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When you start on the exciting journey of learning to create and even formulate your own natural skincare products, you’ll find there are some ingredients that are special – the star of your product.
These ingredients are things like essential oils, CO2 extracts and vitamins and they are often what will make your product most effective. They are highly concentrated though, which means they need to be diluted in a base to make sure you’re using the right concentration for your skin.
And as you’d expect, these high-performance ingredients usually come at a higher price.
So to make sure you can use these ingredients safely and in a way that delivers the maximum benefit to your skin, we add them to less concentrated (but still specialist) ingredients called carrier oils, also known as plant oils, fixed oils or base oils.
Carrier oils are plant oils and fats that are extracted from nuts, seeds and fruit pulp using cold press, maceration or CO2 extraction methods – and they’re the foundation of many natural skincare products.
Carrier oils are packed with nourishing and revitalizing qualities – we’ll explain more about this in a moment – and as they are less expensive, they also help to keep the cost down whilst delivering a safe, stable and effective product.
What types of natural skincare products use carrier oils?
The great thing about carrier oils is they are the core of most cosmetics and skincare, whether that’s a shampoo, conditioner, soap, cream, lotion, scrub, balm, butter, serum or cleanser!
In cosmetics we talk about products either being hydrous (with water) or anhydrous (without water).
Hydrous products are a little bit more complex to make because they contain both water and oil, which, as we all know, don’t mix, and therefore require an emulsifier. Now whilst the bulk of these products are made up of water (up to 70% in fact), you’ll also find some space for lovely carrier oils and butters.
Anhydrous products are made up of ingredients that only dissolve in oil, so it’s skincare and cosmetics like this that are most likely to be based around a selection of carrier oils.
Here we’re talking about balms and butters, face and body oils, amongst others.
If you’re using essential oils or other oil soluble high-performance ingredients, these are mixed and diluted into the carrier oil to make the most of them, as well as to get the right ratio and concentration of each.
However, one thing that needs to be clarified here is that carrier oils do much more than just add volume to your high-performance ingredients – they also have their own amazing qualities!
Health benefits of natural carrier oils
Plant-based carrier oils have many wonderful, natural properties that make them essential in any good skincare product or routine.
First of all, they are emollient, which means they soften and smooth the skin which helps to improve the texture and complexion. The fats and oils of these plant oils help to fill the lipid barrier between the cells, which helps to encourage moisturized and healthy looking skin.
And they can also do something else really well – some carrier oils can enhance penetration through the skin, into the cells and the bloodstream. This helps the skin to absorb those high-value, high-performance active ingredients so they can go to work where they are needed.
But what makes carrier oils so important to the health and well-being of our skin?
Put simply, their fatty acid content.
Natural fatty acids are fundamental nutrients that we need to survive. Some of these fatty acids are produced in our bodies, but many are not and we need to get them from the external environment. We do this through the things we ingest and the things we put on our skin.
We call these fatty acids ‘essential fatty acids’.
These essential fatty acids are absolutely vital to the healthy functioning of our bodies, and when applied topically they feed, nourish and replenish our skin. You will find these essential fatty acids in abundance in a wide range of carrier oils, especially omega-3 and -6 essential fatty acids.
Getting to know your carrier oils
Each carrier oil is unique, and that’s because each one has its own precise amount and balance of essential fatty acids, as well as a range of vitamins and other special natural compounds.
Some oils work better with different skin types and skin conditions, and each will have applications that they are ideally suited to. You can read more about understanding how your skin works here.
There are light oils and heavy oils, pale and dark oils, and they can be absorbed into the skin quickly or slowly. There are also oils that have a neutral fragrance, and others with a strong aroma.
Getting to know these carrier oils is one of the most worthwhile and rewarding benefits of making your own natural skincare products. It’s a skill and knowledge you can master and utilise in the products you create to tailor them exactly according to your needs, desires and preferences.
There are three ways to really develop your knowledge of carrier oils.
First is to learn about them from reputable sources who provide up-to-date information about each carrier oil, including its fatty acid content, absorption rate, therapeutic properties, characteristics (viscosity, spreadability, aroma, colour, etc), uses and safety data.
Second is to have a play around with them.
Spend time smelling them, applying them on your skin in different places to observe how it feels, how quickly or slowly they absorb, how the feeling changes over time and taking note of anything specific that happens.
Third is to use them in combination with other ingredients either in some simple blends or in the skincare products you make. Sometimes an oil that isn’t quite right on its own can be brilliant if used in combination with other ingredients or in different types of products, eg maybe a carrier oil doesn’t quite work on its own or in a body oil, but works well in a low dilution in a cream or lotion.
The more time you can spend exploring and experimenting with carrier oils, the better your first-hand experience will be. Keep a journal with your notes and observations. Just remember to learn about them using the theory you find from good sources, like those we provide in our online courses.
Different carrier oils for different purposes
There are so many carrier oils to choose from, with such a wide range of properties and qualities that with the right knowledge, you can find the ones that suit you and your skin perfectly.
Oils can be light and thin, like hazelnut, or rosehip oil, absorbed into the skin quickly, and suitable for all skin types.
Or they can be thicker and richer like avocado oil and macadamia nut oil, which are very useful for dry, dehydrated and mature skin types.
And of course, there are those that take a long time to absorb, such as sweet almond oil and grapeseed oil, making them more useful for massage.
There are different oils that are better suited to specific skin types and conditions, and they can work really well whether skin is dry or oily, sensitive or combination, mature or damaged.
There are specialist oils like sea buckthorn, prickly pear seed oil, kiwi seed oil that are ideal for high-performance face products, and there are oils that can be used as an alternative if you want to avoid nuts or other ingredients that could affect allergies.
And then there are macerated herbal infusions such as calendula and St John’s wort to harness the therapeutic properties of the herb.
Qualities of carrier oils
As we mentioned, oils like avocado and macadamia nut that are thicker, richer and fattier are really great for dry, dehydrated and mature skin.
Oils like these are occlusive, which means they’re composed of large molecules that are not absorbed into the skin. Instead these occlusives protect the skin by forming a membrane that provides a natural barrier.
In effect, parts of these oils stay on the outermost surface of the skin, forming a thin layer which helps to enhance the skin’s protection against damage from things like the environment and weather as well as chemicals, pollutants or irritants. This thin protective layer also helps to reduce transepidermal water loss, keeping the skin moist but still allowing it to breathe.
Other oils are humectants, which means they draw in moisture from the surrounding environment, and also from the surface layer of the skin, helping to keep the skin hydrated and moisturized.
Squalane is an all-round amazing oil with fantastic benefits for your skin, and it’s a good example of an oil that has humectant qualities.
If you want to find out more about the wonderful qualities of squalane oil, you can read about it here – and you’ll also find our free recipe for an amazing facial serum!
Can you use carrier oils on oily skin?
If you have oily skin, don’t think that means that you shouldn’t use oils.
Everybody’s skin produces oil – we have glands in the deeper skin tissue that make an oil called sebum and it plays a vital role keeping skin strong, elastic and supple. People with oily skin could be overproducing sebum, or they may have larger pores so that more of the sebum ends up on the surface of the skin.
Jojoba is an amazing oil with qualities that can really help oily or acne-prone skin.
It is excellent at helping to reduce and regulate the production of sebum in the skin, leaving oily skin much more balanced. Just note that the effects may not be noticed immediately; it may take several weeks and consistent daily use to begin to notice the changes.
Another of our favourites is rosehip oil. It is a light oil that is absorbed into the skin very quickly, leaving it feeling smooth and dry. It’s also terrific for helping to heal and repair skin that’s scarred or damaged.
You can find out more about rosehip oil in this article, and there’s a free recipe for you to try as well!
Can you use carrier oils on dry skin?
When it comes to dry skin, there are lots of carrier oils that will help, each in their own way.
They help to maintain the protective lipid (or oil) barrier between cells, encourage healthy skin growth, and help to keep your complexion soft and smooth.
Carrier oils can also help to balance sebum production.
Shea butter, for example, is an excellent moisturizer, and helps to sooth, protect and heal dry skin. Used in creams, lotions and massage oils, it also has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory qualities and contains phytosterols, which stimulate cell growth, supporting the regeneration of damaged skin.
But to keep dry skin hydrated and performing to its full potential you do need water as well. If you want to know more about formulating skincare for dry skin, check out this article Why dry skin needs creams and lotions more than balms and butters: what you need to know to soften and nourish dry skin
Finding out how you can use the right carrier oils in your own skincare
In our Certificate in Natural Skincare course you can learn about dozens of carrier oils, their unique qualities and uses, and what oils can be used as substitutes. You’ll also get exclusive access to more than 120 of our favourite natural skincare recipes that you can start making straight away. To find out more: https://www.schoolofnaturalskincare.com/certificate-in-making-natural-skincare-products/
If you want to go to the next level, our Diploma in Natural Skincare Formulation takes you beyond the recipes and teaches you everything you need to know to start formulating your own products from start to finish. You’ll find out all about the different essential fatty acid profiles of carrier oils and how they work on the skin and how to create skincare that’s exactly what you want it to be.
Join our growing community of students from around the world!
Of course, if you’re not quite ready for that yet, why not check out some of our related blog articles for some more information.
You can find some information and advice about how to ‘choose’ the right carrier oils here.
If you want to delve a little deeper into the carrier oil subject and discover the best carrier oils for winter here.
Another thing to consider is whether you want to use refined or unrefined carrier oils! We wrote an article about that here.
And finally, if you’re interested to infuse your own carrier oils check out our article on that very topic here.
All of this is just a fraction of what there is to learn about carrier oils. For the ultimate deep dive and fast track to expert knowledge, join one of our multimedia online courses.
The Beginner's Guide to Formulating Natural Skincare Products (From scratch, like a professional!)
Start creating your own natural skincare products
from scratch - rather than simply following recipes!
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Download this fabulous guide and you'll learn:
- What formulating is and why you need to be doing it!
- The difference between following recipes and formulating your own products.
- How to formulate like a pro! Seven top tips for becoming a confident skincare formulator.
- Our step-by-step process to designing products people love.
- Four easy ways to personalize your skincare products.
- Choosing the right carrier oils for your beauty products.
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Sir Keir Starmer – who was the leader of the Labor Party and is also the party’s candidate for prime minister – said on the Sunday political magazine program for BBC Scotland’s broadcast that the country made its decision in the 2016 referendum on Britain’s membership of the European Union, which is great. Since then, Britain has also withdrew from the European Union.
In the national referendum six years ago, a slim majority of 51.89 per cent of respondents voted to leave, but on average, 62 per cent of Scots voted to stay.
An independence referendum was also held in Scotland in 2014 – two years before the UK’s EU referendum – but 55% of respondents still voted for Scotland not to secede from the UK.
In the opinion often expressed by Scottish Prime Minister Nicola Sturgeon, given the outcome of the 2016 EU referendum, a new Scottish independence referendum had become necessary, as Scotland was “ripped apart” from the EU despite its clearly stated intention to remain. .
Sturgeon has repeatedly expressed her opinion that Scotland could return to the European Union relatively quickly as an independent country.
However, in an interview with the BBC on Sunday, Keir Starmer stated that there was “no reason” to return to the EU after the decision was made in the EU referendum. According to the Labor leader, the task now is to achieve a better deal with the EU than the agreement the Conservative government has struck on the terms of Britain’s exit from the European Union (Brexit) and “make Brexit feasible”. “There is a better exit from the EU than the EU, but we are not going back to the EU,” Starmer said in an interview on BBC television on Sunday.
The leader of the Labor Party said on the new independence referendum in Scotland planned by the Scottish government: He does not believe that the growth of the Scottish economy will help if the border between Scotland and England is lifted. The British conservative government also rejected the new referendum on Scottish independence.
The Scottish government, led by the pro-independence Scottish National Party (SNP), has submitted a claim to the British High Court, asking to determine whether the Scottish Parliament could enact the laws necessary for an independence referendum without the consent of the British. Government.
Nicola Sturgeon announced at the Scottish National Party’s last annual conference that if the Supreme Court found Parliament in Edinburgh to have the power to make the necessary legislation, another independence referendum would be held on October 19, 2023.
Cover Photo: Getty Images
“Writer. Twitter specialist. Passionate social media ninja. Lifelong beer buff. Bacon fanatic. Wannabe web scholar. Devoted coffee maven.”

