sensor unit, said message channel being active at least at substantially all times that the processing unit is active, a data channel being a communications channel adapted to carry sensor data at a second data rate connecting the first and second interface termination units; said data channel being active substantially only when sensor data is required to be transmitted from the sensor unit to the processing unit; said second data rate being substantially greater than said first data rate.
In preference there are further included at least one pair of connectors adapted to provide a removable connection for conductors carrying the said message and data channels.
In preference the first interface termination unit is adapted to be reconfigured in use to use a communication protocol and data rate appropriate for the sensor unit, this reconfiguration being triggered by information received from the sensor unit via the message channel.
In preference the first interface termination unit is reconfigured by the processing unit.
In preference data required to reconfigure the first interface termination unit is provided from the sensor unit.
In a further form, the invention may be said to lie in a method of providing an interface between a processing unit and a sensor unit including the steps of providing a message channel being a communications channel adapted to carry message data between the sensor unit and the processing unit at a first data rate, said message channel being active at substantially all times that the processing unit is active, providing a data channel being a communications channel adapted to carry sensor data between the sensor unit and the processing unit at a second data rate; said data channel being active substantially only when sensor data is required to be transmitted from the sensor unit to the processing unit; said second data rate being substantially greater than said first data rate, the processing unit interrogating the sensor unit via the message channel as to the configuration of the data channel required by the sensor unit for communication of sensor data to the processing unit, the processing unit reconfiguring parameters of the data channel to accord with the requirements of the sensor unit.
In preference a plurality of sensor units, each with a different function are provided, and the message and data channels are adapted to be removably connected between the processing unit and the particular sensor unit in use at a given time.
In preference the sensor unit is a medical diagnostic probe.
In preference the sensor unit is selected from an ultrasound transducer, an endoscope, an auscultation transducer, and an otoscope.
In preference the interface further includes electrical connections adapted to connect electrical wires carrying the message and data channels, and an optical fibre connector adapted to connect optical fibres carrying an optical image to the image sensor.
In a further form, the invention may be said to reside in a connector for use with the interface system described including electrical connections adapted to connect electrical wires carrying the message and data channels, and a waveguide connector adapted to connect a rigid or semi-rigid waveguide to the image sensor.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein, by way of illustration and example, an embodiment of the present invention is disclosed.
A preferred embodiment of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
Now referring to
The sensor unit includes a probe or sensor or transducer and a processing unit. This may be, for example, an ultrasound transducer, an auscultation transducer or any other scanning or detection device. The interface of the invention is employed to communicate information about the sensor unit, and data gathered by the sensor unit to the host system.
In general, sensor units providing different functionality may be connected to the host system. The host system is able to identify a required interface method, protocol and data rate for communication with the sensor unit. The host is then able to modify communication parameters in order to receive sensor data communication from the sensor unit.
The host system provides display, analysis and storage of data gathered by the sensor unit.
The host system can support a variety of serial data interface protocols and speeds. The interface to the host contains a programmable interface unit 5, and is able to be configured according to the communication protocol and speed required by the specific sensor unit which is connected to the host unit.
The different sensor units will have differing requirements as to the nature and speed of the data which will need to be communicated to the host. The sensor unit includes an interface termination unit 7 which allows negotiation with the host as to the communication parameters required.
The host unit includes a data processing unit 29 and a host interface termination unit 22. The sensor unit 24 includes a sensor unit processor 28 and a sensor interface termination unit 23. The sensor unit also includes a probe or sensor or transducer 27.
The message channel 25 is a low speed, low power, always on connection. Since different sensor units, with different data channel communication parameters may be plugged to the host unit, it is necessary to have a method for communicating these parameters to the host processor, independently of the main data communication channel. This function is supplied by the message channel.
At power up or at the time when a sensor unit is plugged in to the host unit, the sensor unit initiates negotiation with the host system, via the message channel. The host system negotiates data channel parameters with the sensor unit, and then configures the host interface termination unit 23 to be compatible with the sensor unit data channel parameters. In the preferred embodiment, the host interface termination unit is a field-programmable gate array (FPGA).
The interface is especially useful in handheld or portable devices which rely on battery power. The message channel is always active or open, and therefore must have very low static power consumption if acceptable battery life is to be achieved. Essentially, when the message channel is not being used, the power consumption must be very low.
The message channel preferably operates as a multi-master bus. A multi-master bus allows either end of the bus to be in a low power sleep or suspend state, and for the other end to activate the bus and bring the first end out of the low power sleep or suspend state. In a preferred embodiment an I2C bus is used to implement the message channel. The I2C bus can operate in multi-master mode, with many microcontrollers and microprocessors incorporating I2C functionality. Other bus architectures with low static power consumption may be used. Such architectures may include wireless architectures.
The data channel 26 provides a data link between sensor units and the host. The configuration can vary according to the type of sensor unit connected and the data transmission rate required for the sensor unit. Some sensor units such as blood testing probes may only require extremely low transmission rates, and in these circumstances the data channel may never be used. Other systems such as audio based probes may require moderate data rates, and in these cases the data channel can be configured to support a moderate data transmission rate. Yet other sensor units such as incorporating imaging probes may require high data rates, and the data channel can be configured to support a high data rate.
The data channel preferably uses a differential signalling technique, enabling a system with high reliability, excellent noise immunity, low power consumption, and low RF noise output or emissions. The preferred embodiment uses low voltage differential signalling (LVDS), which supports data rates up to 600 MBits/second. Where faster data rates are required, the data channel may be implemented using a fibre optic link. Single mode fibre optic links can support data rates up to 40 GBits/second. Any other bus system able to be supported by the host system and the sensor unit may be used to implement the data channel. A wireless link may also be used to implement the data channel. Such a wireless link may be implemented using any available wireless communication protocol, including but not limited to Bluetooth and 802.11.
The sensor unit termination unit 23 will usually be pre-configured with the protocol and data rate required for operation. The sensor termination unit is configurable, being implemented as a field programmable gate array (FPGA) in a preferred embodiment. This means it is possible for the protocol or data rate to be reconfigured. This would most likely occur when the sensor unit is being field upgraded.
In general use, the protocol and data rate required by the sensor unit are fixed or able to be chosen from a group of fixed parameters. The sensor unit is adapted to communicate these requirements to the host processor via the message channel.
In an alternative embodiment, illustrated in
In a further embodiment, illustrated in
The embodiments of
In all illustrated embodiments, the host processor connects to the sensor unit connector via a host termination unit 22, which may be implemented as a field programmable gate array (FPGA). The logical structure of the FPGA is illustrated in
The host processor communicates with the sensor unit via the data channel and negotiates the required protocol and data transmission rate. If this is not supported by the termination unit, then the host will load a new FPGA configuration file into the FPGA compatible with the negotiated protocol and data rate. The logic modified is usually the clock 60 and data recovery circuitry 63.
These configuration files may be already held in a memory associated with the host unit, or provided by the user, for example, on a memory card, or alternatively automatically uploaded from the sensor unit using the message channel.
A preferred embodiment uses an MSP430 family microcontroller in the sensor unit to implement an I2C message channel. An I2C message channel is a very power efficient mechanism for communicating with the host. The MSP430 family uses as little as 0.1 uA in standby mode, and is able to be activated by any activity of the I2C bus or any other interrupt pin. Even in active mode an MSP430 consumes as lithe as 330 uA. Often a handheld host system and a sensor unit are in a low power state waiting for a user to indicate the system needs to be powered. The sensor unit may automatically detect the system is required for a data acquisition, and will send a wakeup message to the host. The host will wake up, and poll the message channel to determine the state of the sensor unit. The host will then wait for data on the data channel, or perform such other reconfiguration as may be required by the sensor unit.
Other implementations of the message channel are possible. If a wireless channel is to be employed, it must be chosen carefully to ensure that it power consumption, particularly its static power consumption is sufficiently low that adequate battery life can be achieved.
The interface may also further include electrical power connections, enabling the sensor unit to be powered by the host unit.
In a further physical embodiment (not illustrated) both the message channel and the data channel are implemented as wireless channels. Accordingly, there is no physical cabling between the sensor unit and the host unit. Separate battery power must be provided for the host unit and the sensor unit. The host unit in this case may also have a second implementation of the interface, using wired channels, allowing it to accept alternative sensor units which do need to be physically plugged into the host unit.
The interface of the invention is very efficient when compared to prior art communication systems. The interface can configure protocols with little or no communication overhead, as the negotiation of protocol parameters for the data channel takes place only at connection or power-up over a channel independent of the data channel. The data channel protocol is implemented mostly in hardware. As a comparison, USB2 can operate at about 89% efficiency when configured for bulk transfer using large block sizes, that is, when operating in a mode analogous to the data channel. For negotiation or control type messaging, analogous to message channel traffic, USB2 is very inefficient, operating at <10% efficiency with 8 byte payloads. Employing an interface combining a low power message channel and a highly efficient data channel as in the interface of the invention allows optimum power consumption versus performance for all communication circumstances to be approached.
Communications standards such as USB provide connectors of limited strength, with extraction forces as lows as 10N being required to extract the cable. Medical grade connectors such as the miniature Lemo B series or Alden PL-500 series can support above 400N of force, providing a robust and reliable connection for handheld medical products.
An embodiment of the interface system may include electrical connections and a rigid or semi-rigid waveguide. A possible arrangement of a connector for use with this interface is illustrated in
An embodiment of the interface system may include electrical connections, a fibre optic connection, and a rigid or semi-rigid waveguide. A possible arrangement of a connector for use with this interface is illustrated in
The interface system of the invention is especially suited to medical connections, where a robust push-pull style connection is used in combination with a field programmable gate array and associated electronics to interface to a variety of different probes. The embodiments described include systems with electrical only connections, electrical plus fibre optic connections, and electrical plus fibre optic plus waveguide connections.
A new sensor unit can be developed and connected to the host system by providing a configuration file for the host detailing the serial interface method, protocol, and speed. The message channel allows negotiation between the host and a new sensor unit, with the host able to determine if a new interface configuration is required, and if required the host is able to load an appropriate configuration file. The configuration file typically programs a new configuration into a field programmable gate array (FPGA) on the host side of the interface. The flexibility of the system allows any new sensor unit development to include implementation of a new interface method.
It should be noted that where the medical field is mentioned, this includes veterinary as well as human medicine.
Although the invention has been herein shown and described in what is conceived to be the most practical and preferred embodiment, it is recognised that departures can be made within the scope of the invention, which is not to be limited to the details described herein but is to be accorded the full scope of the appended claims so as to embrace any and all equivalent devices and apparatus.
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|US6381557||Nov 25, 1998||Apr 30, 2002||Ge Medical Systems Global Technology Company, Llc||Medical imaging system service evaluation method and apparatus|
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|US7048687 *||Feb 6, 2003||May 23, 2006||Ob Scientific, Inc.||Limited use medical probe|
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|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US20080281206 *||Nov 7, 2006||Nov 13, 2008||Stewart Gavin Bartlett||Ultrasound Measurement System and Method|
|U.S. Classification||710/62, 710/16, 600/459, 607/34, 710/11, 710/8, 710/9, 600/300, 710/10, 600/437|
|International Classification||G06F13/00, A61B1/04, G06F15/16, G06F15/177, A61B8/00|
|Cooperative Classification||A61B8/4427, A61B1/00011, A61B5/0002, A61B2560/045, A61B2562/227, A61B2562/228, A61B2562/225|
|European Classification||A61B5/00B, A61B1/00F|
|Jun 9, 2011||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: SIGNOSTICS LIMITED, AUSTRALIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BERTLETT, STEWART GAVIN;REEL/FRAME:026413/0535
Effective date: 20070719
|Jan 7, 2015||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4


