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Josie Wowolla Boyle (text) and Paul Seden (illustrator), The Shop Train, Magabala Books, July 2022, 32 pp., RRP $27.99 (hbk), ISBN 9781922613233
The Shop Train by Josie Wowolla Boyle, beautifully illustrated by Paul Seden, is a wonderful children’s book that takes readers on a delightful journey through the Australian outback.
The story follows a young girl named Rosie who lives in a small town in the middle of the desert. One day, she and her mum take a drive through Wonghi country, on its dusty tracks and never-ending horizon, until they reach the shop train. Rosie visits each shop on the train, including the butcher, the baker, and the dressmaker, and marvels at the unique items from across the country.
As Rosie explores the shops, the reader is presented with illustrations that beautifully capture the diversity of the characters, bringing them to life on the page. Paul Seden’s images are impressive, and his ability to capture the beauty and diversity of the Australian outback in this near-monochromic book is truly remarkable.
Author Josie Wowolla Boyle is a well-known Australian author and storyteller, and her passion for sharing stories and celebrating First Nations culture shines through. This is another shining addition to the Magabala Books collection.
The Shop Train would be a valuable addition to any library or classroom, particularly for teachers and librarians looking to incorporate Indigenous studies into their curriculum. It provides an engaging and accessible way to introduce children to the rich cultural traditions of Australia’s Indigenous people and is a beautiful celebration of community and connection. Highly recommended for anyone looking for a warm and uplifting read.
Reviewed by Geni Kuckhahn


Skoda Fabia station wagon celebrates its 20th anniversarySeptember 18, 2020
A successful model celebrating its 20th anniversary, the Skoda Fabia Combi was first presented at the 2000 Paris Motor Show. The model is an excellent example of the typical Skoda utility vehicle, while maintaining a compact length while being practical.
In September 2020, the Skoda Fabia Combi celebrates its round anniversary. The car’s success story began with its performance 20 years ago at the Paris Motor Show. Already the first generation of station wagons, which was launched on the market a year after the hatchback and earned the title of Car of the Year in the Czech Republic, won many fans, especially young families, thanks to its many advantages, including the combination of capacity and value for money.
It was one of the few station wagons in the subcompact class ever to offer generous passenger space and luggage space at just 4.22 meters. These values have increased even more with the arrival of subsequent generations. To date, a total of about 1.5 million Skoda Fabia Combi vehicles have been produced, including the Fabia Praktik commercial vehicle.
For 20 years the Skoda Fabia Combi has stood out for its generous offer of space, modern technology, a wide range of engines and a variety of equipment options, constantly expanding the range with various special model versions. Already the first generation of the Fabia Combi offered a choice of six engines, a variety of trim levels, and state of the art equipment including navigation, cruise control, parking sensors, ESC and automatic air conditioning.
For off-road driving, starting from the second generation, the Czech manufacturer offers the Fabia Combi in the Scout version. The model features plastic body linings, exclusive alloy wheels, an interior with a specific finish and was offered with an additional package with increased ground clearance. Front-wheel drive is taken care of by a 1.4-liter 80 hp diesel engine. and 1.9-liter gasoline engines with 85 and 105 hp. in combination with 5-speed manual or 6-speed automatic transmission.
In the current third generation, the Fabia Combi has this trim in the Superb version and offers similar styling elements: a front spoiler and a chunky rear bumper in matt black and silver. The wing and sill edges are also matt black. Mirror bodies and roof rails are silver. The Superb also comes standard with 16-inch alloy wheels. The front wheel drive Fabia Combi Scoutline is available with all engines in the range.
The RS (Rally Sport) and Monte Carlo versions can offer a sporty ride. The second-generation RS version offered sporty looks and a 1.4 TSI turbo engine with 180 hp. The top model in the Fabia series, produced from 2010 to 2014, was fitted as standard with a 7-speed DSG automatic transmission. The Monte Carlo models, which are part of the second generation Fabia Combi offer, also feature a sports chassis, sports seats, which in the current model have integrated headrests and are decorated with red accents, a sports leather steering wheel and specific decorative elements.
The dimensions of the interior space of the Fabia station wagon have been increasing over the years, which has been a distinctive feature of the Skoda Fabia Combi for 20 years. Already in the first generation of the model, a basic luggage compartment volume of 426 liters was offered, which increased to 1,225 liters when the rear seats were folded down. For the second generation, it increased to 480 – 1460 liters, which was offered for the first time for compact cars. The current model, introduced in 2014, cemented the Fabia’s position as a model for long-haul routes with full occupancy. The base luggage compartment volume increased to 530 liters and reached the values of the middle class station wagons.
- Tesla began to equip with a full-fledged autopilot
- Pininfarina Battista offers exclusive charging
- BMW and Kith create a line of clothing for motorists
- MINI Cooper S Convertible Receives Sidewalk Version
- Most often the rules are violated by drivers of BMW, Audi and Acura


GUEST COLUMN | Geotextile tube project an important discussion
Thank you for the extensive coverage of the geotextile tube issue in Ponte Vedra. It's also worth noting that a lobbyist was hired for $10,000 per month by the 13 homeowners during the time they were seeking permits for the geotextile tube. The lobbyist, Herschel Vinyard, is the former secretary of Florida’s Department of Environmental Protection. His involvement explains their success in obtaining geotextile tube permits despite their homes being landward of the CCCL (Coastal Construction Control Line). As a result, a precedent has been set that could negatively impact sea turtle nesting habitat statewide. An email signed by several of the 13 homeowners to their neighbors confirmed Vinyard's role in the approval: “We currently have DEP onboard supporting the project, due in part to the efforts of our consultant.”
Also relevant is our county commissioners' allocation of $3 million to beach renourishment of northern Ponte Vedra. The article only referenced beach renourishment planned for South Ponte Vedra and points south.
Finally, the article stated that Mickler Beach is now open seven days a week. However, it is not fully open. Weekday mornings before 11 have been off limits to the public for two months now, essentially shutting down the beach during the week for people who work 9 to 5; they cannot enjoy early morning beach walks. (In November, Mickler's, the most-used beach in the county, was closed for the private geotextile tube project for eight full days.)
Keeping the geotextile tube covered with three feet of sand without closing the beach to the public will be a challenge for as long as DEP allows them to remain in place. Their impact on nesting sea turtles remains to be seen.
Editor’s note: The term geotube has been replaced in all references by the term geotextile tube because Geotube is the trademarked name of one of several geotextile tube products available on the market.


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Presented by Heavenly Films
Followed by Q&A with Luke Haines
Singer Songwriter Luke Haines is flying back to his homeland to discuss his life on film. Wary of the idea of a film about his life and weary from the long plane ride home from Buenos Aires. He attempts to piece together his life. Through fragments of his existence thus far, comments from his contemporaries and friends, including, musician Jarvis Cocker, novelist David Peace and Arthur Matthews, amongst others, we will discuss the work, legacy, struggles, battles and future of the perennial outsider the British Music Scene.
Haines has regularly been described in the media as one of the greatest English contemporary songwriters. His wry commentaries respect few boundaries and his musical compositions are the work of a singular artist.
Since he first came to prominence with by his band The Auteurs and the release of the seminal album New Wave, Haines has continued to release records of originality, wit and brilliance, ploughing a furrow of his own. Be it under the moniker of the Auteurs, Badder Meinhof, or with John Moore and Sarah Nixey in Black Box Recorder and since 2000 as a solo artist, Haines has compiled and continues to add to a body of work like no other.
Singer. Songwriter. Novelist. Artist. Despite what you may have heard, Luke Haines is not dead. He is alive and well and back in London….. This is his story.
- BBFC rating
- Running time
- 70 mins
- Other features
- Niall McCann