domain: law


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I had another birthday this past week and I’ve been celebrating almost every day since. My mother bought me a cake at Solvang Bakery, the weekend before my birthday, and I took it home with me to Los Angeles after a fun weekend with the family. I cut slices of cake everyday and enjoyed each perfect buttercream bite, until it was finally gone. I love cake. Now that my birthday’s over, the week ahead looks promising with hotter weather for a couple days, before it goes back to the usual mid 60’s this time of year. I took a great hike with my husband yesterday in Malibu at Solstice Canyon. If you haven’t been through the area, it’s worth a visit. The hike is about 3 miles if you leave from the parking area, but we walked from Pacific Coast Highway, which added a mile. The Robert’s Ranch ruins are worth a peek, but the best part of the hike is taking the loop trail down, with a picturesque ocean view below the mountains. Los Angeles has so much to do, no matter what time of year.
Mardi Gras kicks off with Fat Tuesday this coming week including a parade and beads of course, so I thought Monday night would be the right time to enjoy a pot of Creole Red Beans served with hot steamy rice of course. I prepared them in the Instant Pot to cut down on time, and quite frankly, I think a pressure cooker is the best vessel to make beans super creamy. For Tuesday, I thought a good King’s Cake should be the meal of choice, possibly enjoyed late in the day, or served as dessert. Wednesday is a great day for Skillet Beef and Mushrooms. I prefer to spoon this meaty mixture over creamy polenta, but mashed potatoes are pretty delish too. Thursday is lasagna night and my Chicken Pesto Lasagna is not only delicious, but you can make it with store-bought ingredients. Friday is a night to make things simple, and Real Deal Nachos made with canned beans, cheese and topped with pickled jalapenos is just that, super easy. A cold beer or margarita served alongside makes the evening perfection. Saturday’s are for baking, even though you may have made the King’s Cake on Tuesday, and it’s time for my White Chocolate Toffee Brownies to enjoy for the weekend. Have another terrific week, and don’t forget to celebrate something.
Monday – A good pot of beans ladled over rice is a meal in itself. I love the creole flavors in this recipe and it’s super easy to make in an Instant Pot.
Tuesday – Happy Mardi Gras! I made this recipe for the first time in pastry school many years ago, and it’s fun festive colors are reason enough to bake one up, don’t you think?
Wednesday – Hump day makes a nice day to prepare a quick and easy beef and mushroom skillet meal. It’s super tasty and I enjoy the simplicity of the dish and how mushrooms and beef compliment each other so well.
Thursday – It’s Lasagna night and this creamy, cheesy casserole is just what the family ordered for a marvelous Italian-style dinner.
Friday – These nachos are made individually and piled high with beans, cheese and pickled jalapenos. A simple yet, super tasty dinner.
Saturday – I love a good brownie, but these white chocolate toffee brownies are a bit different. They have all the chewy chocolaty goodness of regular brownies, but are topped with white chocolate and toffee bits. Oh, yes they are.

domain: hobby


text: Have you ever felt lonely? In a society that equates time with money, disdains idleness, and prizes social connections, for many, the simple state of being alone without other people around can be a foreign feeling. But does alone have to mean lonely? Today Sara hears from a career-focused individual who has a strong friend group and an array of social activities to look forward to, but has become aware of their lack of a romantic partner and feels increasingly lonely. In responding, Sara helps the writer explore how they can open themselves up to all the opportunities that may lay before them. The discussion also touches on the importance of not attempting to achieve self-fulfillment with external substitutes.

domain: psychology


SDX Awards More Than $200,000 in Grants
The Sigma Delta Chi Foundation board of directors approved grants totaling $218,024 during its meeting May 1.
Award winners included the Society of Professional Journalists, the National Freedom of Information Coalition, Western Kentucky University, the University of Georgia, the Indiana Coalition for Open Government and the Reporters' Committee for Freedom of the Press. More than $177,500 was earmarked for educational purposes, more than $29,000 went toward grants targeting FOI issues and more than $11,000 went toward ethics in journalism. In addition, a $20,000 multi-year grant to the National Conference of Editorial Writers Foundation for the Minority Writers Seminar will be given as part of a $100,000 pledge to build an endowment for the program.
SPJ received a total of $177,524, with $22,700 earmarked to help fund educational programs at the October 2005 National Convention in Las Vegas. About $44,800 was provided to offset staff salaries associated with SPJ educational and awards programs. A new initiative by SPJ, narrative writing workshops, received $41,500 for a series of six workshops. Pulitzer prize winner Tom Hallman will lead the series targeted to early career reporters and front-line editors at small and mid-size daily newspapers. The program will also be open - on a limited basis - to collegiate journalism students. Grants totaling $6,000 will again be available to SPJ regional conferences and $11,000 will be available to SPJ chapters seeking funding for Ethics Week activities and programming. …


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This relaxed fit cotton t-shirt for men has a seamless rib collar with double-needle cover-stitching, shoulder-to-shoulder taping, double-needle sleeve and bottom hem. The shirt is made from 100% pre-shrunk cotton and has a relatively light fabric weight of 5.3 oz. Light oxford is made from 99% cotton/1% polyester.
still to fill