Final Four Predictions
It’s very tough to predict which teams will advance to the Final Four each year in the NCAA Tournament. The year 2013 has been no different as there have been three pretty big surprises to reach Atlanta. Leading the charge is No. 9 Wichita State from the West Region. It will take on No. 1 Louisville, the top overall seed in the big dance this year.
The other two decent surprises were No. 4 Michigan from the South Region, and No. 4 Syracuse from the East. The Wolverines had to knock off No. 1 Kansas en route to Atlanta, while the Orange had to get by No. 1 Indiana. A No. 4 is guaranteed to reach the Championship Game considering these two will square off against each other on Saturday, April 6.
Now, it’s time to go through and give my Final Four predictions. I’ll pick the winner of each game in the semifinals, while also predicting an overall champ. Keep in mind that these are only my picks straight up without factoring in the spread. I’ll also give my reasoning for each selection.
Final Four Predictions
No. 4 Syracuse defeats No. 4 Michigan – This one is very tough to call considering both teams have really been playing their best basketball of the season in the NCAA Tournament. I just trust Syracuse more considering how dominant it has been en route to reaching the Final Four.
The Orange have outscored their four opponents by a combined 80 points for an average margin of victory over 20 points per game. That includes a 61-50 win over No. 1 Indiana in the Sweet 16, and a 55-39 triumph over Marquette in the Elite 8.
No team is playing better defense than Syracuse, either. It is allowing just 46.0 points per game thus far in the NCAA Tournament. That zone defense will cause Michigan a lot of trouble. The Orange’s length makes it tough to get open 3-pointers, as indicated by the fact that they allow just 28.2 percent from 3-point range on the season.
Michigan is very fortunate to be here after erasing a late 14-point deficit against Kansas in the Sweet 16 to come back and win by a final of 77-75 in overtime. I look for its luck to run out against an Orange team that is simply a match-up nightmare.
No. 1 Louisville defeats No. 9 Wichita State – The Cardinals have proven why they were pegged as the No. 1 overall seed in the 2013 NCAA Tournament. They really have yet to be tested, and I don’t expect the Shockers to put up much resistance in this one, either.
Louisville won its first two games over North Carolina A&T and Colorado State by a combined 57 points. Sure, it only beat Oregon 77-69 in the Sweet 16, but it jumped out to a 24-8 lead in that game. It was a much bigger blowout then the final score would indicate.
Clinging to a 3-point lead late over Duke in the first half of their Elite 8 showodwn, the Cardinals lost Kevin Ware to a gruesome leg injury. They would rally for him, dominating the game the rest of the way to pull away for an 85-63 victory over the Blue Devils.
Now, playing for Ware the rest of the way, this team has all the motivation it needs to not only beat Wichita State, but to go on and with the Championship Game of the NCAA Tournament.


WASHINGTON — Pointing to the BP blowout and risks of a new environmental disaster, the Obama administration reversed itself Wednesday and promised not to pursue offshore drilling in the eastern Gulf of Mexico or anywhere else along the nation's East Coast.
The decision was hailed in Florida, which depends on tourists drawn by the state's white beaches, but criticized by the oil industry, which said the administration was stifling crucial U.S. energy production and costing recession-battered jobseekers golden opportunities for new work.
The administration had backed a major expansion of offshore drilling earlier this year, in part to gain support for comprehensive climate legislation in Congress, one of President Barack Obama's top legislative goals.
With that bill now off the table, the president stands much to gain politically by saying no to powerful oil interests, particularly in Florida, which is expected to be a crucial swing state in the 2012 election campaign.
Interior Secretary Ken Salazar denied politics played any role, saying the BP spill taught officials a number of lessons, "most importantly that we need to proceed with caution and focus on creating a more stringent regulatory regime."
The new drilling focus would be on areas with leases that are currently active in the central and western Gulf of Mexico.
"In the Gulf and the Atlantic we are adjusting our strategy," Salazar said. "We believe the most appropriate course of action is to focus development on areas with existing leases and not expand to new areas at this time."
Under the revised plan, the Interior Department will not propose any new oil drilling in waters in the Atlantic Ocean and eastern Gulf for at least the next seven years. Already-planned lease sales in the Gulf of Mexico, expected in March and August, will be delayed until late 2011 or early 2012, Salazar said.
The administration's previous plan — announced last March, three weeks before the April BP spill — would have authorized officials to explore the potential for drilling from Delaware to central Florida, plus the northern waters of Alaska. The new plan allows potential drilling in Alaska, but officials said they will move cautiously before approving any leases.
The eastern Gulf — an area stretching from 125 to 300 miles off Florida's coast — was singled out for protection by Congress in 2006 as part of a deal with Florida lawmakers that made available 8.3 million acres to oil and gas development in the east-central Gulf. Under that agreement, the protected region is to remain off limits to energy development until 2022.
But the administration had entertained the idea of expanded drilling until the BP spill that spewed an estimated 172 million gallons of oil into the Gulf. In order to open more of the eastern Gulf to drilling, the administration would have to ask Congress to lift the drilling moratorium.
The new plan does not affect the Pacific seaboard, which will remain off-limits to drilling in federal waters.
Lawmakers in Florida praised Wednesday's decision. Drilling in state-controlled waters has long been banned because of fears that a major spill would damage beaches.
Gov. Charlie Crist called the decision "wonderful news" that would be favorably received by the tourist industry and residents alike.
But the head of a prominent industry group said the Obama administration was cramping domestic oil production and contradicting the will of recession-weary voters.
In last month's midterm elections, "the voters said loud and clear we want economic recovery and good American jobs. The decision today shuts the door on new development off our nation's coast and effectively makes sure those jobs will not be realized," said Jack Gerard, president and CEO of American Petroleum Institute.
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New regulations prompt $4M proposal for Endicott plant
- The project would better equip the plant to handle large-scale phosphorus removal.
- It aims to enable the plant to meet newly mandated limits on phosphorus levels in discharge.
- The village board is expected to vote on the proposal at a special meeting.
A $4 million upgrade has been proposed for the Endicott Wastewater Treatment Plant to bring the facility up to new environmental standards.
The plan aims to better equip the plant to handle large-scale phosphorus removal during its wastewater treatment process, allowing it to meet newly mandated limits for phosphorus levels in the water that it discharges into the Chesapeake Bay via the Susquehanna River.
The plant, which serves about 50,000 people in Endicott and parts of Union and Vestal, has already begun phosphorus removal on a very limited basis, according to the plant’s chief operator, Philip Grayson. The improvement project would allow the facility to operate at the level now required by federal and state regulators, Grayson said.
The village board is expected to vote on the proposal at a special meeting scheduled for Tuesday.
Village officials have said the measure will pass, and that the upgrade is needed for the Anson Road plant to remain in compliance with New York State Department of Environmental Conservation standards.
The DEC issued the Endicott plant a modified State Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (SPDES) permit in August, setting new 12-month limits on the amount of phosphorus the plant’s discharge could contain.
The new limits come under the state’s Watershed Implementation Plan, part of a joint effort by the six states in the Chesapeake Bay watershed to improve the bay’s water quality, which environmental agencies say has been diminished by excess nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen. All six states and Washington, D.C., were called to develop plans to meet water-quality goals set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. New York’s plan is enforced and regulated by the DEC.
The phosphorus removal process at the Endicott Wastewater Treatment Plant is done by injecting a chemical polymer into the wastewater that turns the phosphorus into a solid that settles out, Grayson said. The plant can then remove the phosphorus along with other solids.
“We’re ... going to be discharging a cleaner and more nutrient-free wastewater into the river,” Grayson said. “With this removal process, we’ll be ensuring a cleaner river for both people locally as well as downstream.”
Plans for the upgrade include the construction of a chemical bulk storage building to house the polymers used in the process. Grayson said the hope is that work will begin on the first phase of the project by late summer.
Because of the new chemicals that will be used and the additional solids generated by the process that will require treatment, daily cost at the plant will increase following the project’s completion, Grayson said.
User fees are also expected to increase as result, but the plant hopes to minimize those increases as it starts to take flows, and revenues, from the Greater Binghamton Airport and the Broome County Landfill leachate in late 2015 or early 2016, Grayson said.
The village plans to bond for $4 million for the project, and bond payments will come out of the Wasterwater Treatment Plant’s budget, which is funded by user fees, village Clerk-Treasurer Anthony Bates said. The village is also pursuing funding from the Environmental Facilities Corporation to cover some of the cost.
The village board is expected to vote on the proposal at the special meeting planned for 6:30 p.m. at the Endicott Municipal Building.
Follow Megan Brockett on Twitter @PSBMegan.


