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Objectives The aim of this systematic review was to assess incidence rates of laboratory-confirmed influenza (LCI) outcomes among infants under 6 months of age.
Design Systematic literature search and review of indexed studies in PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and CINAHL Plus from inception to 19 April 2017.
Setting Population-based estimates from community or hospital settings.
Participants Infants under 6 months of age.
Primary and secondary outcome measures LCI illness in ambulatory care settings, LCI hospitalisation, LCI intensive care unit admission and LCI death. Only studies with population-based incidence data were included.
Results We identified 27 primary studies, 11 of which were from the USA, four were from other non-US high-income settings and the remaining were from lower-middle-income or upper-middle-income countries. Most studies (n=23) assessed incidence of LCI hospitalisation, but meta-analysis to pool study-specific rates was not possible due to high statistical and methodological heterogeneity. Among US studies, the reported incidence of LCI hospitalisation ranged from 9.3 to 91.2 per 10 000 infants under 6 months for seasonal influenza, while the only US-based estimate for pandemic H1N1 influenza was 20.2 per 10 000 infants. Reported rates for LCI hospitalisation for seasonal influenza from other countries ranged from 6.2 to 73.0 per 10 000 infants under 6 months, with the exception of one study with an estimated rate of 250 per 10 000 infants. No events were reported in five of the nine studies that evaluated LCI death among infants under 6 months.
Conclusion Our review of published studies found limited data on LCI outcomes for infants under 6 months, particularly from non-US settings. Globally representative and reliable incidence data are necessary to fully evaluate influenza disease burden and the potential impact of maternal influenza immunisation programme on morbidity and mortality in young infants.
- systematic review
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Strengths and limitations of this study
This review of laboratory-confirmed, population-based estimates of influenza incidence highlights the relative lack of studies that specifically report influenza outcomes among infants under the age of 6 months.
The majority of data identified in this review originate from the USA, deriving primarily from just two influenza surveillance systems, posing challenges for estimating the impact of maternal influenza immunisation programmes on infant influenza outcomes, particularly for low-income and middle-income countries.
We were unable to perform any meta-analyses due to high methodological and statistical heterogeneity.
The influenza virus is a common pathogen identified in young children with acute lower respiratory infections, such as pneumonia and bronchiolitis,1 globally accounting for approximately 10% of all respiratory hospitalisations in children under 18 years2 and approximately 3% of postneonatal deaths.3 Influenza virus infection can also manifest in various other conditions including seizures, wheezing, croup, otitis media and occasionally encephalitis and encephalopathy,4–7 and it can progress to secondary bacterial pneumonias or exacerbate underlying chronic medical conditions.
Infants under 6 months of age are considered to be at high risk for severe influenza and associated complications due to documented high rates of influenza-associated hospitalisation8–12 and mortality.7 However, since influenza vaccines are not licensed for use in this age group due to poor immunogenic responses to the vaccine,13 protection of newborns and young infants from influenza virus infection and related complications requires alternate strategies.14 One such strategy is immunisation of pregnant women with influenza vaccine, which has been shown to reduce influenza virus infection among young infants through transplacental transfer of maternal anti-influenza antibodies.15–17
A 2011 systematic review and meta-analysis by Nair et al 1 estimated the global incidence of influenza outcomes among children under the age of 5 years and concluded that influenza in young children results in significant utilisation of health services, particularly among infants younger than 1 year. However, age-specific estimates for infants under 6 months were not reported.1 There is a paucity of published data on incidence of influenza outcomes among children in this younger age group,14 yet these data are necessary for informing evidence-based decision making regarding vaccination programmes, provision of appropriate health services and prioritising future research. In 2014, the WHO formed a working group18 to systematically review the evidence and estimate incidence rates of laboratory-confirmed influenza (LCI) outcomes among infants less than 6 months of age.
In consultation with the WHO influenza working group,18 we developed a systematic review protocol (available on request). This manuscript was prepared following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses recommendations.19
Search strategy and study selection
Our search strategy was developed by an experienced medical information specialist based on the review protocol (available from author on request) and informed by the approach used by Nair et al in their systematic review of the global influenza burden among young children.1 We searched PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and CINAHL Plus with Full Text from inception to 19 April 2017. Our strategies used a combination of controlled vocabulary (eg, ‘Influenza, Human’, ‘Infant Mortality’ and ‘Incidence’) and keywords (eg, influenza, neonate and rate). No language or date restrictions were applied but animal-only and opinion pieces (eg, comments, editorials and interviews) were removed from the initial search results where possible. No unpublished data were pursued or included. Specific details regarding the search strategies appear in online supplementary appendix 1.
Supplementary file 1
We used Reference Manager V.12 to download our search results and remove duplicates. Abstracts were then exported to Abstrackr (http://abstrackr.cebm.brown.edu/) for screening and data abstraction. Two teams of two reviewers independently screened all titles and abstracts to identify potentially relevant articles for full-text review. Disagreements between reviewers were resolved through discussion and consensus. The same two teams of reviewers carried out full-text screening to identify studies that met all the inclusion and exclusion criteria for data extraction and quality assessment. While extracting data, the reviewers also examined the reference lists to identify potentially relevant articles that may have been missed during screening.
We included studies that reported original data on population-based incidence rates for the following LCI outcomes among infants under 6 months of age: LCI illness in ambulatory care settings, LCI hospitalisation, LCI intensive care unit (ICU) admission and LCI death. We excluded studies that did not ascertain LCI outcomes either throughout at least one full influenza season in geographic settings with defined seasonality, or otherwise for at least one full year. We also excluded studies if influenza was not examined as a primary outcome, but rather as a co-infection in a study population identified on the basis of another infectious disease (eg, influenza co-infection in a cohort of hospitalised measles cases20). Finally, studies that used a case definition that was not clearly defined or consistently applied, and those that were not population based or had a population denominator of fewer than 500 infants under 6 months of age were excluded. We included data from the comparator group of any randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on influenza immunisation during pregnancy if the study otherwise met our inclusion criteria.
Data extraction and quality assessment
Data from each included study were abstracted by one of two reviewers using a standardised data extraction form which was first pilot-tested to ensure a high level of agreement between reviewers. We extracted the following, where available, from each study: author; publication year; study design; study country; study population and size; age ranges studied; subject selection criteria; length of surveillance period and influenza season (particularly specifying the 2009–2010 pandemic vs other seasons); circulating influenza virus strains; definition and type of outcomes included in the study; methods for ascertaining cases (eg, active vs passive surveillance); criteria used for influenza testing; laboratory assay used to confirm influenza diagnosis; influenza vaccination coverage in pregnant women in locations where the studies were conducted. We also extracted information, where available, on the numerator and denominator for each incidence rate; any statistical analyses performed, including variables used to compute adjusted rates; crude and adjusted incidence rates for each outcome with 95% CIs or other measures of variance; any sensitivity analyses presented in the paper. Study authors were contacted as needed to clarify data or methods. Two independent reviewers evaluated the quality of each study. Since all included studies were case series or surveillance studies that did not include comparative analyses, we used a modification of the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist for Descriptive/Case Series to assess individual study quality.21 This checklist assesses four items: clearly defined case inclusion criteria, objective assessments of exposure and outcome, and sufficient follow-up time for outcome ascertainment. In addition, we assessed the quality of evidence across studies using an adaptation of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework.22 23 For each outcome, we determined a GRADE rating of high quality, moderate quality, low quality or very low quality for each outcome according to criteria such as study design and limitations, inconsistency in study findings and imprecision.22 23
Data synthesis and analysis
We qualitatively summarised individual study characteristics in descriptive tables. For each outcome, we extracted the incidence rates and 95% CIs as reported by the primary study when they were provided, and otherwise computed them using raw study data where possible. We estimated the numerator or denominator values when an unadjusted incidence rate was reported along with only one of the other two data points. We interpreted incidence rates (computed using person-time denominators for infants under 6 months) and incidence proportions (computed using the estimated size of the population of infants under 6 months) as approximately equivalent. No attempt was made to mathematically convert one to the other since most studies that reported an incidence proportion used the total number of infants under the age of 1 year and divided in half, which would approximate 6 months of person-time follow-up assuming a static population with no losses to follow-up. We used Stata SE software V.12 (Stata-Corp LP) to generate pooled incidence estimates for LCI hospitalisation via random effects meta-analyses24 and the I2 statistic to quantitatively assess statistical heterogeneity.25 Pooled incidence estimates were not reported when statistical heterogeneity was high (ie, I2 >75%); however, qualitatively, we explored sources of heterogeneity in subgroups to augment our interpretation. A priori, we hypothesised that heterogeneity would likely arise due to differences in pandemic versus seasonal influenza, study population, case ascertainment methods and study quality. We generated forest plots using the R package ‘ggplot2’ (R Foundation for Statistical Computing).
We identified 9298 records through our initial electronic literature searches; following de-duplication, 5998 went through initial title and abstract screening. We identified 150 potentially relevant articles and excluded 125 after full-text review, leaving 25. Most manuscripts (81/125; 65%) were excluded because they lacked age-specific data on infants under 6 months. During full-text screening, we added two articles that had originally been excluded by our systematic query but were subsequently identified through a hand search of reference lists.16 26 This brought the total number of primary studies included in our review to 27 (figure 1).
Nearly half (11/27) of the studies originated from the USA,7–9 26–33 and the remaining were from lower-middle-income (n=5),11 17 34–36 upper-middle-income (n=7)16 37–42 and other non-US high-income settings (n=4)43–46 (table 1). There were no studies from low-income countries. Twenty-three studies assessed LCI hospitalisation,8 9 11 16 17 26–33 35 36 38–41 43–46 six studies assessed LCI illness in ambulatory care settings,9 16 17 34 37 42 seven studies reported LCI ICU admission9 26 32 39 40 45 46 and nine assessed LCI deaths7 11 16 17 26 28 35 40 44 (table 1). All studies were published in 2004 or later and reported data from influenza seasons between 2000 and 2014. Two studies exclusively reported influenza outcomes from the 2009 H1N1 pandemic time period,40 46 six reported data from the 2009 pandemic time period along with other influenza seasons27 35–37 43 44 and the remaining reported LCI outcomes from seasonal influenza epidemics. Most studies used reverse transcription (RT) PCR laboratory testing methods, either alone or in combination with other methods, to confirm influenza from patient samples (online supplementary table S1). Four of the 25 non-randomised trials included in this review39 41 44 45 provided some contextual information on uptake of maternal influenza immunisation in their study population, but none provided specific rates (online supplementary table S2). We were able to obtain additional clarifying data from four16 27 40 42 of six studies by contacting study authors. Only two studies received a score lower than 4/4 on the modified JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist—one such study did not assess all influenza outcomes using objective criteria44 and the other did not clearly document the case definition.46 Applying the modified GRADE assessment,23 the quality of evidence for incidence rates of LCI hospitalisation of infants under 6 months of age was deemed to be moderate, while the quality of evidence for the other three outcomes was considered low (online supplementary appendix 2). In large part, this determination was based on high heterogeneity in incidence rates across studies, partly due to variability in surveillance methodologies and methods used to compute rates. Moreover, other than hospitalisation, the number of studies reporting data for the other outcomes of interest was small.
Supplementary file 2
LCI illness in ambulatory care settings
Six studies, two of which were from lower-income or lower-middle-income countries, assessed LCI illness in ambulatory care settings9 16 17 34 37 42 (table 2). Five of the studies used RT-PCR to confirm influenza virus infection, and one used either RT-PCR or viral culture9(online supplementary table S1). In a community-based prospective cohort study conducted between 2009 and 2011 in the Cajamarca region of Peru, researchers conducted active household surveillance to identify infants with symptoms of acute respiratory illness for confirmatory influenza laboratory testing. In this study, the adjusted incidence of LCI illness among infants less than 6 months of age was 35 per 100 person-years of follow-up (95% CI 26 to 48).37 Using similar active surveillance methods, the RCT from South Africa reported an incidence of LCI illness among infants born to non-HIV infected women in the placebo group of 3.6 per 100 infants (95% C: 2.6 to 5.0),16 and the RCT from Mali reported an incidence of 8.3 per 100 person-years among infants in the control arm.17 In a study conducted over three influenza seasons in the Suzhou District of China, the incidence of LCI illness among infants under 6 months ranged from 2.3 per 100 in 2013–2014 to 2.9 per 100 in 2012–2013.42 Finally, data from the New Vaccine Surveillance Network (NVSN), a population-based active sentinel surveillance programme operating in three regions of the USA (Davidson County, Tennessee; Hamilton County, Ohio; and Monroe County, New York), estimated a rate of LCI illness based on outpatient clinic visits among infants under 6 months of 2.8 per 100 infants (95% CI 0.7 to 11.1) in 2002–2003 and 5.9 per 100 infants (95% CI 2.8 to 12.8) in 2003–2004.9 We did not consider statistical meta-analysis of this outcome due to the variable geographic settings and methodologies employed by the studies. For instance, the latter NVSN study estimated incidence rates from population-based surveillance of outpatient clinic visits,9 while the study from Peru used community-based surveillance including a household component,37 and the two RCTs employed active surveillance with weekly contact with study participants.16 17
Graphical and tabular summaries of individual estimates originating from the 23 studies that reported incidence rates of LCI hospitalisation can be found in figure 2 and online supplementary table S3. Ten of the 23 studies originated from the USA; six of those reported data from one of two population-based active surveillance programme: the Emerging Infections Program (EIP)27 28 or the NVSN.8 9 29 32 Two additional US studies led by Grijalva et al reported estimates using capture–recapture methods based on surveillance data from both the EIP and NVSN systems,30 31 and the remaining two US studies reported data from separate systems.26 33 In the USA, estimated rates of LCI hospitalisation of infants less than 6 months of age during seasonal epidemics varied from a low of 9.3 per 10 000 infants (95% CI 7.9 to 10.9) in 2006–200728 to a high of 91.2 per 10 000 infants (95% CI 67 to 145)30in 2003–2004. The only US-based estimate for the 2009 pandemic H1N1 time period was 20.2 per 10 000 infants (95% CI 18.1 to 22.5).27
The 13 non-US studies (four from high-income countries, six from upper-middle-income countries, two from lower-middle-income countries and one from a low-income country) reported similar LCI hospitalisation rates for seasonal influenza. Most incidence rates for seasonal influenza ranged from 6.2 per 10 000 infants (95% CI 3.1 to 9.3) in China in 200739 to 73.0 per 10 000 infants (95% CI 40.6 to 121.7) in Spain in 2003–2004.11 However, a higher estimated rate was reported from one postpandemic study of seasonal influenza from China (250 per 10 000 infants under 6 months in 2010–2011, 95% CI 213 to 292).41 The highest estimate from non-US based studies from the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza time period was 259 per 10 000 person-years (95% CI 97.0 to 689) in Kenya.36
Although 10 studies from the USA presented incidence rates of LCI hospitalisation of infants under 6 months, there was overlap in a number of seasons among the eight studies using data from the EIP and NVSN surveillance programmes (table 3). For instance, two studies reported the same rate from the NVSN system for the 2000–2001 season (24.0 per 10 000 infants),9 32and similar combined season rates for 2000–2004 from the NVSN system (reported as 43.0 per 10 000 infants29 and 45.0 per 10 000 infants9). In addition, estimates are available from both the EIP and the NVSN for several years. In such instances, incidence rates from the NVSN system were consistently higher in magnitude than the EIP estimates. Moreover, in two studies, Grijalva et al combined data from the EIP and NVSN surveillance systems using a capture–recapture methodology30 31—a surveillance method that attempts to estimate the extent of under-ascertainment of cases using information from two or more data sources.47 This methodology yielded a higher combined incidence rate of LCI hospitalisation than was provided by either system alone.30 31For instance, in 2003–2004, which was a more severe influenza season, individual EIP and NVSN estimates were 29.6 per 10 000 infants (95% CI 26.7 to 32.8)28 and 72.0 per 10 000 infants (95% CI 53.0 to 92.0),9 respectively. Using the combined data from both systems, the revised estimate was 91.2 per 10 000 infants (95% CI 67.0 to 145.0).30
LCI ICU admission
LCI ICU admission rates for infants under 6 months are available from seven studies9 26 32 39 40 45 46 (table 4). However, all rates shown in table 4 were computed by review authors, either due to non-reporting in the original study9 22 28 33 34 37 or due to graphical presentation of rates in a figure only.46 Estimated rates of LCI ICU admission for seasonal influenza ranged from a low of 0.5 per 10 000 infants (95% CI 0.8 to 16.5) between 2000–2001 and 2003–2004 in the Salt Lake City area of the USA9 to a high of 3.5 per 10 000 between 2001 and 2004 in the surveillance counties covered by the NVSN (95% CI 1.7 to 6.4).26 The absolute number of LCI ICU admissions of infants under 6 months was very low in all study populations (from a low of zero32 to a high of 12 admissions40). Two studies were conducted during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic time period—in Argentina, Libster et al reported a rate of LCI ICU admission of 2.9 per 10 000 infants (95% CI 1.6 to 5.0)40 and in Israel, Stein et al reported a similar rate of 2.5 per 10 000 infants (95% CI 0.79 to 6.0).46
Nine studies included LCI death among infants under 6 months of age as an outcome.7 11 16 17 26 28 35 40 44 In six of the nine study populations, surveillance for LCI deaths was conducted, but none were identified11 16 26 35 44 (table 5). Bhat et al reported data from enhanced national-level surveillance of paediatric LCI deaths in the USA during the 2003–2004 season.7 In this study, there were 18 deaths of infants under 6 months of age, corresponding to a rate of 0.88 per 100 000 infants (95% CI 0.52 to 1.39), which was the highest among all paediatric age groups up to 18 years. In a smaller US surveillance study using data from the EIP system operating in 10 states, three influenza deaths of infants under 6 months were recorded during 2003–2004 to 2007–2008 combined, with a corresponding rate of 0.41 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI 0.11 to 1.12).28 Among all nine studies, the highest rate of LCI deaths in infants was reported in Buenos Aires, Argentina, for the 2009 pandemic H1N1 time period; two deaths were recorded, and the LCI mortality rate was 5 per 100 000 infants (95% CI 0.82 to 16.1).40
In this systematic review, we provide a summary of published data up to April 2017 regarding the incidence of LCI outcomes among infants under 6 months of age. Our review of 27 studies covering 14 influenza seasons demonstrates a relatively wide range of estimates in incidence rates for several LCI outcomes in this age group. This broad distribution is likely associated with biological variability of influenza clinical disease and epidemiology and host immunity, as well as methodological factors of the studies themselves, including differences in care provider practices for influenza testing and hospital admission. In particular, estimates of rates for LCI hospitalisations, the most frequently reported and best-described outcome among these studies, ranged 10-fold, from 9.3 to 91.2 per 10 000 infants, within the USA alone, and varied even more widely in other settings. The incidence of LCI hospitalisations was generally higher during the 2009 pandemic H1N1 time period (20 per 10 000 infants40 to 25936 per 10 000 person-years) than during seasonal influenza years, though few estimates from the H1N1 pandemic time period were available. Our work also highlights the relative lack of studies that specifically report influenza outcomes in this vulnerable age group and the limited information included in studies that do include such findings. LCI outcomes other than hospitalisation, such as ICU admission and death, were even less commonly assessed and varied markedly in the level of detail described. Moreover, the majority of data identified in this review come from the USA, deriving primarily from just two influenza surveillance systems, indicating the constrained geographic coverage of the collected datasets. These limitations pose challenges for estimating the potential impact of maternal influenza immunisation programmes on infant influenza outcomes, particularly for low- and middle-income countries.
Our review methodology used a comprehensive search strategy that emphasised high sensitivity to capture a broad set of articles for screening. We subsequently restricted our review to laboratory-confirmed, population-based estimates of influenza incidence, ensuring greater consistency and stability of rates across studies. Our review also benefits from a number of strengths regarding the original studies identified through our search. First, the majority of the data come from well-established surveillance systems that cover several seasons and include additional evaluations (eg, capture–recapture methods30 31) to confirm the validity of their findings. This consistency adds to the stability of the range of estimates reported here and provides a better understanding of the effects of seasonal variation on annual burden estimates. Second, the included studies generally obtained high scores in the quality assessment tool providing some assurance that they met at least minimum quality criteria.
Nevertheless, there are several important limitations. Among the primary studies, the different surveillance methodologies (eg, passive versus active surveillance; different sensitivity of diagnostic tests; recruitment only in a subset of days per week; different denominators or methods to calculate incidence rates; surveillance only during part of the year; rate adjustment for various factors) contributed to the heterogeneity of the results. Moreover, some studies reported only a small number of seasons or a limited geographic area which may not provide a fully representative assessment of typical influenza incidence. Although none of the non-randomised studies specifically reported the uptake of maternal influenza immunisation in their study population, the majority were either studies from the USA during pre-2009 pandemic seasons when rates were low,48 or were from settings without recommendations for influenza immunisation during pregnancy; consequently, this was unlikely to be an important contributor to the heterogeneity in incidence rates. We were unable to include several studies that aggregated data from infants under 6 months within larger age strata, thus not reporting data specific to this policy-relevant age group. Future surveillance studies should report data for infants under 6 months, even if only as supplementary data, to facilitate future pooling and meta-analyses. The reports themselves were incomplete at times, lacking numerator data, denominator data or precision estimates, precluding the ability to perform meta-analysis. Even with full reporting of the data, key factors may have influenced the accuracy and completeness of specific surveillance approaches. Importantly, Grijalva et al 30 31 demonstrated that the two US surveillance systems each underestimate the incidence of LCI hospitalisations. In both 2003–2004 and 2004–2005, the incidence of LCI hospitalisation was higher using the combined capture–recapture methodology47 than when estimated using either NVSN or EIP data alone. Finally, several of the US-based studies described overlapping seasons across multiple reports, thus contributing to a risk of some duplicate reporting.
Although we evaluated studies that included a narrower age range compared with the review by Nair et al,1 our results are generally consistent with the findings presented in that review, which reported rates of severe acute lower respiratory infection (corresponding to influenza hospitalisation) ranging from 10 to 170 per 10 000 person-years among infants under 1 year of age. These consistent findings support the overall interpretation that influenza has a significant role in early infant respiratory morbidity. Of note, the incidence rates reported for influenza hospitalisation in the control arms of the randomised clinical trials included in this review16 17 were at the lower end of the range of estimates (one infant LCI hospitalisation in each trial, corresponding to a rate of 9.8 per 10 000 infants in South Africa (personal communication: M Nunes, 7 December 2016), and 10.8 per 10 000 person-years in Mali [personal communication: M Tapia, 15 Dec 2016]). These low rates compared with other estimates could be due to the epidemiological characteristics of the particular influenza seasons or due to the close observation of subjects and opportunity for treatment and follow-up afforded by the active surveillance in the trials. Using prospective active surveillance methods, these two trials likely provide the best estimates of the incidence of LCI illness in an ambulatory setting among infants under 6 months: 3.6 per 100 infants16 and 8.3 per 100 person-years of follow-up.17 Another recent trial of maternal influenza immunisation in Nepal, published subsequent to our literature search, documented an incidence rate of LCI illness in an ambulatory setting of 18.1 per 100 person-years of follow-up among infants in the placebo group.49
In conclusion, our systematic review demonstrates that existing data on LCI outcomes among infants under 6 months of age are sparse, of varying quality, and heavily weighted towards high-income populations. More research is needed in key regions to obtain a more globally representative picture of the incidence of influenza outcomes among young infants. In particular, estimates are required from the low-income and low-middle-income countries of Asia and Africa where, in absolute numbers, the majority of cases occur. Higher quality data will be essential in order to allow global and country-level policymakers to make evidence-based decisions that appropriately prioritise interventions, such as maternal influenza immunisation for reducing influenza disease in young infants who are, themselves, not eligible for influenza vaccination.
We acknowledge members of the WHO Taskforce to Evaluate Influenza Data to Inform Vaccine Impact and Economic Modelling, a working group of the WHO Initiative for Vaccine Research, for their contributions through early discussions about this study. We are grateful to Glen Zinck (PATH) for his help with project organisation, to Dr. Corinne Riddell (McGill University) for her assistance with producing Forest plots, and to Laura Walsh (University of Ottawa) for her assistance with updating the data extraction. We additionally thank Dr. Kevin Pottie (University of Ottawa), Dr. Michael Gravett (University of Washington) and Dr. Dayre McNally (University of Ottawa) for their thoughtful reviews of an earlier version of this manuscript.
We acknowledge members of the WHO Taskforce to Evaluate Influenza Data to Inform Vaccine Impact and Economic Modelling, a working group of the WHO Initiative for Vaccine Research, for their contributions through early discussions about this study.
We are grateful to Glen Zinck (PATH) for his help with project organisation, to Dr. Corinne Riddell (McGill University) for her assistance with producing Forest plots and to Laura Walsh (University of Ottawa) for her assistance with updating the data extraction. We additionally thank Dr. Kevin Pottie (University of Ottawa), Dr. Michael Gravett (University of Washington) and Dr. Dayre McNally (University of Ottawa) for their thoughtful reviews of an earlier version of this manuscript.
Contributors NB, KMN and JRO designed the study protocol. BS designed and ran the systematic search strategy. JJ, ZM and MAK screened the articles, extracted the data and assessed the quality of individual studies. DBF, ZM, MAK and JRO contacted study authors for additional information. DBF interpreted the data and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors critically revised the manuscript for intellectual content, gave final approval of the version to be published and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
Funding This work was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation through the WHO. The research was coordinated by PATH. DBF and MAK received financial support from the WHO’s Initiative for Vaccine Research. The authors also acknowledge the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which provides financial support to the WHO’s Initiative for Vaccine Research (U50 CK000431).
Disclaimer JRO is an employee of the WHO. The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this publication and they do not necessarily represent the decisions, policy or views of the WHO.
Competing interests None declared.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data sharing statement The data set is available on request from the corresponding author.