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West One Secured Loans
- We've teamed up with the UK's favourite secured loan broker* Fluent Money to help you in your secured loans search
- Homeowner secured loans usually have to be applied for through a broker using your property as security
- Compare West One against other secured lenders using the calculator below
Think carefully before securing other debts against your home. Your home may be repossessed if you do not keep up repayments on a loan or any other debt secured on it. Click here for a representative example
Other Secured Lenders
Please note: Loans displayed have a minimum term of 12 months and a maximum term of 360 months. Maximum APRC charged 49.9%.
Think carefully before securing other debts against your home. Your home may be repossessed if you do not keep up repayments on a mortgage or any other debt secured on it.
If you are thinking of consolidating existing borrowing you should be aware that you may be extending the terms of the debt and increasing the total amount you repay.
Our comparison service features a selection of providers from whom we receive commission. This table is ordered by initial rate. *Fluent Money completes more secured loans than any other broker.
Award-winning comparisons you can trust
It's always nice to know you're on the right track. Over the years, as we have striven to improve the services we provide to our clients and users, we have been pleased to receive recognition for our efforts from both industry and consumer bodies.
West One Loans Secured Loans FAQ
Who is West One Loans?
West One Loans is a provider of lending services, which is registered and authorised with the Financial Conduct Authority. It provides specialist loans such as second charge mortgages, bridging loans and development finance, all through brokers and other intermediaries.
Does West One Loans offer secured loans?
Yes. Borrowers are able to take out secured loans, known as second charge mortgages, through West One via a broker that is authorised to work with West One Loans. These loans are secured against the value of your property and you therefore risk losing your home if you don’t keep up with your repayment schedule.
For what purpose can I take out a West One Loans secured loan?
West One Loans secured loans can be used for any purpose, with a few limitations. Borrowers often take out secured loans in order to pay for large purchases or to fund expensive projects, such as a wedding or a garden re-landscape. You are also able to use a secured loan to consolidate your existing debt, although this comes with the caveat that you may end up repaying more in total if the term of the debts are extended.
How much can I borrow and for how long?
The amount of money West One Loans will be willing to lend you will depend on to what extent you meet the lending criteria. If you require a large sum of money over a long period of time, a secured loan provider may be able to meet your needs, but you will need to pass credit checks and affordability tests and you may also need to have your home valued.
Second charge mortgage lenders will often have a maximum loan-to-value stated on their site, which is the limit for the percentage of the value of your home that your existing mortgage and your second charge mortgage can total.
Does NerdWallet work with a broker?
Yes. Our comparison tables for secured loans direct our users to a popular secured loan broker called Fluent. Using brokers to help arrange and apply for secured loans is often useful, as in many cases lenders will not deal with borrowers directly, although this is not always the case.
If I miss repayments to my West One Loans secured loan account, could I lose my home?
It is possible that a secured loan provider could recoup the value of your loan by forcing the sale of your home if you are unable to pay it off yourself. You can also be charged late payment fees for missing payments, which will damage your credit record.
If you find yourself in financial difficulties after taking out a secured loan, you’ll need to contact your lender before you miss a payment in order to avoid the repercussions. Your lender may be able to help you to meet your obligations by changing your repayment schedule to better meet your limitations.
I have a buy-to-let property, can I get a West One Loans secured loan?
You may be able to secure a loan offer from West One Loans as it does lend against rental property in some circumstances, although you will need to meet other criteria.
Services offered by this provider may change over time. Always check Ts&Cs.
NerdWallet UK website is a free service with no charge to the user, for more details on how our site works click here.
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domain: economics


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Ossy Renardy was a famous violinist from Vienna, Austra. He was famous for playing all 24 of the Paganini Caprices during his time. Unfortunately, the promising Ossy Renardy was killed in a car accident in the US in 1953. He was only 33 years-old then.
Background of Ossy Renardy
Ossy Renardy was born in 1920, in Vienna, the capital city in Austria where he began his career in violin. At the age of 11, he started to perform in the public, but he returned to Vienna to complete his studies, before pulling off his first formal performance at age 13.
In 1937, 4 years before the start of World War II, he toured the United States for live public performances. Then, he was already playing for the USO (United Service Organization). During World War II, he served in the United States Army. After the war, Ossy Renardy spent two years working and studying, before returning to the concert stage. In 1948, he performed throughout the North America, Europe and Isreal. He had also played with world renowned orchestras – the Boston Symphony, the Chicago, the St. Louis, Los Angeles, San Francisco Symphony.
Achievements of Ossy Renardy
While it was not known if Ossy Renardy won any major competitions during his violin career, one of his greatest achievements as a young violinist, was him playing all 24 of the Paganini Caprices. He performed all 24 in the second half of a recital at Carnegie Hall.
Looking back, Renardy said that he would not perform all 24 of the elegant, yet difficult Paganini Caprices again. However, he had made all of his 24 pieces available to everyone in form of recordings.
During his violin music career, Renardy played on the Carrodus Guarnerius violin, which survived the car crash he was in. The Carrodus exchanged several hands after Renardy’s passing, until it was surfaced again in a public auction in 2007.
Violin Music By Ossy Renardy
Paganini Caprice No.17 played by Ossy Renardy. Enjoy!

domain: artistic


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Ulli Choru | Onion Garlic rice | after delivery indian recipes | Postpartum rice recipe with step by step photos and video recipe.
Pathiya Samayal as we call it in tamilnadu, is a balanced food diet to be followed after delivery | after delivery food. the period after delivery is very much crucial for every mother as she has to gain back her strength and balance the changes mentally and physically that has happened to her and happening to her.
Many of the simple and helpful diets to be followed in India especially south India is way carried forward by our ancestors and three years back, when I was carrying and after my delivery, there were lot of recipes that i could note down from each and every relative of mine.
finding time to blog them all. here are few must try recipes after delivery which is helpful in all aspects from health to mental stability, relaxation as we dont have proper sleep and so each and every aspect is considered for postpartum period thats the reason why i thought of documenting and collecting all the actual unheard and effective recipes of the postpartum recipes Indian.
Kashayam for easy digestion and weight loss. garlic coconut pickle which is very traditional recipe which we follow and it helps a lot for lactation. banana flower curry with lots of garlic which is very good in restoring the uterus strength. Garlic pepper curry which is a must have for lactating moms.
Ulli Choru | Onion Garlic rice quick video recipe
The combination of three oil is used in this recipe which is very good for health of the new mom. It makes the dish even more tastier. I got this tip of using three different oil from one of my relative during my post delivery period.
Either coconut oil + sesame oil + groundnut oil can be used (or) Ghee + coconut oil + sesame oil can be used.
- Firstly, heat the three different oil in a pan.
- crackle cumin seeds
- add the chopped garlic
- Further, chopped shallots is added and
- sprinkle salt for the onions to get fried
- put in the cooked rice, crushed peppercorns and mix well
- lastly, add turmeric powder and mix again keeping the flame on low heat.
- serve hot!
Garlic – Shallots rice – (after delivery Indian recipes)
- 1 tbsp coconut oil
- 1 tbsp sesame oil
- 1 tbsp groundnut oil
- 2 tbsp garlic chopped
- 1 cup shallots chopped
- 2 cups cooked rice
- 1/4 tsp turmeric powder
- 1-2 tbsp peppercorns crushed
Firstly, heat the three different oil in a pan and crackle cumin seeds
add the chopped garlic, chopped shallots ,salt and fry for 2 minutes.
put in the cooked rice, crushed peppercorns and mix well
lastly, add turmeric powder and mix again keeping the flame on low heat. serve hot!