Avocado Mattress Near Me in North Charleston, South Carolina 29405
Avocado Mattress in North Charleston, SC.
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For residents in North Charleston, SC, Avocado mattresses offer an even better way to get a great night’s rest. It is easy to test out the mattress in their flagship store, which is conveniently located in downtown North Charleston. Customers can also take advantage of free shipping and no-hassle returns if they decide the mattress isn’t right for them.
Avocado mattresses will provide you with a restful, comfortable sleep experience that will leave you feeling refreshed every morning. Avocado mattresses may be the right choice for you, whether you are looking for an eco-friendly option to sleep on or simply want to get a restful night’s sleep.
Avocado Mattress Models in North Charleston
Avocado Mattress offers a wide range of mattress models in the North Charleston area.
Avocado Mattress is a company that produces high-quality and eco-friendly mattresses at fractions of the price of other models. Their distinctive designs and quality materials make them stand apart from the rest.
Each model is designed for optimal comfort and support throughout the night.
Avocado Green Mattress
The Avocado Green Mattress is an eco-friendly, all-foam mattress made with organic and natural materials.
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Avocado Green Mattress provides excellent edge support thanks to its high-density foam layers, reinforced edges and reinforced edges. It can be used by anyone of any weight and in any position. It is hypoallergenic and has been certified organic by the Global Organic Textile Standard.
Eco Organic Mattress
The Eco Organic Mattress is the ideal choice for those who want to be eco-friendly.
Not only is it free of synthetic materials, it’s also made with sustainable materials like organic cotton and natural latex. Because it does not contain harsh chemicals or allergens, it is great for those who are concerned about their own health. You can also rest assured that your purchase will be of high quality and workmanship.
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Avocado Organic Luxury Mattress is an excellent choice for people who want a comfortable, eco-friendly and luxurious night’s sleep.
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The Organic Luxury Mattress offers superior comfort and support at an affordable price point. The Organic Luxury Mattress is natural-based and made with organic materials. It provides a great sleep experience, while also being gentle on the earth. To ensure durability, the product comes with an extended warranty of 25 years.
Avocado Vegan Mattress
The Avocado Vegan mattresses mattress is constructed with 100% natural and certified organic materials such as wool, cotton, and latex.
For superior support, the coils are pocketed and the mattress is free of toxic chemicals and toxins. The mattress is eco-friendly and offers superior comfort and support because of its natural construction.
The Avocado Vegan mattress has been designed for all kinds of sleepers. The medium firmness rating provides exceptional pressure relief, while still providing enough support for back sleeping. It is also very breathable, meaning you won’t sweat while you sleep.
Avocado Latex Mattress
Avocado’s Latex Mattress offers a wonderful choice for those looking for a supportive, comfortable mattress. It features three layers of natural Latex and a wool quilted top that offer support and comfort.
The top layer consists of a 3-inch layer GOLS Certified Organic Dunlop Latex. This provides instant pressure relief as well as contouring support. The middle layer contains 2-inches of organic Talalay Talalay certified organic Talalay lax, which adds bounce and softness. The bottom layer contains 7 inches of high-density foam which provides the mattress with extra stability and long-term durability.
Avocado Latex Mattress has many features that set it apart from other mattresses. These include its hypoallergenic properties and edge support system, temperature regulation, dust mite resistance and CertiPUR US certified materials.
Avocado Mattress Features
Avocado Mattresses are GreenGuard Gold certified for low emissions, meaning they’re free of substances that emit volatile organic chemicals (VOCs). Avocado also promotes its Climate Neutral Certified status, so the company and its goods are net-zero emissions”from the farm to a bedroom.” It buys carbon credits from the Carbonfund to offset emissions from its own factory and shipping.
Avocado was founded in 2015. All of its ecofriendly mattresses are made in Hoboken, New Jersey, and produced in a factory in Los Angeles, California. Beyond mattresses, the organization also creates bedding, mattress toppers, foundations, and furniture.
In general, Avocado promotes a healthy, clean lifestyle and takes a stand on those issues by creating posts customers can read on its own site. From decreasing waste to mindful clinics and sugar detox, Avocado promotes an eco-conscious lifestyle.
The Avocado Green mattress is our No. 1 Best Mattress of 2020 due to its quality handmade structure, targeted coil service system, 100% organic materials, and pressure-relieving latex. This mattress is firm, although a optional euro-style pillow shirt made from natural latex provides cushioning comfort for those who like more padding. This excess cushioning may be especially appealing for side sleepers, that need more give in the mattress to alleviate the pressure points of the shoulders and hips.
Avocado Mattress Bedding & Accessories In North Charleston, SC
Avocado mattress accessories are available in many stores throughout the North Charleston area. There is something for everyone, including organic sheets and mattress covers. North Charleston’s wide range of mattress accessories makes it simple to find what you are looking for.
When shopping for mattress accessories, it’s important to consider comfort and quality. Avocado offers a wide selection of mattress bases, protectors as well as pillowcases and duvets that can be used to enhance your sleep experience. Avocado’s products are made with sustainability and health in mind. This makes them an excellent choice for anyone looking to reduce their carbon footprint, while getting a better night’s rest.
Avocado has a range of affordable memory foam pillows as well as organic cotton bedding sets. Avocado offers many options so that you can find the accessory that you need to get the restful sleep you desire. Avocado has the perfect products to transform your bedroom.
Where To Buy Avocado Mattress in North Charleston, South Carolina?
Avocado offers free shipping for mattresses bought online at avocadogreenmattress.com if you are a resident of North Charleston, South Carolina.
Best Mattress Stores in North Charleston
Where To Try Avocado Mattress in North Charleston
Are you interested in trying the Avocado mattress before you commit? Visit an Avocado mattress store and try one to decide for yourself.
When you order your brand new Avocado mattress on the internet, your mattress is delivered straight to your doorstep and comes with a risk-free 1 year in-home trial. You can test your new mattress in the comfort and security of your own home for a period of 12 months.
Find an Avocado mattress location near you: https://www.avocadogreenmattress.com/pages/stores
Avocado Mattress Showrooms In North Charleston
Avocado mattress showrooms offer North Charleston customers the opportunity to firsthand experience the comfort, quality and support of Avocado mattresses. The showroom spaces are designed to provide a welcoming atmosphere where shoppers can take their time testing and evaluating the different models. Additionally, the showroom has knowledgeable staff available to answer customer questions and help them choose the perfect mattress.
Customers are able to test all types of Avocado mattresses at any North Charleston showroom and can ask questions about construction and warranties. Customers can also bring a pillow to their local Avocado mattress showroom in North Charleston, South Carolina to be tested before buying. You may also find special offers at many showrooms, such as discounts or complimentary delivery.
Avocado’s commitments to sustainability are evident at every North Charleston location. All mattresses are made with natural materials such organic cotton wool, latex foam, latex foam, and other jute fibres. These are all safe and sustainable. A North Charleston Avocado mattress showroom offers customers a comfortable and safe sleeping environment.
Local Retailers Selling Avocado Mattresses in North Charleston
If you are looking for a North Charleston mattress shop that sells Avocado mattresses, then you have come to the right place. There are many local retailers that offer Avocado products.
Mattress Firm has several locations in the city that offer a variety of Avocado mattresses and other sleep products. You can also ask any questions you might have about the mattresses that they sell.
Avocado mattresses are not only available at these stores but also available online. For example, Amazon carries a range of Avocado mattresses. These online stores offer great deals and free delivery. This is a great way to compare prices from different vendors.
No matter what kind of mattress you’re looking for, there are plenty of options when it comes to buying an Avocado mattress in North Charleston, South Carolina. There are many places to buy Avocado mattresses in North Charleston, South Carolina. There are so many options that you can choose from to find the right mattress for you.
Prices & Financing in North Charleston
Avocado Mattress offers North Charleston, SC discounts and great deals. Select mattress sets can be discounted up to $200, and customers get free shipping and a 100-night trial.
You can also return your mattress within 30 days, with no hassle. Avocado Mattress offers a 20% discount to active duty military personnel, veterans, and their families.
Affirm provides special financing to qualified applicants. They offer zero interest on purchases over $500 if they’re paid within 6 and 12 months. With all these discounts and offers available in North Charleston, you’re sure to find the perfect mattress at an affordable price.
Avocado Mattress Sales in North Charleston, SC
Avocado mattresses can be purchased online or in-store in North Charleston. There are regular sales and discounts throughout the year. End-of-season clearance sales and promotions are available, including special promo codes and discounts for military personnel and students.
Some of the best times to buy a Avocado mattress in North Charleston include:
- Presidents Day
- Memorial Day sales
- 4th of July
- Labor Day
- Black Friday and Cyber Monday sales