domain: artistic


'77 Audi Fox Turbo
Gary.Kaklikian at compaq.com
Thu Jan 4 10:02:21 EST 2001
I agree that, in most cases, stock brakes with the proper pads and rotors
(vented & slotted) are adequate for street use ... provided you stay under
triple digit speeds and avoid really hard use on downhill canyon roads.
But, on the other hand, it is prudent to upgrade the brakes and tires prior
to any other component when modifiying a car. For high-performance street
use and club track events, there are no rules.
An exception to this is the UrS car. Given its near 2-ton mass and
performance potential (125mph stock or nearly 150mph with only stage 1
chip & speed limiter removed), the stock brakes are totally inadequate. For
normal street driving they're OK, but why have a S4 in the first place if
you can't really DRIVE the car? Yes, I stilll have the stock G60's on mine,
albeit with good rotors, Porterfield 4S pads, and fresh brake fluid, but
only because I can't afford the Porsche brakes right now. But, I drive the
car within the LIMITS imposed by the brakes.
You really can't compare the brake requirements for normal street use with
high-performance street use or track use. Even autocross with it's short
duration and low speeds is not nearly as demanding of the brakes as
high-speed street use, let alone track use.
I went with some inexpensive 4-piston aluminum calipers (Outlaw) on my 4000
turbo because I use it on the track frequently. The calipers and pads were
inexpensive ($160ea, ~$50/set), so it was a much more cost-effective upgrade
than the Porsche route ($2k). Plus, I lost 10lbs unsprung weight per wheel
vs. the G60's they replaced.
I use a street compound pad normally, but swap in a race compound set for
track use. Even though the aluminum calipers dissipate heat much better
than the G60's, I still use homemade cooling ducts on the track to minimize
fade. I also use cryogenically treated slotted rotors since they work much
better with the race pads. For the street? A good street pad, standard
rotors, no cooling ducts is sufficient.
You want ridiculous? Look at the Jan issue of Automobile magazine. $5000
brakes for a Suburban, not including the 17" wheels/tires required to fit
them. Evidently, this conversion makes this SUV a competent high-performance
vehicle!? How about something more reasonable - like 85mph speed limiters -
for these barges?
> From: Iain Mannix[SMTP:mannix at privatei.com]
> Sent: Wednesday, January 03, 2001 9:52 PM
> To: JShadzi at aol.com
> Cc: quattro at audifans.com
> Subject: Re: '77 Audi Fox Turbo
> There's nothing *wrong* with Alex's brakes. He likes them. Fine.
> Great. Cool.
> However, to say that the stock brakes are inadequate is flawed -
> the stock brakes can be made to work fine; that's my point(I must
> have bad aim or something, as some seem to be missing it:). The
> stock brakes, in decent condition, should NOT fade with one
> hard stop, that's ridiculous. Unsafe, even - if Audi 80 brakes
> really did(normal operation) fade with one hard stop, there'd
> be a Nader committe after them as we speak. I simply
> do not believe that the 80s brakes are THAT bad. The 92 GTI
> 16v weighs 2400# or so, has 9.4" vented rotors, simplistic
> calipers - and it stops just fine, repeatedly, etc etc etc. A
> smidge faster than an 80, too.
> Whatever:). All I'm saying(or trying) is that the idea that the
> 80s brakes are SO bad that Briaembowood brakes are necessary.
> Cars, again. I like modifying cars. I (personally, IMHO, not
> trying to belittle, get over it:) do not like modifying
> street cars beyond reliable, easy power (WG springs and whatnot).
> I spend most of my automotive energies on autocross cars - most
> recently a Street Prepared Scirocco, a few Rabbits before that,
> and we're currently putting together an E Prepared Rabbit(sorta
> like GT5 for roadracer types, Street Prepared is closer to
> IT). It is TOTALLY unnecessary, but a whole lot of fun. The
> Rabbit is going to be a monster - 1680#, roughly 180hp,
> good front suspension, cage, etc.
> Modifying cars for fun is great. Do I need to spend all sorts
> of time this weekend stripping the body to a shell? No. Do I
> want to? Yes. Will it be fun? Absolutely. Do I need
> a stupidfast Rabbit in order to spend tons of time and money
> wandering around old airstrips? Somehow, I doubt it, but it is
> a good time.
> Need vs want - necessity vs luxury. I have no problems with
> luxuries, but don't try to justify them based on neglected
> That help?
More information about the quattro


text:
CHINA: 'American Dreams in China' Dominates as 'Iron Man 3' Nears $120M
on May 28, 2013
American Dreams in China led the Chinese box office in its second week. The Chinese film grossed an eye-opening $33.3 million over the last week, reaching a $50.5 million total in its home market. The film has its sights set on overtaking fellow Chinese hit So Young, which grossed $3.63 million in its fifth week to reach a $113.2 million cume. Iron Man 3 landed in a distant second place in the weekly box office chart, grossing $7.13 million to take its cumulative total in China to an impressive $118.07 million -its most important overseas market. The Croods passed G.I. Joe: Retaliation in China this week with a better-than-expected $56.29 cume. Oblivion will be happy with the $22.29 million it has grossed in 17 days, especially considering its packed release date. The same cannot be said about Django Unchained, a disappointing flop in China with a $2.65 million gross after 15 days.
Box Office Results for China. Week Culminating on May 28, 2013.
No comments were posted.

domain: news


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*this restaurant is permanently closed*
Pink Panda is a playful Asian inspired joint in the back streets of A Venue Mall. It’s a bit hard to find as it’s located inside the Y2 Residence Hotel (map below). The last time I visited the place (more than a year ago), interiors were not yet finished. This time we were double dating with Jane and Kap to try their new dishes.
Pink Panda serves as the hotel restaurant and serves the breakfast spread for the guests and their room service needs. It’s popular as a watering hole so the chefs have introduced more small plates that match their alcoholic concoctions.
We started with the Tempura Shrimp Har Kaw (P320). Chinese shrimp dumplings coated in tempura batter and deep fried then sprinkled with togarashi (chili pepper) and nori (seaweed). This is a mash up of Japanese and Chinese that was surprisingly good. The shrimps were plump and the batter was crunchy and not oily.
Green Curry Chicken Potstickers (P300), served with a sambal peanut sauce. Thai green chicken curry stuffed inside Chinese dumplings then topped with sliced green mangoes.
Gising Gising Gyoza (P240), served with galic aligue sauce. Even though this used wing beans, it was so finely chopped the taste reminded me of laing because of the strong coconut flavor. Paired really well with the indulgent and rich crab fat sauce.
Singaporean Chili Crab Bun (P240). This was by far my favorite of the day, I love eating chili crab but it necessitates getting my hands dirty and messy. These buns filled with the spicy crab meat is just the solution, the bun wrapped even takes the place of the fried man tou. Nice spicy flavor but you can still taste and feel the crab meat.
You can pair all these small plates and appetizers with some of Pink Panda’s alcoholic creations like the Pink Panty (P110/tall glass), Capt. Nemo’s Mom (P220/yellow drink) and Sail Boat (P220/orange).
Get a bowl of the Lobster Ball Laksa (P380) if you want something filling with a little heat. Hofan noodles, lobster balls, sugar crusted pork belly, soft boiled eggs and crispy tofu in a spicy and creamy coconut broth. They served it with a carafe of extra broth and filling less and flattened buchi. There’s a fair bit of spice so you’ll be glad for those buchi which tempers the heat. I’m not really a fan of laksa but I enjoyed this one.
Fish Head Curry (P1,450/2-3 people). I would not order this because I don’t know how to eat fish head and this dish is pretty pricey. Taste wise, it the curry sauce went really well with plain rice.
For dessert you can try the new Modern Ice Kacang (P180) and or their classic Panda Balls (P210), which are buchis with PB&J, Dark Choco and Monggo filling.
The key to enjoying Pink Panda is to not take it seriously, they want to put a fun spin on Asian cuisine and goes about it by combining different cuisines. There’s no sense of being authentic so just pick some of their quirkily named items on the menu, kick back and just enjoy the food and company.
Pink Panda Southeast Asian DinerG/F Y2 Residence Hotel 4687 Santiago St. cor. B Valdez Makati City, Philippines Contact No.: (02) 224-3000 loc. 3057
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domain: food


Catalogue of ROMARM products
The 2024 Military Catalogue presents a range of quality products allowing all partners to purchase ammunition, weapons, or dedicated military services. Whether you are a defense organization or a military business, these products will give you a concrete way to achieve your goal.
Military equipment produced locally in Romania, in ROMARM subsidiaries.
All items are made locally in Romania, in ROMARM owned defense facilities and comply with best industry standards. The ammunition, weapons and armored vehicles are all homologated and have a guarantee certificate.


With Democrats in both chambers having failed so far in repeated attempts to force the Bush administration’s hand on Iraq, House leaders will return their attention to the war this week in an effort to keep a spotlight on the conflict in the final weeks before the August recess.
Although the House will not take up funding for the war itself until September, several Democratic sources said the chamber most likely will move a measure this week that would ban permanent military bases in Iraq.
Rep. John Murtha (D-Pa.), who chairs the Appropriations Sub- committee on Defense, said late last week he also will propose three war-specific amendments to his fiscal 2008 spending bill, which is expected to reach the House floor next week.
The Pennsylvania lawmaker said he will offer a proposal on the floor that would again seek to end the war and require the redeploy- ment of military personnel — echoing the Democratic-backed bill that passed in the House earlier this month, but failed in a similar effort in the Senate — although the measure will be unlikely to include a specific deadline.
“We’re trying to stay away from that and still get the thing done,” Murtha said Wednesday. Although his amendment most likely will require troop withdrawal to begin within 60 days, Murtha said he could consider altering that requirement before introducing the amendment.
“We want to pass something that hopefully [President Bush will] sign but we haven’t got it yet,” Murtha said.
Earlier in the week, Murtha had said he would not mirror requirements from the earlier Democratic-sponsored bill that would have required a full withdrawal by spring 2008, calling that time frame “unrealistic.”
“It’s unrealistic because the footprint is so much bigger than I thought,” Murtha said, but added nonetheless: “You’ve got to get out because there’s nothing to indicate it’s getting better.”
In addition, Murtha will propose the closure of the Guantanamo Bay detention facility within 180 days, and will once again seek specific training requirements and limitations for military personnel deployed to war zones.
Whether such a package will draw Republican support — only four Republicans voted in favor of the most recent withdrawal plan — remains to be seen, although even Murtha acknowledged it is unlikely to do so.
“I don’t think you’ll get a lot of Republican support until after their  primaries,” Murtha asserted.
Rep. Mike Castle (R-Del.), a key moderate who has sought to find a way out of Iraq but has so far refused to vote for Democratic withdrawal timelines, predicted that Republicans will stay relatively united through September so long as Democrats continue to force stark choices demanding withdrawal.
“I think it’s a very political position the Democrats are taking,” Castle said of the strategy to force repeated votes on Iraq. “The votes have been cast, they are already in the record.”
Castle said Democrats could get a substantial number of Republicans on board if they were to bring forward a package built around the bipartisan Iraq Study Group recommendations, which do not include dates for withdrawal but call for moving American troops over time into a support-and-training role for the Iraqi military rather than in frontline combat. Castle also noted the proposal put forward by Sens. John Warner (R-Va.) and Dick Lugar (R-Ind.) that calls for the Bush administration to draft plans shifting the Iraq strategy by October.
“There are many of us who believe there are steps that could be taken to support the government there and then start withdrawing troops,” Castle said. “It’s very disappointing that the Democratic leadership just persists in absolute votes on immediate withdrawal.”
But Democrats have yet to reach out to moderate Republicans in the House to forge a consensus policy.
“I think you would get a very different vote on that and maybe the White House would pay attention,” Castle said.
In the meantime, House Democratic leaders are expected to meet Monday to finalize which Iraq-related measures, including the ban on permanent bases, could move to the floor this week.
“The House expects to have votes on Iraq in the next two weeks,” said Nadeam Elshami, a spokesman for Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.).
Rep. Barbara Lee (D-Calif.), who has sponsored a bill that would ban permanent military bases in Iraq, said in a statement: “A clear statement of policy, as the Iraq Study Group recommended, that the U.S. does not intend a long-term or permanent military presence in Iraq would send a strong signal to the Iraqi people and the world, and help support our goals of handing over responsibility for security and public safety to Iraqi forces.”
“Members of Congress have differing opinions about Iraq, but there is widespread agreement on both sides of the aisle that U.S. occupation should not be permanent, and that is a good place to start,” she added.
Rep. Jim McGovern (D-Mass.), a vocal proponent of ending the war who successfully pushed House leaders to allow a vote on the immediate withdrawal of troops earlier this year, said Thursday that while he would like to see war-related bills move to the floor, there is limited time in the final two weeks before the August recess.
“Logistically I’m not sure how much time we have to do appropriations bills and a whole bunch of other things,” he said.
Along with the 70 other Members, drawn largely from the Progressive and Out of Iraq caucuses, the Massachusetts lawmaker issued a letter Thursday to President Bush refusing to provide any additional funds in fiscal 2008 for the Iraq War except for the withdrawal of troops.
Steven T. Dennis contributed to this report.


