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Sympatric speciation as a consequence of male pregnancy in seahorses Adam G. Jones†‡, Glenn I. Moore§, Charlotta Kvarnemo¶, DeEtte Walker储, and John C. Avise储 †School of Biology, 310 Ferst Drive, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332; §Department of Zoology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia; ¶Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; and 储Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 Contributed by John C. Avise, April 4, 2003 The phenomenon of male pregnancy in the family Syngnathidae (seahorses, pipefishes, and sea dragons) undeniably has sculpted the course of behavioral evolution in these fishes. Here we explore another potentially important but previously unrecognized consequence of male pregnancy: a predisposition for sympatric speciation. We present microsatellite data on genetic parentage that show that seahorses mate size-assortatively in nature. We then develop a quantitative genetic model based on these empirical findings to demonstrate that sympatric speciation indeed can occur under this mating regime in response to weak disruptive selection on body size. We also evaluate phylogenetic evidence bearing on sympatric speciation by asking whether tiny seahorse species are sister taxa to large sympatric relatives. Overall, our results indicate that sympatric speciation is a plausible mechanism for the diversification of seahorses, and that assortative mating (in this case as a result of male parental care) may warrant broader attention in the speciation process for some other taxonomic groups as well. where he fertilizes them and enjoys complete confidence of paternity (21, 22). Because seahorses are monogamous (20, 22–25), individuals of both sexes must place a high premium on finding a partner with a similar reproductive capacity. Otherwise, eggs or brood pouch space will be wasted. Reproductive output is positively correlated with size for both sexes (20), and selection therefore favors size-assortative mating. Our goal was to evaluate the potential importance of assortative mating to the evolutionary legacy of this group. Specifically, our approaches were to (i) document genetically that assortative pairing by similarly sized adults underlies progeny production in a natural population, (ii) determine, using a quantitative genetic model, whether this mating preference in conjunction with modest disruptive selection is strong enough to produce phenotypic divergence in sympatry, and (iii) evaluate further the evidence for sympatric speciation in light of a molecular phylogeny for seahorses. assortative mating 兩 disruptive selection 兩 microsatellites 兩 parentage Field and Molecular Methods. Our study of assortative mating Materials and Methods S ince the modern synthesis of evolutionary biology, the prevailing belief has been that most speciation events occur as a consequence of geographic barriers to gene flow (1, 2). However, in recent years a growing body of theoretical studies has established that sympatric speciation is possible and may be more common than thought previously (3–8). Nevertheless, there still exists a dearth of empirical systems in which sympatric speciation seems a likely explanatory mechanism (reviewed in ref. 8). The most convincing examples of sympatric speciation involve host-race formation by species such as Rhagoletis flies (9, 10) or pea aphids (8, 11) and ecological speciation in closed environments by taxa such as sticklebacks (12) or cichlids (13). Speciation in these types of systems probably involves the simultaneous evolution of assortative mating and phenotypic divergence through disruptive selection. Recent theoretical models show that such complex scenarios are plausible under biologically realistic conditions (5, 6, 14–16). The simplest situation favoring sympatric divergence occurs when both assortative mating and disruptive selection operate on the same phenotypic character (3, 17–19). Thus, if assortative mating appears in a population, even for reasons entirely unrelated to the speciation process, a lineage may in principle become predisposed to speciate whenever appropriate selective conditions arise. This model seems particularly feasible when mate choice involves ecologically important traits, which are likely to be the targets of selection, such as body size or habitat preference (3). This simplest scenario of sympatric speciation has not been empirically documented yet. Here we investigate the possibility that such a situation may have been important in the diversification of seahorses. This line of research was inspired by empirical field observations suggesting that seahorses mate assortatively by body size (20). Such mating behavior is thought to have arisen as a result of male pregnancy and monogamy (20). In seahorses, the female deposits unfertilized eggs into a pouch on the ventral surface of the male, 6598 – 6603 兩 PNAS 兩 May 27, 2003 兩 vol. 100 兩 no. 11 focused on a population of the Western Australian seahorse, Hippocampus subelongatus, in shallow marine waters 45 km south of Perth, Australia. The study area and the molecular techniques documenting genetic monogamy in this species are described in detail elsewhere (25). Briefly, the fish were monitored by scuba diving from the end of January to late March 1999. We fastened unique tags loosely around the necks of all encountered seahorses (25), and small fin clips were taken from adults. From the brood of each pregnant male, a sample of embryos (mean n ⫽ 17.6) was taken by using a capillary tube and bulb, and the male was released unharmed (25). The father and his offspring then were genotyped by using three microsatellite loci. The sequences of two of the microsatellite primer pairs (Han03 and Han05) have been published (22). The third microsatellite locus, Han16 (forward primer, 5⬘-gcttagaggtcacattaagttca-3⬘; reverse primer, 5⬘-aagtttttattaaaataagtacgactg-3⬘), was identified by using the same procedures (22). All loci were amplified by using typical PCR conditions (22) with one fluorescently labeled primer, and fragments were sized on an ABI377 automated sequencer. Maternal alleles were deduced by subtracting the known paternal allele from each embryo’s genotype, and the maternal genotypes thereby reconstructed were compared with those observed in sampled females. The microsatellite loci were highly polymorphic, with 24–42 alleles per locus (in samples of N ⬵ 100 adults) and expected multilocus genotypic frequencies ranging from 2.7 ⫻ 10⫺10 to 2.4 ⫻ 10⫺6. Thus, we were able to match mothers to clutches with very high confidence. Quantitative Model of Speciation. We developed a quantitative genetic model to investigate whether the observed magnitude of assortative mating in this natural population of H. subelongatus was sufficient to produce speciation in the absence of physical ‡To whom correspondence should be addressed at: School of Biology, 310 Ferst Drive, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332. E-mail: [email protected] gatech.edu. www.pnas.org兾cgi兾doi兾10.1073兾pnas.1131969100 barriers to gene flow. For these analyses we focus on head length, because its measurement is more repeatable than total length, which can be affected by the position of the seahorse when it is measured. We first used a Monte Carlo approach to estimate the shape of a preference function necessary to generate the pattern of assortative mating revealed by our genetic study of parentage. We assumed that the probability of a male mating followed a Gaussian-shaped function given by exp[⫺y2兾(22)], where y is the difference in size between him and his prospective mate, and 2 specifies the steepness of the peak. We used Monte Carlo simulations to estimate 2 as well as F, defined here as the number of females a male can investigate before running out of breeding opportunities. In the simulations, males and females were randomly assigned phenotypes from a normal distribution with a variance equal to the observed head-length variation in the natural population. Each male then encountered unpaired females at random and mated with a probability specified by the mating preference function under consideration. Males that encountered F females without finding an acceptable mate remained unpaired. Twenty-two mated pairs then were drawn from the simulated population, and a linear regression of female size on male size was performed. Averaged over 10,000 runs, the values of 2 and F that minimized the cumulative percent deviation of the simulated regression (its slope, intercept, and correlation) from the empirically estimated regression (Fig. 1) were considered the best estimates. We estimated preference functions for populations of 200 (2 ⫽ 24.0, F ⫽ 36) and 1,000 breeding adults (2 ⫽ 26.0, F ⫽ 50). In either case, the preference functions tended to be rather wide; thus, for example, a size difference of one phenotypic standard deviation would lead to mating with a probability of ⬇0.6 (or for two standard deviations, with a probability of ⬇0.16). We then used this preference function in a multilocus quantitative genetic model of phenotypic evolution. Our model was Jones et al. Phylogenetic Methods. We obtained 1,141 bp of cytochrome b sequence for 22 of the 32 recognized seahorse species from GenBank (accession nos. AF192638–AF192706; S. Casey, unpublished data). One sequence from each species was used for this analysis. The sister genus to Hippocampus is Syngnathus (30), thus we chose sequences from two Syngnathus species (S. floridae and S. acus) to use as outgroups (GenBank accession nos. AF356069 and AF356073, respectively). Neighbor-joining and maximum-parsimony trees were reconstructed by using PAUP* 4.0b6 (31) with similar parameters to those used in the investigation of a broader phylogeny of seahorses and pipefishes (30). We used the Hasegawa–Kishino–Yano model of substitution (30, 32). Bootstrapping was based on 100 replicates. The parsimony analysis used heuristic searches with random addition (10 replicates) and tree bisection-reconnection branch swapping. Results We tagged and monitored 43 seahorse males and successfully collected brood samples from 25 of them. In each case the genotypes of progeny within a brood were compatible with the genetic profile of the father and displayed at most two maternal alleles per locus, an expected pattern for this monogamous species (22, 25). For 12 males, we obtained embryos from more than one pregnancy, but by genetic evidence nine of these males had remained faithful to a single female. Thus, 28 different mothers had produced the 37 broods examined. From a pool of 60 tagged and sampled females, 24 of these 28 dams were identified genetically, allowing us to designate at least one mate for 22 of the 25 fathers. For each of two focal adults (one male and one female), we identified two mates with whom the PNAS 兩 May 27, 2003 兩 vol. 100 兩 no. 11 兩 6599 EVOLUTION Fig. 1. Head lengths (in mm) of successfully mated partners (mothers and fathers of the seahorse broods). The regression is significant (n ⫽ 22, r ⫽ 0.56, P ⫽ 0.007), indicating positive size-assortative mating. Head length is reported here because its measurement is precise and repeatable. Nonetheless, head length is highly correlated with total body length (regression: n ⫽ 44, r ⫽ 0.90, P ⬍ 0.001), which also yielded similar evidence of assortative mating (regression: n ⫽ 22, r ⫽ 0.47, P ⫽ 0.03). essentially identical to a model used to investigate several aspects of quantitative genetics theory (26–28), with the addition of assortative mating and disruptive selection. The model involved direct simulation of each locus and every individual in a diploid, sexually reproducing population. The life cycle consisted of (i) production of offspring, including mutation, (ii) viability selection according to either Gaussian stabilizing selection (27) or disruptive selection, (iii) random selection of breeding adults from the survivors of selection, and (iv) monogamous pairing. We assumed that size was determined by 50 unlinked, additive loci, and allelic effects were drawn from a Gaussian distribution according to the continuum-of-alleles model (29). We determined the phenotype of each individual by summing additive effects across all loci and then adding environmental variation from a normal distribution with a mean of 0 and variance e2. Initial parameters were chosen to yield a heritability for size close to 0.5 (with a phenotypic variance close to the observed value of 22.6) at mutation-selection-drift equilibrium under weak stabilizing selection (2 ⫽ 100). We ran the simulations under two basic parameter sets corresponding to small (n ⫽ 200) and large (n ⫽ 1,000) populations. For both populations, the sex ratio was unity, e2 was 11.3, the mutation rate was 0.001 per locus, and each breeding pair produced 10 offspring. The mutational variance (␣2) was 0.80 for n ⫽ 200 and 0.25 for n ⫽ 1,000. To address the influence of heritability on the results of these analyses, we repeated our analyses with a combination of parameters that yielded a heritability of ⬇0.3. The basic parameters were unchanged except that we used e2 ⫽ 17.0 and ␣2 ⫽ 0.40 for n ⫽ 200 and e2 ⫽ 17.0 and ␣2 ⫽ 0.12 for n ⫽ 1,000. After 5,000 generations of stabilizing selection and random mating, the population was shifted to assortative mating according to the estimated mate-searching parameters and disruptive selection. We used a disruptive selection regime used by other models of sympatric speciation (6, 17), in which the top and bottom 10% of phenotypes have a fitness of 1.0, whereas intermediates have a constant fitness of ⬍1, which varied among different runs of the simulation. Fig. 2. Phenotypic distributions of simulated seahorse populations evolving under assortative mating and disruptive selection. Head length is given as the deviation from the initial mean. (Top) Phenotypic distribution (in the progeny before selection) under stabilizing selection. The bottom four panels show the distribution of phenotypes after G generations of disruptive selection. Results are shown for a population of 1,000 adults, in which the fitness of intermediates under disruptive selection was 0.80 and heritability of size was 0.50. individual produced offspring during different parts of the breeding season; in subsequent analyses, we used the average phenotypes of these two mates. The genetic results on parentage combined with the body-size measurements verified the occurrence of strong size-assortative mating in this seahorse population (Fig. 1). This result holds for our most repeatable measure, head length (Fig. 1), as well as for overall body length (regression: n ⫽ 22, r ⫽ 0.47, P ⫽ 0.03). We also confirmed that head length and body length are highly correlated (regression: n ⫽ 44; r ⫽ 0.90; P ⬍ 0.001), which justifies the use of head length in the models. Our next question was whether the strength of assortative mating seen in this seahorse population would be sufficient to produce sympatric speciation. The results of our genetic model indicate that the tendency for seahorses to mate with similarly sized individuals, coupled with modest disruptive selection on body size, can produce sympatric speciation over quite short time scales. We deemed sympatric speciation to have occurred when the distribution of adult phenotypic values in the population had two distinct peaks with no intermediates (Fig. 2). Relatively weak disruptive selection typically led to speciation within hundreds of generations, whereas stronger disruptive selection produced sympatric speciation in tens of generations (Table 1). Not surprisingly, larger population size increased 6600 兩 www.pnas.org兾cgi兾doi兾10.1073兾pnas.1131969100 the efficiency of disruptive selection (particularly with high-fitness intermediates) and made sympatric speciation more likely (Table 1). A decrease in the heritability of size increased the time to speciation but did not dramatically affect the proportion of runs culminating in speciation under most parameter combinations (Table 1). Finally, we investigated