domain: food


History of Telecommunications
Communicating over long distances. The Telegraph and commercial Growth of the Telephone. The Emergence of Broadcasting. International Telecommunications Networks. Hand-Held Radio Transceivers. History and development of communications satellites.
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Communicating over long distances has been a challenge throughout history. In ancient times, runners were used to carry important between messages rulers or other important people. Other forms of long-distance communication included smoke signals, chains of searchlights and flags to send a message from one tower to another, carrier pigeons, and horses. Modern telecommunications began with the discovery that electricity can be used to transmit a signal. For the first time, a signal could be sent faster than any other mode of transportation. The first practical telecommunications device to make use of this discovery was the telegraph.
1. The Telegraph
Beginning in the mid-1800s, the telegraph delivered the first inter-city, transcontinental, and transoceanic messages in the world. The telegraph revolutionized the way people communicated by providing messages faster than any other means provided at the time. American art professor Samuel F.B. Morse pursued an interest in electromagnetism to create a practical electromagnetic telegraph in 1837. Morse partnered with Alfred Vail and was able to commercialize the technology with financial support from the U.S. government. In 1843 Morse built a demonstration telegraph link between Washington, D.C., and Baltimore, Maryland. On May 24, 1844, the network was inaugurated for commercial use with the message, "What hath God wrought!".
Telegraph use quickly spread; the first transcontinental link was completed in 1861 between San Francisco, California, and Washington, D.C. Railroad companies and newspapers were the first major telegraphy users. Telegraph lines were constructed parallel to railroad beds. Telegraphy helped the railroads manage traffic and allowed news organizations to distribute stories quickly to local newspapers. Within a few years, several telegraph companies were in operation, each with its own network of telegraph wires. Consolidation occurred in the telegraph industry (as it has in numerous telecommunications industries), and by the 1870s the Western Union Telegraph Company emerged as the dominant operator.
2. Commercial Growth of the Telephone
In 1876 American inventor Alexander Graham Bell ushered in a new era of voice and sound telecommunication when he uttered to his assistant the words, "Mr. Watson, come here; I want you," using a prototype telephone. Bell received the patent for the first telephone, but he had to fight numerous legal challenges to his patent from other inventors with similar devices. Bell was able to make his prototype telephone work and attract financial backers, and his company grew. The telephone was a vast improvement over the telegraph system, which could only transmit coded words and numbers, not the sound of a human voice. Telegraph messages had to be deciphered by trained operators, written down, and then delivered by hand to the receiving party, all of which took time. The telephone transmitted actual sound messages and made telecommunication immediate. Improved switching technology (the technology used to transfer calls from one local network to another) meant individual telephones could be connected for personal conversations.
The first commercial telephone line was installed in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1877. Early telephones required direct connections to other telephones, but this problem was solved with telephone exchange switches, the first of which was installed in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1878. A telephone exchange linked telephones in a given area together, so a connection between the telephone and the exchange was all that was needed. Telephones were much more convenient and personal than telegrams, and their use quickly spread. By 1913 telephone lines from New York City to San Francisco had been established, and by 1930 radio signals could transmit telephone calls between New York and London, England. Eventually, long-distance telephone service in the United States was consolidated into one company, the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (now known as AT&T Corp.), which was a regulated monopoly.
3. The Emergence of Broadcasting
Telephones and telegraphs are point-to-point systems of telecommunications, but with the invention of the radio, point-to-multipoint signals could be sent through a central transmitter to be received by anyone possessing a receiver. Italian inventor and electrical engineer Guillermo Marconi transmitted a Morse-code telegraph signal by radio in 1895. This began a revolution in wireless telegraphy that would later result in broadcast radios that could transmit actual voice and music. Radio and wireless telegraph communication played an important role during World War I (1914-1918), allowing military personnel to communicate instantly with troops in remote locations. United States president Woodrow Wilson was impressed with the ability of radio, but he was fearful of its potential for espionage use. He banned nonmilitary radio use in the United States as the nation entered World War I in 1917, and this stifled commercial development of the medium. After the war, however, commercial radio stations began to broadcast. By the mid-1920s, millions of radio listeners tuned in to music, news, and entertainment programming.
Television got its start as a mass-communication medium shortly after World War II (1939-1945). The expense of television transmission prevented its use as a two-way medium, but radio broadcasters quickly saw the potential for television to provide a new way of bringing news and entertainment programming to people.
Government Regulation The number of radio broadcasts grew quickly in the 1920s, but there was no regulation of frequency use or transmitter strength. The result was a crowded radio band of overlapping signals. To remedy this, the U.S. government created the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 1934 to regulate the spreading use of the broadcast spectrum. The FCC licenses broadcasters and regulates the location and transmitting strength, or range, stations have in an effort to prevent interference from nearby signals.
4. International Telecommunications Networks
In order to provide overseas telecommunications, people had to develop networks that could link widely separated nations. The first networks to provide such linkage were telegraph networks that used undersea cables, but these networks could provide channels for only a few simultaneous communications. Shortwave radio also made it possible for wireless transmissions of both telegraphy and voice over very long distances.
To take advantage of the capability of satellites to provide telecommunications service, companies from all over the world pooled resources and shared risks by creating a cooperative known as the International Telecommunications Satellite Organization, or Intelsat, in 1964. Transoceanic satellite telecommunications first became possible in 1965 with the successful launch of Early Bird, also known as Intelsat 1. Intelsat 1 provided the first international television transmission and had the capacity to handle one television channel along with 240 simultaneous telephone calls.
Intelsat has expanded and diversified to meet the global and regional satellite requirements of over 200 nations and territories. In response to private satellite ventures entering the market, the managers of Intelsat have sought to convert the cooperative into a corporation better able to compete with these emerging companies. A separate cooperative known as the International Mobile Satellite Organization (Inmarsat) primarily provides service to oceangoing vessels, but it has expanded operations to include service to airplanes and users in remote land areas not served by cellular radio or wireline services. Inmarsat also seeks to become a private corporation, because of competition from private satellite ventures.
5. Current Developments
Personal computers have pushed the limits of the telephone system as more and more complex computer messages are being sent over telephone lines, and at rapidly increasing speeds. This need for speed has encouraged the development of digital transmission technology. Innovations in fiber-optic technology will hopefully keep up with the growing use of personal computers for telecommunications. The next generation of cellular telephones, pagers, and televisions will also benefit from the speed and clarity of digital telecommunications.
Telecommunications and information technologies are merging and converging. This means that many of the devices that we associate with only one function may evolve into more versatile equipment. This convergence is already happening in various fields. Some telephones and pagers are able to store not only phone numbers but also names and personal information about callers. Advanced phones with keyboards and small screens are now in development that can access the Internet and send and receive e-mail. Personal computers can now access information and video entertainment and are in effect becoming a combined television set and computer terminal. Television sets, which we currently associate with broadcast and cable-delivered video programming, are able to gain access to the Internet through add-on appliances. Future modifications and technology innovations may blur the distinctions between appliances even more.
Convergence of telecommunications technologies will also trigger a change in the content available and the composition of the content provider. Both television and personal computers will be incorporating new multimedia, interactive, and digital features. For example, an entertainment program might have on-screen pointers to World Wide Web pages containing more information about the actors. In the near term, before the actualization of a fully digital telecommunications world, devices like modems will still be necessary to provide an essential link between the old analog world and the upcoming digital one.
Wireless сommunications are various telecommunications systems that use radio waves to carry signals and messages across distances. Wireless communications systems use devices called transmitters to generate radio waves. A microphone or other mechanism converts messages, like sounds or other data, into electronic impulses. The transmitters change, or modulate, the radio waves so they can carry the impulses, and then transmit the modulated radio signals across distances. Radio receivers pick up these signals and decode them back into original messages. Commercial radio and television are also wireless telecommunications system, but radio and television are mainly public broadcast services rather than personal communications systems.
Wireless communications allow people greater flexibility while communicating, because they do not need to remain at a fixed location, such as a home or office. Wireless technologies make communications services more readily available than traditional wire-based services (such as ordinary telephones), which require the installation of wires. This is useful in places where only temporary communications services are needed, such as at outdoor festivals or large sporting events. These technologies are also useful for communicating in remote locations, such as mountains, jungles, or deserts, where telephone service might not exist. Wireless services allow people to communicate while in a car, airplane, or other moving vehicle. Police, fire, and other emergency departments use two-way radio to communicate information between vehicles that are already responding to emergency calls, which saves valuable time. Construction and utility workers frequently use hand-held radios for short-range communication and coordination. Many businesspeople use wireless communications, particularly cellular radio telephones, to stay in contact with colleagues and clients while traveling.
All wireless communications devices use radio waves to transmit and receive signals. These devices operate on different radio frequencies so that signals from one device will not overlap and interfere with nearby transmissions from other devices.
2. Principles of Wireless Communications.
Wireless communications begin with a message that is converted into an electronic signal by a device called a transmitter. The transmitter uses an oscillator to generate radio waves. The transmitter modulates the radio wave to carry the electronic signal and then sends the modified radio signal out through space, where it is picked up by a receiver. The receiver decodes, or demodulates, the radio wave and plays the decoded message over a speaker. Wireless communications provide more flexibility than wire-based means of communication. However, there are some drawbacks. Wireless communications are limited by the range of the transmitter (how far a signal can be sent), and since radio waves travel through the atmosphere, they can be disturbed by electrical interferences (such as lightning) that cause static.
Wireless communications systems involve either one-way transmissions, in which a person merely receives notice of a message, or two-way transmissions, such as a telephone conversation between two people. An example of a device that sends one-way transmission is a pager, which is a radio receiver. When a person dials a pager number, the pager company sends a radio signal to the desired pager. The encoded signal triggers the pager circuitry and notifies the customer carrying the pager of the incoming call with a tone or a vibration, and often the telephone number of the caller. Advanced pagers can display short messages from the caller, or provide news updates or sports scores.
Two-way transmissions require both a transmitter and a receiver for sending and receiving signals. A device that functions as both a transmitter and a receiver is called a transceiver. Cellular radio telephones and two-way radios use transceivers, so that back-and-forth communication between two people can be maintained. Early transceivers were very large, but they have decreased in size due to advances in technology. Fixed-base transceivers, such as those used at police stations, can fit on a desktop, and hand-held transceivers have shrunk in size as well. Several current models of hand-held transceivers weigh less than 0.2 kg (0.5 lb).
3. Modes of Wireless Communications.
Wireless communications systems have grown and changed as technology has improved. Several different systems are used today, all of which operate on different radio frequencies. New technologies are being developed to provide greater service and reliability.
A. Air Transceivers.
Radio operators still monitor distress channels, but maritime and aviation telecommunications systems now use high-frequency radios and satellites capable of transmitting speech, rather than wireless telegraphy, to send messages. Aircraft pilots use radios to communicate with air traffic controllers at airports and also to communicate with other pilots. Navigation beacons are equipped with transmitters that send automated signals to help ships and aircraft in distress determine their positions. While high-frequency radio can transmit signals over long distances, the quality of these signals can be diminished by bad weather or by electrical interference in the atmosphere, which is often caused by radiation from the sun.
B. Hand-Held Radio Transceivers.
Police, fire, and other emergency organizations, as well as the military, have used two-way wireless radio communication since the 1930s. Early vehicle-based radios were large, heavy units. After the invention of the transistor in 1948, radios shrank in size to small hand-held radio transceivers, which civil authorities now use to communicate with each other directly. Public two-way radios with several frequency options are widely available as well. Usually limited in range to a few miles, these units are great aids for such mobile professionals as construction workers, film crews, event planners, and security personnel. Simpler two-way radios, called walkie-talkies, have been popular children's toys for years.
Long-range broadcast services and frequencies, in what is known as the shortwave radio band (with frequencies of 3 to 30 megahertz), are available for amateur or ham radio operators. Shortwave radio broadcasts can travel long distances because of the concentration of ionized, or electrically charged, particles in the layer of the atmosphere known as the ionosphere. This layer reflects radio signals, sending signals that are transmitted upward back to earth. This skipping of waves against the ionosphere can greatly increase the range of the transmitter. The degree of reflectivity of the ionosphere depends on the time of day.
D. Cellular Radio Telephones.
Cellular radio telephones, or cell phones, combine their portable radio capability with the wired, or wireline, telephone network to provide mobile users with access to the rest of the public telephone system used by non-mobile callers. Modern cellular telephones use a network of several short-range antennas that connect to the telephone system. Because the antennas have a shorter range, frequencies can be reused a short distance away without interference.
E. Satellite Communications.
Satellite communications services connect users directly to the telephone network from almost anywhere in the world. Special telephones are available to consumers that communicate directly with communications satellites orbiting the earth. The satellites transmit these signals to ground stations that are connected to the telephone system. These satellite services, while more expensive than cellular or other wireless services, give users access to the telephone network in areas of the world where no telephone service exists.
The number of companies offering wireless communications services has grown steadily in recent years. In 1988 about 500 companies offered cellular radio telephone (cell phone) services. By 1995 that number had grown to over 1500 companies serving millions of subscribers. Wireless communication is becoming increasingly popular because of the convenience and mobility it affords, the expanded availability of radio frequencies for transmitting, and improvements in technology.
A. communications satellite is any earth-orbiting spacecraft that provides communication over long distances by reflecting or relaying radio-frequency signals.
2. History and Development.
Some of the first communications satellites were designed to operate in a passive mode. Instead of actively transmitting radio signals, they served merely to reflect signals that were beamed up to them by transmitting stations on the ground. Signals were reflected in all directions, so they could be picked up by receiving stations around the world. Echo 1, launched by the United States in 1960, consisted of an aluminized plastic balloon 30 m (100 ft) in diameter. Launched in 1964, Echo 2, was 41 m (135 ft) in diameter. The capacity of such systems was severely limited by the need for powerful transmitters and large ground antennas.
Satellite communications currently make exclusive use of active systems, in which each satellite carries it own equipment for reception and transmission. Score, launched by the United States in 1958, was the first active communications satellite. It was equipped with a tape recorder that stored messages received while passing over a transmitting ground station. These messages were retransmitted when the satellite passed over a receiving station. Telstar 1, launched by American Telephone and Telegraph Company in 1962, provided direct television transmission between the United States, Europe, and Japan and could also relay several hundred voice channels. Launched into an elliptical orbit inclined 45 ° to the equatorial plane, Telstar could only relay signals between two ground stations for a short period during each revolution, when both stations were in its line of sight.
Hundreds of active communications satellites are now in orbit. They receive signals from one ground station, amplify them, and then retransmit them at a different frequency to another station. One frequency band used, 500 MHZ wide, is divided into repeater channels of various bandwidths (located at 6 GHZ for upward, or uplink, transmission and 4 GHZ for downward, or downlink, transmission). A band at 14 GHZ (uplink) and 11 or 12 GHZ (downlink) is also much in use, mostly with fixed (non-mobile) ground stations. An 80-MH Z-wide band at about 1.5 GHZ (up-and downlink) is used with small, mobile ground stations (ships, land vehicles, and aircraft). Solar energy cells mounted on large panels attached to the satellite provide power for reception and transmission.
3. Geosynchronous Orbit.
A satellite in a geosynchronous orbit follows a circular orbit over the equator at an altitude of 35,800 km (22,300 mi) completing one orbit every 24 hours, in the time that it takes the earth to rotate once. Moving in the same direction as the earth's rotation, the satellite remains in a fixed position over a point on the equator, thereby providing uninterrupted contact between ground stations in its line of sight. The first communications satellite to be placed in this type of orbit was Syncom 2, launched by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1963. Most of those that followed were also placed in geosynchronous orbit.
4. Commercial Communications Satellites.
Deployment and operation of communications satellites on a commercial basis began with the founding of the Communications Satellite Corporation (COMSAT) in 1963. When the International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (INTELSAT) was formed in 1964, COMSAT became the U.S. member. Based in Washington, D.C., INTELSAT is owned by more than 120 nations. Intelsat 1, known as Early Bird, launched in 1965, provided either 2400 voice circuits or one two-way television channel between the United States and Europe. During the 1960s and 1970s, message capacity and transmission power of the Intelsat 2, 3, and 4 generations were progressively increased by beaming the satellite power only to the earth and segmenting the broadcast spectrum into transponder units of a certain bandwidth. The first of the Intelsat 4s, launched in 1971, provided 4000 voice circuits. With the Intelsat 5 series (1980), introduction of multiple beam operation resulted in additional increases in capacity. A satellite's power could now be concentrated on small regions of the earth, making possible smaller-aperture, lower-cost ground stations. An Intelsat 5 satellite can typically carry 12,000 voice circuits. The Intelsat 6 satellites, which entered service in 1989, can carry 24,000 circuits and feature dynamic on-board switching of telephone capacity among six beams, using a technique called SS-TDMA (satellite-switched time division multiple access). By the early 1990s, Intelsat had 15 satellites in orbit, providing the world's most extensive telecommunications system. Other systems also provide international service in competition with Intelsat. By 1997, all regulatory restraints to such competition will have been lifted. The growth of international systems has been paralleled by domestic and regional systems, such as the U.S. Telstar, Galaxy, and Spacenet programs and Europe's Eutalsat and Telecom.
Commercial satellites provide a wide range of communications services. Television programs are relayed internationally, giving rise to the phenomenon known as the "global village." Satellites also relay programs to cable television systems as well as to homes equipped with dish antennas. In addition, very small aperture terminals (VSATs) relay digital data for a multitude of business services. Intelsat satellites now carry over 100,000 telephone circuits, with growing use of digital transmission. Digital source coding methods (see Telecommunications) have resulted in a ten-fold reduction in the transmission rate needed to carry a voice channel, thus enhancing the capacity of existing facilities and reducing the size of ground stations that provide telephone service.
The International Mobile Satellite Organization (INMARSAT), founded in 1979 as the International Maritime Satellite Organization, is a mobile telecommunications network, providing digital data links, telephone, and facsimile transmission, or fax, service between ships, offshore facilities, and shore-based stations throughout the world. It is also now extending satellite links for voice and fax transmission to aircraft on international routes.
6. Recent Technical Advances.
Communications satellite systems have entered a period of transition from point-to-point high-capacity trunk communications between large, costly ground terminals to multipoint-to-multipoint communications between small, low-cost stations. The development of multiple access methods has both hastened and facilitated this transition. With TDMA, each ground station is assigned a time slot on the same channel for use in transmitting its communications; all other stations monitor these slots and select the communications directed to them. By amplifying a single carrier frequency in each satellite repeater, TDMA ensures the most efficient use of the satellite's onboard power supply.
A technique called frequency reuse allows satellites to communicate with a number of ground stations using the same frequency by transmitting in narrow beams pointed toward each of the stations. Beam widths can be adjusted to cover areas as large as the entire United States or as small as a state like Maryland. Two stations far enough apart can receive different messages transmitted on the same frequency. Satellite antennas have been designed to transmit several beams in different directions, using the same reflector.
A new method for interconnecting many ground stations spread over great distances is scheduled to be tested in 1993, with the launch of NASA's ACTS (Advanced Communications Technology Satellite). Known as the hopping spot beam technique, it combines the advantages of frequency reuse, spot beams, and TDMA. By concentrating the energy of the satellite's transmitted signal, ACTS can use ground stations that have smaller antennas and reduced power requirements.
The concept of multiple spot beam communications was successfully demonstrated in 1991 with the launch of Italsat, developed by the Italian Research Council. With six spot beams operating at 30 GHZ (uplink) and 20 GHZ (downlink), the satellite interconnects TDMA transmissions between ground stations in all the major economic centers of Italy. It does this by demodulating uplink signals routing them between up- and downlink beams, and combining and remodulating them for downlink transmission.
The application of laser technology to satellite communications has been studied for over a decade. Laser beams can be used to transmit signals between a satellite and earth, but the rate of transmission is limited because of absorption and scattering by the atmosphere. Lasers operating in the blue-green wavelength, which penetrates water, have been used for communication between satellites and submarines. communicating broadcasting network satellite
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My wife and I stayed at Hotel Diva back in 2009 off Geary St. We had sourdough French toast a place close to the hotel that was incredible. A coworker and her husband are headed out to San Fransico for 5 days and I was trying to remember where we had the French toast. Best thing about it was the crust was so crispy. Any help would be greatly appreciated.
any other food recommendations would be great.
The website is telling me I need to confirm my email before continuing to post so I will just edit this post. It was a delicatessen type place with side walk access. Can't remember much else besides it was close to the Hotel Diva. Daily Grill?