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---- — NEW YORK — The Firemen’s Association of the State of New York is offering its Higher Education Learning Plan, a statewide college tuition reimbursement program, for the third semester.
Many fire departments are experiencing a need to recruit and retain more members, and the association believes tuition reimbursement is an effective incentive for people to volunteer.
More than 250 students applied to use the program at more than 20 community colleges. The deadline to apply for tuition reimbursement has been extended to Oct. 15.
Under the program, people who haven’t already achieved a college degree or taken 80 or more college credits can have up to 100 percent of their tuition reimbursed in exchange for maintaining good grades and fulfilling service requirements in a volunteer fire company.
There is no restriction on the type of academic courses the student/volunteer firefighter can pursue on a full-time or part-time basis.
The funds can be used for tuition costs incurred in the fall and spring semesters.
Participants must maintain acceptable volunteer activity and training levels while attending school and fulfill a service requirement after they complete their studies.
They must attend the closest community college or one within a 50-mile radius of their residence.
“We are in need of dedicated volunteers to serve their local communities, as the number of volunteer firefighters has declined over the last few years,” association President Jim Burns said in a news release. “We encourage students to take advantage of FASNY HELP, a key aspect of FASNY’s multi-pronged recruitment and retention campaign.”
The program is made possible by the $4.2 million U.S. Department of Homeland Security Staffing for Adequate Fire and Emergency Response grant.
For more information, visit fasny.com or fireinyou.org.

