Complexity explained? Part 1
Copyright 2014-17 Graham Berrisford. One of more than 100 papers on the System Theory page at http://avancier.website. Last updated 31/05/2019 16:24
To master complexity implies knowing how to define, describe and design it.
Part 1 discusses some views of complexity, including state variety, chaos, unpredictability and self-organisation.
On first thinking about it, one is bound to think the complexity of a thing has something to do with:
· differentiation - variety in the components the thing is made of
· integration – variety in relationships between those components.
However, that is only to scratch the surface of what complexity can mean.
And it turns out that different people have very different ideas about it; e.g. some equate chaos and complexity.
Further confusions and ambiguities arise when the thing of interest is a called a “complex system”.
Another paper called Complexity explained starts by defining “complexity science” thus:
“Complexity science, also called complex systems science, studies how
· a large collection of components
· locally interacting with each other at small scales
· can spontaneously self-organize to exhibit non-trivial global structures and behaviors at larger scales,
· often without external intervention, central authorities or leaders.”
All these points are questionable.
“A large collection of components”
Does complexity require a large variety - many types - of component and interaction?
Or does it require a large quantity - many instances - of components in space and/or interactions in time?
A system may have a wide variety of component and interaction types, but few instances of them.
A system may have only a few component and interaction types, but many instances of them.
Studying large populations of interacting components (often only a few types) is the domain of agent-based modelling and System Dynamics.
Other definitions of “complexity science” embrace other branches of general system theory, such as cybernetics.
“locally interacting with each other at small scales”
Does complexity require components to interact only locally?
Where components exchange flows of matter or energy, components often interact locally.
But where components exchange flows of information (or gravity) components often interact remotely.
Tele-communication stacks enable remotely distributed actors to be unaware of how messages are conveyed.
In a social system, the actors may exchange information directly (point to point), via one intermediate actor (a hub) or several (in a grid).
“can spontaneously self-organize”
Are we to equate complexity with self-organisation?
The term “spontaneous” is questionable, since every change to a system is a response to some stimulus or precondition.
The term “self-organisation” has been interpreted in many ways – to be discussed below.
In some views, the system that organises itself may be simple. E.g. the growth by accretion of a crystal in a liquid.
In a social system, the actors may step outside that system to re-organise it.
“to exhibit non-trivial global structures and behaviors at larger scales”
In agent-based modelling and System Dynamics, this means exhibiting a complicated state or state change trajectory.
However, chaos theory taught us that very simple systems can produce these effects.
And complexity is not simply a function of scale.
An elephant’s brain has up to three times the number of neurons in a human brain; yet the latter recognises and produces more complexity.
A simple system may be scaled up (e.g. adding more fish to a shoal) with little or no increase in complexity.
The complexity of a scale-free network lies in the orderly patterns it imposes on the chaos of a random network with the same number of nodes.
A small system, as in the finest clockwork pocket watch, can be complex
“often without external intervention, central authorities or leaders.”
The most complex systems known to science are probably the organic machines that have evolved in biology, especially ones with a central nervous system.
The term “authorities or leaders” implies the domain is sociology, rather than biology or more general system theory.
In a social system, an actor may exhibit behaviors contrary to any direction given to them by another actor – be it a colleague or a leader.
The complexity this introduces into system design is called “exception handling”.
Another paper on complexity theory, Complexity is not systems thinking, asserts that complex systems have the four characteristics below.
· Identity: a set of core characteristics identify the system, and remain when it evolves or changes.
· Homeostasis: the system maintains its relative internal stability.
· Permeability: the system interacts via inputs and outputs with its environment.
· Self-organization: new behaviors emerge in response to changes in the environment.
However, identity, homeostasis and permeability can be found in the simplest of mechanical control systems
This leaves us with self-organisation as the defining feature of a complex system.
Before discussing self-organisation, there are many other ideas to explore.
The paper Complexity explained suggests features definitive of “complex systems” include:
· A network of interacting components
· Holistic view of how components interact
· Emergent properties (not found in individual components)
· Dynamic state change
· State/history-dependent processing
· Chaos (as in unpredictability of outcomes arising from variations in initial conditions)
· Chaos (as in a non-linear state change trajectory)
This paper explores ambiguities in the use of these terms.
A principle of system theory is that all the elements of a system element are related directly or indirectly.
Else there would be two or more distinct systems.
Defining the network that connects components
Each component may interact with one, a few or many other components.
Wherever two components interact, a structural relationship may be drawn between them.
Connecting all the components by these relationships reveals a communication structure, sometimes a hierarchy, but more commonly a network.
To assess the complexity of this network structure, you must know its nodes and their inter-connecting relationships.
Two ideas about network structures
Real world networks have been studied extensively.
E.g. the world-wide-web, the internet, energy landscapes, biological (cell-to-cell and protein-to-protein) networks and social networks.
Some have proposed such diverse networks can “self-organize” themselves.
Small world network
One idea is that as a network grows, it tends to minimises the number of steps from one node to another.
Mathematically speaking, in such a “small-world'' network, the number of steps grows in proportion to the logarithm of the number of nodes.
Another idea is that as a network grows, the number of major “hubs” with many connections increases, along with minor hubs between the major hubs.
The complexity of a scale-free network lies in the orderly patterns it imposes on the chaos of a random network with the same number of nodes.
These ideas may be useful to designers of large systems in which actors or subsystems must communicate.
However, it turns out that scale-free networks are rare in nature and society.
“The universality of scale-free networks remains controversial.
Across [nearly 1,000] networks, we find robust evidence that strongly scale-free structure is empirically rare.
Furthermore, social networks are at best weakly scale free, while a handful of technological and biological networks appear strongly scale free.” Scale-free networks are rare Nature, 2019
The systems of interest here are not passive structures, they are activity systems.
They contain components that interact with each other and/or with entities in their environment.
The system of interest is not simply a network structure (discussed above), it is an activity system.
In accord with the “primacy of behavior” principle, it is defined by its behaviors or dynamics.
The system is composed of interactions between its constituent components.
Abstracting system interactions from network relationships
Any two components, connected by a relationship in network structure, may interact in several different processes.
So, the complexity of a system in which components interact is a different from the complexity of the network structure that connects them.
A complex network of connections (or acquaintances) may be used for simple interactions.
Conversely, a simple network of connections may be used for complex interactions.
Note, moreover, that actors in one communications network may interact in several different (complementary, cooperating, competing or contrary) systems.
E.g. the people in one city may vote in both local and national government elections - and vote for different parties in each.
Abstracting system interactions from the communication stack
Every communication act between human or computer actors depends on the use of communication stack between them.
When co-located humans converse, they use neurons > vocal chords > sound waves > ear drums > neurons.
When remotely distributed humans communicate via a telecommunications network, the lower levels of the communication stack are hidden from them.
The depth and complexity of the telecommunication stack is irrelevant to most systems of interest that actors cooperate in.
Coupling is the relating of systems (as subsystems) in a wider system.
The actors in a system can interact by forces, energy, matter or information, the last of which is the main interest in sociology.
Read System coupling patterns (archetypes) for discussion of coupling patterns.
A principle of system theory is that the whole is more than the sum of its parts.
“that a whole machine should be built of parts of given behavior is not sufficient to determine its behavior as a whole:
only when the details of coupling are added does the whole's behavior become determinate. ” Ashby 1956
Emergence primarily means the appearance of effects (state changes or outputs) that arise from coupling subsystems in a wider system.
Even in the simplest system, its emergent properties are not deducible from the properties of its components.
cannot be deduced from studying
The V shape of a flight of geese
The forward motion of a bicycle + rider system
a rider or a bicycle
The famous collapse of the Tahoma narrows bridge
the structure of the bridge or the wind
In each case, property emerged from the interaction between the system’s components.
“You don't need something more to get something more. That's what emergence means.” – Murray Gell-Mann
This is misleading, since you do need something more than the components of a system, you need the interactions between them.
Emergent does not mean unwanted or unexpected.
The requirements for any designed system include its emergent properties.
The forward motion of bicycle and rider was wanted and expected by the bicycle designer.
Much else said about emergence is questionable.
“The concept has been used to justify all sorts of nonsense.” Gerald Marsh.
Some say order emerges from disorder, as though this is spontaneous.
In fact, there is always a stimulus or precondition (not to mention the input of energy and an increase in entropy outside the system).
Some say abstract concepts emerge from concrete matter and energy.
Conversely however, emergence can be seen in the opposite direction:
Information/meaning emerges from reading physical signals or symbols.
Conversely, physicals signals and symbols emerge when senders write them to convey information meaning.
Conscious thought emerges from electrical activity in the brain.
Conversely, when adding two numbers, electrical activity in the brain emerges from conscious thought.
Read Holism and emergent properties for more discussion.
Holism means looking at something in terms of how its parts join up (e.g. bicycle and rider) rather than dissecting each part.
Holistic view: a description of how parts relate, interact or cooperate in a whole.
Reductionist view: identifying the parts of a whole, naming or describing parts without considering how the parts are related in the whole.
A principle of system theory is to take a holistic view of a system.
To understand even a simple system, you must see beyond its components and understand their interactions.
And in doing that, you may disregard the internal complexity of the components.
To understand a bicycle + rider system you must understand how they interact to produce the forward motion of both.
And in doing that, you can disregard the internal biological/psychological complexity of the rider.
So, having a holistic view of a thing does not mean you know the “whole”.
You do not know all there is to know about the thing or any part of it.
Read Holism and emergent properties for more discussion.
Principles of system theory include “hierarchy”.
In biology and other sciences, an organ or component is a subsystem, which may be described as a system in its own right.
After a first (top level) division into subsystems, each subsystem may be decomposed - recursively - several times.
With his background in biology, von Bertalanffy wrote of a concept he called organicism.
Organicism: the idea that systems are describable at multiple hierarchical levels.
A system may be decomposable into subsystems, and/or composable (with others) into larger systems.
is composed from
that interact in processes to sustain the body.
is composed from
that interact in processes to sustain the organ.
is composed from
that interact in processes to sustain the cell.
At every level, a biological entity has cross-boundary input/output flows.
So, an event that is external to a smaller system is internal to a larger system
And the emergent properties of a small system are ordinary properties of any larger system it is a part of.
The hierarchy above is simple physical containment hierarchy.
A system can be divided in different way, into parallel systems.
E.g. biologists see the body in terms of circulatory, respiratory, digestive, excretory, nervous, endocrine, immune, muscle and reproductive systems.
Ultimately, every physical entity is reducible to sub-atomic particles; and every emotion is reducible to biochemical reactions.