the extent to which biogeographic and phylogenetic evidence support the hypothesis that sympatric speciation may have played a role in the history of seahorses. Fig. 3 shows the neighbor-joining tree for these seahorse taxa. Regardless of the reconstruction method used, the phylogeny for seahorses based on cytochrome b sequence data were not well supported. Because our goal was to evaluate the specific hypothesis of sympatric speciation, however, the phylogeny still can serve as a valuable source of information. One important result is that the extremely small species of seahorses, of which three (Hippocampus breviceps, Hippocampus mohnikei, and Hippocampus zosterae) are represented in our data set, do not form a monophyletic group. This result is corroborated by both treereconstruction methods. Thus, each small seahorse must have shared a most-recent common ancestor with a larger species. The phylogeny also serves to pinpoint some possible cases of sympatric speciation. One case, involving the sister taxa H. breviceps Jones et al. Table 1. Number of generations to sympatric speciation under various strengths of disruptive selection for computer-simulated seahorse populations of two different sizes with either moderate (⬇0.5) or low (⬇0.3) heritability of size Mean time to speciation Fitness of intermediates 0.50 0.70 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 n ⫽ 200 h2 ⫽ 0.34 59.0 181.8 784.2 709.0 Never Never Proportion of runs resulting in speciation n ⫽ 1,000 h2 ⫽ 0.53 40.0 77.0 238.2 1,160.3 Never Never h2 ⫽ 0.32 n ⫽ 200 h2 62.6 223.8 495.2 786.7 1,775.3 Never ⫽ 0.50 36.9 75.1 150.0 238.6 537.6 Never h2 ⫽ 0.34 1.00 1.00 0.80 0.05 0 0 h2 n ⫽ 1,000 ⫽ 0.53 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.60 0 0 h2 ⫽ 0.32 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 0 h2 ⫽ 0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 0 On the left we show the mean number of generations to speciation for those simulation runs in which speciation occurred. These results are based on 20 simulation runs for each parameter combination. An entry of ‘‘Never’’ indicates that speciation did not occur in any of the runs in ⱕ3,000 generations for a particular combination of parameters. In the columns on the right, we show the proportion of runs in which speciation did occur in ⱕ3,000 generations. In these simulations, individuals mated size-assortatively according to the preference function estimated from our empirical data on seahorse parentage. zosterae in the phylogeny is not well resolved, the phylogeny does not rule out the possibility that H. zosterae and H. erectus shared a fairly recent common ancestor. EVOLUTION and Hippocampus abdominalis, enjoys good support from both trees. The other putative case of sympatric speciation involves H. zosterae and Hippocampus erectus. Although the position of H. Fig. 3. Molecular phylogeny of seahorses based on 1,141 bp of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b sequence. The numerals near branches indicate bootstrap values. For each species we also indicate the typical adult size for each species (midpoint of adult size range) (36) and general geographic distribution (36). Although much of this phylogeny is poorly resolved, it does pinpoint at least two candidate cases of sympatric speciation in which closely related species differ dramatically in size yet overlap in geographic range (see Discussion and Fig. 4). Jones et al. PNAS 兩 May 27, 2003 兩 vol. 100 兩 no. 11 兩 6601 Discussion Our microsatellite-based study of mating patterns in this natural population confirms that the genetic mating system of seahorses involves the production of offspring by size-matched pairs. This result extends the previous visual observations that the seahorse Hippocampus whitei forms pair bonds size-assortatively (20). Specifically, our study shows that size-assortative pairing occurs in a second seahorse, H. subelongatus, and that such pairing results in the production of offspring. Because size-assortative mating probably arose as a consequence of selective constraints imposed by male pregnancy in a monogamous mating system (20), and all studied seahorse species have proved to be monogamous (20, 22–25), size-assortative mating may be a common feature of seahorse mating systems. A broader question then becomes whether mating by size has had extended evolutionary consequences for this taxonomic group. Our evidence suggests that assortative mating indeed may have played a special role in seahorse diversification. We used a quantitative genetic model of nonrandom mating and disruptive selection to test the hypothesis that the strength of assortative mating seen in seahorses was adequate to produce sympatric speciation over relatively short periods of evolutionary time. Our results clearly demonstrate that the observed patterns of assortative mating in H. subelongatus are sufficient to result in a bimodal phenotypic distribution without intermediates, given the appropriate regime of disruptive selection. In addition, speciation in our model usually occurs rapidly, sometimes in tens of generations. Although reasonably strong disruptive selection is necessary for sympatric speciation to occur in small populations, the required strength of disruptive selection drops substantially in larger populations. One key unanswered question is whether disruptive selection of the appropriate magnitude has occurred in the history of some seahorse lineages. Further research will be necessary to establish to what extent disruptive selection has played a role in seahorse evolution. However, a recent review of selection intensities in nature showed that disruptive selection is as common as stabilizing selection on quantitative traits (33). This observation, coupled with the knowledge that sympatric speciation probably occurs rapidly, suggests that disruptive selection may be an important diversity-producing process in many organisms including seahorses. In addition, for organisms such as seahorses and pipefish one can readily imagine multiple adaptive peaks for body size, because species differing in size commonly occupy the same seagrass habitat (34). Disruptive selection may be particularly likely during the colonization of a new habitat or periods of environmental change. Thus, there is a reasonable probability that transient disruptive selection of sufficient strength has occurred over adequate time periods to produce sympatric speciation in syngnathid fishes that mate assortatively with respect to body size. One other consideration with respect to our quantitative model of sympatric divergence is that many key life-history and demographic features of seahorses are not well documented. As a result, the model may make some unrealistic assumptions, which will be impossible to evaluate without more data on the natural histories of seahorses. One particular feature of the model that may cause concern is the fact that it uses a population with nonoverlapping generations, which permits each individual to mate only once. In reality seahorses mate multiple times within a season and may survive to breed in successive years. Depending on the extent to which mature adults grow during their reproductive life spans, our model may be more or less valid. However, indeterminate growth can be interpreted as environmental phenotypic variation, which is incorporated into the model as a heritability of less than one. We ran additional simulations to investigate the impact of a lower heritability (i.e., 6602 兩 www.pnas.org兾cgi兾doi兾10.1073兾pnas.1131969100 Fig. 4. Two pairs of seahorse species that might have diverged as a result of sympatric speciation. The maps show approximate ranges for the species, and the silhouettes (adapted from ref. 36) show relative body sizes. The two images are drawn on different scales, however, so in actuality H. abdominalis is considerably larger than H. erectus. The range of H. erectus extends from Canada to South America and fully encompasses the range of its close relative, H. zosterae. H. abdominalis is sympatric with its sister species, H. breviceps, in Southeastern Australia and Tasmania. more indeterminate growth) on the propensity for phenotypes to diverge and found that sympatric speciation was still possible with lower heritabilities. For example with a heritability of size ⬇0.3 in a population of 200 seahorses, a fitness of intermediates of 0.7 produced sympatric speciation in all runs in an average of 181.8 generations (Table 1). Results for other parameter combinations support this idea that speciation is still possible even with quite low heritability of the trait involved in assortative mating. Other features of the model such as the genetic architecture of size are also based on untested assumptions but probably have a smaller effect on the outcome of the model than the life-history assumptions. Nevertheless, future studies of seahorse ecology and life history, evaluated in terms of quantitative models, no doubt will provide additional insights into seahorse speciation and evolution. A second line of evidence consistent with sympatric speciation in some seahorse lineages comes from our phylogenetic analysis. Most-plausible candidates for sympatric speciation are species pairs that differ dramatically in size and are sympatric over all or part of their ranges (8). At least two such groupings may occur Jones et al. in the seahorse radiation (Fig. 4). The first example involves H. abdominalis (one of the largest seahorse species) and H. breviceps (one of the smallest), which are sister taxa sympatric in southeastern Australia. This species pair is well supported by our phylogeny (Fig. 3). The second example is less well supported but involves the very small H. zosterae, which may be a sister species to the clade comprising Hippocampus hippocampus and H. erectus (two medium-sized species), with the range of the latter entirely encompassing the range of H. zosterae. Additional examples of possible sympatric speciation may be identified with more research. For example, H. mohnikei is a small seahorse, the position in the phylogeny of which is almost completely unresolved. In addition, four other species of tiny seahorses (Hippocampus bargibanti, Hippocampus lichtensteinii, Hippocampus minotaur, and Hippocampus sindonis) are not represented in our data set. A better-resolved phylogeny with greater coverage of species could reveal additional examples of putative sympatric speciation. The two examples of sympatric speciation presented in Fig. 4 involve relatively old speciation events. The identification of more recent examples of possible sympatric speciation (which probably would be less striking with respect to size differences among species than the examples presented here) would provide opportunities to study this phenomenon in greater detail. Another indirect line of evidence that assortative mating may have played a role in seahorse diversification is the sheer richness of the syngnathid radiation. The family is composed of ⬎200 living species (35), which contrasts with closely related families such as Solenostomidae (ghost pipefish), Pegasidae (sea moths), Aulostomidae (trumpetfish), and Macrorhamphosidae (snipefish), none of which contain more than ⬇12 recognized species (36). Assortative mating has not been studied yet in pipefishes or sea dragons, but if a similar process is at work in these taxa, then a propensity to speciate sympatrically may have increased the rate of speciation in the male-pregnant Syngnathidae relative to these other groups. Such an increase in speciation rates may also occur as a result of the effect of assortative mating on rates of allopatric speciation (37), because among-population divergence in mean size, as a consequence of selection or drift, will lead quickly to reproductive isolation under such a mating pattern. Regardless of whether most of the speciations were sympatric or We thank Anna Karlsson for enthusiasm and endurance during many hours underwater and Lighla Whitson for help with the lab work. This work was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (to A.G.J.), the Pew Foundation (to J.C.A.), the University of Georgia (to J.C.A. and D.W.), the Magnus Bergvall Foundation (to C.K.), the Swedish Natural Science Research Council (to C.K.), and the Department of Zoology at University of Western Australia (to G.I.M.). The latter also provided scuba gear and office space during field work. Mayr, E. (1963) Animal Species and Evolution (Belknap, Cambridge, MA). Turelli, M., Barton, N. H. & Coyne, J. A. (2001) Trends Ecol. Evol. 16, 330–343. Rice, W. R. (1984) Evolution (Lawrence, Kans.) 38, 1251–1260. Rice, W. R. (1987) Evol. Ecol. 1, 301–314. Dieckmann, U. & Doebeli, M. (1999) Nature 400, 354–357. Kondrashov, A. S. & Kondrashov, F. A. (1999) Nature 400, 351–354. Higashi, M., Takimoto, G. & Yamamura, N. (1999) Nature 402, 523–526. Via, S. (2001) Trends Ecol. Evol. 16, 381–390. Bush, G. L. (1969) Evolution (Lawrence, Kans.) 23, 237–251. Feder, J. L. 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E., Hoang, A., Gilbert, P. & Beerli, P. (2001) Am. Nat. 157, 245–261. 34. Vincent, A. C. J., Berglund, A. & Ahnesjö, I. (1995) Environ. Biol. Fishes 44, 347–361. 35. Dawson, C. E. (1985) Indo-Pacific Pipefishes (Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Ocean Springs, MS). 36. Lourie, S. A., Vincent, A. C. J. & Hall, H. J. (1999) Seahorses, an Identification Guide to the World’s Species and Their Conservation (Project Seahorse, London). 37. Kirkpatrick, M. (2000) Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 267, 1649–1655. 38. Bush, G. L. (1994) Trends Ecol. Evol. 9, 285–288. 39. Schliewen, U., Rassmann, K., Markmann, M., Markert, J., Kocher, T. & Tautz, D. (2001) Mol. Ecol. 10, 1471–1488. 40. Jones, A. G. & Avise, J. C. (2001) J. Hered. 92, 150–158. 41. Payne, R. J. H. & Krakauer, D. C. (1997) Evolution (Lawrence, Kans.) 51, 1–9. 42. Jouventin, P. & Bried, J. (2001) Anim. Behav. 62, 123–132. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. Jones et al. PNAS 兩 May 27, 2003 兩 vol. 100 兩 no. 11 兩 6603 EVOLUTION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. allopatric, assortative mating as a consequence of male pregnancy could represent a key innovation leading to the rapid diversification of syngnathid fishes (30). Although our results show that sympatric speciation may have occurred in the evolutionary history of seahorses, rapid speciation in sympatry is exceedingly difficult to document directly in sexual taxa even in the most favorable of natural evolutionary settings (38, 39). Hence, arguments must rely on plausibility assessments and circumstantial evidence (8). Seahorses represent one of only a few vertebrate groups in which sympatric speciation appears eminently plausible (8). We are not suggesting that all seahorse speciation has occurred in sympatry. Indeed, assortative mating increases the probability of both allopatric and sympatric speciation. Thus, most speciation in seahorses has no doubt been due to geographic isolation, but the balance of evidence suggests that particular species pairs that differ dramatically in size may have diverged as a consequence of sympatric speciation. In summary, constraints imposed by male pregnancy may create a situation in which seahorse lineages will bifurcate quickly whenever appropriate selective conditions arise. Thus, male pregnancy represents an unusual form of parental care with extraordinary evolutionary consequences not only in terms of a reversal in the direction of sexual selection (21, 40) but also in a likely predisposition for sympatric speciation. Other taxa with male parental care or other social constraints that lead to assortative mating may provide fruitful opportunities to discover additional examples of lineages in which assortative mating has been important to the speciation process (41, 42). Future research involving seahorses and pipefish will be necessary to resolve the relative importance of sympatric versus allopatric speciation in the diversification of the speciose family Syngnathidae.
© Copyright 2020