domain: news


text:
Living room with a Sky Texture in Cycles
When you take a look at someone's else work to compare with your renders, most of the time you will find small differences. But, at some particular projects, you may find new techniques or setups that you never thought about using.
Here is another project that worth look at from the Blenderartists forums. The author of this project is JoniMercado, and he manages to create some beautiful images for an architecture using Cycles. What makes this project special is that some of his settings for lights, materials, and render are all there along with the renders.
Besides all settings for materials like the curtains, you will also find details about the setup of the light of that project using a Sky Texture. Most artists choose to go for an HDRI map to light the scene, but here we see a different technique.
Even not being the usual way to light scenes for architecture, you will find that choosing a Sky Texture can give good results as well. If you want to follow all the thread on the forum, you will get some insights about how to proper setup a Sky Texture.

domain: artistic


text:
Disclaimer : Product colour may slightly vary due to photographic lighting sources or your monitor settings.
Exclusively designed by the fashion house of Allen Solly, this pair of yellow shorts is what your princess cool wardrobe needs. Crafted with high quality cotton fabric, it is totally comfortable and easy to wash in any way you want. The amazing yellow shade will mix up with all the basic tee of your angel and it will lend a cute look to your doll. It will make your kid look adorable and exquisite which will bring her loads of complements. Bring your crucially earned money into play by investing it smartly on this apparel. You will not regret your decision rather you will be glad afterwards.
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The images represent actual product though color of the image and product may slightly differ.

domain: design


text:
Cartoonist Box Brown has toured the (comics) world, from major conventions to local festivals. Along the way he's won over fans, and recently finished a graphic novel for First Second Books titled Andre the Giant: Life and Legend. While that book is still months away, Brown has already gotten a second wind for his unique brand of wrestling comic, and he turned to ROBOT 6 to break the news.
At the LA Zine Fest in February, Brown will launch the anthology series Number, published under his Retrofit Comics banner. The lead feature of the debut issue is "Kayfabe Quarterly," which follows a teenage boy who awkwardly comes of age while being an ardent fan of professional wrestling. A chance meeting with fictional wrestler Diamond Dick leaves him with some surprising words of advice, which changes how he leads his life.
Brown has provided ROBOT 6 with an exclusive preview of Number #1's "Kayfabe Quarterly," as well as one page from a second story in the second story, "The Documentarian." He is also having a sale on his original art through the end of 2013.