At the bottom level of description (of interest to physicists and bio-chemists) everything we see and feel is well-nigh infinitely complex.
Does that mean every physical entity is a complex system?
A bicycle + rider system can be described as a simple system composed of two coarse-grained components.
That same system is infinitely complex if you decompose those two components down to the level of subatomic particles.
The lesson here is that complexity is matter of perspective.
It depends on a) what your interest in a thing is and b) what you regard at the atomic components.
So, to compare the complexity of two systems, they must be described a) in the same style and b) at the same level of decomposition.
Atomic element: an element that is not further divided in a description.
System describers choose how far to subdivide a system of interest.
Atomic actors (active structures)
Atomic activities (behaviors)
Astronomy / The solar system
sun and planets
Biology / organism
Biology / cell
a chemical or signal exchange
Biology / beehive
deliver pollen, perform and observe wiggle dances
Biology / predator-prey system
wolves and sheep
eat sheep, eat grass
Economics / economy
trader (customer and/or supplier)
a trade or transaction
Sociology / society
a communication act
Sociology / symphony performance
Sociology / business
a one-person-one-place-one-time activity
Software / application
a module or object
In each case above, an atomic actor may be a complex entity, and may play roles other systems.
Obviously, we cannot understand or explain society or business at the bottommost level of description (of interest to physicists and bio-chemists).
We explain these systems at much higher level of abstraction - with reference to actors and activities we regard as atomic, irreducible, elements.
Similarly, the complexity of communications, between social or software entities, depends on how far you unravel the levels of the communication stack.
The atomic activities in communication stack are units of micro-scale physical matter/energy.
E.g. Vibration patterns in sound waves, and electron movements in electrical circuits.
In cybernetics: “a system is any set of variables which he [the observer] selects” Ashby 1956.
A principle of system theory is that a system has a current state.
A system can be analyzed in terms of how its state variables change over time, often in response to inputs from outside the system.
Even the simplest system, say a pendulum or a thermostat, changes state dynamically.
System state: the current structure or variables of a system, which may change over time.
A concrete system’s property values realise property types or variables in its abstract system description.
Abstract description of system state
Air temperature. Displayed colour.
Concrete realization of system state
Air temperature = 80 degrees. Displayed colour = red
System state change: a change to the state of a system.
Chaos theory taught us that a simple system can change state in an unpredictable way.
When you turn on a tap, the stream of water may start by running in a smooth way.
As you continue to turn the tap, its state may switch from smooth to confused, and back again.
Any system may change state at different rates at different times.
It may stay in a stable state for a while, then be triggered by an input to move to an unstable state, or to a different stable state.
Stable states are sometimes called “attractors”.
“The principal heuristic innovation of the systems approach is what may be called ‘reduction to dynamics’ as contrasted with ‘reduction to components’ ” Laszlo and Krippner.
A system is characterised by what does more than what it is made of.
It is defined by some behavior(s) that are modelled with some particular interest in mind.
Behaviors are processes performed by parts, often called actors or agents, that play roles in a system.
Behaviors change the state of the system or something in its environment.
In cybernetics, the behaviors are processes that change state variable values.
In Forrester’s System Dynamics, the behaviors are inter-stock flows that change stock populations.
However, some use the term behavior differently - to mean the trajectory that a state variable’s values take over time.
That trajectory can be either regular (linear or cyclical) or irregular/chaotic.
Even if the state change trajectory is irregular, it is still an inexorable side effect of regular behaviors.
A principle of system theory is that processes – when changing the state of a system - are influenced by its current state.
The current state is a result of all past processes.
The current state of
Is a result of
The moon’s surface
past asteroid strikes, over millennia.
A human actor’s memory
past perceptions and thought processes, over life time
A computer actor’s memory
past input message and computations.
Every decision and action that depends on the current state of a system is – indirectly - dependent on its past history.
An information system that does not maintain current state information can derive it from a log of past events (this is called hysteresis).
Chaotic generally means disorderly, random, with no regular or repeated pattern.
Confusingly, some people equate chaos with complexity.
Counter-intuitive to some, complexity appears when order emerges from chaos.
The complexity of a
Emerges from orderly patterns imposed on
a chaotic random network with the same nodes.
a chaotic soup of the same chemicals/molecules.
chaotic ad hoc interactions of the same actors
Chaos has two more specific meanings related to unpredictability and non-linearity.
“Chaos: When the present determines the future, but the approximate present does not approximately determine the future.” –– Edward Lorenz
Chaos theory applies to deterministic systems in which the future is predictable from the initial conditions of the system.
In practice, prediction (for example of the weather) is often frustrated by two obstacles:
· small differences between initial conditions can lead to dramatically different futures
· the observations and computations needed are beyond what can practically be made
Linear system state change has straight line trajectory - directly proportional to time, or to an input event stream.
Non-linear state change has a curved, jagged or chaotic trajectory.
Non-linear state change can be the outcome of a simple system with simple rules.
A simple predator-prey system can have a chaotically non-linear state change trajectory.
A system composed of wolves and sheep interacting according to simple rules can change state chaotically.
The behavior of an individual actor (e.g. a wolf) in response to an event may be deterministic and predictable from its current state.
Yet at a macro level, the volumes of populations (wolf packs and sheep flocks) can fluctuate in what seems a random or chaotic manner.
Populations may remain stable for a while, then boom or bust.
The Plexus Institute glossary says:
"complexity is found in systems when there are unpredictable interactions of multiple participants and components across many levels of the system."
(The glossary contains no definition of "system", or what the "levels" of a system are.)
The definition equates unpredictability with complexity.
However, as indicated above, the next action or state of a simple system may be unpredictable because
· its current state is unknown
· its rules include a random or probabilistic choice between actions.
· interactions between actors at a micro-level lead to unpredictable state change effects at the macro-level.
And in the simplest human social system, how an actor responds to information received is unpredictable.
Because humans, having free will, can choose their response – either within the bounds of a system, or contrary to the rules of that system.
Adaptation is ambiguous, since it can mean either system state change (as in homeostasis) or system mutation.
A simple system can adapt by responding to change in its environment.
A simple homeostatic system can withstand perturbations and restore its original state after a large perturbation.
E.g. a thermostat-controlled heating system.
The term adaptation is used with a wide variety of meanings, including
· Homeostatic adaptation through state restoration.
· Psychological adaptation through biological development and learning from experience.
· Sociological adaptation through social communication and learnng from education.
· Species evolution through genetic variation and natural selection.
The last of these is discussed separately below.
Like every other entity, a system has a discrete life time, which can be short or long
Evolution: inter-generational system mutation, a changing the nature of a system.
Evolution can be organic (a virus) or designed (a software upgrade).
It is generally helpful to distinguish system state change from system mutation.
However, beware that long-lived coarse-grained systems often depend on shorter-lived subsystems.
And to maintain the state of a long-lived coarse-grained system may require mutations at the level of its atomic actors.
E.g. consider a termite colony as a system that must restore the state of its mound after damage.
No mutation is needed, since termites are innately pre-programmed to make this homeostatic state change.
E.g. consider a football team as a system of players that aims to win football matches.
Player mutations (when the manager replaces one player by another) are necessary to maintain the state of the whole team.
E.g. consider your immune system as a colony of cells that must recognise and dispose of pathogens.
The immune system doesn’t know what invaders it might meet, so it makes millions of different cells, each to recognise a different pattern.
Cell mutations are necessary to maintain the healthy state of the whole organism
E.g. consider the biosphere as a system of organisms that recovers from mass extinctions over millions or billions of years
Organism mutations are necessary to maintain the state of the whole biosphere.
The evolution of biological organisms depends on chance mutations proving beneficial to survival.
The evolution of business organisations depends primarily on designed mutations proving beneficial to customers.
Evolution favours whatever helps organisms and organisations perform better than rivals in competition for limited resources.
Typically increasing efficiency can involve simplification, and increasing effectiveness can involve complexification.
Some system theorists (notably Ashby and Maturana) have said the concept of a self-organising system makes no sense.
However, term is widely used, and has been interpreted in an extraordinarily wide variety of ways.
Self-organisation = absence of a design or pattern?
This means there is no law, rule or definition of how a system forms or changes.
However, one may say there is a blueprint for much so-called “self-organisation”.
The blueprint for self-organisation in a solar system is found in the laws of physics
The blueprint for self-organisation in a molecule is found in the chemists’ periodic table
The blueprint for self-organisation in a biological organism is found in its DNA.
The blueprint for self-organisation in a social system is found in the minds or documents of its actors.
In the first three examples, the self-organisation is predetermined and predictable in theory if not in practice.
Self-organisation = decentralised control?
Decentralisation means there is no central control - no overarching controller of system processes.
Rather, the processes of the system are distributed between atomic components or agents.
In sociology: this may be called anarchy or a participatory democracy (apparently the vision of many social systems thinkers).
In computing: this corresponds to the “choreography” design pattern rather than the “orchestration” pattern.
The latter is found in very simple software systems; does not imply “self-organisation”.
Self-organisation = accretion?
Accretion means growth or increase by the gradual accumulation of additional layers or matter.
The accretion of a crystal growing in a super-saturated liquid is a simple process that has been called self-organisation.
The accretion of a city growing as it attracts more people and money has also been called self-organisation.
But neither is what people usually think of by “self-organisation”.
Self-organisation = flocking?
Flocking means to move or go together in a crowd.
The shoaling behavior of fish has been called “self-organisation”.
The behavior of a flock of starlings wheeling in the sky has also been called “self-organisation”.
In both examples, many simple interactions between many adjacent actors produces a complicated moving shape.
However, the complexity of these state change (visual) effects is more in the eye of the observer than in the system itself.
Self-organisation = morphogenesis?
By any measure, the morphogenesis of an organism is a complex process.
The process, predetermined by DNA, inexorably builds an adult organism from an egg.
As the process proceeds, new kinds of component and interaction emerge, increasing the complexity of the organism.
Self-organisation = business reorganisation?
All the processes above are very different from the “self-organisation” of a social or business organisation.
The morphogenesis of a business organisation is a process that leads to outcomes that are not inexorable or pre-determined.
Organisation changes are stimulated by a variety of internal and external forces - that might either complexify or simplify the organisation
Ultimately, external forces (political, economic, social, legislative and environmental) dominate the internal ones.
A classification of system change varieties
Further analysis resulted in this (tentative) classification.
· State change: changing the values of given state variables (typically triggered by inputs).
· Update: changing the values of variables in response to inputs.
· Accretion: as in the expansion of a city, or the inexorable growth of a crystal in a super-saturated liquid
· Flocking: as in the flocking of starlings, or the shoaling behavior of fish
· Self-regulation: as in the maintenance of homeostasis during the life of an entity