domain: literature


text:
The alfiz (meaning ‘a container) is an architectonic adornment, consisting of a moulding, usually a rectangular panel, which encloses the outward side of an arch. It is an Islamic Arab architectonic ornament, but has appeared in non-Arab Spanish architecture since the 8th century.
It is frequent in the Islamic Hispanic art and mozarabic art (usually in connection with the horseshoe arch). As the image illustrates, there are two alfiz variants:
It is a rectangular box that can consist of a frame, a molding, a reinforcement of the wall or even large decorative panels, which enclose the outer edges of an arch.
It is an architectural ornament of Islamic architecture. It has developed particularly in the Umayyad architecture of al-Andalus, where it is often associated with the horseshoe arch, but it is also widely diffused elsewhere in the Muslim world, to adorn various types of arch.
It is also found in the Christian architecture of the Iberian Peninsula : in the Mozarabic architecture then in the Mudejar architecture.
A Alfiz starting from the impost.
B Alfiz starting from the floor.
The space between the arch and the alfiz is called enjuta or arrabá, usually richly decorated (iron-gray in the illustration). Each curved triangle is called albanega (spandrel).
The space between the arch and the alfiz is called enjuta or arrabá, and is often richly decorated (in gray in the illustrations). Each curved triangular residual surface is called albanega (angular).
The alfiz derives from the ancient Roman framings, which are found in particular on the triumphal arches. The oldest examples of this shot meet in Etruscan architecture. An alfiz can be found framing a horseshoe arch in the Visigothic art in Spain, prior to the arrival of Islam, in the church of Santa Maria de Quintanilla de las Viñas, in Mambrillas de Lara ( Province of Burgos, Castile and León ).
Source From Wikipedia

domain: artistic


Reuters) - The U.S. Coast Guard was investigating a 13,000-gallon spill from an oil rig leased to Shell, operating about 26 miles southeast of last year's BP Plc Macondo oil well disaster, a Coast Guard spokesman said on Monday.
The spill of either drilling fluid or oil mixed with drilling fluid was reported Sunday by Transocean Ltd's Deepwater Nautilus rig, which was drilling a well at Shell's Appomattox discovery.
"Shell can confirm it has a loss of 319 barrels of drilling fluid," Shell spokeswoman Kelly op de Weegh said by email.
The leak was from a booster line, which provides additional drilling fluid and is separate from the well, she said.
"The leak was isolated, stopped and remedial action has been approved by BSEE (the U.S. Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement), which includes temporarily abandoning the well, and making appropriate repairs," op de Weegh said.
The Coast Guard was attempting to determine what material was spilled, Coast Guard spokesman Steve Lehmann said.