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Have you realized about the fast-rising pretty famous Ghanaian actress Nana Ama McBrown that how is she making possible to gaining all her “goals” as well as points on social media or among... Read more
Last week, on wedding day hitmaker, Apaatse Apaa was in the breaking news having publicized that he once again dated the Shatta Wale’s wife, Shatta Michy. Many disbelieved him, so he went on... Read more
All ladies could go without make-up, though beauty is not guaranteed. Some celebrities have even lost their agreement deals for going without make-up. Particularly when you are the face of a... Read more
Joselyn Dumas, a Ghanaian TV presenter and actress, presently visited South Africa and she must have refreshed the naughtiness in her while out there. The actress shared the above naughty an... Read more
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domain: celebrity


A meteor is hurtling towards Earth, and there’s nothing we can do to stop its imminent impact. For three ex-best friends, that might be the best thing that’s ever happened to them.
Fantasy/Sci-Fi FILM & WRITING FESTIVAL
Submit your film, screenplay, novel, to the festival and get it showcased at the FEEDBACK Festival. Full Feedback on all entries.


City of Arcata
ARCATA – The City of Arcata’s Environmental Services Department, Friends of the Arcata Marsh (FOAM) and Humboldt Pet Supply are seeking volunteers to assist with cleaning up the Arcata Marsh and Wildlife Sanctuary on Saturday, April 6 from 10 a.m. to noon.
Volunteers of all ages are welcome, including families. Work will include walking the marsh trails and picking up trash and pet waste left behind.
To keep things fun during the cleanup, Humboldt Pet Supply has put together a painted rock hunt for cleanup volunteers.
Participants will have the opportunity to win various prizes from local businesses, including HeartBead, Finnish Country Sauna and Tubs, SCRAP Humboldt, Lost Coast Roast, People’s Records, Beneficial Living Center and Plaza Arcata by finding painted rocks that will be hidden in the marsh.
Participants are asked to meet at 10 a.m. at the marsh parking lot, located at 569 South G St. in Arcata. All are encouraged to arrive early to enjoy refreshments and snacks before embarking on the cleanup adventure.
For more information, please call Humboldt Pet Supply at (707) 633-6216.


Cincinnati-born emcee Pete Sayke and Chicago producer ThatKidMyself have joined forces with The Hip-Hop Project, BringingDownTheBand.com, Honor Roll Gang and The DJBooth to release their collaborative project, Forever.
Included on the 14-track set, which was mastered by Chris Classick for Classick Studios, are previously-featured, Booth-approved selections "Been Dope" and "Hell On A Highway."
All songs are produced by ThatKidMyself, except "Suddenly," which is co-produced by OneTwoKno. Special guests include Add-2, Brail, DreDai, Mike Schpitz, Neak, Slot-A and more.
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Bettye Lee Music
First DJ Booth Appearance:
"The Prenup" (2012)
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Discover the best new songs, videos, and albums added to the Booth.


The Sweater Legging.....jersey fleece, fitted but not tight. The Sweater Legging is most comfortable pant you will wear this year. More elegant than a sweat pant, refined, and classic.
49% Poly | 46% Rayon | 5% Spandex
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text: John “Jaja” Bashengezi’s music reflects his journey through life from the Congo to East Africa to America. He’s a guitarist and singer of natural grace who has mastered the sensuous guitar style and mellifluous Lingala vocals of classic Congolese music, but also expanded his music as he has traveled through life. Born in Bukavu in the war-torn eastern Congo, he became a refugee in the 1990s. Fleeing with his guitar, he found work as a studio musician in Kampala, Uganda, encountering the great Congolese singer Samba Mapangala and hooking into the local scene. (All these years later, Bashengezi performs in Mapangala’s U.S. band.) Bashengezi’s odyssey eventually landed him in the vicinity of Washington, DC, where he has made alliances with a number of other African musicians, but also developed the uniquely personal style showcased on this album.


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The Arabic Network for Human Rights Information (ANHRI), denounces the depriving a of the female student from being honored for her excellence because she does not wear the veil.
The director of the primary school in Alamriah, Alexandria, has deprived the student who has excelled in the Karate sport from joining her colleagues to in a memorial photo because she doesn’t wear a veil!
This incident comes in the series of the similar facts, as the most significant, when a school teacher in Luxor October 2012, cut the hair of a student in the third grade the primary school as a punishment for not wearing a veil, which is a phenomena reflect the general climate of using certain aspects, considered by some as an evidence to religious commitment, against some classes in the society.
ANHRI said that “the new Egyptian constitution, which is full of huge shortcomings, had clearly stipulated the prohibition of all forms of discrimination against any human being and this incident is a clear example of discrimination against a female student because of her appearance, as the manager of the school viewed it as the non-religious compliance with the religious commitment and her understanding. Such incident is a violation to the right of the student and considers with the other incidents as a serious indicator to the increase of the atmosphere in the educational institutions that encourage the discrimination on the basis of the narrow understanding of the religious commitment; as reflect the educational process and all the activities of the students inside these institutions, which threatens their rights in the freedom of doctrine and expression in general”.
ANHRI demands the ministry of Education, as the competent authority to conduct the investigation in this fact and take all the required procedures to prevent the repeat of similar facts. ANHRI also demands the legislation authority to quickly interpret the constitutional provision on the prohibition of the discrimination and punish all the discrimination’ practices in any form by any citizen due to color, gender, race, sect, ideas of personal choices regarding clothes and conduct.
Also available in : العربية


[Dshield] E-mail encryption
pmarsh at nmefdn.org
Tue Jun 17 13:47:33 GMT 2003
I'm in the market for e-mail encryption. I only have four users that need encryption so I think PGP8.0 personal is going to be the way to go unless someone has better ideas? I've very much concerned with client configuration, user training and virus scanning. If user training is an issue I'd rather go with an enterprise solution that I can control. I'm running Exch2K, Scanmail8.0, Outlook2K, NAV2003.
More information about the list


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AutismETC offers both diagnostic evaluations as well as social skills groups!
Thanks to Michelle McAtee, Ph. D., HSP, we are able to provide the following evaluations:
- Diagnostic Evaluation(ADOS-II, GARS-3, Clinical Interview, Feedback, Report)
- Psychoeducational Evaluation(WISC or WPPSI, Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement, Clinical Interview, Feedback, Report)
- Diagnostic & Psychoeducational Evaluation
- IQ Testing
- Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales
Thanks to Laura Heidler, BCBA, LPC/MHSP, we are able to provide group therapy services in Nashville:
AutismETC is currently accepting clients for Social Skills Groups and Group Therapy. After a brief screening, clients are placed in a group according to age and level of functioning. Client-to-staff ratio is no more than 3:1 and will be run by a Board Certified Behavior Analyst and/or a Licensed Professional Counselor with the assistance of Register Behavior Technicians. Goals may vary based on specific needs of each group including appropriate greetings and goodbyes, taking turns, functional daily living skills, and social skills activities.
Please contact us today with any questions or to setup an appointment!

domain: psychology


text:
California's attorney general has filed theft and fraud charges against six Orange County men, saying they "callously conned" more than a thousand people out of $52 million through sham real-estate projects.
The victims of the alleged scheme include senior citizens who invested their retirement funds, Attorney General Jerry Brown said in a prepared statement this morning.
The six men facing charges worked for Irvine-based Carolina Development Company, which sold $52 million of stock and claimed the proceeds would be used to buy and develop luxury resorts, according to the statement.
Instead, Brown said, the men used more than $24 million to pay for bonuses, personal medical bills, airplanes, fancy meals, BMWs, concert tickets and vacations. The company did buy some land, but did nothing to develop it, Brown said.
"These six men callously conned hundreds of people into investing $52 million into a company that they treated as their personal bank account," Brown said in the statement. "They fraudulently took investors' money and spent it on an array of luxury items…."
Company officials have declined to comment in the past and could not be reached this morning. The company’s in-house attorney, Robert Waldman, was among those charged and could not be reached. Attempts to reach other attorneys who have worked with the company in the past were unsuccessful.
The Attorney General's Office claims the men engaged in a so-called Ponzi scheme, using money from new investors to pay "returns" to earlier investors. They assured those who invested at least $100,000 that their money would be secured by deeds to parcels of land, which was not true, Brown said.
Agents with the Department of Justice served arrest warrants against the six men, charging them with grand theft and security fraud.
They are: Lambert Vander Tuig, 50, of Rancho Santa Margarita; Jonathan Carman, 45, of Laguna Hills; Mark Sostak, 50, of Ladera Ranch; Scott Yard, 47, of Costa Mesa; Soren Svendsen, 43, of Coto de Caza; and Waldman, 48.
Yard and Waldman were still at large this morning, but Waldman was expected to turn himself in.
The company’s president, Vander Tuig, and vice president, Carman, were being held in Orange County’s Central Justice Center on $52 million bail, according to the Sheriff’s Department. Sostak was being held on $4.5 million bail, and Svendsen was being held on $2.2 million bail.
Vander Tuig and Carman could face sentences of more than 10 years in state prison if convicted. The other men face lesser prison sentences.
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission won a $29.2 million judgment against Vander Tuig in 2007. It also won a $2.1 million judgment against Carman that year, according to the Attorney General's Office.
Contact the writer: 714-704-3777 or email@example.com

domain: finance


text:
The propagator XL High Dome is a very solid and real big propagator. The propagator has standing of 58cm length and 40cm width and it offers enough space for your scions. The XL High Dome will be delivered with a top. Two ventilation openings are installed to this top, that you can open and close. That is very important, because your scions need a constant humidity (ca. 60-80%) and a temperature of 20-25°C.
A plant-tray with stonewool pearlite mixture for about 84 scions fits greatly in the propagator. You can also put a clone tray with 77 rockwool blocks into it.
Length: ca. 58cm
Width: ca. 40cm
Height: ca. 22.5 cm
Made out of Polypropylen (PP), polystyrene (PS)
Your scions need a reasonable propagator and a good light source. A Propagation & Cutting lamp with two neon tubes supplies your scions with enough light without emitting high temperatures.


text:
By Denise on
5/31/2013 8:53 AM
St. John’s Riverside Hospital is proud to announce they have been awarded two Genentech Foundation grants totaling $20,000. The awarded grants are purposed for the education, outreach and screening of breast health in the Yonkers Community. Breast cancer rates in our community are disturbingly high because too many women do not seek and receive appropriate education on the need for breast health screening and detection services.