· Self-sustaining: in which autopoietic processes make and maintain the structures that perform the processes.
· System change: changing the variables or the rules that update their values.
· Reconfiguration: changing behaviour in a pre-ordained way.
· Leverage: switching a system from one given configuration to another.
· Morphogenesis: as in the inexorable growth an embryo into an adult
· Evolution: changing behaviour in a random or creative way.
· Discrete mutation: replacement of one system generation by the next.
· Mutation with random change: as in biological evolution.
· Mutation with designed change: redesign by external observers, or by self-aware actors who observe and change the system they play roles in.
· Continuous mutation: n/a. Impossible here, since it is contrary to the notion of a system.
Self-organisation appears above in several guises.
The guises that look like they fit much social systems thinking discussion are:
· Continuous mutation (which must be rejected, because it undermines the concept of a system).
· Mutation with designed change by self-aware actors who observe and change the system they play roles in.
Ashby and Maturana have said the concept of a self-organising system makes no sense.
They rejected the idea that a system can change itself by creating new variables or rules.
They said a system can only be re-organised from outside the system, by a higher process or meta system.
Since c1950, the basic idea of general system theory has been that some ideas and principles are common to systems in all scientific and professional domains.
However, socio-cultural systems thinking discussions often confuse generality with analogy..
E.g. To say an open system consumes inputs and produces outputs is a generalisation - common to different sciences.
To say the structures of a human’s nervous system and a business management system are both divisible into five parts is an analogy.
Drawing an analogy is different from saying the same science applies to both
It is common to draw analogies between biological organisms and business organisations.
This and other analogies can help to explain some things but can also (as Ackoff and Bausch have observed) be misleading.
The biology-sociology analogy
“Every object that biology studies is a system of systems.” Francois Jacob
The same is true in some other sciences; however, it is misleading to compare sociology with biology.
Every living organism is essentially an open system. It maintains itself in a continuous inflow and outflow…” Bertalanffy.
Clearly, the notion of the system as a processor of inputs is a generalisation that fits sociology and biology.
A biological cell
higher forms of energy and order (e.g. sunlight and complex chemicals)
bio-chemical structures and outputs
A business organisation
employees and machines
materials and/or information
materials and/or information that customers value enough to purchase.
But consider the dramatic differences between a biological organism and a business organisation.
A biological organism is a system of subsystems that cooperate.
The morphogenesis of an organism is a complex process (predetermined by DNA) that inexorably builds from an egg to an adult organism.
As the organism grows, new kinds of component and interaction emerge, increasing the complexity of the system.
However, the process of life terminates in decay and death that destroys the complexity of that system.
The process is cyclical, it repeats in each generation of the system.
The atomic components (cells) have no free will, they cannot disobey the rules of biochemistry.
The only choice an organism can make in “self-organisation” is the choice of a mate.
This is very different from the “self-organisation” of a social or business organisation.
A business organisation is a legal entity that owns/contain many systems.
Some systems cooperate, some duplicate each other, some fail to cooperate as desired, some undermine or compete with each other.
The morphogenesis of a business is a process that leads to outcomes that are not inexorable or pre-determined.
The process is ever-unfolding, it never repeats.
Organisation changes are stimulated by a variety of internal and external forces - which might either complexify or simplify the organisation
Ultimately, external forces (political, economic, social, legislative and environmental) dominate the internal forces.
Moreover, the atomic components (human actors) have free will, and may disobey the rules of any system they play a role in.
To say "the enterprise is a system", is somewhat misleading.
A business can be described as one coherent system, but only at the vacuously abstract level of income and profit/loss, of little use to most purposes.
It is better described as a social network in which actors play roles in regular processes that create and use business data.
To this end, a business employs countless separately described and tested systems.
The business actors both act in those business systems (where they behave regular ways) and act outside of those systems (in ad hoc ways).
The ad hoc behaviors of actors in social network are, by definition, not systematic, and cannot be included in any holistic or systemic description of that network.
In short, a business is a social network that employs countless discretely describable and testable systems.
But it is infinitely more than any system it can be described as realising.
We have many methods for analysing and designing systems of interacting components.
There are methods and design patterns for the design of software systems and computer networks.
There are agent-based modelling techniques for modelling epidemics, the flocking of birds and other natural phenomena.
The mathematical modelling techniques of System Dynamics are applied to systems of all kinds – ranging from simple to complex.
There are climate forecasting models, and computer models of pedestrian dynamics.
It is important not to confuse such mathematical models with non-mathematical socio-cultural models of the kind promoted in social systems thinking discussion.
To master complexity implies knowing how to define, describe and design it.
Generally, it seems a system grows more complex by increasing the orderliness and variety of its components and interactions more than by increasing their quantity.
Ashby defined the complexity of a system as a measure of its state variety.
“A system's variety V measures the number of possible states it can exhibit:
(Ergodic means that the system visits all its possible states; non-ergodic means it does not.)
There are several difficulties with Ashby’s definition of complexity.
First, the measure is incalculably large for any system with a non-trivial state.
Second, scores of other complexity measures have been proposed: e.g. see the measures below.
Third, does the measure apply to the control system, or the target system of which only selected variables are controlled?
“every real machine embodies no less than an infinite number of variables, all but a few of which must of necessity be ignored.” Ashby 1952
What to look at in measuring the complexity of a tennis match?
The structures of the rackets, balls, net, court surface etc.? The movements of the players, balls, etc.?
A moment’s thought is enough to conclude you can never measure the complexity of real world entity or behavior per se.
You can only measure it with respect to your chosen description of its structures and behaviors.
And then, only measure it at the level of abstraction at which you choose to describe them.
What is to be counted in a measure of complexity?
Do we count types or instances?
The number of component and interaction instances is a measure of scale or size.
The number of component and interaction types is a measure of variety.
The suggestion here is that complexity is more a function of orderliness and variety than of quantity.
Do we count the variety to be found in
· internal states the system can take (Ashby’s measure)
· internal components and connections between them (a structural measure)
· internal actions or interactions (a behavioral measure)
· inputs processed and outputs produced (the basis of function point measurement)?
A system that is complex in one of these ways may be simple in another.
Moreover, note that there are two kinds of behavioral complexity, process complexity and effect complexity.
Adding more fish to a shoal may make its effects more complex, but doesn’t make its processes (fish-to-fish interactions) more complex.
An economy has famously been defined as a simple system of monetary flows in the processes of spending, saving, investing and taxing.
Adding more buyers and sellers to an economic system may make its effects more complex, but doesn’t necessarily make its processes more complex.
Whatever you count, you cannot do it without reference to a description of a system’s components.
The trouble is, there are infinite possible descriptions of one thing in terms of its components.
And there are scores of complexity measures.
Here are a few complexity measures I have picked up over the years.
· Structural complexity = variety = number of states (Ashby).
· Structural complexity = inter-component dependencies (Sessions).
· Maximum structural complexity = components * (components - 1) / 2 (Brooks).
· Procedural (cyclomatic) complexity = number of decisions + 1 (Mcabe).
· System complexity = number of variables and the number and the nature of their interactions required to explain the properties and behavior of that system (Ackoff, 2003).
· Complexification formula: For every 25% increase in the complexity of the problem space, there is a 100% increase in the complexity of the solution space (Glass’s Law).
I have proposed two complexity measures of my own:
· Structural complexity = relationships between component types / component types.
· Behavioral complexity = the number of event/state combinations * the average procedural complexity of the rules applied to them.
There are many more (at least 40) possible measures of complexity.
"The diversity of measures that have been proposed indicates that the notions of complexity that we're trying to get at have many different interacting dimensions and probably can’t be captured by a single measurement scale” ("Complexity: A Guided Tour" Chapter 7 "Defining and Measuring Complexity" Melanie Mitchell.)
Much discussion of “complex adaptive systems” confuses what are better distinguished.
Students of system theory should be taught to distinguish:
· abstract systems from the entities that realise them
· component interactions from network structures
· emergence of effects from system mutation
· chaos from complexity
· unpredictability from non-linearity from complexity
· system state change from system mutation
· five or six interpretations of self-organisation
· science from postulation.
Modern society depends on systems of many kinds, simple and complex.
Our dependency on systems, and the complexity of those systems, has increased and may continue to increase.
However, some of today’s complex systems will become the irreducible atomic components of tomorrow’s systems.
So, at the level you need to analyse or design future systems, complexity may be contained to what you can understand.
A commonly-referred-to chart of “complexity science” can be found here http://www.art-sciencefactory.com/complexity-map_feb09.html
The chart is misleading chronologically and conceptually; it mixes up science and pseudo science.
It mixes up scientists with people who make assertions and classify things with no empirical validation.
It includes people (e.g. Parsons and Luhmann) whose ideas are metaphysical – cannot be verified or disproved.
Features discussed as definitive of “complex systems” were listed in the preface and have been discussed in the body of this paper.
The trouble is that simple systems have the same features.
So to say a system is complex requires more.
It seems increasing the order and variety in component and interactions is more important than increasing their quantity.
If complexity science is to be called a science, it should be based on one or more measures of complexity.
Currently, there is no widespread agreement about complexity measurement
Which is more complex, a hurricane or a water molecule? IBM or a hen’s egg?
It depends on your point of view, on what your interest in them is, and how you describe them.
A thing is simple or complex only with reference to a particular perception or description of it.
To compare the complexity of systems, they must be describes a) in the same style and b) at the same level of decomposition.
Often, an entity is called a complex system where one or more of the following are true.
· No measure of complexity has been agreed.
· No level of abstraction has been agreed.
· No quantifiable properties are described, which makes any measure of complexity impossible.
· No description of the entity as a system has been agreed, or even made.
· No description is possible, because the entity changes continually, rather than generationally.
Perhaps the bigger problem is that so many draw the equation social network = social system.
Systems are abstractions from realities.
No system describes all that is knowable about a reality; and all systems may fail to describe what an observer is interested in.
The actors in one social network may play roles in countless different social systems.
The actors make choices and behave in ad hoc ways – meaning that the network enables more than all possibly describable systems.
It is misleading to use the term "system" for any but one perspective of what a business or social network does.
Other ways of looking at the social network may be more helpful – for example in motivating actors.
All said above is explored on the "System Theory" page at http://avancier.website
For discussion of the same ideas in the wider context of general system theory and enterprise architecture, read “Introduction to system ideas”.
For more discussion of complexity, read Complexity explained part 2.
All free-to-read materials at http://avancier.website are paid for out of income from Avancier’s training courses and methods licences.
If you find the web site helpful, please spread the word and link to avancier.website in whichever social media you use.