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text:
Friends of the Medford Public Library
To support Friends of the Medford Public Library with a free iGive account, click here!
Fundraising for Friends of the Medford Public Library has never been easier. Up to 26% of each purchase is donated to them.
iGive.com is the easy way to support Friends of the Medford Public Library. Your everyday purchases Friends of the Medford Public Library mean serious donations!
Folks just like you have helped list over 35,000 causes and charities at iGive.com, including Friends of the Medford Public Library.
|Cause Name||Location||Check Date||Check #||Amount|
|Australian Cattle Dog Rescue of Illinois||Texico, IL 62889||Oct 31, 2019||813592||$50.25|
|Don't Bully Us Rescue||Wenonah, NJ 08090||Dec 18, 2019||814084||$84.28|
|The Cat House on the Kings||Parlier, CA 93648||Aug 31, 2023||824750||$29.12|
|Blossoming Hill Montessori||Issaquah, WA 98027||Oct 31, 2021||820190||$28.39|
|Quilts For Kids, Inc.||Fairless Hills, PA 19030||Sep 30, 2018||807613||$33.25|
|National Alliance for Drug Endangered Children||Westminster, CO 80031||Dec 18, 2019||814415||$15.09|
|Cat's Paw Rescue and Sanctuary||Maryville, TN 37803||Feb 28, 2020||815007||$51.18|
|Team Audrey's Heroes||Spring, TX 77389||Sep 30, 2020||817148||$28.50|
|Heart of Missouri Sweet Adelines||California, MO 65018||May 31, 2020||816050||$25.55|
|First Universalist Society in Franklin||Franklin, MA 02038-0316||Jan 31, 2021||817868||$26.88|
|Cause Name||Address||Location||Created Date|
|This Old Horse, Inc.||19025 Coates Blvd.||Hastings, MN 55033||May 02, 2023|
|Morrissey-Compton Educational Center||Morrissey-Compton Educational||Redwood City, CA 94063||Feb 17, 2023|
|Brenda's Cat Rescue||701 Cathedral Road||Philadelphia, PA 19128||Mar 01, 2023|
|Kheprw Institute||PO BOX 88856||Indianapolis, IN 46208||Dec 19, 2022|
|Ausable Valley Animal Shelter||5786 Fairground Lane PO Box 384||Grayling, MI 49738||Mar 23, 2023|
|Charlie's Foundation||4016 S 158th Street||Seattle, WA 98188||Feb 25, 2023|
|AQUME Foundation||P.O. Box 9193||Wyoming, MI 49509||Apr 03, 2023|
|Southern California Pit Bull Rescue||618 Noble Road||Simi Valley, CA 93065||Dec 26, 2022|
|The Children's Rare Disorders Fund||954 Lexington Avenue||New York, NY 10021||Apr 10, 2023|
|Mt. Zion Glorious Church||3424 Melrose Ave NW||Roanoke, VA 24017||Jul 06, 2023|

domain: library


You need to free yourself from the utility business. Before you actually start all over your solar panel you conscious a few things to get started. Listed are important components for your solar panel setup.
After the batteries are fully charged there just two ingredients which can happen with any excess impact. It will either access the local power grid or be squandered. The life lifetime of solar panel systems are approximately a few years. Once the system pays for itself, may refine basically insurance coverage power close to four a number of.
It is almost strange that the sun achieves this much and most of us almost never think regarding it. It is also true that when people ask, Can be solar unhealthy calories?, most of them refer to how power experts will definitely harvest the sun’s energy and switch it into most things that we persons can incorporate. For many it is in order to find believe that solar power can be just as powerful as other raw materials.
This is really not an up-to-date technology. Cultures all your world have been using the sun to heat water for bathing, heating homes and much more. With more sound water transfer systems a thermal solar power can capture much associated with the sun’s heat. Really are a few different associated with thermal panels – active and passive systems. Passive systems heat the water but do not use pumps to circulate it. They rely on natural heat conducting properties to make a “flow” water from the collectors from the house. Goods particularly useful when the ambient outside temperature seldom (or never) gets below freezing.
Of all the advantages of solar energy is that many governments provide their together with tax credits or incentives upon buying solar energy systems. Average rebates rates from 20 to 30 % with the items the system originally quotes. This is ideal especially for any who have larger than life tax payments.
When you’re trying to learn how generate a solar panel, it’s kind of like a jigsaw bigger picture. Start with the cells by gluing them in a series of six by six (6×6) line. Attach the tabs so that electricity flows in one direction. Put them on the backing board. Ensure the box is well-insulated then put these cells the actual world box. Paint it black then cover the face using a plastic panel, screwing down and sealing it using silicone.
When you’re trying to learn how to construct a solar panel, it’s kind of like a jigsaw problem. Start with the cells by gluing them in the series of six by six (6×6) line. Attach the tabs so that electricity flows in one direction. Put them on the backing board. Ensure the box is well-insulated then put these cells a box. Paint it black then cover the face using a plastic panel, screwing down and sealing it using silicone.
The awesome thing about it is that it’s extremely much faster to acquire money back from the electricity that in order to saving per month. After each monthly bill that you get from your electric company starts to obtain lower and lower, you’ll realize how great of investment it happens to be.


text:
Farm to Prison Programs
Based on Results from a 2013 Survey
give a brief description of your Farm to Cafeteria program
||Who is the
primary contact person for the program?
|| Email address
participated in starting the Farm to Cafeteria program?
did your institution start serving local food?
how many meals does your institution serve a day?
institution offers overnight accommodation, how many people generally spend
the program's goals for upcoming years?
local/Montana foods does your institution purchase? Please list.
||Who are the
main local food producers your institution purchases from?
||How much of
your institution's food budget is spent on local/Montana food each year? *nearest estimate okay - Dollar Amount:
||How much of
your institution's food budget is spent on local/Montana food each year?
does your institution purchase local food?
does your institution serve local food?
your institution locate/purchase local foods?
broadline distributors does your institute purchase from?
describe any educational components of your program such as on-site gardens,
workshops, informative publications, etc.
resources have been most helpful for your institution in locating and
purchasing local foods?
Food Factory is a central kitchen we use a Cook-Chill process to produce food
for inventory and from that inventory we supply 8 instituton or approximately
12000 meals per production day with nutritionally balanced fresh meals. When
ever possible we puchase food items from local vendors.
producing nutritionally balanced safe cost effective foods to our
institutions. And to expaned in the future, help other institutions to reduce
produces its own dairy products (milk, yogurt, ice cream, etc.) and purchases
miscellaneous local items
depending on quarterly bids
US Foods, and many others
colleagues, quarterly bids process
|Montana Womens Prison
||I make an effort to buy as much locally grown/processed food as
||Staff, Farmers or Ranchers
||Continue to buy locally and to get the greenhouse up and running.
||Grains of Montana, Wheat Montana,Yellowstone Bean
Company,Negaards Produce, Springwater Colony,Stampede Packing, Cream of the
West, Montana Ranch Brands, Great American Bagel, MCE Ranch Dairy
||Once a week
||Directly from producer, broadline distributor
||Sysco, FSA, Spokane Produce, LTW
||Greenhouse (in process), Master Gardener Program classes
||Local cooperative, online searches of local producers

domain: food


text:
Kanye West and Kim Kardashian reunite in Wyoming post-divorce conjectures!
Thu July 30th, 2020
Kanye West has been making the news for his squirmish Presidential campaign rally in South Carolina where he claimed that he and Kim Kardashian had almost adopted their eldest child North West, 7. Furthermore, the 43-year-old rapper Kanye also lashed out at his wife through a series of tweets for allegedly trying to lock him up with a doctor and even exclaimed that he's been trying to divorce her for a very long time. Kim finally broke her silence over Kanye's episode, as divorce conjectures went rife, noting how "powerless" she felt in front of her hubby's bipolar disorder.
"Those who are close to Kanye know his heart and understand his words sometimes do not align with his intentions," Kardashian had penned. "I would like to apologize to my wife Kim for going public with something that was a private matter. I did not cover her like she has covered me. To Kim I want to say I know I hurt you. Please forgive me. Thank you for always being there for me," West later posted. The pair finally reunited as Kim flew to Cody, Wyoming where Kanye West is presently residing in his famous ranch. Kim was seen breaking down during a tense conversation with the 43-year-old rapper during a trip to Wendy's.
Home / Hollywood News
/ Kanye West and Kim Kardashian reunite in Wyoming post-divorce conjectures!

domain: celebrity


text:
Richards last had five points in a four game stretch from 4/1 to 4/6.
Between March 8th, when Richards returned to the lineup after taking a hit from Patrick Kaleta, and April 16th, Richards had four goals.
In total this seaosn, Richards has 10 goals and 18 assists.
When asked about the increase in production he has shown over the past two games, Richards said that he didn’t want to spend time talking about it or jinx it. All he would say is that if his game is starting to return, this is the right time to have it back.
Dave Maloney said on MSG that prior to the game against the Panther,s Richards was wearing the entire world on his shoulders and Joe Micheletti said that if anyone deserved a break and some bounces to go his way, it was him.
John Tortorella said on MSG last night that he was happy Richards was starting to score and said that when Richards beats himself up, he keeps it to himself and never brings anyone else in the locker room down. Tortorella, like he has said in the past, said that he never worries about Richards.