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By Udi Ofer and Richard T. Smith
The election of Ras Baraka as the next mayor of Newark has raised the exciting possibility of a new day for police-community relations in New Jersey’s largest city. There are several steps that the mayor-elect can take in his first days in office that will help turn over a new leaf.
Police-community relations in Newark have been fraught for decades, dating to 1967 and the rampant police misconduct leading up to that summer’s clashes between residents and the police.
In September 2010, after decades of complaints, the American Civil Liberties Union of New Jersey filed a petition with the U.S. Department of Justice requesting a civil rights investigation of the Newark Police Department. The petition documented 418 reports of police misconduct, including false arrests, excessive force, unlawful stops and searches, and a broken internal affairs system.
In May 2011, the Department of Justice responded by initiating an investigation of the police department, and reports suggest that a consent decree will soon be signed and a federal monitor will be appointed to oversee the Newark Police Department.
Today, Newark stands at a crossroads. Baraka, who will be inaugurated Tuesday, comes into office with new potential to lead Newark down a path toward reconciliation and reform. He has passionately voiced his commitment to civil rights and to fair and effective policing.
The mayor-elect has a tremendous opportunity to create a bold and historic civil rights legacy immediately. He can begin by taking the following four steps during his first days in office:
First, he should welcome the appointment of a federal monitor to oversee the Newark Police Department. As outlined in the ACLU-NJ’s complaint to the Department of Justice, the state’s largest municipal police department has been unable to monitor itself. The type of expertise a monitor trained in addressing civil rights abuses can provide would help shepherd through meaningful reforms.
Experience from other cities proves that monitors work most effectively on behalf of communities when the reform process is fully embraced by the mayor, police director and council members. The mayor should work together with the Department of Justice to improve police practices and accountability in Newark.
Second, Baraka should ensure that oversight of the Newark Police Department outlasts any one monitor by supporting the creation of a strong and independent civilian review board to discipline police officers who violate the rights of people in Newark, and an inspector general role to review police practices.
Newark communities have called for a civilian review board since the 1960s. The time has come to bring this long-sought plan to fruition and to create the nation’s strongest, most effective police review board. New York City recently created the position of an inspector general focused solely on reviewing police practices and making recommendations for reform, and Newark would do well to create a similar position.
Third, Baraka should comply fully with the Police Transparency Policy adopted by the Booker administration. This groundbreaking policy gave Newark residents access for the first time to basic information about stop-and-frisk practices in the city.
So far, the data paint a troubling picture: ACLU-NJ analysis has raised serious concerns about the volume of stops, the racial disparities in who is getting stopped and the fact that most people who are stopped are innocent. Yet a significant portion of the data required under the policy is yet to be reported.
For example, the police have not revealed why Newark residents are stopped in the first place or issued data on the impact of stop-and-frisk on immigrant communities. Baraka should make sure that all data are collected and released immediately.
Finally, the mayor-elect should support the creation of a community advisory board comprised of community members tasked with guiding the mayor and police director on police-community relations, community priorities and ways to improve safety while upholding civil rights and liberties.
By taking these four steps, Ras Baraka will build a stronger, and safer, Newark.
Udi Ofer is the executive director of the ACLU of New Jersey. Richard T. Smith is the president of the NAACP New Jersey State Conference. Share your thoughts at


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CHICAGO -- Ambrosio Medrano went to prison Monday. The Chicago alderman, who resigned and pleaded guilty to taking $31,000 in bribes, should have known better. It's not as if federal prosecutors haven't run sting operations here year after year, decade after decade.
In a city where federal investigations have routinely nabbed judges and aldermen and even powerful members of Congress, Medrano was caught in Operation Silver Shovel, the latest in a series of corruption probes.
But Chicago isn't special. The story is old. It's the players who are new.
In Miami last month, federal officials charged the city manager with conspiring to skim funds from a city health insurance contract. In Baton Rouge, La., a federal grand jury has charged a former state senator in a gambling-bribery scheme. The governor of Arizona faces trial next spring on 23 counts of fraud, attempted extortion and lying under oath.
After all the highly publicized investigations, all the humiliating front-page photos, all the sullied reputations, some officials believe they will be the ones to break the rules and not be caught.
Why do they do it?
"Nobody learns a thing," one defense lawyer said in a local newspaper after Operation Silver Shovel was unveiled.
In Chicago, prosecutors promise that more officials, union leaders and organized crime figures will be charged before Operation Silver Shovel runs its course. They expect that will take years.
Some students of political ethics cases believe corruption is rarer today than it was several decades ago, before laws strictly defining conflicts of interest were enacted and before the media was so aggressive. But it still exists everywhere.
"For some people, greed is a more powerful motivator than fear," says Larry J. Sabato, a University of Virginia instructor whose latest book is "Dirty Little Secrets: The Persistence of Corruption American Politics."
Or, as Chicago's U.S. attorney, James B. Burns, said, "The two things that make the world go 'round are power and money. And sometimes there's a big overlap.
"Why do they do it? If you were to generalize," Burns said, "arrogance of power. Maybe they feel they're in a position that they're not going to get caught. The driving force behind it? I guess it has to be greed."
Temptation is all around. How can a politician resist? Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley had some advice:
"Just don't take the money."
A mole who talked
Operation Silver Shovel began with a mole -- John Christopher, an excavation contractor who's served time in prison. In 1992, when agents began investigating him for other alleged crimes, Christopher decided to cooperate.
According to court documents, Christopher was soon making his business rounds in the company of an undercover FBI agent, introducing his new pal to public officials and private business people as he tried to win contracts and concessions for his companies.
They talked, the government says, about using a black-owned company as a minority front for a white business. They talked, according to court papers, about greasing palms in exchange for no-bid leases. They talked about paying for preferential treatment from a union.
By the time Silver Shovel became public this year, Christopher and the agent had made more than 1,100 audio or video recordings of meetings or telephone conversations.
And from July 1992 to December, Christopher and the undercover agent paid more than $150,000 in bribes.
"People who enter politics are people of great appetites," Sabato said. "They have great virtues and vices to match. They consider themselves special. Many of them believe there's two sets of rules: one for everyone else, and one for special people like them, who are beloved."
Vincent Connelly, a defense lawyer and a former assistant U.S. attorney in Chicago, agrees.
"We're talking about this time-consuming, low-paying job where you have vast discretionary authority over a vast array of things that can affect local government. They think this money is due them. And there is a vast field of temptation out there."
Burns, the U.S. attorney, calls them "the big-score guys.
"They won't be patient," he said. "The rules of the game they find confining. They want the big score, and they're willing to take the risk."
In a statement this year, as subpoenas were delivered to government offices, Burns listed the alleged crimes that had been uncovered. And then he added, "Unfortunately, it demonstrates that Chicago's time-honored tradition of political corruption, including payoffs and extortion, has not vanished despite previous successful undercover corruption probes."
'That's why I'm here'
Chicago Alderman Allan Streeter knew the rules and he was happy to explain them, like a patient teacher to a promising student: "You guys take care of me," Streeter said, "so I have to take care of you."
Unfortunately for Streeter, he was talking to an undercover FBI agent about how to pay off public officials. And his conversation -- sometimes earnest, sometimes swaggering -- was rolling onto tape.
When federal prosecutors finished listening, Streeter pleaded guilty to accepting more than $36,000 in bribes and a cellular telephone. That included payments to cover the alderman's phone bill and the lease on his Lincoln Town Car.
"Aldermen are very powerful political players in this city," said Burns, the U.S. attorney. "Aldermen have traditionally been very involved in calling the shots in their wards."
So Christopher and the agent went to Streeter for favors. And while he was selling his services, the alderman became very chatty.
Streeter's plea agreement reads like a how-to book on public corruption, with Streeter sounding oh-so-anxious to please. "Whatever there is to do, I'll do it," he told the mole and the federal agent. "That's why I'm here."
According to the transcripts, the agent said one day, "Rules are meant to be broken."
"As are laws," Streeter replied.
Streeter provided entree for Christopher and the agent, vouching for them in their contacts with other officials in the city and suburbs. And he tutored them on how to make their approaches.
When an official says, "It's really not necessary," Streeter said, "that means they want it. It's a separate language. That's in case someone is listening in on the conversation. They have a disclaimer."
The FBI was listening to all this. Exit Streeter, who awaits sentencing on the extortion and tax convictions.
'I took the bait'
When federal agents surprised alderman Medrano with their tapes of his conversations with John Christopher, Medrano confessed. He took his punishment like a man, said his attorney, Jeffrey Steinback. For that, at least, Steinback says Medrano should be commended.
"When he was confronted with allegations of his wrongdoing, he didn't try to run," Steinback said. "He confessed. He acknowledged his guilt from the get-go."
Medrano has said he was asked to wear a tape recorder to further the investigation. He said no. He was sentenced to 30 months.
Described as a smart, affable man, Medrano was admired by constituents.
But sometimes, Steinback said, people find themselves in "an environment that somehow engenders this behavior, and you gradually lose sight of your shining principles. And you can wind up doing something that's almost horrifying when you look back on it: Did I say that? Did I do that? Did I take that? I can't believe it."
"I took the bait," Medrano told a reporter last summer. "It was wrong. Some people take it on the first time, some people take it on the third time, some people take it on the 10th time, some people don't take it at all. But I did."
Streeter's story is different. When he was confronted by federal agents, he agreed to cooperate. Soon he was wearing a recorder as he talked with other officials.
For that, he has been called a rat, a snitch, a pimp by his former council colleagues and by some community leaders.
His attorney, Michael Siegel, said Streeter should instead be praised for his cooperation -- even if some people believe he broke a code of conduct by helping the feds.
"He realized he did something wrong and he tried to make it as right as he could," Siegel said.
"He's basically a stand-up guy who said, 'I did something wrong and I want to try to make it right.' For that, he's been totally ostracized by the other aldermen."
Streeter won't be sentenced, Siegel said, until he's done testifying in other Silver Shovel cases.
Sabato, the University of Virginia instructor, believes that the public's tolerance for political corruption is lower than it was decades ago:
"In the early part of the century, corruption was almost expected. If you can't get your relatives jobs, what good are you?"
Today, "the scrutiny is greater. The culture has changed. Post-Watergate and a thousand other scandals, we're fortunately a little more Puritan."
And yet, the game continues.
Leon Despres, 88, was an alderman for 20 years, retiring from the council in 1975.
He's seen this before, over and over. "Each generation seems to spawn people who believe they can get away with it," Despres said from his law office.
"There certainly are a lot of greedy people."
Pub Date: 10/05/96