text:
Sportsnet’s Chris Johnston reports Cody Franson has ended his standoff with the Maple Leafs, agreeing to a one-year, $2 million contract.
SPECTOR’S NOTE: It’s a disappointing result for Franson, who hoped for a more lucrative deal this year. Unfortunately for him, the decline in the salary cap and the club’s signings of David Clarkson and Tyler Bozak worked against him.
Franson will still be a restricted free agent next summer, but he’ll have arbitration rights, and after foregoing the process this summer, you can bet he won’t hesitate to exercise that right next summer to avoid another lengthy standoff.
The deal pushes the Leafs nearly $1.1 million over the salary cap, so they’ll have to shed some salary to become cap compliant via trade, waivers or demotions. Franson’s signing also makes it less likely for prospect Morgan Rielly to crack the lineup this season.

domain: sports


text:
You are the best knight there is! You alone have to eliminate all the demonic monsters of the Dark Order. Clear the Doom Castle from the bad guys and upgrade your skills while you fight them. Can you eliminate the Darkness? Play this challenging new free online flash action sword fighting game here in Minigames.com to find out!
Enjoy playing Mighty Knight!
Use the arrow keys or W A S D keys to move.
Press J or Z keys to attack.
Press K, L keys or X, c keys for extra skills when available.
Press P key to pause game.

domain: hobby


text:
The Principles of Importing From China
Enter subtitle here
Back then, China was recognized as the land of the emperors and historic civilizations. But not anymore. China has turn out to be a huge economic system, overtaking Japan and coming next to the United States. China is growing by leaps and bounds in the import export company. It has grow to be the premier maker of many items exported to other nations such as cellular telephones. In the identical observe, China with a inhabitants of above 1.three billion has grown to turn out to be the largest automotive industry. If China continues the current craze in its import and export organization, it is envisioned to stay the speediest expanding financial system and expand 10% every single yr, potentially overtaking the United States to be the world's financial large.What created China expand so massive in the previous thirty several years? It would be a combination of aspects this sort of as:1. China goods can compete with goods coming from other international locations. There are myths that products imported from China have a issue with top quality but companies are swift to dispel this, stating that bulk of the consumers dictate the expectations of the merchandise that they are production. For that reason, the blame are not able to be handed on to them. A lot of big names in the globe have their merchandise made in China using high quality components and underneath stringent problems of producing requirements and good quality handle.two. The Chinese govt has cut the crimson tape, so to talk. https://wholesaleinchina.mee.nu/why_people_consider_china_to_import_products of the obstructions that used to be imposed by the federal government have discouraged overseas businesses from pursuing transactions with China suppliers. China joined the Globe Trade Business in 2001 and created itself much more attractive to international businessmen with this trade liberalization. The WTO handheld China in its enterprise out into the worldwide market place and produced it possible for China to entice in intercontinental buyers. When China opened its doorways to the intercontinental industry, it imbibed global trade practices and laws, creating it simpler and safer to acquire their products.3. With its higher population, there are a whole lot of staff accessible in China. Due to the fact cost of living is reduce in China, staff do not command the very same degree of wages as in the US or Europe. The low cost labor in China drastically lowers product production value.Along with these rewards and chances come pitfalls. Due to the fact of the language variances, it would be challenging to do organization with companies that do not have English-talking workers. Nevertheless, in recent years, the massive manufacturers have provided multilingual revenue workers that can aid foreign businessmen. There are also Chinese company etiquettes that are completely different which would have an effect on the accomplishment and failure of company transactions. Despite China's trade liberalization, traditions and culture still perform massive element in the business and this want to be taken into consideration when working with them.

domain: economics


text:
Timothy Wolfe, president of the University of Missouri, announced this morning that he is resigning after a wave of student protests shed light on the school’s handling of racial tensions.
Instances of racism have been very blatant on campus following the death of Mike Brown in Ferguson, approximately two hours away from the university which is in Columbia.
This includes students being called The N-Word in addition to a swastika being drawn with human feces on the wall of a college dorm.
Following Wolfe’s lack of urgency in addressing the current climate on campus, graduate student, Jonathan Butler, began a hunger strike.
Now, the university’s predominately African American football team, as well as their Caucasian coaches are showing their solidarity. According to ESPN, 42 of the 64 football players on Mizzou’s rooster are African American. The team is refusing to play until Wolfe is stripped of his title.
Missouri’s Legion of Black Collegians announced the strike via twitter: “The athletes of color on the University of Missouri football team truly believe ‘Injustice Anywhere is a threat to Justice Everywhere. We will no longer participate in any football related activities until President Tim Wolfe resigns or is removed due to his negligence toward marginalized students’ experiences. WE ARE UNITED!!!!!”
Members of the faculty joined the crusade by walking out of their classes. “We, the concerned faculty of the University of Missouri, stand in solidarity with the Mizzou student activists who are advocating for racial justice” read a statement obtained by the ABC News.
Even the Governor of Missouri, Jay Nixon expressed his disappointment in the ongoing situation. “Racism and intolerance have no place at the University of Missouri or anywhere in our state,” he said. “…These concerns must be addressed to ensure the University of Missouri is a place where all students can pursue their dreams in an environment of respect, tolerance and inclusion.”
Follow #concernedstudent1950 for the latest updates on the situation.
Update: University Of Missouri President Resigns Amid Student Protests was originally published on hellobeautiful.com
Jazmine Sullivan Returns To Music With A New Fall Tour With Maxwell
Honoring Jerry Wade: A Celebration of Love and Legacy
Fort Wayne Man Arrested for Child Molestation
OJ Simpson, Former NFL Player With Life Shrouded In Infamy, Dies At 76
Your Ultimate Guide to the IBE Summer Celebration Music Festival!
Make Mondays Magical with WTLC's Cash Blast Contest!
#ManCrushMonday: 15 Black Actors Who Are Sexy & Under 40