Former Super Eagles head coach, Samson Siasia believes the Super Eagles would have been disgraced at the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar.
The Super Eagles failed to qualify for the global soccer fiesta after losing to perennial rivals, Black Stars of Ghana in the playoffs.
The Atlas Lions of Morocco made history at the competition by becoming the first African team to reach the semi-finals.
Current African champions, Terangha Lions of Senegal made it to the second round.
Cameroon and Tunisia although failed to progress beyond the group stage, recorded victories against former champions, Brazil and France.
Siasia dismissed talks the Super Eagles would have done well if they had qualified for the mundial.
“We would have been embarrassed out of the World Cup with shocking scorelines,” Siasia told Football Live.
“The Super Eagles have no business going to the World Cup and losing out to the Ghana team we played against is enough proof.”


text:
Each January college music students and music faculty members are invited to attend The NAMM Show in Anaheim, California. This music industry event is the largest music products trade show in the U.S. and, as a result, has been the industry trend-setter in unveiling cutting-edge technologies; creating household product names; showcasing emerging brands, and uniting every segment—large and small—in the music products industry.
While The NAMM Show is open to the music trade only, college music students and music faculty members are eligible to attend The NAMM Show by registering for The NAMM Foundation’s nationally renowned GenNext program. GenNext is a collaboration between The NAMM Foundation and The College Music Society (CMS) that brings college music students and music faculty members exclusive programming and access not available to the general public. If you are seeking a career in the music products industry, you won’t want to miss your opportunity to experience all that The NAMM Show has to offer those looking to have careers in the music or music products industry.
College music students and music faculty members are invited to connect with—and learn from—The NAMM Show’s global audience made up of the world’s most influential industry decision-makers, including independent music retailers, pro audio manufacturers, distributors, sales reps, engineers from recording studios, developers of gaming and apps, houses of worship, touring, theater and entertainment companies, as well as venue buyers looking for stage, lighting and event solutions.
Current college music students studying music, music business, music technology or music education.
College-level music faculty members.
The 2020 NAMM Show
January 16-19, 2020
Registration is now open. Learn how to register, here.
Badge cost: $35.
After the badge deadline, January 6, 2020 at 11:59 pm PT, the cost is $50 per badge.
Housing for general attendees is now open; book your room today.
General attendees have access to a robust hotel block powered by our official partner, EventSphere, to make it fast and easy to find the right hotel. Booking within the official block gives members great pricing, amenities, exclusive promotions and perks as well as flexible cancellation policies.
Due to high demand and our goal of only allowing NAMM members access to NAMM campus hotels (which includes the Hilton and Marriott), these hotels will not be available for direct booking.
For more information about GenNext, please contact Claire Kreger-Boaz.
NAMM President's Innovation Award
The NAMM President’s Innovation Award honors college students who demonstrate excellence in the field of music and are pursuing careers in music including the music products industry.
Recipients receive a one-time cash award of $750 to go toward travel expenses to attend The NAMM Show, the annual global music products trade show in Anaheim, CA January 16-19, 2020. Award winners attend professional development opportunities and receive access to more than 2,000 music products, pro audio, and live event technology exhibits, in addition to concerts, special events, and networking sessions.
Application Cycle opens: June 15, 2019
Application Cycle closes: September 30, 2019
Award Notifications are sent: November 1, 2019
- Supports individuals who are enrolled in college and university music and/or music business programs and are preparing for careers in the music products industry
- Cash awards of $600 are given once a year and one-time-only to selected undergraduate and graduate students to support travel needs and expenses
- Awardees participate in professional development offerings and have access to more than 2,000 exhibits, in addition to concerts, special events, and networking sessions
- Must be enrolled for the summer or fall 2019 semester in university-based music business, music education and/or music technology program and prove—with a Spring 2019 college transcript
- Have an overall 3.0 or higher grade point average
- Applicants must be scheduled to be enrolled full-time in college at the time of The 2020 NAMM Show and through the winter/spring semester.
Congratulations to the 2019 Recipients!


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Elle Varner: I Made A Song Dissing Everyone After Beyonce’s “Bow Down” (VIDEO)
Posts Tagged: Beyonce
Top Earning Celebrity Couple Jay Z & Beyoncé Made $95 Million In 12 Months
HOW’D JAY AND B HIDE THEIR BODYGUARD’S STRANGE ACTIONS?
CLICK HERE FOR WHY JAY Z AND B FIRED THEIR BODYGUARD!
CRAZY FAN TRIES TO YANK B OFF STAGE!
Man Tries To Pull Beyoncé From The Stage During Concert
WHAT’S REALLY GOING ON? IN THE DEATH OF JAY’S BODYGUARD NORM?
Damn it man. This is happening right now. Apparently, Jay Z was having a leisurely day with his lovely wife…when he decided to take a dip in the pool. And now, as news of his bodyguard dying comes down, the internet has jokes. SMH! RELATED: Jay Z’s Bodyguard Died Suddenly; Sources Say Suspicious And then… Read more »
(AllHipHop News) Jay Z and Budweiser’s Made In America Festival is underway in Philadelphia, PA, where tens-of-thousands of people have jammed the Benjamin Franklin Parkway to see performances by some of today’s biggest artists. Like last year, MIA has a number of rappers on the bill including Public Enemy, Black Hippie, 2Chainz, A$AP Rocky and… Read more »
Chris Brown Says F*ck The Law, Asks For Beyonce Collabo
WHY’D BEYONCE CUT HER HAIR?
FEMALE RAPPER MAKES SHOCKING CLAIMS AGAINST JAY Z
Jay-Z Says Holy Grail Video Being Shot, Nas/Timberlake Collab Unfinished + More
Treach Talks Watching Beyonce Naked, New Jersey Tolls + More (VIDEO)