- End of month clearance sales
- End of season sales (summer and winter), Back-to-school sales
Avocado Mattress Comparison To Other Brands in North Charleston, South Carolina
When it comes to finding the right mattress for your needs in North Charleston, there’s no shortage of options.
But one brand that stands out from the crowd is Avocado Green Mattress. Avocado mattresses are made with natural and organic materials. They offer comfort, support and durability. Avocado mattresses are free from chemical flame retardants and other synthetic materials.
Avocado mattresses also feature an advanced coil system that provides superior comfort and support for all types of sleepers. The coils are wrapped individually to give you targeted support, and the coils adjust to your body’s movements throughout the night. This improves spinal alignment and reduces pressure points. You will feel more refreshed upon waking up.
Avocado mattress has a plush quilted layer made from 100% GOTS Certified Organic Cotton Fabric and New Zealand Wool. This creates a comfortable sleeping surface with ample support.
Plus, the breathable design helps keep you cool throughout the night so you can get a restful night’s sleep without overheating. The Avocado mattress is an excellent choice if your goal is to have a luxurious but supportive sleep experience in North Charleston.
Shipping & Delivery Options in North Charleston
For North Charleston residents, getting the perfect mattress delivered to their doorstep is easy. Avocado Mattress is a popular choice for North Charleston residents because of its fast shipping and secure delivery.
Avocado Mattress offers free delivery to North Charleston residents if they order online. All orders are packed securely and shipped using FedEx Ground, or FedEx Home Delivery depending on the option that is available in your region. Delivery times can vary from one to seven days depending on where the order is being shipped, but most orders arrive within 2-3 working days.
When your order arrives, you have the option to either hire a professional or set it up yourself. Avocado Mattress also offers a White Glove Delivery Service to assist customers with setting up and arranging their mattress. This service is available at an additional $149 per product and includes delivery, setup, and removal. This service is ideal for customers who desire a stress-free experience.
Avocado Mattress provides fast and safe delivery so customers can enjoy better sleeping habits immediately.
Avocado Warranty & Return Policy
North Charleston residents who purchase an Avocado mattress can rest easy knowing they have a strong warranty to back up their purchase. The mattress is covered by a 10-year limited warranty. This covers any defects in workmanship. This warranty is valid only to the original purchaser, and is non-transferrable.
All types of mattresses are covered by the warranty, including hybrids, latex and organic cotton. It also covers any issues related to manufacturing defects such as sagging, body impressions, or other structural damage caused by normal use and wear. Avocado will repair or replace your mattress free-of-charge if any problems develop during the 10-year guarantee.
Avocado also offers a Comfort Exchange Program for customers in North Charleston, SC who are unhappy with the firmness of their mattress after trying it out for 30 nights. Customers can exchange their mattress for any other firmness within 100 days after delivery. This ensures customers get the exact comfort they are looking for without paying any extra.
Customer Reviews From North Charleston Residents
Avocado Mattresses were popular among North Charleston residents. Online reviews have been used by many North Charleston residents to express their opinions about their sleep experience. Here’s what some North Charleston residents have said about Avocado mattresses.
A majority of Avocado mattress buyers who purchased it from a North Charleston retail location are extremely satisfied with the product. Customers love the Avocado mattress because it’s supportive and comfortable. They get a good night of sleep every night.
They also report that it has improved their spinal alignment and helped reduce back pain. Many people love these mattresses because they are made from eco-friendly materials and are very environmentally friendly.
Other customers also commented on the durability of the mattress, which they claim lasts many years without any wear. Many customers also mention that the customer service team at Avocado is extremely helpful and responsive when it comes to any questions or issues they may have.
Avocado mattresses have received overwhelmingly positive feedback from North Charleston residents.
Why Buy an Avocado Mattress in North Charleston?
Avocado is an excellent choice when searching for a North Charleston-area mattress. It offers superior comfort and support. However, it also offers many other advantages that set it apart from the rest. Avocado mattresses in North Charleston are a great option due to their eco-friendly and affordable prices.
Avocado mattresses use all-natural and organic materials which are both durable and sustainable. So you can rest easy knowing that your bed is made with all-natural and organic materials that are both sustainable and environmentally friendly. Avocado mattresses are made with organic cotton, wool and latex foam that have been certified by the GOTS, which means they meet the highest safety and quality standards.
Avocado mattresses are affordable, which is another reason to buy them in North Charleston. With some brands costing thousands of dollars for top-of-the-line products, Avocado offers an excellent value that won’t break the bank. With a generous warranty period for select models and a lifetime guarantee on some models, Avocado is able to provide a long-term investment that will last many years.
Avocado mattresses offer optimal comfort and support to ensure you get the best sleep possible. These beds provide everything you need for a restful nights sleep, with numerous features such as motion isolation technology and cooling gel-memory foam layers.
- Avocado is a mattress company in North Charleston, SC that specializes in eco-friendly, organic, and natural mattresses.
- Avocado mattresses are made with natural latex, organic wool, and organic cotton.
- The mattresses are free of chemical flame retardants, formaldehyde, and other harmful chemicals.
- Avocado mattresses are certified by the Global Organic Textile Standard (GOTS).
- The mattresses are also certified by the Global Organic Latex Standard (GOLS).
- The company offers a 25-year warranty on their mattresses if you live in North Charleston.
- Avocado Mattress offers free shipping and returns for North Charleston residents within the United States.
- The average cost of an Avocado mattress in North Charleston is $1,150 (USD).
- Avocado mattresses have a lifespan of 8-10 years.
- Avocado mattresses are made with 100% natural latex, organic wool, and organic cotton.
- Avocado mattresses are available in 6 sizes: Twin, Twin XL, Full, Queen, King, and California King.
- The Avocado mattress is rated 7.8 out of 10 by customers in North Charleston, South Carolina.
- Avocado mattresses are designed to be supportive, comfortable, and durable.
- Avocado mattresses are available for purchase in over 50 stores in the North Charleston area.
- Avocado mattresses in North Charleston, SC are made with a combination of pocketed coils and latex foam for optimal support.
- Avocado mattresses are designed to be hypoallergenic and dust mite resistant.
Avocado Mattress Stores Near Me in North Charleston, SC
About North Charleston, Charleston County, South Carolina 29405
North Charleston is the third-largest city in the state of South Carolina. On June 12, 1972, the city of North Charleston was rated as the ninth-largest city in South Carolina. As of the 2020 census, North Charleston had a population of 114,852, and the area is 76.6 square miles (198.5 km). As defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget, for use by the U.S. Census Bureau and other U.S. Government agencies for statistical purposes only, North Charleston is included within the Charleston–North Charleston–Summerville metropolitan area and the Charleston-North Charleston urban area.
Map of North Charleston, Charleston County, South Carolina 29405
Frequently Asked Questions
Who sells Avocado mattress near me in North Charleston?
Purchase an Avocado mattress in North Charleston online. Or visit one of their partner showrooms. The nearest showroom is about 30 minutes from North Charleston.
How long does an Avocado Mattress last?
A Avocado Mattress is made to last at least 10 Years with proper care.
How firm is an Avocado mattress?
You can choose from two firmness levels for an Avocado mattress: medium firm or firm. The medium firm option provides cushioning and support, while the firm option gives you more support.
How long does it take to receive an Avocado mattress?
An Avocado mattress will arrive at your home in approximately 7-10 days from the time you place your purchase. Delivery times will vary depending upon where you are located and when the mattress is in stock.
What is the price range of Avocado Mattresses in North Charleston?
Avocado Mattresses North Charleston pricing varies depending upon the size and type chosen. Prices start at approximately $999 for a twin mattress and range up to $25,599 for either a California king or California king size mattress.
Can I return an Avocado mattress if I am not satisfied?
Avocado offers a 100 day sleep trial. If you aren’t satisfied with your purchase, you can return the mattress for a full refund. Avocado also offers a 25-year warranty for their mattresses.
What sizes do Avocado Mattresses come in?
Avocado Mattresses in North Charleston come in a variety of sizes, including twin, twin XL, full, queen, king, and California king.
Is Avocado Mattress available in North Charleston, SC?
Avocado Mattress is available for purchase in North Charleston. They have a showroom located in your neighborhood where customers can try out their mattresses in person.
What is the difference between an Avocado green mattress and an Avocado vegan mattress?
The main difference between them is their use of wool. Avocado green mattress uses wool to protect against natural flames, while Avocado vegan mattress uses organic cotton batting.
Can I use a regular bed frame with an Avocado mattress?
Yes, an Avocado mattress can be used with any bed frame or foundation as long as it is sturdy and supportive enough to hold the weight of the mattress and the sleepers. Avocado recommends using their foundation for maximum support and durability.
Amerisleep Mattress North Charleston
Casper Mattress North Charleston