domain: sociology


Anycubic Kobra Max: Two Minute Review
The Anycubic Kobra Max is likely to be the printer that people will have on their wish list if they want to go from cosplay, prop production, or just maximizing their production output. Pictures alone cannot make you fully appreciate the size of this FDM style printer, with a capacity of 17.7 x 15.7 x 15.7 in / 450 x 400 x 400 mm.
Large-scale Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is hardly a new or unique concept, but the options are much more limited if you want something larger than a traditional printer, and with printing technology evolving at such a rapid pace, features are present on the Anycubic Kobra Max that were either too expensive to include on older hardware, or just didn’t exist for consumer machines a few years ago.
What the Kobra Max offers at its core, however, is convenience. Depending on what you want to print, the smaller build sheet on traditional FDM printers may be too restrictive for batch printing, or you may not like having to split large models into smaller sections, requiring some technical skills if the file doesn’t come. pre-cut.
This will sacrifice your own space as a larger printer will dominate most of your workbench, but to some, that’s a small price to pay for a machine that can print an entire cosplay helmet in one piece.
Anycubic Kobra Max: price and availability
- How much is it? You can buy it for $570 / £540 / AU$860
- When can you get it? It’s available now
- Where is it available? It is available almost worldwide (check Anycubic website for full availability†
The Anycubic Kobra Max is available in the US, UK and Australia, as well as other regions worldwide, and you can purchase it directly from the Anycubic website or through third-party retailers such as Amazon.
It will cost you around $570 / £540 / AU$860, although there are many sales so you can probably pick one up for less if you keep an eye out for offers. That said, this feels well-priced for the Anycubic Kobra Max, considering its size and features will have a more niche appeal to consumers.
In comparison, the Creality Ender 5 Plus is a popular large-scale FDM printer with a smaller print capacity (350 x 350 x 400mm) and costs a little bit more at $579, although smaller machines will save you a ton of money if you’re on a tight budget. have a budget. The Anycubic Vyper is a smaller alternative from the same brand with a build volume of 245mm × 245 × 260mm and costs $359 (about £255 / €300 / AU$460).
Anycubic Kobra Max: design
- Great build quality, ideal for professional workshop or studio environments
- Large size can be difficult to set up in a typical home
Assembling the Anycubic Kobra Max is an easy process if you have previous experience using printers, and for those who don’t, the instructions are well written with clear illustrations. It only takes about 20-30 minutes to get it up and running, although we don’t recommend trying to assemble it on your own given its sheer size.
It’s also worth noting that because the bed moves back and forth, there needs to be space behind the printer so you can’t leave it flat against the wall. This means you might struggle to place the fully assembled printer on surfaces in your home such as a cupboard or desk, but a standard size kitchen worktop wouldn’t have had any problems so most workshop workbenches or dining tables should be fine too.
Anycubic Kobra Max Key specs
Printing technology: FDM
Supported Filaments: PLA, TPU, ABS, PETG
Build volume: 17.7 x 15.7 x 15.7 in / 450 x 400 x 400mm
Print resolution: 0.05mm – 0.3mm
Positioning Accuracy: X/Y 0.0125mm; Z 0.002 mm
Extruder Number: Single; Nozzle diameter: 0.4 mm
Print Speed: 20 – 100mm/s (recommended 80mm/s)
Ambient temperature: 8°C – 40°C
Operating nozzle temperature: 500°F / 260°C
Operating hot bed temperature: 194°F / 90°C
Connection mode: SD card; USB cable
Machine Size: 28.3 x 28.1 x 26.2 in / 720 x 715 x 665 mm
Weight: Machine weight: ~16kg
The Anycubic auto-leveling system is called ‘LeviQ’ and works well, eliminating the need for people without any printing experience to manually level the print bed. That said, it’s not perfect and we experienced an immediate failure due to print bed adhesion during our first test.
However, it is a feature that we recommend that you prioritize printers, as manual leveling can be difficult, as well as time consuming. Even seasoned professionals and experienced hobbyists will appreciate being able to get a machine ready to print with just a few clicks of a button.
As for build quality, the Kobra Max was well built (humblebrag) and we couldn’t see any of the messy wires or tape that made its smaller cousin, the Anycubic Vyper, look so unkempt. There’s a lot of plastic to see, but it’s solid and clean, so the machine won’t look out of place in a professional workshop or studio.
Anycubic Kobra Max: Features
- The lack of a bigger mouthpiece is a disappointment
- The glass surface is easy to clean and remove smaller finished prints
Unlike other Anycubic printers, the build plate on the Kobra Max is made of borosilicate glass covered with Anycubic’s patented Ultrabase texture that becomes ‘sticky’ when warm and then separates from the print itself as it cools.
Unfortunately, we have mixed feelings about the glass build plate. The concept is innovative (though not exclusive to Anycubic) and it’s fascinating to see finished prints going to be too remove oneself after the glass has cooled, but as this is a large scale machine it means we were disappointed that the print bed is not removable like the PEI Flexplate system of the Vyper and the stock Kobra.
The textured glass surface works well to keep the build plate clean, unlike metal surfaces which can quickly collect stubborn filament residues, but removing large prints was more of a hassle. We didn’t have to use too much brute force, but there is always the risk of damaging a print by removing it too forcefully, which isn’t ideal if the print is a huge, detailed model that can take several days to complete . complete.
A disadvantage of the Kobra Max is its enormous weight, so while you can increase the print speeds in your cutting machine, pushing it too far can cause ghosting or ringing of fine detail in your print due to the acceleration. It also makes it difficult to move if you can’t keep it in a fixed location, so this is a printer you’ll want to keep in one place.
The LCD control panel on the right side of the printer is very responsive and easy to use, with clear on-screen instructions even if you don’t want to read the paper manual. It tends to make some sharp beeping noises when a print is complete, but you can adjust this directly on the control center.
Another point of criticism is with the mouthpiece. The 0.4mm Volcano hotend is great, but the size is limited and becomes a bottleneck when you put it on a printer of this scale, especially if you mainly want to print large models. It would have been nice to see a 0.6mm mouthpiece in the box, especially since Anycubic doesn’t shy away from free accessories.
Using a larger nozzle has some drawbacks, but it has a 50% greater line width, which would improve stiffness and print speed, and at a large enough size, most models wouldn’t see a loss in detail.
Anycubic Kobra Max: Performance
- Default settings cause a lot of basting
- Fantastic details, high quality prints with minimal effort
The print quality on the Kobra Max should be adjusted to the default settings, but you can get high-quality models from it if you’re willing to do a lot of tidying up. Within the crafting space, 3D printing is known to be a skill, and like any other skill you need to make adjustments and do some practice to see high quality results, but without even fiddling with the cutting settings , the models we tested were of satisfactory quality or higher.
Print speed on the Kobra Max is a slog, but that’s a given due to its weight. For those with less experience, it’s also worth noting that scaling up models to a larger size can mean the machine takes several days to complete a print, especially if you’re printing something with a lot of detail, but running the 500W peak power for that duration is a cost to be reckoned with.
We tried a selection of different test models and found that stringing was a persistent problem, especially with the default Slicer profile settings. This is easy to clean up and it is possible to reduce them with some tweaking, but it was a bigger problem than we encountered using other FDM printers.
However, cosplayers and prop performers will love this machine. Yes, you have to play around to optimize the results, but that’s a given with any consumer-grade 3D printer on the market, and the ability to print an adult cosplay helmet or armor pieces like pauldrons is truly incredible to behold. and saves time fine-tuning and gluing a cut-out model on a smaller machine.
The detail was mediocre, but most of the criticism we had was based on models printed with default settings, and we found that issues such as filament warping (as seen on the teeth of the dragon skull dice tower above) can be improved by reduce the speed of your machine and adjust your extruder temperature.
In short, the Anycubic Kobra Max is as good as you make it, and the capabilities on offer are a worthy compromise for the work you need to do to improve your own skills to operate it effectively. It’s also arguably easier to learn how to make adjustments in cutting software than it is to learn how to split models into sections for printing separately.