domain: celebrity


text:
The impact of El Niño and La Niña events (warm and cold phases of the Southern Oscillation) on rainfall over southern Brazil is investigated through the use of a large dataset of monthly precipitation from 250 stations. This region is partly dominated by rough orography and presents different climatic regimes of rainfall. As previous global studies on Southern Oscillation–precipitation relationships used data from only two stations in southern Brazil, this region was not included in the area of consistent Southern Oscillation–related precipitation in southeastern South America. The present analysis is based on the method by Ropelewski and Halpert, the sensitivity of which is assessed for this region. The spatial structure of the rainfall anomalies associated with warm (cold) events is analyzed and subregions with coherent anomalies are determined. Their distribution indicates the influence of relief, latitude, and proximity to the ocean. These areas are subjected to further analysis to determine the seasons of largest anomalies and assess their consistency during warm (cold) events.
The whole of southern Brazil was found to have strong and consistent precipitation anomalies associated with those events. Their magnitude is even larger than in Argentina and Uruguay. All of the subregions have consistent wet anomalies during the austral spring of the warm event year, with a pronounced peak in November. The southeastern part also shows a consistent tendency to higher than average rainfall during the austral winter of the following year. There is also a consistent tendency to dryness in the year before a warm event. During the spring of cold event years strong consistent dry anomalies prevail over the whole region, also with maximum magnitude in November. They are even stronger and more consistent than the wet anomalies in warm event years. Consistent anomalies do not occur over large areas in the years before and after cold events. The wet anomalies during the austral spring of the warm event year weaken and even reverse during the following January. The same tendency, though not so clear, is observable in the dry anomalies of cold events. The seasons of largest anomalies disclosed by this study differ from those found by previous global studies for other regions in southeastern South America.
This study expands the area of consistent warm (cold) event-related precipitation defined by previous studies in southeastern South America by including a region of larger anomalies, and provides a spatial and temporal refinement to the warm (cold) event–precipitation relationship.
According to studies of the global precipitation anomalies associated with the Southern Oscillation (SO), there is a region in southeastern South America (SSA) with a very consistent relationship between precipitation anomalies and extremes of the SO (e.g., Ropelewski and Halpert 1987, 1989, hereafter RH87 and RH89; Kiladis and Diaz 1989). According to RH87, this region includes northeastern Argentina and Uruguay (Fig. 1). From composites of rainfall anomalies during several El Niño–Southern Oscillation episodes (ENSO, or warm phase of the SO) they concluded that in this area rainfall anomalies are consistently positive from November of the ENSO year (year 0) to February of the next year (year +). RH89 found that during the cold phase of the SO rainfall anomalies in this region are consistently negative for the June (0) to December (0) season. Those studies include only two stations in southern Brazil, which are not situated in the region defined by RH87. Therefore, the extension of their conclusions to southern Brazil is hampered by the shortage of data.
There are no comprehensive studies, supported by adequate datasets, of the effects of El Niño and La Niña events on southern Brazil, which comprises the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and Paraná. These effects extend over the whole region and not only the southernmost part, near the region defined by RH87, and the periods of maximum anomalies do not coincide with those of RH87. This suggests the existence of subregional differences in the impact of those events on rainfall over SSA and indicates the need for a specific study of that impact on southern Brazil. Subregional differences are also suggested by the low coherence found by RH87 for the region of consistent ENSO-related precipitation in SSA.
As southern Brazil is densely populated and concentrates great economic activity, modern agriculture, and intense generation of hydroelectric power, the floods and droughts associated with those episodes have had significant social and economic consequences. Therefore, the long-range forecasting of the seasonal precipitation anomalies associated with El Niño and La Niña is of great interest. Important steps toward this end are the knowledge of the spatial distribution of these anomalies, their magnitude, and their timings within an “average cycle” of these episodes, besides the verification of their consistency. These are the main objectives of this paper. This knowledge allows the linkage between the precipitation anomalies, the normal annual precipitation cycle, and the circulation features associated with El Niño and La Niña episodes, which is also discussed.
Differently from RH89, this study does not assume that the regions with coherent rainfall anomalies for the El Niño episodes will also be coherent with respect to La Niña–related precipitation. Therefore, the whole analysis applied to El Niño events is repeated for La Niña events.
Section 2 describes the data and features of the relief and the climatic regimes of precipitation of southern Brazil. Section 3 outlines the methodology for analysis, and in section 4 questions related to this methodology are discussed. The results are presented in section 5 and discussed in section 6.
2. Data and climatic aspects
a. Precipitation data
The monthly precipitation amounts used in this study are extracted from daily station data obtained from the Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica, Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia, and other institutions from Paraná and Santa Catarina (Superintendência de Desenvolvimento de Recursos Hídricos e Saneamento Ambiental do Paraná, Companhia Paranaense de Energia Eléctrica, and Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Difusão de Tecnologia de Santa Catarina). We have selected 250 stations distributed all over southern Brazil, whose data span at least five warm (or cold) episodes. However, most of the data series include more than 10 episodes.
The dataset is initially submitted to an absolute method for detection of doubtful data. Missing monthly data, if not numerous, are estimated with the method of Tabony (1983). The estimation procedure uses data from neighbor stations whose correlation coefficient is significant, at a level better than 95%, and performs an average of the linear regression estimates weighted by the correlation coefficients. A smoothing procedure, which takes into account the regression parameters for the adjacent months, is also included.
b. El Niño and La Niña events
There is some disagreement among various authors as to which years were actually El Niño or La Niña years. Most investigators recognize strong events, but there are some differences in their lists of other episodes because of the different criteria they use in defining events. According to Trenberth (1996a) the statistical reliability of the influence of ENSO events at extratropical latitudes is poor, at least insofar as the events are stratified only as ENSO events without factoring in the different types of ENSO events. In order to see whether there is a consistent impact of El Niño and La Niña events on precipitation in southern Brazil regardless of particular kinds of events, we chose to use a wide set of episodes, which were qualified under a broad range of criteria (Table 1).
The basic list of El Niño events is that of Schneider and Fleer (1989), who also provided a measure of their intensity. These events were chosen according to the sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly averaged over the area 0°–5°S and 130°–80°W. Other events, defined by Kiladis and Diaz (1989) and RH87, were also included. Kiladis and Diaz (1989) based their definition on a standard Southern Oscillation index (SOI) combined with an SST anomaly index for the eastern Pacific (4°N–4°S, 130°W to the South American coast). RH87 used the list of events of Rasmusson and Carpenter (1983), based on SST data near the South American coast (4°–12°S), and Quinn et al. (1978). Besides, we added events for which the 5-month running means of the monthly SST anomalies averaged for the Niño 3 region (5°N–5°S, 150°–90°W) are +0.5°C or more for at least six consecutive months (Trenberth 1996b).
Based on similar reasoning, we take the La Niña years from RH89 and Kiladis and Diaz (1989). Ropelewski and Halpert used the SOI to define them, whereas Kiladis and Diaz defined them as having characteristics opposite to those prescribed for El Niño events. Additionally, we included events based on the SST anomaly index for the Niño 3 region, but for negative anomalies. In the cases of consecutive La Niña episode years, only the first one is used as year (0) in the composites (i.e., 1916, 1949, 1954, and 1970).
c. Some relief features
Figure 2 shows the contours of surface elevation from the mean sea level in southern Brazil. There are large regions of plateaus in Paraná and Santa Catarina above 800 m with height decreasing to the west. They are separated from the low coastal regions by chains of mountains. Apart from its northeastern region, slightly wavy low plains dominate Rio Grande do Sul. This orography contributes to establishing some east–west differences in the rainfall regimes.
d. Climatic regimes of rainfall
The peak wet season has distinct timings in different locations in southern Brazil, indicating distinct climatic regimes of rainfall (Fig. 3). Most of Paraná and central–eastern Santa Catarina show unimodal variation with a peak rainy season in austral summer, which is indicative of a subtropical summer monsoon climate. There is a transitional region encompassing southwestern Santa Catarina and most of Rio Grande do Sul, where the peak wet season changes from summer to spring and then to late winter, across a phase discontinuity. In the southeastern part of the state of Rio Grande do Sul the peak rainy season is the austral winter. This characterizes a midlatitude regime, where the rainfall is due to frontal penetration associated with migratory extratropical cyclones. The relief may be responsible for the different peak wet seasons at the southern coast of Brazil. The summer peak wet season in January, February, and March only holds where there is an orographic barrier near the coast, as in Paraná, Santa Catarina, and northern Rio Grande do Sul. In this area the orography probably intensifies the land–sea temperature contrast and associated sea–land breeze through an elevated heat source.
Significant bimodal variation of rainfall occurs in several parts of southern Brazil, defining the character of transitional regions. This behavior is probably caused by the interference of two adjacent regimes: summer monsoon and midlatitude winter conditions, which are responsible for the peak rainy seasons in January and July, respectively. Bimodal variation dominates in southwestern Rio Grande do Sul, with wet seasons in autumn and spring, and northeastern Rio Grande do Sul, with maxima in winter and summer. An annual cycle with three peaks is characteristic of southwestern Paraná, western Santa Catarina, and northwestern–central Rio Grande do Sul. This regime is strongly influenced by the mesoscale convective complexes in northeastern Argentina, eastern Paraguay, and the western part of southern Brazil (Velasco and Fritsch 1987). Their intensification is related to the seasonal change of the upper-tropospheric subtropical jet.
The analysis method is based on RH87 and is outlined below. The first three steps are intended for analyzing the spatial structure of the rainfall anomalies associated with El Niño (La Niña) events, giving also a first estimation of their magnitudes.
1) The monthly precipitation data are represented at each station as percentile ranks to place the station precipitation anomalies on an equal footing. For each station, a warm (cold) episode composite of the percentile ranked precipitation is formed for the 24-month period from July of the year before [Jul(−)] to June of the year after an episode [Jun(+)].