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WE PETITION THE OBAMA ADMINISTRATION TO: Remove the monument and not to support any international harassment related to this issue against the people of Japan.
False accusations regarding the South Korean comfort women issue have disgraced the people of Japan for decades. Over the past few years it has come to light that many of the original charges were false or completely fabricated.
Yet despite this new information, the United States continues to lend credence to the original false charges by memorializing the comfort women in a monument in New Jersey and a street name in New York. Not only is this perpetrating historical untruths, but it also leads unnecessary racial conflict and suffering of people of Japanese ancestry.
We strongly request President Obama to remove the monument and not to support any international harassment related to this issue against the people of Japan.

domain: news


text:
Volleyball and Yu-Gi-Oh Instructor
Aloha, Born and raised on the beautiful island of Kaua'i, I learned to play volleyball in 2008 by joining some friends in the backyard and just competing with eachother everyday. From there, I have been fortunate enough to be able to join and learn from the legends of Lokahi volleyball club on Oahu, where my skills and control sky rocketed with their amazing trainings both indoors and on the beach. Now, I have over 10 years of experience against elite competion reigning from Collegiate level competition, to AVP level competition, to FIVB level competition and am growing and learning with each new challenge and game I compete in til today. HAHA!! For the game of Yu-Gi-Oh (Old school style) since 2001 when the amazing show came out on TV, I have fallen in love with the game and it has become my favorite card game to ever want to play. I have watched the strategic plans of the characters on the show, created strategies of my own to play with and have played the amazing game on and off for over a decade, including taking part in a tournament or two in the process. IT'S TIME TO DUEL!!!! HAHA!! Welcome to my classes!!
Volleyball – Started on Kaua’i learning how to play in the backyard in 2008, then moved to Oahu and joined Lokahi Volleyball club and sharpened up my skills alot under their coaching. From there I’ve played many types of Volleyball from indoor, to grass, to courts, to Beach with many, many different skilled players from pros to lower levels and have shaped up to be a pretty great player overall today. Haha!!
Yu-Gi-Oh – Started on Kaua’i by watching the amazing series on TV and fell in love with the game ever since. Played the card game, the video games, the online games and even in a tournament or two with some fierce competition. THE BEST CARD GAME EVER MADE!! HAHA!!

domain: entertainment


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Imagine a distant post-apocalyptic future in which a group of researchers discovers a stack of DVDs of 20th and 21st century Hollywood movies of Asian American actresses. After watching those movies, what might the researchers conclude about the characteristics of Asian American women in the movies? Certainly, they will view Asian American women as sexual and erotic objects of the society that white men can score with ease. Why do I assume they will think that way? The answer is a simple, yet controversial one: mostly, the media, as the history proves, portrays Asian American women either as erotic sex slaves of white men or as insidious personalities who lure their prey into a trap with their sex appeal. If we look into the history, we will find mainly two different types of Asian Women in the media: “Dragon Lady,” and “China Doll” – the two characteristics that altogether represent sexual and erotic nature of Asian women. Today, such stereotypical representations of Asian American women still exist in the movies even though the media claims that such stereotypes belong only to the past of American media. This paper will compare the typical roles of Lucy Liu, a modern Asian American actress, and Nancy Kwan, an Asian American actress who began her career in 1960s, in American films to show that representation of Asian American female characters as sexual and erotic objects has hardly changed over time.
History of Asian Women as sexually enticing objects:
Connie Chan, in her article, “Asian American women: The psychological responses to sexual exploitation and cultural stereotypes,” stresses that Western colonization of many Asian countries marks the beginning of cultural stereotype of Asian American women as “sexual and exotic objects” (as cited in sitemaker.umich.edu). The Americans Asian women their puppets, and saw them as easily available sources of sexual pleasure; moreover, they labeled those Asian women who immigrated to United States during that time as “one unit – China Mary” (sitemaker.umich.edu). As a result, the Asian females lost their sense of “individuality” and “diversity of what it means to be Chinese.” As Connie accents, the stereotypical representation of Asian women increased during “the US involvement with the Philippines wars, Japan and China in World War II, and more recently, the Korean and Vietnamese Wars” because the American soldiers saw Asian women “as prostitutes and sexual objects who provide rest and recuperation from the war zones” (as cited in sitemaker.umich.edu). As time passed and media came into existence, stereotypical names, such as “Dragon Lady” and “China Doll,” of Asian-American women began to represent the Asian American women as sexual and erotic objects in the media.
“Dragon Lady” is a “dangerous and seductive woman” whose nature is “belligerent” and “domineering” (yourdictionary.com). Historical roots of the “Dragon Lady” date back to the late 1800s when in the imperial China, the...

domain: sociology


1-yr-old girl raped by youth in Hyderabad
Hyderabad, Sep 7 : In a shocking incident, a one-year-old girl was allegedly raped by a youth who worked with her parents at their house in Chilkalguda area here, police said.
The accused, Deepu Singh (20), took the baby girl from the second floor of the house where she was sleeping with her parents, to the ground floor and allegedly raped her at around midnight last night, Chilkalguda Police Station Inspector K Srinivasulu said based on a complaint lodged by her parents.
“Deepu Singh took the baby girl from her parents who were in deep sleep and allegedly committed rape,” Srinivasulu told PTI.
The girl has been shifted to a government hospital here and is undergoing treatment, the police officer said.
The parents of the girl are street vendors. The accused was working with them at their house and assisted in making snacks.
Further investigations are on into the offence, police added


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Tell your Senators to support the DREAM Act
by Restore Fairness, Tue Dec 14, 2010 at 04:29:06 PM EST
From the Restore Fairness blog-
In a historic bipartisan vote, the U.S House of Representatives passed the DREAM Act on December 8th, bringing the hopes of thousands of young people that have built their lives in America, one step closer to being realized. Soon the Senate will bring the House-approved version of the bill to the floor for a vote, and we need you to make sure that your Senators will vote to make the DREAM Act a reality.
If passed, legislation would provide a clear legal pathway for immigrant youth, who have been raised in the United States and who will pursue higher education or serve the United States Armed Forces, to become U.S. citizens and live the American dream.
We need to flood the Senate with phone calls and ensure that we get the 60 votes needed to pass the DREAM Act.
1. Dial the switchboard 1-866-587-3023 2.
2. Ask the operator for a Senator from the target list
3. When the receptionist picks up leave a message urging the Senator to vote yes on the DREAM Act.
Follow up your phone call with a letter to your Senators telling them why they need to get behind the DREAM Act. Their vote could make the difference between granting or breaking the dreams of thousands. Take action now.
For the first time in history we were able to pass the DREAM Act in the House. Let’s not stop now.
Photo courtesy of dreamactivist.org
Learn. Share. Act. Go to restorefairness.org
Tags: 287G, Breakthrough, Congress, Dream Activist, dreamers, Gaby Pacheco, House of Representatives, immigrant youth, presente, presente.org, Restore Fairness, Senate, blog, deportation, detention, due process, enforcement, family, human rights, immigration, dream act, you tube (all tags)