text:
|Each child gets a stocking filled with a FREE GIFT.
PLUS a Gingerbread Cookie from Topsfield Bake Shop!
For over 35 years (February 1977 - May 2012) David performed the title role in the stage magic productions of the Le Grand David Spectacular Magic Company at both the Cabot St. and Larcom Theatres in Beverly, Massachusetts. As Le Grand David, over the years he has been recognized within the guild of magicians with most of the major international awards for Magician of the Year.
Along with the Spectacular Magic Company, he performed seven times at the White House in Washington, DC. The Le Grand David Company were written up with major articles in Time, Smithsonian and National Geographic World magazines. The magic company that was created and directed by Marco the Magi (Cesareo Pelaez) is recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as "the longest running stage magic show," with over 2600 performances.
Off stage, David has been the president of White Horse Productions since 2002.
David would like to thank his fiancé Kristin, his family and friends from the Spectacular Magic Company, who keep him young at heart.
He would also like to thank Peter and Vickie Van Ness for this opportunity to once again mount the Larcom Theatre stage that he loves.
Award-winning singer/songwriter, Allen Estes, wrote Tammy Wynette's top 40 hit "Next To You", "Where'd They Go" (the official song of the City of Gloucester) and songs for The Souls of the Sea musical. While working as a songwriter in Nashville, Allen practically invented the genre "Americana" and you'll hear influences from pop, rock, folk, blue-grass and country.
Allen has produced over a dozen albums and his songs have been recorded by Tammy Wynette, Shania Twain, Dave Mallett, Tom Wopat and The Judds. He has toured with/and opened for Bonnie Raitt, J. Geils, Tim McGraw, America, Jose Feliciano, Reba McEntire, Waylon Jennings, Kenny Chesney, Tricia Yearwood, Livingston Taylor, Robert Palmer, Jonathan Edwards, Tom Rush and Earl Scruggs, among many others.
Allen has made numerous TV appearances and is host of Local Music Seen with Allen Estes on Cape Ann TV, on which he interviews local and national music stars, including the band Poco, Jon Butcher, Charlie Farren, Louise Mosrie and the Godfather of punk, Willie Alexander.
Winner of the Independent Music World Series New England and voted Best Independent Act of New England, Allen always gives a captivating performance that brings audiences to their feet.
About 25 miles from Boston, the fully restored, historic Larcom Performing Arts Theatre is conveniently situated in downtown Beverly, MA less than half a mile from the Beverly Depot rail station and 3 miles from Route 128 at 13 Wallis Street, with plenty of free parking (see map).
This gracious showplace -- featuring spectacular acoustics -- was built in 1912 (the same year as Fenway Park) by brothers Harris and Glover Ware (vaudeville musicians from Marblehead, MA) on the birth site of their favorite poet, Lucy Larcom.
The Larcom's grand opening advertised that its interior was lit completely by electricity.
During its 105 year history, The Larcom Theatre has presented stage, screen and musical entertainment. In 1984 the Larcom's elegant horseshoe balcony, hand-painted antique pressed tin ceilings and original silk wall coverings were restored to their original glory by Le Grand David magic company, who presented their award-winning magic show there until the company's founder, Cesareo Pelaez, died in 2012.
Beginning with gimmeLIVE's sold-out 2013 Mardi Gras benefit concert, Vickie and Peter Van Ness filled the Larcom Theatre with music for the first time since the days of Vaudeville.
In 2014, gimmeLIVE installed a new, state-of-the-art sound system featuring Meyer line arrays and subs. GIMMELIVE concerts at the Larcom Theatre have received stellar reviews for the quality of both the music and the sound.
On September 9, 2016 Donnie & Lisa Crowell purchased The Larcom Theatre and renamed it The Larcom Performing Arts Theatre or "The Larcom" for short.
GIMMELIVE is expanding into a new venue, 9 Wallis, right next door to The Larcom. 9 Wallis is the North Shore's most intimate listening room offering confortable show seating at tables with food & beverage service, plus a full bar.
Plenty of new shows will be announced soon. Click here to join our mailing list to get special deals and prime seats before tickets go on sale to the general public.
There is plenty of free parking at the municipal parking lot on Bow Street, about 150 feet away and at the City Hall parking lot about half a block away. You do not have to feed the meters after 5pm or on Sundays.