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Eric Popp joined SVN | Realty Performance Advisors in November 2019 as a Licensed Associate Real Estate Broker and Associate Advisor and has been actively involved within the commercial real estate industry since 2011.
Prior to joining SVN, Eric worked as an Investment and Operations Analyst at a boutique owner/operator investment firm in New York City and the Lehigh Valley, PA, and has managed $12 MM in acquisitions, dispositions, financing and leasing of commercial real estate. In his prior role, Eric conducted research, analysis, underwriting and evaluation of commercial real estate properties, primarily with a focus on multifamily and retail assets. In addition, in this role Eric also participated in real estate investment portfolio management and transaction management activities which included review of real estate documents and due diligence with a focus on maximizing investment value and mitigating risks.
Eric is a graduate of New York University with an MS in Real Estate with a concentration in Real Estate Finance & Investment. Eric is also a graduate of Hobart and William Smith Colleges with a BA in Architectural Studies.
Eric is a member of the Urban Land Institute (ULI) and also a member of the Institute of Real Estate Managers (IREM).
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"Potato, Russet Norkotah 1 Pack (10 mini tubers)" (1447)
"High-yielding and delicious, the perfect potato for small gardens. Russet-skinned potatoes for baking or boiling. Matures early."
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"Bunching Onion, Evergreen Long White 1 Pkt. (850 seeds)" (890)
"Grow in full sun to partial shade. If planted in the fall, provide protection where winters are severe. Harvest young plants in 60 days or up to 120 days for mature plants. HOW TO GROW ONIONS FROM SEED: For best results, sow seeds indoors 8-10 weeks before last heavy frost. Start on a sunny windowsill or under plant lights. Plant out in the garden and space seedlings 2-3" apart. Alternatively, sow directly in the garden in early spring as soon as the soil can be worked and than again in fall."
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"Carrot, Burpee A#1 Hybrid 1 Pkt. (1500 seeds)" (1014)
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"Corn, Triple Crown Xp Hybrid Coll 1 Pkt. of each" (1111)
"Burpee's latest "Extra-Performance" corn trio combines the high sugar content of Super Sweet types with the true corn flavor of the Sugar Enhanced types on each ear. Our Triple Crown XP Hybrid Corns are synergistic (se/sh2) varieties. These have a combination of 75% se kernels and 25% sh2 kernels. These combine the high sugar content of Super Sweet types with the true corn flavor of the Sugar Enhanced types on each ear. What do SU, SH2, SE mean?"