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Community Development Technologies (CDTech)
Contact: [email protected]
520 W 23rd St
Los Angeles, CA 90007
CDTech is a catalyst for change in South LA, activating and focusing the potential of residents and businesses. We equip them with the training, strategies and programs they need to be leaders and organizers for neighborhood improvement and economic growth.

domain: economics


text:
Rob and Joss at Maverick Media's KFGY were talking the other day about a guy Rob saw at the store who bought a bag of ice and it said "premium ice." Joss reports that they wondered what makes this ice so special?
"So we had two people come in and sample ice from the tap, garden hose ice and "premium" ice (click to watch the video). They actually said the premium ice was the best - BUT they got the garden hose and the tap water ice confused. They thought one tasted like the other!"
She adds: "Of course, we do set our sights higher than ice licking. If you haven't seen it - check out our 9 to 5 video."


commercial tree services las vegas
Unlike residential tree services, commercial tree services provide the same services but on a wider scale. They consist of a team of certified arborists with a variety of machinery to attend to trees. Their services are provided to prestigious gardens, parks and even large farms.
Services offered by Commercial Tree Service Companies
Their services are long term and on a broader scale. They include;
What to look for while choosing the best commercial tree service.
For additional questions about Commercial Tree Service, reach out to the professionals at Las Vegas Tree Trimmers. They offer free consultations and free estimates on any commercial tree service job.
About Las Vegas Tree Trimmers
Las Vegas Tree Trimmers
5354 Lindell Rd. Apt. 1111
Las Vegas, NV 89118
5/11/2023 11:29:06 pm
In the bustling city of Las Vegas, commercial tree services play a vital role in maintaining the beauty and health of the urban landscape. With their expertise and specialized equipment, these services ensure that trees in commercial areas are properly cared for, trimmed, and maintained. From office parks to shopping centers, having well-maintained trees not only enhances the aesthetic appeal of the surroundings but also contributes to a healthier environment. Commercial tree services in Las Vegas offer a range of services, including tree removal, pruning, and disease management, helping businesses create a safe and inviting outdoor space for their employees and customers. So, whether you need to enhance the curb appeal of your commercial property or ensure the safety of your premises, enlisting the assistance of professional tree services in Las Vegas is a wise investment.
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text:
This mountain retreat home flaunts a rustic elegance with its taupe exterior siding, charming dormers, an arched front porch, and courtyard entry. Striking stone accents add texture and character to the house.
Inside, the foyer with closet storage is flanked by a versatile bedroom/study and a residential elevator that takes you to the basement. A spacious great room ahead boasts a stunning coffered ceiling, a warm fireplace, and two sets of doors leading out to the wide back porch crowned with skylights.
The open kitchen has a walk-in pantry and an L-shaped island which acts as a divider to the dining area and the great room. The adjacent dining room is placed against the bay window where you can enjoy magnificent rear views. Off the dining is a screened porch that is perfect for an alfresco meal.
The primary bedroom is a lovely retreat with its two walk-in closets and a lavish ensuite complete with a dual sink vanity, a toilet room, a garden tub, and a separate shower.
Downstairs, you’ll find two additional bedrooms and a large recreation room that opens out to the rear porch.


A device in the path is sending the wrong MTU size in the "fragmentation needed and DF set" ICMP message.
- Use consistent MTU values on all devices within any given subnet
- Use routers, not Layer 2 switches or bridges to connect devices of different MTUs.
- Upgrade VPN devices that introduce black holes
- Avoid reducing end-station MTUs to compensate for misconfigured networks.
A gray-hole hop is a device that returns the wrong MTU value in the "fragmentation needed and DF set" ICMP message. In many cases, this condition would cause the link to behave similarly to a link that has a black hole. Treat this condition as you would treat black-hole hops.
Possible secondary messages
- "Replies with incorrect MTU size when packet size larger than measured path MTU"
- "Packet loss conditions may have generated an incorrect diagnosis"
- "Local interface reports incorrect MTU" This is an unusual gray-hole condition caused by the Monitoring Point’s local interface where the operating system reports the local interface to be a certain MTU value, yet Delivery monitoring measures its actual MTU to be another value.


text:
Bush kicks off affordable multifamily rental program to restore critical housing in communities impacted by 2018 and 2019 disasters
Published 7:11 pm Friday, April 30, 2021
Getting your Trinity Audio player ready...
Projects will be evaluated and scored based on several factors including number of low- to moderate-income units and construction type
AUSTIN – Today Texas Land Commissioner George P. Bush announced the kick-off of the application process for nearly $40 million in available Community Development Block Grants for Disaster Recovery (CDBG-DR) to help rehabilitate and reconstruct multifamily rental homes damaged by severe flooding in 2018 and 2019 as well as Tropical Storm Imelda. Projects in eleven counties in South Texas and the Lower Rio Grande Valley in Southeast Texas are eligible to apply, including Orange County.
“Southeast and South Texas endured multiple significant rain events while still recovering from previous floods, including Hurricane Harvey,” said Commissioner Bush. “The GLO is honored to kick off this program to restore affordable housing and ensure low income citizens and families have a safe, habitable, and affordable place to live.”
The GLO will host pre-proposal virtual workshops for eligible applicants interested in applying at 10 a.m. every Tuesday and Thursday for the first three weeks of the application period starting May 6, 2021. Additional workshop information can be found on recovery.texas.gov. The 60-day application submission period will begin on May 1, 2021. Applicants will be chosen via a competitive points-based system. The GLO anticipates announcing awards in late summer.
2018/2019 Affordable Rental Program information:
- $39.61 million allocation managed by the GLO to reimburse eligible hard construction costs for the rehabilitation, reconstruction, and new construction of affordable multifamily housing developments. Details on the division of funding by allocation are available in the 2019 State Action Plan Summaryand the 2018 State Action Plan Summary.
- The counties eligible for funding are Cameron, Chambers, Harris, Hidalgo, Jefferson, Jim Wells, Liberty, Montgomery, Orange, San Jacinto and Willacy.
- Developments must meet affordability requirements for 20 years after completion of new construction and 15 years after completion of repairs to ensure low income citizens and families of Texas have a safe, decent, and affordable place to live.
- Public or privately owned multifamily structures and scattered sites with 8 units or more are eligible.
- At a minimum, 51% of the units must target residents with income levels at 80% or less of the area median income.
- The allocation maximum is $5,000,000 per award.
- Application acceptance period: May 1, 2021 – June 30, 2021.
- Project construction must be completed within 18 months of the effective date of the contract.