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Titleist Brand Ambassador Chesson Hadley captures his 1st career PGA Tour title at the Puerto Rico Open.
Every year, I obsess over my March Madness basketball bracket, highlighter in hand, marking my correct pick selections with a stroke of blue and my upsets with yellow.
Welcome to Hollywood! The Tour touches down in star-studded Los Angeles where Hogan’s Alley boasts a blockbuster cast of players at famed Riviera.
Tiger Woods and Phil Mickelson's back-to-back wins have the golf world buzzing with excitement for
Four tournaments into the 2013 season and we’ve already seen the golf world swirling with a wind-shortened tournament, a rookie triumph, a playoff victory, and the reminder of
LAS VEGAS – It’s the city of sin. A mirage in the desert that encompasses life’s indulgencies.
Hot on the heels of the final major championship of the year, I’m back with even more sizzle with this week’s “Hot List.” The attention turns to the high notes remaining thi
Sexy storylines surrounded the U.S. Open last week deep into Sunday.
Mark Twain wasn’t kidding that “the coldest winter (he) ever spent was the summer in San Francisco.” While some claim Samuel Clemens didn’t actually pen the quote, no one di
Across the country, American flags waved, cans of beer cracked and barefooted families frolicked along the beaches from sea to shining sea.
Major Match Play: Week 1 matches | Vote now!
Stevie on Tiger: 'Hatchet hasn't been buried'
Haney: Woods' intimidation factor overblown
Tiger, Rory Masters faves | Tiger Bay Hill start
Dufner, Rose, Sneds grouped in Tampa | Tee times
Fantasy Central: Valspar picks, rankings | Video
GR: Franken-player | Chuck Norris golf | Nap Day
Stock Watch: Reed rising; Woods' back falling
2021 U.S. Open could be headed to Torrey Pines
Web.com Tour player cards 59 in practice round
Confident Reed: Top 5 player | Actually, top 20
VIEW ALL TOURS & TOURNAMENTS
LATEST ON EQUIPMENT

domain: geography


text: If you are looking for a small town good eat this is the place to come! We serve up burgers with the secret recipe that has been around since 1916! With multiple previous owners, it still shares the same century old recipe to this very day. We pride ourselves in serving high quality product, most of which we get from the local community. We offer more than just our amazing sliders, we serve locally made deep fried cheese curds and Madison, WI's famous Chocolate Shoppe Ice Cream.

domain: food


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Lead being a toxic cumulative poison and an environmental pollutant, experiments were conducted at an oral chronic dose of (60 mg/kg/day) for 90 days on adult female rats (Rattus Norvegicus) and its effect on the reproductive functions in relation to the biochemical effects was studied. It was observed that the chronic dose of lead caused an elevation in the level of proteins, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase in all the soft tissues studied indicating tissue damage. It also inhibited the level of acetylcholinesterase in all the tissues. Fertility tests by pairing treated females with males showed that lead-treated female showed irregular estrous cycle and the fertility rate dropped to 40% as female pups of lead-treated mothers showed loss in weight, high mortality rate, poor growth rate, and late vaginal opening. Histological studies of ovary showed atresia in all the stages of folliculogenesis sustaining the poor fertility observations. The present study revealed that lead caused great tissue damage and affected reproductive performance of female rats at a chronic dose.
Heavy metal toxicity is a serious worldwide problem, which adversely affects the growth, health, reproductive performance, and life span of all living organisms. Lead is known to be toxic when present in traces and enters human body as a result of environmental pollution. Occupational hazards due to lead exposure produce reversible changes in mood and personality as fatigue, irritability, depression, deficits in vascular motor functioning, memory, and verbal ability. Children exposed to lead are reported to have adverse effects on central nervous system and kidneys. Maternal blood lead level as an environmental factor is an apparent predictor of low birth weight and child body mass ratio and low to moderate environmental exposure increases the risk for spontaneous abortion. Anemia, which is frequently observed in lead poisoning, was a result of decreasing lifetime of erythrocytes and synthesis of heme. In Ludhiana (Punjab, India), the analysis of water samples of Budha Nallah after the input of effluents by dying industries and pesticide manufacturing units indicates that the concentration of lead has increased manifold and the mean daily intake of lead was 162.32±19.1 μg/day.
Lead has no known biological function and any lead absorbed by man or animals may be potentially toxic. All spheres which are affected by lead can cause 33% increase in absorption of lead, which interferes with blood-forming processes, vitamin D metabolism, and other kidney and neurological processes. Lead has high affinity for various complexing groups such as imidazole, cysteine sulfhydryls, and amino group of lysine. By complexing with these moieties, lead may interfere with biochemical processors through alterations of structural integrity of enzyme or by disruption of substrate binding. The toxic effects are many, ranging from morphological tissue damage at higher concentration to lesser biochemical effects at lower concentrations. Mating involving one lead toxic parent have recorded significant decrease in litter size, birth weight, and survival rate.[11,12] A variation in the time of vaginal opening and a significant disturbed estrous cycle was also observed in lead toxicity. Since the absorption of lead-indicated toxicity in humans is great due to the intake through food, air, and water, it became imperative to carry out a systematic study on the effect of chronic oral dose of lead on female reproductive functions and also to record the various enzymatic changes in rats. These findings would be useful in understanding the various effects on sensitive species and also extrapolating, with care, the results for humans.
Disease-free albino rats 2–3 months were procured from Small Animal’s Colony, Department of Zoology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India. All the animals were maintained on rat feed (Ashirwad Industries, Chandigarh-India) and black gram. Water was provided ad libitum. Blood samples were drawn into heparinized tubes and plasma was separated after centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes at room temperature. The plasma was diluted in the ratio of 1:10. The tissue samples were homogenized in the homogenizer in potassium phosphate buffer in the ratio of 1:10. The effect of lead on aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, acid phosphate, and alkaline phosphatise was estimated by the method of Wootton. The cholinesterase activity was determined according to the method of Voss and Sachsse and total proteins were determined by Lowry et a. Statistical significance of biochemical parameters was obtained by students t-tests at 1% level (P<0.01) and at the 5% level (P<0.05).
State of the estrous cycle of each animal was determined by taking vaginal smears daily between 9:30 a.m. to 10:30 a.m. In order to take vaginal smears, the vaginal was washed with physiological saline (0.9%) by injecting a drop of solution with a dropper. The vaginal smears were examined immediately under the microscope while still wet and the cellular components were judged to determine the various stages of estrous cycle with the help of following criteria: diestrus – leucocytes only; proestrus – epithelial cells with nuclei; estrus – vaginal cornification with total absence of leucocytes; and metoestrus – leucocytes with few cornified epithelial cells. For histopathological study, a piece of ovary was fixed for 24 hours in alcoholic bouins fluid. The animals were sacrificed at 30, 60, 90 days after dose administration and ovaries were removed, cleaned of adjoining tissues, and fixed in alcoholic bouins solution. The tissue was then processed for histological studies and serial paraffin sections were cut at 7 μm. These sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and stained serial section of ovaries were examined under light microscope and morphological characteristics of normal and arteric follicles observed.
Fertility tests were conducted by treating female rats continuously for 3 months with lead (60 mg/kg/day) and housed with mature normal untreated males. The males were separated from females after formation of vaginal plug. The female were observed for entire gestation period of 28 days and the parameters of birth rate, litter size, morphological alterations, survival rate of pups, body weight from birth to 60 days, and vaginal opening in female pups for the litter were recorded. The surviving pups were then administrated lead at a rate of 60 mg/kg body weight after weighing up to 60 days of age.
Daily oral administration of lead (60 mg/kg/day) for 90 days produced a significant rise in the levels of acid phophatase in lever, kidney, and ovary and a nonsignificant increase in enzyme in plasma following daily exposure to lead. Acid phosphatase is a lysosomal enzyme and is stimulated in cases of tissue damage. Increase in level of acid phosphatase in liver and kidney might be suggestive of increasing physiological phagocytosis and the moderate amount of acid phosphatase activity in regressing luteal cells of the ovary indicated lysosomal activity in luteolysis. The increase in acid phosphatase activity estimated biochemically would, therefore, mean a destruction of the luteal cells, which is in support of the fact that absence of acetylecholinesterase activity in ovary also causes lack of steroidogenesis. Ryan had also associated a relationship of acid phosphatase being a lysosomal enzyme playing a phagocytic role in follicle cells during atresia. It has been further suggested that in follicle cells, lysosomal enzymes affect estrogen receptor by dephosphorylation, which led to atresia and also the enzyme acid phosphatase is an excellent indicator of atrophy.[22,23]
Lead (60 mg/kg/day) caused a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase level [Table 1] in plasma, liver, kidney, and ovary. It has been suggested that an increase in alkaline phosphatase level occurs due to the damage of the cells of liver, kidney, small intestine, and bone resulting in the liberation of this enzyme in the blood systems. Gouda et Al. recorded an increase in the value of alkaline phosphatase in lead toxicosis in adult goats. Alkaline phosphatase helps in ionic movement across the cell membrane and is also associated with secretory and absorption processes of the cell. Wise in bovine follicles also postulated AKP as an excellent indicator of atresia since AKP activity was greater in ovary. Goody et al. reported that there was a direct or indirect evidence of the role of AKP in steroid receptor inactivation in the granulose cells. The changes in enzymes system had been correlated with the steroid biosynthesis in the granulose cells of maturing follicles of mammalian ovary.
Lead at the dose rate of 60 mg/kg/day for 90 days produced an overall increase in the levels of alanine aminotransferase in plasma, liver, and ovaryand a nonsignificant rise in its level in kidney [Table 2]. Alanine aminotransferase is present in liver, kidney, heart, skeletal muscles, intestines, and RBC and its increased values are specific indicator of hepatocellular (liver) damage. Lead also produced significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase in liver, plasma, and ovary [Table 2]. Aspartate aminotransferase SGOT occurs mainly in muscles and increases in its activity related to the leakage of enzyme from muscles because of muscular activity induced by intoxication. Direct effect of lead on muscles increasing the permeability of cell membrane cannot be excluded. Elevation of both alanine and aspartate aminotransferases in blood had been used also as an indicator of altered permeability of plasma membrane, cellular damage, and altered metabolism during insecticide toxicity.
Daily oral administration of lead produced significant decrease in AChE level in liver, kidney, and ovary and nonsignificant decrease in plasma [Table 3]. The decrease in activity of acetylcholinesterase observed in present study was similar to that recorded by Setia et al. in calves. It was considered that decrease in AchE activity was responsible for behavioral and locomotor changes recorded in lead-intoxicated calves. Acetylcholinesterase in the luteal cells of ovary hydrolyses acetylcholine in the production of acetic acid, which is used subsequently in the pathway for the production of steroidogenes for hormone production in the goat ovary. Thus decrease in AChE activity in the rat ovary might be an indicator of the lack of steroidogenesis resulting in poor fertility.
Significant increase in the levels of proteins in liver, kidney, ovary and nonsignificant increase in proteins in plasma were observed following daily oral dosing of lead [Table 3]. The elevation of proteins is reported to occur in conditions when the cells are subjected to wide variety of environmental assaults including toxins, poisons, and pollutants and is mainly due to stimulation of the synthesis of acute phase protein and corresponding m-RNA, which buffer them from harm. Elevation of proteins might also be due to destruction of tissues, which causes release of proteins.
Five sets of experiments that were set up for the testing effect of lead on fertility of rats indicated that lead at a dose of 60 mg/kg caused 40% reduction in the fertility rate [Table 4] as compared to control group of rats, which showed 100% results. The decrease in fertility has been related to the decrease in AChE concentration, which is considered important in the process of steroidogenesis, and increase in the level of other enzymes, which might be damaging to the tissue leading to atresia [Figures [Figures11–4]. Most reproductive functions are controlled by sex steroids, the possibility that changes in the synthesis/breakdown of these hormones may alter reproductive capacity in man and other animals exposed to lead cannot be excluded. Odland et al. reported that exposure to organic lead affects the metabolism of steroid hormones in human and mice. Implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine endometrium requires a delicate balance between progesterone and estrogens. Chronic dosage of lead probably imbalances this delicate interplay of hormones and disallows implantation in rat.
In addition to the observations made above, the treated females showed irregularity in estrous cycle. Der et al. and Ronis et al. have also reported irregularity in estrous cycle of female albino rats. Female pups of treated mother also showed late vaginal opening, poor fur growth, significantly lower body weight [Table 5], and decrease fetal survival ratio [Table 6]. Ronis et al.[11,12] also reported that pups of treated mothers have high mortality rate and lead also effects growth rate. Maternal–fetal transfer of nutrients is an established phenomenon and death of young ones of lead-poisoned mothers could represent the placental transfer of lead. Such an observation has been reported by Singh et al. Lead-fed rats showed significant decrease in body weight [Table 7]. Lower body weight of rats fed lead in diet as compared to control rats has been well advocated by Ryden and Walsh and Schwark et al. Furthermore environmental toxicants, teratogenic compounds can have drastic affects on the survival rate of embryos when ingested at crucial early stages of gestation.
The above study concluded that lead has interaction with the vital body functions and reproductive parameters in rats. The dosage administered caused significant biochemical alterations and reduction in the weight of pups as well as the treated mothers. Lead caused high mortality rate in pups and also slows down their growth rate.
Source of Support: Nil
Conflict of Interest: None declared.