In a SPIEGEL interview, former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev discusses morals and politics in the nuclear age, the crisis in Russian-American relations and his fear that an atomic weapon will some day be used.
SPIEGEL: Did you really believe at the time that you could achieve a world free of nuclear weapons?
Gorbachev: We not only proclaimed a nuclear weapons free world as a major goal — we also named concrete interim goals. In addition, we aspired to the destruction of chemical weapons and are now close to achieving that goal. Limiting conventional weapons was also on our agenda. That was all inextricably linked to a normalization of our relations. We wanted to move from confrontation to cooperation. We achieved a lot, which shows that my approach was completely realistic. Continue reading


Reliable Ovo Portable Steam Iron & Garment Steamer:
The Ovo 150GT by Reliable (launched 6/18), a first of its kind on the market, is a compact 2-in-1 steam iron & garment steamer uses a patent-pending heating element that delivers impressive steam volume without the worry of spitting or leaking.
Weighing only 24 ounces and measuring 4” x 7” (about the size of an ostrich egg, hence its name Ovo, Italian for “egg”), this gadget features an electronic steam pump, ceramic soleplate, vertical stand, easy-fill water reservoir, and comfortable grip. The powerhouse mini-multitasker travels light and comes with a unique 2-in-1 case that works both as a heat-resistant press pad and travel pouch. The patent-pending heating system delivers impressive steam volume, with a powerful water tank that can give continuous steam for up to 10 minutes- all in the palm of your hand. Ready for use in 60 seconds or less, the product also includes a power indicator light that stops flashing when steam and heat are ready for your clothes.


Mumbai: A notice has been issued by Allahabad Court addressing Prime Minister Narendra Modi over the petition challenging his election from Varanasi constituency in the Lok Sabha elections 2019.
Former Border Security Force (BSF) troop Tej Bahadur Yadav had filed a petition, which claimed that his nomination papers against PM Modi were incorrectly canceled in May.
Yadav was fielded as a Samajwadi Party (SP) candidate, but his nomination was rejected by the Election Commission (EC) because he failed to prove that he was not sacked by the forces.
In his petition, Yadav alleged that his nomination papers were incorrectly rejected by the returning officer of Varanasi and requested the court to declare the election of Varanasi as null and avoid Modi’s election as a member of Parliament (MP) from Varanasi.
Yadav was sacked from the Border Security Force in 2017 because his video had become viral on social media following a complaint of food given to security personnel.


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ABOUT GARDENER’S LOG BOOK
This waterproof log book is the perfect place for recording your work in the garden. Use this journal throughout the seasons, from building catalog wish lists early in the year, to noting the first signs of spring, to recording what vegetable crops you planted and their yield, to organizing yourself for bulb planting in fall, to, finally, putting the garden to bed for the winter. A five year grid at the beginning of each month offers space to note annual garden cycles over time, and journal entry pages are lined for notes or graphed for diagramming plantings. Whether you tend a window box, a cutting garden, or many raised vegetable beds, this is the perfect write-in companion to your gardening.
This weatherproof five-year log book includes the following features:
·Sturdy waterproof cover to protect pages from rain and muddy soil
·Lined pages and gridded paper for plotting beds
·Five years of 12-month bloom and harvest grids for recording what you planted and when
·Authoritative appendices on composting, pruning, pest and disease control, and container gardening
·Useful reminders by season on fertilizing, mulching, and transplanting
·Space for listing your favorite sources and suppliers.

domain: library


text:
I’m often asked for recommendations about photography books. Not, mind you, books about photography, but books of photographs. Here are my current favourites. They of course represent my own tastes and lean heavily toward black and white documentary photographs, but you can learn from all photography, and I think black and white images are simpler, allowing us (often) to get to the heart of them more quickly.
So here in no particular order are the books that are currently on my own shelves that I turn to over and over again, and that I would (and do) recommend to my friends and students. Some of the links below are Amazon affiliate links. Any of these would be a good choice as a gift for the photographer in your life (you, for example) and will last much longer, and have much more impact on your photography, than any of the needless plastic stuff out there. The best money I ever spend is on books. No idea which one to pick, just choose one – they’re all amazing.
Magnum Contact Sheets (I love this one!)
Anything by Bruce Davidson but this one: Inside Outside is fantastic (and really big!)
While we’re talking about really big collections, this collection of the work of Gordon Parks is amazing (though I am shocked to see how expensive it is now!)
Pilgrims & Nomads, David duChemin. Since this list first came out I published my latest limited edition fine art book, Pilgrims & Nomads, and I’d be remiss if I didn’t include it here. I’m fiercely proud of this book and the 12 years of work it took to complete it. There are only a few of the 500 signed and numbered books left and when they’re gone, there will be no more. Click here to find out more.
Others if you can get them: anything by Fan Ho, Pentti Sammallahti, Sam Abell. These 3 are among my favourite photographers ever.
Do you have a favourite photography book (a book of photographs as opposed to books about photography)? I’d love to hear about it! Have you spent time with any of the books above and second my recommendation? I’d love to hear about that too.
For the Love of the Photograph,
PS – Want more like this? I send these articles out every two weeks to photographers around the world who want to improve their craft and explore their creativity and I’d love to include you. Tell me where to send it and I’ll send you a copy of my best-selling eBook Make Better Photographs, as well bi-weekly articles, first-glimpse monographs of my new work, and very occasional news of resources to help you keep moving forward in this craft we love.
“Each and every one of your emails inspire and motivate me to want to jump right out of my chair away from my computer and shoot for the love of it . Thank you David.” – Millie Brown


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Four Spring ISD teachers win SHABE awards
Published 7:02 am, Friday, April 15, 2011
Several Spring Independent School District bilingual and English as a second language teachers received special recognition April 1 at the 10th annual Suburban Houston Association for Bilingual Education awards banquet.
Of the 32 teachers honored at the event, four Spring ISD teachers were presented special awards. Kristin Falcon, Northgate Crossing Elementary School, was named ESL Elementary District Teacher of the Year and SHABE ESL Elementary Teacher of the Year; Javier Dominguez, Eickenroht Elementary School, was named Bilingual District Teacher of the Year; and Courtney Ramierez, Bailey Middle School, was named ESL Secondary Teacher of the Year.