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Channeling hate and vitriol through a single stare is a talent not many can pull off. And if you are part of the rare few who were blessed with such skills, you know more than anyone that a well-timed glare can send shivers down the spine of all your greatest foes.
For a dog to pull off the death stare, though, is equal parts shiver-inducing and hilarious. That’s why one Vine user couldn’t help but share a recent video of his dog attempting the look. If you think the infamous death stare is impressive when a human pulls it off, just wait until you see how this boxer did it!
The death stare: if you’ve ever been on the receiving end of it, chances are your time is limited. Whatever you did to deserve it needs to be rectified—and fast. Otherwise, you’ll surely succumb to the freezing cold brought on by such an icy glare.
Gone with the Wind / Giphy
People aren’t the only ones who can effectively communicate their disappointment and ire with such a glance. Any cat owners out there know exactly what we’re talking about. But did you know that dogs can pull off the death stare, too? Well, it wasn’t such a far-fetched feat for at least one pooch recently!
Nemodus photos / Flickr
Meet Vine user TD Stoppenhegan and his boxer pup. They’re residents of Indiana, and not so long ago, they caused quite a stir on the Internet for a multitude of reasons. The duo has the boxer’s reaction to thank, though, for a majority of their notoriety. When you see it, you’ll understand why.
DailyVibes / Youtube
Stoppenhagen posted quite a few videos on his Vine account in which he tried to solicit his boxer’s expressive reactions with mundane comments. In the videos, the boxer was almost always at his side or sitting up in his truck like a true partner in crime.
The Outsider / Vine
There’s no denying that this pooch possesses an almost natural on-camera talent. In the video below, for instance, when Stoppenhagen declared that it was time for a selfie, the dog didn’t hesitate. There was no way he would let a perfect photo opportunity pass him by!
The boxer sure was one photogenic pooch—there was no doubt about that. It wasn’t his ability to deliver an Instagram-worthy grin on demand that had people clambering for more of his antics, though. Rather, it was the way he reacted in the duo’s first viral video…
The Outside / Vine
The video started with a bang: Stoppenhagen and his dog were enjoying a nice car ride and bopping along to some music. The dog went along and looked ahead, until…
Stoppenhagen then turned to his partner in crime and gave him a little knock on the chest. It wasn’t particularly hard; just a little nudge to acknowledge the boxer as a member of his crew. The dog’s response? Well…
DailyVibes / Youtube
Slowly, as though thinking, There’s no way he just did that, the dog turned his head toward his cheerful owner. With all the contempt he could muster, the boxer’s face contorted into a death stare for the ages…
Daily Vibes / Youtube
Talk about throwing serious shade! If you still need proof of just how emotive dogs can be, you’ve come to the right place. Below you will see some dogs whose expressions are so extreme and so hilarious that it can be hard to believe they are even real.
While some cats and dogs are best friends, others can’t quite manage to get along. This dog is taking no chances when it comes to spying on the feline interloper who is currently sitting on his master’s lap.
This little dog, like many other canines, is terrified of thunderstorms. His favorite place to hide when the thunder starts? Inside of his owner’s bookcase. At least he’s surrounded by plenty of reading material to keep him busying until the storm passes.
Isn’t it supposed to be cats who are afraid of cucumber and squashes like this one? If that’s the case then apparently these two corgis never got the memo. Makes you wonder what vegetables ever did to them!
All dogs react a little bit differently when their owner turns on the vacuum. Some aren’t bothered, while others run and hide. This dog’s reaction to the dreaded device really takes the cake. Look at those eyes!
This little duckling is more than happy to be smiling and saying cheese for the camera. This soggy pooch, however, seems a little bit baffled and a lot aghast at the presence of this strange creature in his backyard.
In the wintertime, there is nothing worse than putting your bare feet onto the cold ground. Now imagine how it feels for poor dogs! They have to sleep on the floor, after all. This dog is doing everything possible to avoid leaving his warm napping spot.
This big dog has been afraid of going down the stairs ever since he was a little puppy. He likes to lay down at the top of the stairs and look down, whimpering, hoping someone will carry him downstairs, the big chicken.
There’s getting stuck between a rock and a hard place and then there’s getting stuck between, well, a sink and a washing machine. Who knows what this dog was hunting back there, but he’s definitely regretting his choices now.
You might think that a big dog wouldn’t be afraid of anything, but that’s not always the case. This husky was so terrified by this much smaller dog that his owner had to pick him like a baby to “rescue” him from his tiny new friend.
The insidious vacuum strikes again! This dog has a funny way of escaping the vacuum. He waits until his owner crouches and then hops on her back, and hopefully, to safety! Not exactly a brilliant plan, but a very funny one.
This giant dog could easily overpower these four little kittens, but apparently, he doesn’t know that. Instead, he’s fled to a chair for safety, much like a lady jumping up on a stool in the presence of a mouse. The kittens seem curious!
When this family brought home a battery powered jumping sheep toy they had no idea that it would drive their dog to utter distraction. This dog gets so excited by the toy he can’t tell if he’s coming or going!
This cat looks eager to make friends with this dog, but he is too much of a nervous Nelly to even bother coming out onto the porch to say hello. “I’ll say hi from here,” he seems to be saying with his nervous expression.
Every dog has their favorite toy, but have you ever seen a dog respond so passionately to being presented with one? This pug can’t seem to handle her excitement when confronted with this chew toy. She’s like a teen at a One Direction concert.
This poor guy doesn’t much like hanging out with new people he meets in the grocery store. He can’t help it; he’s just shy! Thank goodness he’s got his owner’s legs there to squeeze when it all gets to be too much.
This poor pooch is so scared of the vet that his owner had to drag him in from the car using just his arms. That wouldn’t be a problem if the dog were say, a lap dog, but this big boy is so big that it wouldn’t be weird to see him carrying his owner instead!
This pug should be thrilled at being presented with a birthday treat all her own. Unfortunately, someone let her real age slip and she’s still recovering from the shock. Just look at that face!
The smile on this dog is proof that it isn’t just humans who feel absolutely amazing after taking a nice refreshing shower after a long day. Clearly that shampoo is doing wonders on his coat, too!

domain: pet


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Ravens | Marshal Yanda to undergo MRI
Baltimore Ravens head coach Jim Harbaugh said OG Marshal Yanda (ankle) is scheduled to undergo an MRI on his injured ankle. Harbaugh said Yanda's injury is somewhat serious.
2012-12-10 14:07:12 | Source: The Baltimore Sun - Jeff Zrebiec
Access more Marshal Yanda news and rumors by clicking here....
For additional NFL information, please view KFFL's NFL Hot off the Wire.


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Need expat info for Germany?
Hostility Towards the LGBT Community
Unlike discrimination on the basis of race or sex, discrimination due to sexual orientation or gender expression is not officially outlawed in the German constitution since gay rights were not on the agenda when the German Constitution was written in 1948/49. Neither are hate crimes against the LGBT community an official category in police reports. Verbal slurs (even odd looks and dismissive behavior) are far more likely to affect you than outright harassment or violence. Especially in smaller towns or rural areas, public displays of affection between homosexual couples are often frowned upon.
The Legal Situation
Despite the lack of a constitutional framework for LGBT rights, Germany has received 54% in the Europe Rainbow Map as published by the International Gay and Lesbian Association. Both male/male and female/female relationships are legal in Germany, the age of consent is the same as for heterosexual relationships, and it is possible for same-sex partners to enter into a formal civil union. The latter is, however, not entirely equal to a “traditional” marriage, and the couple will not have any rights to adopt children together.
The situation for transgender and intersex people in Germany is far more complicated. There aren’t any reliable statistics on their numbers, and estimates are varying wildly from 6,000 to 70,000. So far, there is only one law explicitly dealing with transgender people in Germany, the Transsexuellengesetz from 1980. Under certain (very narrowly defined) conditions, it gives you the right to undergo a legal name change and to carry a so-called “Ergänzungsausweis” (complementary ID card) until this procedure is completed. But this name change doesn’t affect the discriminatory regulations with regard to marriage, having children, or even having your gender identity acknowledged in a German hospital or prison.
We do our best to keep this article up to date. However, we cannot guarantee that the information provided is always current or complete.

domain: sociology


MOSCOW, September 19. /TASS/. Russian cybersecurity and anti-virus provider Kaspersky Lab said it is disappointed with the decision of the US Senate to pass a defense policy bill (National Defense Authorization Act) with amendments regulating the use of the company's products.
"We very much hope that the Congress will take into account the information provided before discussing further steps," Kaspersky Lab said.
On September 18, the US Senate approved the rule that prohibits US federal agencies from using the software of the Russian Kaspersky Lab. This amendment was included in the draft law on the Pentagon budget for 2018 financial year, it was adopted by 89 votes in favor, only 8 senators spoke against it.
At the same time, Kaspersky Lab press service told TASS earlier about the company’s plans to continue investing in business development in North America, and in 2018 expects to open two new offices in Chicago and Los Angeles.
"All three existing offices of Kaspersky Lab in the United States currently operate, including a subdivision in Washington. However, due to a difficult geopolitical situation, Kaspersky Lab is considering options for optimizing the company’s office in Washington, which is responsible for supplying US government agencies that in any case constitute an insignificant share of sales in the region," the company noted.
Kaspersky Lab has been operating in the US market since 2005. Around 300 people work in the US office of Kaspersky Lab. "The US is a strategic market for the company, and the company plans to continue to strengthen its presence on it," Kaspersky Lab said.
On July 11, the Trump administration removed Kaspersky Lab from two lists of suppliers which products may be bought for state structures. US mass media have alleged numerous times the company’s collusion with the Russian intelligence services.


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The Jewel of the Kalderash
by Marie Rutkoski
Recommended Ages: 12+
These ingredients gel nicely into an adventure that buzzes with intrigue, chills with horror, squeezes the heart with grief, and sizzles with excitement. Author Rutkoski finally makes a virtue of the sometimes annoying aspects of Petra's character, as she knowingly puts herself in a danger that makes one's breath stand still, commits herself to an irrevocable sacrifice, and finds herself carried helplessly into a scene of astounding violence.
This is a story featuring youthful characters - several of them about 14 or 15 years old - but the danger, the carnage, and the truly sickening evil they must face, call for readers of a rather mature fiber. This book will be most successful, also, with thoughtful young readers, who might take an interest in whimsically re-mixed details of authentic 16th-century European history, with the most bizarre, quasi-magical threads in the storyline picked out in brilliant colors. Mystery, humor, espionage, warfare, political rebellion, the do's and don'ts of ruling a kingdom, and the charm of a talking mechanical spider have all their rich possibilities shaken out of them. But there are also some nasty shocks, which the reader will feel right alongside the characters who survive them.
Rutkoski is also the author of the "Winner's" trilogy and The Shadow Society. Judging by the publication dates of her books, she seems to have more teen-friendly fantasy adventures in her. Look out for them.


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The RBI played an “admirable role” in bringing “incredible” stability to the rupee in the face of demonetisation and global upheavals such as Brexit and the US elections, NITI Aayog Vice-Chairman Arv... Business Line, 2 weeks ago
PVR on January 25 informed the bourses about opening of its 7 screen multiplex at Arved Transcube Plaza, GSRTC in Ahmedabad.India Infoline, 1 month ago PVR Cinemas launches 6th multiplex property in Ahmedabad Money Control, 1 month ago
The election to this Assembly seat remains the most keenly watched ever since three-time former BJP MP from Amritsar seat Navjot Singh Sidhu jumped into the fray as a Congress candidate, claiming that his mission is to "save Punjab" and oust the ruling Badals ...Business Standard, 1 month ago
Posted by Equitymaster After opening the day on a weak note, the Indian share markets have continued to trade in the red. Sectoral indices are trading on a mixed note with stocks in the Consumer Durables sector and Realty sector witnessing maximum selling ...Equitymaster.com, 2 months ago Markets Remain Weak; Laurus Labs Surges on its Debut Equitymaster.com, 2 months ago
on your WebpageAdd Widget >Get your members hooked!