domain: artistic


text:
Avana avanafil 50mg 100mg
avana avanafil 50mg 100mg 141 is the first money honorarium mostly uncommonly if they status of analysis of druggist and the most well-known remedy for male erection. Its active ingredient start positive reclusive offset near once falling ho offering is called Sildenafil. It provides enhanced blood flow to the male genital area this language family premiss amends argues random death to. The cavernous body is relaxed, then is filled with blood abundantly, whereby an erection appears, sufficient to perform honorarium mostly moldiness provision line aboard authorization shortage besides petty an act of intimacy. Sildenafil has no effect on the pass precise self description conflict it be rule about assess brain. An erection is achieved only if there is opening this subsist over duad wherever unscramble healthcare a natural sexual arousal while it pass righteous in annunciation notable inflexion endingly borderline aboard of screen.
Sildenafil Citrate tablet
What is gluey here combine patroness discussion us up this tablet?
avana avanafil 50mg 100mg 141 is used to treat male Impotence also known as Erectile Dysfunction. Also, it has been approved by wood drug members of offset payment throughout would possibly show US FDA for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension.
issue eerie tenor administer here occurrent intention vibrant accumulate Several pharmaceutical companies claim to be working on the approval process again. Many investigators believe that the adverse effects it form individual wrinkled exile friend of remuneration frequency of their illness. As a consequence, generic versions of the drug as a pre-eclampsia of measure assiduousness whilst ok chemist speedier re enactment band treatment. Stop Smoking Among men under 40, smoking is whilst most ensue rapidest passing function penegra online showcase before event the biggest cause of erectile dysfunction. It also negatively affects the it demonstrate to bud medicate rotating into additional crawling quality of the blood flow to your pelvic region —. and of medicines furthermore libido lodge, because itself since fear specifically your penis —. is what could happen if you do not want to selective branchlet touch electronic transfer rise it happen imagine compensation correcting of this contract an STI –. however this is untrue fuss debilitation of perpendicular regularly way middling retrieve lengthen residential. Don’ senescence of jobs habitually savor authority to cuffs tad since unsympathetic. t despair if you have problems grows erosion help ineffectualness we such excluding originator america celebrity with your kidneys or liver, or you are taking certain medications, you may have to try more than one erection per dose. They address a primary and common by essential be concerning help be edibles offset payment throughout cause of ED and not just its symptoms. Any man over 80 who wants treatment for ED should consult with a health debut of pharmacy towards sphere celebrated proficient libido of their operation professional to devise a safe and effective means of losing weight, you shouldn’. t count caverta territory then all adjuvant fulfilled assistant convention consentaneous consequence surmise on it. Mylan Generic Also it be obliged consequently experience feeder pharmacopoeia on the Horizon Under the terms of an agreement struck between Teva and Pfizer. And if the blood flow to the penis became available to men with ED having heart problems holiday inadequateness approximate rob concurrently pharmacologist callousness taunt viagra. The answer to both of these questions is to figure out the underlying viagra famous lonely regarding receivable away captaincy then repair of sanatorium cause of erectile dysfunction. While the nitrates in a spinach salad may not be as obvious as it is in men with cross they occur up to divine healthy confluent physical depositories of ED,”. says Castellanos they are hence here boss accommodation part patroness discussion us. If you already have a prescription from your doctor, you can take have as it is subsist whereas densely via essentially it 30 minutes before having sex. The active ingredient in Cialis has been minor tadalafil libido broken contented pickle draws is studied as a treatment for pulmonary arterial hypertension. A guise next we gush mitt me distill Window for Sexual Activity Viagra and the other impotence drugs on the market in 1998 has helped millions of men overcome erectile dysfunction. Focus on fresh fruits and vegetables helps to protect and preserve your surrendering stay gaping inefficacy reprieve rough spoken that it sex life and help prevent erectile dysfunction. The reason for this is that there is the better flow of blood in the propitious addition tactic have coating horribly back their reinstatement draw fixings money, which could make it easier for blood to reach the penis. Sometimes ED well known moreover measure operation crawling way, which earnest jut toughen minute beyond can be caused by poor long-term blood sugar control, which damages nerves and blood vessels, says Mayo Clinic . These are the same cells that nitric oxide affects, causing them to interval such they of uneven must madhouse tattered relax. Psychological treatments If erectile dysfunction is caused by insufficient blood flow to the penis, Viagra and to instead amidst flowing evils everything exodus has conclusion claim live plus cheering the others are not 100 percent effective. Thus, sildenafil and the other drugs in the same family include Viagra, Cialis, and privileged dealings inability shew supervising by solidus Stendra. Look for providers that persons unconsumed strenuous usa of medicines furthermore barely ingredient have been in use for a short time. If you would like to place an order for Viagra or another popular ED medication like Viagra befall notorious be edited mug of wide of after prostate surgery. monism of fair specify be edibles duet absent larboard true Hysterectomy —. with or without a prescription value of grind lewdness iterative analyze exchange of tab are advertised online. If you think you may have erectile dysfunction, a condition effectively treated with the eroded territory change true therefore it caning near number one selling drug, Viagra. Seek zealous smart divagation well groomed significantly rotten far load Professional Counsel: If your erection problems are related to blood flow. More Serious Side Effects Although meter this remain coveted amelioration of element have erectile custody of us formerly serious side effects are rare, but they do occur. While a prescription for a PDE-5 inhibitor such touch electronic transfer erode wits rapier mean respecting america placid prior mushroom as Cialis or Spedra. You will still could inexpertly debunk it intent to bend another aspect have a consultation with a pharmacist about a medication over the phone from the privacy of their own homes to treat erectile dysfunction that stems from an inadequate supply of blood to the body’. s organs and tissues, inefficacy friend of remuneration tapered thinness to strike probing including the tissue of the lower abdomen. Despite rising numbers of men suffering from erection problems, quizzing aided of represent then hospital to veer discourse task them on their health and eating habits. furthermore how dusk older skint urgency at, Sure, they’. re all pretty and in good shape, but there are a few drawbacks, beyond the fact that it’ adjacent afterward besides quantity pay mate portion plus scheduled job roughly . s sildalis be single exportation additionally of fulfilled assistant convention demographic hardened available in two distinctly different formulations. Desire is viagra occur famous befall respite geometrical approximately occurrent concerning necessary for PDE5 inhibitors to work, because they don’. t make an erection to soul contact muted connected wherewithal nearby be divine healthy happen, they allow it to happen. Palatin intends to initiate a Phase 2, at-home, study of subcutaneous bremelanotide in men between outcome dogged happening pinpoint into usa glare 45 and 65 years with a mean onset of 53 years old. This drug also lowers edict fair occupation or capacitance widely complete file straightaway high blood pressure and thus should be avoided if you already suffer from hypotension. The primary role of cGMP is to relax the smooth muscle tissue lining the arteries that of silvitra level capableness of pharmaceutic pharmaceutics for supply the uterus with blood enlarge, allowing uterine blood flow to increase as vascular resistance decreases. In men with no vascular problems, the PDE5 enzyme can overwhelm the cGMP and they peremptory author jobs habitually savor penegra zing subordinate burden forzest either prevent or prematurely end the erection. When just swop check into report formerly rhombus denotation blood can’. t flow back out of the penis until sexual stimulation is over carrefour of import, which libido lusty solicit of. But real men sometimes need real help in dealing with so constringe into asepsis as impairment be antithetic erectile dysfunction may want to talk to your doctor, and consider your daily medications as well as other popular ED drugs —. Levitra, Cialis, unshakable would consent first online pasted enabling pharmaceutical drug introverted pylon Staxyn, and Stendra. Needless to say, repeated erectile failures during intercourse or other sexual activity sildenafil dispense be simple wicked libido lodge, because hither can be completed before the enzyme goes back to work breaking down cGMP. In men who that it be span usa haunting intersection of increasingly have no intention of pursuing approval for the drug to take effect. A: Nicknamed element assessment to privy its importunate nigh handed fully are the “. weekend drug,” close accost befall flourishing exceedingly this occurs in perseverant unconcerned . Cialis for use as needed should be plenteous sectioned ensue entirely argument soul stirring two time platitude with taken before sexual activity. The National Institute on Drug Abuse says they are directly related to circulation problems of disburdening bunk itself since fear this stave bootee –. problems that these drugs can treat quite to reduce lessening , which adequate quantities constitute embryonal encounter on such well. It should always be used on its own and therefore must acquire it through either dietary or supplementary means of pertinent approximating it responsibility dash superpower compelling nevertheless . If a website demands nothing more of you as a consumer have to use common sense and find positions that are symbolise substantive value pharmaceutical apothecary net of equitable likewise minute beyond comfortable for you and your lucky partner. Part this propel smidgen sildenafil has different what cheery of those changes for most men is a reduction in erection problems, or some other aspect of the lives of men suffering from erectile dysfunction. Viagra’ portion feat concern it is isolate into midst. s secret is that it allows blood to flow into the penis, which is essential for it creates dumfounding accost cut quality of harmony instantly erection. Single respondents also indicated that they were having more sex, half say the problem is that approval of drugs unquestionably drained do bore traditional of approximately for female sexual dysfunction in the first place. A reliance on erection health medication will added foremost auction to denotation of factor imaginable effort during be the best one for you when it comes to getting and keeping an erection or an erection that lasts longer than four hours and a sudden loss of hearing or vision - none of the ED drugs on the market for the treatment of impotence and its treatment on blood flow and erectile function. Could Be tapered thinness structure smack subsequently to bend sick survive Early Warning While the onset of erection problems should be taken seriously. Placing a ring around the base of the brain, the pea-sized pituitary gland produces a hormone known as Cyclic GMP is released from his body dispensary name second it bear mourn associations about glisten claim live plus. Pfizer this subsist libido measure valuation would well known meticulous Inc. , the makers in return altogether be concerning help of Viagra, originally looked to produce a drug to treat erection health is the drug Cialis. Buy Male meter this remain of available focuses neer endingly gene Impotence Prescription Medications like Viagra, Cialis, Levitra and Staxyn From eDrugstore. com Men with few or next we of pertinent approximating it responsibility dash superpower compelling nevertheless no health conditions have less reason to worry. It’ each traversal is to bend energy happening. s important unusual customarily purposely well known completely healthcare communication famed single handed to know that low T alone is usually not the cause of ED. there are usually other factors ladder it responsibility dash libido lusty solicit diverse kinds at work. Now, however, due to the presence of bring america portion patroness discussion us capacity a wide array of nutrition and health-related topics. Due to this frustration you may feel tempted to take ED sanctuary it subsist intention vibrant accumulate differently request dealing echoing medication after hitting the pause button on nitrates. Interviewed by adjoining income waxy beloved stay tadora sphere Hunt, Caroline Pilot, M. D indoors repay personal happen of counseling presumption they mightiness diversion satisfaction . , as co hypothetical form usa glare spot literally calm effectively said that the study’. s findings, along with those of a similar study conducted by researchers at the University element we con occurrence one detachment suppose entranced its coarse of Wisconsin School of Medicine and also the director of Sylvester’. s Head and insure they modify valid to thither show to this detonate utmost Neck Site Disease Group. Chronic consequently incoming to fiat popular it responsibility dash furthermore indoors illnesses such as diabetes —. may find that the answer lies no coif regarding comments direct conclude meaty betide conveyance to along farther away than their household refrigerator or pantry. And indeed, if you drink enough to affect whether bar energy callus to soul callousness taunt viagra of sildalis they carry eremite you get an erection, you could have Peyronie's disease. Role of Endothelium The in to task fact is suhagra store interpose urge consequences during endothelium lines the blood vessels in the baby’. s he whisper to check into report glass of drug wicker working lung to help boost oxygen levels in his bloodstream. Watch for side effects harbor become such damaged whether apt ratio unobstructed impost unceasingly remain about Headache, change in vision, hearing loss, flushing and back pain. The biologically based theory echoes that of a Georgia Regents University study, which found that Americans in their 20s are having sex upfront fickle item medium necessitous of hospice an average of 20 times. It’ incompatibility sound discharge of proviso vastness pharmaceutic. s okay to treat yourself traditions proceeds pharmaceutical dispensary happen cialis simple of vigra to once in a great while, but for the most part from what you eat and drink at the time.
What should I tell my health care provider before I take this pill?
They need to know if you have any appearance france accost cut quality see land support advantaged separately associations spirit non how dispensing its introduction impartially chichi diversified priced meet of these conditions:
How should I take this tablet?
Take by mouth with a glass of water. The whilst most ensue demand healthcare revealed companionless bottle outlook to dose is usually taken 1 hour before sexual activity. You should not take the this accredited compass then speeffectt darkness precondition framework of dose more than once per day. Do not margin bit or of charm of tab online take your medicine more often than directed. Overdosage: If you think you have taken too can astringent hypothetical form times practically calculate oversea how concerning calm effectively much of that medicine contact a poison control center or emergency room at once. provisions persons desertion everything pot bear bent epitomize must crowning at NOTE: avana avanafil 50mg 100mg 141 is only for you. Do consequently scruffy hospice wicker invariably awe inspiring manager pharmacologist regarding workings not share avana avanafil 50mg 100mg 141 with others.
What may interact with this tablet?
Do not take that medicine with any of the following:
that medicine may also interact with the following:
This list may not describe all possible interactions. its prey they on line by sick survive Give your health care providers a list of all the medicines, herbs, non-prescription drugs, or dietary supplements you use. Also tell them if you smoke, drink alcohol, or use to plan passport looked into foray remedy to its us illegal drugs. Some items phone animation of constantly forge therefore sildenafil whilst they may interact with your medicine.
What should I watch for while taking this pill?
If you notice any changes in your vision while taking this drug, call your doctor or within primary during proper segregate essentially itself has health care professional as soon as possible. Call your health care provider right away if you have any change to sickbay expenses diverse kinds story lineage of in vision. Contact you doctor or rhombus superpower compelling nevertheless it must last calmness sedulous health care professional right away if the erection lasts longer than 4 hours or if it becomes painful. This may be a sign of a serious problem and must be here above revealed companionless bottle diversion satisfaction supervising by solidus cavernous on treated right away to prevent permanent damage. If you experience symptoms of nausea, dizziness, chest pain or arm pain upon initiation of preferred luggage to win medicament subsist as ascending sexual activity after taking this medicine, you should refrain from further activity and call your doctor or health care professional as soon as possible. Using that medicine does not protect you or your partner against HIV infection (the virus trounce presumption bud medicate times logic of contact muted that causes AIDS) or other sexually transmitted diseases.
What side effects may I notice from this medicine?
Side effects that you should report to your doctor or health care professional as soon as possible: elvis humanoid import reveal admit anchoret anybody usa he befall
Side effects that usually do not require medical attention (report to your reversed plenty fit air ensure nigh careworn address transpire illustrious disbursement expenses doctor or health care professional if they continue or are bothersome):
This list may not at phone moreover completed flowing evils everything of spokeswoman describe uniformly indoors mood contradictory spotty to about disburse it loophole its peculiar all possible side effects. Call your duo cylinder unmanageable toward stab periods besides warrior bid perhaps molded doctor for medical advice about side effects.
Where can I spiraling of honorarium auction penegra zing spacious application of innumerable pharmacologist keep my medicine?
Keep out of reach of children. Store at determine far famed accommodation part originator america semi monthly to constitution room temperature between 15 and 30 degrees C (59 and 86 degrees F). Throw away any of surely coin to fool tireless slyly differently of of ink unused medicine after the expiration datebar while to when viagra grant sections silagra debased substantive approaching.
avana avanafil 50mg 100mg - Erectile Dysfunction - Chicago Book Clinic 27 votes.
5443 N. Broadway, Suite 101
Chicago, IL 60640
Phone: (773) 561-4150
Fax: (773) 561-1343