2) The first Fourier harmonic of each composite, for the idealized 24-month period from Jul(−) to Jun(+), is determined. The first harmonic (amplitude and phase) is represented as a vector and plotted. We use the convention that the phase of the vector refers to the maximum (minimum) of the first harmonic for warm (cold) episodes, because there is a tendency to more (less) than normal precipitation during these episodes.
3) Subregions of spatially coherent warm (cold) episode-related rainfall anomalies are selected, where the amplitudes of the vectors are relatively large and the phases are similar or coherent. This selection seeks the maximization of a measure of coherence, which is given by the ratio of the magnitude of the vector sum to the sum of the magnitudes of the vectors for all the stations in a subregion.
Each of these areas is subjected to the following further analysis to determine the periods with largest anomalies and assess their consistency during warm (cold) events.
4) Time series of monthly rainfall for each station are transformed into time series of precipitation percentiles based on gamma distributions fit to the data of each calendar month.
5) Warm (cold) event composites are formed from the precipitation percentiles for each station in a coherent subregion for the 36-month period from Jan(−) to Dec(+). These composites are then averaged to form a warm (cold) event “aggregate” composite for each coherent subregion. This aggregate composite is used to identify the periods with the largest anomalies within the SO cycle. The period was extended in relation to that of RH87 to allow the detection of anomalies a little before and after the biennia Jul(−)–Jun(+), because late anomalies were observed in some regions of southern Brazil in recent episodes.
6) Time series of station-averaged precipitation percentiles for the periods identified in step 5 are analyzed in order to assess the statistical significance of the relationship between warm (cold) events and rainfall anomalies. The hypothesis is tested that these periods are especially wet or especially dry during these events, by using the hypergeometric distribution. This distribution gives the probability of obtaining k dry (wet) episodes in r trials [number of warm (cold) episodes] from a population consisting of n1 dry and n2 wet samples. Let us suppose that a particular series of precipitation percentiles embraces r warm episodes and that there was dryness in k of them. In the case of testing whether this period is consistently wetter during these episodes, the probabilities of obtaining more than k dry cases in that sample of r episodes, that is, the cumulative probabilities of obtaining k + 1, k + 2, . . . , up to r dry cases, are computed. This will give the significance level of this relationship of warm episode–wet condition.
Some issues related to the methodology will be discussed in the following section.
4. Questions related to the method
The first question is related to the analysis of the spatial structure of the El Niño (La Niña)–related anomalies: is the first harmonic fitted to the 24-month composite from Jul(−) to Jun(+) able to identify coherent subregions in southern Brazil? To answer this question some tests were carried out with El Niño events. The results are shown for 16 stations in central Paraná; half of them are located in each of two coherent subregions, A and B (corresponding to parts of the subregions I and III, defined later in this paper). The first three steps described in the previous section are carried out using several different periods for the composites. Table 2 shows how the index of spatial coherence changes for different periods. It lessens significantly whenever the two subregions are merged, with the exception of the Jan(−)–Dec(0) period, for which the values (which are small) remain almost the same. The most significant reduction of the spatial coherence for the merged region occurs for the Jan(0)–Dec(+) period. These results indicate that there are significant El Niño–related rainfall anomalies in the year (+) and that they behave differently in the two subregions. Any of the periods that include at least the first half of the year (+) is able to separate the coherent subregions. However, increasing the size of the “compositing” window beyond the periods of significant anomalies does not increase the coherence because nonconsistent random anomalies would be included. Among the 24- and 30-month “compositing” windows, those that best cover the SO-related anomalies are Jul(−) to Jun(+) and Jul(−) to Dec(+). That is why they produce the highest coherences for subregions A and B, besides a large decrease for the subregion A+B. A further expansion of these windows to Jan(−) to Dec(+) causes the decrease of the coherence. We chose the window Jul(−)–Jun(+) because it produces high coherence for both subregions and allows comparison with the results of RH87.
There is more than one precipitation maximum or minimum associated with El Niño events over that 24-month period in southern Brazil. The first harmonic usually accounts for the largest or second largest amount of the variance. However, there are often higher harmonics that account for a larger percentage of the variance than the first harmonic (most frequently just above one season, 3.4 months). This higher-frequency response is due to the interaction between the low-frequency–large-scale anomalies associated with El Niño and the mechanisms associated with the local annual cycle of precipitation, as well as land surface processes. The first harmonic is adequate for the definition of the coherent subregions, provided that the most significant anomalies are included in the period of the composites. However, it is most efficient in characterizing the timing of the precipitation anomalies only for those stations with one strong maximum or minimum. Therefore, this characterization will be carried out in step 5, through the analysis of the warm (cold) event aggregate composites.
The second question refers to the detailed analysis of the anomalies: what are the implications of using a 36-month composite when this relatively long period will include several cases that overlap the previous (or following) warm or cold episode? First of all, it is important to stress that the 36-month composite is used only to identify the periods with the largest anomalies within the SO cycle. Afterward, these anomalies are submitted to a test of consistency. If there were anomalies caused only by some overlaps of previous (or following) episodes, they would not be consistent along the whole assemblage of El Niño or La Niña events. To prevent the possibility of missing some consistent anomaly because its magnitude was diminished by overlaps, the consistency of the anomalies is systematically tested over running seasons. Therefore, when two events overlap, only the magnitude of the anomalies in the composite might be affected, and, even so, only if two consistent anomalies are overlapping. The implications in the worst cases are discussed in the presentation of the results.
Four subregions of coherent behavior with respect to precipitation anomalies during warm events are determined on the basis of the maximization of the index of coherence (Fig. 4). Their characteristics are displayed in Table 3. Relief, latitude, and proximity to the Atlantic Ocean determine the limits between the subregions. The subregion 3, for instance, corresponds nearly to the area with average altitude of 800 m. Subregion 5 embraces too few stations and is not analyzed here because it will undergo further study with the region to the north.
For rainfall anomalies associated with cold episodes, it is possible to determine only three coherent regions based on the first harmonic vectors of the Jul(−)–Jun(+) composites (Fig. 5). Their characteristics are displayed in Table 4. The phase of the vectors in this case refers to the minimum of the first harmonic. The reasons of the apparent decrease of coherence concerning rainfall anomalies during cold events will be analyzed later on.
The warm event “aggregate” composites (average gamma percentiles) for each coherent subregion in Fig. 4 are shown in Fig. 6 for the 36-month period centered on a warm event year. For all of the subregions in southern Brazil the average gamma percentile reaches 65 or more during the season of largest anomalies, whereas for the “core region” of RH87 in Argentina and Uruguay, it does not exceed 60.
There are large positive rainfall anomalies during the spring of the warm event year over all of the subregions, being the most persistent ones those in subregion 1, in western Paraná. Subregions 2, 3, and 4 present also positive anomalies in the autumn–winter of the following year, the most persistent of which are in subregion 4, in the easternmost part of southern Brazil. A tendency to dryness is visible during most of the year before a warm event and the first half of the warm event year. It is possible to see that the month in which the maximum of the first harmonic is reached does not always correspond to the month of the maximum anomaly. For instance, in subregion 4 the largest anomalies occur in Nov(0) and Jun(+) and the maximum of the first harmonic is reached in the beginning of Feb(+).
The cold event aggregate composites for the three coherent subregions in Fig. 5 are shown in Fig. 7, for the 36-month period centered on a cold event year. The average gamma percentile reaches 30 or less during the season of largest anomalies, whereas the minimum values of RH89 for the core region in southeastern South America remain around 40.
Although there is a different distribution of anomalies for the three subregions over the 36-month period, there is a common period of strong negative anomalies during the spring of the cold event years, particularly Oct(0)–Nov(0). This feature suggests that, in spite of the differences, there are negative anomalies during this period all over southern Brazil. In order to disregard the effect of the anomalies in the years (−) and (+), which are considerably different for the three subregions and responsible for the decrease of coherence, only the period Jan(0)–Dec(0) is considered for another computation of the first harmonic.
The new map of first harmonic vectors for this period (Fig. 8) shows larger magnitudes and greater coherence than that for the period Jul(−)–Jun(+). Their phases indicate that there is a minimum of precipitation in the second semester of cold event years all over southern Brazil.
Although the composites of Figs. 6 and 7 are useful to identify the periods with largest average anomalies during the warm (cold) event cycle, the magnitude is not sufficient, in itself, to establish the consistency of these anomalies during these events. Outliers and overlaps may have influenced it. Therefore, time series of station-averaged precipitation percentiles for selected periods within each subregion are analyzed according to step 6 of section 3. Table 5, based on this analysis, shows the statistical significance of the hypothesis test, based on the hypergeometric distribution, that these periods are wetter (or drier) than normal during El Niño events. Periods shorter than three months are also tested in an attempt to more precisely localize the most consistent anomalies in the warm event cycle. The wet anomalies during the spring of the El Niño year are highly consistent all over southern Brazil. Wet anomalies in the winter of the year after El Niño and dry anomalies in the year before are also consistent, except in subregion 1. The periods (embracing three or more months) that present the largest significance (greater than 95%) for each subregion are marked. It is possible to see that it is not always the periods with the largest anomalies in Fig. 6 that are the most consistent ones. This becomes clear by comparing, for example, the levels of significance for May(+)–Jul(+) and Jun(+)–Aug(+), for subregion 3. This may be explained by the influence of outliers or overlaps on some average anomalies in Fig. 6.
Figures 9 and 10 show the time series of precipitation percentiles for periods with largest significance level during warm events in each subregion. These figures show that precipitation anomalies during these periods are predominantly positive in warm events and are among the strongest in the series.