domain: news


TCN On Location At Tour Championship With Caddie Jon Yarbrough
Jon Yarbrough, caddie for Scott Stallings, joins The Caddie Network host and analyst John Rathouz from the 2022 Tour Championship at East Lake Golf Club in Atlanta, GA.
In his conversation with Rathouz, Yarbrough discusses:
- Qualifying for Tour Championship Playoffs
- What the course this week is like
- Stallings will be in 3 Majors, plus a two year exemption on Tour


text:
I have decided to apply for the DT call over at the fantastic C.R.A.F.T. Challenge Blog. I recently took up my first ever DT post and I love it. As well as the enjoyment from making projects for the monthly theme I am also enjoying visiting all the blogs to leave comments and pick out winners and top spots. I think I like that side of it just about as much as the crafting itself as it's given me a chance to visit blogs I hadn't come across before and I love to take inspiration from all the tremendous talent that is out there. I am also enjoying discovering new digi designers through the sponsors of the challenges as well as the support and friendship from the rest of the DT. As my existing DT post has recently gone from fortnightly to monthly I'd love to become part of another team, as I'm really enjoying it.
For the C.R.A.F.T. DT but also my lovely followers, who probably won't know my crafting background, here's a little bit about me:
I'm forty-something, married and mum of one and I live in Inverness in the Highlands of Scotland. I work for the NHS and also care for my 88 year old Aunt who we share a house with. I've turned into a bit of a craftaholic! I blame my mum, she instilled my love of crafting in me from a very early age! Mum, my Aunt and Gran were always making something or other. One of my earliest crafting memories was of Mum collecting the 'Golden Hands' magazines back in the early 1970s. She taught me how to knit, crochet, embroider, do tapestry, latch hook and lots more. Sadly I lost my mum in my early teens but I've never lost my love of crafting, there's never been a time that I haven't had several different projects on the go at once. I eventually got into papercrafting about 5 years ago when my husband started working in a Garden Centre that has it's own Craft Shop. I started going to a few demos there and became hooked. When I first started papercrafting I never ever thought I'd be able to stamp and colour in images, it took me all my time to stamp a simple sentiment. After a while I got curious about stamping so I bought a magazine with a free stamp set and about half a dozen Promarkers and that was me, hooked again! I think as crafters we are always learning, there are always new products and techniques to try out. My crafting ambitions are to have a proper craft room, to see something I've made in a magazine and to have a go at scrapbooking.
I enjoy blogging and as well as my crafting blog I also now have a cookery blog and I'm in the process of setting one up for my 9 year old daughter as she is keen to take part in some challenges and possibly this DT call too!!! She is definitely following in her Mum and Gran's footsteps! I also absolutely adore Pinterest and love looking there for inspiration as well as to showcase my own work.
Ok, on to my card. This is the bit I've found the hardest - what to choose. I've eventually gone for this one from earlier in the year as it's one of my favourites. I just love this Summer Fairy stamp designed by Sylvia Zet for Wee Stamps and these My Minds Eye papers. I think my colouring is a little better now but I like the layout and colours of this card. The link to the original post is here if you would like to know more about any of the products I have used.
As they say nothing ventured nothing gained but it's a fantastic opportunity so definitely worth a try!


text:
Located 34 km from Fonni, Casa Lara offers pet-friendly accommodation in Dorgali. The property features views of the mountain is 40 km from Posada. Free WiFi is featured throughout the property.
The kitchenette is equipped with a microwave. Towels and bed linen are available in this self-catering accommodation.
Nuoro is 20 km from Casa Lara, while Cala Gonone is 3.9 km away. The nearest airport is Olbia Costa Smeralda Airport, 68 km from Casa Lara....
|Via Goritto 12|

domain: geography


text:
MANILA, Philippines – France has picked the Philippines’ Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM) and 6 other frontline laboratories in Southeast Asia as beneficiaries of a €2-million (P110,992,449.20)* grant to fight the coronavirus pandemic, the French embassy in Manila announced on Thursday, April 30.
The others are the Institut Pasteur of Cambodia, the Institut Pasteur of Laos, the National Health Laboratory in Myanmar, and the National Institute for Hygiene and Epidemiology, the Institut Pasteur of Nha Trang, and the Institute Pasteur of Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam.
RITM is the Philippines’ main testing center for the coronavirus.
In a statement posted on its Facebook page, the French embassy in Manila said the beneficiaries can use the aid to augment their medical equipment, acquire more sets of personal protective equipment, purchase diagnostic kits, train medical staff, implement mass testing, and strengthen surveillance system.
The aid also includes support for data processing in partnership with France’s Institute for Research for Development (IRD) to strengthen the surveillance of the pandemic.
“Due to significant disparities in health systems both in the national and regional levels, Southeast Asia faces higher risks in the COVID-19 pandemic,” the embassy said.
Following the commitments made by French President Emmanuel Macron, the French Development Agency launched the “COVID-19 – Health in Common” initiative on April 9.
Under this initiative, the AFD allotted an additional funding of €2 million in grants on April 28, for the ECOMORE II project to support the COVID-19 response in the 5 Southeast Asian countries.
In Southeast Asia, the Philippines currently has the third highest number of coronavirus cases – over 8,000 – as of Thursday, April 30. Singapore has the most number of cases at over 17,000, followed by Indonesia with more than 10,000.
The Philippines’ coronavirus testing capacity is at around 6,000 tests per day, which the government wants to increase to 8,000.
The Philippines, with a population of over 100 million, has 19 operational testing hubs.
As of Thursday, the country recorded 8,488 coronavirus cases, including 568 deaths and 1,043 recoveries. – Rappler.com
*€1 = P55.40


text: These lightweight fingerless gloves are PERFECT for those chilly mornings. Use them during your morning walks or your drive into work. Created using DK weight yarn and the simple knit stitch, these gloves can be completed in just a few hours. It's a great project for the beginner knitter. Both gloves are knit at the same time ensuring they are the exact same size. These gloves are knit flat using circular needles knitting back and forth. Must be familiar with basic knitting stitches and techniques. The finished gloves measures approximately 3.5" wide X 8" long. THE PATTERN IS AVAILABLE FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY.


text:
AHMEDABAD: Meghraj taluka in Aravalli district was among the rain-fed areas of north-east Gujarat where farmers relied heavily on groundwater for getting two crops a year up to 1998. In past two decades, the taluka emerged as a role model for other taluka with its groundwater management programme.
“It was a simple concept to begin with — we engaged local community in understanding soil and rock formation of the area, identifying water aquifers and groundwater levels. We told the farmers that they can know exactly how much water balance they had and it’s up to them how they want to use it,” said Mohan Sharma, executive director of city-based NGO DSC. The ‘water cooperative model’ at Meghraj is providing template for a national level initiative now. Ministry of water resources, river development and Ganga rejuvenation of Government of India, think tank MARVI and Western Sydney University, Australia, recently signed an MoU to create a cadre of ‘jal doot’ across India.
Stakeholders said that the initiative will provide a platform to bring together village-level communities, farmers, groundwater experts and government agencies to ensure water availability for drinking and irrigation round the year.
“Under the initiative, we will train local youths in managing subterranean water resources and mobilize local community to work in cooperation to save and sustain water. Under government schemes, the communities can also get grants for implementation of water-related projects,” said Sharma.


text:
Aloha Beach Hotel - 1BR Suite
Aston Aloha Beach Hotel has a spectacular beachfront location on the east coast of Kauai. This beachfront hotel next to scenic Wailua River offers a variety of delicious on-site dining options and thoughtful amenities to ensure a pleasant and enjoyable stay, along with breathtaking views of the lush mountains and the sparkling blue waters that surround it.
Centrally located on the island, Aston Aloha Beach Hotel provides easy access to Lihue airport, local shopping, Kamalani Playground, Lydgate Beach Park and all that the Garden Isle has to offer. Also on-site are the Kuhio Lounge and the poolside Kahanu Bar Grill. Amenities include daily maid service, laundry facilities, guest activities desk, lanai to enjoy the cool tropical breeze, protected swimming and snorkeling beach, two swimming pools, jet spa and fitness room.
This one bedroom, one bathroom suite has one king bed and a sofa bed which can accommodate two guests. Amenities include a mini-refrigerator, coffee maker, microwave, iron/ironing board, daily maid service, air conditioning, hair dryer, daily coffee and tea, daily newspaper, PlayStation2 Console, DVD Movies & Games from DVDNow Kiosk, cable TV, phone, clock, radio and dataport.
Amenity Fee: $18 plus Hawaii State General Excise Tax
Amenities covered by this fee:
• Blu-ray, DVD and PlayStation 3 game rentals
• Morning fruit platter
• Safe usage
• Daily coffee and tea
• Daily newspaper
Photos are representative of the property and may differ from the actual unit that is reserved.

domain: travel


Loyola Celebrates the Start of a New School Year with the Mass of the Holy Spirit
The Loyola Academy community celebrated its annual Mass of the Holy Spirit on the football field on Friday, August 20, to mark the beginning of the 2021–2022 school year. The Mass of the Holy Spirit is a longstanding tradition among Jesuit high schools and universities, dating back to 1584. It provides students, faculty and staff a moment to pause, pray and seek the guidance of the Holy Spirit in the upcoming year. This year’s Mass was especially important as it was the first time the school community has been able to gather as a whole in nearly two years.
Luke Hughes '23 began with the Call to Worship: "We gather to pray for the Holy Spirit's inspiration and guidance in living out our mission to be women and men for others. In this Ignatian Year, we are reminded of God's ongoing invitation to conversion. By embracing this invitation, we embrace our God who calls us to act justly and to love tenderly. We ask for the grace today, and throughout this year, to see all things new in Christ."
During the Homily, Loyola Academy President Rev. Patrick E. McGrath, SJ, reminded students that they are being called to something more.
“You belong to the Jesuit tradition. You are being invited to step into the Jesuit way and to be transformed, to see the world differently, to hear a call to service, to civil conversation and debate that leads to learning. The God who created everything created you. And we’re sisters and brothers to each other.
We believe that we’ve been called to something great—the magis, the more—to hear God constantly calling you to more generosity, compassion, life, and joy. Where others would divide, seek to bring together. This is our mission, our vocation. We believe that we are not alone. Ever. We labor together to build an even better world, but start by building a better Loyola.
You are Ramblers. You have the privilege and opportunity to enter into this tradition, this long line of Ramblers who have come to this place to experience something extraordinary.”
Fr. McGrath asked the senior class to serve as leaders, juniors to show others the way, sophomores to claim this space as their own, and freshmen to enter more completely into what lies ahead.
“We’ve been called to something extraordinary. We believe.”