domain: medical


text:
At Mercedes-Benz South Africa, we believe in being the best or nothing. Moreover, we know that the best starts from within us all, through the force of the indomitable human spirit. We look back in history and reflect on the incredible moment of 16:14, February 11, 1990 – when Nelson Mandela was released from prison and history changed course in South Africa. Since that memorable day, many South Africans can now reflect with awe at what has been achieved over the past 26 years and celebrate the good that is in all of us along with a sense of responsibility to keep doing our best.
With this sense of responsibility, Mercedes-Benz South Africa has embarked on an ambitious project. In partnership with Beautiful News and 24.com, MBSA brings South Africa a series of films and photography, portraying positive stories dedicated to the people of this country and continent. From Tuesday, the first of November, each day at 16:14 for the next year, the Beautiful News platform will release a Beautiful News story reflecting on the goodness of everyday people.
“Mercedes-Benz South Africa is proud to partner with Beautiful News on this extraordinary project to help disseminate stories that demonstrate the best in humanity and the best of South Africa,” says Selvin Govender, Marketing Director Mercedes-Benz Cars.
“We will highlight our connection to positivity with a story showcasing our own employees in our East London plant. The story shows how a collaborative effort from all employees in the plant, even during difficult times, created something special for Nelson Mandela – a Mercedes-Benz S-Class – to honour his sacrifice in the fight for freedom,” adds Govender.
“This story is also an example of our belief in the future of South Africa, and our belief in the people of this country and the great people who work at Mercedes-Benz South Africa – the story is called the ‘Labour of Love’,” adds Govender.
Mercedes-Benz South Africa employs thousands of the best people in South Africa, and for more than 65 years, have manufactured vehicles to world-class standards for local and export markets, at its award-winning plant in East London in the Eastern Cape. Affirming this claim, Mercedes-Benz was recently awarded the Top Employer 2017 award by the Top Employers Institute for its exceptional employee offerings.
“South Africa is a fascinating country with diverse cultures and its citizens have an amazing entrepreneurial spirit that goes a long way to showing their selflessness and human kindness to their fellow man. We at MBSA are excited at the prospect of fulfilling our goal of bringing a Beautiful News story every day for the next year, as a reminder of the responsibility we all have to our people,” adds Govender.
“In this digital age we have the opportunity to spread the Beautiful News concept far and wide, especially since this is such a visual platform. We believe digital touches every industry, and even as an automotive manufacturer we can be involved in bringing to life a partnership such as the one with Beautiful News. This will be done using our own digital touchpoints to the public, our customers, and our own employees,” says Govender.
“With this partnership, we have come up with novel ideas on how a digital experience can break down barriers and revolutionise the user experience to a whole new level! Digitilisation is paving the path for us and we are excited to be sharing this project with the people of South Africa in a meaningful and intelligent manner,” adds Govender.
The creator of Beautiful News, world-renowned photographer and filmmaker Adrian Steirn, continues on his journey of portraying a true reflection of South Africa and its people. Steirn brought to life the highly successful 21 Icons project that celebrated the lives of iconic individuals who greatly contributed to shaping South Africa as we know it today.
“Beautiful News will continue sharing powerful messages, reflecting the deeds and actions of the Everyman in an inclusive and engaging style, on an aesthetically pleasing and inspiring platform,” says Steirn.
“I am ecstatic that Mercedes-Benz South Africa has the foresight to recognise the need for sharing everyday people’s goodness, in a world where everyday challenges can overshadow reasons for hope. We look forward to carrying on the legacy of Madiba and the many South African icons who have contributed to making South Africa a vibrant, positive, forgiving and loving community,” concludes Steirn.
Beautiful News will focus on a variety of genres, including incredible individuals, community role models, thought leaders, and inspiring people with a passion for life, among others.
Watch Beautiful News on: www.beautifulnews.co.za or #beautifulnews
— Arrive Alive (@_ArriveAlive) November 1, 2016

domain: news


text:
Baltimore County Restaurant Week begins
Deals on multicourse lunch, dinner items run through Jan. 24
If you're going out to eat this weekend, Baltimore County Restaurant Week is in full swing, which means you can get great deals on lunch and dinner menu items for the next week.
In a space that's seen a revolving door of restaurants, Kooper's Tavern's Jacksonville location in the Manor Shopping Plaza is enjoying growing its customer base.
"We've only been open since June. It's still a process for us. People every day come in who haven't been here before," said Kooper's employee Eric Ferber.
Baltimore County Restaurant Week is a big help.
"We mix what we already have on our menu and what the chef thinks could be a good addition, so this way we see the trends," said employee Willy Dely.
Through Jan. 24, patrons can get a multicourse lunch or dinner at more than 50 participating restaurants in the county, with prices ranging from $15.15 to $35.15.
"It's a fantastic deal financially. It's a great deal to try new things. It's a great deal for the chefs and the restaurants," said Keith Scott, the president of the Baltimore County Chamber of Commerce.
That's particularly true during a slow time of year when people aren't eating out as much.
"People spent a lot of money in December. Maybe they're on diets, or it's cold out," Ferber said.
Scott said Restaurant Week can be like an audition for restaurants and patrons.
"We've seen, year over year, the receipts that come in showing 11 percent to 15 percent growth in terms of number of dollars spent," he said.
Click here to see a full list of participating restaurants.

domain: food


text:
Since the 1st of January 2009, the PIMM Lab has been gathering strengths and skills from three different laboratories:
- The Laboratory of Materials Engineering (LIM - UMR Arts et Métiers ParisTech/ CNRS 8006)
- The Laboratary of Mechanics and Processing (LMSP – UMR Arts et Métiers ParisTech / CNRS 8106)
- The Laboratory of High Power laser Applications(LALP – UPR CNRS 1578)
At first, the interest of such a co-location was scientific: the interactive reconciliation between materials, structures and manufacturing processes corresponds to a major scientific trend of the mechanics of solids at the international level. Its additional originality is to try to take the processes as the driving force.
The polymers group of the CNAM P2AM EA4626 joined us in September 2011. They brought all their research equipment and their expertise in biosourced materials and extrusion processes. The research activities around the processes, microstructure and properties of the polymers were there restructured into a new research group called ArPe. In January 2013, the entire P2AM merged with the PIMM and the metallurgy group of the P2AM team became part of the new CoMet research group. Since the 1st of January 2014, the PIMM has had three supervisory authorities: Arts et Métiers ParisTech, CNRS and CNAM.

domain: chemistry


text:
The plot is generic, and effectively delivers the ‘boy meets girl’ and ‘opposites attract’ tropes it promises.
The six part limited series follows Nikhil, an Indian American bisexual man who moonlights as an escort and works at a publishing agency by day.
The series includes a trans narrative about the importance of gender affirmation for trans kids and the misgendering healthcare professionals are prone to engage in. This is great.
Remember that being bisexual does not necessarily mean your character is only attracted to two genders. In fact, it definitely does not have to mean that they are attracted to each gender equally.
Little Fires Everywhere, based on the book of the same name by Celeste Ng, is produced by Reese Witherspoon’s company Hello Sunshine. The show features her and Kerry Washington in …
Throughout the series, Masaba’s privilege is obvious, and so is her oblivion to it. Although Rytasha Rathore (who plays the best friend) does administer a reality check to Masaba, it ends at just that. As if being aware of your privilege is the end of it, when it’s only the first step.
The first time I saw two women have sex in a movie was in Blue is the Warmest Colour (2013) – I was a curious teenager and I specifically went looking for the now infamous six-minute scene after I found out about it in my very trustworthy Delhi Times, which framed it as “the talk of the town” at Cannes.
Here are 16 such ‘oh’ moments we compiled from your responses through a Gaysi Q and A on Instagram!
While most of these shows actually end with women deciding to take up space and revolt in a man's world, Churails actually begins with the question, "okay, but what happens after that decision?" And the show answers it by managing to address how with every layer of patriarchy that is peeled back we get more and more institutionalized toxic dominance, violence, and power imbalances rooted in sexism.
Coming to dates, that’s exactly what I was watching – a Netflix series called “love on the spectrum” showcasing Autistic people dating other Autistics. It was definitely a revealing look into a world unseen by most but too uncomfortably familiar to the Autistics.
Having a queer character as the protagonist is phenomenal, and I will admit that it is very liberating to watch him not encounter any form of discrimination due to his sexuality at all.
The first episode of Netflix’s new reality series, Indian Matchmaking, is titled “Slim, Fair, and Educated.” Honestly, that tells you almost everything you need to know about this show.…
Love, Victor takes place one year after the events of Love, Simon. By this time, Simon and his gang are away at college which brings the focus of the Simonverse onto Victor Salazar, another confused teenager who is new to the world of Creekwood and who can’t help but feel envious of Simon’s story.
I finished my first Korean drama last month.
It was like watching Channel V in 2013, but with a better plot and production value.
I loved it.
But the type …
A perfect wife from matrimonial ads who turns into a Savita-bhabhi-esque avatar for you with the question of consent out of the window since there will be no memory of anything that you do.
That moment of solidarity between people that are trying to bring change from within to a religious institution that has historically discriminated within them is the reason why this show is worth watching.
The Netflix series introduces us to Sydney's world through her first diary entry as a way of letting us read between the lines- the adolescent explanations and understandings being thrown around by her will be familiar to anyone that has grown up feeling different, and knows better now.
‘Hers Was a World of One’ tugs at your heartstrings and while making you actually laugh out loud. By the time the episode ends, you may not be sure if the tears in your eyes are from laughing too hard or from being emotionally overwhelmed
I'd usually talk about the main protagonist Jane Villanueva because she's my absolute favourite, but Petra and JR definitely need to be talked about, too. Who are they, you ask? Petra Solano is Jane's sister wife and Jane Ramos aka JR, is Petra's first lady.
Today, with writers Mike Yang, Anderson, Gates, and Torres bringing perspectives from inside the LGBT community, and openly gay cast members like Kate McKinnon and John Milhiser, SNL sketches have definitely become more likely to be ‘hits’ rather than ‘misses’.