Table 6 shows the statistical significance of the hypothesis test that selected periods are drier (or wetter) than normal during La Niña events. It is worth pointing out the high level of significance associated with the negative anomalies from Oct(0) to Dec(0) in all subregions. Their magnitudes are even stronger than that for El Niño–related anomalies. On the other hand, anomalies in the years (−) and (+) are consistent only over small areas. Subregions 1 and 2 show consistent wet anomalies in different periods of the year before La Niña and only in subregion 2 are there consistent anomalies in the year after La Niña.
Figure 11 shows time series of precipitation percentiles for periods relevant during the cold event cycle within the coherent subregions defined on the basis of the 24-month period from Jul(−) to Jun(+). Although there are also negative precipitation anomalies in years without a cold event, most of the largest negative anomalies occur during such events.
As was mentioned in section 4, the identification of consistent anomalies during the El Niño and La Niña cycles is not affected by the use of a 36-month composite of the anomalies, even if there are some cases of overlap. Only the magnitude of the anomalies might be affected. Even so, the change of magnitude is probably very small, because of the small proportion of overlaps. There are various types of overlaps whose possible outcomes are analyzed next.
When two events occur only 2 yr apart, year (+) of the first overlaps year (−) of the second. It may happen for two events of the same type or two opposite events. Among these possibilities, the only one potentially important here is the case of two warm events taking place 2 yr apart. It happened seven times for subregion 2, and four or less times for the other subregions, because the length of the data records is different for different subregions. As the anomalies are consistently dry in the year before and wet in the year after El Niño, this overlap would tend to diminish the magnitude of these anomalies. Although they are quite visible, even for subregion 2 (Fig. 6), one could expect them to be even larger.
Another type of overlap is due to consecutive episodes of the same nature. Fortunately, this is frequent neither for El Niño nor for La Niña. It happens four times for La Niña and in these cases only the first year of a sequence is used as year (0). The fact that these episodes last for more time than usual might produce a tendency to repeat the consistent negative anomalies of the year (0) in the year (+). There is no indication that this has happened. There are negative anomalies in Oct(+) and Nov(+) but they are not consistent.
The occurrence of consecutive episodes of opposite type is more frequent and is indicative of the biennial oscillation component in the Southern Oscillation. The composites include 11 (or less) consecutive sequences of cold/warm episodes and 9 (or less) consecutive sequences of warm/cold episodes. In these cases, years (0) and (+) of the first episode overlap years (−) and (0) of the second one. Although the consistent dry anomalies in year (−) of El Niño are not exactly coincident with the consistent anomalies of year (0) of La Niña, they present a secondary maximum around Oct(−)–Nov(−). On the other hand, the strong positive anomalies in the spring of year (0) of El Niño do not appear clearly in the composites of year (−) of La Niña. Only in subregion 1 (contained in subregion 2 of El Niño) are there consistent positive anomalies in Aug(−)–Nov(−).
6. Summary and discussion
The analysis of a large dataset of monthly precipitation from 250 stations distributed all over southern Brazil shows that this region presents strong and consistent precipitation anomalies associated with El Niño and La Niña events. Their magnitude is even larger than in Argentina and Uruguay, which form the consistent SO-related precipitation core region of RH87 in southeastern South America. Besides the magnitude, there are several other differences between the results of RH87 for this region and the results for southern Brazil. They are the following.
While RH87 found a relatively low coherence for their core region of 0.81, there are in southern Brazil subregions with great coherence (above 0.90) as regards the relationships between El Niño and rainfall during the period Jul(−)–Jun(+). Relief, proximity to the ocean, and latitude (which are determinant of different climatic regimes of rainfall) determine different coherent subregions. If fewer stations were used in southern Brazil, the subregional differences might result in lack of coherence. The spatial coherence of the La Niña–related anomalies is smaller than that of the El Niño–related anomalies when the same 24-month period of analysis is used because there are not consistent anomalies over large areas in the years before and after La Niña events. However, when a shorter period of 12 months is used, the coherence is even larger. Thus, the spatial structure of the La Niña–related anomalies demands a separate analysis in southern Brazil.
RH87 concluded that the maximum El Niño–related precipitation anomalies in their core region occur in summer (November, December, January, and February). In southern Brazil they occur in the spring of the El Niño year, with a maximum in Nov(0). There is a strong weakening and even a reversal of the sign of the anomalies from Dec(0) to Jan(+).
There are consistent anomalies in the autumn–winter of the year following El Niño all over southern Brazil except in subregion 1 that are not found in RH87’s study. These anomalies are associated with some of the worst floods in southern Brazil.
Whereas the composite of RH87 shows a consistent high SOI precipitation relationship for the Jun(0)–Dec(0) season, the results for southern Brazil show a well-pronounced and consistent dry season from Sep(0) to Dec(0) in La Niña events, with a peak in Nov(0) and a strong decrease of magnitude in Dec(0). The magnitude of the anomalies is even larger than for El Niño events. There are no consistent precipitation anomalies from Jun(0) to Aug(0). As the seasons of most consistent anomalies in El Niño and La Niña years are almost the same, the rainfall response to warm and cold episodes seems to be more linear than the results of RH87 suggest, at least for year (0).
One aspect confirmed by our results relates to the opposition of signals between years (−) and (0) of El Niño and La Niña events, which appears more consistently for El Niño episodes. This is a result of the tendency for warm and cold events to occur in adjacent years and is indicative of the biennial oscillation component in the Southern Oscillation reported, for instance, by Ropelewski et al. (1992) and Tomita and Yasunari (1996). Rainfall anomalies from year (−) until the middle of year (0) of El Niño events tend to be negative, on average, while the anomalies from then on until year (+) tend to be positive. The opposite behavior holds for La Niña events in subregion 1. The sign of the anomalies in years (0) and (−) of the composites for opposite types of events is generally coherent, but the same correspondence does not hold for years (0) and (+). This indicates that the appearance of anomalous conditions in the ocean–atmosphere system in year (0) seems to be favored by opposite anomalies in the preceding year. On the other hand, anomalous conditions in year (0) in many instances tend to return toward normal or to persist during year (+) instead of turning to opposite anomalies.
The accurate description of the spatial structure and temporal development of the rainfall anomalies associated with El Niño and La Niña events in southern Brazil allows advancement in the analysis of the connection between these anomalies and the normal annual precipitation cycle. From late winter through late spring of El Niño years there is a progression of the most consistent anomalies from west [subregion 1: Aug(0)–Dec(0)] to east [subregion 4: Oct(0)–Dec(0)]. The same holds for the dry anomalies during La Niña events. This evolution is related to the different rainfall regimes (Fig. 3). The peak anomalies occur during Nov(0) all over southern Brazil. A large part of the wet anomalies in spring of El Niño years is due to the intensification of mesoscale convective complexes in this region. They are common in the western part of southern Brazil (also in northwestern Argentina and southwestern Paraguay) and are responsible for the peak wet season in the spring. Their intensification is probably associated with the strengthening of the subtropical jet over the region during El Niño events. The composite of streamfunction anomalies during the warm events of 1979, 1982, and 1986 (Fig. 12), computed from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction reanalysis data (base period 1979–95), shows that the 200-hPa subtropical westerly winds tend to be stronger than normal. It also discloses an anomalous cyclonic circulation southwest of South America and an anticyclonic anomaly over southeastern Brazil, in the subtropics. These features favor baroclinic developments and are conducive to anomalous rainfall over southern Brazil. An approximately reversed situation is revealed by a cold event composite, as can be seen in Fig. 17 of RH89. As suggested by Grimm and Silva Dias (1995) and confirmed by preliminary results reported by Grimm (1996a,b), such circulation anomalies are closely related to SST anomalies in some regions of the eastern Pacific.
The anomalies in the autumn and winter after El Niño, not detected in previous studies, occur over most of southern Brazil except in its northwestern part. They are stronger and more persistent in the southeastern part, where the autumn–winter rainy season is more important. The causes of these consistent anomalies are not clear. It is possible that, besides the Pacific influence, they are also related to anomalous SST in the Atlantic Ocean or to anomalous conditions of the South Atlantic anticyclone at this time.
Although there is a connection between the season of maximum El Niño–related precipitation anomalies and the normal annual precipitation cycle, they are not exactly in phase. A clear example of this behavior is the weakening and even reversal of the wet anomalies of the spring of year (0) in Jan(+) (Fig. 6), in spite of the large area with peak rainy season in summer (December–February and January–March) (Fig. 3). The small impact of El Niño on rainfall in southern Brazil during that period is consistent with the nonsignificant correlation found by Grimm (1996a) between rainfall over part of southern Brazil and SST in the Pacific Ocean for the season December–February. It is possible that local effects combined with large-scale effects would be responsible for the decrease of the monsoon-related rain peak of midsummer. During El Niño events the strong positive rainfall anomalies during spring and early summer increase the soil moisture and thus the evaporation during summer, decreasing sensible heating. Therefore, monsoonlike circulation leading to higher precipitation would weaken. Besides, during warm events the westerly subtropical zonal circulation is stronger, also contributing to a weaker monsoonlike circulation in southeastern South America. The opposite tendency, though not so clear, is observable during La Niña events.
The relatively low-frequency forcing associated with El Niño and La Niña events may be translated into a higher-frequency response because of the interaction between the associated large-scale anomalies and the local annual cycle of precipitation (and its mechanisms) as well as land surface processes. Actually it seems that the positive rainfall anomalies due to El Niño occur when circulation anomalies favor the usual rainfall mechanisms in a season. Suppressed rainfall during La Niña occurs when the opposite is true. The rainfall anomalies during spring of El Niño and La Niña events, as well as the reversal of these anomalies in midsummer, are examples of that interaction.
CNPq (Brazil) has supported this research. Acknowledgments are due to Simone M.S. da Costa, Pedro G. Ferlizi, and Edmilson D. de Freitas for help in data processing, and thanks to Humberto J. Buzzi for help with the figures. We are grateful to an anonymous reviewer and Pedro L. Silva Dias for their useful comments, and to the International Research Institute for Climate Prediction and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Office of Global Programs for additional computational support to this research.
Corresponding author address: Dr. Alice M. Grimm, Department of Physics, Federal University of Paraná, Caixa Postal 19081, CEP 80531-990 Curitiba, Brazil.