domain: news


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My Internship story in a Sustainable Cacao Project as a Gender Justice for 3 months in Bali, Indonesia
“To support this NGO as an intern, one shall enjoy and find pleasure with field work” Ana, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resource Management at EARTH University, Costa Rica
My first weeks and months interning at the NGO, challenging yet meaningful.
The initial week of my internship was very nice and interesting, my first day at the office I got mentored by Tya, she is very humble, kind and friendly, as are all the staff from the cooperative. We talked about how my work as an intern was going to look, our schedule , when to visit the farms and so on. The following three weeks were quite challenging as I created a three months work-plan prior to arriving in Bali for my internship. It turned out it did not go as planned, I had to recreate a new plan since the tasks I thought I was going to do since the first week were cancelled. A month later, I felt welcomed and comfortable with all the staff, people from the farms, my mentor and the other interns that were interning with the NGO the same time I was.
My tasks as an agronomy intern and my project with the women of the cooperative members in Jembrana village
As an Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources student, I was assigned to assist the NGO to work together with the local farmers in Jembrana, mainly cocoa farmers to see how the soil condition and where I can see my assistance would be needed. I worked on an organic fertilizer that could be used to improve the plantations to grow cacao. It took me about 7 to 8 weeks to do so. In the meantime, I also helped some of the school students in Negara, to learn how to use the soil analysis equipment that they had to do. I also tried to assist the women of the cooperative program to create a prototype of a face mask using Jembrana's soil, specifically clays that are really good for the skin. It is crucial to continue working on more piles to make more organic fertilizer because the project was done with only one family of the cooperative so that all the cacao plantations should have at least one pile to make the fertilizer. It would also be good to keep on working on the face mask, because even making and doing it, it shall have the right consistency, as the fact that it is made of clay makes it produce microorganisms. And to inhibit these microorganisms, it must have a natural preservative.
We did several tests on the mask making and we mixed the clay with cacao residues that are no longer used, with the intention of having an extra incoming for the members, the women of the cooperative in Jembrana.
My internship was a nice experience, specifically, in agronomy science, the fact that I had to recreate my work plan where I had to prepare everything in my first three weeks because the cooperative did not have my objectives clearly delivered was confusing at first, however, I think both of the parts (mentor and intern) need to have a clear understanding regarding each roles and tasks since the moment the internship is accepted.
To support this NGO, one shall enjoy and find pleasure with field work, I wouldn't recommend it for someone who is used to an urban life. Enjoy the internship experience especially within the local community, learn the culture, be humble and learn what the people are going to show you.

domain: agronomy


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Police Officer In Uttar Pradesh Gets Attacked By A Fully-Grown Buffalo, Sustains Minor Injuries
In a bone-chilling incident, a police officer was attacked by a buffalo inside the premises of a police station in Sambhal, Uttar Pradesh, yesterday. The unnamed officer was reportedly entering the station on his motorbike when the buffalo rammed itself into the two-wheeler with its head.
The officer fell from the bike and the buffalo charged at him again, dragging him along the concrete ground for a few meters.
The incident was captured on camera, a video of which was shared by news agency ANI. A man in a pink shirt was seen trying to divert the buffalo's attention with a prop in his hand. The man then continued to run forward with his hand raised so that the animal could be chased away from the station premises.
The buffalo had reportedly damaged some other vehicles before attacking the police officer.
Watch the video here:
While speaking to ANI, the police officer said that he did not sustain any major injuries or wounds.
This horrifying incident which could have proved fatal for the police officer if it wasn't for the other man who tried to distract the buffalo, made one Netizen point out a very important question - YouTube user Dew Drops wrote, 'The big question is what are cows and buffaloes doing in our streets? Do you see them in the streets of any civilized country? India wants to grow its GDP but can't remove stray animals from its streets (sic).'


On Tuesday 20 December MPs took part in a general debate on leasehold and commonhold reform.
Watch the debate and read the transcript
Backbench Business Committee
The Backbench Business Committee meets weekly on Tuesdays to consider requests for debates from any backbench Members of Parliament on any subject.
The Committee then has to decide how to allocate the limited Parliamentary time it has at its disposal. The Committee's meetings are always conducted in public and can be watched on Parliament TV.
This debate was scheduled by the Backbench Business Committee following a representation from Jim Fitzpatrick MP and Sir Peter Bottomley MP.


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New Zealand — Our Second Wednesday
The mail run on Tuesday ran longer than we planned. We were supposed to be back at our car by 430 for a 3 hour drive to Hamner Springs in time to “have a spa” meaning get in the hot tub! But, the mail run lasted until 6 PM and now we had a long drive along the east coast at sunset. What we did not anticipate was the rain, fog, and very winding roads.
Grant started out driving but he had been awake since 330 that morning so he switched out with Alex. I have been on many harrowing drives. I’ve bested the road to Hana on the island of Maui. I’ve been up the switchback out of Cade’s Cove in Tennessee. I’ve driven on Louisiana highways since age 15! But, this was like nothing we had ever experienced. Hairpin curve after hairpin curve assaulted our hosts first in the dark, then with rain, followed by FOG! I was hanging onto my shoulder belt in the back seat like a harness on a parachute! We prayed and Alex got us through this incredibly dark and stormy night with only 13 one lane bridges along the way. We pulled into this tiny but very nice motel at 11 that evening and had to rouse the host out of her bed to let us in. We were all exhausted.
Wednesday morning we set off for the Christchurch area and eventually to a farm in Geraldine. Along the way we saw many sights along the east coast. Christchurch is still recovering from a massive earthquake so we did not go into the city. In the tiny town of Geraldine, we set off into the country side for David and Nikki’s farm. Friends of the Stitchbury’s years ago, the couple now reside on a 400 acre farm. David raises cattle and deer. Yes, deer! Upon our arrival, we mounted up on ATV’s and David gave us a tour of his farm. The huge, rolling hills were amazing. Divided into paddocks, the farm has an area for cattle and an area for deer. There is a separate section with trees and brush. When fawns are born, the mother and fawn are put into this paddock so the mother can hide the fawn away in the bushes!
David and Nikki also have other activities on the farm such as kayaking, canoeing, and watching cows being milked, among other things. They took us down the valley to the pond where an eel lives. Fantail sparrows sang in the tree overhead while David cooked us a meal on an open fire. I don’t particularly like venison but his venison was outstanding! As the sun set, a three quarter moon rose over the hills. And shooting through the amazing dark sky was the Milky Way, something we never see up north. We returned to our cabins only to find that Alex and Grant’s cabin was infested with spiders.
So, let me pause for a a moment. We would never have survived the evening in Louisiana. New Zealand has no snakes! I kept glancing at the pond waiting for a water moccasin to crawl out. But, no worries! No snakes! And, they have no fire ants or ticks or bird sized mosquitoes! And, they have only one species of poisonous spider. No black widows! No brown recluses! But, the spiders in the cabin, regardless of their benign nature were too much for Alex and they soon joined us in our cabin.
What a strange and wonderful experience! The next morning, Alex, Sherry, and Grant went to view the cow milking while I finished up editing my depression book manuscript for B&H Publishing.
For your enjoyment, some Kiwi sayings:
Tea, as I mentioned, means supper.
Crisps are French fries.
Have a coffee means lunch time. At lunch you can have a “pie”. This is not a fruit pie but a meat pie and it looks like a small apple pie only filled with beef or chicken and cheese and mushrooms and it is to die for! Definitely a trend we need to start in America. Kiwi fish and chips are served in plain butcher paper and you have to ask for (and sometimes pay for) tomato sauce (ketchup). Don’t bother asking for ice tea or yellow mustard. A schnitzel can be beef, pork, or chicken and is basically a chicken fried steak only with leaner batter. You always order your food at the counter and you always buy your drink from the bar. The water is self help. And, there is no tipping! That’s right! It took me days to get over this, but there is no tipping. Period. Nada.
You leave your vehicle in a “car park”. Stores don’t have bathrooms unless they are huge stores. Instead, there are public “toilets”. These are surprisingly clean and fresh. Some charge a fee. Others sing to you! And, they won’t unlock until you wash your hands. Most toilets are bigender — not particular for man or woman. And, I will say this. New Zealand is neat as a pin. Clean as a whistle (that’s for you, Alex). I have never seen a country so universally neat and clean. Everyone is proud of keeping things up. Everyone picks up trash and recycles. It is amazing and so refreshing. America could learn lots of lessons on this one issue alone!
And, every downtown area no matter how small or large has tiny, quaint storefront stores. Even the malls are integrated into the storefronts and are found inside the storefronts. It is like going back in time to Mayberry. There are even barber shops that still have the red and white rotating pole! And, of course, every 10 meters, there is some kind of coffee shop with the most amazing goodies to eat and coffee to drink. I don’t think I can ever go into a Starbucks again. Unless they start serving flat white!
One town so beautiful, so amazing awaited us and what a surprise it would be – Akaroa. More on that later. Here are some pictures:
After losing a salmon to Gollum earlier, I found one that would choke even him!
A new experience for Sherry!
One of the one lane bridges we passed in the dark the night before. It was used for bungee jumping!
View before your last jump!
Sherry says, “No way!”
Rain clouds still brewing but they held off as we headed for Christchurch.
Many rock formations look so familiar as they appeared in the Lord of the Ring movies.
This amazing valley was farm land and we wove our way from that far mountain top all the way around until we found . . .
Akaroa, just over the mountain top. A wonderful town perched on an inlet from the sea. This was an amazing sight and the photos don’t do it justice. We wound our way down the mountain side and around the lake to that far cove.
I have my own hotel in Akaroa!
The water side was dotted with lovely cottages beneath amazing mountains and hills.
The water was even more beautiful than any I have ever seen in Florida.
Everywhere you looked, you could make a postcard.
I could easily make this my writer’s retreat!
Finally, we tracked down the elusive pukeko (pooh-keck-oh) a wild bird that most Kiwis try their best to ignore!
More photos tomorrow as we leave the farm and head for the crown jewel of the south island, Queenstown.