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Almejas en Salsa Verde
2 garlic cloves, chopped
1/4 onion, chopped
1 tbsp flour
1/2 cup white wine
1 cup water
pinch of red pepper flakes
bunch of fresh parsley, chopped
olive oil, for drizzling
salt and pepper, to taste
1. put clams in a large bowl filled with water. Chop onion, garlic, and parsley
2. saute onion, garlic, and parsley with a little olive oil.
3. combine flour in a pan until it forms a paste, add white wine and water with a pepper and salt. cook until the sauce thickens a bit.
4. Boil clams in in a separate pan. Drain when clams are cooked.
5. Add cooked clams in the green sauce. Plate and garnish with more parsley and a little red pepper.
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Easy 5-step recipes featuring the freshest and most exciting ingredients from Rustan's Supermarket.


WATCHUNG – Republicans on the Watchung Borough Council sought to firmly establish the land behind Watchung Firemen’s Exempt Hall as the future site of the library at a meeting on Thursday, June 11, but the council’s Democrats were still holding out hope for the use of the front of the lot facing Watchung Lake.
Following a presentation from an engineering firm that showed the land behind the Exempt Hall is suitable for development, Republican Council President Robert Gibbs, along with Republican Councilmen William Nehls, George Sopko and
Stephen Black, said the council should move forward with the location.
“I think it would be beneficial for us to have a consensus on finalizing that site as the site we’re going to build on,” Gibbs said.
Democratic Mayor Keith Balla said he would rather wait to make a decision until he meets with the Watchung Exempt Firemen’s Association, the group that owns the Exempt Hall. Talks to acquire the building for the purpose of a library and community center fell through earlier this year.
“I was supposed to have a meeting this past Monday with the Exempt Hall members,” Balla said. “They postponed that meeting to this current Monday, at which time they will provide an answer whether they will participate with their building site or not.”
Councilwoman Lindsay Goodloe, also a Democrat, agreed the council should hold off until the exempts respond, one way or the other.
“I’m just curious why Mayor Balla and I are being put on the spot about this and why we weren’t informed about this plan to have a resolution right now at today’s meeting,” she said.
Gibbs responded he had no ill intent, nor any plan for a resolution, but was seeking to move the project forward.
“We’ve been arguing about this library for 19 years,” he said, adding “we have to move forward with a purpose.”
Execution Without Haste
Though he agreed the Exempt Hall location would be better, Nehls echoed Gibbs’ comment that the borough should move forward with the location to the rear.
He said the borough should move forward in a timely manner in order to apply for matching funding made available through the New Jersey Library Bond Construction Act, through which $125 million is available to municipalities for library projects.
“If we don’t have a design for that location and we don’t have costs, then we can’t put it in for the grants,” he said.
He said the borough’s library architect, Anthony Iovino, could have preliminary drawings ready for the public to view at the next council meeting in July.
“It’s a buildable lot; Mr. Iovino thinks we can do it,” Nehls said. “I have no reason to stop the process.”
Black agreed with Nehls, as did Sopko.
“Right now, we have a great opportunity here because I’m hearing from people that have been opposed in the past,” said Black.
He added the council could revisit the use of the Exempt Hall location should the mayor have a fruitful meeting with the exempts.
In an email, Goodloe said while she understood her fellow council members want to move forward with drawing up plans, she felt they were “shortchanging” Balla’s efforts with the exempts. She said the borough should not rush the process.
“The exempts should have every chance to participate in this new project for the benefit of everyone in the borough, on mutually agreeable terms,” Goodloe said. “A new library is Watchung’s largest investment in recent memory. It’s important to get this project done right and without wasting money on plans before a site is determined.”
Public Weighs In
Sunbright Road resident Pete Martino, who is running as a Democrat for Borough Council, said it would be in the borough’s best interest to wait until the other option is explored.
“Why don’t you exhaust all the other options?” he asked. “We’re going to be living with this for the next 100 years.”
While it would be a “home run” for Watchung to build on the land to the rear of the site, he said, it would be a “grand slam” to work with the exempts to use the land at the front of the property.
“Either way, we are going to do pretty good with it,” he said.
Maple Street resident Cori Haveson agreed the council should let the meeting between Balla and the exempts occur before making a decision on a location.
“Yes, we want to get matching funds,” she said in response to Nehls’ statement. “But my understanding is that the matching funds application won’t be due until early 2020.”
Former Borough Councilman Tom Franklin, however, cautioned there is only so much the mayor and council could say to convince the exempts to agree to some sort of deal.
He suggested the council hold a special meeting to decide on a site soon after Balla’s meeting with the exempts.
“Something has to come to a head in a given amount of time,” Franklin said.


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Earlier today, Bloomberg News published a brutal story describing visits to troubling aquaculture producers in Ca Mau, Vietnam and Yangjiang, China. In addition to a tilapia farm visited in Yangjiang, the report focuses on how shrimp is prepared for export by a Vietnamese exporter named Ngoc Sinh Seafoods:
At Ngoc Sinh Seafoods Trading & Processing Export Enterprise, a seafood exporter on Vietnam’s southern coast, workers stand on a dirty floor sorting shrimp one hot September day. There’s trash on the floor, and flies crawl over baskets of processed shrimp stacked in an unchilled room in Ca Mau.
Bloomberg News reports that since 2007, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has rejected 81 shipments of seafood from Ngoc Sinh. Ngoc Sinh has been listed on the FDA’s Import Alert 16-81 for salmonella contamination of shrimp shipments since December of 2008.
Who is Ngoc Sinh? Ngoc Sinh is a significant exporter of shrimp and fish fillets to the U.S. market. Per information available on bills of lading, the two largest recipients of Ngoc Sinh’s seafood are importers without physical addresses. These companies instead employ “drawer” addresses – generic addresses used by incorporation services as the contact address for a large number of companies. Both companies were established by the same incorporation service, and one of the two importing companies has since been dissolved.
In other words, there is no real corporate entity that would be held accountable for problems caused to U.S. consumers by Ngoc Sinh’s exports. Just importing shell companies that can easily shut down and reform should anyone come looking for answers.
Ngoc Sinh’s story is not unusual. We highlight them here because of today’s news story, but there are many other exporters that pose similar concerns – there are, in fact, over 180 Vietnamese seafood exporters currently listed on the FDA Import for salmonella. Many other seafood exporters ship to shell company importers.
Until there is a concentrated effort by regulatory agencies to cut out shady practices or until the seafood importing industry declares that enough is enough, the only tool that consumers, retailers, and restaurants have to ensure the quality of the seafood they purchase is to know their supplier. A review of the food safety history of an exporter may help explain why low prices are being offered and, where red flags are raised, ought to cause a purchaser to look elsewhere.
Read the Bloomberg News story “Asian Seafood Raised on Pig Feces Approved for U.S. Consumers”:


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It is always good to know your whisky! With this amazing map, you will soon become an expert. The map features interesting facts, figures, activities and places to see in Scotland underneath a scratchable gold foil surface. The stylish typography and the vibrant colours on a black background make it an impressive piece of wall art, […]
10% off your first online order at Cloudberry! Use WELCOME10 code at the checkout.


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This is the longest event in the Run The Civilisations series with an accumulation of 311km (3,112 years) needed to earn this lovely tablet. You can run or walk to add to your distance and you can complete the event entirely at your own pace.
The Ancient Chinese civilisation began (officially) with the formation of the Xia Dynasty in 2205BC and went all of the way through to 907AD when the Tang rule ended. This brought the era of the five dynasties in China which leads into what it is today.
Our fantastic Civilisations series tablets are double sided with exquisite designs and a timeline of the civilisation. For Ancient China, we have used the red and gold colours with dragons roaring around the perimeter. The two 3D designs on the front show the Terracotta Army and the Great Wall. The timeline of the Ancient Chinese civilisation shows us key events such as the construction of the Great Wall and the invention of paper and books!


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There are also actors in the Bollywood industry who are illuminating the name of the country at the international level. One of these names is Vidyut Jamwal. He has already been awarded the Jackie Chan Action Movie Award. Actor Vidyut Jammwal, who has earned the worldwide name by his strong action and real stunts, has got a new achievement which has brought him to the list of big names like Vladimir Putin and Bayer Grylls.
In fact, The Richest has released a list of such stars from all over the world, which can be costly to molest. Only one person from India is involved in this. This name is of Commando Movie Fame and Martial Arts Trend Actor Vidyut Jamwal. Vidyut is known for performing dangerous stunts in films without the help of a body double.
He wrote – Action star Vidyut Jammwal has made India proud once again. He has been included in the list of 10 people you don’t want to mess with in the world. Let us know that the names of Russian President Vladimir Putin, British adventurer Bear Grylls, Grandmaster Shifu Xian Ming, Famous Ninja Hatsumi Masaki are also included in this list.
Action Star @VidyutJammwal makes India proud yet again! He has been listed among the top 10 people ‘You Don't Want To Mess With’ in the world along with #Russia President #VladimirPutin and @BearGrylls by #TheRichest#VidyutJammwal #BearGrylls
Link- https://t.co/2VX8ke8Qku pic.twitter.com/fsvZnFDFSF
— Atul Mohan (@atulmohanhere) July 21, 2020
Talking about Vidyut Jammwal, he started his career with the film Force in 2011. Since then, he was part of the Commando Series. He has worked in films like Badshaho and Jungle. The name of his upcoming film is Yara. The film is directed by Tigmanshu Dhulia. The film will be released on Zee 5 on July 30, 2020.