domain: geography


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Six fire tenders and four water tankers were rushed to Mumbai's famous RK Studio after a fire broke on Saturday afternoon.
The fire is reportedly confined to electric wiring, electric installation, decoration equipment at the spot.
No injuries have been reported so far. It has been reported that the fire broke out on the sets of television show Super Dancer.
Sources said that the exact cause of the fire is yet to be ascertained. Fire personnel have brought the situation under control.
The prominent film studio was named after legendary actor Raj Kapoor.
Meanwhile, actor Rishi Kapoor tweeted expressing grief.
Sad A major fire broke out at RK StudiosWe have lost the iconic Stage 1 Thankfully no casualties nor injuries. All your concerns appreciated- Rishi Kapoor (@chintskap) September 16, 2017
The studio was founded in 1945 and several films have been produced. The first film to produced at the studio was Aag in 1948.
The studio has iconic films like Awaara, Boot Polish, Shri 420 and Jaagte Raho to its credit.
The last film produced by the studio was Aa Ab Laut Chalen in 1999.
More details awaited


Pics: Halle Berry Stunning at 'Extant' Premiere Party in L.A.
"Extant" was screened at a premiere party on Monday night, June 16 ahead of its television premiere. Lead actress Halle Berry was on hand for the promotional event taking place at California Science Center in Los Angeles.
The 47-year-old beauty was stunning in a metallic Jenny Packham dress that fit her slim body well. She was all smiles while posing on the blue carpet next to her actor husband Olivier Martinez, who looked sharp in a matching suit.
Berry's co-stars Goran Visnjic, Pierce Gagnon, Camryn Manheim, Tyler Hilton, Sergio Harford, Grace Gummer, Michael O'Neill, Hiroyuki Sanada and Tami Roman were also seen attending the event.
"Extant", executive produced by Steven Spielberg, follows Berry's Molly Watts, a female astronaut trying to reconnect with her family when she returns after a year in outer space. Her experiences lead to events that ultimately will change the course of human history. The sci-fi thriller is slated to premiere Wednesday, July 9 at 9 P.M. on CBS.
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- 'The Strain' Renewed for Fourth and Final Season
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- Gigi Hadid on Fighting Off Her Attacker in Milan: 'I Felt I Was in Danger'
- Video Premiere: Hailee Steinfeld's 'Starving' Ft. Zedd


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The following comes from an amazing researcher whose work I’ve cited many times before.
MY WORD , MY Research, MY thoughts = not good enough. Fact!
I may or may not expand on the excerpt below :o)
The evolution of human civilization around the genesis that takes place in the original empire of Egypt, which history transforms into an extensive dilated chronicle, is structured in three distinct stages, representing the events of the real twelfth to twenty-first centuries.. Each stage corresponds to a Temple of Sacred Peace, in which the first is that of Atlantis (or Troy), the second that of Solomon, and the third that of the New Jerusalem prophesied in John’s Biblical Revelation.
1st. Temple: The first temple is, in the official historical imaginary, Atlantis, before “flooding”, that is, disappearing as a temple, with Noah’s “universal flood”. In turn, the main city is represented by Troy, before being destroyed. All these legends tell us about the same story. Troy represents the capital of the ancient empire, and at that time (when it is destroyed) it is understood in the place where is the current Istanbul, or Constantinople. But in reality it is the temple of the great Egypt, which has sown from there an empire or great worldview with multiple deities. There is his true power, which begins between the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and remains until he must share his authority alongside the one that has been erected around him, the result of a struggle that takes place between the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries real. In the Egyptian tradition, this episode is that of the myth of Osiris, whose son Horus is resurrected after being defeated by his brother Seth, in the form of one God. Under its yoke, throughout these fruitful centuries, a monumental civilizational imperialism expands, from which large colonies and exploratory companies or expeditions are built, which distribute and share symbols and the cult of pyramidal temples. The firmament, with its 12 constellations, is its maximum symbolic representation. It is the stage that the official historiography, in an excess of idolatry, has transformed in three or four thousand years, from the times of Mesopotamia until the officiality of the Christian empire in the great Italian Rome. In turn, in the apocalyptic imaginary, the great struggle of Horus is reflected in the enterprise of the four horsemen of the Apocalypse, which represent the expansion of the empire to the four cardinal points, and the Christian cross. After this fight a single God, sovereign, imposes itself and begins the journey of the biblical Egyptian exodus, and that of Troy, according to the mythified ancient history.

domain: history


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18 Images are required for a children's book. They will be done in a cartoon style.
They will be brightly coloured images of a train conductor, a train, a young boy, and a park. This book will one day go to a publisher, so the images must be done professionally and to a high standard.
Look forward to working with you in the future.

domain: literature


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The self as an open educational resource (OER)
Cloud created by:
15 May 2017
The concept of self_OER has only recently been proposed (Bali and Koseoglu, 2016; Koseoglu and Bali, 2016). Conceptualising openness as a ‘worldview’, or as a ‘way of being’, it involves widening understanding of open educational resources (OER) from one of physical content to include individuals in the learning community. The processes and products of open scholarship (texts) are proposed as resources themselves.
Further to this, Koseoglu and Bali (2016) ask “how might the processes and products of open scholarship align/intersect with the goals of open education?”

domain: library


On Thursday, June 29th, Neighborhood News Correspondents covered and participated in the 4th annual Girls on the Rise Conference that was held at the Sierra Health Foundation.
Many participants, though anxious, were very eager to learn about the prospects of being in the youth program:
“From the name of it sounds like it empowers women and girls so I kind of hope I can take some of that home with me today and put that into work in my everyday life,” said Cydney Randle, after the 18-year-old participant signed in.
The conference began with a presentation from Christine Tien, the project manager for Girls on the Rise, whose slideshow showed all of the successful projects the girls had orchestrated over the past few years.
Many of the campaigns focused on health and public safety as well as some directed towards better the education of youth in nearby counties, like the ‘Schools not Prisons’ Campaign which focused on encouraging the state to invest more money in schools than on prisons.
“We need to stay loud,” said Christine Tien in her presentation about Girls on the Rise involvement in advocating for equal health care assistance for Medi-Cal patients. “We need to support health care for everybody. We need to leave the playing field. So it’s important to stay loud and also vote, well, when you’re of age.”
The participants then moved on to different workshops and games that were lead by the current members such as yoga, lectures on the basics of food science, and musical chairs.
In between the workshops, the participants listened to current and former members’ testimonies on what they had gained from being in Girls on the Rise. One of them coming from a former members wrote a speech on how Girls on the Rise had impacted her:
“As we know, Girls on the Rise is a leadership and advocacy program dedicated to helping the health disparities in Sacramento but to me, it’s more than that,” said Jo-Lyn Xiong, former Girls on the Rise member of three years who now attends Cal Poly with a major in Food Science. “I got to grow with Girls on the Rise.”
Though the conference has ended, Girls on the Rise is still accepting new members to their organization.


PANAMA CITY — An Air Force base that is recovering from the devastation of Hurricane Michael could be getting 72 new fighter planes.
The Panama City News Herald reported that three squadrons of F-35 fighter jets are expected to come to Tyndall Air Force Base by 2023. Each squadron has 24 planes.
U.S. Rep. Neal Dunn told the News Herald that the number of new airmen coming to the base is unknown but it could be more than 2,000 airmen.
The Category 4 hurricane heavily damaged Tyndall Air Force Base Oct. 10. Tyndall was evacuated before the storm and personnel have been returning over the past several weeks.
Dunn said the F-35 jets are a fifth-generation fighter aircraft and "more capable electronically" than other aircraft.


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Submitted to: Acta Horticulture Proceedings
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 1/4/2004
Publication Date: 9/8/2004
Citation: Lester, G.E., Crosby, K.M. 2004. Human wellness compounds in honeydew fruit: influence of cultivar and environment. Acta Horticulture Proceedings. 639:287-291.
Interpretive Summary: Enrichment of plant foods (fruit and vegetables) for almost all phytonutrients is particularly important as nutritional supplements (pills) can have a debilitating or toxic effect, whereas, there is no known toxicity associated with natural (plant ingested) forms of these compounds; whether it be for ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) or folic acid. Enhancing ascorbic acid and folic acid concentrations in honeydew melon fruit through breeding appears highly feasible. One cultivar TAM Dew Improved (TDI) and the breeding line 'TDI' X 'Green Ice' always had statistically high concentrations of ascorbic acid and folic acid compared to the other fruit lines regardless of fruit size. These high concentrations were reproducible regardless of environmental effects: soil type or year.
Technical Abstract: The influence of cultivar, fruit size, soil type and year on total ascorbic acid (TAA), free ascorbic acid (AA), dehydroascorbic acid (DAA) folic acid (FA) and potassium (K) in [Cucumis melo L. (Inodorous Group)] was determined. Fully mature (abscised) commercial size fruit: 4, 5, 6, 8, and 9 (fruit/0.031 m(3) shipping box) from 3 commercial cultivars; Mega Brew, Morning Ice, and TAM Dew Imported (TDI); and one experimental hybrid 'TDI' X 'Green Ice' were grown on both clay loam and sandy loam soils. TAA and FA content increased with an increase in fruit size up to a maximum (size 6 or 5), then decreased with further fruit size increase. Total ascorbic acid and FA content for most fruit sizes were higher when grown on clay loam versus sandy loam soils. The experimental hybrid compared to the commercial cultivars contained generally higher TAA levels and significantly higher FA levels regardless of fruit size or soil type. Free ascorbic acid and DAA contents were generally higher from fruit grown on clay loam versus sandy loam soils and in the experimental line versus the commercial cultivars. However, AA content was high in small fruit and remained unchanged with an increase in fruit size until size 6 or 5 then decreased; while DAA content linearly increased with an increase in fruit size. Potassium content averaged 1.7 mg per g fresh weight for each line and was not affected by fruit size, soil type or year.

domain: agronomy


Acrid smoke from forest and peat fires, worsened by record high temperatures, have shrouded Moscow in smog.
The Ministry for Civil Defence, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters said 21 fires across 42 acres were burning in the region.
Russian news agency Itar-Tass said fire-fighting planes had managed to put out blazes on around 29 acres of land over the weekend.
As a result, the Russian capital has been shrouded in a fog, causing breathing difficulties for many residents.
Itar-Tass reported that the smoke had reduced visibility in parts of the city to below 300-500 metres, and was disrupting traffic, with situation in the south, southeast and east of the city the worst.
In Moscow's outskirts, crops have been destroyed by the fires, causing huge financial losses to farmers. Wildlife has also been affected.
The worst affected areas have not seen any rain since May. In the Nizhegorodskaya province, near the Volga river, forest fires engulfed several villages, and had to be evacuated.
The weather forecast brings no comfort to heat-tormented Muscovites and millions of people in Russia. Meteorologists expect temperatures to rise up to 39 degrees Celsius on Thursday.