domain: geography


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Slenderman's Shadow is a horror adventure game based on the indie game Slender. Avoid Slenderman and collect all the notes to win the game. The action takes place in an abandoned sanatorium where Slenderman will follow your every move and try to stop you from finishing your quest. Avoid him at any cost or feel his wrath.
Slenderman’s Shadow is based off indie game ‘Slender’ by Mark J. Hadley (AgentParsec). It shares the same gameplay elements as the original – you must complete the objective while avoiding the enemy. This is not intended to be a copy – simply a way for people who loved Slender to be able to face their fear on a different map with the same awesome gameplay. There are some differences which will make playing a somewhat unique experience – different AI, new sounds, and a different environment. Enjoy!

domain: entertainment


text:
Easy Drawings Anime Pretty Ideas Pencil
|Include In Article|
Pretty Easy Drawings
|Published Date||Wednesday , January 08th 2020|
Coloring Pages. Wednesday , January 08th 2020.
Quote from Pretty Easy Drawings :
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Major functions:ACSS Manufacturing is a diverse, team based organization utilizing Lean Manufacturing processes and skills. A strong work ethic as well as the flexibility and interpersonal skills to work within, and support a teaming environment, are requirements for this position. The successful candidate must have working knowledge of electronic theory relating ...
Assembled, installed and repaired pipes, fittings and fixtures of heating, water and drainage systems.
Installed and repaired plumbing fixtures such as sinks, bathtubs, water heaters, hot water tanks, garbage disposal units, and dishwashers.
Located and mark the position of pipe installations, connections, passage holes, or fixtures in structures, using measuring instruments such as ...
Coordinate and support activities between Product Engineering, Operations, Quality and NPI. Identify and analyze product opportunities / issues. Plan, deploy, monitor and control improvement including initiatives to drive product and process improvements. Support Customer communication to facilitate and improve Product Quality and delivery as needed. Primary focus area is Circuit Card ...
Estimated Start Date: 05/11/2015
Major functions:Responsibilities of this position will include:
Use lean manufacturing concepts in building product
Maintain all feeders and feeder bases in good working order
Use Quality and Test reports to correct and prevent defects on the pick and place from repeating
Update hand build instructions
eBay Classifieds offers various jobs, such as administration jobs, jobs in the legal sector, manufacturing jobs, finance jobs and many others. Perhaps you are a freelance writer searching for content work or copywriting online in your local area. Or you may be a website administrator working from home, looking for new advertisements on the Internet. It could be that you are struggling to find work elsewhere on the Internet, or perhaps you are unemployed or you have recently lost a job. Whatever it is you are looking for, eBay Classifieds makes searching for jobs in Dayton easier than ever before.


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Straight-cut trousers are inspired by Kenzo creative director Nigo's 'real-to-wear' philosophy. Crafted from soft, comfortable serge material and have an elasticated waist. Finished with a Paris label on the back.
If for some reason you are not happy with your purchase you can return it to us within 14 days for an exchange or refund.
For more information please visit our returns page

domain: design


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Artichokes Fresh from the Garden
Harvest buds before they start to open. They become tough and fibrous as they age. Steam or boil until tender. Serve with melted butter or your favorite dipping sauce. Remove outer leaves one at a time, dip, and pull through your teeth to eat the tasty, inner flesh at the bottom of the leaf. Don't eat the remainder of the leaf, which is tough and unpalatable. When all the leaves are consumed, scrape away the center to obtain the artichoke heart.
Favorite or New Plant
Mexican hat (Ratibida columnifera) is a wildflower that's a summer workhorse, blooming throughout the heat. Landscapers in my community development sprayed herbicide in an area that had this flower and it germinated shortly thereafter! Flowers have a tall, narrow, brown cone surrounded by floppy, yellow or rusty orange petals. Supposedly, it resembles a sombrero, thus the common name. Stiff foliage has a feathery, airy appearance. Mexican hat is perennial but self-sows prodigiously, so it isn't necessary to keep plants alive through winter.

domain: biology


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Officials warn beachgoers to watch valuables
Rash of thefts could be tied to organized group
A spike in thefts of beach bags and backpacks has officials urging people at Hampton Beach to never leave their belongings unattended.
Police said that over the past few weeks, they have been getting more reports of people having their things stolen when they go into the water or for a walk.
Officials said the thieves are mostly looking for cash, credit cards and phones.
Many times, the items are taken and the bags are tossed in either a trashcan or one of the bathrooms.
Lifeguards said they are getting daily reports of items being stolen. One of the theories they have is that a group of three or four people are operating together using cellphones.
Police said beachgoers should never leave bags unattended and keep their most valuable items locked in a car or beach locker.


Some take up arms for glory, wealth, or revenge. Others do battle to prove themselves, to protect others, or because they know nothing else. Still others learn the ways of weaponcraft to hone their bodies in battle and prove their mettle in the forge of war. Lords of the battlefield, fighters are a disparate lot, training with many weapons or just one, perfecting the uses of armor, learning the fighting techniques of exotic masters, and studying the art of combat, all to shape themselves into living weapons. Far more than mere thugs, these skilled warriors reveal the true deadliness of their weapons, turning hunks of metal into arms capable of taming kingdoms, slaughtering monsters, and rousing the hearts of armies. Soldiers, knights, hunters, and artists of war, fighters are unparalleled champions, and woe to those who dare stand against them.
Role: Fighters excel at combat—defeating their enemies, controlling the flow of battle, and surviving such sorties themselves. While their specific weapons and methods grant them a wide variety of tactics, few can match fighters for sheer battle prowess.
Hit Dice: d10.
Skill Points per Level: 2 + Int modifier
|Level||Base Attack Bonus||Fort Save||Ref Save||Will Save||Special|
|3||+3||+3||+1||+1||+4 Character Points|
|5||+5||+4||+1||+1||+4 Character Points|
|7||+7/+2||+5||+2||+2||+3 Character Points|
|9||+9/+4||+6||+3||+3||+4 Character Points|
|11||+11/+6/+1||+7||+3||+3||+4 Character Points|
|13||+13/+8/+3||+8||+4||+4||+4 Character Points|
|15||+15/+10/+5||+9||+5||+5||+4 Character Points|
|17||+17/+12/+7/+2||+10||+5||+5||+4 Character Points|
|19||+19/+14/+9/+4||+11||+6||+6||+3 Character Points|


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Michael Davis is an attorney in Denver, Colorado and a lover of history; the American Revolution in particular. In 1994 he obtained a document that pertained to Abraham Hunt, a traitor to the revolution, who on Christmas night 1776, as Washington was crossing the Delaware, was entertaining the enemy. In this book he presents the story of Hunt by putting him on trial. This book is written in a format of trial coverage with presentation of evidence and examination of Hunt. An additional bibliography at the end of the story provides images of actual documents and pieces of history used to craft the story.
"synopsis" may belong to another edition of this title.
Michael A. Davis is an attorney in Denver, Colorado. His interest in the American Revolution was rekindled when he did presentations for his Masonic Lodge on the occasions of George Washington's 259th and 260th birthday. From this experience he wrote, as well as performs, two living history presentations. He does Tobias Lear, George Washington's secretary of 16 years, and he portrays Joseph Plumb Martin, a soldier of the Revolution. Both shows have been widely acclaimed. It was through his research that he first became acquainted with the enigmatic Abraham Hunt, the subject of this book.
In January of 1994, Mr. Davis unexpectedly crossed paths with Mr. Hunt for a second time. He was offered an opportunity to obtain a previously unknown document that pertained to Abraham Hunt. Recognizing the historical importance of this document and the story that could be told, Mr. Davis acquired it and set about to write this book. This is Mr. Davis' first book. It brings together his years as a trial attorney with his love for American History, and is published with the hope that you would like to be let in on a good story.
"About this title" may belong to another edition of this title.
Book Description Xlibris Corp, 2001. Paperback. Book Condition: New. Never used!. Bookseller Inventory # P110738849723
Book Description Xlibris Corp, 2001. Paperback. Book Condition: New. book. Bookseller Inventory # M0738849723