D2 Plumbing & Heating Contracting Ltd. are a well established local firm in Bideford, Devon with over 13 years experience. We cover Devon and surrounding areas. We have a great reputation for alldomestic work, including Bathroom Installations, Drainage Systems and Boiler Repairs & Replacements. We pride ourselves on providing high quality work with a trustworthy, reliable and friendly attitude.
Rob Blackmore Heating Services are a professional and reliable family-run heating services company based in Bideford, near Barnstaple in North Devon. We have more than twenty years experience inproviding expert maintenance and breakdown care in both the domestic and commercial heating industry. Rob is a qualified electrical, mechanical engineer in addition to being a fully qualified heating engineer.
Show businesses near Bideford


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Just a few weeks after Counter-Strike: Condition Zero was ported to Linux, it's now officially available. Counter-Strike: Condition Zero is a decade-old expansion to the original Counter-Strike game on the "GoldSrc" engine.
The game is still fairly popular and sells for about $10 USD via Steam. Even for being a decade-old, the graphics and game-play of Condition Zero can still surpass that of many open-source community-based games.
In the Steam announcement of CS:CZ being official to Linux, they also made mention it's "the fifth Valve title to be released for Linux and, with its release, pushes the total number of Linux games available on Steam to 80."
Valve also says they will be bringing more of their titles to Linux in "the coming weeks and months." Up next will hopefully be some of their more popular and interesting Source Engine games. As I've said before, I fully expect the clear majority (if not all) of Valve's in-house games to be ported natively to Linux ahead of the Steam Box launch later this year.

domain: entertainment


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Welcome to the world of fermentation!
What's fermentation? Lacto-fermentation is the process of cultivating the naturally occuring lactobacilli bacteria from organic vegetables. It is the best way to consume probiotics, which boost your immune system. Chances are you've already tried fermented foods like sauerkraut, kimchi, sourdough bread, and yogurt.
Why are fermentation weights used? Weights are used to keep the fermenting vegetables below the brine. This is important because exposure to air can lead to bad bacteria growth. To use the weights, simply place the vegetables in a wide mouth jar according to recipe instructions, cover with the brine solution, and place the weight over the vegetables.
Ready to start fermenting?

domain: biology


Boys 2-7 Long Sleeve Gingham Stretch Shirt
His style standards will never dip in this clean-cut shirt. Crafted with a hint of stretch, this gingham shirt is punctuated by a crisp collar and long sleeve silhouette that make it perfect for special occasions.
- Button closure
- Long sleeves
- Machine washable
- Polyester, rayon, spandex


text:
- 6 min read
Post-Covid World: Can India replace China as a global manufacturing hub?
Nitin Gadkari has taken note of the fact stressing that “India should look at converting the world's "hatred" for China amid the coronavirus pandemic into an economic opportunity for itself by attracting large-scale foreign investments” which is definitely the silver lining for India among all the hue and cry.
The whole world is currently reeling from the effects of the recent novel coronavirus pandemic. As pointed out in my earlier article here, India has a golden opportunity to convert the recent COVID-19 crisis into a long term advantage for its people and the economy. It is now a well-known fact that the coronavirus pandemic has dealt a big blow to the credibility of China. Our Union minister Nitin Gadkari has taken note of the fact stressing that “India should look at converting the world's "hatred" for China amid the coronavirus pandemic into an economic opportunity for itself by attracting large-scale foreign investments” which is definitely the silver lining for India among all the hue and cry.
However, it should be noted that the journey towards this dream will not be a smooth road as many of our developing peers are already ahead of us in this race along with their own unique offerings to investors. Through this article, we hereby take a brief look at the countries (along with their strengths and weaknesses) who have recently benefited the most due to the fall of the mighty ‘Chinese Manufacturing’ and have already started turning their fortunes for good. We will also briefly reflect on what India can learn from its competitors to get ahead of them in this economic race.
Vietnam has arguably emerged as the biggest winner in the US China trade wars. It has quietly catapulted itself from being one of the poorest countries in Asia to being compared to Singapore and UAE in the coming decade given its positive long-term economic prospects. The country has seen a flood of FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) in the past few years, particularly from manufacturers scouting for alternative production venues out of China to circumvent heavy tariffs by the US Government.
The biggest factors contributing to the above shift are Vietnam’s proximity to China, availability of cheap labor and its business friendly policies. Historically, Vietnam underwent the Doi Moi reforms in 1986 which transformed it from a staunchly communist nation to one that encourages privately owned enterprises. Of late, it has recognized private land use rights, significantly cut corporate income tax rates and eased business conditions and regulations. Vietnam has also recently entered CPTPP (Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership) which is another notable step by the country to expand its trade horizons and modernize its labor laws in accordance with the international standards.
However, there are some bottlenecks for this Southeast Asian country of 100 million people. One major constraint is the lack of human capital. This includes not just the quantity but also the quality of human resource which also considers factors such as the health, education levels and skills of the workers. Another reason is that the economy of Vietnam is much smaller on the whole as compared to that of China which has let businesses operate so efficiently in China. India definitely has an advantage here and is possibly the only alternative to China which can provide cheap and skilled labour while enjoying the benefit of economy of scale.
The Mexican manufacturing sector has been around for a few decades now which specially evolved after the 1990 post undergoing economic liberalization and entering into NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement). They however saw stiff competition from China during the boom of Chinese manufacturing, but they rapidly responded by pivoting into high end products (such as aeronautical, electronic and automotive). Rising labor costs in China have shifted the focus again on Mexico.
The number one advantage Mexico enjoys from its Asian counterparts is its proximity to the US which naturally helps better coordinate activities. Land costs in Mexico are still comparatively low and it has cheap, skilled and abundant labour. Apart from these benefits Mexico boasts of one of the highest number of free trade agreements with major economies such as NAFTA/USMCA (North America) and new CPTPP which provides free trade access to 11 major countries across the Asia-Pacific. Its seamless connectivity and rapidly improving infrastructure make it a favorite among American manufacturers.
The sector however faces a burden of tough labour laws which enforces strong penalties on companies on firing their employees. Nevertheless, this major hurdle is bridged by foreign companies by forming co-arrangements like outsourcing and creating shelter companies with Mexican companies. Corruption and drug trade violence are also deterrents but they have been mostly addressed by the government in recent years. Mexico has strong potential to grow into a foremost manufacturing hub in the coming years.
Indonesia is the 4th populous country in the world and is another Asian country which has both a cheap, skilled and plentiful labour force. But uncertain policies, highly decentralized systems, red-tape, bureaucracy and labor market restrictions make it a less favorable destination for manufacturers. The government has taken note of these limitations and is working to make its business environment favorable for industries and it is just a matter of time before Indonesia emerges as the next China.
Thailand and Malaysia
Foreign investments have been on the rise in Thailand and Malaysia as well. However, being the richest of the lot they are expected to focus on high and medium technology manufacturing rather than low cost manufacturing.
The above countries are already giving India stiff competition in terms of attracting foreign investments for setting up manufacturing units. As can be inferred from the above cases, the secret sauce of success lies in having a stable government along with a conducive business environment in terms of land acquisition and labour laws. The Indian government has acknowledged the same and a Joint Secretary level officer has been dedicatedly appointed to facilitate and hand hold interested foreign investors by helping them navigate through all necessary clearances within a 3 months duration.
While it is true that even the top contenders don’t have the infrastructure which matches that of China, it is expected to get better as each country progresses and subsequently invests more into it. India must focus on its strengths over each of the above nations and work towards taking short term steps (for now) to attract investors and simultaneously work on a long term solution to retain them. Active participation of state governments cannot be undermined and it is imperative for them to cooperate with the central government in order to build a conducive environment for foreign investors. Finally, we should not forget that this opportunity is like a “sprint” and it will not be there for an indefinite period of time. So the key here is to act fast and act now as “time and tide wait for none”.
The writer is Young professional Atal Innovation Mission. Views are personal.

domain: finance


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I know people are probably getting tired of reading these, but I have a 72 Panther with the 303 Wankel engine, and would like to rebuild it.
Does anyone out there know where I can obtain the seals, springs, and anything else to do an overhaul on this engine.
I've heard of somp people using Mazda Rotary engine seals, but have to be machined.
Does anyone out there sell this kit, or an original, I would be greatly interested.
I saved my 72, which sat behind an old saw mill for over 25 years.
Was in tough shape, but I did the restore. It looks beautiful again, except the motor could use a re do.
I've run it, and the last time, it felt like it was seizing up. When I pulled the rewind over, it pulled harder. Must have leaned it out.
Any help here would be greatly appreciated.