domain: literature


text:
Coefficient of Conservatism:
Coefficient of Wetness:
NORTHERN WILD COMFREY
Borders, openings, and clearings or under dense shade in coniferous or mixed forests (fir, cedar, spruce, pine, birch, aspen, occasionally beech and maple), especially in sandy or rocky soil.
The upper leaves are strongly cordate-clasping, although the lower and basal ones are petiolate. While the species is easily told at a distance from C. officinale, it is much closer to the southern wild comfrey, C. virginianum L. and sometimes is considered only a variety or subspecies of the more southern plant, which has slightly larger nutlets, calyx, and flowers. Records south of the middle of the Lower Peninsula are all more than a century old.

domain: biology


text:
This wood-framed whiteboard is perfect for your home office, kitchen, study, or laundry room, and made in Virginia. The cute metal label holders are added for decoration. Hung with D ring hangers.
This woodwork is cut, sanded, and hand-painted for indoor use. No two will be identical or "perfect." Wood has naturally occurring knots, grain, and grooves with imperfections that make each piece unique and beautiful.
Choose paint from the available colors shown in the picture and color selection drop-down menu.
Materials: wood, dry erase board, paint
Dimensions: approximately 25 1/2" wide by 36 3/4" tall
Boards are made to order usually within five days from purchase. Returns are not accepted.

domain: artistic


text:
gym exercises for weight loss
Ask any runner who’s naturally slim: there are a bazillion reasons to exercise that have nothing to do with losing weight. but if weight loss is your main motivator. Are you a beginner looking to lose weight, but have you no idea how to get started? then this beginner’s weight loss workout will be ideal for you….. This weight loss workout plan consists of a day-by-day guide to help you lose weight & get fit. the exercise plan is for beginners, intermediate & advanced.
Before we get into the best workouts for weight loss and how to use exercise as a tool in your weight loss journey, let’s make two things clear. first, there are a huge number of reasons to work out that have absolutely nothing to do with losing weight.. If weight loss is your goal, you’re probably wondering what kind of workouts are the best use of your time. rather than prescribing specific workouts or. When fat loss is the goal, the best exercise for weight loss is the one that burns calories more efficiently..