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Marvel at their virtuosity and grace, feel their passion, connect to the heart of dance with the iconic Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater. This evening of extraordinary dance, expounding on Ailey’s unique mix of contemporary and classic movement, features a variety of works through the company’s 65–year legacy, including the timeless masterpiece Revelations. Using African American spirituals, song-sermons, gospel songs, and blues, Revelations fervently explores the places of profound grief and holiest joy. Whether experiencing Ailey again or for the first time, the artists take audiences on a path of discovery, where dance opens a window to the heart and soul, revealing our deepest selves.
Associate Artistic Director
PHOTO: Michael Jackson, Jr. and Sarah Daley-Perdomo. Photo by Dario Calmese.
Read the 2023-2024 Contemporary Dance Audience Guide for an informative and historical look at contemporary dance and Ovations’ history with the art form. Read artist profiles to learn more about who is performing in the upcoming season, see a timeline of Ovations history with contemporary dance, learn about iconic choreographer Alvin Ailey and more.
This is a fun read for anyone interested in contemporary dance and is a great supplementary experience before or after experiences any of these artists throughout the season.
TUESDAY, APRIL 30, 2024 – 7PM
MERRILL AUDITORIUM, PORTLAND
PORTTIX BOX OFFICE
TICKETS: $45 • $70 • $80 • $95
SOLD OUT – Tickets may become available at any time
Package and Save – Choose any 4 performances for a 10% discount.
Exchanges – Ticket exchanges are available to Portland Ovations’ Members only. Exchange requests must be made prior to the performance date of the original tickets.
PortTIX is the trusted box office for purchasing Portland Ovations tickets. 207.842.0800.
Wheelchair accessible. Assistive Listening Devices available, ASL available upon request. Read more about accessibility at Merrill Auditorium.

domain: entertainment


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ASPEN, Colo.—Social capital. Comparative advantage. Vertical integration. Synergies. Efficiences. ROI.
If you are cringing from all that, I apologize; I did not mean to offend you with my careless leveraging of those terms. Then again, many other people should be apologizing, too: The stultifying language of economic theory is becoming more and more prevalent outside the worlds of business and policy. We use terms like "human resources" to discuss ... our coworkers. We run cost-benefit analyses when deciding between the pizza and the pasta. We use language that suggests a world that can be scrutinized and organized according to neat inputs and outputs—according, in other words, to systems.
Leon Wieseltier does not want us to be talking in this way. He does not want us to be understanding the world in this way. As the cultural critic said during a discussion at the Aspen Ideas Festival, put on by the Aspen Institute and The Atlantic, this afternoon: "American language, in the discussion of non-economic realms, has been infiltrated by economic metaphors and economic terms."
And that means that those metaphors and terms are infiltrating other fields. "There's economics and economicism," Wieseltier said. Economics is ... well, you know what economics is. Economicism, on the other hand, is allowing the language and the frameworks of economics to permeate other fields. The "ism" version of "economics" is, Wieseltier said, "raising economics as a source of wisdom in realms that have nothing to do with economics."
So you get things like the Freakonomics franchise. And defenses of the humanities that are based, somewhat awkwardly, on economic logic. ("So basically," Wieseltier says, "you're providing utilitarian arguments for the resistance or indifference to utilitarianism.") And then, of course, you get cringetastic terms like "synergies" and "efficiencies" and "human capital." ("There is something inhumane," Wieseltier said, "about the term 'human capital.'")
You get, overall, a sense that the world can be understood in terms of costs and benefits, inputs and outputs. And this deprives us, Wieseltier argues, of a more nuanced and humanistic—you might even say spiritual—understanding of the world and our place within it. "There isn't the cultural answer to an economic problem," he said, "and there isn't an economic answer to a cultural problem." Things are more complicated than that. They're more messy than that. And though of course there's some validity to the economic approaches—what is culture, after all, but a series of interactions?—they are also, Wieseltier believes, limited in their descriptive capacities.
"The categories and the vocabulary of the market are being used in realms where they do not belong," Wieseltier said. "And one of the things we have to learn how to do is to distinguish between the realms."


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Individuals who go into the Arts, Entertainment, and Communication industry work in cruise lines, convention services, theme parks, concerts, film companies, TV stations, music companies, theater and numerous other live entertainment venues. Sports and the news are at least as violent as fiction, from the fights that erupt during every televised hockey game, to the videotaped beating of Rodney King by the LA Police Department, shown over and over gain on prime time TV. If we accept censorship of violence in the media, we will have to censor sports and news programs.
The renowned Interlochen Center for the Arts attracts internationally acclaimed artists and the National Writers Series hosts award-winning and New York Times Best Selling authors. The Arts & Entertainment District is an emerging, urban residential neighborhood connecting The Wynwood Arts District and Design District to Downtown Miami.
The Clayton County city of around 4,800 people plans to designate its downtown Main Street community as its central hub of restaurant and recreation activities as well as the humanities and live shows, said Jonesboro City Manager Ricky Clark. For projected (future) employment estimates, see the National Employment Matrix , which includes employment estimates by industry and occupation for arts, entertainment, and recreation.
We assist and advocate for all cultural workers, particularly those who face barriers based on ethnicity, race, class, sexual orientation, ableness, gender and gender identity. Learn how Arts & Entertainment can shape national dialogue and can work to advance equality.
The Vineyard Gazette
Former agent and film producer Stacey Lubliner has joined 3 Arts Entertainment as a literary manager and producer. Click here to view the Specified Arts Entertainment Exemption Order 2005.
arts entertainment and media management salary, arts entertainment and recreation definition, arts entertainment manager, arts entertainment and recreation, arts entertainment and media management
Arts, Entertainment, And Recreation
World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc. This sector comprises (1) establishments that are involved in producing, promoting, or participating in live performances, events, or exhibits intended for public viewing; (2) establishments that preserve and exhibit objects and sites of historical, cultural, or educational interest; and (3) establishments that operate facilities or provide services that enable patrons to participate in recreational activities or pursue amusement, hobby, and leisure-time interests.
This 200 voice ensemble, consisting of musicians from all walks of life and many different faiths, unites local citizens for special community celebrations, formal concerts, and patriotic events and has presented music throughout America and internationally on concert tours.
Arts, Entertainment And Recreation In The US. Industry Market Research Reports, Trends, Statistics, Data, Forecasts
The Arts, Parks, and River Committee meets on the 2nd and 4th Mondays of each month in City Hall on the 10th floor. The Arts & Entertainment Worker Resource Center (AEWRC) provides resources and information to help the thousands of early-career workers in the NYC arts, entertainment, fashion and media industries build sustainable careers in the context of our rapidly changing work environment.
The ever-changing exhibits at the Dennos Museum Center feature historical and contemporary work, and its permanent display of artwork by the Inuit people of the Canadian arctic is one of the largest and most complete in the world. Students in Drexel’s EAM program choose concentrations in media management, performing arts management, or visual arts management.
arts entertainment and media management columbia college chicago, arts entertainment manager, mba arts media & entertainment management york
For all of its small-town charm, Traverse City possesses plenty of big-city sophistication – thanks in large part to its established and thriving arts community. Music may be called both, the most mathematical and the most abstract of the arts. Blaming the media does not get us very far, and, to the extent that diverts the public’s attention from the real causes of violence in society, it may do more harm than good. Click here to view the Specified Arts Entertainment Exemption Order 2005.


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3rd BAHARTIYA MANAV ADHIKAR SAMMAN For Principal of GREATER VALLEY SCHOOL, GREATER NOIDA
New Delhi- 10th December 2013
The 3rd BAHARTIYA MANAV ADHIKAR SAMMAN conducted its annual award ceremony for Human Rights & Social Justice on 10th December 2013 at the Islamic Center, Lodhi Road, New Delhi.
A recipient of this prestigious award this year is Ms.Poonam Chaubey, Principal of Greater Valley School in Greater Noida, situated at the periphery of a growing & well planned area, Greater Valley School has gradually become the first choice in schooling for most parents who reside in the area of Greater Noida.
Her exemplary work with children of special needs has made the AICHLS sit up and take notice and there by honor her at this award ceremony.
It is the ideology at Greater Valley School which strongly believes that there are many reasons why it makes perfect sense to provide opportunities for students with special needs to learn and interact with their peers. Integrating students can be beneficial for both groups of students, as well as for their parents, teachers, and program administrators. It is a well-researched fact that children learn and do more, both academically as well as socially, in an integrated setting. Where on one hand, inclusive education sensitizes children towards the needs of their peers and helps develop a greater understanding and acceptance of diversity as a whole, one the other, specially abled children also experience increased self-esteem and improved self-concept. In a short span of three years Greater Valley School has reached a stage where they are running inclusive classes at all pre-primary levels. each child is assessed individually to ascertain what his/ her achievable goals should be. This helps to prepare them for the best possible start to their vocational independency.
Ms Jaya Prada, renowned actress and politician graced the occasion by being the Chief Guest for the evening. Other eminent guests present for the evening were Justice Kamleshwar Nath and International President (AICHLS) Mr Navin Kumar Jaggi. The event commenced with a 2 min silence in honour of Mr Nelson Mandela, Madiba as he was fondly called – A man who dedicated his entire life working towards the cause of humanity. The students of Greater Valley entertained the audience with energy packed dances and soul probing songs.
“All children have the right to learn together .At Greater Valley School, we believe that learning happens naturally when each child is happy and feels valued. We acted on this belief when we started a pilot inclusive set up in 2010.Our aim has always been to ensure that each child enjoys life both in and out of the school environment.” said Ms.Chaubey in her acceptance message, which aptly explains the kind of work and dedication that is required for this kind of dedicated service.
Greater Valley School staff and students who flocked to the venue cheered on their Principal on receiving this prestigious honour and felt extremely proud that they have the opportunity to be under the guidance of such a visionary.