domain: hobby


There are over 350,000 electrical and electronics engineers, and hundreds of thousands more electronics technicians and hobbyists. With the addition of so many communications topics into EE programs in the past 5 years, fundamentals of digital design have been abandoned for briefer, overview courses, leaving many newly-minted EEs undereducated in what should be one of their core competencies. In order to design and implement digital systems, one must understand and navigate many components, architectures, and practices which are painfully inter-dependent. This book will allow the reader faced with a design problem to develop a customized set of requirements for that problem, then research and evaluate available components and technologies to solve it.
"synopsis" may belong to another edition of this title.
YOUR ONE-STOP RESOURCE FOR DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN!The explosion in communications and embedded computing technologies has brought with it a host of new skill requirements for electrical and electronics engineers, students, and hobbyists. With engineers expected to have such diverse expertise, they need comprehensive, easy-to-understand guidance on the fundamentals of digital design. Enter McGraw-Hill’s Complete Digital Design. Written by an experienced electrical engineer and networking hardware designer, this book helps you understand and navigate the interlocking components, architectures, and practices necessary to design and implement digital systems. It includes:
Mark Balch is an electrical engineer in Silicon Valley who designs high-performance computer-networking hardware. His responsibilities have included PCB, FPGA, and ASIC design. Prior to working in telecommunications, Mark designed products in the fields of HDTV, consumer electronics, and industrial computers.In addition to his work in product design, Mark has actively participated in industry standards committees and has presented work at technical conferences. He has also authored magazine articles on topics in hardware and system design. Mark holds a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from The Cooper Union in New York City.
"About this title" may belong to another edition of this title.
Book Description McGraw-Hill Professional, 2003. Hardcover. Book Condition: New. Bookseller Inventory # P110071409270
Book Description McGraw-Hill Professional, 2003. Hardcover. Book Condition: New. Metric. Bookseller Inventory # DADAX0071409270


The incredible story of Chop Chop Chang, a world famous circus chimpanzee who is secretly trained by the CIA into a deadly assassin.
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Andy is a front desk clerk with a little ambition until he finds his muse. Hayley is a beautiful shampoo girl chasing big dreams in NYC. When their worlds collide in a hapless run-in, the starstruck lovers assume false identities and follow the script of life from the same self-improvement book which lead to potentially bigger problems than they could have ever dreamed.
Flytrap mixes sci-fi with dark humor to tell the story of a reserved English Astronomer who becomes ensnared by the mysterious Mary Ann and her creepy and dangerous comrades. Held hostage in a twisted version of suburban San Fernando Valley, the Astronomer slowly uncovers the reason for his capture and the miserable fate that awaits him-and humanity-unless he acts.
After successfully won the Tokyo qualifying tournament, Chihaya and her friends are set to go on to the nationals. As they prepare, Chihaya is faced with new personal issues as her childhood friend and inspiration, Arata, has announced that he has quit competitive karuta. Not only that, but a new rival emerges in the reigning female champion karuta player, Shinobu Wakamiya, a karuta prodigy who became the nation’s and the world’s greatest female karuta player as a 9th grader. All of this forces Chihaya to reexamine her love of the game in the midst of preparing for one of the biggest tournaments of the year.
The UK’s top comedian Michael McIntyre hosts a jam-packed night of entertainment and variety from London’s largest theatre, the stunning Coliseum. In this Easter special, Michael presents the world’s leading comedians, music superstars and jaw-dropping speciality acts as well as his own record-breaking comic talents. Michael says: “When I heard the BBC were making a show called Michael McIntyre’s Easter Night At The Coliseum, I knew I had to be involved. The London Coliseum is a truly magnificent theatre and I will be hosting an array of talent befitting this magnificent venue. This will be a true variety show for all the family to enjoy. I can’t wait…”


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Williams also plans to merge its midstream spinoff, Williams Partners LP (NYSE: WPZ) with Access once the acquisition is completed. The surviving company would be named Williams Partners LP and Williams would become a pure-play general partner holding company.
To complete its transformation to a pure-play GP holding company, Williams said it is speeding up the drop-down of $600 million in assets of its NGL & PetChem to take place late this year or early next year.
Williams will raise its dividend from $0.425 per share to $0.56 beginning in the third quarter and is guiding future increases at approximately 15% per year from the $0.56 per share base. Annual dividend payments are expected to total $1.96 in 2014, $2.46 in 2015, $2.82 in 2016, and $3.25 in 2017, subject to approval by the company’s board of directors.
Moody’s Investors Service maintained its investment grade ratings on both Williams and Williams Partners, saying that the ratings agency only sees the two companies’ leverage declining through the next 18 months. Moody’s also cited the strategic fit between Williams Partners and Access. Analysts’ reactions to the announcement has been positive, with Jefferies raising its rating from Hold to Buy with a price target of $65. Credit Suisse has also raised its price target to $65.
Williams’ CEO said:
The proposed merger of Williams Partners and Access Midstream Partners, if consummated, would create an industry-leading, large-scale MLP with substantial positions across the midstream business – spanning natural gas gathering and processing, natural gas transmission pipelines, and NGL and petchem services. Our positions in these businesses provide clearly identified growth for the foreseeable future.
Williams Partners is lowering its financial guidance for 2014 due to delays in the expansion and start-up of its petrochemical operations in Geismar. The company now expects distributable cash flow in the range of $2 to $2.2 billion. Williams Partners did not change its guidance for 2015 or 2016. The plant’s expansion cost is expected to increase by $65 million to $715 million.
Shares of Williams are up nearly 19% Monday afternoon at $56.06, well above the 52-week high of $48.00 when markets opened this morning. The new 52-week range is $31.25 to $59.68.
Common units of Access are up 1.5% at $66.00, after posting a new 52-week high of $66.25 earlier this afternoon. The 52-week low is $44.39.
Units of Williams Partners are up nearly 7% at $56.56. The new 52-week high is $57.29 set earlier today and the 52-week low is $45.37.
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Investing in real estate can diversify your portfolio. But expanding your horizons may add additional costs. If you’re an investor looking to minimize expenses, consider checking out online brokerages. They often offer low investment fees, helping you maximize your profit.


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The hyperactive, acrobatic, slow-motion filled side-scrolling shooter My Friend Pedro is out now for PlayStation 4, complete with the extra Code Yellow content, chock full of gameplay modifiers.
Originally released for Switch and PC in the middle of last year, Deadtoast’s game starts with the protagonist waking up without his memories in an alley. Obviously he’s going to trust the first floating banana named Pedro that he sees, and follows his lead in going on a murderous rampage.
The game is a blend of side-scrolling platformer, twin-stick shooter and Max Payne’s slow motion bullet time, with speed runs and high scores to chase through each level.
We loved it on Switch, with Nick writing in our My Friend Pedro review:
“My Friend Pedro is everything I wanted it to be. Smooth, stylish gun play, powered by creativity that makes you feel like you’re making your own action scenes in a movie. What’s not to love? Pedro is love. Pedro is your friend.”


Students In London Say Their Accommodation Is Unaffordable and are Refusing To Pay Rent
Over 150 UCL students have started a rent strike, UCL, Cut the Rent, in protest against “soaring” accommodation prices at the university. In spite of running the risk of being evicted, they are campaigning for a 40% rent cut and are vowing to collectively withhold £250,000 until the demand is met.
According to the campaigners, rent prices at UCL have risen by 56% since 2009.
The campaign’s press release highlights the extent to which this sharp increase in the cost of accommodation for students in London “further undermines access to education for low-income students” given the “stagnant” nature of student incomes and the recent scrapping of maintenance grants.
Angus O’Brien, the organiser of the campaign and UCLU Halls Accommodation Representative, says: “The cost of rent has gone up dramatically and it’s preventing people from studying at university. This is a massive problem across London and the country. We are showing that something can be done about rising rent prices; our action could be the start of something much wider.”
One of the strikers, UCL student student Nymia Murry, discusses the importance of the rent strike for future generations: “Many people I know are put off moving to London because they can’t afford to study here. I’m striking so that future students have the opportunity to study at UCL on academic merit not financial background.”
The strikers are arguing that the 40% rent cut “would save the average student in a UCL residence about £2,500 by August.”
— UCL Cut The Rent (@rentcutUCL) January 25, 2016
Other students have taken to social media to show their support for the strike.
Free tuition's good – but not enough to improve access. Rent controls in student accommodation would make a huge difference. @rentcutUCL 💪
— Michael Gray (@GrayInGlasgow) January 25, 2016
— Richard Thomas (@strawfordthomas) January 26, 2016
Rent striking is the whole reason why we have any sort of housing regulation in this country, and will be again @rentcutUCL
— Rebecca Winson (@rebeccawinson) January 25, 2016
— Janet Snakehole (@PugnaxDog) January 26, 2016
I'm with UCL on the rent strikes. My uni's cheapest accommodation is £124 pw which was more than my loan
— Rebecca (@Rebeccajwhitham) January 26, 2016
Meanwhile a spokeswoman for UCL released a statement defending the rent increase.
It read: “We make every effort at UCL to keep rents as low as possible, which is a difficult challenge considering our central London location. Our rents are competitive in comparison with equivalent London institutions, and far less than for comparable accommodation in the private sector.”


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ECKELBURG MEMBERSHIP NO.:
I, Trevor J. Houser, hereby certify that my story, Malta, is correct and perhaps true to some degree, and that the rules as set out by The Doctor T.J. Eckleburg Review for claiming a publication have been complied with in full.
ORIGIN OF MALTA:
World War II documentaries; Mr. Boston’s Official Bartenders Guide; repeated viewings of Thunderball; a hard-won belief in werewolves; and, an appreciation for panic, mass or otherwise, coupled with, and ultimately bookended by a (healthy?) sense of dread.
DATE STORY FINISHED:
Sometime before my son was born.
300 to 350 grams
A closet with a window that never closed right; the smell of burnt salmon and Exodus Kush wafting in with the Santa Ana winds
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF COLOR, MARKINGS (THESE ARE NOT ALWAYS OBVIOUS IN PHOTOS):
Overall amber-colored that is lighter on the belly, not to mention the very distinctive dark “bandito” stripe running down its right margin, which tends to fade after the third or fourth reading, depending on your geopolitics.
David Markson, Donald Barthelme, Sean Connery, J.P. Donleavy, and Flintstones Gummies (now with more vitamin D!).
Trevor J. Houser has published stories in Pindeldyboz, Story Quarterly, and Zyzzyva among others. He lives in San Francisco with his wife and two children.