domain: health


Please note all timings of media activity with the Scotland team are subject to change by the coach in light of match preparations
Monday 23 February – Edinburgh Zoo, Corstorphine Road, Edinburgh, EH12 6TS, 9:30am – The Scotland 7s squad (sponsor Murray) to take part in the Rugby World Cup Sevens in Dubai from 5-7 March will be announced at Edinburgh Zoo today. Coach Stephen Gemmell and the entire World Cup squad will be available for interview/photograph as they meet some middle-eastern ex-pats - Bactrian camels. Please congregate at the main reception where you will be met by a member of staff and escorted to the camel enclosure. Stuart Martin is your contact here.
Monday 23 February – Myreside, Myreside Road, Edinburgh – Photographers and camera crews should assemble at the training ground at 1.20pm and they will have 30 minutes’ access to the Scotland training session as the team step up their preparations for Saturday’s RBS 6 Nations Championship match with Italy at Murrayfield.
Monday 23 February - A member of the Scotland management team will be available for a written media huddle and, on request, for broadcast interview. Time and venue for this will be confirmed on Sunday 22 February.
Tuesday 24 February – The Scotland team (sponsor Murray) to play Italy in the RBS 6 Nations Championship at Murrayfield on Saturday 28 February (kick-off 3pm), will be announced today.
Broadcast media – 10.50am – Howie Suite, Murrayfield Stadium – Scotland coach Frank Hadden will be available for broadcast interviews (please book in advance with Graham Law)
Photographers – 10.50-11.20am – Meet in foyer, 1925 Suites, Murrayfield Stadium – Selected Scotland players will be available for photographs
Written media – 11.20am – Davies and Ireland suites, Murrayfield Stadium – Scotland coach Frank Hadden will hold a written media conference.
At the conclusion of the formal written media conference, selected Scotland players will be available for interview (both broadcast and written). Media access will conclude at 12.30pm
Tuesday 24 February – The team for Scotland Women (sponsor Martin Currie) v Italy Women, which will be played at Meggetland, Edinburgh on Saturday 28 February, kick-off 12 noon, will be announced by email. For interview / photograph requests contact Michael James.
Wednesday 25 February – 10.15am (Please note the change of time from the advanced media schedule) – Nelson and Waddell suites, Murrayfield Stadium – captain’s media conference; the captain plus two players will be available for media interviews. Access will conclude at 11am.
Wednesday 25 February – 11am – Nelson and Waddell suites, Murrayfield Stadium – Coaches Andy Robinson and Sean Lineen will announce the Scotland A team (sponsor Murray) to play Italy A at McDiarmid Park, Perth on Friday 27 February (kick-off 7.30pm).
Wednesday 25 February – St Margaret Mary’s Secondary School, 9 Birgidale Rd, Glasgow, G45 9NJ, 10.55am – Reporters, photographers and camera crews are invited to St Margaret Mary’s as part of the XL club initiative run in partnership between The Prince’s Trust and Scottish Rugby. Glasgow Warriors rugby players will act as guest coaches while leading the tag sessions, giving pupils advice on playing the game as well the importance of eating healthily and getting regular exercise. Michael James is your contact here.
Wednesday 25 February, HSBC Glasgow South 7s, Whitecraigs RFC, Aurs Road, Newton Mearns, Glasgow, G77 6BD, 2.30pm - Reporters photographers and camera crews are invited to the HSBC emerging schools festival as former British and Irish Lions captain Gavin Hastings and Giles Morgan, Group Head of Sponsorship, HSBC Holdings plc host the latest in a series of festivals sponsored by Scottish Rugby and British Lions sponsor, HSBC. The scheme aims to encourage the enjoyment of rugby, with local festivals for schools that are new to participation in the sport. Michael James is your contact for this event.
Thursday 26 February – Scotland coaching consultant Duncan Hodge will be available for media interviews by phone (please book through Graham Law).
Thursday 26 February – The Scotland team for the under-20 international against Italy at Dens Park, Dundee on Friday 27 February, kick-off 7.30pm, will be announced by email. For interview / photograph requests contact Michael James.
Thursday 26 February, 5.30pm - Edinburgh Airport – Italian team arrival – vision only
Friday 27 February – Scotland captain’s run, Murrayfield Stadium – Photographers and camera crews should assemble at the Gatehouse, Gate B at 11am. Thereafter there will be 15 minutes’ vision-only access to the Scotland captain’s run. Please note there are no interview opportunities at this time. At the conclusion of the training, at approximately 12.10pm, a member of the Scotland management will be available for a media huddle interview.
Friday 27 April, 2pm - Murrayfield Stadium – Italy captain's run - warm up open for photographers and television crews
Friday 27 April, 2.45pm - Murrayfield Stadium, MacPherson Suite – Italy media conference with head coach, manager, captain and one senior player to attend.
Friday 27 February – Scotland A v Italy A, McDiarmid Park, Perth, (kick-off 7.30pm) – Admission free
Friday 27 February – Scotland under-20 v Italy under-20, Dens Park, Dundee (kick-off, 7.30pm) – Admission free
Saturday 28 February – Scotland Women v Italy Women, Meggetland, Edinburgh (kick-off 12 noon) – Admission free
Saturday 28 February – RBS 6 Nations Championship – Scotland v Italy, Murrayfield, (kick-off 3pm)
For further information please contact
Dominic McKay, Director of Communications and Public Affairs, 0131 346 5126 or 07812 419150
Graham Law, Head of Media, Scotland, 0131 346 5164 or 07764 178940
Stuart Martin, Glasgow Warriors, Scotland 7s, 0141 946 6924 or 07814 615604
Andrew Sleight, Edinburgh, Scotland A, Scotland under-19s, 0131 346 5266 or 07971 606398
Michael James, Community, Scotland under-20s / Scotland under-18s / Scotland Women / Scotland Club International 0131 346 5008 or 07814 615553
Isobel Irvine, Scotland under-17s, Imagery, 0131 346 5166 or 07515 399526
Graham Law | Head of Media | Scottish Rugby | Murrayfield Stadium | Edinburgh | EH12 5PJ
| DL: 0131 346 5164 | Mob: 07764 178940 | Fax: 0131 346 5192| email@example.com | www.scottishrugby.org


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The ivory cotton Agnes bedspread features delicate blue and taupe flowers at the center, which are framed by a wide band of printed florals. The same floral print is repeated along the drop of the straight hem.
- Machine Washable
- 100% Cotton
This item is part of the collection: Agnes Bedding Collection
For orders being shipped to California, please click here for Proposition 65 WARNING.


Time Warner Cable News’ statewide “Capital Tonight” program interviewed John Locke Foundation Health and Human Services Policy Analyst Katherine Restrepo this week about recent North Carolina poll results linked to the Affordable Care Act. Restrepo will discuss the latest enrollment numbers associated with that federal law during an appearance this afternoon with Bill LuMaye on Talk Radio WPTF. NCPoliticalNews.com promoted Restrepo’s research newsletter on Medicaid reform in North Carolina.
The News & Observer interviewed Director of Regulatory Studies Jon Sanders about a questionable study touting North Carolina’s film incentives. N.C. Senate Republicans promoted Sanders’ column on film incentives. NCPoliticalNews.com cited his research newsletter on restrictive occupational licensing rules.
The Lumberton Robesonian published both Vice President for Research Roy Cordato‘s column about President Obama’s misguided policy on overtime pay and Director of Fiscal Policy Studies Sarah Curry‘s column on states that target so-called corporate tax havens. NCPoliticalNews.com promoted Director of Research and Education Studies Terry Stoops‘ newsletter on the importance of innovation. N.C. Senate Republicans highlighted his column rebutting myths about inadequate funding for public schools.


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domain: psychology


text:
This tour was better than I expected, I read some bad reviews in the google and I was bit nervous before we start the tour. But everything was beyond our expectations and our tour guide Wendy was funny, and keeps us informed and entertained. Overall we had a nice experience!
We recommend this tour because we enjoyed it very much, our tour guide Sunny was great. The tour was very nice, I would let more time for Washington visit. We enjoyed very much the Maid of the mist ferry ride! The tour operator is highly responsive while TakeTour often does not reply.
Nice tour our tour guide Ken and bus driver mr.D caring and professional.Lot’s to see in four days be prepare to long drive during the day.Hotels where good i recommend this tour.
It's WOW feeling. The courtesy of Mr Mark Wang is exceptional and highly appreciated. He was so care taking for each of the tourist and allowing time allowance if there was unexpected delays and never shown impatience which is generally high on tour operators in this 21st century!!! But mr Mark was very very cooperative to understand and sup...
We had wonderful time on this tour We saw so much in just four days Hotels were so nice and clean Day one we where in Sheraton hotel Day two in Marriot and then Holiday express Value for money ❤
The tour was great, well organised, we saw a lot of interesting things with no rush. The guide Yoyo was very helpful, nice and interesting. We could choose the fees activities that we wanted to do. The only negative thing is that the bus was so old. But exept that, I would recommend the tour. It would be good to know in advance that we have no time...
The 4-day tour to Niagara Falls, etc. starting 6/13/22 was very satisfactory. Our guide and driver stuck to schedule, we were able to see all places per itinerary. Accommodations are good although some hotels are old, not so clean, and lack amenities, WIFI not working very well. Even so, we are satisfied overall. Our tour guide Alex was very helpfu...
Very professional tour guide Mr.Freeman liu who organized our trip with great care.I really recommend take tours if you are with family and friends because they really take care of you.Mr.Freeman was also very knowledgeable and gave even minute information on place's.
We just came back from our 3D tour. Our guide wa Freeman. He's very patient and knowledgeable. Highlights would have been the Niagara falls. The last day's itinerary was planned comfortably with more time to really enjoy the experience. I personally suggest longer time should be allocated for the Washington DC and Lincoln memorial. It was a...
For 3 days tour, it was a very memorable experience. Niagara Falls is so impressive. Our tour guide Ken is very patient, knowledgeable, and kind. He makes sure everybody is on time.
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domain: travel


text:
The No. 6 seed Nebraska women’s tennis team travels to the Big Ten Tournament in Minneapolis on Friday for a 4:30 p.m. matchup against No. 4 seed Illinois. The winner of the second-round dual will advance to the semifinals on Saturday.
The winner of the match on Friday afternoon will advance to play either No. 2 seed Michigan, No. 7 seed Michigan State or No. 10 seed Indiana on Saturday at 1:30 p.m. CT.
The Nebraska men’s tennis team concluded its 2018 season with a 4-1 loss against Wisconsin in the Big Ten Tournament.
Nebraska ends the season 11-15 overall and 1-11 in the Big Ten.

domain: sports