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The Iraq war is responsible for the deaths of over half a million Iraqis. Lancet.
“America is a friend to the people of Iraq. Our demands are directed only at the regime that enslaves them and threatens us. When these demands are met, the first and greatest benefit will come to Iraqi men, women and children.” –George W. Bush, October 7, 2002


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SKATING LAURELS GO TO NEW YORK COUPLE
Miss Yvonne Sherman and Robert Swenning, representing the Skating Club of New York, won the mixed pairs title, as the Middle Atlantic figure skating championships on the Iceland Rink came to a close yesterday.
January 20, 1947
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domain: hobby


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|James Stratton Wins Award for Work on College Newspaper|
|News Releases - Media & Communications|
|Written by Keri Rursch|
|Friday, 13 April 2012 15:29|
ROCK ISLAND, IL (04/13/2012)(readMedia)-- Augustana College's student-run newspaper, the Augustana Observer, won 14 awards at the annual Illinois College Press Association (ICPA) conference held recently in Chicago. The publication received third place in general excellence and set an Augustana record by receiving six first-place journalism awards.
James Stratton, a sophomore from Sherrard, Ill., majoring in multimedia journalism and mass communication was among the students honored.
"The student newspaper is an ideal place for journalism and graphic arts students to hone their skills," said Jim Dyer, visiting associate professor of communication studies and advisor to the Augustana Observer.
Kelvin Mason, associate professor of art and graphic design, added, "I think it's a really great collaborative opportunity between different people who have different things in mind about what they want to happen in a publication."
The Observer competed in two divisions: the Open Division, which includes all colleges and universities in the state, and the Non-Dailies Division for colleges with a student population less than 4,000.
The ICPA awards and other Augustana College journalism awards will be handed out at the annual Fourth Estate Awards Banquet on Sunday, May 6, at 12:30 p.m., in the Loft of the College Center (3750 7th Ave., Rock Island, Ill.). At this event, administrators, faculty, staff, students and their parents will celebrate the journalism successes of all students during the last year. The keynote speaker will be Mark Konkol, Pulitzer Prize-winning investigative reporter at the Chicago Sun Times.
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A review Of Norton Antivirus
Norton Anti-virus is a leading antivirus or antispyware application, developed and manufactured by NortonLifeLock as part of the Norton group of computer system safety products. It employs heuristic algorithms and autographs to find totalav vs avast viruses. Other improved features a part of it consist of phishing safety and e-mail filtering. This kind of antivirus is able to protect against malware that can affect many computer systems. The program posseses an interface that is extremely user friendly.
One aspect that this reliability software does not have compared to additional software is so it does not have a firewall that prevents contagious web sites. Hence, all data files and applications that you download need to be safeguarded with the help of an antivirus software. You should also understand that viruses are created to destroy important system files and files. Therefore , it is essential for your computer system to be shielded with this kind of software. A good example of a computer virus is a worm that have the capacity to delete hard drive elements and give the os useless. Once downloading virtually any file from the internet, make certain that it is protected from virus.
This kind of internet reliability suite out of Norton features support to get scanning, extracting, and pursuing security risks. You are supplied with an option to plan scanning duties as well as take away outdated entries and definitions. It works fine in PCs jogging Windows depending operating systems but requires Glass windows installation. Additionally, it can work fine in Macs jogging Mac OS X although requires Apple product support for Apple computers.


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Authors & Events
Nov 11, 2008
| ISBN 9780375891083
| Young Adult
Buy from Other Retailers:
Nov 11, 2008 | ISBN 9780375891083 | Young Adult
At the age of 16, it’s standard procedure for every girl at Lynnie Russo’s posh Los Angeles prep school to get a car. So on her 16th birthday, Lynnie is startled when she opens the small gift box from her father—it doesn’t contain the shiny new set of keys she was expecting. Instead she finds a worn-out bird charm bracelet. What can he be thinking? When she cuts school to go try surfing so as to have a special day, instead of grounding her, her father hands her a manuscript box and says, "Your mother wanted you to have this when it seemed you were losing perspective. I think now’s the time."Through "The Noah Confessions," Lynnie uncovers her family’s secrets, loves, and tragedies, and comes to recognize that their past may not necessarily determine her future.
I am a curious creature. In some ways, I am still a small-town Southern woman, only now I live in Los Angeles. I have also spent a great deal of time in England and New York City. I write books… More about Barbara Hall
“This novel will grab readers’ attention with the promise of mysterious revelations.”—School Library Journal
New York Public Library Books for the Teen Age
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February 6, 2020 at 5:00 am ET
Young people graduating into today’s economy have some of the best prospects in a generation. Unemployment is at record lows, the nation’s longest economic expansion shows no sign of letting up, and businesses are desperate for qualified workers.
According to a new survey of HR decision-makers, 94 percent say that difficulty finding highly qualified candidates is impacting their organization’s ability to grow. They report spending tens of thousands of dollars recruiting and training new hires, and a third of those surveyed said even those investments aren’t enough.
These findings reinforce the recurring message that the skills gap is a tremendous threat to America’s long-term economic competitiveness. But what’s perhaps most interesting about the results of this survey is the other message it communicates: that the skills gap is just as much about a shortage of soft skills as it is about “hard” technical skills. HR decision-makers said that for every five new hires that don’t work out, a lack of technical skills is only the problem for one of them. Meanwhile, a lack of soft/professional skills is cited as the issue in half of all cases.
We can address this increasingly complex issue — if we start with the future talent pool while they’re still in school, even as early as middle and high school. HR professionals, parents and even students themselves agree that high schools can do more to prepare students for a career after graduation.
We need a new approach — one where earning a diploma means students are truly prepared to tackle what comes next. This means thinking broadly about career readiness, beyond a limited view of what career technical education has looked like for decades.
Technical skills are important, but soft skills even more so. And today’s students learn teamwork, communication, work ethic and accountability by practicing those things — not by being lectured about their significance. They can — and should — be learning them before they enter the workforce.
Businesses have an important part to play here, too. They are the ones that can provide students with the opportunities for work-based learning through job shadowing, internships or apprenticeship programs. They are also the ones best-suited to weigh in on CTE course design, ensuring what students are learning in school is mutually beneficial to industry in the long run.
HR decision-makers know this is the new business imperative. In our same survey, only 36 percent said companies were doing enough to prepare students for a career after graduation. And 96 percent said companies should definitely or probably be offering more apprenticeships and internships to better prepare today’s high school students for tomorrow’s careers.
An added benefit of strong public-private partnerships is that they also act as a solution to today’s trillion-dollar student debt crisis, which still threatens to swallow up the futures of too many young people — and put businesses’ bottom lines in jeopardy.
Eighty-four percent of HR decision-makers said student loan debt is affecting their organization, with 41 percent saying it’s causing concern over their employees’ personal finance issues, and one-third having had an employee ask for a raise to offset student loan expenses. This continues to happen despite the fact that a two- or four-year degree was the most important screening criterion for only 15 percent of respondents.
The skills gap as we used to know it is changing with the economy, expanding to include the soft skills that too many people aren’t learning in the current educational system. With it, businesses’ recruitment and training strategies have changed too, in a way that’s unfortunately required them to dig into their pockets quite a bit deeper.
The good news is that with this awareness, the path forward is both actionable and unambiguous: businesses interacting with students sooner, and students being able to try out the skills they’ll need to succeed. It’s a path that works for students, for industry, and ultimately our country.
Dr. Shaun McAlmont is president of career learning solutions at K12, Inc.
Morning Consult welcomes op-ed submissions on policy, politics and business strategy in our coverage areas. Updated submission guidelines can be found here.


American National Standard for Safety Glazing Materials for Glazing Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Equipment Operating on Land Highways - Safety Code
|26 January 1977
Purpose of Tests.
The tests described in this standard are for the purpose of determining whether a safety glazing material has certain desirable and obtainable qualities for its acceptance under this code. Many of the tests are of such severity that even a satisfactory product will show occasional failures to an extent limited by the requirements of the test.


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Aren't we Strayed? -a sonnet.
In this land of Harischandra, India,
The wheel of life moves indifferent
Why this indolence, seek the media
Come to inferences sadly different.
Pre-independent leaders sacrificed
Disinterested in worldly benefits; they
In freedom-struggle rooted, crucified
Oozing blood stirred their spirit gay.
But the blood and spirit, now diluted
Ungrateful generations grow up lazy.
Sans sense of history, love is looted
Whereto Indians! through way greasy.
Awake brothers, why are we betrayed
As hound chasing sheep we are strayed?
Nasarudheen.P. Parameswaran's Other Poems
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Poet's Notes about The Poem
Comments about this poem (Aren't we Strayed? -a sonnet. by Nasarudheen.P. Parameswaran )
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- im not okay, Faith Taylors
- The world is like a worm, Mark Heathcote
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- Desirable Effects, RoseAnn V. Shawiak
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